Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-450000-500000

like 0

[ "If you would like to see more articles like this please support our coverage of the space program by becoming a Spaceflight Now Member . ", "If everyone who enjoys our website helps fund it, we can expand and improve our coverage further.", "\n\nA Russian military satellite rocketed into orbit Tuesday on top of a Soyuz launcher from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome to provide communications coverage over Russia’s polar regions.", "\n\nThe Meridian relay satellite lifted off at 0556 GMT (1:56 a.m. EDT) Tuesday from Plesetsk, a military-run facility around 500 miles (800 kilometers) north of Moscow, according to a statement from the Russian Ministry of Defense.", "\n\nA Soyuz-2.1a booster, topped with a Fregat upper stage, carried the Meridian spacecraft into orbit. ", "Tuesday’s launch was the 10th flight of a variant of Russian’s workhorse Soyuz rocket family this year.", "\n\nThe launch was conducted under the supervision of the Russian Space Forces, the defense ministry said.", "\n\nThe Russian military said the launch was successful, and ground controllers established a “stable telemetric connection” with the spacecraft in orbit.", "\n\nTuesday’s launch carried the eighth Meridian relay satellite into orbit, and it was the first Meridian mission to launch since 2014. ", "One of the eight Meridian satellites launched into an off-target orbit in 2009, and another was lost in a Soyuz launch failure in 2011.", "\n\nAfter accelerating on a suborbital trajectory with the three-stage Soyuz booster in the first 10 minutes of the mission, the launcher’s Fregat upper stage was expected to fire three times to propel the Meridian satellite into a highly elliptical orbit stretching between roughly 600 and 25,000 miles (about 1,000 kilometers by 39,700 kilometers) above Earth.", "\n\nRussian officials said the rocket achieved the correct orbit.", "\n\nThe Meridian spacecraft are manufactured by ISS Reshetnev, a Russian space contractor, as replacements for a previous generation of Molniya communications satellites. ", "The Russian contractor says the Meridian satellites weigh around 2.1 metric tons, or 4,630 pounds, and can operate for at least seven years in space.", "\n\nThanks to their elliptical orbits, Meridian satellites can link Russian ground forces, aircraft, ships and command centers in the Arctic, Siberia and the North Sea, outside the reach of stable communications coverage through geostationary satellites over the equator.", "\n\nIn one example of the Meridian fleet’s communications mission, the Russian Defense Ministry said the satellites relay signals between coastal stations and vessels and ice reconnaissance airplanes traveling along the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic.", "\n\nEmail the author.", "\n\nFollow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0, 0.002777777777777778, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0.04 ]

[ "The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF 1alpha) in human atherosclerotic plaques is induced by different proatherogenic stimuli and associated with plaque instability.", "\nMacrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF), a cytokine with immunoregulatory functions has been suggested to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. ", "However, little is known about MIF-inducing conditions in the atherosclerotic process and the association of MIF with plaque instability. ", "Forty-two carotid endatherectomy samples from 36 patients and 4 aortic samples from young accident victims (as healthy controls) were analyzed for MIF staining. ", "MIF expressing tissues in the atherosclerotic plaques are mainly mononuclear cells (MNCs), but also endothelial cells of intimal microvessels (MVECs). ", "The magnitude and the intensity of their MIF expression was associated with the progression of plaques from early lesions (Stary I-III) to complicated plaque stages (Stary IV-VIII). ", "In highly inflammatory and neovascularized regions of the plaques the colocalization of MIF expressing MNCs with CD40-L+ and angiotensin II (Ang II)-producing MNCs could be established. ", "This finding supports the notion that CD40-L fusion protein and Ang II are able to induce MIF production in the monocytic cell line THP-1. ", "Furthermore hypoxia (< or =1% O2) as a further proinflammatory and especially proangiogenetic factor was able to stimulate MIF secretion by THP-1, human monocytes and HUVECs. ", "Hyperglycemia and insulin remained without effect. ", "MIF is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in close correlation with signs of instability, such as mononuclear cell inflammation and neointimal microvessel formation. ", "Furthermore, the colocalization of MIF with Ang II-producing MNCs and CD40-L+ cells in these plaques and the finding that proathero- and -angiogenic mediators such as CD40-L, Ang II and hypoxia are able to stimulate MIF expression in vitro suggest an important role of MIF in the modulation of atherosclerotic plaque stability." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.007246376811594203, 0.006211180124223602, 0.006622516556291391, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.02158273381294964, 0.011428571428571429, 0.0196078431372549, 0.005649717514124294, 0.012232415902140673 ]

[ "There is an east wind coming\n\nWitness the Grandeur of Hindi cinema with BookMyShow in Champa !", "\n\nEntertainment industry in Champa these days is majorly thriving on movies. ", "No matter what place you reside at, BookMyShow will always be your best friend and one of the oldest & most popular destination to find all the movies listed at one place.", "\n\nMovies won't let you down!", "\n\nA well made Hindi movie has the power to change your perspective towards life and different subjects circling it. ", "If you miss your home or want to go to a holiday destination, or chase some high octane action scenes, you always seek good movies. ", "No matter what the situation comes, you go to your favourite Hindi movie and seek a second opinion. ", "If watching latest Hindi films make you feel closer to home or to your dear ones, then this is the right place for you to be at.", "\n\nNever miss out on the latest Hindi movies!", "\n\nIt’s a fascinating thing to see how the number of new Hindi movies releasing every year is increasing exponentially. ", "Bollywood and Hollywood movies are rising to fame day by day and don’t be surprised if you see the latest Hindi movies in the theatres near you in Champa. ", "Also, if you want to check out the latest showtimes, movie trailers or gossip around Hindi movies releasing in 2018, you have just arrived at the right place folks! ", "This Hindi movie listing reference is your one end solution for all the latest updates about new Hindi movies running in theatres now in Champa which definitely won’t let you down!", "\n\nThe Weekend Movie Treat is Here\n\nCatch the list of all the Hindi movies to watch this weekend and get rid of all the monotonous plans you have with your dear ones in Champa. ", "At BookMyShow, we provide a list of latest Hindi movies with ratings, reviews from all the reputed sources and latest trailers of Hindi movies. ", "Find the convenient showtimes in theatres near you and everything about latest Hindi movies to watch at BookMyShow. ", "Whether you’re a movie buff or not, Hindi movies lined up in 2018 - 2019 are surely going to give you a great time and get you hooked on to something extraordinary.", "\n\nAdvance Movie Ticket Booking:\n\nNow Showing Movies:\n\nCinemas Near Champa:\n\nPrivacy Note\n\nBy using www.bookmyshow.com(our website), you are fully accepting the Privacy Policy available at https://bookmyshow.com/privacy governing your access to Bookmyshow and provision of services by Bookmyshow to you. ", "If you do not accept terms mentioned in the Privacy Policy, you must not share any of your personal information and immediately exit Bookmyshow.", "\n\nReport wrong or missing information\n\nSelect a valid category\n\nSelect a valid First Name\n\nSelect a valid Last Name\n\nSelect a valid Movie Name\n\nSelect a valid Email Id\n\nSelect a valid Phone Number\n\nSelect a valid Details\n\nSelect a valid Social Link\n\n“I have a good faith belief that the use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.” ", "AND “The information in this notification is accurate, and I am the owner, or an agent authorized to act on behalf of the owner, of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.”", "\n\n534543(Unknown) Change\n\nHome Delivery Available for\n\n534543(Unknown) Change\n\nDelivery Information​\n\nStep 2. ", "On receipt of your smart band, register and activate the band online through the link that will be emailed to your registered email ID.", "\n\nStep 3. ", "Arrive at the event and walk in without waiting in the queue.", "\n\nDeliveries will be intimated by 1st week of December.", "In case of any unavoidable circumstances, like an issue in receiving inventory from the concerned/taxation authority, you will have to pickup your smart bands from BookMyShow Box Office at the Venue on the event day.", "We shall keep you informed about transaction status through email/SMS.", "\n\nIn case of Office Address if Courier person is not allowed inside than please note that bands might be delivered at Reception or Mail Room.", "\n\nStep 1. ", "Choose home delivery and receive your entry band at your doorstep\n\nStep 2. ", "On receipt of your entry band, register and activate the band online through the activation link that will be sent to you along with your band.", "\n\nStep 3. ", "Arrive at the event and walk in without waiting in the queue.", "\n\nDeliveries will be intimated by 2 weeks prior to the Event Dates.", "\n\nIn case of any unavoidable circumstances, like an issue in receiving inventory from the concerned/taxation authority, you will have to pickup your entry bands from BookMyShow Box Office at the Venue on the event day.", "\n\nWe will keep you informed about transaction status through email / SMS.", "\n\nThank You!", "\n\nYour home delivery details has been updated.", "\n\nYou will receive your NFC band at the registered address on or before 23rd December 2015.", "\n\nSorry!", "\n\nDue to some technical issues your address has not been updated. ", "We request you to please try again." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.010638297872340425, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.006600660066006601, 0, 0.004987531172069825, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for setting profiles stored in a mobile terminal.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) is a smart card inserted and used in a mobile terminal. ", "The UICC stores personal information of a mobile communication subscriber, such as authentication information for network access, phonebook data, and text messages. ", "When the mobile terminal connects to a mobile communication network such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) or Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, the UICC performs subscriber authentication and traffic security key generation to thereby enable secure mobile communication. ", "The UICC may store communication applications including a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), and IP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM) according to the type of mobile communication network to which the subscriber connects. ", "In addition, the UICC provides a high level security function to install a variety of applications such as electronic wallets, tickets and passports.", "\nA typical UICC is manufactured as a proprietary smart card of a specific mobile network operator according to requests of the mobile network operator. ", "At the time of shipment, such a UICC is pre-embedded with authentication information for access to the corresponding mobile operator network (e.g. USIM application, International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), and key value (K)). ", "Hence, the mobile network operator receives a manufactured UICC and provides the received UICC to a subscriber, and later, if necessary, performs management of the UICC by installing, modifying and removing an application through Over-The-Air (OTA) programming or the like. ", "After inserting the UICC into a mobile terminal, the subscriber may manipulate the mobile terminal to use network and application services of the corresponding mobile network operator. ", "To change terminals, the subscriber removes the UICC from the existing terminal and inserts it into a new terminal. ", "Hence, the authentication information, the mobile phone number and the phonebook data stored in the UICC may be used in the new terminal.", "\nThe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has defined physical configurations and logical functions of UICCs to maintain worldwide compatibility. ", "The form factor specifying physical configurations has continuously decreased: mini-SIMs (most widely used) were followed by micro-SIMs (introduced several years ago), and nano-SIMs (introduced in recent years). ", "The development of smaller SIM cards has contributed to the development of smaller terminals. ", "However, it is expected that it will be difficult to standardize UICC cards smaller than recently specified nano-SIMs because of the high likelihood of losing a card. ", "It is also expected that it will be difficult to further miniaturize removable UICC cards, because space for card slots is needed in terminals.", "\nRemovable UICC cards may be unsuitable for machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, such as smart home appliances, electricity meters, water meters and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras, which require access to mobile data networks in various deployment environments without direct human intervention.", "\nTo address the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed to embed a secure element that has UICC or similar functions in a mobile terminal at the time of manufacture, in place of a removable UICC. ", "However, such an embedded secure element would be irremovable after being installed in a mobile terminal. ", "Hence, the mobile terminal may be unable to pre-store authentication information for access to a mobile operator network (such as USIM application, IMSI and key value) at the time of manufacture unless the mobile terminal is manufactured as a proprietary terminal of a particular mobile network operator. ", "It would only be possible to configure such authentication information in a mobile terminal after a user who has purchased a mobile terminal subscribes to a mobile network operator.", "\nIn addition, unlike an existing UICC card that is manufactured and distributed as a proprietary card of a particular mobile network operator, a new embedded secure element would enable authentication information of various mobile network operators to be installed and managed in a secure and flexible manner when a user who has purchased a corresponding mobile terminal subscribes to a mobile network operator, unsubscribes from a mobile network operator, or changes mobile network operators. ", "According to various usage scenarios such as a purchase of a new terminal, the new embedded secure element would also enable configured authentication information and stored user data to be securely transferred to a new mobile terminal." