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[ "If you would like to see more articles like this please support our coverage of the space program by becoming a Spaceflight Now Member . ", "If everyone who enjoys our website helps fund it, we can expand and improve our coverage further.", "\n\nA Russian military satellite rocketed into orbit Tuesday on top of a Soyuz launcher from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome to provide communications coverage over Russia’s polar regions.", "\n\nThe Meridian relay satellite lifted off at 0556 GMT (1:56 a.m. EDT) Tuesday from Plesetsk, a military-run facility around 500 miles (800 kilometers) north of Moscow, according to a statement from the Russian Ministry of Defense.", "\n\nA Soyuz-2.1a booster, topped with a Fregat upper stage, carried the Meridian spacecraft into orbit. ", "Tuesday’s launch was the 10th flight of a variant of Russian’s workhorse Soyuz rocket family this year.", "\n\nThe launch was conducted under the supervision of the Russian Space Forces, the defense ministry said.", "\n\nThe Russian military said the launch was successful, and ground controllers established a “stable telemetric connection” with the spacecraft in orbit.", "\n\nTuesday’s launch carried the eighth Meridian relay satellite into orbit, and it was the first Meridian mission to launch since 2014. ", "One of the eight Meridian satellites launched into an off-target orbit in 2009, and another was lost in a Soyuz launch failure in 2011.", "\n\nAfter accelerating on a suborbital trajectory with the three-stage Soyuz booster in the first 10 minutes of the mission, the launcher’s Fregat upper stage was expected to fire three times to propel the Meridian satellite into a highly elliptical orbit stretching between roughly 600 and 25,000 miles (about 1,000 kilometers by 39,700 kilometers) above Earth.", "\n\nRussian officials said the rocket achieved the correct orbit.", "\n\nThe Meridian spacecraft are manufactured by ISS Reshetnev, a Russian space contractor, as replacements for a previous generation of Molniya communications satellites. ", "The Russian contractor says the Meridian satellites weigh around 2.1 metric tons, or 4,630 pounds, and can operate for at least seven years in space.", "\n\nThanks to their elliptical orbits, Meridian satellites can link Russian ground forces, aircraft, ships and command centers in the Arctic, Siberia and the North Sea, outside the reach of stable communications coverage through geostationary satellites over the equator.", "\n\nIn one example of the Meridian fleet’s communications mission, the Russian Defense Ministry said the satellites relay signals between coastal stations and vessels and ice reconnaissance airplanes traveling along the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic.", "\n\nEmail the author.", "\n\nFollow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1." ]

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[ "The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF 1alpha) in human atherosclerotic plaques is induced by different proatherogenic stimuli and associated with plaque instability.", "\nMacrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF), a cytokine with immunoregulatory functions has been suggested to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. ", "However, little is known about MIF-inducing conditions in the atherosclerotic process and the association of MIF with plaque instability. ", "Forty-two carotid endatherectomy samples from 36 patients and 4 aortic samples from young accident victims (as healthy controls) were analyzed for MIF staining. ", "MIF expressing tissues in the atherosclerotic plaques are mainly mononuclear cells (MNCs), but also endothelial cells of intimal microvessels (MVECs). ", "The magnitude and the intensity of their MIF expression was associated with the progression of plaques from early lesions (Stary I-III) to complicated plaque stages (Stary IV-VIII). ", "In highly inflammatory and neovascularized regions of the plaques the colocalization of MIF expressing MNCs with CD40-L+ and angiotensin II (Ang II)-producing MNCs could be established. ", "This finding supports the notion that CD40-L fusion protein and Ang II are able to induce MIF production in the monocytic cell line THP-1. ", "Furthermore hypoxia (< or =1% O2) as a further proinflammatory and especially proangiogenetic factor was able to stimulate MIF secretion by THP-1, human monocytes and HUVECs. ", "Hyperglycemia and insulin remained without effect. ", "MIF is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in close correlation with signs of instability, such as mononuclear cell inflammation and neointimal microvessel formation. ", "Furthermore, the colocalization of MIF with Ang II-producing MNCs and CD40-L+ cells in these plaques and the finding that proathero- and -angiogenic mediators such as CD40-L, Ang II and hypoxia are able to stimulate MIF expression in vitro suggest an important role of MIF in the modulation of atherosclerotic plaque stability." ]

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[ "There is an east wind coming\n\nWitness the Grandeur of Hindi cinema with BookMyShow in Champa !", "\n\nEntertainment industry in Champa these days is majorly thriving on movies. ", "No matter what place you reside at, BookMyShow will always be your best friend and one of the oldest & most popular destination to find all the movies listed at one place.", "\n\nMovies won't let you down!", "\n\nA well made Hindi movie has the power to change your perspective towards life and different subjects circling it. ", "If you miss your home or want to go to a holiday destination, or chase some high octane action scenes, you always seek good movies. ", "No matter what the situation comes, you go to your favourite Hindi movie and seek a second opinion. ", "If watching latest Hindi films make you feel closer to home or to your dear ones, then this is the right place for you to be at.", "\n\nNever miss out on the latest Hindi movies!", "\n\nIt’s a fascinating thing to see how the number of new Hindi movies releasing every year is increasing exponentially. ", "Bollywood and Hollywood movies are rising to fame day by day and don’t be surprised if you see the latest Hindi movies in the theatres near you in Champa. ", "Also, if you want to check out the latest showtimes, movie trailers or gossip around Hindi movies releasing in 2018, you have just arrived at the right place folks! ", "This Hindi movie listing reference is your one end solution for all the latest updates about new Hindi movies running in theatres now in Champa which definitely won’t let you down!", "\n\nThe Weekend Movie Treat is Here\n\nCatch the list of all the Hindi movies to watch this weekend and get rid of all the monotonous plans you have with your dear ones in Champa. ", "At BookMyShow, we provide a list of latest Hindi movies with ratings, reviews from all the reputed sources and latest trailers of Hindi movies. ", "Find the convenient showtimes in theatres near you and everything about latest Hindi movies to watch at BookMyShow. ", "Whether you’re a movie buff or not, Hindi movies lined up in 2018 - 2019 are surely going to give you a great time and get you hooked on to something extraordinary.", "\n\nAdvance Movie Ticket Booking:\n\nNow Showing Movies:\n\nCinemas Near Champa:\n\nPrivacy Note\n\nBy using www.bookmyshow.com(our website), you are fully accepting the Privacy Policy available at https://bookmyshow.com/privacy governing your access to Bookmyshow and provision of services by Bookmyshow to you. ", "If you do not accept terms mentioned in the Privacy Policy, you must not share any of your personal information and immediately exit Bookmyshow.", "\n\nReport wrong or missing information\n\nSelect a valid category\n\nSelect a valid First Name\n\nSelect a valid Last Name\n\nSelect a valid Movie Name\n\nSelect a valid Email Id\n\nSelect a valid Phone Number\n\nSelect a valid Details\n\nSelect a valid Social Link\n\n“I have a good faith belief that the use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.” ", "AND “The information in this notification is accurate, and I am the owner, or an agent authorized to act on behalf of the owner, of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.”", "\n\n534543(Unknown) Change\n\nHome Delivery Available for\n\n534543(Unknown) Change\n\nDelivery Information​\n\nStep 2. ", "On receipt of your smart band, register and activate the band online through the link that will be emailed to your registered email ID.", "\n\nStep 3. ", "Arrive at the event and walk in without waiting in the queue.", "\n\nDeliveries will be intimated by 1st week of December.", "In case of any unavoidable circumstances, like an issue in receiving inventory from the concerned/taxation authority, you will have to pickup your smart bands from BookMyShow Box Office at the Venue on the event day.", "We shall keep you informed about transaction status through email/SMS.", "\n\nIn case of Office Address if Courier person is not allowed inside than please note that bands might be delivered at Reception or Mail Room.", "\n\nStep 1. ", "Choose home delivery and receive your entry band at your doorstep\n\nStep 2. ", "On receipt of your entry band, register and activate the band online through the activation link that will be sent to you along with your band.", "\n\nStep 3. ", "Arrive at the event and walk in without waiting in the queue.", "\n\nDeliveries will be intimated by 2 weeks prior to the Event Dates.", "\n\nIn case of any unavoidable circumstances, like an issue in receiving inventory from the concerned/taxation authority, you will have to pickup your entry bands from BookMyShow Box Office at the Venue on the event day.", "\n\nWe will keep you informed about transaction status through email / SMS.", "\n\nThank You!", "\n\nYour home delivery details has been updated.", "\n\nYou will receive your NFC band at the registered address on or before 23rd December 2015.", "\n\nSorry!", "\n\nDue to some technical issues your address has not been updated. ", "We request you to please try again." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for setting profiles stored in a mobile terminal.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) is a smart card inserted and used in a mobile terminal. ", "The UICC stores personal information of a mobile communication subscriber, such as authentication information for network access, phonebook data, and text messages. ", "When the mobile terminal connects to a mobile communication network such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) or Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, the UICC performs subscriber authentication and traffic security key generation to thereby enable secure mobile communication. ", "The UICC may store communication applications including a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), and IP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM) according to the type of mobile communication network to which the subscriber connects. ", "In addition, the UICC provides a high level security function to install a variety of applications such as electronic wallets, tickets and passports.", "\nA typical UICC is manufactured as a proprietary smart card of a specific mobile network operator according to requests of the mobile network operator. ", "At the time of shipment, such a UICC is pre-embedded with authentication information for access to the corresponding mobile operator network (e.g. USIM application, International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), and key value (K)). ", "Hence, the mobile network operator receives a manufactured UICC and provides the received UICC to a subscriber, and later, if necessary, performs management of the UICC by installing, modifying and removing an application through Over-The-Air (OTA) programming or the like. ", "After inserting the UICC into a mobile terminal, the subscriber may manipulate the mobile terminal to use network and application services of the corresponding mobile network operator. ", "To change terminals, the subscriber removes the UICC from the existing terminal and inserts it into a new terminal. ", "Hence, the authentication information, the mobile phone number and the phonebook data stored in the UICC may be used in the new terminal.", "\nThe European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has defined physical configurations and logical functions of UICCs to maintain worldwide compatibility. ", "The form factor specifying physical configurations has continuously decreased: mini-SIMs (most widely used) were followed by micro-SIMs (introduced several years ago), and nano-SIMs (introduced in recent years). ", "The development of smaller SIM cards has contributed to the development of smaller terminals. ", "However, it is expected that it will be difficult to standardize UICC cards smaller than recently specified nano-SIMs because of the high likelihood of losing a card. ", "It is also expected that it will be difficult to further miniaturize removable UICC cards, because space for card slots is needed in terminals.", "\nRemovable UICC cards may be unsuitable for machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, such as smart home appliances, electricity meters, water meters and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras, which require access to mobile data networks in various deployment environments without direct human intervention.", "\nTo address the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed to embed a secure element that has UICC or similar functions in a mobile terminal at the time of manufacture, in place of a removable UICC. ", "However, such an embedded secure element would be irremovable after being installed in a mobile terminal. ", "Hence, the mobile terminal may be unable to pre-store authentication information for access to a mobile operator network (such as USIM application, IMSI and key value) at the time of manufacture unless the mobile terminal is manufactured as a proprietary terminal of a particular mobile network operator. ", "It would only be possible to configure such authentication information in a mobile terminal after a user who has purchased a mobile terminal subscribes to a mobile network operator.", "\nIn addition, unlike an existing UICC card that is manufactured and distributed as a proprietary card of a particular mobile network operator, a new embedded secure element would enable authentication information of various mobile network operators to be installed and managed in a secure and flexible manner when a user who has purchased a corresponding mobile terminal subscribes to a mobile network operator, unsubscribes from a mobile network operator, or changes mobile network operators. ", "According to various usage scenarios such as a purchase of a new terminal, the new embedded secure element would also enable configured authentication information and stored user data to be securely transferred to a new mobile terminal." ]

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[ "Sonny\n\nFirst Sergeant\n\nContributor\n\nAlpha Squad\n\n\n\n\n\nALPHA SQUAD\n\n\n\nDazed, Marius staggered into the generator room wall, barely holding up his MAX suit with his shaking arm. ", "Alarms bleeped at him from all directions and warm hydraulic fluid spilled down the outside of his leg, staining the snow beneath his feet. ", "His chest still heaved from the punches of the shotgun pellets, but luckily the last shot had only smashed his visor and no more; his body was just bruised and stinging under four inches of solid steel.", "\n\nNakano was there in seconds. ", "A small, agile figure dodging in between the barriers and shrapnel, she tapped Marius’ helmet as she surveyed him with keen, professional eyes.", "\n\n\n\n“Maz... You hear me?”", "\n\n\n\nMarius could only nod, breathless and blind from the blood covering his eyes.", "\n\n\n\n“Brace yourself, this may hurt…”\n\n\n\nA burst of intense heat enveloped Marius from head to toe – a rush of energy that tore the air from his lungs like a popped balloon. ", "His armour glowed and simmered red like molten lava as the cracks and fissures of the gunfire were fused together by the nano bots. ", "Suddenly, the repair kit buzzed angrily.", "\n\n\n\n“Sorry Maz, I’m all out. ", "You’ll have to get a new helmet from stores.”", "\n\n\n\nMarius gulped, and sighed in a weak voice “No worries mate. ", "Thanks for the top up.”", "\n\n\n\nWordlessly, Nakano scurried back to the front.", "\n\n\n\nFor the first time in days, Marius felt the freezing Esamiran air biting his face through the smashed helmet. ", "The dawning sun shimmered over the aching walls of Nott AMP station, thick stalactites of ice gleamed on the sagging roofs. ", "Two hundred metres in front of him, across the rows of broken merlons and other make-shift barriers, stood the bowing and flickering blue glow of the base shield. ", "Waves of bulbous energy danced across its surface as the Republican armour pounded it relentlessly yet ineffectively – with the generator still up, it was a futile action. ", "Eight exhausted and battered New Conglomerate soldiers remained in Marius’ squad, clinging desperately to the North generator that decided the fate of the entire Autumn Conglomerate offensive on the continent.", "\n\n\n\nHis breath steadied, Marius picked himself up off the wall and started to shuffle slowly back to the main facility. ", "Enormous glowing pipes soared one hundred metres into the sky, humming intermittently with the rapidly-draining nanite flow remaining in the base. ", "In the centre, a bulbous structure towered over the outer walls, bent and smoky black from years of siege and counter-siege.", "\n\n\n\nHis mind wandered. ", "Where the hell were the reinforcements? ", "They had been ‘imminent’ for four days now. ", "The base med bays were already full – the spawn tubes couldn’t recreate the fallen soldiers as fast than they came in. ", "The base was cut off from any supply lines and the few remaining vehicles were barely serviceable. ", "Marius himself was down to just five clips in each arm.", "\n\n\n\nA world apart from ‘Commander’ Doran and his elite guard, of course. ", "A board member of Hossin Steel, he kept his horde of Conglomerate lawyers, investors and other crony friends coddled in luxurious apartments within the most secure depths of the station. ", "Beyond the lines of elite bodyguard mercenaries that not even the most decorated New Conglomerate grunt had the authority to access. ", "Rebellion paymasters like Doran and his clique lived a life completely aloof from the blood and dirt. ", "Their desperately-needed vehicles and weapons gathered dust in the vehicle bay while real soldiers like Marius slogged on – camped out for days, months, years in the chills, on the front line, fighting, hurting, dying and dying again for this so called ‘Freedom’ they were promised in the draft line.", "\n\n\n\n‘Freedom’, hah! ", "Marius spat on the floor, specks of blood splayed across the shrivelling snow. ", "This war was just good business for the ‘Suits’. ", "It was only the fresh memories of the Republican murders on Cyssor that kept him going now. ", "After eighteen months of service, after seven lives served...\n\n\n\nA shout shook him from his daydreaming. “", "ACRE, COMMS!”", "\n\n\n\nMarius twisted his cumbersome battle suit as quickly as it would let him. ", "Lieutenant Landiss, in his striking blue beret, motioned theatrically to his ears. ", "Marius, confused, shrugged and shook his head. ", "Landiss bounded over, evidently frustrated.", "\n\n\n\n“Acre, why are you ignoring direct orders?”", "\n\n\n\nHis face carried an uncharacteristic grimace, highlighting the long scars running from mouth to ear under his thick stubble. ", "Even respawns can’t repair the wounds you get before you join the Force. ", "Marius’ voice shook with reverence as he spoke to him.", "\n\n\n\n“Sorry sir. ", "My visor and comms are down; I’m heading to stores to pick up another.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss, glanced briefly at his helmet with deep black eyes, then his face relaxed into his typical reassuring smile. ", "He placed his hand on the young MAX-operator’s shoulder.", "\n\n\n\n“Wooh, you took a lucky hit there Acre. ", "Can you hold out here for ten more minutes? ", "Michaels just got rushed to med bay… I think he lost an arm. ", "You’re the only MAX unit we have left in the platoon for now, at least until they get the Nanite bed on the go. ", "Delta squad just called in that the Republic are massing infantry at the North gate again. ", "We’ll need your cover, just in case. ", "Can you hold on for me just a little longer?”", "\n\n\n\nMarius’ heart sank, but he nodded dutifully nonetheless.", "\n\n\n\n“That’s right. ", "You’re doing a great job, Acre. ", "You saved lives back there, I saw it. ", "Keep your head up, word on the grapevine is that we’re hauling out this evening.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss winked joyfully as he turned back to the point. ", "Marius’ young heart swelled with pride. ", "The legends about Landiss ran thick in the squad. ", "Some say he’d been in the struggle since it began; that he had killed and died more times than Marius had spent days on the front line; that the only reason he wasn’t already Commander was that he was too popular with the grunts for the Suits’ liking. ", "Whatever the truth, Lieutenant Landiss was a true legend on Esamir, and the Platoon would follow him to the centre of the Terran warpgate and back if he’d ask them to.", "\n\n\n\nA faint sound interrupted his thoughts. ", "High-pitched squeals echoed in the sky some kilometres away. ", "Only one aircraft made such a sound. ", "Terran Mosquito fighters.", "\n\n\n\n“Sir!” ", "he faltered “do you hear that?”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss paused for a second, a curious look on his face.", "\n\n\n\n“My ears aren’t what they used to be Acre, what is it?”", "\n\n\n\n“Sounds like Skeeters to me sir.”", "\n\n\n\nLandiss quickly cast his eyes up into the sky, seeing nothing behind the drifting clouds. ", "The squad knew something was up – the shouting picked up intensity and the clicks of armed weapons once more behind the barricades. ", "He buzzed the command channel.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive this is Alpha, any crows in field? ", "Over”\n\n\n\n“Negative Alpha, field clear. ", "Orders are hold your ground. ", "Over.”", "\n\n\n\n“Roger. ", "Over and out.”", "\n\n\n\nThe roar of distant engines broke through a gap in the clouds; screams of fighter engines tore through the sound barrier. ", "Looking up to the bright sky, Marius made out several inky dots on the horizon.", "\n\n\n\nLandiss cursed under his breath “Well, shit…so much for radar…”\n\n\n\n“This could be their push Acre. ", "Where’s my cigar?” ", "He pulled out a seemingly-ancient Havanan “Could you light that for me?”", "\n\n\n\nDutifully, Marius fired up his in-suit welding flame, almost singing Landiss’ face. ", "Seemingly unperturbed, the Lieutenant buzzed Command a second time.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive this is Alpha, crows in flight – I make out five, no six… repeat…”\n\n\n\nStatic…\n\n\n\n“Hive this is…”\n\n\n\n“...Good luck Landiss...”\n\n\n\nSuddenly, an overwhelming grinding sound erupted from the interior of the base and the roar of engines enveloped the squad. ", "A column of fresh armour burst out of the vehicle bay, streaming past Alpha squad at top speed. ", "New Conglomerate insignia gleamed proudly on a trio of spotless Vanguard heavy tanks, followed closely by four ‘Sunderer’ armoured personnel carriers covered in row upon row of bulging ammunition pouches. ", "The convoy showered the stupefied group with loose mud and gravel, headed directly for the North gate. ", "Straight for the Terran front line.", "\n\n\n\nA shriek of afterburners nearly bowled Marius full over and the centre of the base was blinded in burning white flame. ", "Lumbering shadows of enormous troop transports rose from the landing pads that ringed the interior of the base. ", "Six Reaver gunships catapulted out above them, taking up V formation majestically ahead of the unsteady behemoths. ", "As a unit, they hovered metres above ground for a few seconds, then burned towards the North gate, fraying the soldiers below in the intense heat of their booster engines.", "\n\n\n\nSome of the squad began to cheer and whoop as if they were saved. ", "But Marius just stared in disbelief. ", "Did they have any idea what was over the wall? ", "This was suicide. ", "The Terran armour turned their turrets towards the oncoming convoy, firing their engines into life, licking their lips at the prospect of long-sought destruction. ", "The Conglomerate force slowed and tentatively, edged nervously through the bubble and…\n\n\n\nNothing.", "\n\n\n\nThe Conglomerate Reavers, inched into the grey skies and casually drifted into the distance, Galaxy troop transports vacillating behind them. ", "In a matter of seconds, they were shrinking specks on the horizon.", "\n\n\n\nNo shells fired, no explosions, no carnage. ", "As the last lightning tank pierced the blue glow, Marius felt a wave of nausea. ", "Something was very, very wrong here.", "\n\n\n\n“What. ", "The…” mouthed Landiss in disbelief, then his face snapped in sudden, horrified recognition “They’ve left us… They’ve… They’ve come for me…”\n\n\n\nMarius head was spinning as he desperately tried to compute what was going on. ", "This made no sense at all! ", "No... Wait... The Suits must have cut a deal with the Republican bastards. ", "Marius pictured the macabre meeting. ", "A field tent just metres from where Marius bled… “The base and those ‘irritating’ revolutionaries for your lives. ", "No need to get your clothes dirty in some petty base battle … It’s not like you want the War to end, is it? ", "War is good for business, right? ", "In the end, it will be us, you and me, versus them…”\n\nLieutenant Landiss, shaking a little, somehow maintained his cool, tried to buzz command once more.", "\n\n\n\n“Hive, this is Alpha, do you read? ", "What’s going on?... ", "I repeat, Hive, this is Alpha…”\n\n\n\nHe received only static. ", "Landiss mashed his cigar with incredulity. ", "The distant Terran aircraft were surely just minutes away. ", "He switched to squad chat.", "\n\n“Alpha, expect galaxy assault and air bombardment. ", "Hold the generator at all costs.”", "\n\n\n\nTwo rocket-equipped heavy troopers jogged over to the pair. ", "The first, wearing white forest camo armour had blonde hair billowing behind her slim back. ", "She removed her helmet and Marius was greeted with a familiar, heavenly vision: Isla Aldon. ", "Her flowing blonde hair bathed a delicate, pale, small-featured face. ", "Her white-blue eyes pierced through him, and for a second, he forgot where he was. ", "She gleamed at Landiss as she approached, even though her face was etched with worry.", "\n\n\n\n“Stuart – I mean Sir – do you have any idea what just happened?” ", "She said, suddenly red-faced.", "\n\n\n\n“No, Sergeant, I can’t reach base on comms.”", "\n\n\n\n“That was the Mercenary Corps?” ", "interjected a third, gruff, angry voice. ", "Corporal Vickers didn’t waste time on bullshit.", "\n\n\n\n“Yes Vickers, that looked like all of them.”", "\n\n\n\n“They cut the spawns, didn’t they?” ", "he growled “I mean, let’s not cut crap here. ", "I have a son –\"\n\n\n\n“VICKERS, shut it!” ", "Aldon cried.", "\n\n\n\nSergeant Aldon sighed. ", "She held her slender hands to her face, as if agonising in thought. ", "The question hung heavy in the air, un-answered. ", "Landiss broke the silence.", "\n\n\n\n“We can’t do anything about that now. ", "We have to get the platoon inside the main base. ", "We can’t hold the yard with thirty. ", "Aldon, get the message to Delta squad, I’ll call in Beta and Charlie.”", "\n\n\n\nHe’d barely finished when cries of alarm burst from the squad.", "\n\n\n\n“INCOMING!”", "\n\n\n\nMarius swooped around 90 degrees to face the dying base shield, its keen glow now only a fading spectre atop the hulls of the approaching armour. ", "Two pitch-black Prowler battle tanks had already passed over the threshold of the outer wall and turned their turrets to bear on Alpha’s barricade, exposed dead in the middle of the courtyard.", "\n\n\n\n“TAKE COVER!” ", "screamed Landiss, as the first shells from the armoured column whistled through the air to slam into the side of the generator building, exploding into a dense haze of smoke and powder. ", "A second came apart in front of the temporary steel barrier just metres from where Marius stood, blowing two unprepared soldiers flat onto their backs and showering the squad in glowing shrapnel.", "\n\n\n\n“AV UP FRONT!”", "\n\n\n\nBefore Landiss had even finished his command, two rockets streaked past Marius, one collapsing into the side of the first battle tank, tearing a hole through the side of the main turret. ", "A bright flash burst from under the second, white heat erupting from the ground. ", "Shattered iron plates spewed from the centre of its broad hull as it crunched gently into the back of the first immobile Prowler. ", "Thank God for minefields…\n\n\n\nA ragged cheer rose from the line, quickly extinguished by a thick burst of rifle fire that pinged off the front of the crenelated barricade. ", "The infantry were coming.", "\n\n\n\n“SQUAD! ", "WE ARE PULLING BACK. ", "FALL BACK!” ", "Landiss cried over the tumult.", "\n\n\n\nMarius took up position at the rear of the squad as they filtered back to base, slowly stepping backwards with his front to the exposed gate. ", "Several more Terran tanks, cautious now, edged gingerly past the flaming wreckage in front of the shield, accompanied by streams of infantry that used the thick smoke as cover. ", "Soon enough, bullets started dinking off the buildings sprawled around Alpha squad’s retreat.", "\n\n\n\nSwitching to long-range slugs, Marius let off a few speculative shots off at the distant muzzle flashes, forcing the distant aggressors behind cover for a couple of precious seconds. ", "Just enough time for Marius to reload. ", "Taking his time to aim and cover, he soon realised that he was more than ten metres behind his retreating squad, exposed in the middle of the yard. ", "But he didn’t have time to panic.", "\n\n\n\n“ACRE! ", "HOT DROP ON YOUR SIX!”", "\n\n\n\nHe turned up just in time to see dark figures crash into the snow around all him. ", "Marius let off the first shot before even checking their uniforms, blasting straight through an engineer’s backpack. ", "The second and third shots broke the front leg and smashed the Medic’s helmet. ", "The rest of the clip crippled the barricade that a third young soldier clung to helplessly, now weapon less and bleeding in the reddening snow.", "\n\n\n\nDesperately, Marius reloaded, just as bullets started to thud into his suit from the all sides. ", "Protocol forgotten, he covered his bare face and ran at full pace towards the base. ", "A shot almost tore straight through his back armour. ", "Winded, he lost his footing and clattered into a pair of overturned barrels.", "\n\n\n\n“ACRE!!”", "\n\n\n\nStaccato bursts clacked rhythmically from in front of him and a grenade exploded, showering him with rocks and dirt. ", "Suddenly, two arms grabbed him at both shoulders; allowing him to recover control over his legs once again. ", "Powering to full height, he found himself looking at the wide-eyed faces of Landiss and Nakano.", "\n\n\n\n“Three grunts behind wall on right.” ", "Landiss cried, his voice intense but calm.", "\n\n\n\nMarius nodded breathlessly and threw himself back to face the battle, more confident now covered by his two squad mates. ", "He pounded shot after shot at the generator room complex, keeping heads down, guided backwards by Landiss’ steady hand on his shoulder. ", "The bullets clattered around him and all he could do was grit his teeth and trust his composite exo-skeleton to hold together as he limped the last few metres of exposed ground. ", "Behind him, the shouts of his squad became clearer, calling out targets, laying down covering fire. ", "Finally, with a sea of red armour and infantry piling into the courtyard just 200m in front of him, Marius was behind the reassuring blow glow of the inner base shields.", "\n\n\n\nCatching their breath, Alpha watched helplessly as the battle for the outer walls turned into a tragedy. ", "Delta squad were now caught in a death trap as Terran shells pounded them from all sides. ", "The last three soldiers – men and women who he was eating with in the mess hall just yesterday – fought to their last bullet in a desperate last stand. ", "A sniper’s bullet cut through Evans’ helmet. ", "Jacobs took down two oncoming light assault troopers before she was three-shotted through the chest. ", "Sergeant Gunning, lost behind the last battlement, unpinned a grenade and fell onto a squad of massing Terran heavy troopers, unleashing a final cacophony of destruction that echoed across the entire base. ", "Then, all of a sudden, there was complete silence.", "\n\nDelta squad was no more.", "\n\n\n\nMarius held his face in his hands, suddenly shaking with silent terror. ", "He looked around the haggard faces of the eight troopers who remained on base. ", "No spawns and no support. ", "Alpha squad were on their own . ", "First part of a series, you can find the whole series, as well as other Planetside 2 lore stories on my website here: http://www.talesfromauraxis.com ALPHA SQUADDazed, Marius staggered into the generator room wall, barely holding up his MAX suit with his shaking arm. ", "Alarms bleeped at him from all directions and warm hydraulic fluid spilled down the outside of his leg, staining the snow beneath his feet. ", "His chest still heaved from the punches of the shotgun pellets, but luckily the last shot had only smashed his visor and no more; his body was just bruised and stinging under four inches of solid steel.", "Nakano was there in seconds. ", "A small, agile figure dodging in between the barriers and shrapnel, she tapped Marius’ helmet as she surveyed him with keen, professional eyes.", "“Maz... You hear me?”Marius could only nod, breathless and blind from the blood covering his eyes.", "“Brace yourself, this may hurt…”A burst of intense heat enveloped Marius from head to toe – a rush of energy that tore the air from his lungs like a popped balloon. ", "His armour glowed and simmered red like molten lava as the cracks and fissures of the gunfire were fused together by the nano bots. ", "Suddenly, the repair kit buzzed angrily.", "“Sorry Maz, I’m all out. ", "You’ll have to get a new helmet from stores.", "”Marius gulped, and sighed in a weak voice “No worries mate. ", "Thanks for the top up.", "”Wordlessly, Nakano scurried back to the front.", "For the first time in days, Marius felt the freezing Esamiran air biting his face through the smashed helmet. ", "The dawning sun shimmered over the aching walls of Nott AMP station, thick stalactites of ice gleamed on the sagging roofs. ", "Two hundred metres in front of him, across the rows of broken merlons and other make-shift barriers, stood the bowing and flickering blue glow of the base shield. ", "Waves of bulbous energy danced across its surface as the Republican armour pounded it relentlessly yet ineffectively – with the generator still up, it was a futile action. ", "Eight exhausted and battered New Conglomerate soldiers remained in Marius’ squad, clinging desperately to the North generator that decided the fate of the entire Autumn Conglomerate offensive on the continent.", "His breath steadied, Marius picked himself up off the wall and started to shuffle slowly back to the main facility. ", "Enormous glowing pipes soared one hundred metres into the sky, humming intermittently with the rapidly-draining nanite flow remaining in the base. ", "In the centre, a bulbous structure towered over the outer walls, bent and smoky black from years of siege and counter-siege.", "His mind wandered. ", "Where the hell were the reinforcements? ", "They had been ‘imminent’ for four days now. ", "The base med bays were already full – the spawn tubes couldn’t recreate the fallen soldiers as fast than they came in. ", "The base was cut off from any supply lines and the few remaining vehicles were barely serviceable. ", "Marius himself was down to just five clips in each arm.", "A world apart from ‘Commander’ Doran and his elite guard, of course. ", "A board member of Hossin Steel, he kept his horde of Conglomerate lawyers, investors and other crony friends coddled in luxurious apartments within the most secure depths of the station. ", "Beyond the lines of elite bodyguard mercenaries that not even the most decorated New Conglomerate grunt had the authority to access. ", "Rebellion paymasters like Doran and his clique lived a life completely aloof from the blood and dirt. ", "Their desperately-needed vehicles and weapons gathered dust in the vehicle bay while real soldiers like Marius slogged on – camped out for days, months, years in the chills, on the front line, fighting, hurting, dying and dying again for this so called ‘Freedom’ they were promised in the draft line.", "‘Freedom’, hah! ", "Marius spat on the floor, specks of blood splayed across the shrivelling snow. ", "This war was just good business for the ‘Suits’. ", "It was only the fresh memories of the Republican murders on Cyssor that kept him going now. ", "After eighteen months of service, after seven lives served...A shout shook him from his daydreaming. “", "ACRE, COMMS!”Marius twisted his cumbersome battle suit as quickly as it would let him. ", "Lieutenant Landiss, in his striking blue beret, motioned theatrically to his ears. ", "Marius, confused, shrugged and shook his head. ", "Landiss bounded over, evidently frustrated.", "“Acre, why are you ignoring direct orders?”His face carried an uncharacteristic grimace, highlighting the long scars running from mouth to ear under his thick stubble. ", "Even respawns can’t repair the wounds you get before you join the Force. ", "Marius’ voice shook with reverence as he spoke to him.", "“Sorry sir. ", "My visor and comms are down; I’m heading to stores to pick up another.", "”Landiss, glanced briefly at his helmet with deep black eyes, then his face relaxed into his typical reassuring smile. ", "He placed his hand on the young MAX-operator’s shoulder.", "“Wooh, you took a lucky hit there Acre. ", "Can you hold out here for ten more minutes? ", "Michaels just got rushed to med bay… I think he lost an arm. ", "You’re the only MAX unit we have left in the platoon for now, at least until they get the Nanite bed on the go. ", "Delta squad just called in that the Republic are massing infantry at the North gate again. ", "We’ll need your cover, just in case. ", "Can you hold on for me just a little longer?”Marius’ heart sank, but he nodded dutifully nonetheless.", "“That’s right. ", "You’re doing a great job, Acre. ", "You saved lives back there, I saw it. ", "Keep your head up, word on the grapevine is that we’re hauling out this evening.", "”Landiss winked joyfully as he turned back to the point. ", "Marius’ young heart swelled with pride. ", "The legends about Landiss ran thick in the squad. ", "Some say he’d been in the struggle since it began; that he had killed and died more times than Marius had spent days on the front line; that the only reason he wasn’t already Commander was that he was too popular with the grunts for the Suits’ liking. ", "Whatever the truth, Lieutenant Landiss was a true legend on Esamir, and the Platoon would follow him to the centre of the Terran warpgate and back if he’d ask them to.", "A faint sound interrupted his thoughts. ", "High-pitched squeals echoed in the sky some kilometres away. ", "Only one aircraft made such a sound. ", "Terran Mosquito fighters.", "“Sir!” ", "he faltered “do you hear that?”Landiss paused for a second, a curious look on his face.", "“My ears aren’t what they used to be Acre, what is it?”