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.006060606060606061, 0.008902077151335312, 0.01818181818181818, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.009933774834437087, 0, 0, 0.006557377049180328, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Sonny\n\nFirst Sergeant\n\nContributor\n\nAlpha Squad\n\n\n\n\n\nALPHA SQUAD\n\n\n\nDazed, Marius staggered into the generator room wall, barely holding up his MAX suit with his shaking arm. ", "Alarms bleeped at him from all directions and warm hydraulic fluid spilled down the outside of his leg, staining the snow beneath his feet. ", "His chest still heaved from the punches of the shotgun pellets, but luckily the last shot had only smashed his visor and no more; his body was just bruised and stinging under four inches of solid steel.", "\n\nNakano was there in seconds. ", "A small, agile figure dodging in between the barriers and shrapnel, she tapped Marius’ helmet as she surveyed him with keen, professional eyes.", "\n\n\n\n“Maz... You hear me?”", "\n\n\n\nMarius could only nod, breathless and blind from the blood covering his eyes.", "\n\n\n\n“Brace yourself, this may hurt…”\n\n\n\nA burst of intense heat enveloped Marius from head to toe – a rush of energy that tore the air from his lungs like a popped balloon. ", "His armour glowed and simmered red like molten lava as the cracks and fissures of the gunfire were fused together by the nano bots. ", "Suddenly, the repair kit buzzed angrily.", "\n\n\n\n“Sorry Maz, I’m all out. ", "You’ll have to get a new helmet from stores.”", "\n\n\n\nMarius gulped, and sighed in a weak voice “No worries mate. ", "Thanks for the top up.”", "\n\n\n\nWordlessly, Nakano scurried back to the front.", "\n\n\n\nFor the first time in days, Marius felt the freezing Esamiran air biting his face through the smashed helmet. ", "The dawning sun shimmered over the aching walls of Nott AMP station, thick stalactites of ice gleamed on the sagging roofs. ", "Two hundred metres in front of him, across the rows of broken merlons and other make-shift barriers, stood the bowing and flickering blue glow of the base shield. ", "Waves of bulbous energy danced across its surface as the Republican armour pounded it relentlessly yet ineffectively – with the generator still up, it was a futile action. ", "Eight exhausted and battered New Conglomerate soldiers remained in Marius’ squad, clinging desperately to the North generator that decided the fate of the entire Autumn Conglomerate offensive on the continent.", "\n\n\n\nHis breath steadied, Marius picked himself up off the wall and started to shuffle slowly back to the main facility. ", "Enormous glowing pipes soared one hundred metres into the sky, humming intermittently with the rapidly-draining nanite flow remaining in the base. ", "In the centre, a bulbous structure towered over the outer walls, bent and smoky black from years of siege and counter-siege.", "\n\n\n\nHis mind wandered. ", "Where the hell were the reinforcements? ", "They had been ‘imminent’ for four days now. ", "The base med bays were already full – the spawn tubes couldn’t recreate the fallen soldiers as fast than they came in. ", "The base was cut off from any supply lines and the few remaining vehicles were barely serviceable. ", "Marius himself was down to just five clips in each arm.", "\n\n\n\nA world apart from ‘Commander’ Doran and his elite guard, of course. ", "A board member of Hossin Steel, he kept his horde of Conglomerate lawyers, investors and other crony friends coddled in luxurious apartments within the most secure depths of the station. ", "Beyond the lines of elite bodyguard mercenaries that not even the most decorated New Conglomerate grunt had the authority to access. ", "Rebellion paymasters like Doran and his clique lived a life completely aloof from the blood and dirt. ", "Their desperately-needed vehicles and weapons gathered dust in the vehicle bay while real soldiers like Marius slogged on – camped out for days, months, years in the chills, on the front line, fighting, hurting, dying and dying again for this so called ‘Freedom’ they were promised in the draft line.", "\n\n\n\n‘Freedom’, hah! ", "Marius spat on the floor, specks of blood splayed across the shrivelling snow. ", "This war was just good business for the ‘Suits’. ", "It was only the fresh memories of the Republican murders on Cyssor that kept him going now. ", "After eighteen months of service, after seven lives served...\n\n\n\nA shout shook him from his daydreaming. “", "ACRE, COMMS!”", "\n\n\n\nMarius twisted his cumbersome battle suit as quickly as it would let him. ", "Lieutenant Landiss, in his striking blue beret, motioned theatrically to his ears. ", "Marius, confused, shrugged and shook his head. ", "Landiss bounded over, evidently frustrated.", "\n\n\n\n“Acre, why are you ignoring direct orders?”", "\n\n\n\nHis face carried an uncharacteristic grimace, highlighting the long scars running from mouth to ear under his thick stubble. ", "Even respawns can’t repair the wounds you get before you join the Force. ", "Marius’ voice shook with reverence as he spoke to him.", "\n\n\n\n“Sorry sir. ", "My visor and comms are down; I’m heading to stores to pick up another.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss, glanced briefly at his helmet with deep black eyes, then his face relaxed into his typical reassuring smile. ", "He placed his hand on the young MAX-operator’s shoulder.", "\n\n\n\n“Wooh, you took a lucky hit there Acre. ", "Can you hold out here for ten more minutes? ", "Michaels just got rushed to med bay… I think he lost an arm. ", "You’re the only MAX unit we have left in the platoon for now, at least until they get the Nanite bed on the go. ", "Delta squad just called in that the Republic are massing infantry at the North gate again. ", "We’ll need your cover, just in case. ", "Can you hold on for me just a little longer?”", "\n\n\n\nMarius’ heart sank, but he nodded dutifully nonetheless.", "\n\n\n\n“That’s right. ", "You’re doing a great job, Acre. ", "You saved lives back there, I saw it. ", "Keep your head up, word on the grapevine is that we’re hauling out this evening.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss winked joyfully as he turned back to the point. ", "Marius’ young heart swelled with pride. ", "The legends about Landiss ran thick in the squad. ", "Some say he’d been in the struggle since it began; that he had killed and died more times than Marius had spent days on the front line; that the only reason he wasn’t already Commander was that he was too popular with the grunts for the Suits’ liking. ", "Whatever the truth, Lieutenant Landiss was a true legend on Esamir, and the Platoon would follow him to the centre of the Terran warpgate and back if he’d ask them to.", "\n\n\n\nA faint sound interrupted his thoughts. ", "High-pitched squeals echoed in the sky some kilometres away. ", "Only one aircraft made such a sound. ", "Terran Mosquito fighters.", "\n\n\n\n“Sir!” ", "he faltered “do you hear that?”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss paused for a second, a curious look on his face.", "\n\n\n\n“My ears aren’t what they used to be Acre, what is it?”", "\n\n\n\n“Sounds like Skeeters to me sir.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss quickly cast his eyes up into the sky, seeing nothing behind the drifting clouds. ", "The squad knew something was up – the shouting picked up intensity and the clicks of armed weapons once more behind the barricades. ", "He buzzed the command channel.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive this is Alpha, any crows in field? ", "Over”\n\n\n\n“Negative Alpha, field clear. ", "Orders are hold your ground. ", "Over.”", "\n\n\n\n“Roger. ", "Over and out.”", "\n\n\n\nThe roar of distant engines broke through a gap in the clouds; screams of fighter engines tore through the sound barrier. ", "Looking up to the bright sky, Marius made out several inky dots on the horizon.", "\n\n\n\nLandiss cursed under his breath “Well, shit…so much for radar…”\n\n\n\n“This could be their push Acre. ", "Where’s my cigar?” ", "He pulled out a seemingly-ancient Havanan “Could you light that for me?”", "\n\n\n\nDutifully, Marius fired up his in-suit welding flame, almost singing Landiss’ face. ", "Seemingly unperturbed, the Lieutenant buzzed Command a second time.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive this is Alpha, crows in flight – I make out five, no six… repeat…”\n\n\n\nStatic…\n\n\n\n“Hive this is…”\n\n\n\n“...Good luck Landiss...”\n\n\n\nSuddenly, an overwhelming grinding sound erupted from the interior of the base and the roar of engines enveloped the squad. ", "A column of fresh armour burst out of the vehicle bay, streaming past Alpha squad at top speed. ", "New Conglomerate insignia gleamed proudly on a trio of spotless Vanguard heavy tanks, followed closely by four ‘Sunderer’ armoured personnel carriers covered in row upon row of bulging ammunition pouches. ", "The convoy showered the stupefied group with loose mud and gravel, headed directly for the North gate. ", "Straight for the Terran front line.", "\n\n\n\nA shriek of afterburners nearly bowled Marius full over and the centre of the base was blinded in burning white flame. ", "Lumbering shadows of enormous troop transports rose from the landing pads that ringed the interior of the base. ", "Six Reaver gunships catapulted out above them, taking up V formation majestically ahead of the unsteady behemoths. ", "As a unit, they hovered metres above ground for a few seconds, then burned towards the North gate, fraying the soldiers below in the intense heat of their booster engines.", "\n\n\n\nSome of the squad began to cheer and whoop as if they were saved. ", "But Marius just stared in disbelief. ", "Did they have any idea what was over the wall? ", "This was suicide. ", "The Terran armour turned their turrets towards the oncoming convoy, firing their engines into life, licking their lips at the prospect of long-sought destruction. ", "The Conglomerate force slowed and tentatively, edged nervously through the bubble and…\n\n\n\nNothing.", "\n\n\n\nThe Conglomerate Reavers, inched into the grey skies and casually drifted into the distance, Galaxy troop transports vacillating behind them. ", "In a matter of seconds, they were shrinking specks on the horizon.", "\n\n\n\nNo shells fired, no explosions, no carnage. ", "As the last lightning tank pierced the blue glow, Marius felt a wave of nausea. ", "Something was very, very wrong here.", "\n\n\n\n“What. ", "The…” mouthed Landiss in disbelief, then his face snapped in sudden, horrified recognition “They’ve left us… They’ve… They’ve come for me…”\n\n\n\nMarius head was spinning as he desperately tried to compute what was going on. ", "This made no sense at all! ", "No... Wait... The Suits must have cut a deal with the Republican bastards. ", "Marius pictured the macabre meeting. ", "A field tent just metres from where Marius bled… “The base and those ‘irritating’ revolutionaries for your lives. ", "No need to get your clothes dirty in some petty base battle … It’s not like you want the War to end, is it? ", "War is good for business, right? ", "In the end, it will be us, you and me, versus them…”\n\nLieutenant Landiss, shaking a little, somehow maintained his cool, tried to buzz command once more.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive, this is Alpha, do you read? ", "What’s going on?... ", "I repeat, Hive, this is Alpha…”\n\n\n\nHe received only static. ", "Landiss mashed his cigar with incredulity. ", "The distant Terran aircraft were surely just minutes away. ", "He switched to squad chat.", "\n\n“Alpha, expect galaxy assault and air bombardment. ", "Hold the generator at all costs.”", "\n\n\n\nTwo rocket-equipped heavy troopers jogged over to the pair. ", "The first, wearing white forest camo armour had blonde hair billowing behind her slim back. ", "She removed her helmet and Marius was greeted with a familiar, heavenly vision: Isla Aldon. ", "Her flowing blonde hair bathed a delicate, pale, small-featured face. ", "Her white-blue eyes pierced through him, and for a second, he forgot where he was. ", "She gleamed at Landiss as she approached, even though her face was etched with worry.", "\n\n\n\n“Stuart – I mean Sir – do you have any idea what just happened?” ", "She said, suddenly red-faced.", "\n\n\n\n“No, Sergeant, I can’t reach base on comms.”", "\n\n\n\n“That was the Mercenary Corps?” ", "interjected a third, gruff, angry voice. ", "Corporal Vickers didn’t waste time on bullshit.", "\n\n\n\n“Yes Vickers, that looked like all of them.”", "\n\n\n\n“They cut the spawns, didn’t they?” ", "he growled “I mean, let’s not cut crap here. ", "I have a son –\"\n\n\n\n“VICKERS, shut it!” ", "Aldon cried.", "\n\n\n\nSergeant Aldon sighed. ", "She held her slender hands to her face, as if agonising in thought. ", "The question hung heavy in the air, un-answered. ", "Landiss broke the silence.", "\n\n\n\n“We can’t do anything about that now. ", "We have to get the platoon inside the main base. ", "We can’t hold the yard with thirty. ", "Aldon, get the message to Delta squad, I’ll call in Beta and Charlie.”", "\n\n\n\nHe’d barely finished when cries of alarm burst from the squad.", "\n\n\n\n“INCOMING!”", "\n\n\n\nMarius swooped around 90 degrees to face the dying base shield, its keen glow now only a fading spectre atop the hulls of the approaching armour. ", "Two pitch-black Prowler battle tanks had already passed over the threshold of the outer wall and turned their turrets to bear on Alpha’s barricade, exposed dead in the middle of the courtyard.", "\n\n\n\n“TAKE COVER!” ", "screamed Landiss, as the first shells from the armoured column whistled through the air to slam into the side of the generator building, exploding into a dense haze of smoke and powder. ", "A second came apart in front of the temporary steel barrier just metres from where Marius stood, blowing two unprepared soldiers flat onto their backs and showering the squad in glowing shrapnel.", "\n\n\n\n“AV UP FRONT!”", "\n\n\n\nBefore Landiss had even finished his command, two rockets streaked past Marius, one collapsing into the side of the first battle tank, tearing a hole through the side of the main turret. ", "A bright flash burst from under the second, white heat erupting from the ground. ", "Shattered iron plates spewed from the centre of its broad hull as it crunched gently into the back of the first immobile Prowler. ", "Thank God for minefields…\n\n\n\nA ragged cheer rose from the line, quickly extinguished by a thick burst of rifle fire that pinged off the front of the crenelated barricade. ", "The infantry were coming.", "\n\n\n\n“SQUAD! ", "WE ARE PULLING BACK. ", "FALL BACK!” ", "Landiss cried over the tumult.", "\n\n\n\nMarius took up position at the rear of the squad as they filtered back to base, slowly stepping backwards with his front to the exposed gate. ", "Several more Terran tanks, cautious now, edged gingerly past the flaming wreckage in front of the shield, accompanied by streams of infantry that used the thick smoke as cover. ", "Soon enough, bullets started dinking off the buildings sprawled around Alpha squad’s retreat.", "\n\n\n\nSwitching to long-range slugs, Marius let off a few speculative shots off at the distant muzzle flashes, forcing the distant aggressors behind cover for a couple of precious seconds. ", "Just enough time for Marius to reload. ", "Taking his time to aim and cover, he soon realised that he was more than ten metres behind his retreating squad, exposed in the middle of the yard. ", "But he didn’t have time to panic.", "\n\n\n\n“ACRE! ", "HOT DROP ON YOUR SIX!”", "\n\n\n\nHe turned up just in time to see dark figures crash into the snow around all him. ", "Marius let off the first shot before even checking their uniforms, blasting straight through an engineer’s backpack. ", "The second and third shots broke the front leg and smashed the Medic’s helmet. ", "The rest of the clip crippled the barricade that a third young soldier clung to helplessly, now weapon less and bleeding in the reddening snow.", "\n\n\n\nDesperately, Marius reloaded, just as bullets started to thud into his suit from the all sides. ", "Protocol forgotten, he covered his bare face and ran at full pace towards the base. ", "A shot almost tore straight through his back armour. ", "Winded, he lost his footing and clattered into a pair of overturned barrels.", "\n\n\n\n“ACRE!!”", "\n\n\n\nStaccato bursts clacked rhythmically from in front of him and a grenade exploded, showering him with rocks and dirt. ", "Suddenly, two arms grabbed him at both shoulders; allowing him to recover control over his legs once again. ", "Powering to full height, he found himself looking at the wide-eyed faces of Landiss and Nakano.", "\n\n\n\n“Three grunts behind wall on right.” ", "Landiss cried, his voice intense but calm.", "\n\n\n\nMarius nodded breathlessly and threw himself back to face the battle, more confident now covered by his two squad mates. ", "He pounded shot after shot at the generator room complex, keeping heads down, guided backwards by Landiss’ steady hand on his shoulder. ", "The bullets clattered around him and all he could do was grit his teeth and trust his composite exo-skeleton to hold together as he limped the last few metres of exposed ground. ", "Behind him, the shouts of his squad became clearer, calling out targets, laying down covering fire. ", "Finally, with a sea of red armour and infantry piling into the courtyard just 200m in front of him, Marius was behind the reassuring blow glow of the inner base shields.", "\n\n\n\nCatching their breath, Alpha watched helplessly as the battle for the outer walls turned into a tragedy. ", "Delta squad were now caught in a death trap as Terran shells pounded them from all sides. ", "The last three soldiers – men and women who he was eating with in the mess hall just yesterday – fought to their last bullet in a desperate last stand. ", "A sniper’s bullet cut through Evans’ helmet. ", "Jacobs took down two oncoming light assault troopers before she was three-shotted through the chest. ", "Sergeant Gunning, lost behind the last battlement, unpinned a grenade and fell onto a squad of massing Terran heavy troopers, unleashing a final cacophony of destruction that echoed across the entire base. ", "Then, all of a sudden, there was complete silence.", "\n\nDelta squad was no more.", "\n\n\n\nMarius held his face in his hands, suddenly shaking with silent terror. ", "He looked around the haggard faces of the eight troopers who remained on base. ", "No spawns and no support. ", "Alpha squad were on their own . ", "First part of a series, you can find the whole series, as well as other Planetside 2 lore stories on my website here: http://www.talesfromauraxis.com ALPHA SQUADDazed, Marius staggered into the generator room wall, barely holding up his MAX suit with his shaking arm. ", "Alarms bleeped at him from all directions and warm hydraulic fluid spilled down the outside of his leg, staining the snow beneath his feet. ", "His chest still heaved from the punches of the shotgun pellets, but luckily the last shot had only smashed his visor and no more; his body was just bruised and stinging under four inches of solid steel.", "Nakano was there in seconds. ", "A small, agile figure dodging in between the barriers and shrapnel, she tapped Marius’ helmet as she surveyed him with keen, professional eyes.", "“Maz... You hear me?”Marius could only nod, breathless and blind from the blood covering his eyes.", "“Brace