“Sounds like Skeeters to me sir.", "”Landiss quickly cast his eyes up into the sky, seeing nothing behind the drifting clouds. ", "The squad knew something was up – the shouting picked up intensity and the clicks of armed weapons once more behind the barricades. ", "He buzzed the command channel.", "“Hive this is Alpha, any crows in field? ", "Over”“Negative Alpha, field clear. ", "Orders are hold your ground. ", "Over.", "”“Roger. ", "Over and out.", "”The roar of distant engines broke through a gap in the clouds; screams of fighter engines tore through the sound barrier. ", "Looking up to the bright sky, Marius made out several inky dots on the horizon.", "Landiss cursed under his breath “Well, shit…so much for radar…”“This could be their push Acre. ", "Where’s my cigar?” ", "He pulled out a seemingly-ancient Havanan “Could you light that for me?”Dutifully, Marius fired up his in-suit welding flame, almost singing Landiss’ face. ", "Seemingly unperturbed, the Lieutenant buzzed Command a second time.", "“Hive this is Alpha, crows in flight – I make out five, no six… repeat…”Static…“Hive this is…”“...Good luck Landiss...”Suddenly, an overwhelming grinding sound erupted from the interior of the base and the roar of engines enveloped the squad. ", "A column of fresh armour burst out of the vehicle bay, streaming past Alpha squad at top speed. ", "New Conglomerate insignia gleamed proudly on a trio of spotless Vanguard heavy tanks, followed closely by four ‘Sunderer’ armoured personnel carriers covered in row upon row of bulging ammunition pouches. ", "The convoy showered the stupefied group with loose mud and gravel, headed directly for the North gate. ", "Straight for the Terran front line.", "A shriek of afterburners nearly bowled Marius full over and the centre of the base was blinded in burning white flame. ", "Lumbering shadows of enormous troop transports rose from the landing pads that ringed the interior of the base. ", "Six Reaver gunships catapulted out above them, taking up V formation majestically ahead of the unsteady behemoths. ", "As a unit, they hovered metres above ground for a few seconds, then burned towards the North gate, fraying the soldiers below in the intense heat of their booster engines.", "Some of the squad began to cheer and whoop as if they were saved. ", "But Marius just stared in disbelief. ", "Did they have any idea what was over the wall? ", "This was suicide. ", "The Terran armour turned their turrets towards the oncoming convoy, firing their engines into life, licking their lips at the prospect of long-sought destruction. ", "The Conglomerate force slowed and tentatively, edged nervously through the bubble and…Nothing.", "The Conglomerate Reavers, inched into the grey skies and casually drifted into the distance, Galaxy troop transports vacillating behind them. ", "In a matter of seconds, they were shrinking specks on the horizon.", "No shells fired, no explosions, no carnage. ", "As the last lightning tank pierced the blue glow, Marius felt a wave of nausea. ", "Something was very, very wrong here.", "“What. ", "The…” mouthed Landiss in disbelief, then his face snapped in sudden, horrified recognition “They’ve left us… They’ve… They’ve come for me…”Marius head was spinning as he desperately tried to compute what was going on. ", "This made no sense at all! ", "No... Wait... The Suits must have cut a deal with the Republican bastards. ", "Marius pictured the macabre meeting. ", "A field tent just metres from where Marius bled… “The base and those ‘irritating’ revolutionaries for your lives. ", "No need to get your clothes dirty in some petty base battle … It’s not like you want the War to end, is it? ", "War is good for business, right? ", "In the end, it will be us, you and me, versus them…”Lieutenant Landiss, shaking a little, somehow maintained his cool, tried to buzz command once more.", "“Hive, this is Alpha, do you read? ", "What’s going on?... ", "I repeat, Hive, this is Alpha…”He received only static. ", "Landiss mashed his cigar with incredulity. ", "The distant Terran aircraft were surely just minutes away. ", "He switched to squad chat.", "“Alpha, expect galaxy assault and air bombardment. ", "Hold the generator at all costs.", "”Two rocket-equipped heavy troopers jogged over to the pair. ", "The first, wearing white forest camo armour had blonde hair billowing behind her slim back. ", "She removed her helmet and Marius was greeted with a familiar, heavenly vision: Isla Aldon. ", "Her flowing blonde hair bathed a delicate, pale, small-featured face. ", "Her white-blue eyes pierced through him, and for a second, he forgot where he was. ", "She gleamed at Landiss as she approached, even though her face was etched with worry.", "“Stuart – I mean Sir – do you have any idea what just happened?” ", "She said, suddenly red-faced.", "“No, Sergeant, I can’t reach base on comms.", "”“That was the Mercenary Corps?” ", "interjected a third, gruff, angry voice. ", "Corporal Vickers didn’t waste time on bullshit.", "“Yes Vickers, that looked like all of them.", "”“They cut the spawns, didn’t they?” ", "he growled “I mean, let’s not cut crap here. ", "I have a son –\"“VICKERS, shut it!” ", "Aldon cried.", "Sergeant Aldon sighed. ", "She held her slender hands to her face, as if agonising in thought. ", "The question hung heavy in the air, un-answered. ", "Landiss broke the silence.", "“We can’t do anything about that now. ", "We have to get the platoon inside the main base. ", "We can’t hold the yard with thirty. ", "Aldon, get the message to Delta squad, I’ll call in Beta and Charlie.", "”He’d barely finished when cries of alarm burst from the squad.", "“INCOMING!”Marius swooped around 90 degrees to face the dying base shield, its keen glow now only a fading spectre atop the hulls of the approaching armour. ", "Two pitch-black Prowler battle tanks had already passed over the threshold of the outer wall and turned their turrets to bear on Alpha’s barricade, exposed dead in the middle of the courtyard.", "“TAKE COVER!” ", "screamed Landiss, as the first shells from the armoured column whistled through the air to slam into the side of the generator building, exploding into a dense haze of smoke and powder. ", "A second came apart in front of the temporary steel barrier just metres from where Marius stood, blowing two unprepared soldiers flat onto their backs and showering the squad in glowing shrapnel.", "“AV UP FRONT!”Before Landiss had even finished his command, two rockets streaked past Marius, one collapsing into the side of the first battle tank, tearing a hole through the side of the main turret. ", "A bright flash burst from under the second, white heat erupting from the ground. ", "Shattered iron plates spewed from the centre of its broad hull as it crunched gently into the back of the first immobile Prowler. ", "Thank God for minefields…A ragged cheer rose from the line, quickly extinguished by a thick burst of rifle fire that pinged off the front of the crenelated barricade. ", "The infantry were coming.", "“SQUAD! ", "WE ARE PULLING BACK. ", "FALL BACK!” ", "Landiss cried over the tumult.", "Marius took up position at the rear of the squad as they filtered back to base, slowly stepping backwards with his front to the exposed gate. ", "Several more Terran tanks, cautious now, edged gingerly past the flaming wreckage in front of the shield, accompanied by streams of infantry that used the thick smoke as cover. ", "Soon enough, bullets started dinking off the buildings sprawled around Alpha squad’s retreat.", "Switching to long-range slugs, Marius let off a few speculative shots off at the distant muzzle flashes, forcing the distant aggressors behind cover for a couple of precious seconds. ", "Just enough time for Marius to reload. ", "Taking his time to aim and cover, he soon realised that he was more than ten metres behind his retreating squad, exposed in the middle of the yard. ", "But he didn’t have time to panic.", "“ACRE! ", "HOT DROP ON YOUR SIX!”He turned up just in time to see dark figures crash into the snow around all him. ", "Marius let off the first shot before even checking their uniforms, blasting straight through an engineer’s backpack. ", "The second and third shots broke the front leg and smashed the Medic’s helmet. ", "The rest of the clip crippled the barricade that a third young soldier clung to helplessly, now weapon less and bleeding in the reddening snow.", "Desperately, Marius reloaded, just as bullets started to thud into his suit from the all sides. ", "Protocol forgotten, he covered his bare face and ran at full pace towards the base. ", "A shot almost tore straight through his back armour. ", "Winded, he lost his footing and clattered into a pair of overturned barrels.", "“ACRE!!”Staccato bursts clacked rhythmically from in front of him and a grenade exploded, showering him with rocks and dirt. ", "Suddenly, two arms grabbed him at both shoulders; allowing him to recover control over his legs once again. ", "Powering to full height, he found himself looking at the wide-eyed faces of Landiss and Nakano.", "“Three grunts behind wall on right.” ", "Landiss cried, his voice intense but calm.", "Marius nodded breathlessly and threw himself back to face the battle, more confident now covered by his two squad mates. ", "He pounded shot after shot at the generator room complex, keeping heads down, guided backwards by Landiss’ steady hand on his shoulder. ", "The bullets clattered around him and all he could do was grit his teeth and trust his composite exo-skeleton to hold together as he limped the last few metres of exposed ground. ", "Behind him, the shouts of his squad became clearer, calling out targets, laying down covering fire. ", "Finally, with a sea of red armour and infantry piling into the courtyard just 200m in front of him, Marius was behind the reassuring blow glow of the inner base shields.", "Catching their breath, Alpha watched helplessly as the battle for the outer walls turned into a tragedy. ", "Delta squad were now caught in a death trap as Terran shells pounded them from all sides. ", "The last three soldiers – men and women who he was eating with in the mess hall just yesterday – fought to their last bullet in a desperate last stand. ", "A sniper’s bullet cut through Evans’ helmet. ", "Jacobs took down two oncoming light assault troopers before she was three-shotted through the chest. ", "Sergeant Gunning, lost behind the last battlement, unpinned a grenade and fell onto a squad of massing Terran heavy troopers, unleashing a final cacophony of destruction that echoed across the entire base. ", "Then, all of a sudden, there was complete silence.", "Delta squad was no more.", "Marius held his face in his hands, suddenly shaking with silent terror. ", "He looked around the haggard faces of the eight troopers who remained on base. ", "No spawns and no support. ", "Alpha squad were on their own . ", "Last edited by Sonny; 2014-01-20 at 07:24 AM ." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec0005}\n===============\n\nTemporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are defined as a subgroup of craniofacial pain symptoms that involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck.[@bib0005] A variety of symptoms, such as pain around the affected joint and soft tissues, tinnitus, dizziness, neck pain, and headache, can decrease the quality of life of patients with TMD,[@bib0005], [@bib0010] especially in patients with a chronic history of refractory pain and psychological symptoms. ", "Approximately one-third of adults are affected by symptomatic TMD.[@bib0005], [@bib0015] The current treatment options include analgesics, physiotherapy, antidepressants, occlusal adjustment, stabilization splints, arthrocentesis and lavage, and TMJ surgery. ", "However, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of most of these interventions in TMD.[@bib0020], [@bib0025], [@bib0030], [@bib0035]\n\nAcupuncture has been used for relieving pain in various conditions. ", "One of the main issues in acupuncture research is that acupuncture treatment techniques, such as the frequency of acupuncture administration and the rationale of point selection, must be validated in clinical trials. ", "Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for chronic neck pain and tension-type headache have reported that different acupuncture points have different clinical effects.[@bib0040], [@bib0045], [@bib0050] A previous review of RCTs of acupuncture for TMD provided details of a suggested acupuncture regimen to provide an optimal effect.[@bib0055] Additionally, clinicians select adjacent acupoints, generally called \"Ashi\" points, or choose distal points for treating TMD, but no studies showing which treatment method is better have been identified. ", "Therefore we aimed to examine whether selecting different acupuncture regimens (adjacent points vs. distant points vs. a combination) affected the pain intensity and palpation index (PI) in participants with TMD.", "\n\n2. ", "Methods {#sec0010}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Design, ethics, and randomization {#sec0015}\n--------------------------------------\n\nA randomized, participant-blind, assessor-blind, controlled trial was carried out at the clinical research center of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine from July 31, 2006 to September 27, 2006. ", "The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Dunsan Oriental Medical Hospital of Daejeon University in South Korea. ", "After baseline assessment, eligible participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: one group received adjacent-point acupuncture (Trt), one group received distant-point acupuncture (Con1), and the other group received combined acupuncture of an adjacent and a distant point (Con2). ", "For assignment to the groups, random numbers were generated by the clinical statistician with a ratio of 1:1:1 (Trt:Con1:Con2) using the SAS statistical package (version 9.1.3; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). ", "The study protocol was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (registration number: KCT0000269).", "\n\n2.2. ", "Blinding {#sec0020}\n-------------\n\nOnly the doctors who performed the treatment were aware of the group assignment of each participant. ", "In addition, the outcome assessors were blind to the group allocation and not involved in providing the intervention.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Participants {#sec0025}\n-----------------\n\nParticipants were recruited through newspaper advertisements, signs posted at the university-affiliated hospital, university libraries, apartment entrances, and presentations at community meetings. ", "Potential participants were told that they had an equal chance to be assigned to one of three active acupuncture interventions. ", "Written informed consent reviewed by the institutional review board was obtained before randomization from each participant if they agreed with participation.", "\n\nThe participants for potential eligibility were men and women aged between 18 and 71 years who had no other medical co-morbidities except for unilateral or bilateral TMD. ", "Participants with TMD were diagnosed following the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and were required to have an Axis I, Group I diagnosis. ", "Participants were to have no contraindications to acupuncture treatment. ", "No restrictions were placed on the duration of symptoms.", "\n\nThe exclusion criteria were previous surgery on the TMJ, a history of rheumatoid disease or degenerative arthritis, extensive anatomical destruction or deterioration of the TMJ, pain of neuropathic or odontogenic origin, patients who were planning to become pregnant within the next 3 months, and patients whose TMD had been caused by non-mechanical or psychological factors. ", "Additionally, participants were excluded if they scored less than 4 points (or 4 cm) on the Temporomandibular Function scale and on the visual analogue scale (VAS).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Interventions {#sec0030}\n------------------\n\nAll treatments were performed by two qualified, experienced acupuncture practitioners who had at least 6 years of training in acupuncture and were licensed as Oriental medicine doctors in South Korea.", "\n\nIn this study, standardized fixed acupuncture points with manual stimulation were adopted for each group. ", "All the classic acupuncture points were located according to the World Health Organization/Western Pacific Regional Office standard acupuncture point locations. ", "For the adjacent point treatment group (Trt), we selected points that were located on the same side as the pain, close to the affected side of the TMD: TE17, GB20, ST7, ST6, SI19, and EX21, with 1.5--3 cm depths.", "\n\nSterile, single-use, 40 mm ×  0.30 mm stainless steel acupuncture needles (Dongbang Co, Boryeong, Korea) were inserted at the six points and the \"*deqi*\" sensation was evoked by rotating each needle 10 times manually, being confirmed by the participant\\'s response. ", "The needles were then connected to an electric stimulator (PG 306; Suzuki Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) using crocodile clips. ", "A continuous wave of alternating current with a frequency of 2 Hz was applied to the acupuncture needle for 15 ± 3 minutes per session. ", "An infrared light (IRH-3100; Wonhyo Ltd. Seoul, Korea) was then applied above the participant\\'s abdominal area.", "\n\nIn the distant point control group (Con1), all of the processes were same as in the Trt group, except for point selection. ", "We needled only acupoints that were distant from the affected joints: ipsilateral acupuncture (LI4 and SI3) and contralateral acupoints (ST36, BL60, TE5 and GB41). ", "In the combination control group (Con2), six different adjacent and distant points were selected, as previously described: TE17, GB20, ST7 from the adjacent points and ST6, LI4, ST36 from the distant points, in order to use same number of acupuncture points.[@bib0060] The treatment strategies for each group were based upon recommendations in the study by Rosted et al[@bib0055] and an expert committee.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Outcome measures {#sec0035}\n---------------------\n\nThe primary outcome was the change in TMD-related pain intensity on a VAS of 0 cm (no pain) to 10 cm (the maximum pain imaginable) at every week during treatment and at 4 weeks follow-up after the acupuncture treatment.", "\n\nThe secondary outcome was the objective severity of TMD problems as measured by the muscle and TMJ PI of the Craniomandibular Index (CMI), which was developed as a clinical method of evaluating TMJ function.[@bib0065] The muscle and TMJ PI consists of four different items: extraoral palpation (18/18), intraoral palpation (6/6), neck palpation (12/12), and TMJ palpation (6/6). ", "The total score was the sum of the four scores and ranges from 0 to 42 points.", "\n\nAll adverse events were observed related or not related to acupuncture treatment during the study. ", "All the possible adverse events were reported by the participants or observed by the researchers.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Statistical analyses {#sec0040}\n-------------------------\n\nAnalyses were performed with the \"intention to treat\" method, including all participants who were randomized (missing data were coded using the last observation carried forward). ", "Analysis of variance was used to test baseline differences among the three groups. ", "We conducted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate the effect of treatments on the mean changes in scores between baseline and Week 3 for all of the continuous variables. ", "Baseline values were used as covariance for ANCOVA in each analysis. ", "Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS statistical package, and the level of significance was established at *p* \\< 0.05. ", "As this was a pilot trial to evaluate the applicability and validity of the study design, the smallest number of required participants (14 for each group) was considered without sample size estimation.", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec0045}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Participants {#sec0050}\n-----------------\n\nFifty-six individuals were assessed for eligibility, 42 participants meeting the eligibility criteria. ", "Each participant was randomly allocated into the Trt group (*n* = 14), the Con1 group (*n* = 14), or the Con2 group (*n* = 14). ", "Of the participants, 38 completed all the weeks of treatment and were followed-up at 4 weeks after the end of treatment ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Three participants discontinued the treatment due to adverse events, and one declined to participate in the study ([Fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There were no significant baseline differences in age, TMD duration, or TMD severity as assessed by VAS (all *p* \\> 0.05; [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"}), but a significant baseline difference in sex between the three groups was shown (*p* = 0.0207; [Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"}).Fig. ", "1Study design and the flow of participants.", "Table 1Baseline characteristics of participants.", "CharacteristicsTrt (*n* = 14)Con1 (*n* = 14)Con2 (*n* = 14)*p*Age (y)[\\*](#tblfn0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}31.43 ± 12.4832.14 ± 18.9630.14 ± 11.410.9780Sex (M/F)[‡](#tblfn0015){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}9/514/08/60.0207TMD duration (mo)[†](#tblfn0010){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}1.54 ± 2.378.03 ± 10.6110.79 ± 24.270.6405TMD severity (VAS)[\\*](#tblfn0005){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}5.57 ± 1.705.57 ± 1.875.07 ± 1.980.7138[^2][^3][^4][^5]\n\n3.2. ", "Pain intensity of TMD using the VAS {#sec0055}\n----------------------------------------\n\nCompared with baseline, pain intensity was significantly reduced as 34% (*p* \\< 0.05, Trt group), 31% (*p* \\< 0.05, Con1), and 36% (*p* \\< 0.05, Con2) groups after 3 weeks. ", "However, no significant group difference was shown among the three groups (*p* = 0.5867; [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2Outcome measures for acupuncture treatment in the three groups.", "OutcomeAcupuncture regimenTrtCon 1Con 2*p*VAS[\\*](#tblfn0020){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}, [†](#tblfn0025){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Baseline5.57 ± 1.705.57 ± 1.875.07 ± 1.980.7138Visit 5 (2 wks)3.83 ± 1.954.21 ± 1.933.75 ± 1.420.6151Visit 7 (3 wks)3.67 ± 2.023.85 ± 2.613.25 ± 1.480.5867Visit 8 (7 wks)3.91 ± 1.304.29 ± 2.093.00 ± 1.950.2991TMJ[\\*](#tblfn0020){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Baseline12.21 ± 6.7013.71 ± 7.3113.21 ± 5.700.8300Visit 29.86 ± 5.909.57 ± 5.1411.50 ± 5.610.6449Visit 7 (3 wks)5.92 ± 3.825.15 ± 5.186.58 ± 5.620.3289Visit 8 (7 wks)5.42 ± 4.274.43 ± 5.217.17 ± 6.380.7633[^6][^7]\n\n3.3. ", "Muscle and TMJ palpation index {#sec0060}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThere were no significant baseline differences in the scores from the muscle and TMJ PI (*p* = 0.8300; [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "From baseline to the third week after treatment, scores on the muscle and TMJ PI decreased by 52% (Trt), 62% (Con1), and 50% (Con2), while there was no significant difference among three groups at 3 weeks' treatment or at 4 weeks of follow-up ([Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Also, no significant group difference in TMJ PI subscores was shown among the three groups at 3 weeks' treatment or at 4 weeks of follow-up ([Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Muscle and Temporomandibular Joint Palpation Index subscores.", "Visit (wk)ItemsTrtCon 1Con 2*p*[\\*](#tblfn0030){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}Visit 7 (3)Extraoral palpation1.83 ± 2.122.33 ± 2.421.31 ± 1.930.0602Intraoral palpation1.50 ± 1.091.58 ± 1.440.77 ± 0.930.4577Neck muscle palpation1.75 ± 1.362.08 ± 2.392.15 ± 2.380.5578TMJ palpation0.83 ± 1.340.58 ± 1.000.92 ± 1.120.2572Visit 8 (7)Extraoral palpation1.92 ± 2.071.17 ± 2.211.07 ± 1.640.0508Intraoral palpation1.25 ± 1.221.67 ± 1.371.14 ± 0.860.8468Neck muscle palpation1.50 ± 1.572.50 ± 2.501.57 ± 2.240.3311TMJ palpation0.75 ± 0.970.83 ± 1.400.64 ± 0.930.1561[^8]\n\n3.4. ", "Safety {#sec0065}\n-----------\n\nDuring the study, three participants discontinued participation because of gastroenteritis or dental, and gum and mouth pain. ", "The participant with gastroenteritis required hospital admission due to the severity of the symptoms. ", "One case of dental pain and one case of gum and mouth pain were observed in the adjacent-point acupuncture group and combination treatment group, respectively, suggesting that needle placement in this area may cause dental or mouth pain. ", "However, the episode of gastroenteritis is not likely to have been caused by the acupuncture treatment.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec0070}\n=============\n\nOur study tested whether there were point-selective effects of acupuncture treatment among adjacent, distal, or combination acupuncture in participants with TMD. ", "Although each group showed a significant improvement in patient-reported pain after the acupuncture treatment, no significant differences were observed among the three groups. ", "From this result, it seems that there is no difference in the effect of acupoint selection among adjacent-point, distal-point, and combination acupuncture in participants with TMD. ", "However, acupuncture itself might be an effective intervention with comparatively good safety. ", "Adjacent, distal, and a combination of points in our study had similar effect sizes of 1.06, 1.28, and 0.62, respectively, meaning that the effect size of acupuncture on pain was higher than that of occlusal splint therapy (effect size = 0.44).[@bib0070] From this pilot study, different types of acupuncture treatment can be suitable for patients with TMD. ", "Future clinical trials with an adequate sample size might suggest how different types of acupuncture contribute to the treatment effect in TMD.", "\n\nEven though we were not able to show a statistically significant improvement in the VAS and muscle TMJ PI scores among three groups, subscores such as extraoral palpation at Visits 7 and 8 showed a marginal effect in favor of the adjacent and combination regimens compared with the distant regimen. ", "Considering the comparatively small size of this trial, this result might be different in a trial with a larger sample size.[@bib0075] Additionally, one of the strengths of this study is the presence of a combination group for comparing the effects of different regimens. ", "Many acupuncture practitioners prefer using a combination of adjacent and distal points to using only a single adjacent or distal point. ", "To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first RCT to compare the several different acupuncture point selections for treating TMD and may be a model for designing future trials to answer novel clinical questions on acupuncture regimens.", "\n\nThis study, however, has several limitations. ", "The first is that the sample size may have been too small to fully evaluate the treatment effect. ", "Originally, this trial was designed as a pilot study to test the feasibility of acupuncture treatment for TMD. ", "This study will provide basic information for the estimation of sample size for future trials.", "\n\nThe second problem was the comparatively short treatment and follow-up duration. ", "Generally, at least 3 months of follow-up are required to evaluate symptom reduction in TMD.[@bib0070], [@bib0080]\n\nThe third limitation was the lack of allocation concealment, possibly leading to bias related to foreknowledge of the treatment assignment. ", "Additionally, because there was no placebo arm, we cannot exclude the possibility that the improvement resulted from the natural course of disease or regression to the mean. ", "However, one rigorous systematic review on acupuncture for TMD suggested that acupuncture shows a greater effect on TMD pain reduction than does a sham acupuncture control.[@bib0085] The methodological flaws, however, prevent this trial from providing conclusive results that could add evidence on the choice of acupuncture points in the treatment of TMD.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our results suggest that adjacent-point, distal-point, and combination acupuncture show similar effects on pain intensity and muscle and TMJ PI. ", "Future randomized studies with larger sample sizes are needed to verify the point-specific effects of acupuncture in TMD.", "\n\nConflict of interest {#sec0075}\n====================\n\nNone of the authors has a financial relationship with a commercial entity that has an interest in the subject of this manuscript.", "\n\nThis study was supported by the Development of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Standard Health Technology Project (K11010) of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.", "\n\n[^1]: These two authors contributed equally.", "\n\n[^2]: All continuous values are expressed as the means ± SD.", "\n\n[^3]: Analysis of variance was used.", "\n\n[^4]: Kruscal-Wallis test was used.", "\n\n[^5]: Chi-squared test was used.", "\n\n Con1, distant point selection group; Con2, combination-point selection group; Trt, adjacent point selection group; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n[^6]: Analysis of covariance adjusted by the baseline values was used.", "\n\n[^7]: 10 cm VAS.", "\n\n Con1, distant-point selection group; Con2, combination-point selection group; TMJ, muscle and TMJ palpation index; Trt, adjacent-point selection group; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\n[^8]: Analysis of covariance adjusted by the baseline values was used.", "\n\n Con1, distant point selection group; Con2, combination point selection group; Trt, adjacent point selection group.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Websites don’t exist: Facebook, Buddhism and the Nature of Being\n\nIf you're wondering what the hell Facebook has to do with Eastern, Greek and 20th-century philosophy, just bear with me. ", "Facebook's evolving services are going to trigger some seismic disruptions in our online lives. ", "Those changes touch on some fundamental issues in how we perceive and interpret the world, but they also give us a pretty good idea of how the online world is going to evolve over the next few years.", "\n\nPreface\n\nFacebook's new social tools\n\nNOTE: This post was originally written in response to Facebook's first announcement of \"Facebook Connect\" in the spring of 2010. ", "There were actually two broad categories of tools that were announced at the time, and while the functionality has evolved since then, the core issues they raise are even more relevant now.", "\n\nI'm not going to bother explaining the new FB tools in depth — they've already gotten plenty of coverage, and they'll get plenty more. ", "Suffice it to say that they allow any online property to:\n\nImmediately identify you – and members of your Friends network – without any action or permission on your part\n\nAccess most of the personal data (profile info, pictures, etc.) ", "from your Facebook profile – again without any action or permission from you\n\nAct on that information\n\nContext\n\nThe Economics of a Collaborative Illusion\n\nThere's been an implicit contract between the people who build web properties, and the people who use them: \"Let's keep it real\"\n\n\"[W]hat people commonly think of as concrete objects are actually successions of occasions of experience. ", "Occasions of experience can be collected into groupings; something complex such as a human being is thus a grouping of many smaller occasions of experience.\"", "\n\n— Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality\n\nMany people don’t really have a sense of the enormous, sustained effort that goes into maintaining the illusion of a persistent “website”. ", "Even the simplest site is a churning mass of moving parts that are being corralled and wrestled into place, over and over – style sheets, image files, code fragments. ", "Enterprise e-commerce sites have gone far, far past that level of complexity. ", "Every time you load a “page” at an Amazon or a Dell, you’re summoning information from dozens or hundreds of different machines, scattered all over the country. ", "The investment in machines, applications and people it takes to bring all those pieces together – and then make them fit together into the illusion of a persistent “site” every time, for every visitor – can be staggering.", "\n\nSooo…why does this matter?", "\n\n\"You cannot step into the same river twice.\"", "\n\n— Heraclitus, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, Lives\n\nIt matters because the sites we’ve all grown used to – sites that look pretty much the same every time you go back, and that look pretty much the same for you as they do for your mom – never acted that way because they intrinsically “have” to. ", "There’s been a massive investment in people and equipment to maintain an “illusion of permanence” because there are deep sociological and economic incentives.", "\n\nThose incentives have been gradually eroding for years, but they’ve never really been attacked by anything so transformational and massive as the new Facebook tools.", "\n\nA fundamental – and flawed – tool of our consciousness\n\nWe have a natural predisposition to think about the world in terms of \"things\", not \"processes\". ", "The Buddha pointed that out a long time ago, and modern marketers are getting ready to stop indulging us, as well.", "\n\n\"Everything flows, nothing stands still.\"", "\n\n— Heraclitus, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, Lives\n\nIn 1925, the British logician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead coined the term “The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness” – and labeled an idea that reaches back to ancient Greece and the teachings of Buddha. ", "While it’s also gone by names such as reification, anicca, Becoming and process philosophy, the basic concept is pretty straightforward : it’s the conceptual error of looking at a dynamic “process”, and mistaking it for a static “thing”. ", "The Buddha, Prof. Whitehead and the Greek philosopher Heraclitus all saw our tendency to make that mistake as a central flaw in the human condition. ", "I agree, but I think there are some important qualifications.", "\n\nWhile thinking of a complex process as a simpler object may not be correct, it is a powerful mental shortcut. ", "As long as the “object” we have in mind is accurate enough that we can use it successfully, we can take advantage of the process without confronting the added complexity of the process. ", "That’s not just a convenience – it was clearly a critical step in the evolution of human consciousness, that allowed us to move forward, faster. (", "No, I don’t have a reference. ", "Prove me wrong.)", "\n\nThat matters for our discussion on two levels. ", "First of all, the mental model of a persistent website that sits there like the corner store is just easier for people to process. ", "It’s not just that it borrows the convenient metaphors of a “place” or a “store”. ", "The simple qualities of permanence and persistence strike deep psychological chords – they imply predictability, and understandability, and the web’s rate of adoption has clearly benefited from them.", "\n\nThat mental shortcut of concreteness, though, also makes online properties easier to create. ", "Designing something that you think of as a single “site” can take a lot of effort to build later on, but it’s a lot easier to think about when you’re getting started.", "\n\nNevertheless, as powerful as it might be, that fallacy is a misunderstanding of reality. ", "While there are benefits, there are costs. ", "Many of our most important cultural and scientific advances have come by confronting the fact that something is not a thing, but a process – look at the way that quantum physics turned Bohr’s little billiard-balls into buzzing particle clouds, or that “just-in-time” manufacturing has turned “factories” and “warehouses” into manufacturing supply chains. ", "When the seething realities of a process finally stop playing nice within our tidy mental model, we really have two choices – we can fight to maintain our mental shortcut, or we can acknowledge the fallacy and move on.", "\n\nDisassembling the great anonymization mill\n\nThat human bias for the concrete has encouraged marketers to put a lot of effort into maintaining the illusion of permanence, but it comes at a cost that they won't be eager to bear much longer.", "\n\nWhile the personal / cultural factors at play are important, the real forces that will drive what’s going to happen are economic. ", "First and foremost, it means that almost any major site today is basically a huge “homogenization mill” – by offering a massively consistent, simplified experience, it grinds millions of unique visitors into uniform, anonymous data dust.", "\n\nThen the company behind the site spends millions of dollars more every year trying to run that process backwards, reconstitute the individual grains of wheat out of the flour, and then treat each grain differently.", "\n\nIf marketers could magically identify each of us the moment we showed up, track us individually across multiple visits, and then know – not guess – exactly how to cater to each of us, they’d refocus their budgets to do that in a split second.", "\n\nOh, wait…now they can.", "\n\nConsequence\n\n\"Like\" It...Or Not\n\nThis all adds up to some upcoming seismic shifts in the nature of our online experience. ", "Whether or not Facebook ends up being the agent of all these changes, they're coming at some point. ", "Consider yourself forewarned.", "\n\nEach of the following ideas really deserves a lot more thought and attention than I've given them here, but here are at least some quick sketches of where I think this is all going.", "\n\n\"Like\": The ultimate quid pro quo\n\nIt's a verb for a reason. ", "Whether or not Facebook intentionally switched from talking about \"who you are\" to \"what you do\" (hint, hint), the act of clicking the \"Like\" button is about to become a central gesture.", "\n\nFirst of all, \"Likes\" are quickly going to become the hot new proxy for \"marketing value\". ", "Facebook \"Fans\" were obviously already a big deal, but that was still something that lived within a walled garden. (", "A big walled garden, but the big problem wasn't just population size -- it was you that had to proclaim your passion while you were away from the object of your passion.) ", "If you're involved in marketing at all, get ready -- the obsessive measurement and cultivation of \"Likes\" is poised to make all the attention paid to \"Visits\", \"Click-throughs\" and \"Opens\" look like rehearsal.", "\n\nFor online consumers, you better get used to clicking \"Like\" buttons. ", "A lot. ", "Being a \"Fan\" was really a \"Yes\"/\"No\" assertion about who you are. \"", "Liking\" something is going to be a transaction. ", "Marketers are going to want you to do it so badly, they're going to make every effort to negotiate with you, and either offer you an incentive or try to impose it as a requirement. ", "It's not only going to be how you enter online contests or get free downloads -- in one click, without filling out a form -- it's going to be how you rate and review items on e-commerce sites, and tell Pandora and Last.", "FM which artists you prefer.", "\n\nThe end of \"the 1,000-egg basket\"\n\nCompanies now have an efficient, trusted channel to distribute their offerings across the web. ", "They're not going feel nearly as compelled to drive massive amounts of traffic to a single URL they control.", "\n\nWe've obviously been talking about this idea for years, now. ", "The \"death of the walled garden\", the need to talk to people where they already are...these are already commonly accepted truths in digital marketing. ", "The main reason that all that stuff still hasn't really come true, though, has been the amount of effort and risk that's been required. ", "These new tools offer them the ability to quickly and safely expand their reach, and then reap massive amounts of insight in return. ", "The companies behind what are now huge, monolithic destination sites are going to start feeling a lot more comfortable about leaving you to your own devices. ", "They're still going to need to offer you some kind of call-to-action, but it's going to less and less likely to be \"Visit www.ourcompany.com\".", "\n\nPersonal offers with a little red dot dancing on your forehead\n\nWhy did Expedia just offer you a great price on a trip to Italy? ", "Because your old college roommate lives there. ", "Why did Amazon recommend that book on Carl Jung? ", "Because you \"liked\" a site on dreams and psychoanalysis.", "\n\nCentralizing and sharing your information across sites\n\nProbably the most dramatic and obvious change we're going to see is the massive cross-flow of personal information across websites. ", "Amazon's not just going to know what I bought through Amazon, and they're not only going to know my favorite bands...they're going to have information on what I bought and liked from Barnes & Noble, and Best Buy.", "\n\nRetailers, especially, are going to have a really, really hard time with that Catch-22. ", "Many of them are going to resist it, and many of them are going to try and insist on safeguards so that information that they've \"earned\" by getting you to Like something doesn't benefit their competitors. ", "Even if those efforts are temporarily successful, though, there are going to be marketers and retailers who experiment successfully with an open approach, and that dam is going to break.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nThe opportunity to centralize your identity\n\nWhat that means for the consumer -- or for any consumer who wants to engage -- is potentially the end of a model where we each have 20 or 30 \"selves\" scattered across dozens of different sites.", "\n\nNOTE: I'm not going to bury this one in a sliding footnote: I completely understand that this is, in many ways, a devil's choice, and that for many people, in many circumstances, this is not a desirable option. ", "Nevertheless, it is a legitimate and very real likely consequence, and as options to centralize online identities do become broadly available, the potential convenience and efficiency is going to play a large role in how things play out.", "\n\nThe end of the bookmark as we know it\n\nFinally, a smaller point, but an inevitable one, I think -- get ready for the convention of browser bookmarks as we know it to eventually fade away. ", "It's only a small step for \"Like\" to become a version of Delicious on steroids, with instant critical mass. ", "Once you've got some decent tools to organize all the web pages you've Liked, how much sense does it make to maintain a redundant set? (", "And I'm saying this as someone who loves Xmarks.) ", "That's not to say that there aren't a lot of intermediate or hybrid options around synching, etc., ", "but...still.", "\n\nWrapping Up\n\nSince I already have some more ideas I want to explore in upcoming posts, I won't wrap this up too formally -- if you've invested the time and attention to read this far, then I really appreciate it, and I'd love to hear what you think.", "\n\nTwo broad categories of tools were announced at Facebook's F8 conference. ", "While the actual names they proposed aren't used much, the services still fall into these two basic categories:\n\nThe new Social Plug-ins can be easily added to any property, and while they're quite powerful, as their name implies, they are modular services that can be added or removed. ", "Technically, the plug-ins don't even need to give a site access to your FB data, although I believe they can if you give explicit permission.", "\n\nThe \"Instant Personalization\" program (bottom of page) goes much deeper -- it allows developers to integrate Facebook directly into a site's data and functionality. ", "By definition, a site that uses Instant Personalization expects to have direct access to your personal FB data.", "\n\nBefore anyone insists those things could never happen to them, because they would never let Facebook share their personal information like that, or that I'm somehow advocating this to come about, let me just say this:\n\nPersonally, I feel personal privacy is an enormously important issue, and I have really deep reservations and concerns about how this could all play out. ", "But, for one thing, \"privacy\" is such a big topic that it's like \"gravity\". ", "It's always there, but if you always gave it its due, you'd never talk about anything else. ", "I am genuinely interested in exploring the morality of the privacy issue, but there's no way to do that fairly here and stay focused.", "\n\nAs to whether or not this is a valid prediction, I honestly don't see how something along these lines doesn't eventually come to be. ", "Maybe it's not through Facebook. ", "Maybe it's in 15 years and not 5. ", "Hopefully it's because the recipient is totally OK with it. ", "No matter what, though, I really can't imagine that it never happens.", "\n\n3 Comments\n\nI did think of one issue that you haven’t yet addressed, a huge issue that would probably merit one of those–again, brilliant–graphic rest stops that you’re fond of, an issue that has contributed more to the Internet than Amazon and Facebook combined, an issue that WILL impede the Like juggernaut.", "\n\nPorn.", "\n\nNot just porn, actually, but any site that with which we do and yet do not want to be associated. ", "Man’s inherent duality demands not only an illusion of online privacy but also that the Internet afford us more than a single identity. ", "As Joe Browser becomes aware of the ramifications of clicking Like, he’ll become more and more hesitant to do so. ", "It comes down to Like vs. privacy, and any future paradigm must consider both.", "\n\nPoint definitely taken. ", "I’m still working out how I want to pull together my thoughts on that front, but one of the things I want to dig into are the parallel issues around the idea of a “self” — the added leverage that we may (or may not) see around our online identity won’t come from having some some, single static “me” emerge. ", "If it comes at all, it’s going to come from our ability to _control_ who we are — in any given context — from a central point.", "\n\nOne Trackback\n\n[…] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Laurent Stanevich, Kevin Munc. ", "Kevin Munc said: RT: Thoughts on new FB tools, Buddhism and an Ontology of Being…and what it will all mean – http://bit.ly/lbob-reification (via @LairBob) […]" ]

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[ "\n76 B.R. 328 (1987)\nIn re McLEAN INDUSTRIES, INC., ", "et al., ", "Debtor.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "86 B 12238-41.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York.", "\nJuly 29, 1987.", "\nMilbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy by Alan W. Kornberg, Stephen Shimshak, Robert Drain, New York City, for debtors-in-possession.", "\nWeil, Gotshal & Manges by Corinne Ball, Jacqueline Taubes, New York City, McCutchen, Black, Verleger & Shea by Sheldon A. Gebb, Los Angeles, Cal., ", "for Prudential Ins. ", "Co. of America.", "\nWhite & Case by Allan L. Gropper, New York City, for the Official Unsecured Creditors Committee.", "\nGilmartin, Poster & Shafto by Robert L. Poster, William K. Sheehy, New York City, Special Admiralty Counsel for debtors-in-possession.", "\nLatham & Watkins by Robert J. Rosenberg, Freehill, Hogan & Mahar by Nathan Bayer, New York City, for General Elec. ", "Credit Corp.\nHOWARD C. BUSCHMAN, III, Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nBefore us is a motion by Prudential Insurance Company of America (\"Prudential\"), a creditor, for relief from the automatic *329 stay, imposed by Section 362 of title 11 of the United States Code (the \"Bankruptcy Code\"), which would permit Prudential to foreclose on certain vessels that are the subject of alleged first preferred ship mortgages in favor of Prudential and require the Debtor to bring their challenge to those mortgages in the admiralty courts.", "\n\nI.\nUnited States Lines, Inc. (\"USL\" or \"Debtor\"), United States Lines (S.A.), Inc. (\"SA\"), McLean Industries, Inc. (\"McLean\"), and First Colony Farms, Inc. (\"First Colony\") each filed a petition with this Court on November 24, 1986 seeking relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "On the petition date (the \"filing date\"), this Court consolidated the Chapter 11 cases of USL, SA, McLean and First Colony for procedural purposes only.", "\nPrior to the filing, USL and SA had operated one of the largest container lines and cargo shipping companies in the world. ", "They retained possession of their assets as provided for in § 1107 and § 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "Both are in the process of winding up their shipping operations in a manner they believe will garner the most benefit for their creditors.", "\nThe facts pertaining to the instant motion are straight-forward and are hardly complex or technical. ", "Prudential, USL, McLean and First Colony were parties to a Note Purchase Agreement and Financing and Security Agreement, dated April 12, 1978 (hereinafter the \"1978 Debt Agreements\"), pursuant to which USL incurred an indebtedness (principal amount of $126,859,753.54) to Prudential (the \"1978 Debt\"). ", "Apparently, the outstanding principal amount of the 1978 debt on the filing date was $92,885,000. ", "In conjunction with the 1978 Debt Agreements, USL, as owner/mortgagor, and Prudential, as mortgagee, entered into three duly perfected first preferred ship mortgages dated April 12, 1978, collateralized by eight vessels known as the Lancers. ", "These mortgages were recorded in the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, New York, New York, on April 12, 1978 in Book PM/331 at pages 1, 2, and 3 (collectively, the \"1978 First Preferred Ship Mortgages\").", "\nIn April 1983, USL borrowed approximately $114,000,000 (the \"1983 Debt\") from Prudential and General Electric Credit Corporation (\"GECC\"). ", "The 1983 Debt was secured, inter alia, by second ship mortgages on each of the Lancers granted by USL, as owner, to United States Trust Company of New York, as indenture trustee, for the benefit of Prudential and GECC (the \"Second Ship Mortgages\"). ", "At the same time, the 1978 First Preferred Ship Mortgages were amended and superseded by a duly perfected first preferred ship mortgage recorded in the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, New York, New York, on April 21, 1983 in Book PM/368 at page 41 (the \"First Ship Mortgages\").", "\nIn 1986, the First Ship Mortgage was amended by a document called Amendment No. ", "1 to the First Preferred Ship Mortgage (\"Amendment No. ", "1\") dated April 14, 1986. ", "In addition to adding several covenants by USL, Amendment No. ", "1 reflected a reduction in USL's outstanding debt, stating:\nAs of January 1, 1986 there remained outstanding $92,885.00 in aggregate principal amount of the 1983 Company Notes. . . .", "\n. . . .", "\nSection 33 of the Original Mortgage is hereby amended to read in its entirety as follows:\n\"For the purpose of this mortgage and the endorsement thereof on the marine document of the vessel as required by the Ship Mortgage Act, 1920, as amended, (a) the total amount is $92,885.00 (the aggregate principal amount of 1983 Company Notes and Additional Notes, if any, now outstanding) and interest and performance of mortgage covenants, and (b) the date of the maturity is October 15, 1991 and (c) the discharge amount is the same as the total amount.\"", "\n*330 Contemporaneously with Amendment No. ", "1, several other ship mortgages securing the 1983 Debt were apparently amended in similar fashion.", "\nAs required by the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920, 46 U.S.C. § 921(a) (1968), Amendment No. ", "1 was recorded with the Documentation Office of the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection, United States Coast Guard, at New York, New York, on April 15, 1986 in Book Volume PM/419 at page 103.", "\nCertificates of documentation and abstract of title for each of the eight Lancers (Exhibits F (1)-(8), G(1)-(8)) were prepared and recorded. ", "In each of these documents, the principal amount of the outstanding debt to Prudential, pursuant to the First Ship Mortgage, is stated to have been \"reduced to $92,885.00\" from $126,859,753.54.", "\nAccordingly, the Debtor and Official Unsecured Creditors Committee (the \"Creditors Committee\") assert that Prudential's First Ship Mortgage is not valid beyond the perfected amount of $92,885.00. ", "Notwithstanding the statement of Amendment No. ", "1 reproduced above, Prudential claims that the principal amount of outstanding debt was erroneously recorded and endorsed by the Coast Guard as $92,885.00. ", "It asserts that it maintains a First Preferred Ship Mortgage in the principal amount of $92,885,000, as stated in an exhibit to Amendment No. ", "1, which indicates in its preliminary statement that \"[a]s of January 1, 1986 there remained outstanding $92,885,000 in aggregate principal amount of the 1983 Company Notes.\"", "\nPrudential's motion seeking relief from the automatic stay under Section 362(d) of the Bankruptcy Code initially sought an order permitting it to exercise its remedies in respect to the Lancers and related equipment and proceeds. ", "A preliminary hearing was held on June 4, 1987, and pursuant to § 362(e), a final hearing was set for June 26, 1987. ", "At the final hearing, the automatic stay was continued until after the entry of an order resolving Prudential's motion.", "\nAt the final hearing, the mortgage documents were admitted in evidence and the Debtor objected to the motion in full with respect to three of the Lancers on the ground that their sale to Sea-Land Services, Inc. (\"Sea-Land\"), as part of a package with other assets, was necessary to an effective reorganization. ", "11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(2). ", "No evidence was presented as to that issue by any party. ", "With respect to the other five Lancers, the Debtor stated its willingness to consent to the entry of an order for relief provided: (i) that the order retained in the bankruptcy court the ability to decide claims that the Debtors might have under 11 U.S.C. §§ 506(c), 544(a), and 551; and (ii) that the order further compel the return of proceeds from the sale of the vessels to this Court for distribution. ", "In response, Prudential agreed that this Court should retain the ability to consider the Debtor's claims under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c) for sums expended with respect to the Lancers, but asserted that the admiralty courts should decide the other issues and distribute the proceeds.", "\nAfter the close of the final hearing, the Court indicated its preference for evidence on the issue of necessity. ", "Concurrently, the Debtor announced that it had renegotiated their arrangement with Sea-Land to provide merely for charter by Sea-Land of three of the Lancers for a six month period with an option to renew for an additional six month period. ", "After hearing the parties, the Court ordered that the record be reopened for the purpose of taking evidence as to necessity and scheduled a hearing for July 15, 1987. ", "On the day of the hearing, counsel for the Debtor and counsel for Prudential announced that Prudential had conceptually agreed to the charter of three Lancers to Sea-Land and to exclude those three Lancers from the instant motion. ", "It was further agreed that the ultimate disposition of the three vessels would be treated similar to the other five vessels to be foreclosed in various U.S. admiralty courts and that the court should decide the issues raised by the Debtor. ", "That agreement was finalized on the record on July 23, 1987.", "\nThus, the issues before us are whether the automatic stay is only to be modified so as to retain in the bankruptcy court, rather *331 than deferring to the admiralty court, (i) the challenge by the Debtors, supported by the Creditors Committee, to the validity under the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 of Prudential's asserted lien of $92,885,000, in view of the power and status conferred upon debtors-in-possession and trustees by 11 U.S.C. § 544, (ii) the claim that, were Prudential's $92,885,000 lien unperfected, it may be preserved for the benefit of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 551, and (iii) the ability to distribute the proceeds from the sale of the vessels after they are sold by the admiralty courts.", "\n\nII.", "\nAs we continue to explore and map[1] the unchartered inlets and bays of maritime bankruptcy much in the manner of Champlain's marking the numerous unknown shoals and landfalls between Port Royale and Cape Cod,[2] it becomes increasingly important to identify the interplay of the bankruptcy and admiralty courts. ", "In this we are not concerned with the desire of creditors that their rights be determined elsewhere or the desire of debtors that their rights be determined in one bankruptcy court. ", "Rather we are concerned with the proper interplay of these systems in the construct of a particular case and in the light of the proper allocation of dispute resolution tasks.", "\nSuch concerns are usually addressed under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. ", "R.J. Pierce, S.A., Shapiro & P.A. Verkuil, Administrative Law & Process 208-10 (1985). ", "That doctrine provides that a court with jurisdiction may defer resolution of a technical factual issue to an administrative agency having expertise beyond the normal competence of judges in order to preserve consistency and uniformity in regulation of the business entrusted to that agency. ", "E.g., Far East Conference v. United States, 342 U.S. 570, 574-75, 72 S.Ct. ", "492, 494-95, 96 L.Ed. ", "576 (1952); In re McLean Industries. ", "Inc., 70 B.R. 852, 859, 15 B.C.D. 864, 16 C.B.C.2d 645, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 71,745 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "Cases such as Order of Railway Conductors v. Pitney, 326 U.S. 561, 567, 66 S.Ct. ", "332, 325, 90 L.Ed. ", "318 (1946) (intricate dispute between two unions regarding provision of services to bankrupt railroad should have been deferred by railroad reorganization court to Railway Labor Adjustment Board and court should have stayed proceedings before it pending resolution by the Board), Smith v. Hoboken R.R. Co., 328 U.S. 123, 130, 66 S.Ct. ", "947, 951-52, 90 L.Ed. ", "1123 (1946) (issue of whether a bankrupt railroad had forfeited track rights should have been deferred by railroad reorganization court to the Interstate Commerce Commission in view of statute requiring commission certificate for abandonment of tracks), Nathanson v. National Labor Relations Board, 344 U.S. 25, 30, 73 S.Ct. ", "80, 83-84, 97 L.Ed. ", "23 (1952) (liquidation of unfair labor practice claim should have been deferred by bankruptcy court to the NLRB for it to determine the appropriate remedy), and Gary Aircraft Corp. v. United States of America (In re Gary Aircraft Corp.), 698 F.2d 775 (5th Cir.1983) (claims arising from government contract should have been deferred by bankruptcy court to Board of Contract Appeals where claims were highly technical and complex), can be viewed as falling under that doctrine. ", "In the absence of precedent, whether to defer liquidation of a claim to an agency is an issue in the court's \"sound discretion.\" ", "Nathanson, 344 U.S. at 30, 73 S.Ct. ", "at 83-84.", "\nHere, however, we are not concerned with the allocation of dispute resolution functions between court and agency. ", "We are, instead, concerned with the degree to which the automatic stay codified in 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) is to be modified to permit Prudential to litigate elsewhere the validity of its lien with a debtor-in-possession, in light of the status and powers conveyed by 11 U.S.C. §§ 544 and 551. ", "In determining *332 whether to vacate or modify the automatic stay in connection with entering an order for relief from the automatic stay under § 362(d), the bankruptcy court has discretion. ", "In re McLean Industries, Inc., 74 B.R. 589, 602 (S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "In the exercise of that discretion, several considerations obtain.", "\nA. Jurisdictional Considerations\nPrimary among these considerations is the notion that the bankruptcy court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the validity of the maritime liens asserted by Prudential. ", "E.g., Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of N.Y. v. Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. 987, 995, 10 C.B.C.2d 1156, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 69,752 (S.D.N.Y.1984); cf. ", "In re Modern Boats, Inc., 775 F.2d 619, 620 (5th Cir. ", "1985). ", "Thus, this is not a case like Smith v. Hoboken R.R. Co., where Congress required affirmative action by an agency, or In re Prudential Lines Inc., 69 B.R. 439, 16 C.B.C.2d 383, 15 B.C.D. 445, Bankr.", "L. Rep. (CCH) ¶ 71,676 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987), where Congress had enacted an automatic exemption for pre-petition admiralty foreclosure actions brought by the United States Maritime Administration. ", "Instead, this is an issue within the \"core\" jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts, for 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(K) provides that \"determinations of the validity, extent, or priority of liens\" are core matters.[3]\nThat this jurisdiction includes determinations pertaining to maritime liens cannot be seriously questioned. ", "See F.R. Kennedy, Jurisdictional Problems Between Admiralty and Bankruptcy Courts, 59 Tulane L.Rev. ", "1183, 1201 n. 96 (1985) (collecting bankruptcy cases where the validity and priority of maritime liens has been determined by bankruptcy courts); Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. at 995. ", "Accordingly, Prudential does not contend that this Court lacks such power or that the admiralty courts have exclusive jurisdiction to determine the validity of a ship mortgage.", "\nThis observation might be tempered by the notion that the bankruptcy court lacks jurisdiction to liquidate personal injury claims. ", "See In re Waterman Steamship Co., 63 B.R. 435, 436, 14 B.C.D. 884 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1986); 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B), (b)(5). ", "In a maritime case, that lack of jurisdiction assumes importance because of the inchoate maritime lien status afforded to seamen's personal injury claims. ", "But the issue here does not involve a debtor's attempt to challenge seamen's liens.[4]\nAlso of concern is the unfortunate notion that the law has not yet grown to the point where other nations have afforded comity to bankruptcy proceedings, see McLean, 74 B.R. at 602 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y. June 10, 1987), and, consequently, have recognized only the decrees of admiralty courts that wipe a vessel clean of liens. ", "Hellenic Lines, 38 B.R. at 996. ", "Such an issue might have significance with respect to a foreign lienor not subject to personal jurisdiction. ", "Here, however, Prudential is subject to personal jurisdiction. ", "Thus, any judgment will be binding on it and the estate.", "\nB. Nature of the Dispute[5]\nOf more relevance to the allocation of dispute resolution is the proper use of *333 available expertise to resolve technical factual issues. ", "In holding that the bankruptcy court should have deferred a governmental contract dispute to the Board of Contract Appeals, the court in Gary Aircraft observed that governmental contract law \"tends to be technical and esoteric, and that Boards of Contract Appeals were created precisely because of the needs for expertise, speed, and uniformity in resolving government contract disputes.\" ", "Gary Aircraft Corp., 698 F.2d at 784.", "\nHere, however, the issues are not factual but legal. ", "Indeed, the facts are seemingly undisputed and are hardly complex. ", "Resolution of this dispute falls within the general competence of judges, and, because it concerns sections of the Bankruptcy Code, it falls within the specialized competence of bankruptcy judges.", "\nThe bankruptcy issues arise because the Debtor grounds its challenge to Prudential's asserted lien of $92,885,000 on the status given to it as debtor-in-possession by § 544(a) and seeks to preserve that lien for the benefit of the estate pursuant to § 551 of the Code. ", "Section 544(a) provides:\n(a) the trustee shall have, as of the commencement of the case, and without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or any creditor, the rights and powers of, or may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable by:\n(1) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and that obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, a judicial lien on all property on which a creditor on a simple contract could have obtained such a judicial lien, whether or not such a creditor exists;\n(2) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, an execution against the debtor that is returned unsatisfied at such time, whether or not such a creditor exists; or\n(3) a bona fide purchaser of real property, other than fixtures, from the debtor, against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected, that obtains the status of a bona fide purchaser and has perfected such transfer at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not such a purchaser exists.", "\nSection 551 provides for preservation for the benefit of a transfer with respect to property of the estate that is avoided under § 544. ", "Since a transfer includes the parting with an interest in property, 11 U.S.C. § 101(50), avoided liens can be preserved.", "\nUnder § 544 the avoidability of a lien is, with the exception of the exclusion of actual notice, dependent upon nonbankruptcy law. ", "E.g., McCannon v. Marston, 679 F.2d 13, 16-17 (3rd Cir.1982); In re Velikopoljski, 54 B.R. 534 (Bankr.", "S.D.Fla.1985) (held debtor-in-possession may avoid a mortgage lien not perfected in accordance with the Ship Mortgage Act); Varon v. Trimble, Marshall & Goldman, P.C., et al., ", "In re Euro-Swiss International Corp.), 33 B.R. 872, 881, 11 B.C.D. 113 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1983); cf. ", "Matter of Alberto, 66 B.R. 132, 2 U.C.C. Rep.Serv.2d (Callaghan) 1378 (Bankr.", "D.N.J.1985) (creditors holding mortgages on Ch. ", "7 debtor's yacht moved for relief from the automatic stay. ", "The trustee sought to avoid the creditors' security interest. ", "The court noted that the Ship Mortgage Act does not allow post-petition perfection of a mortgage. ", "Reasoning that mortgages were not perfected until the Coast Guard endorsed them and recorded them in accordance with the Act, it held that perfection could not relate back to the date the mortgage was first delivered to *334 the Coast Guard for endorsement and recording.). ", "Such nonbankruptcy issues may also intertwine with bankruptcy issues, at least to the extent that they concern the lack of actual notice status granted by § 544.", "\nPursuant to 46 U.S.C. § 921(c), a mortgage pertaining to a U.S.