yourself, this may hurt…”A burst of intense heat enveloped Marius from head to toe – a rush of energy that tore the air from his lungs like a popped balloon. ", "His armour glowed and simmered red like molten lava as the cracks and fissures of the gunfire were fused together by the nano bots. ", "Suddenly, the repair kit buzzed angrily.", "“Sorry Maz, I’m all out. ", "You’ll have to get a new helmet from stores.", "”Marius gulped, and sighed in a weak voice “No worries mate. ", "Thanks for the top up.", "”Wordlessly, Nakano scurried back to the front.", "For the first time in days, Marius felt the freezing Esamiran air biting his face through the smashed helmet. ", "The dawning sun shimmered over the aching walls of Nott AMP station, thick stalactites of ice gleamed on the sagging roofs. ", "Two hundred metres in front of him, across the rows of broken merlons and other make-shift barriers, stood the bowing and flickering blue glow of the base shield. ", "Waves of bulbous energy danced across its surface as the Republican armour pounded it relentlessly yet ineffectively – with the generator still up, it was a futile action. ", "Eight exhausted and battered New Conglomerate soldiers remained in Marius’ squad, clinging desperately to the North generator that decided the fate of the entire Autumn Conglomerate offensive on the continent.", "His breath steadied, Marius picked himself up off the wall and started to shuffle slowly back to the main facility. ", "Enormous glowing pipes soared one hundred metres into the sky, humming intermittently with the rapidly-draining nanite flow remaining in the base. ", "In the centre, a bulbous structure towered over the outer walls, bent and smoky black from years of siege and counter-siege.", "His mind wandered. ", "Where the hell were the reinforcements? ", "They had been ‘imminent’ for four days now. ", "The base med bays were already full – the spawn tubes couldn’t recreate the fallen soldiers as fast than they came in. ", "The base was cut off from any supply lines and the few remaining vehicles were barely serviceable. ", "Marius himself was down to just five clips in each arm.", "A world apart from ‘Commander’ Doran and his elite guard, of course. ", "A board member of Hossin Steel, he kept his horde of Conglomerate lawyers, investors and other crony friends coddled in luxurious apartments within the most secure depths of the station. ", "Beyond the lines of elite bodyguard mercenaries that not even the most decorated New Conglomerate grunt had the authority to access. ", "Rebellion paymasters like Doran and his clique lived a life completely aloof from the blood and dirt. ", "Their desperately-needed vehicles and weapons gathered dust in the vehicle bay while real soldiers like Marius slogged on – camped out for days, months, years in the chills, on the front line, fighting, hurting, dying and dying again for this so called ‘Freedom’ they were promised in the draft line.", "‘Freedom’, hah! ", "Marius spat on the floor, specks of blood splayed across the shrivelling snow. ", "This war was just good business for the ‘Suits’. ", "It was only the fresh memories of the Republican murders on Cyssor that kept him going now. ", "After eighteen months of service, after seven lives served...A shout shook him from his daydreaming. “", "ACRE, COMMS!”Marius twisted his cumbersome battle suit as quickly as it would let him. ", "Lieutenant Landiss, in his striking blue beret, motioned theatrically to his ears. ", "Marius, confused, shrugged and shook his head. ", "Landiss bounded over, evidently frustrated.", "“Acre, why are you ignoring direct orders?”His face carried an uncharacteristic grimace, highlighting the long scars running from mouth to ear under his thick stubble. ", "Even respawns can’t repair the wounds you get before you join the Force. ", "Marius’ voice shook with reverence as he spoke to him.", "“Sorry sir. ", "My visor and comms are down; I’m heading to stores to pick up another.", "”Landiss, glanced briefly at his helmet with deep black eyes, then his face relaxed into his typical reassuring smile. ", "He placed his hand on the young MAX-operator’s shoulder.", "“Wooh, you took a lucky hit there Acre. ", "Can you hold out here for ten more minutes? ", "Michaels just got rushed to med bay… I think he lost an arm. ", "You’re the only MAX unit we have left in the platoon for now, at least until they get the Nanite bed on the go. ", "Delta squad just called in that the Republic are massing infantry at the North gate again. ", "We’ll need your cover, just in case. ", "Can you hold on for me just a little longer?”Marius’ heart sank, but he nodded dutifully nonetheless.", "“That’s right. ", "You’re doing a great job, Acre. ", "You saved lives back there, I saw it. ", "Keep your head up, word on the grapevine is that we’re hauling out this evening.", "”Landiss winked joyfully as he turned back to the point. ", "Marius’ young heart swelled with pride. ", "The legends about Landiss ran thick in the squad. ", "Some say he’d been in the struggle since it began; that he had killed and died more times than Marius had spent days on the front line; that the only reason he wasn’t already Commander was that he was too popular with the grunts for the Suits’ liking. ", "Whatever the truth, Lieutenant Landiss was a true legend on Esamir, and the Platoon would follow him to the centre of the Terran warpgate and back if he’d ask them to.", "A faint sound interrupted his thoughts. ", "High-pitched squeals echoed in the sky some kilometres away. ", "Only one aircraft made such a sound. ", "Terran Mosquito fighters.", "“Sir!” ", "he faltered “do you hear that?”Landiss paused for a second, a curious look on his face.", "“My ears aren’t what they used to be Acre, what is it?”“Sounds like Skeeters to me sir.", "”Landiss quickly cast his eyes up into the sky, seeing nothing behind the drifting clouds. ", "The squad knew something was up – the shouting picked up intensity and the clicks of armed weapons once more behind the barricades. ", "He buzzed the command channel.", "“Hive this is Alpha, any crows in field? ", "Over”“Negative Alpha, field clear. ", "Orders are hold your ground. ", "Over.", "”“Roger. ", "Over and out.", "”The roar of distant engines broke through a gap in the clouds; screams of fighter engines tore through the sound barrier. ", "Looking up to the bright sky, Marius made out several inky dots on the horizon.", "Landiss cursed under his breath “Well, shit…so much for radar…”“This could be their push Acre. ", "Where’s my cigar?” ", "He pulled out a seemingly-ancient Havanan “Could you light that for me?”Dutifully, Marius fired up his in-suit welding flame, almost singing Landiss’ face. ", "Seemingly unperturbed, the Lieutenant buzzed Command a second time.", "“Hive this is Alpha, crows in flight – I make out five, no six… repeat…”Static…“Hive this is…”“...Good luck Landiss...”Suddenly, an overwhelming grinding sound erupted from the interior of the base and the roar of engines enveloped the squad. ", "A column of fresh armour burst out of the vehicle bay, streaming past Alpha squad at top speed. ", "New Conglomerate insignia gleamed proudly on a trio of spotless Vanguard heavy tanks, followed closely by four ‘Sunderer’ armoured personnel carriers covered in row upon row of bulging ammunition pouches. ", "The convoy showered the stupefied group with loose mud and gravel, headed directly for the North gate. ", "Straight for the Terran front line.", "A shriek of afterburners nearly bowled Marius full over and the centre of the base was blinded in burning white flame. ", "Lumbering shadows of enormous troop transports rose from the landing pads that ringed the interior of the base. ", "Six Reaver gunships catapulted out above them, taking up V formation majestically ahead of the unsteady behemoths. ", "As a unit, they hovered metres above ground for a few seconds, then burned towards the North gate, fraying the soldiers below in the intense heat of their booster engines.", "Some of the squad began to cheer and whoop as if they were saved. ", "But Marius just stared in disbelief. ", "Did they have any idea what was over the wall? ", "This was suicide. ", "The Terran armour turned their turrets towards the oncoming convoy, firing their engines into life, licking their lips at the prospect of long-sought destruction. ", "The Conglomerate force slowed and tentatively, edged nervously through the bubble and…Nothing.", "The Conglomerate Reavers, inched into the grey skies and casually drifted into the distance, Galaxy troop transports vacillating behind them. ", "In a matter of seconds, they were shrinking specks on the horizon.", "No shells fired, no explosions, no carnage. ", "As the last lightning tank pierced the blue glow, Marius felt a wave of nausea. ", "Something was very, very wrong here.", "“What. ", "The…” mouthed Landiss in disbelief, then his face snapped in sudden, horrified recognition “They’ve left us… They’ve… They’ve come for me…”Marius head was spinning as he desperately tried to compute what was going on. ", "This made no sense at all! ", "No... Wait... The Suits must have cut a deal with the Republican bastards. ", "Marius pictured the macabre meeting. ", "A field tent just metres from where Marius bled… “The base and those ‘irritating’ revolutionaries for your lives. ", "No need to get your clothes dirty in some petty base battle … It’s not like you want the War to end, is it? ", "War is good for business, right? ", "In the end, it will be us, you and me, versus them…”Lieutenant Landiss, shaking a little, somehow maintained his cool, tried to buzz command once more.", "“Hive, this is Alpha, do you read? ", "What’s going on?... ", "I repeat, Hive, this is Alpha…”He received only static. ", "Landiss mashed his cigar with incredulity. ", "The distant Terran aircraft were surely just minutes away. ", "He switched to squad chat.", "“Alpha, expect galaxy assault and air bombardment. ", "Hold the generator at all costs.", "”Two rocket-equipped heavy troopers jogged over to the pair. ", "The first, wearing white forest camo armour had blonde hair billowing behind her slim back. ", "She removed her helmet and Marius was greeted with a familiar, heavenly vision: Isla Aldon. ", "Her flowing blonde hair bathed a delicate, pale, small-featured face. ", "Her white-blue eyes pierced through him, and for a second, he forgot where he was. ", "She gleamed at Landiss as she approached, even though her face was etched with worry.", "“Stuart – I mean Sir – do you have any idea what just happened?” ", "She said, suddenly red-faced.", "“No, Sergeant, I can’t reach base on comms.", "”“That was the Mercenary Corps?” ", "interjected a third, gruff, angry voice. ", "Corporal Vickers didn’t waste time on bullshit.", "“Yes Vickers, that looked like all of them.", "”“They cut the spawns, didn’t they?” ", "he growled “I mean, let’s not cut crap here. ", "I have a son –\"“VICKERS, shut it!” ", "Aldon cried.", "Sergeant Aldon sighed. ", "She held her slender hands to her face, as if agonising in thought. ", "The question hung heavy in the air, un-answered. ", "Landiss broke the silence.", "“We can’t do anything about that now. ", "We have to get the platoon inside the main base. ", "We can’t hold the yard with thirty. ", "Aldon, get the message to Delta squad, I’ll call in Beta and Charlie.", "”He’d barely finished when cries of alarm burst from the squad.", "“INCOMING!”Marius swooped around 90 degrees to face the dying base shield, its keen glow now only a fading spectre atop the hulls of the approaching armour. ", "Two pitch-black Prowler battle tanks had already passed over the threshold of the outer wall and turned their turrets to bear on Alpha’s barricade, exposed dead in the middle of the courtyard.", "“TAKE COVER!” ", "screamed Landiss, as the first shells from the armoured column whistled through the air to slam into the side of the generator building, exploding into a dense haze of smoke and powder. ", "A second came apart in front of the temporary steel barrier just metres from where Marius stood, blowing two unprepared soldiers flat onto their backs and showering the squad in glowing shrapnel.", "“AV UP FRONT!”Before Landiss had even finished his command, two rockets streaked past Marius, one collapsing into the side of the first battle tank, tearing a hole through the side of the main turret. ", "A bright flash burst from under the second, white heat erupting from the ground. ", "Shattered iron plates spewed from the centre of its broad hull as it crunched gently into the back of the first immobile Prowler. ", "Thank God for minefields…A ragged cheer rose from the line, quickly extinguished by a thick burst of rifle fire that pinged off the front of the crenelated barricade. ", "The infantry were coming.", "“SQUAD! ", "WE ARE PULLING BACK. ", "FALL BACK!” ", "Landiss cried over the tumult.", "Marius took up position at the rear of the squad as they filtered back to base, slowly stepping backwards with his front to the exposed gate. ", "Several more Terran tanks, cautious now, edged gingerly past the flaming wreckage in front of the shield, accompanied by streams of infantry that used the thick smoke as cover. ", "Soon enough, bullets started dinking off the buildings sprawled around Alpha squad’s retreat.", "Switching to long-range slugs, Marius let off a few speculative shots off at the distant muzzle flashes, forcing the distant aggressors behind cover for a couple of precious seconds. ", "Just enough time for Marius to reload. ", "Taking his time to aim and cover, he soon realised that he was more than ten metres behind his retreating squad, exposed in the middle of the yard. ", "But he didn’t have time to panic.", "“ACRE! ", "HOT DROP ON YOUR SIX!”He turned up just in time to see dark figures crash into the snow around all him. ", "Marius let off the first shot before even checking their uniforms, blasting straight through an engineer’s backpack. ", "The second and third shots broke the front leg and smashed the Medic’s helmet. ", "The rest of the clip crippled the barricade that a third young soldier clung to helplessly, now weapon less and bleeding in the reddening snow.", "Desperately, Marius reloaded, just as bullets started to thud into his suit from the all sides. ", "Protocol forgotten, he covered his bare face and ran at full pace towards the base. ", "A shot almost tore straight through his back armour. ", "Winded, he lost his footing and clattered into a pair of overturned barrels.", "“ACRE!!”Staccato bursts clacked rhythmically from in front of him and a grenade exploded, showering him with rocks and dirt. ", "Suddenly, two arms grabbed him at both shoulders; allowing him to recover control over his legs once again. ", "Powering to full height, he found himself looking at the wide-eyed faces of Landiss and Nakano.", "“Three grunts behind wall on right.” ", "Landiss cried, his voice intense but calm.", "Marius nodded breathlessly and threw himself back to face the battle, more confident now covered by his two squad mates. ", "He pounded shot after shot at the generator room complex, keeping heads down, guided backwards by Landiss’ steady hand on his shoulder. ", "The bullets clattered around him and all he could do was grit his teeth and trust his composite exo-skeleton to hold together as he limped the last few metres of exposed ground. ", "Behind him, the shouts of his squad became clearer, calling out targets, laying down covering fire. ", "Finally, with a sea of red armour and infantry piling into the courtyard just 200m in front of him, Marius was behind the reassuring blow glow of the inner base shields.", "Catching their breath, Alpha watched helplessly as the battle for the outer walls turned into a tragedy. ", "Delta squad were now caught in a death trap as Terran shells pounded them from all sides. ", "The last three soldiers – men and women who he was eating with in the mess hall just yesterday – fought to their last bullet in a desperate last stand. ", "A sniper’s bullet cut through Evans’ helmet. ", "Jacobs took down two oncoming light assault troopers before she was three-shotted through the chest. ", "Sergeant Gunning, lost behind the last battlement, unpinned a grenade and fell onto a squad of massing Terran heavy troopers, unleashing a final cacophony of destruction that echoed across the entire base. ", "Then, all of a sudden, there was complete silence.", "Delta squad was no more.", "Marius held his face in his hands, suddenly shaking with silent terror. ", "He looked around the haggard faces of the eight troopers who remained on base. ", "No spawns and no support. ", "Alpha squad were on their own . ", "Last edited by Sonny; 2014-01-20 at 07:24 AM ." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0038022813688212928, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608 ]