-flag vessel must be recorded in the office of the collector of customs at the vessel's port of documentation in order to be valid against the vessel and against any person except the mortgagor and \"a person having actual knowledge thereof.\" ", "The collector of customs is to record mortgages in order of receipt in books indexed to show, inter alia, the amount thereof. ", "46 U.S.C. § 921(b). ", "To enjoy preferred status even as against maritime lienors, a recorded mortgage must be endorsed on the vessel's documents. ", "46 U.S.C. § 922.", "\nAs developed by the parties, not even the issue of validity of the First Mortgage is entirely dependent upon admiralty law. ", "Citing cases arising under state law, e.g., Phoenix Mutual Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Kingston Bank & Trust Co., 172 Tenn. 335, 112 S.W.2d 381, 384 (1938), Prudential contends that the recordation of a document constitutes constructive notice of all its contents. ", "Furthermore, it asserts that a would-be creditor has a duty to examine all documents and that such duty is of particular significance under circumstances where there is an obvious mistake in the record or inconsistency in the recorded documents.", "\nThat contention gives rise to bankruptcy law considerations. ", "Under § 544(a)(3), a debtor-in-possession is given the status of a bona fide purchaser of real property. ", "As such, it is subject to the type of constructive notice, see, e.g., Euro Swiss, that Prudential claims on this point, and in its additional assertion, that notice could be gleaned from examination of Exhibit A to Amendment No. ", "1. ", "As noted, that exhibit states that $92,885,000 of principal remained outstanding with respect to the notes issued in 1983, notwithstanding the statement in Amendment No. ", "1 that the mortgage secures $92,885.00 in principal. ", "But this case does not concern real property, and Prudential has not briefed the issue of whether such constructive notice defeats a claim of an execution creditor that was secured by USL upon the filing of its reorganization petition. ", "As noted, § 921(a) of the Shipping Act excepts, in this respect, only \"a person having actual knowledge thereof\" and § 544(a)(2) confers the status of an execution creditor \"without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or of any creditor.\" ", "Understandably, Prudential does not assert that this issue raises a need for admiralty expertise.", "\nIn addition, the Debtor and Creditors Committee essentially contend that the purpose of an amendment is to revise a document. ", "Amendment No. ", "1 states that the purpose of the mortgage is to secure payment of $92,885.00 which is stated to be the outstanding amount. ", "Accordingly, they assert that any potential creditor could justifiably believe that the outstanding mortgage lien amounted to $92,885.00 on November 24, 1986 when the petition was filed, and that the mistake was not so obvious as to put potential creditors on notice to examine other recorded documents.", "\nPrudential responds that the actual notice requirement of § 921(a) is met by examination of the public record and the documents aboard the Lancers. ", "It relies on cases upholding ship mortgages containing obligations not shown on the face of the Coast Guard \"index\" documents. ", "See, e.g., Southland Financial Corp. v. Oil Screw Mary Evelyn, 248 F.Supp. ", "520 (E.D.La. ", "1965) (future advances); General Electric Credit Corp. v. Oil Screw Triton VI, 712 F.2d 991 (5th Cir.1983) (attorneys' fees). ", "In turn, Debtor and Creditors Committee note the difference between such items as future advances and attorneys' fees and a statement of the principal due on the obligation secured by a mortgage. ", "They add that Amendment No. ", "1, recorded on April 1, 1986 and entered in the general index of each vessel, described the amount secured by the First Mortgage as \"reduced to $92,885.00.\" ", "That same amount was then endorsed by the Coast Guard on the Certificates of Documentation of each of the vessels as the reduced total amount of the First Mortgage, as amended. ", "Accordingly, *335 to them, the First Mortgage is not perfected beyond the sum of $92,885.00. ", "They thus assert that the First Ship Mortgage does not enjoy preferred status for a higher amount since proper recordation is a prerequisite to preferred status. ", "To this, they add the assertion that a statutory requirement of indexing mandates proper recordation since inquiring parties are usually expected to consult the index rather than the actual instrument on file. ", "In re Himmelstein, 5 B.C.D. 288 (Bankr.", "D.N. J.1979) (mortgage omitting parcels of land considered to be unrecorded as to omitted parcels).", "\nIn response Prudential notes that the index and certificates fail to reflect the filing of a partial satisfaction of its First Mortgage in the amount of $126 million. ", "Citing THE FAVORITE, 120 F.2d 899 (2d Cir.1941), it states that the lack of a filed partial satisfaction left the original mortgage intact. ", "Here, however, the original mortgage was, after all, amended. ", "The Debtor and Creditors Committee note that the reduction to $92,885 stated on the certificates conveys the same message as a partial satisfaction. ", "Furthermore, it would appear that all THE FAVORITE decided is that a preferred ship mortgage remains such after maturity. ", "See 120 F.2d at 902.", "\nResolution of these issues obviously requires no expertise beyond the general competence of judges. ", "Nor is such expertise required to resolve Prudential's assertion that its First Ship Mortgage, as amended by Amendment No. ", "1, substantially complied with the provisions of the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 and must be upheld in full.", "\nIt is generally said that the recordation and endorsement requirements of the Ship Mortgage Act are to be strictly construed. ", "See Port Welcome Cruises, Inc. v. S.S. Bay Belle, 215 F.Supp. ", "72, 78 (D.Md.1963) (\"[s]trict compliance with the Act as a matter of jurisdiction is required\"); accord, e.g., Morse Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Steamship No. ", "Star, 271 U.S. 552, 46 S.Ct. ", "589, 70 L.Ed. ", "1082 (1926) (lien for repairs held to take precedence over a prior preferred ship mortgage which had not been endorsed at the time of repairs); THE EMMA GILES, 15 F.Supp. ", "502, 504 (D.Md. ", "1936); THE OCEAN VIEW, 21 F.2d 875 (D.Md.1927). ", "As stated by a principal commentary, \"The Mortgage Act outdoes the worst of the old-fashioned state chattel mortgage acts in its insistence on formalities of execution and in the detail of its recording mechanics.\" ", "G. Gilmore & C.L. Black, The Law of Admiralty, § 9-52, at 706-07 (2d ed. ", "1975).", "\nNevertheless, courts have upheld the validity of ship mortgages under the doctrine of substantial compliance, in the face of minor discrepancies or error not prejudicing third parties. ", "See, e.g., Seattle First National Bank v. Bluewater Partnership, 772 F.2d 565 (9th Cir.1985) (bank met minimum statutory requirements to qualify as a trustee); Merchant's National Bank of Mobile v. The Ward Rig. ", "No. ", "7, 634 F.2d 952 (5th Cir.1981) (4-day discrepancy in mortgage date); Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. v. Hellenic Lines Limited, 621 F.Supp. ", "198 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (irregularity in the oath and swearing of individuals, where notaries had witnesses to the execution of mortgages and signed each acknowledgement); Suburban Trust v. Oil Screw Teddy Bear, 1975 A.M.C. 1668 (M.D.Fla.1975) (discrepancy as to date on which mortgage was executed); Lake Jackson State Bank v. Oil Screw Kingfish Too, 240 F.Supp. ", "450 (S.D.Texas 1965) (minor errors in affidavit of good faith); Gulf Coast Marine Ways v. The J.R. Hardee, 107 F.Supp. ", "379 (S.D.Texas 1952) (minor error in affidavit of good faith, with no claims of injury or actual fraud).", "\nAnalysis of this issue will require, inter alia, consideration of whether the First Ship Mortgage, as amended by Amendment No. ", "1, is to be found in \"substantial compliance\" with the Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 as that doctrine has been interpreted insofar as a mortgage lien of $92,885,000 is asserted, and in view of the intervening lien status granted to the debtor-in-possession by § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "The Velikopoljski and Alberto courts did not reach this issue, for in those cases the mortgagees failed to record the mortgages.", "\n*336 Of the cases cited by Prudential, none deals directly with the issue. ", "Only certain dicta in Port Welcome Cruises, Inc. v. S.S. Bay Belle, bears on the issue. ", "There, the amount of the mortgage was stated to be $1,500,000 on both the documents of the collection of customs of the port of documentation of the ship and on the vessel's documents. ", "Due to a subsequent partial failure of consideration, the debt was reduced to $1,300,000. ", "In holding the mortgage valid, the court stated, \"The existence of a lesser lien amount than shown on the documents of the ship, when not the fault of the mortgagee, in no way harms subsequent lienors. ", "If anything, it may help them if the proceeds from a sale of the property is in excess of this amount.\" ", "Id. at 82.", "\nTo the Debtor and the Creditors Committee Port Welcome Cruises is distinguishable from the case at bar in that here the recorded documents state the lesser amount, and Prudential, as mortgagee, signed them.", "\nMore significantly, they assert that substantial compliance cannot be found if the effect is to change the amount reflected by Amendment No. ", "1. ", "They observe that a recorded document that allegedly understates the amount of a ship mortgage by some $92 million can hardly be said to be in substantial compliance. ", "Moreover, they claim that the estate is to be sorely prejudiced, for to now find such a document to substantially comply with the requirements of the Ship Mortgage Act would defeat the right to preserve that mortgage for the estate that was gained upon the filing of the Debtor's bankruptcy petition.", "\nThey further assert that any such finding would impermissibly constitute a reformation of Amendment No. ", "1. ", "On this score, they at least imply that the substantial compliance doctrine rests on the absence of prejudice to others. ", "They add that reformation should not be ordered in the face of an intervening lien. ", "E.g., Sky Harbor, Inc. v. Jenner, 164 Colo. 470, 435 P.2d 894 (1968); North East Indep. ", "School Dist. ", "v. Aldridge, 528 S.W.2d 341 (Tex.", "Civ. ", "App.1975); Eastern Kentucky Production Credit Ass'n v. Scott, 247 S.W.2d 983 (Ky. 1952). ", "Accordingly, they rely on several cases holding that a deed or other recorded document cannot be reformed against a trustee in bankruptcy or debtor-in-possession given the lien creditor status provided by § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. ", "See, e.g., In re Cunninghan, 48 B.R. 509, 512 (Bankr.", "M.D.Tenn.1985); In re Dlott, 43 B.R. 789, 793-94 (Bankr.", "D.Mass.1983); In re Robinson, 38 B.R. 255, 257 (Bankr.", "D. Maine 1984); In re Pribish, 25 B.R. 403, 404 (Bankr.", "D.Maine 1982); In re Hunt, 18 B.R. 504 (Bankr.", "E.D.Tenn.1982); In re Himmelstein, 5 B.C.D. 288, 1 C.B.C.2d 13 (Bankr.", "D.N.J.1979).", "\nIt is thus apparent that application of even the doctrine of substantial compliance involves no resolution of complex and highly technical factual issues, and the doctrine itself brings into play bankruptcy issues through consideration of that doctrine in light of the purpose of § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code and the status it confers.", "\nIn addition, the dispute involving § 551 of the Bankruptcy Code involves purely bankruptcy issues. ", "GECC asserts that Prudential's First Ship Mortgage can be found valid only in the amount of $92,885. ", "It claims that the Second Ship Mortgage held by it slides down to fill the gap. ", "The Debtor and Creditors Committee assert that § 551 governs and clearly calls for lien preservation.", "\nC. Resolution\nNotwithstanding the nonfactual nature of the nonbankruptcy issues, the presence of bankruptcy issues, and the lack of need for specialized expertise, Prudential claims that this case is like Prudential Lines, where this court held that 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12) is self-executing and stated that:\nthe vacatur of the automatic stay [pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12)] revests the admiralty court with jurisdiction to foreclose the debtor's interests. ", "Upon sale, the rights of a debtor to a vessel are extinguished. ", "What remains are the proceeds to be distributed. ", "As to that § 362(b)(12) permits the admiralty court, in light of its specialized nature and expertise, . . . ", "to rank maritime liens, hold a sale of a vessel when appropriate under *337 principles of maritime law and distribute the proceeds of such a sale only to maritime lien claimants and the holders of valid ship mortgages and security interests.", "\n69 B.R. at 451 (citations omitted).", "\nTo say that this statement resolves the issue here is to beg the question. ", "Nothing in Prudential Lines indicates that the grant of relief from the automatic stay requires that only the admiralty court determine a debtor's challenge to the validity of maritime liens and whether they can be preserved for the estate under applicable bankruptcy principles.[6] Indeed, where validity is to be tested at least in part by bankruptcy principles, as appears to be the case here, it makes no sense to deflect that resolution to the admiralty court.", "\nNevertheless, Prudential argues that, regardless of the outcome here, the validity of the lien must be tried in eight admiralty courts upon foreclosure of each of the Lancers, because maritime lienors might challenge the preferred status of the First Ship Mortgage as amended by Amendment No. ", "1. ", "This assertion ignores the Debtor's claim that the $92,885,000 mortgage can be preserved pursuant to § 551 of the Bankruptcy Code for the benefit of the estate if found to be unperfected. ", "Thus, if the Debtor prevails, it would appear that the validity issue need not be addressed in those eight foreclosure proceedings. ", "Conversely, if Prudential prevails, it will have the benefit of a decision that it can present to the admiralty courts in eight foreclosure proceedings. ", "In this it will not be significantly prejudiced. ", "A decision in any one of the eight foreclosure proceedings may not be binding on other foreclosure actions absent joinder of all maritime lien claimants on all vessels. ", "Prudential will seemingly have to present a decision of those courts to the others and argue that it should be followed. ", "If it prevails here, Prudential should be able to do the same thing.", "\nRetaining resolution of the debtor's challenge to the lien claimed by Prudential is, moreover, fully consistent with Judge Sweet's reasoning in Hellenic Lines. ", "In addressing the allocation of dispute resolution between the admiralty and bankruptcy courts, Judge Sweet focused on the task to be performed. ", "He observed that, given the broader recognition of admiralty court decrees selling vessels free and clear of liens, that function might best be performed by it, while no such concerns arose with respect to bankruptcy jurisdiction over freight. ", "38 B.R. at 995-96.", "\nDetermination of the validity of Prudential's alleged lien and whether it may be preserved for the benefit of the estate, pursuant to maritime law, bankruptcy principles and state law doctrines, similarly raises no practical need for determination by the admiralty court as opposed to the bankruptcy court. ", "Indeed, given the bankruptcy issues involved, it appears that they should be first determined by a \"judge having expertise in bankruptcy law. ", "There is no assurance that a better initial determination would be made by a district court.\" ", "Salomon v. Kaiser (In re Kaiser). ", "722 F.2d 1574, 1581 (2d Cir.1983).", "\nIn addition, it is to be remembered that the bankruptcy courts are often called upon to assess the validity of liens and security interests under a variety of laws which are often considered by state and other federal courts. ", "See, e.g., NYNEX BISC. ", "v. Beker Industries Corp. (In re Beker Industries Corp.), 69 B.R. 937, 3 *338 U.C.C. Rep.Serv.2d (Callaghan) 1105 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1987). ", "It makes no sense to refer all such issues to other courts. ", "The admiralty courts, moreover, while experienced in handling admiralty matters, are district judges sitting in admiralty. ", "District judges handle all matters of federal jurisdiction. ", "The validity of liens is a core matter within the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts; absent application of the traditional grounds for abstention or, as in Gary Aircraft, the presence of complex and technical factual issues requiring examination by a body with expertise, they, like all federal courts, have \"the unflagging duty to exercise\" their jurisdiction. ", "Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817, 96 S.Ct. ", "1236, 1246, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976); In re Cobham Enterprises, Inc., 62 B.R. 191, 195 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1986). ", "The order for relief is thus to provide for this Court's retention of this dispute.", "\n\nIII.", "\nAccordingly, we now turn to the Debtor's assertion that this Court should only modify the automatic stay, retaining jurisdiction over claims that the Debtor may have under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c) and the distribution of proceeds from the vessels in order to make sure that it obtains recovery \"from the property\" standing as collateral. ", "11 U.S.C. § 506(c). ", "Prudential, relying on the legislative history to 11 U.S.C. § 506(c), 124 Cong.", "Rec. ", "H11,095, H11,111, H11,112 (Sept. 28, 1978), claims that it will make good any final judgment rendered under 11 U.S.C. § 506(c), and, therefore, this Court need not retain the proceeds. ", "It further states that it has no objection to a provision retaining in this Court the ability to determine whether the Debtors may recover under § 506(c).", "\nIn the present posture of this case where the Debtor asserts that it will soon be commencing an adversary proceeding contesting the validity of Prudential's lien and seeking to preserve it for the benefit of the estate and an adversary proceeding seeking to charge Prudential with § 506(c) costs, we see no need to resolve the disposition of proceeds issue at this time. ", "The admiralty process will not be completed overnight. ", "Proceeds from the five vessels will be held by the admiralty courts pending resolution of seamen's and other liens. ", "Meanwhile, the parties can try the perfection and preservation issues here. ", "If the Debtor does not prevail, its § 506(c) claims will resume significance and they too can be tried. ", "What court eventually distributes the proceeds from the foreclosed vessels would seem, at this stage, to be of little moment and can be determined later. ", "All that need be done now is (i) modify the automatic stay in order to retain resolution of the issue, rather than vacate it, (ii) require the Debtor to formalize its claims in the near future by filing the requisite pleadings so that they can be handled in advance of, or contemporaneously with, the forthcoming admiralty court proceedings and (iii) preclude distribution of vessel proceeds by the admiralty courts pending further order of this court.", "\nThe foregoing constitutes this Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule 7052 of the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.", "\nSETTLE ORDER.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See In re McLean Industries, Inc. et al., ", "74 B.R. 589, 590, 596 (Bankr. ", "S.D.N.Y.1987); In re Prudential Lines Inc., 69 B.R. 439, 16 C.B.C.2d 383, 15 B.C.D. 445, Bankr.", "L.Rep. (", "CCH) ¶ 71,676 (Bankr.", "S.D.N.Y.1987).", "\n[2] See S.E. Morison, Samuel de Champlain Father of New France 71-89 (Little Brown & Co. 1972).", "\n[3] As Judge Friendly observed, \"There appears to be no doubt that a bankruptcy court can be constitutionally vested with power to resort to its judgment in determining what constitutes satisfaction of the claims of creditors.\" ", "In re Penn Central Corp., 384 F.Supp. ", "895, 950 (Regional Rail Reorg.", "Ct.1974). ", "Numerous precedents indicate the power of the bankruptcy courts, even under the summary jurisdiction of the former Bankruptcy Act, to determine the validity of maritime liens. ", "F.R. Kennedy, Jurisdictional Problems Between Admiralty and Bankruptcy Courts, 59 Tulane L.Rev. ", "1183, 1199-1201 (1985).", "\n[4] Prudential argues that it is unfair to retain jurisdiction over the question of the validity of its lien because it, as arresting party with respect to the Lancers, will have to pay out certain expenses and it will have to contest the assertion of seamen's liens, without knowing whether its lien is valid. ", "It, however, faces the same choice were the admiralty courts to determine the issue and offers no reason why any relief granted to the Debtor, should it prevail on the issue, cannot be conditioned on the Debtor reimbursing it for those expenses and the expenses of contesting liens asserted to have a higher priority.", "\n[5] In this section, no conclusions of law are drawn with respect to the matters that will be raised in the adversary proceeding that will have to be brought by the Debtor to set aside Prudential's lien in excess of $92,885.00. ", "Nor are all of the contentions of the parties stated. ", "We attempt only to canvass the principal points made and to put them in a legal context in order to set forth the nature of the dispute. ", "GECC concurred with the Debtor and Creditor's Committee on several points regarding Prudential's mortgage lien; on these points it is not necessary to distinguish which party asserted which position.", "\n[6] There was no issue in Prudential Lines concerning the validity of a maritime lien. ", "All that is stated therein is that the admiralty court could rank such liens and implicitly determine their validity under maritime law principles. ", "Nor can anything more be drawn from our statement in McLean, 74 B.R. at 602 (1987), that it was held in Prudential Lines \"that issues of validity and ranking of maritime liens fell within the expertise of the admiralty courts and should generally be left to them upon the end of the ninety-day stay of MarAd foreclosure actions provided in 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(12).\" ", "Congress, in providing an automatic exception to the automatic stay in favor of MarAd by enacting § 362(b)(12), did not require the bankruptcy court to determine, in those instances, whether, as provided in § 362(d), the order for relief should vacate or modify the automatic stay. ", "That is precisely the issue here. ", "Moreover, the quoted statement only refers to general practice and not to the instance before us where the challenge to validity rests on and impacts bankruptcy principles and where the facts are neither technical nor complex.", "\n" ]

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[ "MANILA, Philippines — President Rodrigo Duterte appeared \"unkempt\" in his meeting with Russian Prime Minister Dmitri Medvedev, a foreign journalist noticed.", "\n\nPavel Vondra, editor at Czech Radio Plus, posted a photo of Medvedev and Duterte, as well as screenshots of Russians' comments on Duterte.", "\n\nIn the photo, Duterte's collar was open and his necktie was loose.", "\n\n\"Rodrigo Duterte showed up a bit unkempt for the meeting with the Russian PM Medvedev in Moscow and the Russian internet is having a blast: 'Did he drink all night?', '", "Did he just leave the pub?', '", "Do Filipinos know what a (state visit) protocol is?' ", "people ask,\" Vondra tweeted Thursday.", "\n\nRodrigo #Duterte showed up a bit unkempt for the meeting with the Russian PM Medvedev in Moscow and the Russian internet is having a blast: \"Did he drink all night?\", \"", "Did he just leave the pub?\", \"", "Do Filipinos know what a (state visit) protocol is?\" ", "people ask. #", "DuterteInRussia pic . ", "twitter.com/U823KExjDW — Pavel Vondra (@pavelvond) October 2, 2019\n\nMalacañang was quick to defend Duterte, insisting that the president does not look unkempt.", "\n\nPresidential spokesperson Salvador Panelo said Duterte loosened his tie as he was feeling suffocated and ver uncomfortable.", "\n\n\"What those kibitzers refer to is the way he wore his tie. ", "He loosened it up,\" Panelo said.", "\n\n\"The president is very hygienic. ", "His body emits a refreshing scent as observed by people who meet up close to him,\" he added.", "\n\nMedvedev welcomed Duterte on his second visit to Russia Wednesday night.", "\n\n\"I am very glad to welcome you to Moscow, in the house of the Russian government. ", "It is sometimes called the white house, but it is not the white house which is in another country,\" Medvedev told Duterte.", "\n\nDuterte , on the other hand, talked about the port call of the Philippine Navy's BRP Tarlac in Vladivostok last year.", "\n\nThe president described the navy's first port call to Russia \"a historic milestone in our relations.\"" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We introduce a class of multidimensional Schrödinger operators with elliptic potential which generalize the classical Lamé operator to higher dimensions. ", "One natural example is the Calogero–Moser operator, others are related to the root systems and their deformations. ", "We conjecture that these operators are algebraically integrable, which is a proper generalization of the finite-gap property of the Lamé operator. ", "Using earlier results of Braverman, Etingof and Gaitsgory, we prove this under additional assumption of the usual, Liouville integrability. ", "In particular, this proves the Chalykh–Veselov conjecture for the elliptic Calogero–Moser problem for all root systems. ", "We also establish algebraic integrability in all known two-dimensional cases. ", "A general procedure for calculating the Bloch eigenfunctions is explained. ", "It is worked out in detail for two specific examples: one is related to $B_2$ case, another one is a certain deformation of the $A_2$ case. ", "In these two cases we also obtain similar results for the discrete versions of these problems, related to the difference operators of Macdonald–Ruijsenaars type.'", "\naddress:\n- 'O.C.: Department of Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA'\n- 'P.E.: Department of Mathematics, MIT, 77 Mass. Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA'\n- 'A.O.: Department of Mathematics, MIT, 77 Mass. Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA'\nauthor:\n- 'Oleg Chalykh$^1$, Pavel Etingof, Alexei Oblomkov'\ntitle: Generalized Lamé operators\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn this paper we consider higher-dimensional analogues of the classical Lamé operator $$\\label{lame}\nL=-\\frac{d^2}{dz^2}+m(m+1)\\wp(z)\\,,\\qquad m\\in\\mathbb Z_+\\,.$$ Here $\\wp(z)=\\wp(z|1,\\tau)$ is the Weierstrass $\\wp$-function with periods $1,\\tau$. More generally, we are interested in multivariable analogues of the so-called [**elliptic algebro-geometric operators**]{} $L=-d^2/dz^2+u(z)$, which appeared in the finite-gap theory initiated in 70’s by Novikov [@N]. ", "This theory provides a beautiful interplay between the spectral theory and algebraic geometry, and the Lamé operator is the simplest and best known member of this family of operators (see [@KN] for a survey). ", "Since then there have been several attempts to generalize some parts of that theory to higher dimensions, most notably [@Na1; @Na2], see also [@Pa; @Os; @Ro]. ", "We should stress, however, that in general this leads to differential operators with [*matrix coefficients*]{}. ", "On the other hand, in [@CV90] it was suggested to consider the quantum elliptic Calogero–Moser problem and its versions related to the root systems [@OP] as natural multidimensional analogues of the Lamé operator. ", "More specifically, a conjecture from [@CV90] says that for integer values of the coupling parameters the corresponding Schrödinger operators are [*algebraically integrable*]{} (this is a proper generalization of the properties of the algebro-geometric operators to higher dimensions, see [@VSC; @BEG] and Section \\[ai\\] below). ", "For the rational and trigonometric versions of the Calogero–Moser problem this was proved in [@VSC]. ", "Elliptic version, however, turned out to be more difficult: until now it was known for $A_n$ case only, due to [@BEG].", "\n\nOne of the results of the present paper is a proof of that conjecture of [@CV90] for all root systems. ", "In fact, our approach applies to a wider class of Schrödinger operators, which is an elliptic version of the class introduced in [@C98], see also [@CFV]. ", "Their singularities are the second order poles along a set of hyperplanes satisfying some special conditions, which encode the [*triviality of the local monodromy*]{} around each of the poles. ", "We call the corresponding Schrödinger operators the [**generalized Lamé operators**]{}. ", "The Calogero–Moser operators with integer coupling parameters give particular examples of such operators. ", "Our main result says that for a generalized Lamé operator its algebraic integrability follows from the usual, Liouville integrability (in a slightly stronger sense). ", "The proof uses a criterion from [@BEG], based on differential Galois theory. ", "In dimension one we recover in this way the main result of [@GW1]. ", "For the elliptic Calogero–Moser problem the complete integrability was proved (for all root systems) by Cherednik [@Ch], and this allows us to prove the conjecture of [@CV90].", "\n\nA complete description of all generalized Lamé operators is an open problem. ", "All known (irreducible) examples in dimension $>1$ are related to the root systems and their deformations which appeared in [@CFV; @CV1]; we list them all in Section 4. ", "We conjecture that they are all algebraically integrable. ", "Using our main result, we check this for all two-dimensional examples, since the complete integrability is relatively easy to work out in that case.", "\n\nOne important property of the algebraically integrable operators is that their eigenfunctions can be calculated explicitly (at least, in principle). ", "In section 5 we explain how to find the Bloch eigenfunctions for a given integrable generalized Lamé operator, in particular, for the elliptic Calogero–Moser problem. ", "As a result, we will see that the Bloch solutions are parametrized by the points of an algebraic variety, which is a covering of a product of elliptic curves (in a perfect agreement with the situation in dimension one, due to Krichever [@K]). ", "Let us mention that for the elliptic Calogero–Moser problem (in the $A_n$ case) the Bloch eigenfunctions were calculated by Felder and Varchenko [@FV]. ", "Our procedure is different and more general (at cost of being less effective). ", "We also explain how these Bloch solutions can be used to construct the discrete spectrum eigenstates for the Calogero–Moser problem.", "\n\nIn the last three sections of the paper we consider two particular examples of the generalized Lamé operators in dimension $2$, for which we make the formulas for the Bloch solutions very explicit. ", "The first example is $$\\label{1}\nL=-\\Delta+2\\wp(x)+2\\wp(y)+4\\wp(x-y)+4\\wp(x+y)\\,.$$ This is a special case of the elliptic Calogero–Moser problem of the $B_2$-type. ", "Our second example is $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{2}\nL=-\\Delta +2\\wp(x)+2(a^2+b^2)\\wp(ax+by)+ 2(\\overline{\\mathstrut\na}^2+\\overline{\\mathstrut b}^2) \\wp(\\overline{\\mathstrut\na}x+\\overline {\\mathstrut b}y)\\,,\\\\\\notag\na=\\frac{-1+i\\sqrt3\\sin\\alpha}{2}\\,,\\qquad \\overline{\\mathstrut\na}=\\frac{-1-i\\sqrt3\\sin\\alpha}{2}\\,, \\qquad\nb=-\\overline{\\mathstrut b}=\\frac{i\\sqrt3\\cos\\alpha}2\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where $\\alpha$ is a complex parameter. ", "Such operator was considered by Hietarinta [@H] who showed that it admits a commuting operator of order $3$. Its rational version $\\wp(z)=z^{-2}$ corresponds to a specific choice of the parameters in the family of two-dimensional Schrödinger operators introduced by Berest and Lutsenko [@BL] in connection with Huygens’ Principle (see section 4 of [@CFV] for details). ", "Note that the potential in is real-valued (for real $x,y$) if $\\alpha$ is real and the period $\\tau$ is pure imaginary.", "\n\nIt is more convenient to work with the following $3$-dimensional version of : $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{3}\nL=-\\d_1^2-\\d_2^2-\\d_3^2 +2(a_1^2+a_2^2)\\wp(a_1x_1-a_2x_2)\\\\+\n2(a_2^2+a_3^3)\\wp(a_2x_2-a_3x_3)+2(a_3^2+a_1^2)\\wp(a_3x_3-a_1x_1)\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where $ a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2=0$, $\\d_i=\\d/\\d x_i$. Then it is easy to see that $L$ commutes with the operator $$L_0=\na_1^{-1}\\d_1+a_2^{-1}\\d_2+a_3^{-1}\\d_3$$ and after restriction to the plane $$a_1^{-1}x_1 +a_2^{-1}x_2 +a_3^{-1}x_3 =0$$ it reduces to the operator with proper $a,b$.\n\nWe calculate explicitly the Bloch eigenfunctions of the operators , . ", "Notice a certain similarity between our approach and the one used by Inozemtsev for $A_2$ case [@I]. ", "Let us also mention that in dimension two there is a nice theory of Schrödinger operators which are finite-gap at a fixed energy level, see [@DKN; @VN]. ", "It would be interesting to analyze our results from that point of view.", "\n\nIn the last two sections we also calculate the Bloch solutions for the discrete versions of , , which are given by certain difference operators of Macdonald–Ruijsenaars type. ", "This raises a natural question about generalizing our results to the difference setting. ", "We hope to return to this problem in future.