[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec0005}\n===============\n\nTemporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are defined as a subgroup of craniofacial pain symptoms that involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck.[@bib0005] A variety of symptoms, such as pain around the affected joint and soft tissues, tinnitus, dizziness, neck pain, and headache, can decrease the quality of life of patients with TMD,[@bib0005], [@bib0010] especially in patients with a chronic history of refractory pain and psychological symptoms. ", "Approximately one-third of adults are affected by symptomatic TMD.[@bib0005], [@bib0015] The current treatment options include analgesics, physiotherapy, antidepressants, occlusal adjustment, stabilization splints, arthrocentesis and lavage, and TMJ surgery. ", "However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of most of these interventions in TMD.[@bib0020], [@bib0025], [@bib0030], [@bib0035]\n\nAcupuncture has been used for relieving pain in various conditions. ", "One of the main issues in acupuncture research is that acupuncture treatment techniques, such as the frequency of acupuncture administration and the rationale of point selection, must be validated in clinical trials. ", "Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for chronic neck pain and tension-type headache have reported that different acupuncture points have different clinical effects.[@bib0040], [@bib0045], [@bib0050] A previous review of RCTs of acupuncture for TMD provided details of a suggested acupuncture regimen to provide an optimal effect.[@bib0055] Additionally, clinicians select adjacent acupoints, generally called \"Ashi\" points, or choose distal points for treating TMD, but no studies showing which treatment method is better have been identified. ", "Therefore we aimed to examine whether selecting different acupuncture regimens (adjacent points vs. distant points vs. a combination) affected the pain intensity and palpation index (PI) in participants with TMD.", "\n\n2. ", "Methods {#sec0010}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Design, ethics, and randomization {#sec0015}\n--------------------------------------\n\nA randomized, participant-blind, assessor-blind, controlled trial was carried out at the clinical research center of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine from July 31, 2006 to September 27, 2006. ", "The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University in South Korea. ", "After baseline assessment, eligible participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: one group received adjacent-point acupuncture (Trt), one group received distant-point acupuncture (Con1), and the other group received combined acupuncture of an adjacent and a distant point (Con2). ", "For assignment to the groups, random numbers were generated by the clinical statistician with a ratio of 1:1:1 (Trt:Con1:Con2) using the SAS statistical package (version 9.1.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). ", "The study protocol was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (registration number: KCT0000269).", "\n\n2.2. ", "Blinding {#sec0020}\n-------------\n\nOnly the doctors who performed the treatment were aware of the group assignment of each participant. ", "In addition, the outcome assessors were blind to the group allocation and not involved in providing the intervention.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Participants {#sec0025}\n-----------------\n\nParticipants were recruited through newspaper advertisements, signs posted at the university-affiliated hospital, university libraries, apartment entrances, and presentations at community meetings. ", "Potential participants were told that they had an equal chance to be assigned to one of three active acupuncture interventions. ", "Written informed consent reviewed by the institutional review board was obtained before randomization from each participant if they agreed with participation.", "\n\nThe participants for potential eligibility were men and women aged between 18 and 71 years who had no other medical co-morbidities except for unilateral or bilateral TMD. ", "Participants with TMD were diagnosed following the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and were required to have an Axis I, Group I diagnosis. ", "Participants were to have no contraindications to acupuncture treatment. ", "No restrictions were placed on the duration of symptoms.", "\n\nThe exclusion criteria were previous surgery on the TMJ, a history of rheumatoid disease or degenerative arthritis, extensive anatomical destruction or deterioration of the TMJ, pain of neuropathic or odontogenic origin, patients who were planning to become pregnant within the next 3 months, and patients whose TMD had been caused by non-mechanical or psychological factors. ", "Additionally, participants were excluded if they scored less than 4 points (or 4 cm) on the Temporomandibular Function scale and on the visual analogue scale (VAS).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Interventions {#sec0030}\n------------------\n\nAll treatments were performed by two qualified, experienced acupuncture practitioners who had at least 6 years of training in acupuncture and were licensed as Oriental medicine doctors in South Korea.", "\n\nIn this study, standardized fixed acupuncture points with manual stimulation were adopted for each group. ", "All the classic acupuncture points were located according to the World Health Organization/Western Pacific Regional Office standard acupuncture point locations. ", "For the adjacent point treatment group (Trt), we selected points that were located on the same side as the pain, close to the affected side of the TMD: TE17, GB20, ST7, ST6, SI19, and EX21, with 1.5--3 cm depths.", "\n\nSterile, single-use, 40 mm ×  0.30 mm stainless steel acupuncture needles (Dongbang Co, Boryeong, Korea) were inserted at the six points and the \"*deqi*\" sensation was evoked by rotating each needle 10 times manually, being confirmed by the participant\\'s response. ", "The needles were then connected to an electric stimulator (PG 306; Suzuki Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) using crocodile clips. ", "A continuous wave of alternating current with a frequency of 2 Hz was applied to the acupuncture needle for 15 ± 3 minutes per session. ", "An infrared light (IRH-3100; Wonhyo Ltd. Seoul, Korea) was then applied above the participant\\'s abdominal area.", "\n\nIn the distant point control group (Con1), all of the processes were same as in the Trt group, except for point selection. ", "We needled only acupoints that were distant from the affected joints: ipsilateral acupuncture (LI4 and SI3) and contralateral acupoints (ST36, BL60, TE5 and GB41). ", "In the combination control group (Con2), six different adjacent and distant points were selected, as previously described: TE17, GB20, ST7 from the adjacent points and ST6, LI4, ST36 from the distant points, in order to use same number of acupuncture points.[@bib0060] The treatment strategies for each group were based upon recommendations in the study by Rosted et al[@bib0055] and an expert committee.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Outcome measures {#sec0035}\n---------------------\n\nThe primary outcome was the change in TMD-related pain intensity on a VAS of 0 cm (no pain) to 10 cm (the maximum pain imaginable) at every week during treatment and at 4 weeks follow-up after the acupuncture treatment.", "\n\nThe secondary outcome was the objective severity of TMD problems as measured by the muscle and TMJ PI of the Craniomandibular Index (CMI), which was developed as a clinical method of evaluating TMJ function.[@bib0065] The muscle and TMJ PI consists of four different items: extraoral palpation (18/18), intraoral palpation (6/6), neck palpation (12/12), and TMJ palpation (6/6). ", "The total score was the sum of the four scores and ranges from 0 to 42 points.", "\n\nAll adverse events were observed related or not related to acupuncture treatment during the study. ", "All the possible adverse events were reported by the participants or observed by the researchers.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Statistical analyses {#sec0040}\n-------------------------\n\nAnalyses were performed with the \"intention to treat\" method, including all participants who were randomized (missing data were coded using the last observation carried forward). ", "Analysis of variance was used to test baseline differences among the three groups. ", "We conducted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate the effect of treatments on the mean changes in scores between baseline and Week 3 for all of the continuous variables. ", "Baseline values were used as covariance for ANCOVA in each analysis. ", "Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS statistical package, and the level of significance was established at *p* \\< 0.05. ", "As this was a pilot trial to evaluate the applicability and validity of the study design, the smallest number of required participants (14 for each group) was considered without sample size estimation.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec0045}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Participants {#sec0050}\n-----------------\n\nFifty-six individuals were assessed for eligibility, 42 participants meeting the eligibility criteria. ", "Each participant was randomly allocated into the Trt group (*n* = 14), the Con1 group (*n* = 14), or the Con2 group (*n* = 14). ", "Of the participants, 38 completed all the weeks of treatment and were followed-up at 4 weeks after the end of treatment ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Three participants discontinued the treatment due to adverse events, and one declined to participate in the study ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There were no significant baseline differences in age, TMD duration, or TMD severity as assessed by VAS (all *p* \\> 0.05; [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"}), but a significant baseline difference in sex between the three groups was shown (*p* = 0.0207; [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"}).Fig. ", "1Study design and the flow of participants.", "Table 1Baseline characteristics of participants.", "CharacteristicsTrt (*n* = 14)Con1 (*n* = 14)Con2 (*n* = 14)*p*Age (y)[\\*](#tblfn0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}31.43 ± 12.4832.14 ± 18.9630.14 ± 11.410.9780Sex (M/F)[‡](#tblfn0015){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}9/514/08/60.0207TMD duration (mo)[†](#tblfn0010){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}1.54 ± 2.378.03 ± 10.6110.79 ± 24.270.6405TMD severity (VAS)[\\*](#tblfn0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}5.57 ± 1.705.57 ± 1.875.07 ± 1.980.7138[^2][^3][^4][^5]\n\n3.2. ", "Pain intensity of TMD using the VAS {#sec0055}\n----------------------------------------\n\nCompared with baseline, pain intensity was significantly reduced as 34% (*p* \\< 0.05, Trt group), 31% (*p* \\< 0.05, Con1), and 36% (*p* \\< 0.05, Con2) groups after 3 weeks. ", "However, no significant group difference was shown among the three groups (*p* = 0.5867; [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2Outcome measures for acupuncture treatment in the three groups.", "OutcomeAcupuncture regimenTrtCon 1Con 2*p*VAS[\\*](#tblfn0020){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}, [†](#tblfn0025){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Baseline5.57 ± 1.705.57 ± 1.875.07 ± 1.980.7138Visit 5 (2 wks)3.83 ± 1.954.21 ± 1.933.75 ± 1.420.6151Visit 7 (3 wks)3.67 ± 2.023.85 ± 2.613.25 ± 1.480.5867Visit 8 (7 wks)3.91 ± 1.304.29 ± 2.093.00 ± 1.950.2991TMJ[\\*](#tblfn0020){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Baseline12.21 ± 6.7013.71 ± 7.3113.21 ± 5.700.8300Visit 29.86 ± 5.909.57 ± 5.1411.50 ± 5.610.6449Visit 7 (3 wks)5.92 ± 3.825.15 ± 5.186.58 ± 5.620.3289Visit 8 (7 wks)5.42 ± 4.274.43 ± 5.217.17 ± 6.380.7633[^6][^7]\n\n3.3. ", "Muscle and TMJ palpation index {#sec0060}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThere were no significant baseline differences in the scores from the muscle and TMJ PI (*p* = 0.8300; [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "From baseline to the third week after treatment, scores on the muscle and TMJ PI decreased by 52% (Trt), 62% (Con1), and 50% (Con2), while there was no significant difference among three groups at 3 weeks' treatment or at 4 weeks of follow-up ([Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Also, no significant group difference in TMJ PI subscores was shown among the three groups at 3 weeks' treatment or at 4 weeks of follow-up ([Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Muscle and Temporomandibular Joint Palpation Index subscores.", "Visit (wk)ItemsTrtCon 1Con 2*p*[\\*](#tblfn0030){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Visit 7 (3)Extraoral palpation1.83 ± 2.122.33 ± 2.421.31 ± 1.930.0602Intraoral palpation1.50 ± 1.091.58 ± 1.440.77 ± 0.930.4577Neck muscle palpation1.75 ± 1.362.08 ± 2.392.15 ± 2.380.5578TMJ palpation0.83 ± 1.340.58 ± 1.000.92 ± 1.120.2572Visit 8 (7)Extraoral palpation1.92 ± 2.071.17 ± 2.211.07 ± 1.640.0508Intraoral palpation1.25 ± 1.221.67 ± 1.371.14 ± 0.860.8468Neck muscle palpation1.50 ± 1.572.50 ± 2.501.57 ± 2.240.3311TMJ palpation0.75 ± 0.970.83 ± 1.400.64 ± 0.930.1561[^8]\n\n3.4. ", "Safety {#sec0065}\n-----------\n\nDuring the study, three participants discontinued participation because of gastroenteritis or dental, and gum and mouth pain. ", "The participant with gastroenteritis required hospital admission due to the severity of the symptoms. ", "One case of dental pain and one case of gum and mouth pain were observed in the adjacent-point acupuncture group and combination treatment group, respectively, suggesting that needle placement in this area may cause dental or mouth pain. ", "However, the episode of gastroenteritis is not likely to have been caused by the acupuncture treatment.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec0070}\n=============\n\nOur study tested whether there were point-selective effects of acupuncture treatment among adjacent, distal, or combination acupuncture in participants with TMD. ", "Although each group showed a significant improvement in patient-reported pain after the acupuncture treatment, no significant differences were observed among the three groups. ", "From this result, it seems that there is no difference in the effect of acupoint selection among adjacent-point, distal-point, and combination acupuncture in participants with TMD. ", "However, acupuncture itself might be an effective intervention with comparatively good safety. ", "Adjacent, distal, and a combination of points in our study had similar effect sizes of 1.06, 1.28, and 0.62, respectively, meaning that the effect size of acupuncture on pain was higher than that of occlusal splint therapy (effect size = 0.44).[@bib0070] From this pilot study, different types of acupuncture treatment can be suitable for patients with TMD. ", "Future clinical trials with an adequate sample size might suggest how different types of acupuncture contribute to the treatment effect in TMD.", "\n\nEven though we were not able to show a statistically significant improvement in the VAS and muscle TMJ PI scores among three groups, subscores such as extraoral palpation at Visits 7 and 8 showed a marginal effect in favor of the adjacent and combination regimens compared with the distant regimen. ", "Considering the comparatively small size of this trial, this result might be different in a trial with a larger sample size.[@bib0075] Additionally, one of the strengths of this study is the presence of a combination group for comparing the effects of different regimens. ", "Many acupuncture practitioners prefer using a combination of adjacent and distal points to using only a single adjacent or distal point. ", "To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first RCT to compare the several different acupuncture point selections for treating TMD and may be a model for designing future trials to answer novel clinical questions on acupuncture regimens.", "\n\nThis study, however, has several limitations. ", "The first is that the sample size may have been too small to fully evaluate the treatment effect. ", "Originally, this trial was designed as a pilot study to test the feasibility of acupuncture treatment for TMD. ", "This study will provide basic information for the estimation of sample size for future trials.", "\n\nThe second problem was the comparatively short treatment and follow-up duration. ", "Generally, at least 3 months of follow-up are required to evaluate symptom reduction in TMD.[@bib0070], [@bib0080]\n\nThe third limitation was the lack of allocation concealment, possibly leading to bias related to foreknowledge of the treatment assignment. ", "Additionally, because there was no placebo arm, we cannot exclude the possibility that the improvement resulted from the natural course of disease or regression to the mean. ", "However, one rigorous systematic review on acupuncture for TMD suggested that acupuncture shows a greater effect on TMD pain reduction than does a sham acupuncture control.[@bib0085] The methodological flaws, however, prevent this trial from providing conclusive results that could add evidence on the choice of acupuncture points in the treatment of TMD.