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgments**]{}. ", "We are grateful to A.P.Veselov for stimulating discussions and to Yu.", "Berest, S.Ruijsenaars and K.Takemura for useful comments. ", "P.E. thanks C. De Concini for a discussion which was useful for the proof of Theorem 3.8. ", "The work of O.C. was supported by EPSRC. ", "The work of A.O. was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant RFBR-01-01-00803). ", "The work of P.E. was partially supported by the NSF grant DMS-9988796, and partly done for the Clay Mathematics Institute.", "\n\nGeneralized Lamé operators\n==========================\n\nLet $V=\\mathbb C^n$ be a complex Euclidean space with the scalar product denoted by $(\\ ,\\ )$, and $\\mathcal A=\\{\\alpha\\}$ be a given finite set of affine-linear functions on $V$. Let us consider a Schrödinger operator $$\\label{L} L=-\\Delta+u(x)\\,,\\qquad \\Delta=\\partial^2/\\partial\nx_1^2+\\dots +\\partial^2/\\partial x_n^2\\,,$$ with the elliptic potential $u$ of the following form: $$\\label{u} u(x)=\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal\nA}c_\\alpha\\wp(\\alpha(x)|\\tau)\\,.$$ Here $\\wp(z|\\tau)$ is the Weierstrass $\\wp$-function with the periods $1,\\tau$, $\\mathrm{Im}(\\tau)>0$, and $c_\\alpha\\in\\mathbb\nC$ are the parameters which will be specified later (below we will mostly suppress $\\tau$, denoting $\\wp(z|\\tau)$ simply by $\\wp(z)$). ", "Each of the functions $\\alpha(x)$ in standard coordinates on $V$ looks as $$\\alpha(x)=a_0+a_1x_1+\\dots\n+a_nx_n\\,,$$ so $\\alpha$ is, effectively, a pair $(\\alpha_0,a_0)$ where $a_0=\\alpha(0)\\in\\mathbb C$ and $\\alpha_0=\\mathrm{grad}\\alpha=(a_1,\\dots,a_n)$. We assume that each $\\alpha_0$ is non-isotropic (co)vector, i.e. $(\\alpha_0,\\alpha_0)=a_1^2+\\dots+a_n^2\\ne 0$. Let us project $\\mathcal A$ onto $V^*$, $\\alpha\\mapsto\\alpha_0$, denoting by $\\mathcal A_0$ the resulting set.", "\n\nWe want $u$ to be periodic, more precisely, we assume that the lattice $\\mathcal M\\subset V^*$, generated over $\\mathbb Z$ by the set $\\mathcal A_0$, has rank $\\le n$. For simplicity, let us assume that $\\mathrm{rk}\\mathcal M=n$ (the general case can be reduced to that by passing to the factor space $V/\\mathrm{Ann}\\mathcal M$). ", "In that case the lattice $\\mathcal\nL+\\tau\\mathcal L$ is the period lattice for $u$, with $\\mathcal\nL:=\\mathrm{Hom}(\\mathcal M,\\mathbb Z)\\subset V$. Thus, $u$ may be considered as a meromorphic function on a (compact) torus $T=V/\\mathcal L+\\tau\\mathcal L$, which is isomorphic to the product of $n$ copies of the elliptic curve $\\mathcal E=\\mathbb\nC/\\mathbb Z+\\tau\\mathbb Z$. Singularities of $u(x)$ are the second order poles along the following set of the hyperplanes: $$Sing=\\bigcup_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal A}\\bigcup_{m,n\\in\\mathbb Z}\n\\pi_{\\alpha}^{m,n}\\,,\\qquad\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}:=\\{x:\\\n\\alpha(x)=m+n\\tau\\}\\,.$$ We will assume that all hyperplanes $\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}$ are pairwise different; this can always be achieved by rearranging the terms in . ", "This will imply that $$u(x)\\sim\nc_\\alpha(\\alpha(x)-m-n\\tau)^{-2}+O(1)\\quad\\text{near}\\\n\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}\\,.$$ Our next important assumption is that each $c_\\alpha$ in has a form $$c_\\alpha=m_\\alpha(m_\\alpha+1)(\\alpha_0,\\alpha_0)\\qquad\\text{with\nsome}\\quad m_\\alpha\\in\\mathbb Z_{>0}\\,.$$ Now we are going to put some more restrictions on $u$ demanding its quasi-invariance in the following sense.", "\n\nLet us say that the potential as above is [**quasi-invariant**]{} if for any hyperplane $\\pi=\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}\\in{Sing}$ the (meromorphic) function $u(x)-u(s_\\pi x)$ is divisible by $(\\alpha(x)-m-n\\tau)^{2m_\\alpha+1}$, where $s_\\pi$ denotes the orthogonal reflection with respect to $\\pi$.\n\nHere are two important examples of such potentials (more examples will appear later).", "\n\n\\[ex\\] \\[cal\\] Consider the following potential $u(x)$ in $\\mathbb\nC^n$: $$\\label{A}\nu=\\sum_{i<j}2m(m+1)\\wp(x_i-x_j)\\,,\\quad m\\in\\mathbb\nZ_{>0}\\,.$$ It is invariant under any permutation of the coordinates $x^1,\\dots,x^n$, and also under translations $x\\mapsto x+l$ for $l\\in\\mathbb Z^n+\\tau\\mathbb Z^n$ ($\\mathbb Z^n$ is the standard integer lattice in $n$ dimensions). ", "As a result, $u$ will be symmetric with respect to any of the hyperplanes $x_i-x_j=m+n\\tau$. Thus, its Laurent expansion in the normal direction will have no odd terms at all, hence $u$ is quasi-invariant. ", "The corresponding Schrödinger operator is the Hamiltonian of the quantum elliptic Calogero–Moser problem. ", "More generally, the elliptic Calogero–Moser problems related to other root systems [@OP] also lead, in the same way, to quasi-invariant potentials. ", "In particular, for the rank-one system $A_1$ we have the classical Lamé operator\n\n\\[loc\\] This example is in dimension one. ", "The potential $u$ has $N$ poles $x_1,\\dots,x_N$ and looks as $$\\label{locus} u=\\sum_{i=1}^N 2\\wp(x-x_i)\\,.$$ To ensure its quasi-invariance, one has to impose the condition that $u$ has zero derivative at each of its poles, more explicitly: $$\\label{lloc}\n\\sum_{j\\ne i}\\wp'(x_i-x_j)=0\\qquad\\text{for all}\\\ni=1,\\dots,N\\,.$$ This system of equations describes the so-called ’elliptic locus’ from [@AMM], which has an intimate connection with the classical elliptic Calogero–Moser system and the KdV hierarchy.", "\n\nLet us call a Schrödinger operator $L$ with quasi-invariant elliptic potential $u(x)$ a [**generalized Lamé operator**]{}. ", "In trigonometric and rational versions ($\\wp(x)=\\sin^{-2}x$ or $x^{-2}$) such operators were considered in [@C98], where their eigenfunctions were effectively constructed. ", "From the results of [@C98] the so-called algebraic integrability of $L$ follows (see the paper [@CFV] for the rational case). ", "We recall the definition of the algebraic integrability in the next section, following [@CV90; @BEG]; let us just remark that in dimension one this coincides with the class of algebro-geometric operators which appear in the finite-gap theory, see [@KN; @GW]. ", "This motivates the following\n\n[**Conjecture**]{}.[*The generalized Lamé operators are all algebraically integrable.*]{}", "\n\nAs a particular case, this contains a conjecture of [@CV90] about the algebraic integrability of the elliptic Calogero–Moser problems. ", "As we already mentioned in the introduction, for the $A_n$-case this has been proved by Braverman, Etingof and Gaitsgory in [@BEG]. ", "It is also known to be true in dimension one, due to Gesztesy and Weikard [@GW1]. ", "In the next section we prove this conjecture under additional assumption of the usual, Liouville integrability of $L$ (in a slightly stronger sense). ", "As a corollary, we will obtain the algebraic integrability of the quantum Calogero–Moser problems for integer coupling parameters.", "\n\nMonodromy and algebraic integrability {#ai}\n=====================================\n\nLet $L$ be a generalized Lamé operator as defined previously. ", "Recall that $L$ is [**completely integrable**]{} if it is a member of a commutative family of differential operators $L_1=L,L_2,\\dots,L_n$ which are algebraically independent. ", "We assume that the $L_i$’s have meromorphic coefficients and are periodic with respect to the same lattice, which makes them (singular) differential operators on the torus $T=\\mathbb\nC^n/\\mathcal L+\\tau\\mathcal L$. The following proposition shows that possible singularities of $L_i$ are contained in the singular locus $Sing$ of the Schrödinger operator $L$.\n\nLet $L$ be a Schrödinger operator regular in an open set $U$. Then any differential operator $M$ on $U$ with meromorphic coefficients commuting with $L$ is regular in $U$.\n\nTo prove the proposition, we will need the following lemma.", "\n\n\\[ber\\] Let $S(x,p)$ be a meromorphic function on $T^*U=U\\times V^*$ which is polynomial in the momentum $p$, and $\\lbrace{ p^2,S(x,p)\\rbrace}$ is a regular function. ", "Then $S$ is a regular function.", "\n\nAssume the contrary. ", "The function $S$ is a finite sum $\\sum S_{\\mathbf k}(x)p^\\mathbf k$, where $p^\\mathbf k$ are monomials. ", "Let $D\\subset U$ be the divisor of poles of $S$. Take a generic point $z_0$ of this divisor. ", "Near this point $D$ is given by an equation $f=0$, where $f$ is analytic at $z_0$ and $df(z_0)\\ne 0$. Let $S=\\frac{Q}{f^k}(1+O(f))$ near $z_0$ ($Q$ is regular at $z_0$, with $Q(z_0)\\ne 0$). ", "Then $$\\lbrace\np^2,S\\rbrace= -2k\\sum p_i\\frac{\\partial f}{\\partial\nx_i}f^{-k-1}Q+O(f^{-k})\\,.$$ But $\\sum p_i\\frac{\\partial\nf}{\\partial x_i}(z_0,p)\\ne 0$ for generic $p$. Thus, $\\lbrace\np^2,S\\rbrace$ is singular, which is a contradiction.", "\n\nNow we prove the proposition. ", "Suppose $[M,L]=0$. Assume $M$ is not regular. ", "Then we can write $M$ as $M'+M''$, where $M''$ is regular, and $M'$ has a singular highest symbol. ", "Then $[L,M']=-[L,M'']$ is regular. ", "Let $S(x,p)$ be the symbol of $M'$. We have $\\lbrace{ p^2,S\\rbrace}$ is regular (since if it is nonzero, it is the symbol of $[L,M']$). ", "Then the lemma implies that $S$ is regular. ", "This contradiction proves the proposition.", "\n\nNotice also that if $S(x,p)$ is the highest symbol of $L_i$, then from $[L,L_i]=0$ it follows that $\\lbrace p^2,S\\rbrace =0$. Thus, by Lemma \\[ber\\], $S$ must be regular everywhere. ", "Hence, each $L_i$ must have constant highest symbol, i.e. $L_i=s_i(\\partial)+\n\\dots$ for some polynomial $s_i$.\n\nLet us say that a Schrödinger operator $L=-\\Delta+u$ in $V=\\mathbb C^n$ is [**strongly integrable**]{} if the commuting operators $L_1=L,\\dots,L_n$ have algebraically independent homogeneous constant highest symbols $s_1,\\dots,s_n$ and if $\\mathbb C[V]$ is finitely generated as a module over the ring generated by $s_1,\\dots,s_n$ or, equivalently, if the system $s_1(\\xi)=0,\\dots, s_n(\\xi)=0$ has the unique solution $\\xi=0$.\n\nNow let $L$ be a strongly integrable generalised Lamé operator, so we have the operators $L_1=L,\\dots, L_n$ with meromorphic coefficients on the torus $T=\\mathbb C^n/\\mathcal L+\\tau\\mathcal\nL$, and $L_i=s_i(\\partial)+\\dots$. First of all, $\\mathbb C[V]$ is locally free as a module over $\\mathbb C[s_1,\\dots, s_n]$. This follows from the fact, due to Serre [@S], that if $f:X\\to Y$ is a finite map of smooth affine varieties of the same dimension, then $\\mathcal O(X)$ is a locally free $\\mathcal O(Y)$-module. ", "Further, since $s_i$ are homogeneous, this module is graded, hence, it must be free. ", "Denote by $N$ the rank of this free module.", "\n\nConsider now the eigenvalue problem $$\\label{pro} L_i\\psi=\\lambda_i\\psi\\,,\\quad i=1,\\dots, n\\,,$$ with $\\lambda=(\\lambda_1,\\dots, \\lambda_n)\\in\\mathbb C^n$. Then the space of solutions of this system in any simply connected domain in $T\\setminus Sing$ is N-dimensional. ", "So we have a holonomic system of rank $N$ on $T$ with singularities along a finite union of hypertori $Sing\\subset T$.\n\nThe holonomic system has regular singularities.", "\n\nRegularity of singularities is a codimension one condition. ", "Thus, it is sufficient to restrict our attention to a neighborhood $U$ of a point which lies on exactly one subtorus from the pole divisor. ", "Let us assume that this point is $0$, and the subtorus is locally defined by the equation $x_1=0$.\n\n\\[bound\\] For any $r\\ge 0$, the singular part of the differential operator $(x_1)^rL_i$ has the order at most $d_i-r-1$, where $d_i$ is the degree of $s_i$.\n\nLet us introduce new variables $y_j=tx_j$, and write our operators with respect to them. ", "Then $L=t^{-2}L^{(0)}+O(1)$, $t\\to 0$, where $L^{(0)}=-\\Delta+\\frac{m_\\alpha(m_\\alpha+1)}{x_1^2}$ with $m_\\alpha\\in\\mathbb Z_+$ corresponding to the chosen hyperplane $x_1=0$. Let $L_i^{(0)}$ be the coefficient at the lowest power of $t$ in the expression for $L_i$. Then $L_i^{(0)}$ is homogeneous, of degree $\\le -d_i$ in $t$ (since the symbol of $L_i$ has this degree). ", "On the other hand, the order of this operator is at most $d_i$. Thus, if this degree of $L_i^{(0)}$ is less than $d_i$, then its symbol would have to be singular. ", "But $L_i^{(0)}$ commutes with $L^{(0)}$, so this contradicts Lemma \\[ber\\]. ", "Thus, the degree is exactly $d_i$, which implies the statement.", "\n\n\\[regu\\] Consider a system of differential equations $df/dz=A(z)f(z)$ with holomorphic coefficients on a punctured disk $0<|z|<\\epsilon$ ($f$ is a vector function, $A$ is a matrix function). ", "Assume that $A(z)$ is meromorphic at $z=0$ and that there exists an integer-valued function $D(i)$ such that the order of $a_{ij}(z)$ at $z=0$ is at least $D(j)-D(i)-1$. Then the system has a regular singularity at $z=0$.\n\nIndeed, let us make a change of variable $g_i=z^{D(i)}f_i$. This will change the matrix $A$ into a new matrix $\\tilde A$ which obviously has at most simple pole at $z=0$.\n\nNow let us prove the theorem. ", "First, let us reduce to a first order holonomic system in a standard way. ", "Choose a collection of $N$ homogeneous polynomials $q_1,...,q_N$ in $\\partial_i$, which form a basis in $\\mathbb\nC[\\partial_1,...,\\partial_n]$ as a free module over $\\mathbb\nC[s_1(\\partial),...,s_n(\\partial)]$. Let $\\psi$ be a solution the eigenvalue problem , and consider the functions $$q_1(\\partial)\\psi,...,q_N(\\partial)\\psi\\,.$$ Then, for any polynomial $q$ of $\\partial_i$, the function $q\\psi$ can be expressed via $q_i\\psi$, with the coefficients depending on $x$ and $\\lambda$. Indeed, assume that $q$ is homogeneous of degree $d$. We know that $q$ can be uniquely represented in the form $\\sum g_jq_j$, where $g_j\\in \\mathbb C[s_1,...,s_n]$. Thus, $q\\psi-\\sum q_jg_j(L_1,..,L_n)\\psi$ is expressed through differential polynomials of $\\psi$ of degree smaller than $d$. But $g_j(L_1,...,L_n)\\psi=g_j(\\lambda_1,...,\\lambda_n)\\psi$, so, eventually, by induction we get a desired representation of $q\\psi$.\n\nNow observe that by Lemma \\[bound\\], the coefficient of $q_j\\psi$ in the expansion of $q\\psi$ has a pole in $x_1$ of order at most $\\deg(q)-\\deg(q_j)$. Thus, we have a holonomic system of matrix partial differential equations $$\\partial_kq_i\\psi=\\sum\na_{ij}^{(k)}(x)q_j\\psi\\,\\quad k=1,\\dots, n\\,,$$ which is equivalent to the system . ", "Each of the matrices $a^{(k)}_{ij}$ ($k=1,\\dots, n$) satisfies the conditions of Lemma \\[regu\\] with respect to $z=x_1$, for $D(i)=-\\deg(q_i)$. In particular, using the lemma, we conclude from the first equation $\\partial_1q_i\\psi=\\sum a_{ij}^{(1)}\\psi$ that all the solutions have at most power growth in $x_1$ when approaching $x_1=0$, hence the system has a regular singularity at $x_1=0$.\n\nNow take any point $x_0\\in T\\setminus Sing$ and consider the monodromy of the system at point $x_0$, this gives an $N$-dimensional representation of the fundamental group $\\pi_1(T\\setminus Sing)$.\n\nThe monodromy group of the system is commutative for any $\\lambda$.\n\nTake a hyperplane $\\pi=\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}\\in{Sing}$ and let $P$ be a generic point of $\\pi$. Changing the coordinates if necessary, we may assume that $P=(0,\\dots,0)$ is the origin and $\\pi$ is given by equation $x_1=0$. From the regularity of singularities it follows that there exist $\\gamma_1,\\dots, \\gamma_r\\in\\mathbb C$ such that any solution $\\psi$ of the system near $P\\in\\pi$ has a convergent series expansion in the subspace $$\\bigoplus_{j=1}^r x_1^{\\gamma_j}\\mathbb\nC[[x_1,\\dots,x_n]][\\log(x_1)]\\,.$$ Substituting such a series into the first equation $L\\psi=\\lambda_1\\psi$, one arrives at certain recurrence relations from which follows that (1) we have two ’leading exponents’ $\\gamma_1=-m_\\alpha$, $\\gamma_2=m_\\alpha+1$, both integer; (2) there will be no $\\log(x_1)$ involved. ", "The latter fact is due to the quasi-invariance of $u$, see [@DG] for the one-dimensional case and [@CFV], section 2 for a discussion in the multivariable setting.", "\n\nAs a result, we see that all the solutions are single-valued near $\\pi$, so the local monodromy corresponding to a loop around $\\pi$ is trivial. ", "Consequently, the global monodromy group will be a homomorphic image of the commutative group $\\pi_1(T)$.\n\nThe differential Galois group of the system is commutative for any $\\lambda$.\n\nIt is known (see [@De]) that for a regular holonomic system on a smooth projective variety the differential Galois group coincides with the Zariski closure of the monodromy group. ", "In our situation the proof is simple: first, we know that all solutions of the system are meromorphic in $\\mathbb C^n$. Indeed, this is true outside the set of codimension $2$, by the proposition above, hence it holds everywhere by Hartogs’ theorem. ", "Now let $F$ be the field of ’elliptic functions’, i.e. meromorphic functions on the torus $T$, and $L$ is the solution field of (on some simply connected domain). ", "The monodromy gives the homomorphism $$\\pi_1(T)\\mapsto {Dgal}(L:F)$$ of the fundamental group of the torus $T$ into the differential Galois group. ", "Let $G$ be the Zariski closure of the image of this homomorphism inside ${Dgal}(L:F)$. By the main theorem of the differential Galois theory [@Kap], to prove that $G={Dgal}(L:F)$ it suffices to show that in the solution field any $G$-invariant function is actulaly ${Dgal}$-inavriant, i.e. belongs to $F$. But any meromorphic $G$-invariant function is $\\pi_1(T)$-invariant, hence elliptic. ", "Thus, it is ${Dgal}$-invariant by definition.", "\n\nThis proves that ${Dgal}(L:F)=G$, and the latter is obviously commutative.", "\n\nNow let us remark (see [@BEG]) that a quantum completely integrable system (QCIS) on a smooth algebraic variety $X$ of dimension $n$ naturally defines an embedding $$\\theta: \\mathcal\nO(\\Lambda)\\mapsto D(X)\\,,$$ where $\\Lambda\\simeq \\mathbb A^n$ is an affine space and $D(X)$ denotes the ring of differential operators on $X$. More generally, $\\Lambda$ can be any affine variety with $\\dim(\\Lambda)=n$. Then we have an analogous eigenvalue problem $\\theta(g)\\psi=g(\\lambda)\\psi$, $\\forall\ng\\in\\mathcal O(\\Lambda)$. The dimension of the local solution space of this system at generic point of $X$ is called the [**rank**]{} of a QCIS. ", "Recall further, that a QCIS $S=(\\Lambda, \\theta)$ is [**algebraically integrable**]{} if it is dominated by another QCIS $S'=(\\Lambda',\\theta')$ of [**rank one**]{} ($S$ is dominated by $S'$ if there is a map of algebras $h: \\mathcal\nO(\\Lambda)\\mapsto \\mathcal O(\\Lambda')$ such that $\\theta=\\theta'\\circ h$). ", "In our situation, this implies that apart from the operators $L_1,\\dots, L_n$, we have additional commuting operators which are not algebraic combinations of $L_i$ (though, of course, they are algebraically dependent with $L_i$). ", "In dimension $n=1$ this is equivalent to saying that $L$ is a member of a maximal commutative ring in $D(X)$ of rank one; this is known to coincide with the class of algebro-geometric operators.", "\n\n\\[aii\\] Any generalised Lamé operator $L$ which is strongly integrable is algebraically integrable.", "\n\nThis follows immediately from the result above and the criterion from [@BEG]. ", "Moreover, according to [@BEG], for generic $\\lambda$ the solution space is generated by the quasiperiodic solutions:\n\nThere exist meromorphic $1$-forms $\\omega_j$ on the torus $T$, with first order poles and depending analytically on $\\lambda$, such that the functions $\\psi_j=e^{\\int\n\\omega_j}$ give a basis of the solution space of for generic $\\lambda$.\n\nEach of these functions will be double-Bloch, in terminology of [@KZ]: $$\\label{qua}\n\\psi_j(x+l)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle a_j, l\\rangle}\\psi_j(x)\\,,\\qquad\n\\psi_j(x+\\tau l)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle b_j, l\\rangle}\\psi_j(x)\\,,$$ for appropriate $a_j, b_j\\in V^*$ and for all $l\\in\\mathcal L$. Namely, $$\\langle a_j, l\\rangle =\\frac{1}{2\\pi i}\n{\\int_z^{z+l}\\omega_j}\\quad\\text{and}\\ \\langle b_j,\nl\\rangle=\\frac{1}{2\\pi i}{\\int_z^{z+\\tau l}\\omega_i}$$ (since $\\psi_j$ has no branching along ${Sing}$, these are well defined modulo $\\mathbb Z$). ", "In Section \\[bloch\\] below we explain how one can calculate these double-Bloch solutions for the generalized Lamé operators.", "\n\nOur argument applies to a more general situation when one has commuting operators $L_1,\\dots,L_n$ on an abelian variety, such that the system $L_i\\psi=\\lambda_i\\psi$, $i=1,\\dots ,n$, is regular holonomic. ", "Then the triviality of its local monodromy around singularities implies that this system is algebraically integrable.", "\n\nExamples\n========\n\nOne-dimensional case\n--------------------\n\nLet $L$ be a one-dimensional Schrödinger operator $L=-\\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+u(x)$, $x\\in\\mathbb C$. ", "Consider the eigenvalue problem $L\\psi=\\lambda\\psi$. Now, assuming that $u$ is meromorphic and has a pole at $x=0$, let us consider the local monodromy of the solutions of this second order differential equation. ", "Suppose that this monodromy is trivial [*for all*]{} $\\lambda$, in other words, all the solutions are meromorphic at $x=0$. Then, using the classical Frobenius analysis, one can see that $u$ must have a pole of the second order, with no residue: $u=m(m+1)x^{-2}+O(1)$, with integer $m$. Furthermore, in the series for $u$ at $x=0$ there must be no terms of order $2j-1$ for all $j=1,\\dots,m$ (see [@DG]). ", "This is exactly the quasi-invariance of $u$ with respect to the symmetry $x\\to -x$.\n\nNow let $u$ be elliptic, with periods $1,\\tau$. Let us demand all the solutions of the equation $L\\psi=\\lambda\\psi$ to be meromorphic in $\\mathbb C$ (such $u$ are called Picard potentials in [@GW; @GW1]). ", "By the discussion above, this is equivalent to the quasi-invariance of $u$ at each pole. ", "More explicitly, $$u(x)=\\sum_{i=1}^Mm_i(m_i+1)\\wp(x-x_i)\\,,\\quad\\text{with}\\quad\nm_i\\in\\mathbb Z_+\\,,$$ and the poles $x_i$ must satisfy the following system of equations, which generalizes : $$\\label{loc1}\n\\sum_{j\\ne i}m_j(m_j+1)\\wp^{(2s-1)}(x_i-x_j)=0$$ for all $i=1,\\dots, M$ and $s=1,\\dots, m_i$.\n\nSuch $L$ automatically defines a $QCIS$ (of rank 2), and the regularity of singularities is obvious. ", "Applying the results of the previous section, we conclude that $L$ is algebraically integrable. ", "Algebraic integrability of $L$ implies the existence of a differential operator $P$, commuting with $L$. Since $P$ is not a polynomial of $L$, we may assume that it is of odd order. ", "Thus, $L$ must be algebro-geometric, according to the Burchnall–Chaundy–Krichever theory, see e.g.[@SW]. ", "Thus, our result in this case is equivalent to the main result of [@GW1]. ", "Notice that our approach easily extends to the case of operators of any order (cf. ", "the remark at the end of [@GW1]).", "\n\nQuantum Calogero–Moser system\n-----------------------------\n\nLet $V$ be a complex Euclidean space, $\\dim V=n$. Let $R=\\{\\alpha\\}$ be a reduced irreducible root system in $V^*$, $W$ be the corresponding Weyl group, and the parameters $m_\\alpha$ be chosen in a $W$-invariant way. ", "The corresponding Calogero–Moser operator [@OP] looks as $$\\label{cmroot}\nL=-\\Delta+\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\nR_+}m_\\alpha(m_\\alpha+1)(\\alpha,\\alpha)\\wp(\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle)\\,.$$ Let $\\mathbb C[V]^W$ be the ring of $W$-invariant polynomials. ", "By the Chevalley theorem, it is freely generated by $n$ elements $p_1,\\dots,p_n$, and $\\mathbb C[V]$ is a free module over $\\mathbb\nC[V]^W$, of rank $|W|$. The following result has been proved in [@Ch] for any $W$-invariant $m_\\alpha\\in\\mathbb C$.", "\n\n\\[ch\\] For each homogenious $p\\in\\mathbb C[V]^W$ there exists a differential operator $L_p$ with the highest symbol $p$, commuting with $L$: $[L,L_p]=0$. The family $\\{L_p\\}$ is commutative.", "\n\nFor integer $m_\\alpha$ the potential $u$ in is quasi-invariant (cf. ", "Example \\[ex\\]). ", "Altogether this proves the conjecture of [@CV90]:\n\nThe Calogero–Moser operator is algebraically integrable for integer $m_\\alpha$.\n\nLet us mention that for the classical root systems $R=A\\dots D$ the complete set of commuting operators $L_1,\\dots, L_n$ for was explicitly found by Ochima and Sekiguchi [@OS]. ", "Their results cover the $BC_n$ case, too. ", "In that case we have $5$ parameters $m,g_0,g_1,g_2,g_3$ and the Inozemtsev operator $$\\label{bcn}\nL=-\\Delta+2m(m+1)\\sum_{i<j}(\\wp(x_i-x_j)+\\wp(x_i+x_j))+\n\\sum_{i=1}^n\\sum_{s=0}^3 g_s(g_s+1)\\wp(x_i+\\omega_s)\\,,$$ with $\\omega_s (s=0\\dots 3)$ denoting the half-periods $0,1/2,\\tau/2,(1+\\tau)/2$. The Weyl group $W$ for this case is generated by the permutations of $x_i$ and sign flips, and Theorem \\[ch\\] still holds true, due to [@OS]. ", "Applying Theorem \\[aii\\] we obtain\n\nThe Inozemtsev operator is algebraically integrable for any integer $m, g_0, g_1, g_2, g_3$.\n\nDeformed root systems\n---------------------\n\nOther known examples of the generalized Lamé operators in dimension $>1$ are related to deformed root systems, which appeared in [@CFV]. ", "Below we describe the set of linear functionals $\\mathcal A=\\{\\alpha\\}$ and the corresponding multiplicities $m_\\alpha$.\n\n\\(1) $A_{n,1}(m)$ system [@CFV].", "\n\nIt consists of the following covectors in ${\\mathbb\nC}^{n+1}$: $$%A_{n-1,1}(m)=\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lll}\nx_i - x_j, & 1\\le i<j\\le n, & \\text{with multiplicity } \\langle\nm\\rangle\\,,\\\\ x_i - \\sqrt{m}x_{n+1}, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with\nmultiplicity } 1\\,.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Here $m$ is an integer parameter, and $\\langle m\n\\rangle$ stands for $\\langle m \\rangle=\\max\\{m,-1-m\\}$.\n\n\\(2) $C_{n,1}(m,l)$ system [@CFV].", "\n\nIt consists of the following covectors in $\\mathbb\nC^{n+1}$: $$\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lll}\nx_i\\pm x_j, & 1\\le i<j\\le n, & \\text{with multiplicity } \\langle\nk\\rangle\\,,\\\\ 2x_i, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with multiplicity }\n\\langle m\\rangle\\,,\\\\ x_i\\pm \\sqrt{k}x_{n+1}, & i=1,\\ldots ,n &\n\\text{with multiplicity } 1\\,,\\\\ 2\\sqrt{k}x_{n+1} && \\text{with\nmultiplicity } \\langle l\\rangle\\,.\\\\\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Here $k,l,m$ are integer parameters related as $k\n=\\frac{2m+1}{2l+1}$, and $\\langle k\\rangle, \\langle l\\rangle,\n\\langle m\\rangle$ have the same meaning as in $A_{n,1}(m)$ case. ", "In two-dimensional case $n=1$ the first group of roots is absent and there is no restriction for $k$ to be integer.", "\n\n\\(3) Here is a $BC_n$-type generalization of the previous example. ", "Let $\\omega_s (s=0\\dots3)$ denote the half-periods, as in $BC_n$ case . ", "The set of linear functionals $\\alpha\\in\\mathcal A$ and the corresponding multiplicities look as follows: $$\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lll}\nx_i\\pm x_j, & 1\\le i<j\\le n, & \\text{with multiplicity } \\langle\nk\\rangle\\,,\\\\ x_i+\\omega_s, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with\nmultiplicity } \\langle m_s\\rangle\\,,(s=0\\dots 3)\\,,\\\\ x_i\\pm\n\\sqrt{k}x_{n+1}, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with multiplicity }\n1\\,,\\\\ \\sqrt{k}x_{n+1}+\\omega_s && \\text{with multiplicity }\n\\langle l_s\\rangle\\,, (s=0\\dots 3)\\,.\\\\\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Here $k,l_s,m_s$ are nine integer parameters related through $k =\\frac{2m_s+1}{2l_s+1}$ for all $s=0\\dots 3$. The previous case corresponds to $m_s\\equiv m$ and $l_s\\equiv l$. Again, in case $n=1$ the first group of roots is absent and $k$ may not be integer.", "\n\n\\(4) Hietarinta operator [@H].", "\n\nIn this case we have three covectors in $\\mathbb C^3$, $$\\alpha=a_1x_1-a_2x_2\\,,\\beta=a_2x_2-a_3x_3\\,,\\gamma=a_1x_1-a_3x_3\\,,$$ with $m_\\alpha=m_\\beta=m_\\gamma=1$. Here $a_i$ are arbitrary complex parameters such that $a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2=0$. Notice that the system is essentially two-dimensional since $\\alpha+\\beta+\\gamma=0$.\n\n\\(5) $A_{n-1,2}(m)$ system [@CV1].", "\n\nIt consists of the following covectors in $\\mathbb\nC^{n+2}$: $$\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{lll}\nx_i - x_j, & 1\\le i<j\\le n, & \\text{with multiplicity } m\\,,\\\\\nx_i - \\sqrt{m}x_{n+1}, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with multiplicity\n} 1\\,,\\\\ x_i - \\sqrt{-1-m}x_{n+2}, & i=1,\\ldots ,n & \\text{with\nmultiplicity } 1\\,,\\\\ \\sqrt{m}x_{n+1}-\\sqrt{-1-m}x_{n+2} & &\n\\text{with multiplicity } 1\\,.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Notice that for $m=1$ this system coincides with the system $A_{n,1}(-2)$ above.", "\n\nIn all these cases a direct check shows that the corresponding potential $u$ is quasi-invariant. ", "Notice that in all cases $u$ is symmetric with respect to $s_\\alpha$ as soon as $m_\\alpha>1$. Thus, one have to check the quasi-invariance only for those $\\alpha$ where $m_\\alpha=1$.\n\nWe believe that all these operators are algebraically integrable. ", "In the next section we check this for all two-dimensional examples.", "\n\nTwo-dimensional case\n--------------------\n\nLet us check that all known two-dimensional generalized Lamé operators are algebraically integrable. ", "Apart from the root systems $A_2, BC_2$ and $G_2$ considered previously, we have three deformed cases, namely, the $A_{1,1}(m)$ case, the Hietarinta operator and the deformed $BC_2$ case.", "\n\nFirst, let us consider the $A_{1,1}(m)$ case: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{21}\nL=-\\d_1^2-\\d_2^2-\\d_3^2+2m(m+1)\\wp(x_1-x_2)+\\\\2(m+1)\\wp(x_1-\\sqrt\nmx_3)+2(m+1)\\wp(x_2-\\sqrt mx_3)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ In this case we can use the result of [@Xo] where the complete integrability of was established. ", "First, $L$ obviously commutes with $L_0=\\d_1+\\d_2+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt m}\\d_3$.\n\nFor any $m$ there exists a third order operator $L_2$ commuting with $L_0,L$, and its highest symbol is $\\d_1^3+\\d_2^3+\\sqrt m\\d_3^3$.\n\nIt is easy to check that as soon as $m\\ne -1$, the highest symbols of $L_0,L,L_2$ will satisfy the requirements of the strong integrabilty (notice that for $m=-1$ the operator $L$ is trivial). ", "As a result, for integer $m$ we obtain the algebraic integrability of the operator . ", "Note that for the special case $m=2$ the algebraic integrability of was demonstrated in [@Xo1] by presenting an explicit extra operator commuting with $L_0, L, L_2$.\n\nNow let us consider the Hietarinta operator $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{22}\nL=-\\d_1^2-\\d_2^2-\\d_3^2+2(a_1^2+a_2^2)\\wp(a_1x_1-a_2x_2)+\\\\\n2(a_2^2+a_3^3)\\wp(a_2x_2-a_3x_3)+2(a_3^2+a_1^2)\\wp(a_3x_3-a_1x_1)\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where $a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2=0$. Such $L$ commutes with $L_0=a_1^{-1}\\d_1+a_2^{-1}\\d_2+a_3^{-1}\\d_3$, and we need one more operator for the complete integrability (we assume that all $a_i$ are nonzero, otherwise $L$ is reducible). ", "Such operator was found in [@H].", "\n\nThere exists a third order operator $L_2$ commuting with $L_0,L$ above, and its highest symbol is $a_1\\d_1^3+a_2\\d_2^3+a_3\\d_3^3$.\n\nIf we denote the highest symbols of these three operators as $s_1,s_2,s_3$, then it is easy to check that the system $s_1(\\xi)=s_2(\\xi)=s_3(\\xi)=0$ has the only solution $\\xi=0$; the only exception is the case when $a_1^3=a_2^3=a_3^3$. As a result, we conclude that for all values of the parameters (apart from the case $a_1^3=a_2^3=a_3^3$) the Hietarinta operator is strongly integrable, thus, it is algebraically integrable. ", "Note that this also follows from [@H] where one more operator commuting with $L_0, L, L_2$ was found.", "\n\nIn the case $a_1^3=a_2^3=a_3^3$ the operator is still algebraically integrable, although it is no longer strongly integrable.", "\n\nFinally, let us consider the deformed $BC_2$ case. ", "The Schrödinger operator $L$ has the following form: $$\\label{23}\nL=-\\d_x^2-\\d_y^2+U(x,y)\\,,$$ where $U=2(k+1)(\\wp(x+\\sqrt{k}y)+\\wp(x-\\sqrt{k}y))+v(x)+w(y)$ and $v,w$ are given by the expressions $$\\label{23a}\nv=\\sum_s m_s(m_s+1)\\wp(x+\\omega_s)\\,,\\quad w=k\\sum_s\nl_s(l_s+1)\\wp(\\sqrt{k}y+ \\omega_s)\\,.$$ Here $\\o_0,\\o_1,\\o_2,\\o_3$ are the half-periods and $m_s,l_s$ and $k$ are nine parameters such that $k=(2m_s+1)/(2l_s+1)$ for all $s=0,1,2,3$ (thus, effectively, $L$ contains five independent parameters).", "\n\nFor any values of the parameters $m_s,l_s,k$ such that $k=\\frac{2m_s+1}{2l_s+1}$ the following operator commutes with $L$: $$\\begin{aligned}\nM=&-\\partial_x^4-k\\partial_y^4+2(U-w)\\partial_x^2-\n4\\sqrt{k}(k+1)(\\wp(x+\\sqrt{k}y)-\\wp(x-\\sqrt{k}y))\\partial_x\\partial_y+\\\\\n&2k(U-v)\\partial_y^2 +(2v'+2(k+1)(2-k)(\\wp'(\nx+\\sqrt{k}y)+\\wp'(x-\\sqrt{k}y)))\\partial_x+\\\\\n&(2k^2w'+2\\sqrt{k}(k+1)(2k-1)(\\wp'(x-\\sqrt{k}y)-\\wp'(x+\\sqrt{k}y)))\n\\partial_y-\\\\\n&(k+1)^3\\wp(x+\\sqrt{k}y)\\wp(x-\\sqrt{k}y)+8(k^3+1)\n(\\wp^2(x+\\sqrt{k}y)+\\wp^2(x-\\sqrt{k}y))-\\\\&4(k+1)(v+kw)\n(\\wp(x+\\sqrt{k}y)+\\wp(x-\\sqrt{k}y))+v''-v^2+ k(w''-w^2)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Here $v',w'$ and so on are the derivatives with respect to the corresponding variable.", "\n\nNow since the system $\\xi_1^2+\\xi_2^2=\\xi_1^4+k\\xi_2^4=0$ does not have nontrivial solutions as soon as $k\\ne-1$, we conclude that $L$ is strongly integrable (for $k=-1$ this is also true because $L$ is reducible in that case). ", "Hence, for any integer values of the parameters $l_s,m_s$ the operator – is algebraically integrable.", "\n\nBloch solutions {#bloch}\n===============\n\nLet $L$ be a generalized Lamé operator which is strongly integrable, thus algebraically integrable. ", "We know already that for generic $\\lambda$ the solution space of is spanned by the meromorphic double-Bloch solutions. ", "Now we are going to explain how one can, in principle, calculate them.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal W$ denote the following linear subspace in the space of meromorphic functions on $\\mathbb C^n$. First, its elements are holomorphic everywhere apart from the singular locus $Sing=\\bigcup\n\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}$ of the operator $L$, where they may have poles, of order $\\le m_\\alpha$ along $\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}$. Next, take any hyperplane $\\pi=\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}$ with $s_\\pi$ denoting the orthogonal reflection with respect to $\\pi$. Then any function $\\varphi\\in \\mathcal W$ must have the following property: $$\\label{qq}\n\\varphi(x)-(-1)^{m_\\alpha}\\varphi(s_\\pi x)\\ \\text{ is divisible\nby}\\quad (\\alpha(x)-m-n\\tau)^{m_\\alpha+1}\\,.