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our results suggest that adjacent-point, distal-point, and combination acupuncture show similar effects on pain intensity and muscle and TMJ PI. ", "Future randomized studies with larger sample sizes are needed to verify the point-specific effects of acupuncture in TMD.", "\n\nConflict of interest {#sec0075}\n====================\n\nNone of the authors has a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the subject of this manuscript.", "\n\nThis study was supported by the Development of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Standard Health Technology Project (K11010) of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.", "\n\n[^1]: These two authors contributed equally.", "\n\n[^2]: All continuous values are expressed as the means ± SD.", "\n\n[^3]: Analysis of variance was used.", "\n\n[^4]: Kruscal-Wallis test was used.", "\n\n[^5]: Chi-squared test was used.", "\n\n Con1, distant point selection group; Con2, combination-point selection group; Trt, adjacent point selection group; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n[^6]: Analysis of covariance adjusted by the baseline values was used.", "\n\n[^7]: 10 cm VAS.", "\n\n Con1, distant-point selection group; Con2, combination-point selection group; TMJ, muscle and TMJ palpation index; Trt, adjacent-point selection group; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n[^8]: Analysis of covariance adjusted by the baseline values was used.", "\n\n Con1, distant point selection group; Con2, combination point selection group; Trt, adjacent point selection group.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.006932409012131715, 0.011583011583011582, 0.018779342723004695, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.014150943396226415, 0, 0, 0.0035087719298245615, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.009389671361502348, 0.017699115044247787, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.02358490566037736, 0.0037313432835820895, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.012376237623762377, 0, 0.003703703703703704, 0.02099737532808399, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.006644518272425249, 0, 0, 0.0023584905660377358, 0.003816793893129771, 0, 0.003395585738539898, 0.009009009009009009, 0.0035211267605633804, 0.004032258064516129, 0.003590664272890485, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.006993006993006993, 0.0033222591362126247, 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.011267605633802818, 0.006172839506172839, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.017142857142857144, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Websites don’t exist: Facebook, Buddhism and the Nature of Being\n\nIf you're wondering what the hell Facebook has to do with Eastern, Greek and 20th-century philosophy, just bear with me. ", "Facebook's evolving services are going to trigger some seismic disruptions in our online lives. ", "Those changes touch on some fundamental issues in how we perceive and interpret the world, but they also give us a pretty good idea of how the online world is going to evolve over the next few years.", "\n\nPreface\n\nFacebook's new social tools\n\nNOTE: This post was originally written in response to Facebook's first announcement of \"Facebook Connect\" in the spring of 2010. ", "There were actually two broad categories of tools that were announced at the time, and while the functionality has evolved since then, the core issues they raise are even more relevant now.", "\n\nI'm not going to bother explaining the new FB tools in depth — they've already gotten plenty of coverage, and they'll get plenty more. ", "Suffice it to say that they allow any online property to:\n\nImmediately identify you – and members of your Friends network – without any action or permission on your part\n\nAccess most of the personal data (profile info, pictures, etc.) ", "from your Facebook profile – again without any action or permission from you\n\nAct on that information\n\nContext\n\nThe Economics of a Collaborative Illusion\n\nThere's been an implicit contract between the people who build web properties, and the people who use them: \"Let's keep it real\"\n\n\"[W]hat people commonly think of as concrete objects are actually successions of occasions of experience. ", "Occasions of experience can be collected into groupings; something complex such as a human being is thus a grouping of many smaller occasions of experience.\"", "\n\n— Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality\n\nMany people don’t really have a sense of the enormous, sustained effort that goes into maintaining the illusion of a persistent “website”. ", "Even the simplest site is a churning mass of moving parts that are being corralled and wrestled into place, over and over – style sheets, image files, code fragments. ", "Enterprise e-commerce sites have gone far, far past that level of complexity. ", "Every time you load a “page” at an Amazon or a Dell, you’re summoning information from dozens or hundreds of different machines, scattered all over the country. ", "The investment in machines, applications and people it takes to bring all those pieces together – and then make them fit together into the illusion of a persistent “site” every time, for every visitor – can be staggering.", "\n\nSooo…why does this matter?", "\n\n\"You cannot step into the same river twice.\"", "\n\n— Heraclitus, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, Lives\n\nIt matters because the sites we’ve all grown used to – sites that look pretty much the same every time you go back, and that look pretty much the same for you as they do for your mom – never acted that way because they intrinsically “have” to. ", "There’s been a massive investment in people and equipment to maintain an “illusion of permanence” because there are deep sociological and economic incentives.", "\n\nThose incentives have been gradually eroding for years, but they’ve never really been attacked by anything so transformational and massive as the new Facebook tools.", "\n\nA fundamental – and flawed – tool of our consciousness\n\nWe have a natural predisposition to think about the world in terms of \"things\", not \"processes\". ", "The Buddha pointed that out a long time ago, and modern marketers are getting ready to stop indulging us, as well.", "\n\n\"Everything flows, nothing stands still.\"", "\n\n— Heraclitus, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, Lives\n\nIn 1925, the British logician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead coined the term “The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness” – and labeled an idea that reaches back to ancient Greece and the teachings of Buddha. ", "While it’s also gone by names such as reification, anicca, Becoming and process philosophy, the basic concept is pretty straightforward : it’s the conceptual error of looking at a dynamic “process”, and mistaking it for a static “thing”. ", "The Buddha, Prof. Whitehead and the Greek philosopher Heraclitus all saw our tendency to make that mistake as a central flaw in the human condition. ", "I agree, but I think there are some important qualifications.", "\n\nWhile thinking of a complex process as a simpler object may not be correct, it is a powerful mental shortcut. ", "As long as the “object” we have in mind is accurate enough that we can use it successfully, we can take advantage of the process without confronting the added complexity of the process. ", "That’s not just a convenience – it was clearly a critical step in the evolution of human consciousness, that allowed us to move forward, faster. (", "No, I don’t have a reference. ", "Prove me wrong.)", "\n\nThat matters for our discussion on two levels. ", "First of all, the mental model of a persistent website that sits there like the corner store is just easier for people to process. ", "It’s not just that it borrows the convenient metaphors of a “place” or a “store”. ", "The simple qualities of permanence and persistence strike deep psychological chords – they imply predictability, and understandability, and the web’s rate of adoption has clearly benefited from them.", "\n\nThat mental shortcut of concreteness, though, also makes online properties easier to create. ", "Designing something that you think of as a single “site” can take a lot of effort to build later on, but it’s a lot easier to think about when you’re getting started.", "\n\nNevertheless, as powerful as it might be, that fallacy is a misunderstanding of reality. ", "While there are benefits, there are costs. ", "Many of our most important cultural and scientific advances have come by confronting the fact that something is not a thing, but a process – look at the way that quantum physics turned Bohr’s little billiard-balls into buzzing particle clouds, or that “just-in-time” manufacturing has turned “factories” and “warehouses” into manufacturing supply chains. ", "When the seething realities of a process finally stop playing nice within our tidy mental model, we really have two choices – we can fight to maintain our mental shortcut, or we can acknowledge the fallacy and move on.", "\n\nDisassembling the great anonymization mill\n\nThat human bias for the concrete has encouraged marketers to put a lot of effort into maintaining the illusion of permanence, but it comes at a cost that they won't be eager to bear much longer.", "\n\nWhile the personal / cultural factors at play are important, the real forces that will drive what’s going to happen are economic. ", "First and foremost, it means that almost any major site today is basically a huge “homogenization mill” – by offering a massively consistent, simplified experience, it grinds millions of unique visitors into uniform, anonymous data dust.", "\n\nThen the company behind the site spends millions of dollars more every year trying to run that process backwards, reconstitute the individual grains of wheat out of the flour, and then treat each grain differently.", "\n\nIf marketers could magically identify each of us the moment we showed up, track us individually across multiple visits, and then know – not guess – exactly how to cater to each of us, they’d refocus their budgets to do that in a split second.", "\n\nOh, wait…now they can.", "\n\nConsequence\n\n\"Like\" It...Or Not\n\nThis all adds up to some upcoming seismic shifts in the nature of our online experience. ", "Whether or not Facebook ends up being the agent of all these changes, they're coming at some point. ", "Consider yourself forewarned.", "\n\nEach of the following ideas really deserves a lot more thought and attention than I've given them here, but here are at least some quick sketches of where I think this is all going.", "\n\n\"Like\": The ultimate quid pro quo\n\nIt's a verb for a reason. ", "Whether or not Facebook intentionally switched from talking about \"who you are\" to \"what you do\" (hint, hint), the act of clicking the \"Like\" button is about to become a central gesture.", "\n\nFirst of all, \"Likes\" are quickly going to become the hot new proxy for \"marketing value\". ", "Facebook \"Fans\" were obviously already a big deal, but that was still something that lived within a walled garden. (", "A big walled garden, but the big problem wasn't just population size -- it was you that had to proclaim your passion while you were away from the object of your passion.) ", "If you're involved in marketing at all, get ready -- the obsessive measurement and cultivation of \"Likes\" is poised to make all the attention paid to \"Visits\", \"Click-throughs\" and \"Opens\" look like rehearsal.", "\n\nFor online consumers, you better get used to clicking \"Like\" buttons. ", "A lot. ", "Being a \"Fan\" was really a \"Yes\"/\"No\" assertion about who you are. \"", "Liking\" something is going to be a transaction. ", "Marketers are going to want you to do it so badly, they're going to make every effort to negotiate with you, and either offer you an incentive or try to impose it as a requirement. ", "It's not only going to be how you enter online contests or get free downloads -- in one click, without filling out a form -- it's going to be how you rate and review items on e-commerce sites, and tell Pandora and Last.", "FM which artists you prefer.", "\n\nThe end of \"the 1,000-egg basket\"\n\nCompanies now have an efficient, trusted channel to distribute their offerings across the web. ", "They're not going feel nearly as compelled to drive massive amounts of traffic to a single URL they control.", "\n\nWe've obviously been talking about this idea for years, now. ", "The \"death of the walled garden\", the need to talk to people where they already are...these are already commonly accepted truths in digital marketing. ", "The main reason that all that stuff still hasn't really come true, though, has been the amount of effort and risk that's been required. ", "These new tools offer them the ability to quickly and safely expand their reach, and then reap massive amounts of insight in return. ", "The companies behind what are now huge, monolithic destination sites are going to start feeling a lot more comfortable about leaving you to your own devices. ", "They're still going to need to offer you some kind of call-to-action, but it's going to less and less likely to be \"Visit www.ourcompany.com\".", "\n\nPersonal offers with a little red dot dancing on your forehead\n\nWhy did Expedia just offer you a great price on a trip to Italy? ", "Because your old college roommate lives there. ", "Why did Amazon recommend that book on Carl Jung? ", "Because you \"liked\" a site on dreams and psychoanalysis.", "\n\nCentralizing and sharing your information across sites\n\nProbably the most dramatic and obvious change we're going to see is the massive cross-flow of personal information across websites. ", "Amazon's not just going to know what I bought through Amazon, and they're not only going to know my favorite bands...they're going to have information on what I bought and liked from Barnes & Noble, and Best Buy.", "\n\nRetailers, especially, are going to have a really, really hard time with that Catch-22. ", "Many of them are going to resist it, and many of them are going to try and insist on safeguards so that information that they've \"earned\" by getting you to Like something doesn't benefit their competitors. ", "Even if those efforts are temporarily successful, though, there are going to be marketers and retailers who experiment successfully with an open approach, and that dam is going to break.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nThe opportunity to centralize your identity\n\nWhat that means for the consumer -- or for any consumer who wants to engage -- is potentially the end of a model where we each have 20 or 30 \"selves\" scattered across dozens of different sites.", "\n\nNOTE: I'm not going to bury this one in a sliding footnote: I completely understand that this is, in many ways, a devil's choice, and that for many people, in many circumstances, this is not a desirable option. ", "Nevertheless, it is a legitimate and very real likely consequence, and as options to centralize online identities do become broadly available, the potential convenience and efficiency is going to play a large role in how things play out.", "\n\nThe end of the bookmark as we know it\n\nFinally, a smaller point, but an inevitable one, I think -- get ready for the convention of browser bookmarks as we know it to eventually fade away. ", "It's only a small step for \"Like\" to become a version of Delicious on steroids, with instant critical mass. ", "Once you've got some decent tools to organize all the web pages you've Liked, how much sense does it make to maintain a redundant set? (", "And I'm saying this as someone who loves Xmarks.) ", "That's not to say that there aren't a lot of intermediate or hybrid options around synching, etc., ", "but...still.", "\n\nWrapping Up\n\nSince I already have some more ideas I want to explore in upcoming posts, I won't wrap this up too formally -- if you've invested the time and attention to read this far, then I really appreciate it, and I'd love to hear what you think.", "\n\nTwo broad categories of tools were announced at Facebook's F8 conference. ", "While the actual names they proposed aren't used much, the services still fall into these two basic categories:\n\nThe new Social Plug-ins can be easily added to any property, and while they're quite powerful, as their name implies, they are modular services that can be added or removed. ", "Technically, the plug-ins don't even need to give a site access to your FB data, although I believe they can if you give explicit permission.", "\n\nThe \"Instant Personalization\" program (bottom of page) goes much deeper -- it allows developers to integrate Facebook directly into a site's data and functionality. ", "By definition, a site that uses Instant Personalization expects to have direct access to your personal FB data.", "\n\nBefore anyone insists those things could never happen to them, because they would never let Facebook share their personal information like that, or that I'm somehow advocating this to come about, let me just say this:\n\nPersonally, I feel personal privacy is an enormously important issue, and I have really deep reservations and concerns about how this could all play out. ", "But, for one thing, \"privacy\" is such a big topic that it's like \"gravity\". ", "It's always there, but if you always gave it its due, you'd never talk about anything else. ", "I am genuinely interested in exploring the morality of the privacy issue, but there's no way to do that fairly here and stay focused.", "\n\nAs to whether or not this is a valid prediction, I honestly don't see how something along these lines doesn't eventually come to be. ", "Maybe it's not through Facebook. ", "Maybe it's in 15 years and not 5. ", "Hopefully it's because the recipient is totally OK with it. ", "No matter what, though, I really can't imagine that it never happens.", "\n\n3 Comments\n\nI did think of one issue that you haven’t yet addressed, a huge issue that would probably merit one of those–again, brilliant–graphic rest stops that you’re fond of, an issue that has contributed more to the Internet than Amazon and Facebook combined, an issue that WILL impede the Like juggernaut.", "\n\nPorn.", "\n\nNot just porn, actually, but any site that with which we do and yet do not want to be associated. ", "Man’s inherent duality demands not only an illusion of online privacy but also that the Internet afford us more than a single identity. ", "As Joe Browser becomes aware of the ramifications of clicking Like, he’ll become more and more hesitant to do so. ", "It comes down to Like vs. privacy, and any future paradigm must consider both.", "\n\nPoint definitely taken. ", "I’m still working out how I want to pull together my thoughts on that front, but one of the things I want to dig into are the parallel issues around the idea of a “self” — the added leverage that we may (or may not) see around our online identity won’t come from having some some, single static “me” emerge. ", "If it comes at all, it’s going to come from our ability to _control_ who we are — in any given context — from a central point.", "\n\nOne Trackback\n\n[…] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Laurent Stanevich, Kevin Munc. ", "Kevin Munc said: RT: Thoughts on new FB tools, Buddhism and an Ontology of Being…and what it will all mean – http://bit.ly/lbob-reification (via @LairBob) […]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0.012422360248447204, 0, 0, 0, 0.006688963210702341, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.0149812734082397, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005633802816901409, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.04081632653061224, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.02, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.003484320557491289, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0.02531645569620253 ]

[ "Most countries are cut into administrative regions. ", "This map removes any administrative regions which touch the sea.", "Note: the source map was from 1998, so there are some areas which are different from current maps - South Sudan for instance, or Nunavut (although Nunavut would have sunk anyway.)Credit to where credit is due:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0, 0.009569377990430622 ]

[ "\n76 B.R. 328 (1987)\nIn re McLEAN INDUSTRIES, INC., ", "et al., ", "Debtor.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "86 B 12238-41.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York.", "\nJuly 29, 1987.", "\nMilbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy by Alan W. Kornberg, Stephen Shimshak, Robert Drain, New York City, for debtors-in-possession.", "\nWeil, Gotshal & Manges by Corinne Ball, Jacqueline Taubes, New York City, McCutchen, Black, Verleger & Shea by Sheldon A. Gebb, Los Angeles, Cal., ", "for Prudential Ins. ", "Co. of America.", "\nWhite & Case by Allan L. Gropper, New York City, for the Official Unsecured Creditors Committee.", "\nGilmartin, Poster & Shafto by Robert L. Poster, William K. Sheehy, New York City, Special Admiralty Counsel for debtors-in-possession.", "\nLatham & Watkins by Robert J. Rosenberg, Freehill, Hogan & Mahar by Nathan Bayer, New York City, for General Elec. ", "Credit Corp.\nHOWARD C. BUSCHMAN, III, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nBefore us is a motion by Prudential Insurance Company of America (\"Prudential\"), a creditor, for relief from the automatic *329 stay, imposed by Section 362 of title 11 of the United States Code (the \"Bankruptcy Code\"), which would permit Prudential to foreclose on certain vessels that are the subject of alleged first preferred ship mortgages in favor of Prudential and require the Debtor to bring their challenge to those mortgages in the admiralty courts.", "\n\nI.\nUnited States Lines, Inc. (\"USL\" or \"Debtor\"), United States Lines (S.A.), Inc. (\"SA\"), McLean Industries, Inc. (\"McLean\"), and First Colony Farms, Inc. (\"First Colony\") each filed a petition with this Court on November 24, 1986 seeking relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "On the petition date (the \"filing date\"), this Court consolidated the Chapter 11 cases of USL, SA, McLean and First Colony for procedural purposes only.", "\nPrior to the filing, USL and SA had operated one of the largest container lines and cargo shipping companies in the world. ", "They retained possession of their assets as provided for in § 1107 and § 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "Both are in the process of winding up their shipping operations in a manner they believe will garner the most benefit for their creditors.", "\nThe facts pertaining to the instant motion are straight-forward and are hardly complex or technical. ", "Prudential, USL, McLean and First Colony were parties to a Note Purchase Agreement and Financing and Security Agreement, dated April 12, 1978 (hereinafter the \"1978 Debt Agreements\"), pursuant to which USL incurred an indebtedness (principal amount of $126,859,753.54) to Prudential (the \"1978 Debt\"). ", "Apparently, the outstanding principal amount of the 1978 debt on the filing date was $92,885,000. ", "In conjunction with the 1978 Debt Agreements, USL, as owner/mortgagor, and Prudential, as mortgagee, entered into three duly perfected first preferred ship mortgages dated April 12, 1978, collateralized by eight vessels known as the Lancers. ", "These mortgages were recorded in the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, New York, New York, on April 12, 1978 in Book PM/331 at pages 1, 2, and 3 (collectively, the \"1978 First Preferred Ship Mortgages\").", "\nIn April 1983, USL borrowed approximately $114,000,000 (the \"1983 Debt\") from Prudential and General Electric Credit Corporation (\"GECC\"). ", "The 1983 Debt was secured, inter alia, by second ship mortgages on each of the Lancers granted by USL, as owner, to United States Trust Company of New York, as indenture trustee, for the benefit of Prudential and GECC (the \"Second Ship Mortgages\"). ", "At the same time, the 1978 First Preferred Ship Mortgages were amended and superseded by a duly perfected first preferred ship mortgage recorded in the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, New York, New York, on April 21, 1983 in Book PM/368 at page 41 (the \"First Ship Mortgages\").", "\nIn 1986, the First Ship Mortgage was amended by a document called Amendment No. ", "1 to the First Preferred Ship Mortgage (\"Amendment No. ", "1\") dated April 14, 1986. ", "In addition to adding several covenants by USL, Amendment No. ", "1 reflected a reduction in USL's outstanding debt, stating:\nAs of January 1, 1986 there remained outstanding $92,885.00 in aggregate principal amount of the 1983 Company Notes. . . .", "\n. . . .", "\nSection 33 of the Original Mortgage is hereby amended to read in its entirety as follows:\n\"For the purpose of this mortgage and the endorsement thereof on the marine document of the vessel as required by the Ship Mortgage Act, 1920, as amended, (a) the total amount is $92,885.00 (the aggregate principal amount of 1983 Company Notes and Additional Notes, if any, now outstanding) and interest and performance of mortgage covenants, and (b) the date of the maturity is October 15, 1991 and (c) the discharge amount is the same as the total amount.\"", "\n*330 Contemporaneously with Amendment No. ", "1, several other ship mortgages securing the 1983 Debt were apparently amended in similar fashion.", "\nAs required by the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920, 46 U.S.C. § 921(a) (1968), Amendment No. ", "1 was recorded with the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, at New York, New York, on April 15, 1986 in Book Volume PM/419 at page 103.", "\nCertificates of documentation and abstract of title for each of the eight Lancers (Exhibits F (1)-(8), G(1)-(8)) were prepared and recorded. ", "In each of these documents, the principal amount of the outstanding debt to Prudential, pursuant to the First Ship Mortgage, is stated to have been \"reduced to $92,885.00\" from $126,859,753.54.", "\nAccordingly, the Debtor and Official Unsecured Creditors Committee (the \"Creditors Committee\") assert that Prudential's First Ship Mortgage is not valid beyond the perfected amount of $92,885.00. ", "Notwithstanding the statement of Amendment No. ", "1 reproduced above, Prudential claims that the principal amount of outstanding debt was erroneously recorded and endorsed by the Coast Guard as $92,885.00. ", "It asserts that it maintains a First Preferred Ship Mortgage in the principal amount of $92,885,000, as stated in an exhibit to Amendment No. ", "1, which indicates in its preliminary statement that \"[a]s of January 1, 1986 there remained outstanding $92,885,000 in aggregate principal amount of the 1983 Company Notes.\"", "\nPrudential's motion seeking relief from the automatic stay under Section 362(d) of the Bankruptcy Code initially sought an order permitting it to exercise its remedies in respect to the Lancers and related equipment and proceeds. ", "A preliminary hearing was held on June 4, 1987, and pursuant to § 362(e), a final hearing was set for June 26, 1987. ", "At the final hearing, the automatic stay was continued until after the entry of an order resolving Prudential's motion.", "\nAt the final hearing, the mortgage documents were admitted in evidence and the Debtor objected to the motion in full with respect to three of the Lancers on the ground that their sale to Sea-Land Services, Inc. (\"Sea-Land\"), as part of a package with other assets, was necessary to an effective reorganization. ", "11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(2). ", "No evidence was presented as to that issue by any party. ", "With respect to the other five Lancers, the Debtor stated its willingness to consent to the entry of an order for relief provided: (i) that the order retained in the bankruptcy court the ability to decide claims that the Debtors might have under 11 U.S.C. §§ 506(c), 544(a), and 551; and (ii) that the order further compel the return of proceeds from the sale of the vessels to this Court for distribution. ", "In response, Prudential agreed that this Court should retain the ability to consider the Debtor's claims under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c) for sums expended with respect to the Lancers, but asserted that the admiralty courts should decide the other issues and distribute the proceeds.", "\nAfter the close of the final hearing, the Court indicated its preference for evidence on the issue of necessity. ", "Concurrently, the Debtor announced that it had renegotiated their arrangement with Sea-Land to provide merely for charter by Sea-Land of three of the Lancers for a six month period with an option to renew for an additional six month period. ", "After hearing the parties, the Court ordered that the record be reopened for the purpose of taking evidence as to necessity and scheduled a hearing for July 15, 1987. ", "On the day of the hearing, counsel for the Debtor and counsel for Prudential announced that Prudential had conceptually agreed to the charter of three Lancers to Sea-Land and to exclude those three Lancers from the instant motion. ", "It was further agreed that the ultimate disposition of the three vessels would be treated similar to the other five vessels to be foreclosed in various U.S. admiralty courts and that the court should decide the issues raised by the Debtor. ", "That agreement was finalized on the record on July 23, 1987.", "\nThus, the issues before us are whether the automatic stay is only to be modified so as to retain in the bankruptcy court, rather *331 than deferring to the admiralty court, (i) the challenge by the Debtors, supported by the Creditors Committee, to the validity under the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 of Prudential's asserted lien of $92,885,000, in view of the power and status conferred upon debtors-in-possession and trustees by 11 U.S.C. § 544, (ii) the claim that, were Prudential's $92,885,000 lien unperfected, it may be preserved for the benefit of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 551, and (iii) the ability to distribute the proceeds from the sale of the vessels after they are sold by the admiralty courts.", "\n\nII.", "\nAs we continue to explore and map[1] the unchartered inlets and bays of maritime bankruptcy much in the manner of Champlain's marking the numerous unknown shoals and landfalls between Port Royale and Cape Cod,[2] it becomes increasingly important to identify the interplay of the bankruptcy and admiralty courts. ", "In this we are not concerned with the desire of creditors that their rights be determined elsewhere or the desire of debtors that their rights be determined in one bankruptcy court. ", "Rather we are concerned with the proper interplay of these systems in the construct of a particular case and in the light of the proper allocation of dispute resolution tasks.", "\nSuch concerns are usually addressed under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. ", "R.J. Pierce, S.A., Shapiro & P.A. Verkuil, Administrative Law & Process 208-10 (1985). ", "That doctrine provides that a court with jurisdiction may defer resolution of a technical factual issue to an administrative agency having expertise beyond the normal competence of judges in order to preserve consistency and uniformity in regulation of the business entrusted to that agency. ", "E.g., Far East Conference v. United States, 342 U.S. 570, 574-75, 72 S.Ct. ", "492, 494-95, 96 L.Ed. ", "576 (1952); In re McLean Industries. ", "Inc., 70 B.R. 852, 859, 15 B.C.D. 864, 16 C.B.C.2d 645, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 71,745 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "Cases such as Order of Railway Conductors v. Pitney, 326 U.S. 561, 567, 66 S.Ct. ", "332, 325, 90 L.Ed. ", "318 (1946) (intricate dispute between two unions regarding provision of services to bankrupt railroad should have been deferred by railroad reorganization court to Railway Labor Adjustment Board and court should have stayed proceedings before it pending resolution by the Board), Smith v. Hoboken R.R. Co., 328 U.S. 123, 130, 66 S.Ct. ", "947, 951-52, 90 L.Ed. ", "1123 (1946) (issue of whether a bankrupt railroad had forfeited track rights should have been deferred by railroad reorganization court to the Interstate Commerce Commission in view of statute requiring commission certificate for abandonment of tracks), Nathanson v. National Labor Relations Board, 344 U.S. 25, 30, 73 S.Ct. ", "80, 83-84, 97 L.Ed. ", "23 (1952) (liquidation of unfair labor practice claim should have been deferred by bankruptcy court to the NLRB for it to determine the appropriate remedy), and Gary Aircraft Corp. v. United States of America (In re Gary Aircraft Corp.), 698 F.2d 775 (5th Cir.1983) (claims arising from government contract should have been deferred by bankruptcy court to Board of Contract Appeals where claims were highly technical and complex), can be viewed as falling under that doctrine. ", "In the absence of precedent, whether to defer liquidation of a claim to an agency is an issue in the court's \"sound discretion.\" ", "Nathanson, 344 U.S. at 30, 73 S.Ct. ", "at 83-84.", "\nHere, however, we are not concerned with the allocation of dispute resolution functions between court and agency. ", "We are, instead, concerned with the degree to which the automatic stay codified in 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) is to be modified to permit Prudential to litigate elsewhere the validity of its lien with a debtor-in-possession, in light of the status and powers conveyed by 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 551. ", "In determining *332 whether to vacate or modify the automatic stay in connection with entering an order for relief from the automatic stay under § 362(d), the bankruptcy court has discretion. ", "In re McLean Industries, Inc., 74 B.R. 589, 602 (S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "In the exercise of that discretion, several considerations obtain.", "\nA. Jurisdictional Considerations\nPrimary among these considerations is the notion that the bankruptcy court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the validity of the maritime liens asserted by Prudential. ", "E.g., Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of N.Y. v. Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. 987, 995, 10 C.B.C.2d 1156, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 69,752 (S.D.N.Y.1984); cf. ", "In re Modern Boats, Inc., 775 F.2d 619, 620 (5th Cir. ", "1985). ", "Thus, this is not a case like Smith v. Hoboken R.R. Co., where Congress required affirmative action by an agency, or In re Prudential Lines Inc., 69 B.R. 439, 16 C.B.C.2d 383, 15 B.C.D. 445, Bankr.", "L. Rep. (CCH) ¶ 71,676 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987), where Congress had enacted an automatic exemption for pre-petition admiralty foreclosure actions brought by the United States Maritime Administration. ", "Instead, this is an issue within the \"core\" jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts, for 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(K) provides that \"determinations of the validity, extent, or priority of liens\" are core matters.