$$\n\n\\[f\\] The subspace $\\mathcal W$ is stable under the action of $L$: $L(\\mathcal W)\\subseteq\\mathcal W$. Furthermore, any meromorphic eigenfunction $\\varphi$ of $L$ must belong to $\\mathcal W$. The same is true for any of the commuting operators $L_2,\\dots,L_n$: $L_i(\\mathcal W)\\subseteq\\mathcal W$.\n\nConsider any hyperplane $\\pi\\in Sing$ and adjust the coordinates in such a way that $\\pi$ is given by equation $x_n=0$. Take a generic point in $\\pi$ and expand $\\varphi$ in Laurent series in normal direction to $\\pi$, i.e. $\\varphi=\\sum_{j\\in\\mathbb Z}a_j(x_n)^j$, $a_j=a_j(x_1,\\dots,x_{n-1})$. Now put $$M:=\\{-m_\\alpha+2\\mathbb\nZ_{\\ge 0}\\}\\cup\\{m_\\alpha+1+2\\mathbb Z_{\\ge 0}\\}$$ and split the series into two parts, with $j\\in M$ and with $j\\in\\mathbb Z\n\\backslash M$: $\\varphi=\\varphi_1+\\varphi_2$. First claim is that an application of $L$ to $\\varphi_1$ will produce a series of a similar kind. ", "This follows directly from the quasi-invariance of $u$, proving the first part of the proposition. ", "On the other hand, if $a_{j}(x_n)^j$ is the first nonzero term in $\\varphi_2$, then applying $L$ to $\\psi_2$ will give a series starting from $(x_n)^{j-2}$, which would contradict the equation $L\\varphi=\\lambda\\varphi$, thus proving the second claim.", "\n\nIn a similar way, if $L'L=LL'$ for some other operator $L'$, then $L'(L)^r=(L)^rL'$ for any $r\\ge 1$. Thus, if $\\mathcal\nW':=L'(\\mathcal W)$ then $L^r(\\mathcal W')\\subseteq \\mathcal W'$ for any $r$. Now suppose we could find a function $\\varphi$ in $\\mathcal W'$ which is not in $\\mathcal W$. Then, consider a series expansion of $\\varphi$ in the direction, normal to $\\pi$, and split it into $\\varphi=\\varphi_1+\\varphi_2$ as above. ", "If $\\varphi_2\\neq 0$, then $L^r\\varphi$ would have a pole of an arbitrarily high order along $\\pi$ (as $r$ increases), which is impossible for an element in $\\mathcal W'$ (since $\\mathcal\nW'=L'\\mathcal W$ and $L'$ has meromorphic coefficients). ", "This would contradict the inclusion $L^r(\\mathcal W')\\subseteq \\mathcal\nW'$. Thus, $\\mathcal W'=\\mathcal W$.\n\nNow let $\\psi$ be a double-Bloch solution of , so for appropriate $a,b\\in V^*$ and for any $l\\in\\mathcal L$ we have: $$\\label{char} \\psi(x+l)=\\psi(x)e^{2\\pi i\\langle a,\nl\\rangle}\\,,\\quad \\psi(x+\\tau l)=\\psi(x)e^{2\\pi i\\langle b,\nl\\rangle}\\,.$$ We know that $\\psi$ is meromorphic in $\\mathbb C^n$ with possible poles along the hyperplanes $\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}$, of order $m_\\alpha$. In our discussion below we restrict ourselves to the case when all the linear functions $\\alpha\\in\\mathcal A$ have zero constant term, i.e. $\\alpha=\\alpha_0\\in V^*$ for all $\\alpha$, so $\\alpha(x)=\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle$. Everything extends to the general case with obvious modifications.", "\n\nAs a result, we see that $\\psi$ can be presented in the form $$\\label{gans} \\psi=\\Phi/\\delta\\,,\\qquad\n\\delta(x)=\\prod_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal\nA}\\theta(\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle)^{m_\\alpha}\\,,$$ for some holomorphic $\\Phi(x)$. Here $\\theta=\\theta_1$ is the classical (odd) Jacobi theta function, $$\\label{theta1}\n\\theta(z)= \\sum_{n\\in{\\mathbb Z}}\\exp(\\pi i (n+1/2)^2\\tau+2\\pi\ni(n+1/2)(z+1/2))\\,.$$ Recall that $\\theta(z)$ has the following translation properties in $z$: $$\\theta(z+1)=-\\theta(z)\\,,\\qquad\\theta(z+\\tau)=-e^{-2\\pi\niz-\\pi i\\tau}\\theta(z)\\,.$$ This determines the translation properties of $\\delta$. To write them down, it is convenient to introduce the following linear map $\\Omega: V\\to V^*$ which is defined as $$\\label{Om}\n\\Omega: x\\mapsto\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal\nA}m_\\alpha\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle\\alpha\\,.$$ Note that $\\Omega$ maps the lattice $\\mathcal L$ to a sublattice in $\\mathcal M=\\mathrm{Hom}(\\mathcal L,\\mathbb Z)$. We also need a covector $\\varrho=\\frac12\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal\nA}m_\\alpha\\alpha$.\n\nUnder these notations, we have the following translation formulas for any $l\\in\\mathcal L$: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{t1}\n\\delta(x+l)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle\\varrho,l\\rangle}\\delta(x)\\,,\\\\\n\\label{t22}\\delta(x+l\\tau)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle \\varrho,l\\rangle-2\\pi\ni\\langle \\Omega l,x\\rangle-\\pi i\\langle \\Omega\nl,l\\rangle\\tau}\\delta(x)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ As a corollary of and -, we conclude that the numerator $\\Phi$ in must have the translation properties as follows: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\Phi(x+l)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle a+\\varrho,l\\rangle}\\Phi(x)\\,,\\\\\n\\Phi(x+l\\tau)=e^{2\\pi i\\langle b+\\varrho,l\\rangle-2\\pi i\\langle\n\\Omega l,x\\rangle-\\pi i\\langle \\Omega l,l\\rangle\\tau}\\Phi(x)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ The vector space of entire functions with such properties is finite-dimensional. ", "Indeed, let $\\omega(x,y)$ denote the bilinear form on $V$ associated with the operator $\\Omega$: $$\\label{q}\n\\omega(x,y)=\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\\mathcal\nA}m_\\alpha\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle\\langle\\alpha,y\\rangle\\,.$$ It is symmetric positive and integer-valued on the lattice $\\mathcal L$. Let us define $\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}$ by the following series: $$\\label{bigtheta}\n\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}(x)=\\sum_{l\\in\\mathcal\nL}\\exp(2\\pi i\\omega(l+p,x+q)+\\pi i\\tau \\omega(l+p,l+p))\\,.$$ It has the following translation properties: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{thtr1}\n\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}(x+l)=e^{2\\pi i \\omega(l,p)\n}\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}(x)\\,,\\\\\\label{thtr2}\n\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}(x+l\\tau)=e^{-2\\pi i\\omega\n(l,x+q)-\\pi\ni\\tau\\omega(l,l)}\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q}(x)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ It is easy to show (see e.g.[@M]) that the space of holomorphic functions with such translation properties has dimension equal to $[\\mathcal M:\\Omega\\mathcal L]$; this is equal to $\\det(\\Omega_{ij})$ where $\\Omega_{ij}=\\langle \\Omega\ne_i,e_j\\rangle$ for some basis $e_1,\\dots,e_n$ of $\\mathcal L$. A natural basis in this space is given by the functions $\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{p}{q+r}$ with $r\\in\\Omega^{-1}\\mathcal M$ running over the set of representatives in $\\Omega^{-1}(\\mathcal M)/\\mathcal L$.\n\nFor the later purposes, let us use slightly different basis, namely, the functions $$\\label{basis}\n\\Phi_r=e^{\\langle k,x\\rangle}\\Theta(x+\\gamma+r)\\,,\\qquad\n\\Theta:=\\Theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{0}{0}\\,,\\quad\nr\\in\\Omega^{-1}(\\mathcal M)/\\mathcal L\\,.$$ It is easy to relate the parameters $k\\in V^*$ and $\\gamma\\in V$ to $p,q$: $$k=2\\pi i\\Omega p\\,,\\qquad \\gamma=q+\\tau p\\,.$$ Let us denote the linear space generated by the functions as $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}$.\n\nWe conclude that $\\psi$ must belong to linear space $\\delta^{-1}\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}$ with $k,\\gamma$ related in a simple way to the ’quasimomenta’ $a,b$ in . ", "Now recall Proposition \\[f\\]. ", "It implies that $\\psi$ must belong to the (finite-dimensional) subspace $\\mathcal\nW_{k,\\gamma}=\\left(\\delta^{-1}\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}\\right)\\cap\n\\mathcal W$. It also implies that $L$ (as well as any of $L_i$’s) preserves this finite-dimensional space, so we can eventually find $\\psi$ by diagonalizing the action of $L$ on $\\mathcal\nW_{k,\\gamma}$. Note that since the double-Bloch solutions $\\psi$ form an $n$-parametric family (with $\\lambda=(\\lambda_1,\\dots,\\lambda_n)$ being the parameters), this space $\\mathcal W_{k,\\gamma}$ will be nonzero only for $(k,\\gamma)$ belonging to a certain $n$-dimensional subvariety. ", "In most cases $\\dim\\mathcal W_{k,\\gamma}\\le 1$, so the (unique) function $\\psi_{k,\\gamma}$ generating $W_{k,\\gamma}\\ne 0$ will be an eigenfunction for $L$ automatically.", "\n\nAll this simplifies a little for the Calogero–Moser models, so let us consider this case in more detail. ", "For a given reduced, irreducible root system $R$ in $V^*$ and a fixed $W$-invariant $m(\\alpha)$, we consider the Calogero–Moser operator $$\\label{ca}\nL=-\\Delta+\\sum_{\\alpha\\in\nR_+}m_\\alpha(m_\\alpha+1)(\\alpha,\\alpha)\\wp(\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle|\\tau)\\,.$$ The Bloch solutions must be of the form $\\psi=\\delta^{-1}\\Phi$ as in . ", "Note that $\\delta$ in this case has the following symmetry: $$\\label{wt}\n\\delta(wx)=\\varepsilon_m(w)\\delta(x)\\quad\\text{for any}\\ w\\in W\\,,$$ where $\\varepsilon_m$ is the one-dimensional character of $W$ such that $$\\label{eps}\n\\varepsilon_m(s_\\alpha)=(-1)^{m_\\alpha}\\,.$$ The bilinear symmetric form is obviously $W$-invariant, and since $R$ is irreducible, $\\omega$ must be proportional to the $W$-invariant scalar product $(x,y)$. So, $\\omega(x,y)=\\kappa\\cdot(x,y)$ for some $\\kappa$ which depends on $m_\\alpha$. (For instance, if $R$ consists of one $W$-orbit only and $m_\\alpha\\equiv m$, one has $\\omega(x,y)=mh(x|y)$ where $h=h(R)$ is the Coxeter number and the form $(x|y)$ on $V$ is normalized in such a way that $(\\alpha^\\vee|\\alpha^\\vee)=2$ for all $\\alpha^\\vee\\in R^\\vee$.)\n\nThe lattice $\\mathcal L$ in this case is the coweight lattice $P^\\vee$ of $R$, while $\\mathcal M$ is the root lattice $Q$. Still, the numerator $\\Phi$ must belong to the finite-dimensional space $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}$ spanned by the functions .", "\n\nWe already know that a Bloch solution $\\psi=\\delta^{-1}\\Phi$ appears only for those $k,\\gamma$ when $\\delta^{-1}\\mathcal\nU_{k,\\gamma}\\cap\\mathcal W\\ne 0$. Such $k,\\gamma$ can be effectively determined. ", "Indeed, due to , the conditions for $\\psi$ reduce to the quasi-invariance of $\\Phi$: $$\\label{cq} \\Phi(x)-\\Phi(s_\\alpha x)\\quad\\text{is divisible\nby}\\quad \\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle^{2m_\\alpha+1}\\quad\\text{for all}\\\n\\alpha\\in R\\,.$$ (These are local conditions near $\\pi_\\alpha=\\{x:\n\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=0\\}$, similar conditions for other hyperplanes $\\pi_\\alpha^{m,n}\\in Sing$ will follow because $\\psi$ is quasiperiodic.)", "\n\nThese conditions can be rewritten as $$\\label{der}\n\\langle{\\alpha^\\vee},{\\partial}\\rangle^{2j-1}\\Phi\\equiv 0\n\\qquad\\text{for}\\ \\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=0\\quad\\text{and}\\\nj=1,\\dots,m_\\alpha\\,,$$ with $\\langle\\alpha^\\vee,\\partial\\rangle$ denoting the derivative in $\\alpha^\\vee$-direction.", "\n\nNow recall that we have the period lattice $\\mathcal L=P^\\vee$, and $\\Phi$ belongs to the linear space $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}$ of the functions with the translation properties –. ", "Consider the following sublattice $\\mathcal L^\\alpha\\subseteq\\mathcal L$: $$\\label{ort}\n\\mathcal L^\\alpha:=\\mathcal L'\\oplus\\mathcal\nL''\\,,\\qquad \\mathcal L'=\\mathcal L\\cap\\ker\\alpha\\,,\\quad\\mathcal\nL''=\\mathcal L\\cap\\mathbb R\\alpha^\\vee\\,.$$ Let $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha$ denote the space of theta functions with the same translation properties, but for the translations $l$ from $\\mathcal L^\\alpha$ only. ", "Obviously, we have a natural inclusion map $\\mathcal\nU_{k,\\gamma}\\hookrightarrow\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha$. It is possible to describe this linear map explicitly, using the standard bases in both spaces (look at the formula below which is a particular example of such relation). ", "According to , the lattice $\\mathcal L^\\alpha$ is the direct orthogonal sum of two sublattices. ", "Thus, the corresponding theta functions from $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha$ will be the products of the $(n-1)$-dimensional theta functions related to $\\mathcal\nL'$ and the one-dimensional theta functions related to the lattice $\\mathcal L''$. This corresponds to the decomposition of $\\mathcal\nU_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha$ into a tensor product: $\\mathcal\nU_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha=(\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha)'\\otimes\n(\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha)''$. Applying derivative in $\\alpha^\\vee$ direction will affect the one-dimensional theta functions only. ", "As a result, for each $j$ we have an explicit linear map $\\Gamma^{\\alpha,j}$ from $\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}$ to $(\\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}^\\alpha)'$ given by $$\\Gamma^{\\alpha,j}\\varphi=\\langle{\\alpha^\\vee},{\\partial}\\rangle^\n{2j-1}\\varphi|_ {\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=0}\\,.$$ This map is given by a matrix whose entries are certain combinations of one-dimensional theta-functions and their derivatives. ", "Now we can organize all these maps for $\\alpha\\in R_+$ into one big linear map $$\\Gamma: \\mathcal U_{k,\\gamma}\\mapsto\\bigoplus_\n{\\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\\alpha \\in R_+}{j=1 \\dots m_\\alpha}}\n(\\mathcal U^\\alpha_{k,\\gamma})'\\,,\\qquad\n\\Gamma=(\\Gamma^{\\alpha,j})_{\\alpha\\in R_+, j=1,\\dots, m_\\alpha}\\,,$$ with $\\Gamma^{\\alpha,j}$ defined above. ", "We can think of $\\Gamma$ as an $M\\times N$ matrix, where $N, M$ are the dimensions of the source and the target spaces, respectively.", "\n\nThe outcome is the following: a double-Bloch solution $\\psi$ appears exactly for those $k,\\gamma$ where this linear map has nontrivial kernel. ", "This gives equations on such $k,\\gamma$ (by equating to zero all $N\\times N$ minors of the matrix $\\Gamma$). ", "In its turn, the kernel will determine a corresponding Bloch eigenfunction. (", "If the kernel has dimension $>1$, it still defines an invariant subspace for the action of $L$, so we have at least one double-Bloch solution.)", "\n\nSo, let $\\widetilde {\\mathcal C}$ denote an analytic subvariety in $V^*\\times V$ given by $$\\label{C}\n\\widetilde {\\mathcal C}=\\{(k,\\gamma) |\\ \\ker \\Gamma\\ne 0\\}\\,.$$ Formulas - make clear that $\\widetilde\n{\\mathcal C}$ is invariant under the following transformations of $k,\\gamma$: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{fac1}\n(k,\\gamma) \\mapsto (k,\\gamma+l)\\,,\\quad l\\in \\Omega^{-1}\\mathcal\nM\\,,\\\\\\label{fac2} (k, \\gamma)\\mapsto (k+2\\pi i\\Omega\nl,\\gamma+\\tau l)\\,,\\quad l\\in \\Omega^{-1}\\mathcal M\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ Now, for a function of one variable $f(z)=e^{kz}\\theta(z+c)$ its derivatives at $z=0$ are obviously polynomial in $k$. Therefore $\\widetilde {\\mathcal C}$, after being factored by the translations above, can be considered as an algebraic covering of an abelian variety (a product of elliptic curves) $\\mathbb\nC^n/\\mathcal L'+\\tau\\mathcal L'$ where $\\mathcal\nL'=\\Omega^{-1}\\mathcal M$.\n\nThe double-Bloch eigenfunctions of the Calogero–Moser operator are parametrized by the points of an algebraic variety which is a covering of an abelian variety $\\mathbb C^n/\\mathcal\nL'+\\tau\\mathcal L'$ where $\\mathcal L'=\\Omega^{-1}Q$, $Q$ is the root lattice and the map $\\Omega$ is defined by .", "\n\nA similar analysis applies to any (integrable) generalized Lamé operator, so the double-Bloch eigenfunctions are also parametrized by the points of an algebraic variety covering a product of elliptic curves.", "\n\nNow let $\\mathcal C$ denote the result of factoring the variety by the translations –. ", "It is an algebraic variety parametrizing the double-Bloch eigenfunctions of $L$. Below, following [@FV], we will refer to it as the [**Hermite–Bloch variety**]{} for $L$. It differs from the complex Bloch variety, traditionally defined as the set of $(\\mu,E)\\in (\\mathbb\nC^\\times)^n\\times\\mathbb C$ such that there exists $\\psi$ with $L\\psi=E\\psi$ and $\\psi(x+l_i)=\\mu_i\\psi(x)$ where $l_1,\\dots l_n$ is a basis in $\\mathcal L$. Note that the latter is a transcendental complex analytic variety.", "\n\n\\[winv\\] In case of the Calogero–Moser operator related to a root system $R$, there is a natural action of the Weyl group $W$ on the Hermite–Bloch variety $\\mathcal C$. ", "Also, there is a natural projection of $\\mathcal C$ onto $\\mathbb C^n$ sending $\\psi=\\psi_{k,\\gamma}$ to the set of eigenvalues $\\lambda_i$, $L_i\\psi=\\lambda_i\\psi$. This is a $|W|$-sheeted covering and the Weyl group acts on $\\mathcal C$ by permuting the points in the fiber.", "\n\nNote that our results do not contradict the theorem of Feldman–Knörrer–Trubowitz [@FKT] in dimension two, since their result only applies to a [*real-valued smooth*]{} potential $u$ in $\\mathbb R^2$.\n\nThe Hermite–Bloch variety $\\mathcal C$ is a subvariety in the total space of a certain bundle over the product of elliptic curves defined by –. ", "This bundle naturally compactifies to a bundle with the fibers isomorphic to the projective space $\\mathbb P^n$. As a result, $\\mathcal C$ compactifies to a projective variety, covering the product of elliptic curves.", "\n\nThe variety $\\mathcal C$ is closely related to the so-called [**spectral variety**]{} which is defined as follows. ", "Suppose $L$ is a strongly integrable generalized Lamé operator, so we have $n$ commuting operators $L_1=L,\\dots, L_n$, which generate a commutative subalgebra in the ring of PDO with meromorphic elliptic coefficients. ", "Then by [@BEG], theorem 2.2, the centralizer of this subalgebra will be a maximal commutative ring which we will denote by $\\mathcal Z(L)$ (using Proposition \\[f\\] one can show that the operators in this ring will share a common family of the double-Bloch eigenfunctions). ", "Each operator in $\\mathcal Z(L)$ must have constant highest symbols, by Lemma \\[ber\\]. ", "Then from the strong integrability we immediately derive that $\\mathcal Z(L)$ is finitely generated. ", "Thus, $\\mathrm{Spec}\\mathcal Z(L)$ defines an affine algebraic variety, which we call the spectral variety. ", "It is not quite clear whether the spectral variety is isomorphic to the Hermite–Bloch variety (for instance, the latter may not be affine), but at least they must be birationally equivalent.", "\n\nFinally, let us remark on some algebraic geometry behind the double-Bloch solutions and the Hermite–Bloch variety for the Calogero–Moser system . ", "We consider the torus $T=\\mathbb C^n/Q^\\vee+\\tau Q^\\vee$ where $Q^\\vee=R^\\vee\\otimes\n\\mathbb Z$ is the coroot lattice. ", "Let us define the following subsheaf $\\mathcal Q \\subset\\mathcal O(T)$ of the structure sheaf of $T$ by requiring its local sections to have zero normal derivatives of order $1,3,\\dots,2m_\\alpha-1$ along each of the hyperplanes $\\langle \\alpha, x\\rangle=0$ (considered as hypertori in $T$). ", "The sheaf $\\mathcal Q$ can be considered as the structure sheaf $\\mathcal O(X)$ of a singular variety $X$, with $T$ being its injective normalization (cf. [", "@BEG1]). ", "Such $X$ is projective; it is a $|W|$-sheeted covering of the weighted projective space $T/W$ considered by Looijenga [@Lo], see also [@BS]. ", "Notice that from the results of [@EG] it follows that $X$ is Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein. ", "Let us consider now the group $\\mathrm{Pic}(X)$ of invertible sheaves on $X$. Then each of the double-Bloch solutions $\\psi_{k,\\gamma}$ represents a meromorphic section of a degree zero line bundle on $X$ (to define degree, we use the pull-back to the torus $T$). ", "In this way the Hermite–Bloch variety for the Calogero–Moser system becomes an $n$-dimensional subvariety in $\\mathrm{Pic}^0(X)$. It would be interesting to study this relation in more detail.", "\n\nAn interesting thing is to analyse how the spectral variety changes when $\\tau$ goes to $+i\\infty$ (trigonometric limit). ", "In this limit the spectral variety becomes rational and is relatively well understood. ", "Thus, one could think of the whole family depending on $\\tau$ as a deformation of this rational variety. ", "This point of view was used in [@VS] to construct the spectral surface in the simplest $A_2$ case.", "\n\nDiscrete spectrum eigenstates {#spe}\n-----------------------------\n\nLet us explain how the Bloch solutions can be used to construct the discrete spectrum eigenstates of $L$. Our discussion is strictly confined to the Calogero–Moser operator . ", "We take a purely imaginary $\\tau$, this ensures that the potential in is real-valued for $x\\in\\mathbb R^n$. The Calogero–Moser operator $L$ is defined on a dense subset of $L^2(\\mathbb R^n)$ and it is self-adjoint only formally, and its Bloch solutions are singular. ", "It has square-integrable eigenstates, though. ", "Namely, let $\\psi=\\psi_{k,\\gamma}$ be one of the double-Bloch solutions constructed in the previous section. ", "Given such a $\\psi$, let us symmetrize it as follows: $$\\label{spect}\n\\Psi(x)=\\sum_{w\\in W}\\varepsilon_m(w)\\det w\\, \\psi(wx)\\,,$$ where $W$ is the Weyl group of the root system $R$ and $\\varepsilon_m$ is the character . ", "The Calogero–Moser operator $L$ is $W$-invariant, thus the constructed $\\Psi$ will be again its eigenfunction (by the same reason, it will be an eigenfunction for all commuting operators $L_i$). ", "A priori, $\\Psi$ might have poles in $\\mathbb R^n$ along the hyperplanes $\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=c$, $c\\in\\mathbb Z$. However, it is easy to see that $\\Psi$ has no poles along the hyperplanes $\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=0$. This follows immediately from the properties of $\\psi$. To avoid the appearance of singularities on other hyperplanes $\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle=c$, one has to impose the condition that all the terms $\\psi(wx)$ in the sum have the same Bloch–Floquet multipliers with respect to a shift $x\\mapsto x+l$ with $l\\in\\mathcal L=P^\\vee$. This means that $\\exp\\langle k,l\\rangle=\\exp\\langle wk,l\\rangle$ for all $w\\in W$ and $l\\in P^\\vee$, which in its turn implies that $k$ belongs to the lattice $2\\pi i P$. So, we have the following result.", "\n\n\\[sp1\\] Let $L$ be the Calogero–Moser operator . ", "Then for any point $(k,\\gamma)$ of its Bloch–Hermite variety which satisfies an additional condition $k\\in 2\\pi i P$ (with $P$ being the weight lattice for $R$), the corresponding function (if nonzero) will be a nonsingular in $\\mathbb R^n$ eigenfunction of the Calogero–Moser operator and of the higher operators $L_2,\\dots, L_n$.\n\nBy construction, $\\Psi$ vanishes along the hyperplanes $\\langle\\alpha,x\\rangle\\in\\mathbb Z$, and it gets a factor of $(-1)^{m_\\alpha+1}$ under the orthogonal reflection with respect to such a hyperplane. ", "Since these are the reflection hyperplanes of the affine Weyl group of $R$, they cut $\\mathbb R^n$ into its fundamental domains (alcoves), so the restriction of $\\Psi$ to each alcove will be, essentially, the same. ", "We can restrict $\\Psi$ to any alcove, extending it by zero outside, and this gives us a finitely supported smooth eigenfunction of $L$ (notice that in the complex domain it still has poles). ", "We see from this that the discrete spectrum of $L$ in $L^2(\\mathbb R^n)$ is infinitely degenerate (one says that the spectral problem for $L$ splits into identical spectral problems on each of the alcoves). ", "Morally, this is the reason why one should expect the same spectrum considering $L$ not on $L^2(\\mathbb R^n)$ but on the space $L^2(T)^W$ of $W$-invariant functions on the torus $T=\\mathbb R^n/Q^\\vee$, as in [@KT]. ", "The latter case is simpler from the technical point of view, since the operator $L$ is essentially self-adjoint on $L^2(T)^W$, see [@KT] for the details.", "\n\nIn [@KT] Komori and Takemura considered the elliptic Calogero–Moser problems as a perturbation (in $\\tau$) of the trigonometric case $\\tau=+i\\infty$, and Theorem 3.7 of [@KT] claims that for sufficiently small $p=e^{2\\pi i\\tau}$ the family of eigenfunctions (Jack polynomials) which corresponds to $p=0$, admits analytic continuation in $p$, and the resulting functions will give rise to a complete orthogonal family of eigenfunctions of $L$ in $L^2(T)^W$. One can show that our family in the limit $\\tau\\to +i\\infty$ specializes to the Jack polynomials. ", "Comparing this with the previous discussion, we conclude that our family must coincide with the one considered in [@KT].", "\n\nCalogero–Moser model of $B_2$ type\n==================================\n\nIn this section we consider the following 2-dimensional Schrödinger operator $$\\label{b2}\nL=-\\Delta+2\\wp(x_1)+2\\wp(x_2)+4\\wp(x_1-x_2)+4\\wp(x_1+x_2)\\,,$$ where $\\wp(z)=\\wp(z|\\tau)$ is the Weierstrass $\\wp$-function with the periods $1,\\,\\tau$ ($\\mathrm{Im}\\,\\tau > 0$). ", "Our goal is to calculate its double-Bloch eigenfunctions, i.e. such $\\psi$ that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{rebl}\n\\psi(x+e_j)&=\\lambda_j\\psi(x)\\\\ \\label{imbl}\\psi(x+\\tau\ne_j)&=\\mu_j\\psi(x)\\quad (j=1,2)\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $(e_1, e_2)$ is the standard basis in $\\mathbb C^2$ and $(\\lambda_1, \\lambda_2, \\mu_1, \\mu_2)$ are fixed Bloch–Floquet multipliers.", "\n\nFirst we recall some standard definitions and formulas from the theory of theta-functions, see [@BE; @M]. ", "Let $\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{\\beta}$ be the one-dimensional theta-function (with characteristics), defined by the following series: $$\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{\\beta}(z|\\tau)=\\sum_{n\\in{\\mathbb\nZ}}\\exp(\\pi i (n+\\alpha)^2\\tau+2\\pi i(n+\\alpha)(z+\\beta))\\,.$$ Notice that $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ are defined modulo 1: $$\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha+1}{\\beta}\n=\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{\\beta}\\,,\\quad\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{\\beta+1}=e^{2\\pi\ni\\alpha}\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{\\beta}\\,.$$ Later we will need the following formula which can be easily derived from the definitions: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{add}\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_1}{0}(x_1|\\tau)\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_2}{0}(x_2|\\tau)=\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_+}{0}(x_+|2\\tau)\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_-}{0}(x_-|2\\tau)\\\\+\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_++\\frac12}{0}(x_+|2\\tau)\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha_-+\\frac12}{0}(x_-|2\\tau)\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where $\\alpha_{\\pm}=\\frac12(\\alpha_1\\pm\\alpha_2),\\ x_\\pm=x_1\\pm\nx_2$.\n\nWe will mostly use $\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{1/2}{1/2}$ which we will denote simply by $\\theta(z)$, which will always stand for the odd Jacobi theta function .", "\n\nAccording to the previous section, $\\psi$ must have the form $$\\label{ansatz}\n\\psi = \\frac{\\Phi(x_1,x_2)}\n{\\theta(x_1|\\tau)\\theta(x_2|\\tau)\\theta(x_1-x_2|\\tau)\\theta(x_1+x_2|\\tau)}\\,.$$ Here $\\Phi$ is nonsingular in $\\mathbb C^2$. The translation properties for $\\psi$ easily translate into the properties of $\\Phi$: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\Phi(x+e_j)=-\\lambda_j\\Phi(x)\\,,\\\\ \\Phi(x+\\tau e_j)=-\\mu_je^{-3\\pi\ni\\tau-6\\pi ix_j}\\Phi(x)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ Standard considerations from the theory of theta-functions show that the linear space of functions with these properties has dimension $9$ and $\\Phi$ must be of the form $$\\label{phi}\n\\Phi=\\exp(K_1x_1+K_2x_2)\\sum_{0\\le i,j\\le\n2}c_{ij}\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{i/3}{0}(3x_1+\\gamma_1|3\\tau)\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\nj/3}{0}(3x_2+\\gamma_2|3\\tau)\\,,$$ where $c_{ij}$ are arbitrary constants and parameters $\\gamma_j,\nK_j$ relate to $\\lambda_j, \\mu_j$ as follows: $$\\label{1.4}\n\\lambda_j=-e^{K_j}\\,,\\quad \\mu_j=-e^{-2\\pi i\\gamma_j+K_j\\tau}\\,.$$\n\n\\[rem1\\] The shifting $$\\label{a}\n\\gamma_j\\mapsto \\gamma_j+1$$ does not change the space , the same applies to the shifts $$\\label{ak}\n(K_j, \\gamma_j)\\mapsto (K_j+2\\pi i, \\gamma_j+\\tau)\\,.$$ Conversely, for any given $\\lambda_j,\\mu_j$ the corresponding $(\\gamma_j,K_j)$ are determined uniquely modulo shifts –.", "\n\nNow, in accordance with Proposition \\[f\\], we impose the following ’vanishing’ conditions on $\\Phi$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ax1}\n \\d_1\\Phi \\equiv 0 & \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_1=0\\,, \\\\ \\label{ax2}\n \\d_2\\Phi \\equiv 0 & \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_2=0\\,, \\\\ \\label{ax+}\n (\\d_1+\\d_2)\\Phi \\equiv 0 & \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_1+x_2=0\\,, \\\\\n \\label{ax-}\n (\\d_1-\\d_2)\\Phi \\equiv 0 & \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_1-x_2=0\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ As we will see below, for a certain $2$-dimensional surface in $4$-dimensional space of parameters $(k_j, a_j)$, the conditions – cut a one-dimensional subspace in $9$-dimensional space . ", "Thus, the corresponding $\\psi$ will be an eigenfunction for $L$ automatically.", "\n\nTo determine the corresponding $(K_j, \\gamma_j)$, let us rewrite $\\Phi$ using and making identification $\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha\n+1}{0}=\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{\\alpha}{0}$: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\Phi= e^{K_+x_+ + K_-x_-}\\sum_{0\\le l,m \\le 2} \\widetilde\nc_{lm}\\left\\{\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{ l/3}{0}(3x_+ +\n\\gamma_+|6\\tau)\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{ m/3}{0}(3x_- +\n\\gamma_-|6\\tau)\\right.", "\n\\\\ \\left. ", "+ \\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{ l/3+1/2}{0}(3x_+ +\n\\gamma_+|6\\tau)\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{ m/3+1/2}{0}(3x_- +\n\\gamma_-|6\\tau)\\right\\} \\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where $K_\\pm=\\frac 12(K_1\\pm K_2)$, $\\gamma_\\pm=\\gamma_1\\pm\n\\gamma_2$ and $$\\label{tildec}\n\\widetilde c_{lm}=c_{ij}\\quad \\text{with}\\quad i\\equiv\nl+m\\pmod{3}\\,,\\ j\\equiv l-m\\pmod{3}\\,.$$ It is easy to see now that leads to six linear equations on $\\widetilde c_{lm}$ of the form $$\\sum_{l=0}^2 A_{l}\\widetilde c_{lm}=0\\,,\\qquad \\sum_{l=0}^2\nB_{l}\\widetilde c_{lm}=0\\qquad(m=0,1,2)$$ for certain explicitly given $A=(A_l)$, $B=(B_l)$. For generic parameters $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2$ the vectors $A,B$ will be linearly independent. ", "Therefore, these $6$ equations determine the $2$-dimensional kernel of the matrix $\\widetilde C = (\\widetilde\nc_{lm})$. Similarly, gives six more equations for $\\widetilde c_{lm}$, which determine the cokernel of $\\widetilde\nC$. ", "Thus, for any $K_1,K_2$ and generic $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2$ the vanishing conditions – determine $\\widetilde c_{lm}$ (and, hence, $\\Phi$) uniquely up to a common factor. ", "In principle, it is straightforward to write down explicit expressions for the coefficients $c_{ij}$ but they are cumbersome and not very useful. ", "However, there is a better way of getting an expression for $\\Phi$, by taking a limit $\\o\\to 0$ in the formula for the difference case, see below. ", "It turns out that $\\Phi$ has the form $$\\label{up}\n\\Phi=\\frac{e^{(k,x)}}{\\t(a_1|\\tau)\\t(a_2|\\tau)} \\sum_{0\\le i,j\\le\n2} b_{ij}(k_1+k_2)^i(k_1-k_2)^j \\,,$$ where the parameters $k_1,k_2$ and $a_1,a_2$ relate to $K_j,\\gamma_j$ as $$\\label{K}\nk_j=K_j+\\pi i\\,,\\qquad a_j=\\gamma_j-(1+\\tau)/2\\,.$$ The coefficients $b_{ij}$ depend on $x$ and $a_1,a_2$ and are given by the following recipe. ", "Let us introduce formal commutative variables $A,B,C,D$. We also need the following scalar $\\lambda$ depending on $\\tau$: $$\\lambda:=\\theta'''(0|\\tau)/\\theta'(0|\\tau)\\,.$$ Now introduce $U,V$ as $U:=A+B-C$,$V:=A+B-D$ and put $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\notag b_{22}=&1\\,,\\quad b_{21}=2U\\,,\\quad\nb_{12}=2V\\,,\\\\\\label{upp} b_{20}=&-\\lambda+U^2\\,,\\quad\nb_{02}=-\\lambda+V^2\\,,\\quad b_{11}=4UV\\,,\n\\\\\\notag b_{10}=&2V(-\\lambda+U^2)\\,,\\quad\nb_{01}=2U(-\\lambda+V^2)\\,,\\\\\\notag\nb_{00}=&(-\\lambda+U^2)(-\\lambda+V^2)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ After that one opens the brackets, so each of $b_{ij}$ becomes a sum of monomials in $A,B,C,D$ with scalar coefficients, and then replaces each monomial using the following rule: $$\\label{uppe}\ncA^pB^qC^rD^s\\longrightarrow\nc\\t^{(p)}(x_1+a_1)\\t^{(q)}(x_2+a_2)\\t^{(r)}(x_1-x_2)\n\\t^{(s)}(x_1+x_2)\\,.$$ Here $\\t=\\t(z|\\tau)$, as before, denotes the odd Jacobi theta function, and the upper index in brackets refers to taking derivatives in $z$. We treat a scalar as a multiple of $A^0B^0C^0D^0$ assuming, as usual, that $f^{(0)}=f$. To illustrate this, we present below some first of the coefficients: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\notag\nb_{22}=&\\t(x_1+a_1)\\t(x_2+a_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)\\t(x_1+x_2)\\,,\\\\ \\notag\nb_{21}=&2\\t'(x_1+a_1)\\t(x_2+a_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)\\t(x_1+x_2)-\\\\\n\\label{upper}\n&2\\t(x_1+a_1)\\t'(x_2+a_2){\\theta}(x_1-x_2){\\theta}(x_1+x_2)-\\\\\n\\notag&\n2\\t(x_1+a_1)\\t(x_2+a_2)\\t'_1(x_1-x_2){\\theta}(x_1+x_2)\\,,\\\\\\notag\nb_{20}=&\n-\\lambda\\t(x_1+a_1)\\t(x_2+a_2){\\theta}(x_1-x_2){\\theta}(x_1+x_2)+\\dots\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor any $K_1,K_2$ and generic $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2$ there is a unique (up to a constant factor) function $\\Phi(x)$ of the form with the properties –. ", "It is described by the formulas – above.", "\n\nTo prove the formula , one goes to the limit $\\o\\to 0$ in the formula from the next section, picking up the first nonzero term (of order $6$ in $\\o$).", "\n\nFormulas – fix the dependence of $\\Phi(x)$ on $4$ parameters $a_1,a_2,k_1,k_2$. Let us consider now the translation properties of $\\Phi$ regarded as a function of these parameters. ", "Recall that for generic $a_1, a_2$ the function $\\Phi$ was determined uniquely up to a factor by and –. ", "Thus, it follows immediately from Remark \\[rem1\\] that under the shifts – $\\Phi$ must remain the same, up to a factor independent on $x$. To find this factor, it is sufficient to look at the formula for the leading coefficient $b_{22}$. As a result, we conclude that the function $\\Phi$, given by formulas , – is invariant with respect to the shifts –: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{t12}\n\\Phi(a_1+1, a_2, k_1, k_2)=\\Phi(a_1, a_2+1, k_1, k_2)=\\Phi(a_1,\na_2, k_1, k_2)\\,,\\\\\\label{t2} \\Phi(a_1+\\tau, a_2, k_1+2\\pi i,\nk_2)=\\Phi(a_1, a_2+\\tau, k_1, k_2+2\\pi i)=\\Phi(a_1, a_2, k_1,\nk_2)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$\n\nNow let us find the interrelations between the parameters $a_j,\nk_j$ which will guarantee two remaining vanishing conditions –. ", "Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ denote the derivatives $\\d_1\\d_2\\Phi$ and $\\d_1\\d_2^3\\Phi$ evaluated at $x_1=x_2=0$: $$\\label{G}\nG_1=\\frac{\\d^2 \\Phi}{\\d x_1\\d x_2}(0,0)\\,,\\qquad G_2=\\frac{\\d^4\n\\Phi}{\\d x _1\\d x_2^3}(0,0)\\,.