[3]\nThat this jurisdiction includes determinations pertaining to maritime liens cannot be seriously questioned. ", "See F.R. Kennedy, Jurisdictional Problems Between Admiralty and Bankruptcy Courts, 59 Tulane L.Rev. ", "1183, 1201 n. 96 (1985) (collecting bankruptcy cases where the validity and priority of maritime liens has been determined by bankruptcy courts); Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. at 995. ", "Accordingly, Prudential does not contend that this Court lacks such power or that the admiralty courts have exclusive jurisdiction to determine the validity of a ship mortgage.", "\nThis observation might be tempered by the notion that the bankruptcy court lacks jurisdiction to liquidate personal injury claims. ", "See In re Waterman Steamship Co., 63 B.R. 435, 436, 14 B.C.D. 884 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1986); 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B), (b)(5). ", "In a maritime case, that lack of jurisdiction assumes importance because of the inchoate maritime lien status afforded to seamen's personal injury claims. ", "But the issue here does not involve a debtor's attempt to challenge seamen's liens.[4]\nAlso of concern is the unfortunate notion that the law has not yet grown to the point where other nations have afforded comity to bankruptcy proceedings, see McLean, 74 B.R. at 602 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y. June 10, 1987), and, consequently, have recognized only the decrees of admiralty courts that wipe a vessel clean of liens. ", "Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. at 996. ", "Such an issue might have significance with respect to a foreign lienor not subject to personal jurisdiction. ", "Here, however, Prudential is subject to personal jurisdiction. ", "Thus, any judgment will be binding on it and the estate.", "\nB. Nature of the Dispute[5]\nOf more relevance to the allocation of dispute resolution is the proper use of *333 available expertise to resolve technical factual issues. ", "In holding that the bankruptcy court should have deferred a governmental contract dispute to the Board of Contract Appeals, the court in Gary Aircraft observed that governmental contract law \"tends to be technical and esoteric, and that Boards of Contract Appeals were created precisely because of the needs for expertise, speed, and uniformity in resolving government contract disputes.\" ", "Gary Aircraft Corp., 698 F.2d at 784.", "\nHere, however, the issues are not factual but legal. ", "Indeed, the facts are seemingly undisputed and are hardly complex. ", "Resolution of this dispute falls within the general competence of judges, and, because it concerns sections of the Bankruptcy Code, it falls within the specialized competence of bankruptcy judges.", "\nThe bankruptcy issues arise because the Debtor grounds its challenge to Prudential's asserted lien of $92,885,000 on the status given to it as debtor-in-possession by § 544(a) and seeks to preserve that lien for the benefit of the estate pursuant to § 551 of the Code. ", "Section 544(a) provides:\n(a) the trustee shall have, as of the commencement of the case, and without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or any creditor, the rights and powers of, or may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable by:\n(1) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and that obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, a judicial lien on all property on which a creditor on a simple contract could have obtained such a judicial lien, whether or not such a creditor exists;\n(2) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, an execution against the debtor that is returned unsatisfied at such time, whether or not such a creditor exists; or\n(3) a bona fide purchaser of real property, other than fixtures, from the debtor, against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected, that obtains the status of a bona fide purchaser and has perfected such transfer at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not such a purchaser exists.", "\nSection 551 provides for preservation for the benefit of a transfer with respect to property of the estate that is avoided under § 544. ", "Since a transfer includes the parting with an interest in property, 11 U.S.C. § 101(50), avoided liens can be preserved.", "\nUnder § 544 the avoidability of a lien is, with the exception of the exclusion of actual notice, dependent upon nonbankruptcy law. ", "E.g., McCannon v. Marston, 679 F.2d 13, 16-17 (3rd Cir.1982); In re Velikopoljski, 54 B.R. 534 (Bankr.", "S.D.Fla.1985) (held debtor-in-possession may avoid a mortgage lien not perfected in accordance with the Ship Mortgage Act); Varon v. Trimble, Marshall & Goldman, P.C., et al., ", "In re Euro-Swiss International Corp.), 33 B.R. 872, 881, 11 B.C.D. 113 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1983); cf. ", "Matter of Alberto, 66 B.R. 132, 2 U.C.C. Rep.Serv.2d (Callaghan) 1378 (Bankr.", "D.N.J.1985) (creditors holding mortgages on Ch. ", "7 debtor's yacht moved for relief from the automatic stay. ", "The trustee sought to avoid the creditors' security interest. ", "The court noted that the Ship Mortgage Act does not allow post-petition perfection of a mortgage. ", "Reasoning that mortgages were not perfected until the Coast Guard endorsed them and recorded them in accordance with the Act, it held that perfection could not relate back to the date the mortgage was first delivered to *334 the Coast Guard for endorsement and recording.). ", "Such nonbankruptcy issues may also intertwine with bankruptcy issues, at least to the extent that they concern the lack of actual notice status granted by § 544.", "\nPursuant to 46 U.S.C. § 921(c), a mortgage pertaining to a U.S.-flag vessel must be recorded in the office of the collector of customs at the vessel's port of documentation in order to be valid against the vessel and against any person except the mortgagor and \"a person having actual knowledge thereof.\" ", "The collector of customs is to record mortgages in order of receipt in books indexed to show, inter alia, the amount thereof. ", "46 U.S.C. § 921(b). ", "To enjoy preferred status even as against maritime lienors, a recorded mortgage must be endorsed on the vessel's documents. ", "46 U.S.C. § 922.", "\nAs developed by the parties, not even the issue of validity of the First Mortgage is entirely dependent upon admiralty law. ", "Citing cases arising under state law, e.g., Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Kingston Bank & Trust Co., 172 Tenn. 335, 112 S.W.2d 381, 384 (1938), Prudential contends that the recordation of a document constitutes constructive notice of all its contents. ", "Furthermore, it asserts that a would-be creditor has a duty to examine all documents and that such duty is of particular significance under circumstances where there is an obvious mistake in the record or inconsistency in the recorded documents.", "\nThat contention gives rise to bankruptcy law considerations. ", "Under § 544(a)(3), a debtor-in-possession is given the status of a bona fide purchaser of real property. ", "As such, it is subject to the type of constructive notice, see, e.g., Euro Swiss, that Prudential claims on this point, and in its additional assertion, that notice could be gleaned from examination of Exhibit A to Amendment No. ", "1. ", "As noted, that exhibit states that $92,885,000 of principal remained outstanding with respect to the notes issued in 1983, notwithstanding the statement in Amendment No. ", "1 that the mortgage secures $92,885.00 in principal. ", "But this case does not concern real property, and Prudential has not briefed the issue of whether such constructive notice defeats a claim of an execution creditor that was secured by USL upon the filing of its reorganization petition. ", "As noted, § 921(a) of the Shipping Act excepts, in this respect, only \"a person having actual knowledge thereof\" and § 544(a)(2) confers the status of an execution creditor \"without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or of any creditor.\" ", "Understandably, Prudential does not assert that this issue raises a need for admiralty expertise.", "\nIn addition, the Debtor and Creditors Committee essentially contend that the purpose of an amendment is to revise a document. ", "Amendment No. ", "1 states that the purpose of the mortgage is to secure payment of $92,885.00 which is stated to be the outstanding amount. ", "Accordingly, they assert that any potential creditor could justifiably believe that the outstanding mortgage lien amounted to $92,885.00 on November 24, 1986 when the petition was filed, and that the mistake was not so obvious as to put potential creditors on notice to examine other recorded documents.", "\nPrudential responds that the actual notice requirement of § 921(a) is met by examination of the public record and the documents aboard the Lancers. ", "It relies on cases upholding ship mortgages containing obligations not shown on the face of the Coast Guard \"index\" documents. ", "See, e.g., Southland Financial Corp. v. Oil Screw Mary Evelyn, 248 F.Supp. ", "520 (E.D.La. ", "1965) (future advances); General Electric Credit Corp. v. Oil Screw Triton VI, 712 F.2d 991 (5th Cir.1983) (attorneys' fees). ", "In turn, Debtor and Creditors Committee note the difference between such items as future advances and attorneys' fees and a statement of the principal due on the obligation secured by a mortgage. ", "They add that Amendment No. ", "1, recorded on April 1, 1986 and entered in the general index of each vessel, described the amount secured by the First Mortgage as \"reduced to $92,885.00.\" ", "That same amount was then endorsed by the Coast Guard on the Certificates of Documentation of each of the vessels as the reduced total amount of the First Mortgage, as amended. ", "Accordingly, *335 to them, the First Mortgage is not perfected beyond the sum of $92,885.00. ", "They thus assert that the First Ship Mortgage does not enjoy preferred status for a higher amount since proper recordation is a prerequisite to preferred status. ", "To this, they add the assertion that a statutory requirement of indexing mandates proper recordation since inquiring parties are usually expected to consult the index rather than the actual instrument on file. ", "In re Himmelstein, 5 B.C.D. 288 (Bankr.", "D.N. J.1979) (mortgage omitting parcels of land considered to be unrecorded as to omitted parcels).", "\nIn response Prudential notes that the index and certificates fail to reflect the filing of a partial satisfaction of its First Mortgage in the amount of $126 million. ", "Citing THE FAVORITE, 120 F.2d 899 (2d Cir.1941), it states that the lack of a filed partial satisfaction left the original mortgage intact. ", "Here, however, the original mortgage was, after all, amended. ", "The Debtor and Creditors Committee note that the reduction to $92,885 stated on the certificates conveys the same message as a partial satisfaction. ", "Furthermore, it would appear that all THE FAVORITE decided is that a preferred ship mortgage remains such after maturity. ", "See 120 F.2d at 902.", "\nResolution of these issues obviously requires no expertise beyond the general competence of judges. ", "Nor is such expertise required to resolve Prudential's assertion that its First Ship Mortgage, as amended by Amendment No. ", "1, substantially complied with the provisions of the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 and must be upheld in full.", "\nIt is generally said that the recordation and endorsement requirements of the Ship Mortgage Act are to be strictly construed. ", "See Port Welcome Cruises, Inc. v. S.S. Bay Belle, 215 F.Supp. ", "72, 78 (D.Md.1963) (\"[s]trict compliance with the Act as a matter of jurisdiction is required\"); accord, e.g., Morse Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Steamship No. ", "Star, 271 U.S. 552, 46 S.Ct. ", "589, 70 L.Ed. ", "1082 (1926) (lien for repairs held to take precedence over a prior preferred ship mortgage which had not been endorsed at the time of repairs); THE EMMA GILES, 15 F.Supp. ", "502, 504 (D.Md. ", "1936); THE OCEAN VIEW, 21 F.2d 875 (D.Md.1927). ", "As stated by a principal commentary, \"The Mortgage Act outdoes the worst of the old-fashioned state chattel mortgage acts in its insistence on formalities of execution and in the detail of its recording mechanics.\" ", "G. Gilmore & C.L. Black, The Law of Admiralty, § 9-52, at 706-07 (2d ed. ", "1975).", "\nNevertheless, courts have upheld the validity of ship mortgages under the doctrine of substantial compliance, in the face of minor discrepancies or error not prejudicing third parties. ", "See, e.g., Seattle First National Bank v. Bluewater Partnership, 772 F.2d 565 (9th Cir.1985) (bank met minimum statutory requirements to qualify as a trustee); Merchant's National Bank of Mobile v. The Ward Rig. ", "No. ", "7, 634 F.2d 952 (5th Cir.1981) (4-day discrepancy in mortgage date); Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. v. Hellenic Lines Limited, 621 F.Supp. ", "198 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (irregularity in the oath and swearing of individuals, where notaries had witnesses to the execution of mortgages and signed each acknowledgement); Suburban Trust v. Oil Screw Teddy Bear, 1975 A.M.C. 1668 (M.D.Fla.1975) (discrepancy as to date on which mortgage was executed); Lake Jackson State Bank v. Oil Screw Kingfish Too, 240 F.Supp. ", "450 (S.D.Texas 1965) (minor errors in affidavit of good faith); Gulf Coast Marine Ways v. The J.R. Hardee, 107 F.Supp. ", "379 (S.D.Texas 1952) (minor error in affidavit of good faith, with no claims of injury or actual fraud).", "\nAnalysis of this issue will require, inter alia, consideration of whether the First Ship Mortgage, as amended by Amendment No. ", "1, is to be found in \"substantial compliance\" with the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 as that doctrine has been interpreted insofar as a mortgage lien of $92,885,000 is asserted, and in view of the intervening lien status granted to the debtor-in-possession by § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "The Velikopoljski and Alberto courts did not reach this issue, for in those cases the mortgagees failed to record the mortgages.", "\n*336 Of the cases cited by Prudential, none deals directly with the issue. ", "Only certain dicta in Port Welcome Cruises, Inc. v. S.S. Bay Belle, bears on the issue. ", "There, the amount of the mortgage was stated to be $1,500,000 on both the documents of the collection of customs of the port of documentation of the ship and on the vessel's documents. ", "Due to a subsequent partial failure of consideration, the debt was reduced to $1,300,000. ", "In holding the mortgage valid, the court stated, \"The existence of a lesser lien amount than shown on the documents of the ship, when not the fault of the mortgagee, in no way harms subsequent lienors. ", "If anything, it may help them if the proceeds from a sale of the property is in excess of this amount.\" ", "Id. at 82.", "\nTo the Debtor and the Creditors Committee Port Welcome Cruises is distinguishable from the case at bar in that here the recorded documents state the lesser amount, and Prudential, as mortgagee, signed them.", "\nMore significantly, they assert that substantial compliance cannot be found if the effect is to change the amount reflected by Amendment No. ", "1. ", "They observe that a recorded document that allegedly understates the amount of a ship mortgage by some $92 million can hardly be said to be in substantial compliance. ", "Moreover, they claim that the estate is to be sorely prejudiced, for to now find such a document to substantially comply with the requirements of the Ship Mortgage Act would defeat the right to preserve that mortgage for the estate that was gained upon the filing of the Debtor's bankruptcy petition.", "\nThey further assert that any such finding would impermissibly constitute a reformation of Amendment No. ", "1. ", "On this score, they at least imply that the substantial compliance doctrine rests on the absence of prejudice to others. ", "They add that reformation should not be ordered in the face of an intervening lien. ", "E.g., Sky Harbor, Inc. v. Jenner, 164 Colo. 470, 435 P.2d 894 (1968); North East Indep. ", "School Dist. ", "v. Aldridge, 528 S.W.2d 341 (Tex.", "Civ. ", "App.1975); Eastern Kentucky Production Credit Ass'n v. Scott, 247 S.W.2d 983 (Ky. 1952). ", "Accordingly, they rely on several cases holding that a deed or other recorded document cannot be reformed against a trustee in bankruptcy or debtor-in-possession given the lien creditor status provided by § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "See, e.g., In re Cunninghan, 48 B.R. 509, 512 (Bankr.", "M.D.Tenn.1985); In re Dlott, 43 B.R. 789, 793-94 (Bankr.", "D.Mass.1983); In re Robinson, 38 B.R. 255, 257 (Bankr.", "D. Maine 1984); In re Pribish, 25 B.R. 403, 404 (Bankr.", "D.Maine 1982); In re Hunt, 18 B.R. 504 (Bankr.", "E.D.Tenn.1982); In re Himmelstein, 5 B.C.D. 288, 1 C.B.C.2d 13 (Bankr.", "D.N.J.1979).", "\nIt is thus apparent that application of even the doctrine of substantial compliance involves no resolution of complex and highly technical factual issues, and the doctrine itself brings into play bankruptcy issues through consideration of that doctrine in light of the purpose of § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code and the status it confers.", "\nIn addition, the dispute involving § 551 of the Bankruptcy Code involves purely bankruptcy issues. ", "GECC asserts that Prudential's First Ship Mortgage can be found valid only in the amount of $92,885. ", "It claims that the Second Ship Mortgage held by it slides down to fill the gap. ", "The Debtor and Creditors Committee assert that § 551 governs and clearly calls for lien preservation.", "\nC. Resolution\nNotwithstanding the nonfactual nature of the nonbankruptcy issues, the presence of bankruptcy issues, and the lack of need for specialized expertise, Prudential claims that this case is like Prudential Lines, where this court held that 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12) is self-executing and stated that:\nthe vacatur of the automatic stay [pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12)] revests the admiralty court with jurisdiction to foreclose the debtor's interests. ", "Upon sale, the rights of a debtor to a vessel are extinguished. ", "What remains are the proceeds to be distributed. ", "As to that § 362(b)(12) permits the admiralty court, in light of its specialized nature and expertise, . . . ", "to rank maritime liens, hold a sale of a vessel when appropriate under *337 principles of maritime law and distribute the proceeds of such a sale only to maritime lien claimants and the holders of valid ship mortgages and security interests.", "\n69 B.R. at 451 (citations omitted).", "\nTo say that this statement resolves the issue here is to beg the question. ", "Nothing in Prudential Lines indicates that the grant of relief from the automatic stay requires that only the admiralty court determine a debtor's challenge to the validity of maritime liens and whether they can be preserved for the estate under applicable bankruptcy principles.