$$ Thus defined $G_1, G_2$ will be regarded as functions of the parameters $a_1,a_2,k_1,k_2$. Consider now the following two equations on these $4$ parameters: $$\\label{ob}\nG_1=0\\,,\\quad G_2=0\\,.$$ It is clear that conditions imply both of the equations . ", "Indeed, they guarantee that the function $$\\label{fu}\nf(t)=\\d_1\\Phi(0,t)$$ is identically zero, in particular, $f'(0)=G_1=0$ and $f'''(0)=G_2=0$.\n\nMore interestingly, are ’almost’ equivalent to . ", "To see this, note that the function has the following translation properties in $t$: $$\\begin{gathered}\nf(t+1)=e^{k_2}f(t)\\,,\\\\f(t+\\tau)=e^{k_2\\tau-2\\pi i(3t+a_2)-3\\pi\ni\\tau}f(t)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ [From]{} – we know that $$(\\d_1\\pm\\d_2)\\Phi(0,0)=0\\,.$$ This gives that $f(0)=\\d_1\\Phi(0,0)=0$, while the first equation in gives that $f'(0)=0$. Together with the translation properties above this implies that $f$ is proportional to the following theta function: $$e^{k_2t}\\theta(t+a_2|\\tau)[\\theta(t|\\tau)]^2\\,.$$ This function has nonzero third derivative at $t=0$ as soon as $$\\label{gen}\nk_2\\theta(a_2|\\tau)+\\theta'(a_2|\\tau)\\neq 0\\,.$$ Thus, the conditions $f(0)=f'(0)=f'''(0)=0$ imply that $f$ is identically zero provided that is true. ", "The outcome is the following: for all $a_1, a_2, k_1, k_2$ satisfying the condition the equations imply .", "\n\nOur next remark is that for any $a_1, a_2, k_1, k_2$ we have the relation $\\d_1\\d_2^3\\Phi(0,0)=\\d_1^3\\d_2\\Phi(0,0)$. This is due to the identity $$4\\d_1^3\\d_2\\Phi-4\\d_1\\d_2^3\\Phi=\n(\\d_1+\\d_2)^3(\\d_1-\\d_2)\\Phi- (\\d_1-\\d_2)^3(\\d_1+\\d_2)\\Phi$$ where the right-hand side vanishes at $x_1=x_2=0$ due to –. ", "Thus, repeating the same arguments as above, we conclude that the equations imply also , as soon as $$\\label{gen2}\nk_1\\theta(a_1|\\tau)+\\theta'(a_1|\\tau)\\neq 0\\,.$$\n\nAs a result, we see that under assumptions – both vanishing conditions – are equivalent to one system . ", "To remove the restrictions –, let us consider equations in more details.", "\n\nFirst notice that the functions $G_1,G_2$ share the same translation properties – in $(a_1,a_2,k_1,k_2)$ with $\\Phi$ (since differentiating in $x$ doesn’t affect these properties). ", "Notice also that $G_1, G_2$ are polynomials in $k_1,k_2$. Let us pass from $k_1,k_2$ to another variables $p_1,p_2$ as follows: $$\\label{p}\np_1=k_1+\\zeta(a_1)\\,,\\quad p_2=k_2+\\zeta(a_2)\\,,$$ where we used $\\zeta=\\zeta(z|\\tau)$ to denote the logarithmic derivative of $\\theta(z)$: $$\\zeta(z)=\\frac{\\theta'(z|\\tau)}{\\theta(z|\\tau)}\\,.$$ This is slightly different from the Weierstrass $\\zeta$-function.", "\n\nClearly, $G_1,G_2$ are still polynomials in $p_1,p_2$ with the coefficients depending on $a_1,a_2$. The translation properties – imply that the coefficients in these polynomials will be elliptic functions of $a_1$ and $a_2$. In fact, one can write down $G_1, G_2$ quite explicitly. ", "The following result follows from our calculations for the difference case from the next section.", "\n\n\\[b2var\\] The system $G_1=G_2=0$ is equivalent to the following system: $$\\label{var}\n\\begin{array}l\np_1(p_2^3+3\\zeta'_2p_2+\\zeta''_2)=p_2(p_1^3+3\\zeta'_1p_1\n+\\zeta''_1)\\,,\\\\ p_1(p_2^5+10\\zeta'_2p_2^3+10\\zeta''_2p_2^2+\n(5\\zeta'''_2+15(\\zeta'_2)^2)p_2+\\zeta''''_2+10\\zeta'_2\\zeta''_2)\\\\=\np_2(p_1^5+10\\zeta'_1p_1^3+10\\zeta''_1p_1^2+\n(5\\zeta'''_1+15(\\zeta'_1)^2)p_1+\\zeta''''_1+10\\zeta'_1\\zeta''_1)\\,,\n\\end{array}$$ where $\\zeta_1, \\zeta_2$ stand for $\\zeta(a_1)$ and $\\zeta(a_2)$ while the prime denotes taking the derivative with respect to the corresponding variable. (", "Notice that $\\wp(z)=-\\zeta'+{\\rm const}$, so $\\zeta''=-\\wp'$ and so on.)", "\n\n[From]{} the discussion below will follow that for generic $a_1,a_2$ the system has a finite number of solutions $(p_1,p_2)$. Thus, we can think of as a finite covering of the product $\\mathcal E\\times \\mathcal E$ of two copies of an elliptic curve $\\mathcal E=\\mathcal E_\\tau=\\mathbb C\n/(\\mathbb Z+\\tau\\mathbb Z)$. In fact, the only $(a_1,a_2)$ where the fiber is infinite are those with $a_1=\\pm a_2\\ ({\\rm mod}\\\n1,\\tau)$. This corresponds to the following ’vertical’ components of : $$\\label{vert}\n\\{a_1=a_2\\,,\\ p_1=p_2\\}\\,,\\qquad\\{a_1=-a_2\\,,\\ p_1=-p_2\\}\\,.$$ Another ’trivial’ component is, obviously, $$\\label{triv}\n\\{p_1=p_2=0\\}\\,.$$ If we delete these three components from , the remaining part will be, in fact, a $13$-fold covering of $\\dot\n{\\mathcal E}\\times \\dot {\\mathcal E}$. Since we deleted the component , the conditions – and, hence, – are satisfied on the remaining part. ", "Thus, we arrive at the following theorem.", "\n\n\\[blo\\] Let $\\mathcal C$ be the finite covering of the product of two (punctured) elliptic curves which is obtained from by deleting the components and . ", "Then $\\mathcal C$ is the Hermite–Bloch variety for the operator and a double-Bloch solution $\\psi(x)$ corresponding to a point $(a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)$ in $\\mathcal C$ is given by the formulas , – and .", "\n\nWe still have to explain why $\\mathcal C$ is a $13$-fold covering. ", "To this end let us consider a family of plane rational curves $\\varphi: \\mathbb P^1\\to\\mathbb P^2$ of degree $5$, depending on a parameter $a\\in \\mathcal E=\\mathbb C/\\mathbb Z+\\tau\\mathbb Z$ and defined as follows: if $a\\in \\mathcal E$ and $u=(u_0:u_1)\\in\\mathbb P^1$ then $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\varphi(a,u)=(\\varphi_0:\\varphi_1:\\varphi_2)\\,,\\quad\\text{where}\\\\\n&\\varphi_0=u_1u_0^4\\,,\n\\\\&\\varphi_1=u_1^3u_0^2+3\\zeta'(a)u_1u_0^4+\\zeta''(a)u_0^5\\,,\n\\\\&\\varphi_2=u_1^5+10\\zeta'(a)u_1^3u_0^2+\n(5\\zeta'''(a)+15(\\zeta'(a))^2)u_1u_0^4+\n(\\zeta''''(a)+10\\zeta'(a)\\zeta''(a))u_0^5\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Then the solutions $(p_1,p_2)$ of correspond to the intersection points of two curves $C_1=\\varphi(a_1,\\cdot\\,)$, $C_2=\\varphi(a_2,\\cdot\\,)$ from our family. ", "Namely, if $\\varphi(a_1,u)=\\varphi(a_2,v)$ then $p_1=u_1/u_0$ and $p_2=v_1/v_0$ obviously satisfy and vice versa, provided $p_1,p_2\\ne 0$. We should, however, exclude from consideration points with $p_1,p_2=\\infty$. Namely, all the curves from our family pass through $(0:0:1)=\\varphi(a,\\infty)$. It is a standard exercise in basic algebraic geometry to show that ${\\rm\nmult}\\,(C_1\\cap C_2)$ at this point equals $12$. In doing this local analysis, one immediately observes that the condition $\\zeta(a_1)=\\zeta(a_2)$ is necessary for $C_1$ and $C_2$ to coincide near the point $(0:0:1)$. This proves that the covering is finite apart from the components . ", "After that Bezout’s theorem tells us that the number of common points, apart from $(0:0:1)$, equals $5\\times 5-12=13$.\n\n\\[weyl\\] Operator is symmetric under the Weyl group $W$ of $B_2$, whose $8$ elements act by permuting coordinates and/or changing their signs. ", "This induces the action of $W$ on Bloch solutions and, therefore, on the Hermite–Bloch variety . ", "This action, in terms of $(a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)$, is generated by involutions $(a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)\\to\n(a_2,a_1,p_2,p_1)$ and $(a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)\\to (-a_1,a_2,-p_1,p_2)$.\n\nAlgebraic integrability\n-----------------------\n\nThe operator $L$ is completely integrable. ", "According to Theorem \\[ch\\], it has a commuting operator of order four, $$L_1=\\partial_1^2\\partial^2_2+\\dots\\,.$$ Using Proposition \\[f\\], we see that our $\\psi$ is a common eigenfunction for $L,\\, L_1$: $$\\label{eig3}\nL\\psi=E\\psi\\,,\\quad L_1\\psi=E_1\\psi\\,,\\quad L_2\\psi=E_2\\psi\\,.$$ Here $E, E_1$ are some functions of the parameters $a_1, a_2, k_1,\nk_2$ which, in principle, can be calculated explicitly (though we didn’t have enough energy to perform such a calculation).", "\n\nIn [@O] it was shown that apart from $L_1$, there is another operator $$L_2=\\partial_1^5-5\\partial_1^3\\partial_2^2+\\dots$$ which commutes with $L, L_1$ (see [@O] for the explicit expression for $L_1,L_2$). ", "The existence of a fifth order quantum integral $L_2$ means in this case that the Schrödinger operator $L$ is algebraically integrable. ", "To see this directly, let us consider one more operator $L_3$, obtained from $L_2$ by interchanging $x_1$ and $x_2$. Then one easily checks that the common eigenspace of $L$ and $L_1$ is $8$-dimensional, and for generic $E$ and $E_1$ it is spanned by the double-Bloch solutions $\\psi$, constructed previously. ", "On the other hand, by proposition \\[f\\], each $\\psi$ will be an eigenfunction of $L_2$ and $L_3$ as well. ", "So, the only thing to check is that the eigenvalues $E_2, E_3$ separate all $8$ solutions of the system . ", "This is enough to check in the trigonometric limit $\\tau\\to+i\\infty$, which is not difficult.", "\n\nWe do not give the precise relation between the Hermite–Bloch variety and the spectral surface. ", "To find such a relation, a careful analysis of the structure of the divisor at infinity is needed. ", "Let us remark that in [@Kh] two algebraic relations between the $4$ operators $L,\\dots ,L_3$ were calculated explicitly. ", "Thus, they determine a $2$-dimensional affine algebraic variety in $\\mathbb C^4$. However, it is not isomorphic to the spectral surface as an affine variety (though they are birationally equivalent). ", "This can be seen already in the trigonometric limit $\\tau\\to +i\\infty$, by using the information about the spectral variety from [@VSC]. ", "Namely, the results of [@VSC] imply that these four operators $L,\\dots, L_3$ are not enough to generate the whole commutative ring (which is isomorphic to the coordinate ring of the spectral surface).", "\n\nSpectrum of $L$ {#spectrum}\n---------------\n\nThroughout this subsection we assume that the parameter $\\tau$ is pure imaginary, so the potential $u(x)$ of the Schrödinger operator is real-valued for $x\\in\\mathbb R^2$. Its singularities is the family of lines $$\\label{sing}\nx_1\\in \\mathbb Z\\,,\\quad x_2\\in \\mathbb Z\\,,\\quad x_1+x_2\\in\n\\mathbb Z\\,,\\quad x_1-x_2\\in \\mathbb Z\\,.$$ These lines cut $\\mathbb R^2$ into triangles and the spectral problem for $L$ splits into separate spectral problems for each triangle.", "\n\nLet $\\psi(x)=\\psi(x;a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)$ be a double-Bloch eigenfunction for $L$, which corresponds to a point $(a_1,a_2,p_1,p_2)$ of the surface in accordance with the formulas , – and . ", "Given such a $\\psi$, let us symmetrize it in the following way: $$\\label{spec}\n\\Psi(x)=\\sum_{w\\in W} \\psi(wx)\\,,$$ where $W$ denotes the Weyl group for the system $B_2$. To get a square-integrable eigenfunction, according to Proposition \\[sp1\\], one takes $k\\in 2\\pi iP$, that is $k=(i\\pi m, i\\pi n)$ with integer $m,n$ having the same parity. ", "For such $k$ the substitution of into leads to a system of (transcendental) equations on $a_1,a_2$, and by solving it one eventually finds the corresponding eigenfunctions. ", "Note that because of the invariance of the system (and of $\\psi$) under the shifts –, it is enough to look for the solutions $(a_1,a_2)$ with $a_i$ lying inside the fundamental parallelogram with the vertices $\\pm (1+\\tau)/2$. Also, taking into account the Weyl group action, we can restrict ourselves to the dominant weights, i.e. $0\\le m\\le n$.\n\nNow let us consider the trigonometric limit $\\tau\\to +i\\infty$, then one can show that for any $m,n$ the corresponding system will have the unique solution $a_1,a_2$ inside the fundamental parallelogram (at least, for sufficiently big $\\tau$). ", "Moreover, if one fixes $k=(k_1,k_2)$ and takes then the limit $\\tau\\to +\\infty$, then $\\psi$ will go to the Baker–Akhiezer function $\\psi(k,x)$ considered in [@C00] (this can be seen directly from the formulas for $\\psi$). ", "Now, for the Baker–Akhiezer function $\\psi(k,x)$ it is known (see Theorem 6.7 of [@C00]) that the formula will produces all the Jack polynomials if $$\\label{adm}\nk=2\\pi i(\\lambda+\\rho)\\qquad\\text{with}\\ \\lambda\\in P_+\\quad\\text{\nand}\\ \\rho=\\frac12\\sum_{\\alpha\\in R_+} (m_\\alpha+1)\\alpha\\,.$$ For others $k\\in 2\\pi i P_+$ the symmetrized $\\Psi$ will be zero.", "\n\nIn our situation this means that the function $\\Psi=\\Psi_{m,n}$ defined by will be non-zero as soon as $$\\label{triangle} n-4\\ge m\\ge\n2\\,,\\qquad \\text{with}\\quad n\\equiv m \\ (\\mathrm {mod} 2)\\,.$$ For other $k\\in 2\\pi i P_+$ it will be zero in the trigonometric limit. ", "But the result of [@KT] cited in Section \\[spe\\] claims that the family of the eigenfunctions of $L$ is analytic in $p=e^{\\pi i\\tau}$ and specializes to the Jack polynomials at $p=0$. Hence, if $\\Psi_{m,n}=0$ in the trigonometric limit, it must be zero for all $\\tau$ identically.", "\n\nWe conclude that the eigenfunctions $\\Psi_{m,n}$ of $L$ are labeled by $m,n$ satysfying . ", "In particular, the ground state corresponds to $(m, n)=(2,6)$. The constructed solutions $\\Psi_{m,n}$ will have second order zeros along the lines and will be invariant under orthogonal reflections with respect to these lines. ", "According to the results of [@KT], the resulting family is complete in $L^2(T)^W$ (see Section \\[spe\\] above).", "\n\nFor certain $(a_1,a_2,k_1,k_2)$ the corresponding Bloch solution $\\psi$ has a nontrivial symmetry in $x$, which must be a subgroup of the Weyl group $W$. Our formulas for $\\psi$ do not work directly for some of these cases, because of the presence of an extra component . ", "Of particular interest are those of the points which correspond to the solutions which are double-(anti)periodic (in each of the variables $x_1,x_2$). ", "These can be viewed as multidimensional analogues of the classical Lamé polynomials [@BE].", "\n\nDifference $B_2$ case\n=====================\n\nIn this section we will generalize the results above to the following difference version of the operator : $$\\label{qb2} L= a_0 + a_+T_1^{2\\omega}+ a_-T_1^{-2\\omega}+\nb_+T_2^{2\\omega}+ b_-T_2^{-2\\omega}\\,,$$ where $T_i^{\\epsilon}$ stands for a shift in $x_i$ by $\\epsilon$, and the coefficients $a_\\pm, b_\\pm$ are $$\\begin{aligned}\na_{\\pm}=&\\frac{\\theta(x_1\\mp\\omega)\\theta(x_1+x_2\\mp 2\\omega)\n\\theta(x_1-x_2\\mp 2\\omega)}{\\theta(x_1\\pm\\o)\\theta(x_1+x_2)\n\\theta(x_1-x_2)}\\,,\\\\\nb_{\\pm}=&\\frac{\\theta(x_2\\mp\\omega)\\theta(x_1+x_2\\mp 2\\omega)\n\\theta(x_1-x_2\\pm 2\\omega)}{\\theta(x_2\\pm\\o)\\theta(x_1+x_2)\n\\theta(x_1-x_2)}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ while $a_0$ has the form $a_0=c_++c_-+d_++d_-$ with $c_\\pm, d_\\pm$ given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nc_{\\pm}=&\\frac{\\t(2\\o)\\t(x_1\\pm 5\\o)\\t(x_1+x_2\\mp\n2\\o)\\t(x_1-x_2\\mp 2\\o)}\n{\\t(4\\o)\\t(x_1\\pm\\o)\\t(x_1+x_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)}\\,,\\\\\nd_{\\pm}=&\\frac{\\t(2\\o)\\t(x_2\\pm 5\\o)\\t(x_1+x_2\\mp\n2\\o)\\t(x_1-x_2\\pm 2\\o)}\n{\\t(4\\o)\\t(x_2\\pm\\o)\\t(x_1+x_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ In all formulas $\\theta(z)=\\theta(z|\\tau)$ is the odd Jacobi theta function .", "\n\nThis is a very special case of the so-called $BC_n$ generalization of the quantum Ruijsenaars model [@R]. ", "In trigonometric case it has been introduced by Koornwinder [@Ko]. ", "Elliptic version was first suggested by van Diejen [@vD] and later extended in [@Mi], where its complete integrability has been proven. ", "This also can be viewed as an elliptic generalization of one of the Macdonald operators [@Ma] for $B_2$. In what follows we assume that the parameter $\\omega$ is generic. ", "Note that the operator can be restored (up to a certain gauge) in the limit $\\omega\\to 0$.\n\nIt is worth mentioning that coefficients of $L$ are not periodic, so instead of (double-) Bloch solutions one should look for the eigenfunctions in a certain $\\t$-functional space. ", "Another way of putting it is to observe that $L$ can be reduced to elliptic form using proper gauge. ", "For instance, consider $$\\widetilde\nL=\\delta^{-1}\\circ L\\circ\\delta\\,,\\qquad\n\\delta=\\t(x_1)\\t(x_2)\\t(x_1+x_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)\\,.$$ Then $\\widetilde\nL$ will have elliptic coefficients, so we can look for its Bloch solutions $\\psi(x)$. Correspondingly, $\\Phi=\\delta\\psi$ will be an eigenfunction for $L$ and it will have translation properties similar to those of $\\delta$. Abusing the language, below we refer to $\\Phi$ as a Bloch solution for $L$.\n\nBloch solutions {#bloch-solutions}\n---------------\n\nWe are going to construct eigenfunctions of $L$ similar to the differential case above. ", "Our ansatz for $\\Phi$ remains unchanged: $$\\label{qphi}\n\\Phi=\\exp(K_1x_1+K_2x_2)\\sum_{0\\le i,j\\le2}\nc_{ij}\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{i/3}{0}(3x_1+\\gamma_1|3\\tau)\n\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{j/3}{0}(3x_2+\\gamma_2|3\\tau)\\,.$$ An analogue of the vanishing conditions – is dictated by the singularities of $L$ and is the following: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{qax1}\n\\Phi(\\omega,x_2) \\equiv &\\Phi(-\\omega,x_2) && \\quad \\text{for\nall}\\ x_2\\,,\n\\\\ \\label{qax2}\n\\Phi(x_1,\\omega) \\equiv &\\Phi(x_1,-\\omega) && \\quad \\text{for\nall}\\ x_1\\,,\n\\\\ \\label{qax+}\n \\Phi(x_1+\\omega,x_2+\\omega) \\equiv &\\Phi(x_1-\\omega,x_2-\\omega)\n && \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_1+x_2=0\\,, \\\\\n \\label{qax-}\n \\Phi(x_1+\\omega,x_2-\\omega) \\equiv &\\Phi(x_1-\\omega,x_2+\\omega)\n && \\quad \\text{for}\\ x_1-x_2=0\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ We are going to show that for a certain two-dimensional variety in the space of parameters $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2,K_1,K_2$ there is only one (up to a factor) such $\\Phi$. As a consequence, $\\Phi$ will be an eigenfunction of $L$, due to a natural analogue of Proposition \\[f\\].", "\n\nWe start from conditions , . ", "Using the formula and repeating the arguments used in case $\\omega=0$, we obtain a linear system for $c_{ij}$ and can see that (for generic $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2$) it defines $c_{ij}$ uniquely, up to a factor. ", "However, solving this system leads to a very cumbersome formula. ", "Instead, let us define $\\Phi$ by the following formula: $$\\label{qans}\n\\Phi=\\exp(k_1x_1+k_2x_2) \\sum_{i,j}b_{ij}\\theta(x_1+a_1+i\\omega)\n\\theta(x_2+a_2+j\\omega)e^{\\omega(ik_1+jk_2)}\\,,$$ where the summation is taken over the following set of indices: $$(i,j)=(0,4),(4,0),(0,-4),(-4,0),(2,2),(2,-2),(-2,-2),(-2,2),(0,0)\\,,$$ and the coefficients $b_{ij}=b_{ij}(x)$ look as follows: $$b_{ij}=\\beta_{ij}\\theta\\left(x_1+x_2-\\frac{i+j}{2}\\omega\\right)\n\\theta\\left(x_1-x_2- \\frac{i-j}{2}\\omega\\right)$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\beta_{04}=\\beta_{40}=\\beta_{0,-4}=\\beta_{-4,0}=(\\theta(2\\omega))^2\n\\\\&\\beta_{22}=\\beta_{2,-2}=\\beta_{-2,-2}=\\beta_{-2,2}=-\\theta(2\\omega)\n\\theta(4\\omega)\\\\ &\\beta_{00}=(\\theta(4\\omega))^2\\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor any $K_1,K_2$ and generic $\\gamma_1,\\gamma_2$ there exists unique (up to a factor) function $\\Phi$ of the form satisfying conditions –. ", "It is given by the formula , where $k_j=K_j+\\pi i$ and $a_j=\\gamma_j-(1+\\tau)/2$ ($j=1,2$).", "\n\nTo prove the proposition one first checks that this $\\Phi$ has the needed translation properties in $x_1,x_2$, then an elementary check shows that conditions – are satisfied.", "\n\nLet us turn now to conditions –. ", "First, let us remark that , at $x=(0,0)$ imply that $$\\label{q0}\n\\Phi(\\omega,\\omega)-\\Phi(-\\omega,-\\omega)=\\Phi(\\omega,-\\omega)\n-\\Phi(-\\omega,\\omega)=0\\,.$$ Introduce now $$\\begin{gathered}\nG_1=\\Phi(\\omega,\\omega)-\\Phi(\\omega,-\\omega)-\\Phi(-\\omega,\\omega)\n+\\Phi(-\\omega,-\\omega)\\,,\\\\\nG_2=\\Phi(\\omega,-3\\omega)-\\Phi(-\\omega,-3\\omega)-\\Phi(\\omega,3\\omega)\n+\\Phi(-\\omega,3\\omega)\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ and consider the system $$\\label{qob}\nG_1=0\\,,\\quad G_2=0\\,.$$ Obviously, the vanishing condition implies . ", "Conversely, from the system we deduce immediately that the function $$f(t)=\\Phi(\\omega,t)-\\Phi(-\\omega,t)$$ satisfies the conditions $f(\\omega)=f(-\\omega)$ and $f(3\\omega)=f(-3\\omega)$. Together with this gives that $f(\\omega)=f(-\\omega)=0$. Since $f$ is a theta function of order $3$, it must have the form $f=\\theta(t-\\omega)\\theta(t+\\omega)g(t)$ with $g(3\\omega)=g(-3\\omega)$. Now, since $g$ is a theta function of the first order with known characteristics (expressed in terms of $a_2, k_2$), the condition $g(3\\omega)=g(-3\\omega)$ implies $g\\equiv 0$ as soon as $$\\label{qgen}\ne^{6\\omega k_2}\\ne\n\\frac{\\theta(a_2-3\\omega|\\tau)}{\\theta(a_2+3\\omega|\\tau)}\\,.$$ The latter condition is a difference version of . ", "Now let us collect some corollaries of –: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\Phi(\\omega,-3\\omega)=\\Phi(3\\omega,-\\omega)\\,,\\quad\\Phi(-\\omega,-3\\omega)\n=\\Phi(-3\\omega,-\\omega)\\,,\\\\\\Phi(\\omega,3\\omega)=\\Phi(3\\omega,\\omega)\\,,\n\\quad \\Phi(-\\omega,3\\omega)=\\Phi(-3\\omega,\\omega)\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ Thus, $G_2$ can be rewritten as $$G_2=\\Phi(3\\omega,-\\omega)-\n\\Phi(-3\\omega,-\\omega)- \\Phi(3\\omega,\\omega)\n+\\Phi(-3\\omega,\\omega)\\,.$$ Hence, we can repeat the same arguments with respect to $x_2$-variable and conclude that the system implies as soon as $$\\label{qgen2}\ne^{6\\omega k_1}\\ne\n\\frac{\\theta(a_1-3\\omega|\\tau)}{\\theta(a_1+3\\omega|\\tau)}\\,.$$ Summing up, we see that the system implies both of the conditions – under assumptions –.", "\n\nTo get rid of restrictions – let us calculate $G_1, G_2$. First, introduce the notation $\\xi_1,\\xi_2$ for $$\\xi_1=e^{\\omega k_1}\\,,\\quad \\xi_2=e^{\\omega k_2}\\,.$$ A direct substitution gives that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Phi(\\o,\\o)=&\\beta_{0,-4}{\\theta}(4\\o){\\theta}(-2\\o)\\t(a_1+\\o)\n\\t(a_2-3\\o)\\xi_1\\xi_2^{-3}+\\\\&\n\\beta_{-4,0}{\\theta}(4\\o){\\theta}(2\\o)\\t(a_1-3\\o)\n\\t(a_2+\\o)\\xi_1^{-3}\\xi_2+\\\\&\n\\beta_{-2,2}{\\theta}(2\\o){\\theta}(2\\o)\\t(a_1-\\o)\n\\t(a_2+3\\o)\\xi_1^{-1}\\xi_2^{3}+\\\\&\n\\beta_{2,-2}{\\theta}(2\\o){\\theta}(-2\\o)\\t(a_1+3\\o)\n\\t(a_2-\\o)\\xi_1^3\\xi_2^{-1}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ In a similar way we calculate $\\Phi(-\\o,\\o)$ and $G_1=2\\Phi(\\omega,\\omega)-2\\Phi(-\\omega,\\omega)$. As a result, the equation $G_1=0$ takes the following form (up to a nonessential factor): $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{aha1}\n(\\theta(a_1+3\\omega)\\xi_1^3-\\theta(a_1-3\\omega)\\xi_1^{-3})\n(\\theta(a_2+\\omega)\\xi_2-\\theta(a_2-\\omega)\\xi_2^{-1})\\\\=\n(\\theta(a_1+\\omega)\\xi_1-\\theta(a_1-\\omega)\\xi_1^{-1})\n(\\theta(a_2+3\\omega)\\xi_2^3-\\theta(a_2-3\\omega)\\xi_2^{-3})\\,.\\end{gathered}$$\n\nIn a similar way one can compute $G_2$. It turns out that it is a linear combination of $8$ terms of the form $\\xi_1^{\\pm\n3}\\xi_2^{\\pm 5}$, $\\xi_1^{\\pm 5}\\xi_2^{\\pm 3}$ and $8$ terms of the form $\\xi_1^{\\pm 1}\\xi_2^{\\pm 3}$, $\\xi_1^{\\pm 3}\\xi_2^{\\pm\n1}$. Moreover, the combination of the last $8$ terms is proportional to $G_1$, so we can get rid of them by subtracting $G_1$, this does not affect the system . ", "After these transformations equation $G_2=0$ takes the following nice form: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{aha2}\n(\\theta(a_1+5\\omega)\\xi_1^5-\\theta(a_1-5\\omega)\\xi_1^{-5})\n(\\theta(a_2+3\\omega)\\xi_2^3-\\theta(a_2-3\\omega)\\xi_2^{-3})\\\\=\n(\\theta(a_1+3\\omega)\\xi_1^3-\\theta(a_1-3\\omega)\\xi_1^{-3})\n(\\theta(a_2+5\\omega)\\xi_2^5-\\theta(a_2-5\\omega)\\xi_2^{-5})\\,.\\end{gathered}$$\n\nSummarizing, we see that the system is equivalent to the equations –. ", "These equations are obviously invariant under the transformations –, in this way they define a covering over the product $\\mathcal E\\times \\mathcal E$ of two elliptic curves $\\mathcal E=\\mathbb C/\\mathbb Z + \\tau \\mathbb Z$. It has two ’vertical’ components $$\\label{qvert}\n\\{a_1=a_2\\,,\\ \\xi_1=\\xi_2\\}\\,,\\qquad\\{a_1=-a_2\\,,\\\n\\xi_1=(\\xi_2)^{-1}\\}\\,.$$ Another ’trivial’ component is given by $$\\label{qtriv}\n\\theta(a_1+3\\omega)\\xi_1^3-\\theta(a_1-3\\omega)\\xi_1^{-3}=\n\\theta(a_2+3\\omega)\\xi_2^3-\\theta(a_2-3\\omega)\\xi_2^{-3}=0\\,.$$ After deleting these three components, one gets a finite (in fact, $17$-fold) covering of $\\mathcal E\\times \\mathcal E$, let us denote it by $\\mathcal C$. ", "We can conclude now that for any point in $\\mathcal C$ the corresponding function $\\Phi$ will satisfy the vanishing conditions – and, hence, it will be an eigenfunction of the difference operator $L$.\n\nFormulas and equations – describe the (double-) Bloch eigenfunctions of the difference operator . ", "The Bloch–Hermite variety $\\mathcal C$, which is obtained by deleting components – from the variety –, is a $17$-fold covering of the product $\\mathcal E\\times \\mathcal E$ of two elliptic curves.", "\n\nAs a corollary, considering the limit $\\omega\\to 0$ we can calculate explicitly the Hermite–Bloch variety for the operator . ", "Namely, one picks up the terms of order $4$ and $6$ in $\\omega$ in equation .", "\n\nIn the limit $\\omega\\to 0$ the system – goes to .", "\n\nThe only thing we still have to explain is why the degree of the covering is $17$. To this end, let us define a family of plane rational curves $\\varphi: \\mathbb P^1\\to\\mathbb P^2$ of degree $5$, depending on parameter $a\\in \\mathcal E$. Namely, for $a\\in\n\\mathcal E$ and $u=(u_0:u_1)\\in\\mathbb P^1$ put $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\varphi(a,u)=(\\varphi_0:\\varphi_1:\\varphi_2)\\,,\\quad\\text{where}\\\\\n&\\varphi_0= \\frac{ u_0^2u_1^3 \\theta(a+\\omega)\\theta(a-{\\o}/2)}\n{\\theta(a+{\\o}/2)}- \\frac{ u_0^3u_1^2\n\\theta(a-\\omega)\\theta(a+{\\o}/2)} {\\theta(a-{\\o}/2)} \\,,\n\\\\&\\varphi_1=\n\\frac{u_0u_1^4\\theta(a+3\\omega)\\theta^3(a-{\\o}/2)}\n{\\theta^3(a+{\\o}/2)}-\n\\frac{u^4_0u_1\\theta(a-3\\omega)\\theta^3(a+{\\o}/2)}\n{\\theta^3(a-{\\o}/2)}\\,,\n\\\\&\\varphi_2=\\frac{u^5_1\\theta(a+5\\omega)\\theta^5(a-{\\o}/2)}\n{\\theta^5(a+{\\o}/2)}-\n\\frac{u^5_0\\theta(a-5\\omega)\\theta^5(a+{\\o}/2)}\n{\\theta^5(a-{\\o}/2)}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Then the solutions $(\\xi_1,\\xi_2)$ of correspond to the intersection points of two curves $C_1=\\varphi(a_1,\\cdot\\,)$, $C_2=\\varphi(a_2,\\cdot\\,)$ from our family. ", "Namely, if $\\varphi(a_1,u)=\\varphi(a_2,v)$ then $\\xi_1, \\xi_2$ with $$(\\xi_1)^2=\\frac{u_1\\theta^2(a_1-{\\omega}/2)}\n{u_0\\theta^2(a_1+{\\omega}/2)}\\quad\\text{and}\\quad\n(\\xi_2)^2=\\frac{v_1\\theta^2(a_2-{\\omega}/2)}\n{v_0\\theta^2(a_2+{\\omega}/2)}$$ clearly satisfy – and vice versa, provided –. ", "We should, however, exclude from consideration points with $\\xi_1,\\xi_2=0, \\infty$ since $\\xi_i=e^{\\o k_i}$. Namely, all the curves from our family pass through $(0:0:1)=\\varphi(a,0)=\\varphi(a,\\infty)$. A little difference with $\\o=0$ case is that now we have ${\\rm\nmult}\\,(C_1\\cap C_2)=8$ at this point. ", "By Bezout’s theorem, the number of intersection points of $C_1, C_2$ , apart from $(0:0:1)$, equals $5\\times 5-8=17$.\n\nNote that for given $\\xi_1^2, \\xi_2^2$ the corresponding quasimomenta $k_1,k_2$ seem to be non-unique, with the ambiguity of adding some multiple of $i\\pi/\\o$. However, this would result in multiplying $\\Phi$ by $e^{i\\pi x_1/\\o}\\,, e^{i\\pi x_2/\\o}$ which are quasi-constant on the lattice $2\\o\\mathbb Z^2$. Thus, this leads to the same eigenfunction, so the constructed Bloch solutions are in one-to-one correspondence with the points of the surface $\\mathcal\nC$.", "\n\nIt is clear that the Weyl group action on $\\mathcal C$ is generated by two involutions $$(a_1,\\xi_1)\\to\n(-a_1,\\xi_1^{-1})\\quad\\text{and }(a_1,\\xi_1)\\leftrightarrow\n(a_2,\\xi_2)\\,.$$\n\nStructure of the solution space\n-------------------------------\n\nAs we mentioned above, the difference operator is completely integrable, i.e. there exists another difference operator $L_1$ which commutes with $L$. It is given by the following expression [@vD; @Mi]: $$\\label{qL1}\nL_1=c_{++}T^{\\o}_1T^{\\o}_2+c_{+-}T^{\\o}_1T^{-\\o}_2+c_{-+}T^{-\\o}_1T^{\\o}_2+\nc_{--}T^{-\\o}_1T^{-\\o}_2\\,,$$ where the coefficients $c_{\\epsilon_1,\\epsilon_2}$ look as follows (we treat $\\pm$ as $\\pm 1$): $$c_{\\epsilon_1,\\epsilon_2}=\\frac\n{\\t(x_1-\\o\\epsilon_1)\\t(x_2-\\o\\epsilon_2)\n\\t(x_1+x_2-2\\o(\\epsilon_1+\\epsilon_2))\\t(x_1-x_2-2\\o(\\epsilon_1-\\epsilon_2))}\n{\\t(x_1)\\t(x_2)\\t(x_1+x_2)\\t(x_1-x_2)}\\,.$$\n\nNow let us consider the system of two partial difference equations: $$\\label{qs}\nLf=Ef\\,,\\quad L_1f=E_1f\\,,$$ defined on the lattice $2\\o\\mathcal L$ where $$\\mathcal\nL=\\{(m,n)\\mid m\\pm n\\in\\mathbb Z\\}\\,.$$ More precisely, we fix generic $x^0\\in\\mathbb C^2$ as a base point and regard a function $f$ in as being defined on $x^0+2\\o\\mathcal L\\subset\n\\mathbb C^2$. The base point $x^0$ must be outside the singular locus of $L, L_1$, i.e. such that $L, L_1$ are nonsingular on $x^0+2\\o\\mathcal L$.\n\nThe Bloch solutions $\\Phi$, constructed above, are common eigenfunctions of $L$ and $L_1$. (The proof for $L_1$ is the same: the only thing to check is an analogue of Proposition \\[f\\].) ", "Since $L$ and $L_1$ are $W$-symmetric, each of the $8$ functions $\\Phi(wx)$ ($w\\in W$) will solve the system . ", "We know that for generic point of the spectral surface $X$ (thus, for generic $E, E_1$) all $8$ functions $\\Phi(wx)$ are linearly independent (as functions on $\\mathbb C^2$), because they have different translation properties with respect to the shifts –. ", "Hence, their restriction to $x^0+2\\o\\mathcal L$ also gives $8$ linearly independent solutions of (at least, for generic base point $x^0$). ", "On the other hand, it is not difficult to see that any solution $f$ is uniquely determined by its values at eight points $x^0+\\nu$ with the following $\\nu$: $$\\nu=(0,0)\\,,(\\pm\\o,\\o)\\,,(\\o,-\\o)\\,,(\\pm\n2\\o,0)\\,,(0,2\\o)\\,,(\\o,3\\o)\\,.$$ This implies that the dimension of the solution space of is at most $8$. Thus, we conclude that any solution of (for generic $E, E_1$) is a linear combination of $8$ Bloch solutions $\\{\\Phi(wx)\\}_{w\\in\nW}$.\n\nThe space of solutions of the system has dimension $8$ and for generic $E, E_1$ is generated by the Bloch solutions $\\Phi(wx)$ ($w\\in W$).", "\n\nAbove we associated a double-Bloch eigenfunction $\\Phi$ to a solution $(a_1,a_2,\\xi_1,\\xi_2)$ of the equations – . ", "Note that these equations are invariant under $\\xi_j\\to -\\xi_j$, but this does not lead to another eigenfunction, since they will differ by a quasiconstant factor. ", "Situation is different for the system , since it is defined on a different lattice. ", "It is easy to see that $(\\xi_1,\\xi_2)$ and $(-\\xi_1,-\\xi_2)$ still lead to the same solution modulo quasiconstants, the same is true for $(\\xi_1,-\\xi_2)$ and $(-\\xi_1,\\xi_2)$. The resulting two functions have the same eigenvalue $E$ in , but opposite values of $E_1$. Thus, the Bloch variety for the system is a double covering of the surface $\\mathcal C$ introduced above.", "\n\nWe will not go into discussing the spectral properties of the difference operator $L$. See papers [@R1; @Kom] devoted to this rather delicate matter. ", "Let us just remark on some special solutions analogous to the ’discrete spectrum’ considered in section \\[spectrum\\]. ", "Namely, let us consider the following anti-invariant solution of the system : $$\\Phi_{skew}(x)=\\sum_{w\\in W}({\\det w})\\Phi(wx)\\,.$$ The vanishing conditions – imply that $\\Phi_{skew}$ vanishes along lines $x_1\\pm x_2=\\pm2\\o$ and $x_j=\\pm\\o$. It also vanishes if $x_1=\\pm x_2$ and $x_j=0$ due to anti-invariance. ", "Let us require now for all $8$ functions $\\Phi(wx)$ to have the same Floquet–Bloch multipliers with respect to the shifts by $e_1$ and $e_2$, which is equivalent to the conditions $$\\exp (k_1)=\\exp (k_2)=\\pm 1\\,.$$ Then $\\Phi_{skew}$ will vanish also along the shifted lines $$x_1\\pm x_2=m\\,, m\\pm2\\o\\,,\\qquad x_j=n\\,, n\\pm\\o\\quad\n(m,n\\in\\mathbb Z)\\,.$$ In the limit $\\o\\to 0$ these solutions go to those $\\Psi$ constructed in section \\[spectrum\\], more precisely, $$\\o^{-6}\\Phi_{skew} \\longrightarrow 64\n(\\t'(0))^2\\t(a_1)\\t(a_2)\n{\\theta}(x_1){\\theta}(x_2){\\theta}(x_1+x_2){\\theta}(x_1-x_2)\n\\Psi\\,\\quad \\text{as}\\quad \\o\\to 0\\,.$$\n\nHietarinta operator and its discretization\n==========================================\n\nContinuous case\n---------------\n\nWe consider now the Schrödinger operator but first let us rescale the coordinates $x_i\\to a_ix_i$, so instead of we will consider $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{blL}\nL=-a_1^2\\d_1^2-a_2^2\\d_2^2-a_3^2\\d_3^2\\\\+2(a_1^2+a_2^2)\\wp(x_1-x_2)+\n 2(a_2^2+a_3^3)\\wp(x_2-x_3)+2(a_3^2+a_1^2)\\wp(x_3-x_1)\\,,\\end{gathered}$$ where, as before, $\\wp(z)=\\wp(z|\\tau)$ is the Weierstrass $\\wp$-function and $a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2=0$. We are going to calculate the double-Bloch eigenfunctions of $L$. More specifically, we are looking for the solutions $\\psi$ of the equation $L\\psi=E\\psi$ with the following properties:\n\n\\(i) $\\psi$ is of the form $$\\label{blan}\n\\psi(x)=\\frac{\\Phi(x)}{\\theta(x_{12})\\theta(x_{23})\\theta(x_{31})}\n\\exp(k_1x_1+k_2x_2+k_3x_3)\\,,$$ where $x_{ij}:=x_i-x_j$,$\\theta=\\theta\\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{1/2}{1/2}$ and $\\Phi$ is holomorphic in $\\mathbb C^3$ and depends on the differences $x_{ij}$ only, in other words, $(\\d_1+\\d_2+\\d_3)\\Phi=0$;\n\n\\(ii) $\\psi$ has the following translation properties: $$\\label{re}\n\\psi(x+e_j)=e^{k_j}\\psi(x)\\,,\\qquad\\psi(x+\\tau\ne_j)=e^{\\mu_j}\\psi(x)\\quad (j=1,2,3)\\,,$$ where $(e_1, e_2, e_3)$ is the standard basis in $\\mathbb C^3$.\n\nIt is not difficult to conclude that for fixed $k_j,\\mu_j$ the conditions above determine a three-dimensional functional space, and the corresponding $\\Phi(x)$ in must be of the form $$\\label{blphi}\n\\Phi=\\sum_{l=0}^2c_l\\theta(x_{12}+b_{12}+l\\tau/3)\n\\theta(x_{23}+b_{23}+l\\tau/3) \\theta(x_{31}+b_{31}+l\\tau/3)\\,,$$ where $c_0,c_1,c_2$ are arbitrary constants and the parameters $b_{12}, b_{23}, b_{31}$ are related to $\\mu_j$ above in the following way: $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\notag\ne^{\\mu_1}=e^{k_1\\tau+2\\pi ib_{31}-2\\pi ib_{12}}\\,,\\\\\\label{pa}\ne^{\\mu_2}=e^{k_2\\tau+2\\pi ib_{12}-2\\pi ib_{23}}\\,,\\\\\\notag\ne^{\\mu_3}=e^{k_3\\tau+2\\pi ib_{23}-2\\pi ib_{31}}\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ This shows that the three-dimensional space depends, essentially, on the pairwise differences of the parameters $b_{lm}$ only. ", "Thus, without loss of generality we may assume that $$\\label{zero}\nb_{12}+b_{23}+b_{31}=0\\,.