[6] Indeed, where validity is to be tested at least in part by bankruptcy principles, as appears to be the case here, it makes no sense to deflect that resolution to the admiralty court.", "\nNevertheless, Prudential argues that, regardless of the outcome here, the validity of the lien must be tried in eight admiralty courts upon foreclosure of each of the Lancers, because maritime lienors might challenge the preferred status of the First Ship Mortgage as amended by Amendment No. ", "1. ", "This assertion ignores the Debtor's claim that the $92,885,000 mortgage can be preserved pursuant to § 551 of the Bankruptcy Code for the benefit of the estate if found to be unperfected. ", "Thus, if the Debtor prevails, it would appear that the validity issue need not be addressed in those eight foreclosure proceedings. ", "Conversely, if Prudential prevails, it will have the benefit of a decision that it can present to the admiralty courts in eight foreclosure proceedings. ", "In this it will not be significantly prejudiced. ", "A decision in any one of the eight foreclosure proceedings may not be binding on other foreclosure actions absent joinder of all maritime lien claimants on all vessels. ", "Prudential will seemingly have to present a decision of those courts to the others and argue that it should be followed. ", "If it prevails here, Prudential should be able to do the same thing.", "\nRetaining resolution of the debtor's challenge to the lien claimed by Prudential is, moreover, fully consistent with Judge Sweet's reasoning in Hellenic Lines. ", "In addressing the allocation of dispute resolution between the admiralty and bankruptcy courts, Judge Sweet focused on the task to be performed. ", "He observed that, given the broader recognition of admiralty court decrees selling vessels free and clear of liens, that function might best be performed by it, while no such concerns arose with respect to bankruptcy jurisdiction over freight. ", "38 B.R. at 995-96.", "\nDetermination of the validity of Prudential's alleged lien and whether it may be preserved for the benefit of the estate, pursuant to maritime law, bankruptcy principles and state law doctrines, similarly raises no practical need for determination by the admiralty court as opposed to the bankruptcy court. ", "Indeed, given the bankruptcy issues involved, it appears that they should be first determined by a \"judge having expertise in bankruptcy law. ", "There is no assurance that a better initial determination would be made by a district court.\" ", "Salomon v. Kaiser (In re Kaiser). ", "722 F.2d 1574, 1581 (2d Cir.1983).", "\nIn addition, it is to be remembered that the bankruptcy courts are often called upon to assess the validity of liens and security interests under a variety of laws which are often considered by state and other federal courts. ", "See, e.g., NYNEX BISC. ", "v. Beker Industries Corp. (In re Beker Industries Corp.), 69 B.R. 937, 3 *338 U.C.C. Rep.Serv.2d (Callaghan) 1105 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "It makes no sense to refer all such issues to other courts. ", "The admiralty courts, moreover, while experienced in handling admiralty matters, are district judges sitting in admiralty. ", "District judges handle all matters of federal jurisdiction. ", "The validity of liens is a core matter within the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts; absent application of the traditional grounds for abstention or, as in Gary Aircraft, the presence of complex and technical factual issues requiring examination by a body with expertise, they, like all federal courts, have \"the unflagging duty to exercise\" their jurisdiction. ", "Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817, 96 S.Ct. ", "1236, 1246, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976); In re Cobham Enterprises, Inc., 62 B.R. 191, 195 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1986). ", "The order for relief is thus to provide for this Court's retention of this dispute.", "\n\nIII.", "\nAccordingly, we now turn to the Debtor's assertion that this Court should only modify the automatic stay, retaining jurisdiction over claims that the Debtor may have under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c) and the distribution of proceeds from the vessels in order to make sure that it obtains recovery \"from the property\" standing as collateral. ", "11 U.S.C. § 506(c). ", "Prudential, relying on the legislative history to 11 U.S.C. § 506(c), 124 Cong.", "Rec. ", "H11,095, H11,111, H11,112 (Sept. 28, 1978), claims that it will make good any final judgment rendered under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c), and, therefore, this Court need not retain the proceeds. ", "It further states that it has no objection to a provision retaining in this Court the ability to determine whether the Debtors may recover under § 506(c).", "\nIn the present posture of this case where the Debtor asserts that it will soon be commencing an adversary proceeding contesting the validity of Prudential's lien and seeking to preserve it for the benefit of the estate and an adversary proceeding seeking to charge Prudential with § 506(c) costs, we see no need to resolve the disposition of proceeds issue at this time. ", "The admiralty process will not be completed overnight. ", "Proceeds from the five vessels will be held by the admiralty courts pending resolution of seamen's and other liens. ", "Meanwhile, the parties can try the perfection and preservation issues here. ", "If the Debtor does not prevail, its § 506(c) claims will resume significance and they too can be tried. ", "What court eventually distributes the proceeds from the foreclosed vessels would seem, at this stage, to be of little moment and can be determined later. ", "All that need be done now is (i) modify the automatic stay in order to retain resolution of the issue, rather than vacate it, (ii) require the Debtor to formalize its claims in the near future by filing the requisite pleadings so that they can be handled in advance of, or contemporaneously with, the forthcoming admiralty court proceedings and (iii) preclude distribution of vessel proceeds by the admiralty courts pending further order of this court.", "\nThe foregoing constitutes this Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule 7052 of the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.", "\nSETTLE ORDER.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See In re McLean Industries, Inc. et al., ", "74 B.R. 589, 590, 596 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1987); In re Prudential Lines Inc., 69 B.R. 439, 16 C.B.C.2d 383, 15 B.C.D. 445, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 71,676 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987).", "\n[2] See S.E. Morison, Samuel de Champlain Father of New France 71-89 (Little Brown & Co. 1972).", "\n[3] As Judge Friendly observed, \"There appears to be no doubt that a bankruptcy court can be constitutionally vested with power to resort to its judgment in determining what constitutes satisfaction of the claims of creditors.\" ", "In re Penn Central Corp., 384 F.Supp. ", "895, 950 (Regional Rail Reorg.", "Ct.1974). ", "Numerous precedents indicate the power of the bankruptcy courts, even under the summary jurisdiction of the former Bankruptcy Act, to determine the validity of maritime liens. ", "F.R. Kennedy, Jurisdictional Problems Between Admiralty and Bankruptcy Courts, 59 Tulane L.Rev. ", "1183, 1199-1201 (1985).", "\n[4] Prudential argues that it is unfair to retain jurisdiction over the question of the validity of its lien because it, as arresting party with respect to the Lancers, will have to pay out certain expenses and it will have to contest the assertion of seamen's liens, without knowing whether its lien is valid. ", "It, however, faces the same choice were the admiralty courts to determine the issue and offers no reason why any relief granted to the Debtor, should it prevail on the issue, cannot be conditioned on the Debtor reimbursing it for those expenses and the expenses of contesting liens asserted to have a higher priority.", "\n[5] In this section, no conclusions of law are drawn with respect to the matters that will be raised in the adversary proceeding that will have to be brought by the Debtor to set aside Prudential's lien in excess of $92,885.00. ", "Nor are all of the contentions of the parties stated. ", "We attempt only to canvass the principal points made and to put them in a legal context in order to set forth the nature of the dispute. ", "GECC concurred with the Debtor and Creditor's Committee on several points regarding Prudential's mortgage lien; on these points it is not necessary to distinguish which party asserted which position.", "\n[6] There was no issue in Prudential Lines concerning the validity of a maritime lien. ", "All that is stated therein is that the admiralty court could rank such liens and implicitly determine their validity under maritime law principles. ", "Nor can anything more be drawn from our statement in McLean, 74 B.R. at 602 (1987), that it was held in Prudential Lines \"that issues of validity and ranking of maritime liens fell within the expertise of the admiralty courts and should generally be left to them upon the end of the ninety-day stay of MarAd foreclosure actions provided in 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12).\" ", "Congress, in providing an automatic exception to the automatic stay in favor of MarAd by enacting § 362(b)(12), did not require the bankruptcy court to determine, in those instances, whether, as provided in § 362(d), the order for relief should vacate or modify the automatic stay. ", "That is precisely the issue here. ", "Moreover, the quoted statement only refers to general practice and not to the instance before us where the challenge to validity rests on and impacts bankruptcy principles and where the facts are neither technical nor complex.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.031496062992125984, 0.033783783783783786, 0.05, 0.06666666666666667, 0.020618556701030927, 0.014814814814814815, 0.034482758620689655, 0.05454545454545454, 0.008695652173913044, 0.02413793103448276, 0.02631578947368421, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0.016556291390728478, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.011450381679389313, 0.02142857142857143, 0.020080321285140562, 0.008875739644970414, 0, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.007042253521126761, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.015228426395939087, 0.02127659574468085, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.009828009828009828, 0.014545454545454545, 0.008771929824561403, 0.004149377593360996, 0.005988023952095809, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.005633802816901409, 0, 0.0031847133757961785, 0, 0, 0, 0.04597701149425287, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.09523809523809523, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.011940298507462687, 0, 0.009230769230769232, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0.0034602076124567475, 0.005208333333333333, 0.015625, 0, 0.005025125628140704, 0.0297029702970297, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.025380710659898477, 0.06666666666666667, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0.02, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0.007272727272727273, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.007712082262210797, 0.05405405405405406, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0392156862745098, 0.017045454545454544, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.025974025974025976, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0.014492753623188406, 0.010810810810810811, 0, 0, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0.0033003300330033004, 0.006711409395973154, 0.007874015748031496, 0.04, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0.05128205128205128, 0.010101010101010102, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0.0625, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0.014150943396226415, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.005571030640668524, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.0078125, 0.013157894736842105, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00966183574879227, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0, 0.02247191011235955, 0.004201680672268907, 0.018867924528301886, 0.017857142857142856, 0.037037037037037035, 0.05454545454545454, 0.021739130434782608, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.0297029702970297, 0, 0, 0.004319654427645789, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002150537634408602, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.014705882352941176, 0.018633540372670808, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.003246753246753247, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0.02459016393442623, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00273224043715847, 0, 0.03296703296703297, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0.010810810810810811, 0.012987012987012988, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022123893805309734, 0.014388489208633094, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.06666666666666667, 0.021052631578947368, 0, 0.09523809523809523, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.004347826086956522, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.006389776357827476, 0.0031545741324921135, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.005479452054794521, 0.0035460992907801418, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "MANILA, Philippines — President Rodrigo Duterte appeared \"unkempt\" in his meeting with Russian Prime Minister Dmitri Medvedev, a foreign journalist noticed.", "\n\nPavel Vondra, editor at Czech Radio Plus, posted a photo of Medvedev and Duterte, as well as screenshots of Russians' comments on Duterte.", "\n\nIn the photo, Duterte's collar was open and his necktie was loose.", "\n\n\"Rodrigo Duterte showed up a bit unkempt for the meeting with the Russian PM Medvedev in Moscow and the Russian internet is having a blast: 'Did he drink all night?', '", "Did he just leave the pub?', '", "Do Filipinos know what a (state visit) protocol is?' ", "people ask,\" Vondra tweeted Thursday.", "\n\nRodrigo #Duterte showed up a bit unkempt for the meeting with the Russian PM Medvedev in Moscow and the Russian internet is having a blast: \"Did he drink all night?\", \"", "Did he just leave the pub?\", \"", "Do Filipinos know what a (state visit) protocol is?\" ", "people ask. #", "DuterteInRussia pic . ", "twitter.com/U823KExjDW — Pavel Vondra (@pavelvond) October 2, 2019\n\nMalacañang was quick to defend Duterte, insisting that the president does not look unkempt.", "\n\nPresidential spokesperson Salvador Panelo said Duterte loosened his tie as he was feeling suffocated and ver uncomfortable.", "\n\n\"What those kibitzers refer to is the way he wore his tie. ", "He loosened it up,\" Panelo said.", "\n\n\"The president is very hygienic. ", "His body emits a refreshing scent as observed by people who meet up close to him,\" he added.", "\n\nMedvedev welcomed Duterte on his second visit to Russia Wednesday night.", "\n\n\"I am very glad to welcome you to Moscow, in the house of the Russian government. ", "It is sometimes called the white house, but it is not the white house which is in another country,\" Medvedev told Duterte.", "\n\nDuterte , on the other hand, talked about the port call of the Philippine Navy's BRP Tarlac in Vladivostok last year.", "\n\nThe president described the navy's first port call to Russia \"a historic milestone in our relations.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01282051282051282, 0.02142857142857143, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.016, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.01680672268907563, 0 ]