$$ In formulas below we will also use $b_{21},b_{32},b_{13}$ under the convention that $ b_{ij}=-b_{ji}$.\n\nNow, in accordance with Proposition \\[f\\], we impose certain vanishing conditions on $\\psi$ which are motivated by the structure of the singularities of the operator . ", "Namely, for any $i=1,2,3$ consider the function $f(t)=\\psi(x+ta_{i-1}^2e_{i-1}-ta_{i+1}^2e_{i+1})$ for $x$ such that $x_{i-1}=x_{i+1}$ (we treat indices modulo $3$, so $x_0=x_3$). ", "Our assumptions about $\\psi$ imply that for such $x$ the function $f$ will have a pole at $t=0$, so its Laurent expansion will look as $f=a_{-1}t^{-1}+a_0+a_1t+\\dots$. The coefficients in this expansion depend on $x$. Let us require that $a_0=0$ for all $x$ such that $x_{i-1}=x_{i+1}$. Using one rewrites this condition as follows: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{nax1}\n&a_{i-1}^2k_{i-1}-a_{i+1}^2k_{i+1}+ F_{i}=0\\,,\\\\\\label{Fi}\n&F_{i}:=\\frac{a_{i-1}^2\n \\d_{i-1}\\Phi-a_{i+1}^2\\d_{i+1}\\Phi}\n {\\Phi}-a_{i-1}^2\\frac{\\theta'(x_{i-1,i})}{\\theta(x_{i-1,i})}+\n a_{i+1}^2\\frac{\\theta'(x_{i+1,i})}{\\theta(x_{i+1,i})}\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ with to be valid for all $x$ such that $x_{i-1}=x_{i+1}$.\n\nThe following lemma follows from Proposition \\[f\\].", "\n\n\\[blinv\\] If $\\psi$ has the form , and satisfies the vanishing conditions , then the same will be true for its image $\\widetilde\\psi=L\\psi$ under the action of the operator .", "\n\nAs we will see below, for a certain three-dimensional subvariety in the space of the parameters $k_j,b_{lm}$ the vanishing conditions cut a one-dimensional subspace in the space . ", "Thus, the lemma ensures that the corresponding $\\psi(x)$ will be an eigenfunction of $L$.\n\nWe may regard the restriction of the expression $F_{i}$ on the plane $x_{i-1}=x_{i+1}$ as a function of $z=x_{i-1,i}=x_{i+1,i}$. It is easy to check then that $F_i$ will be an elliptic function of $z$ with periods $1, \\tau$. So, first of all we have to choose the parameters $b_{lm}, c_j$ in such a way that $F_i(z)$ would be non-singular. ", "Let us assume that the parameters $a_1,a_2,a_3$ are generic enough, i.e. that $a_i^2\\ne a_j^2$. Then for $F_i$ to be non-singular at $z=0$ we need $\\Phi(0)=0$. This gives the following condition: $$\\label{fcon}\n \\widetilde c_0+\\widetilde c_1+\\widetilde c_2=0\\,,\\qquad\n \\widetilde c_l=c_l\\theta(b_{12}+\\frac{l\\tau}3)\n \\theta(b_{23}+\\frac{l\\tau}3)\n \\theta(b_{31}+\\frac{l\\tau}3)\\,.$$ Now we note that $$\\Phi(z):=\\Phi\\mid_{x_{i-1}=x_{i+1}}$$ is a one- dimensional $\\theta$-function of order $2$, hence it has two zeros (modulo $1,\\tau$). ", "First zero is $z=0$ (due to condition ). ", "An easy check shows that the second zero is $z=b_{i,i-1}+b_{i,i+1}$. So, up to a constant factor, $$\\Phi(z)=\\theta(z)\\theta(z-b_{i,i-1}-b_{i,i+1})\\,.$$ To get rid of a possible pole at $z=b_{i,i-1}+b_{i,i+1}$ in we must require that $a_{i-1}^2\n \\d_{i-1}\\Phi-a_{i+1}^2\\d_{i+1}\\Phi=0$ for $x_{i-1,i}=x_{i+1,i}=b_{i,i-1}+b_{i,i+1}$. This leads to the following relation: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{scon}\n\\sum_{l=0}^2\\widetilde c_l(a_1^2\\zeta(b_{23}+\\frac{l\\tau}3)\n+a_2^2\\zeta(b_{31}+\\frac{l\\tau}3)\n+a_3^2\\zeta(b_{12}+\\frac{l\\tau}3))=0\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Here and below $\\zeta(z):=\\frac{d}{dz}log\\theta(z)$. Notice that the relation is symmetric with respect to indices $1,2,3$ (so we have just one condition instead of possible three!).", "\n\nWe use the relations , to express (up to a common factor) the parameters $c_l$ in terms of the parameters $b_{ij}$. These relations imply that each of $F_i$ is nonsingular in $z=x_{i-1,i}=x_{i+1,i}$, therefore they are some constants depending on $c_l, b_{ij}$. Thus, leads to the expressions for the differences $a_{i-1}^2k_{i-1}-a_{i+1}^2k_{i+1}$ in terms of $c_l$ and $b_{lm}$. One can check that the resulting system is always compatible (i.e. that $F_1+F_2+F_3=0$). ", "This follows, for instance, from the compatibility of the system below by going to the limit $\\o\\to 0$. As a corollary, the formulas ,, together with , and deliver the expression for the double-Bloch eigenfunctions of the operator $L$.\n\nFinally, let us discuss the structure of the Hermite–Bloch variety of the operator . ", "The double-Bloch solutions are parametrized by $b_{12}, b_{23}, b_{31}$ with $b_{12}+ b_{23}+\nb_{31}=0$, and the corresponding $k_1,k_2,k_3$ are determined from . ", "Denote by $b$ and $k$ the three-component vectors $b=(b_{12}, b_{23}, b_{31})$ and $k=(k_1, k_2, k_3)$. Then two different points in the parameter space $(b,k)$ lead to the same solution iff the corresponding Floquet multipliers in are the same. ", "Taking into account relations , we conclude that the following transformations do not lead to another Bloch solution: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\notag\n&b \\to b+\\varepsilon_1\\,, \\quad k\\to k\n\\qquad(\\varepsilon_1=(2/3,-1/3,-1/3))\\\\\\label{bt} &b\\to\nb+\\varepsilon_2\\,,\\quad k\\to k\n\\qquad(\\varepsilon_2=(-1/3,2/3,-1/3))\n\\\\\\notag &b\\to b+\\tau\\varepsilon_1\\,,\n\\quad k\\to k+2\\pi i(1,-1,0)\\\\\\notag &b\\to\nb+\\tau\\varepsilon_2\\,,\\quad k\\to k+2\\pi i(0,1,-1)\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, $b$ is effectively represented by a point of a factor $\\mathbb C^2/\\mathcal L+\\tau \\mathcal L$ where $\\mathbb\nC^2=\\{z_1+z_2+z_3=0\\}\\subset \\mathbb C^3$ and the lattice $\\mathcal L$ is generated by $\\varepsilon_1, \\varepsilon_2$. This factor is isomorphic to the product of two elliptic curves with parameter $\\tau$. Above each point $b$ we have a complex line of double-Bloch solutions, because equations determine $k$ up to adding any multiple of $(a_1^{-2},a_2^{-2},a_3^{-2})$.\n\nDiscrete case\n-------------\n\nWe keep the notation $x_{ij}$ for $x_i-x_j$. The discrete version of the operator looks as follows: $$\\label{qblL}\nD=\\sum_{i=1}^3\\frac { \\theta(\\omega)\\theta(x_{i-1,i}+\\omega\na_i^2)\\theta(x_{i,i+1}-\\omega a_i^2)} {\n \\theta(\\omega a_i^2)\n \\theta(x_{i-1,i})\\theta(x_{i,i+1})\n} T_i^{\\omega a_i^2}\\,,$$ where $a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2=0$ and $T_i^\\epsilon$ stands for a shift by $\\epsilon$ in $x_i$. Its rational version ${\\theta}(z)=z$ was communicated to us by M.Feigin who found it to be dual (in bispectral sense) to the trigonometric version $\\wp=\\sin^{-2}$ of the Hietarinta operator.", "\n\nThe difference operator relates to in the following way: $$D=a_1^{-2}+a_2^{-2}+a_3^{-2}+\\omega(\\d_1+\\d_2+\\d_3)+\\frac{\\omega^2}{2}\n({\\rm const}-\\widetilde L)+o(\\omega^2) \\quad\\text{as}\\quad\n\\omega\\to 0\\,,$$ where $\\widetilde L$ is gauge-equivalent to $L$, $$\\widetilde L=\\delta\\circ L \\circ \\delta^{-1}\\,,\\qquad\n\\delta=\\theta(x_1-x_2)\\theta(x_2-x_3)\\theta(x_3-x_1)\\,.$$\n\nUnlike $L$, the operator $D$ is not periodic. ", "As a result, instead of the double Bloch eigenfunctions, we will look for eigenfunctions with the translation properties similar to those of $\\delta$. Apart from that, our ansatz for the eigenfunctions $\\varphi$ of the operator $D$ remains the same: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{qblan}\n&\\varphi=\\exp(k_1x_1+k_2x_2+k_3x_3)\\Phi\\,,\\\\\\label{qblphi}\n&\\Phi=\\sum_{l=0}^2c_l\\theta(x_{12}+b_{12}+l\\tau/3)\n \\theta(x_{23}+b_{23}+l\\tau/3)\n \\theta(x_{31}+b_{31}+l\\tau/3)\\,,\\\\\\label{qbb}\n &b_{12}+b_{23}+b_{31}=0\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ The vanishing conditions now look as follows: for each $i=1,2,3$ $$\\label{BLax}\n F_i:=\\theta(x_{i,i-1}+\\omega a_{i-1}^2)\n T_{i-1}^{\\omega a_{i-1}^2}(\\varphi)-\n \\theta(x_{i,i+1}+\\omega a_{i+1}^2)\n T_{i+1}^{\\omega a_{i+1}^2}(\\varphi)=0$$ identically for all $x$ with $x_{i+1}=x_{i-1}$.\n\nWe have then a straightforward analog of Lemma \\[blinv\\], so the same approach as above will give us the eigenfunctions for $D$.\n\nLet us first formulate the result. ", "Namely, we consider the following two conditions on the function $\\Phi(x_1,x_2,x_3)$ given by : $$\\label{qfcon}\n\\Phi(\\omega a_1^2,0,-\\omega a_2^2)=0\\,,\\qquad \\Phi(-\\omega\na_2^2,0,\\omega a_3^2)=0\\,.$$ This gives us two linear equations on $c_l$ and we use them to express $c_l$ (up to a factor) through $b_{ij}$.\n\nSecondly, we impose the following three relations: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\notag\ne^{\\omega a_{1}^2k_{1}-\\omega a_{3}^2k_{3}}=&\\frac{\\theta(\\omega\na_{3}^2)}{\\theta(\\omega a_{1}^2)}\\frac{\\Phi(0,0,\\omega\na_{3}^2)}{\\Phi(\\omega a_{1}^2,0,0)}\\,\\\\\\label{qscon} e^{\\omega\na_{2}^2k_{2}-\\omega a_{1}^2k_{1}}=&\\frac{\\theta(\\omega\na_{1}^2)}{\\theta(\\omega a_{2}^2)}\\frac{\\Phi(\\omega\na_{1}^2,0,0)}{\\Phi(0,\\omega a_{2}^2,0)}\\,\\\\\\notag e^{\\omega\na_{3}^2k_{3}-\\omega a_{2}^2k_{2}}=&\\frac{\\theta(\\omega\na_{2}^2)}{\\theta(\\omega a_{3}^2)}\\frac{\\Phi(0,\\omega\na_{2}^2,0)}{\\Phi(0,0,\\omega a_{3}^2)}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ We use these formulas to express $k_1,k_2,k_3$ through $\\Phi$. The solution is not unique, and in fact we have a one-parameter family of $k_i$. Altogether, formulas – fix the dependence of $c_l$ and $k_i$ and hence of $\\varphi$ on three parameters $b_{ij}$ (related by ). ", "The resulting family of functions $\\varphi(x)$ depends on three parameters: two of $b_{ij}$ and one more due to the freedom in resolving , see more comments below.", "\n\nThe formulas – and the relations – give a three-parameter family of eigenfunctions for the difference operator $D$.\n\nTo prove the theorem, let us first notice that each of $F_i$ in , being regarded as a function of $z=x_{i,i-1}=x_{i,i+1}$, is a one-dimensional theta-function of order $3$, so if it doesn’t vanish, it must have three zeros (modulo $1, \\tau$). ", "Moreover, a simple count shows that the sum of these zeros will be equal to $b_{i,i-1}+b_{i,i+1}$. On the other hand, a direct substitution into shows that the relations imply that $F_2$ vanishes for $z=-\\omega\na_1^2$ and $z=-\\omega a_3^2$. Further, the first relation in simply encodes the fact that $F_2$ vanishes at $z=0$. Since the sum of these three zeros is $\\omega a_2^2$ which, generically, is not $b_{21}+b_{23}$, we conclude that $F_2(z)$ is zero identically.", "\n\nAt first glance it seems that we need to add four more conditions to ensure all the vanishing properties . ", "Namely, one needs also $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{more}\n\\Phi(0,\\omega a_2^2,-\\omega a_1^2)=\\Phi(0,-\\omega a_1^2,\\omega\na_3^2)\\\\=\\Phi(-\\omega a_3^2,\\omega a_2^2,0)=\\Phi(\\omega\na_1^2,-\\omega a_3^2,0)=0\\,.\\end{gathered}$$ However, since $\\Phi$ depends on the pairwise differences of $x_i$ only, we will have that $$\\Phi(0,\\omega a_2^2,-\\omega\na_1^2)=\\Phi(-\\omega a_2^2,-\\omega a_2^2+\\omega a_2^2,-\\omega\na_2^2-\\omega a_1^2)=\\Phi(-\\omega a_2^2,0,\\omega a_3^2)=0\\,.$$ In the same way other relations in follow from .", "\n\nThis demonstrates that the three-parameter family constructed in the theorem satisfies the vanishing conditions , thus proving the theorem.", "\n\nFinally, let us comment on the structure of the Hermite–Bloch variety. ", "Similarly to the case $\\o=0$ above, Bloch solutions are parametrized by $b=(b_{12}, b_{23}, b_{31})$ with $b_{12}+ b_{23}+\nb_{31}=0$. This determines the corresponding $c_l$ by . ", "After that $k=(k_1,k_2,k_3)$ are determined from . ", "At this point we have certain freedom: if $k=(k_1,k_2,k_3)$ is a solution of , then any $$k'=k+\\frac{t}{\\o}(a_1^{-2}, a_2^{-2}, a_3^{-2})+\\frac{2\\pi\ni}{\\o} (n_1a_1^{-2}, n_2a_2^{-2}, n_3a_3^{-2})$$ with any $t\\in\\mathbb C$ and integer $n_1,n_2,n_3$ will be a solution, too. ", "However, the last term is not essential since it results in multiplying $\\Phi$ by a quasiconstant. ", "For the same reason, the factor $t$ in the second term is essential modulo $2\\pi i$ only. ", "Besides, we still have the translation invariance of $\\Phi$ with respect to the transformations . ", "Thus, the Hermite–Bloch variety is fibered over the product of two elliptic curves with the fibers isomorphic to $\\mathbb C/2\\pi i$.\n\n[45]{}\n\nNovikov S.P.: A periodic problem for the Korteweg–de Vries equation I. Funct. ", "Analis i ego Pril. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "National Shellfish Sanitation Program\n\nThe National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) is a program under which the federal Food and Drug Administration works cooperatively with the states, the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference, and industry to assure the safety of molluscan shellfish (clams, oysters, mussels). ", "Among other things, all such products entering interstate commerce must be handled by state-certified dealers, be properly tagged, be tracked by appropriate records, and be processed in plants that meet sanitation requirements. ", "The FDA continually reviews state shellfish control programs for their effectiveness.", "\n\nSee also\n Depuration\n Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference\n\nExternal links\n Website\n\nCategory:United States Department of Agriculture" ]

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[ "Biography\n\nL & O music “Stand In Line dance”\nFootball / Soccer competition”\nSponsored by\nDiamond Football Company.", "\nL & O - Now Everybody Stand In Line\nthe smash hit Universal Football Soccer anthem has it’s own unique dance based around based around eight easy to learn dance moves.", "\nDiamond Football\nare offering the following great prizes for the best versions of the\nL & O music “stand in Line dance”\n1st place: £250.00 to spend at Diamond\n2nd place: £100.00 to spend at Diamond\n3rd place: £50.00 to spend at Diamond\nand then 10 runner up prices: Pro Trainer, any colour, any size.", "\nTo enter All you have to do is watch the watch the short stand in line dance tutorial video at you tube\nhttp://youtu.be/E1dAH3kthP8 and learn the Stand In line dance.", "\nFilm your self and friends doing your version of the dance &\nJust be entertaining.", "\nThen simply upload your clips to your favourite video site.", "\ne-mail\ncompetition@standinline.co.uk to tell us where we can view your video\nThe best videos will appear in a mash up video to be released world wide and the best versions of the dance as chosen by our panel of experts will win one of the following prizes.", "\n1st place: £250.00 to spend at Diamond\n2nd place: £100.00 to spend at Diamond\n3rd place: £50.00 to spend at Diamond\nand then 10 runner up prices: Pro Trainer, any colour, any size.", "\nCompetition closing date 31st August 2012\nDiamond Football Company\nIs now firmly established as the number one in its field.", "\nHardcore professional products supplied at a club quality price, you can be confident of quality when choosing from Diamond’s extensive collection.", "\nThe worldwide number one supplier of footballs and football training equipment,\nDiamond Football Company\nis proud to see our Pro Trainer expertly used in the fantastic\n'Now Everybody Stand In Line music ' video!", "\n\nThe passion of football, the exhilaration of street dance and the exuberance of rap come together in the Stand in Line song.", "\nProducer Gary Louca, who combines an amazing track record of top 10 dance hits with a passion for football has teamed up with music whiz Phil Owen, & Dretonio and Valentine to create the next dance craze.", "\nUltra cool Dretonio, who’s opened and shared stage with the likes of Tinie Tempah & Lemar, shares the spotlight with DJ /singer Greg Valentine who has sung for the stars and royalty.", "\nChorographer Chris Todd has created an irresistible party dance, with football moves that’s easy to learn and the whole world will be dancing to.", "\nFootball have always been supported by chants of football crowds and World Cup anthems. ", "Now for the first time there’s a universal song for all football fans and partygoers everywhere.", "\nWhatever team you support, ..players, fans, the whole world of football can join in with this dance with other fans everywhere and sing..\n“Now everybody stand in line\nlets do this football dance in time\ndon’t matter if your big or small\njust get your feet up off the floor! “", "\n\n\"Radio Creds\" are votes awarded to artists by radio programmers who have\ndownloaded their music and have been impressed with the artist's\nprofessionalism and the audience's response to the new music. ", "Creds help\nartists advance through the AirPlay Direct community.", "\n\nOnly radio accounts may add a Radio Cred. ", "One week after the track has been downloaded the radio account member will receive an email requesting a Cred for each artist they've downloaded." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSelecting table records in a pseudo random order\n\nIn my case I am using an embedded H2 database but my problem is in fact general SQL one.", "\nConsider this table in which one record may or may not reference another and in which the same record will never be referenced from more than one place.", "\nCREATE TABLE test (id NUMBER, data VARCHAR, reference NUMBER) ;\nINSERT INTO test (id, data) \nSELECT x, 'P'||x FROM system_range(0, 9);\nUPDATE test SET reference = 2 where id = 4;\nUPDATE test SET reference = 4 where id = 6;\nUPDATE test SET reference = 1 where id = 7;\nUPDATE test SET reference = 8 where id = 9;\n\nSELECT * FROM test ORDER BY id;\n\nID DATA REFERENCE\n----------------------------------\n0 P0 null \n1 P1 null \n2 P2 null \n3 P3 null \n4 P4 2\n5 P5 null \n6 P6 4 \n7 P7 1 \n8 P8 null \n9 P9 8 \n\nNow I would like have an SQL that will select test records in a random order with the only one restriction a referenced record will never be selected before the one referring to it.", "\nOne thing that will work would be SELECT * FROM test ORDER BY reference, RAND() but to me this does not seem to be random enough as it will always select all non-referenced records first which reduces the level of randomness.", "\nSay a good and valid result set cold be the one below.", "\nID DATA REFERENCE\n----------------------------------\n8 P8 null \n2 P2 null \n1 P1 null \n4 P4 2\n3 P3 null \n9 P9 8 \n5 P5 null \n6 P6 4 \n0 P0 null\n7 P7 1 \n\nI would prefer a pure SQL solution but giving H2 is easy to extend I would not run out creating a custom function by exposing my own Java method.", "\nUPDATE\nThis is not a duplicate of How to request a random row in SQL because:\n\nIn addition to the randomness request I have the reference restriction. ", "In fact the level of complexity of my problem comes from this reference restriction and not from the random.", "\nI need to select all table records not only one\n\nA:\n\nWell you should never say never before you actually dig a bit further. ", "When I added my comment for Jim I actually asked myself if H2 comes up with a Hierarchical Queries Oracle equivalent. ", "And of course there is something as explained in the H2 documentation under advanced section H2 recursive queries\nSo here there is my working query that pretty much satisfies my requirement:\nWITH link(id, data, reference, sort_val, level, tree_id) AS (\n -- Each tree root starts with a random sorting value up to half the number of records.", "\n -- This half the number of records is not really needed it can be a hard coded value\n -- I just said half to achieve a relative uniform distribution of three ids\n -- take the id of the starting row as a three id\n SELECT id, data, reference, round(rand()*(select count(*) FROM test)/2) AS sort_val, 0, id FROM test WHERE reference IS NULL\n\n UNION ALL\n\n -- Increase the sort value by level for each referencing row\n SELECT test.id, test.data, test.reference, link.sort_val + (level + 1) AS sort_val, level + 1, link.tree_id\n FROM link\n JOIN test ON link.id = test.reference\n)\n-- sort value, level and tree id are printed here just to make it easier to understand how it works\nSELECT id, data, reference, sort_val, level, tree_id\n FROM link\n ORDER BY sort_val;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Blue energy, or reverse electrodialysis, generates electricity through the convergence of fresh and salt water using artificial semi-permeable membranes. ", "The technology is currently in use in the Netherlands, but the possibilities for its application exist wherever saltwater and freshwater mix. ", "It’s not a new discovery, but until now, the cost of the membranes has been prohibitive for most applications.", "\n\n\n\nphoto by spisharam\n\nAlso called osmotic power or pressure retarded osmosis, blue energy capitalizes on the chemical differences between saltwater and freshwater. ", "A concentrated salt solution and fresh water are brought into contact through an alternating series of anion exchange membranes (AEM) and cation exchange membranes (CEM). ", "The chemical potential difference generates a voltage over each membrane and the overall potential of the system is the sum of the potential differences.", "\n\nHere’s a short animation of the process:\n\nhttpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2BtdtvLrjk\n\nSound like Greek to you? ", "I have to admit that I don’t fully understand the scientific principle behind the technology, but because this is a sustainable, non-polluting energy source, applicable wherever a large estuary is located, I can really get behind it. ", "There are many places around the globe where this could be deployed, bringing safe, renewable energy to the masses through a natural energy source. ", "One estimate is that blue energy could supply up to 7% of the world’s energy needs. ", "That’s significant." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention is generally related to meters, and more specifically, relates to a method and apparatus for providing security access for a communications board forming part of an energy meter.", "\n2. ", "Related Art\nElectronic meters comprising energy registers and optical communications ports are well known in the art. ", "Examples of reading/programming apparatus for reading information from and programming operation of electronic meter registers are set forth in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,393,501, 4,491,791, 4,491,792 ; and 4,491,793. ", "Examples of electronic registers are set forth in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,571,692 and 4,465,970. ", "Examples of electronic meters are set forth in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,059,896.", "\nMeter registers typically have a security code associated therewith. ", "The security code, for example, is a predesignated number stored in the meter register memory. ", "When a user tries to access the meter register data, the user must first transmit the proper security code. ", "Upon receipt of a security code, e.g., a unique 80 bit code, the transmitted code is compared to the code stored in the register memory. ", "If the transmitted and stored code match, the meter register will begin communications. ", "If an invalid security code is received, the meter register will not communicate.", "\nWith the addition of a power line communications unit to an energy meter, it would be desirable to provide that both the communications unit and the meter register have the same security code. ", "However, the register and communications unit must be able to distinguish between communications intended for the register and communications intended for the communication unit." ]

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[ "Aerobic bioremediation of 1,2 dichloroethane and vinyl chloride at field scale.", "\nAerobic bioremediation of 1,2 dichloroethane (1,2 DCA) and vinyl chloride (VC) was evaluated at field scale in a layered, silty and fine-sand anaerobic aquifer. ", "Maximum concentrations of 1,2 DCA (2 g/L) and VC (0.75 g/L) in groundwater were within 25% and 70% of pure compound solubility, respectively. ", "Aerobic conditions were induced by injecting air into sparging wells screened 20.5-21.5 m below ground (17-18 m below the water table). ", "Using a cycle of 23 h of air injection followed by three days of no air injection, fifty days of air injection were accumulated over a 12 month period which included some longer periods of operational shutdown. ", "Oxygen and volatile organic compound probes, and multilevel samplers were used to determine changes of the primary contaminants and the associated inorganic chemistry at multiple locations and depths. ", "Air (oxygen) was distributed laterally up to 25 m from the sparge points, with oxygen partial pressures up to 0.7 atmospheres (28-35 mg/L in groundwater) near to the sparge points. ", "The dissolved mass of 1,2 DCA and VC was reduced by greater than 99% over the 590 m(2) trial plot. ", "Significantly, pH declined from nearly 11 to less than 9, and sulfate concentrations increased dramatically, suggesting the occurrence of mineral sulfide (e.g., pyrite) oxidation. ", "Chloride and bicarbonate (aerobic biodegradation by-products) concentration increases were used to estimate that 300-1000 kg of chlorinated hydrocarbons were biodegraded, although the ratio of 1,2 DCA to VC that was biodegraded remained uncertain. ", "The mass biodegraded was comparable but less than the 400-1400 kg of chlorinated compounds removed from the aqueous phase within a 10,000 m(3) volume of the aquifer. ", "Due to the likely presence of non-aqueous phase liquid, the relative proportion of volatilisation compared to biodegradation could not be determined. ", "The aerobic biodegradation rates were greater than those previously estimated from laboratory-based studies." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ " [DO NOT PUBLISH]\n\n\n IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FILED\n FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS\n ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\n OCT 10, 2008\n No. ", "08-10589 THOMAS K. KAHN\n Non-Argument Calendar CLERK\n ________________________\n\n D. C. Docket No. ", "07-00179-CR-T-26TBM\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\n versus\n\nRAFAEL DEJESUS FRANCO,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\n ________________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Middle District of Florida\n _________________________\n\n (October 10, 2008)\n\nBefore HULL, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM:\n\n After a jury trial, Rafael Dejesus Franco appeals his convictions and 60-\n\fmonth sentence for manufacturing and conspiring to manufacture over 100\n\nmarijuana plants, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846. ", "After review, we\n\naffirm.", "\n\n I. BACKGROUND\n\nA. Trial\n\n Because Franco challenges the sufficiency of the government’s evidence, we\n\noutline the evidence presented at trial. ", "Detective Joseph Gill, a narcotics unit\n\ndetective, testified that he was walking in his neighborhood to obtain signatures for\n\na petition to build a screen porch on his house when he noticed a car in the\n\ndriveway of a house on Joshua Lane that he thought was vacant. ", "As Gill\n\napproached, he smelled a strong odor of marijuana emanating from the house. ", "Gill\n\nrang the doorbell, and Defendant Franco answered. ", "Franco refused to sign Gill’s\n\npetition because Franco said he did not own the house, but merely rented it.", "\n\n Gill contacted Detective Jeremy Wharton, a Drug Enforcement Agency\n\n(“DEA”) task force member, and, later that night, the two men and several other\n\nofficers returned to the house. ", "Detective Wharton testified that when he\n\napproached the house he smelled “an overwhelming smell of marijuana.” ", "Wharton\n\nknocked on the door, and Valentin Lopez answered. ", "Lopez let the detectives in the\n\nhouse and directed them to a room containing marijuana plants. ", "Approximately\n\n\n\n 2\n\f250 marijuana plants were found in the house, along with large amounts of\n\nequipment necessary for a marijuana growth operation. ", "According to Wharton,\n\nthere was evidence that the marijuana was being harvested just before the\n\ndetectives searched the house.", "\n\n Because Lopez’s English was poor, Detective Wharton called in Detective\n\nAlejandro Angulo, who acted as a translator. ", "Detective Wharton showed Lopez a\n\npicture of Defendant Franco, and Lopez identified him as the owner of the house\n\nand showed detectives where Franco lived approximately a mile and a half away.", "\n\nDetectives Wharton and Angulo went to Franco’s residence and spoke with\n\nFranco. ", "Franco at first denied any knowledge of the Joshua Lane house. ", "Once he\n\nwas informed that Detective Gill had seen him there earlier, however, Franco\n\nadmitted knowing about the house. ", "Franco claimed that he went to the Joshua\n\nLane house to receive steroid injections.", "\n\n Lopez testified that he met Franco in a Miami nightclub and that Franco\n\nrecruited him to take care of a house where marijuana plants would be grown, for\n\nwhich Lopez would receive a percentage of the profits. ", "According to Lopez,\n\nFranco took Lopez to the Joshua Lane house, which Franco rented, instructed\n\nLopez on what needed to be done to begin the marijuana growing operation and\n\nhow to avoid drawing suspicion and gave Lopez a key to the house.", "\n\n\n\n 3\n\f Lopez admitted signing a blank rental agreement Franco gave to him, but\n\nmaintained that he did not rent the house or make rental payments. ", "Instead, while\n\nLopez lived at the Joshua Lane house, Franco paid the rent and visited regularly to\n\nsupervise the marijuana growing operation. ", "During this time, Franco, Lopez and\n\nseveral other men, brought in by Franco, converted the Joshua Lane house so that\n\nmarijuana could be grown inside. ", "Lopez then planted the marijuana according to\n\nFranco’s instructions.", "\n\n Franco also told Lopez when the marijuana plants were ready to be\n\nharvested. ", "On the day of Lopez’s arrest, he and Franco both had been harvesting\n\nthe marijuana. ", "Just before Detective Gill knocked at the door, Franco had decided\n\nto continue harvesting the next day. ", "Lopez testified that Franco used steroids and\n\nthat he would inject Franco with steroids that were kept at the Joshua Lane house.", "\n\n Lopez also testified that, after he and Franco were arrested and released,\n\nFranco arrived at Lopez’s home with a notary public and presented Lopez with a\n\ndrafted sworn statement for Lopez’s signature. ", "The sworn statement indicated that\n\nFranco was not responsible for the marijuana plants found in the Joshua Lane\n\nhouse and that Franco visited the house solely to receive steroid injections. ", "Lopez\n\nsigned the statement, although it was false, because he was afraid and felt\n\npressured.", "\n\n\n\n 4\n\f In his defense, Franco testified that he showed Lopez the Joshua Lane house\n\nbecause Lopez was looking for a place to live and Franco knew that Jose\n\nCasmartino, the owner of the house, was looking for a tenant. ", "According to\n\nFranco, he had Lopez sign Casmartino’s lease and collected rent from Lopez to\n\ngive to Casmartino. ", "Franco explained that he went to the Joshua Lane house twice\n\na week to receive steroid injections, but denied being involved in or aware of the\n\nmarijuana growing operation. ", "Franco also claimed that Lopez willingly agreed to\n\nsign the sworn statement that Franco was not involved in the marijuana growing\n\noperation.", "\n\n Franco also presented testimony from Casmartino, the owner of the Joshua\n\nLane house. ", "Casmartino testified that, after being unable to rent the house, he\n\nasked Franco if he knew anyone who might want to rent it. ", "Franco found someone\n\nto rent the house, although Casmartino never met Lopez. ", "Franco collected the rent\n\non the house.", "\n\n Franco also called Luis Aguilar, the notary public who was present when\n\nLopez signed the sworn statement. ", "Aguilar testified that he drafted the statement\n\nbased on information given to him by Franco. ", "When Aguilar arrived at Lopez’s\n\nresidence to notarize the statement, Lopez did not appear to be afraid or under\n\nduress. ", "Aguilar asked Lopez whether anyone had pressured him to sign the\n\n\n\n 5\n\fstatement, and Lopez told him that was not the case. ", "Lopez then signed the\n\nstatement without hesitation.", "\n\n At trial, the district court denied Franco’s motions for a judgment of\n\nacquittal. ", "The jury found Franco guilty.", "\n\nB. Sentencing\n\n The presentence investigation report (“PSI”) recommended increasing\n\nFranco’s base offense level of 18 by two levels because Franco had a managerial\n\nrole and by another two levels for obstruction of justice. ", "With a total offense level\n\nof 22 and a criminal history category of I, the PSI recommended an advisory\n\nguidelines range of 41 to 51 months’ imprisonment.", "\n\n Franco objected to, inter alia, both enhancements and argued that he was\n\neligible for a safety valve reduction. ", "During the sentencing hearing, the district\n\ncourt sustained Franco’s objection to the obstruction-of-justice enhancement, but\n\noverruled his objection to the managerial role enhancement. ", "In so doing, the\n\ndistrict court stated, “Based on the trial testimony I heard, the upward adjustment is\n\nmore than appropriate. ", "Mr. Valentin Lopez was just a little caretaker here and this\n\nman was running the whole show for the people down in Miami . . . .” ", "The district\n\ncourt’s calculations resulted in an advisory guidelines range of 33 to 41 months’\n\nimprisonment. ", "However, Franco was subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of\n\n\n\n 6\n\ffive years (60 months). ", "The district court concluded that Franco was ineligible for\n\nsafety valve relief and imposed a 60-month sentence. ", "Franco appealed.", "\n\n II. ", "DISCUSSION\n\nA. Sufficiency of the Evidence\n\n On appeal, Franco argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient\n\nto convict him.1\n\n To obtain a drug conviction under § 841(a)(1), the government had to prove\n\nbeyond a reasonable doubt that Franco knowingly and intentionally possessed with\n\nintent to manufacture a controlled substance. ", "See 12 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). ", "With\n\nregard to the conspiracy charge, the government had to prove that (1) an illegal\n\nagreement existed to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, (2) Franco knew\n\nof the agreement and (3) Franco knowingly and voluntarily joined the agreement.", "\n\nSee United States v. Charles, 313 F.3d 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. ", "2002).", "\n\n Here, the government presented evidence that detectives found\n\napproximately 250 marijuana plants at the Joshua Lane house. ", "Furthermore, Lopez\n\ntestified that Franco: (1) rented the Joshua Lane house, (2) recruited Lopez to grow\n\nthe marijuana at the house and offered him a percentage of the proceeds as\n\n\n\n 1\n We “review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence\nin the light most favorable to the government.” ", "United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1288\n(11th Cir. ", "2000).", "\n\n 7\n\fcompensation, (3) brought additional men into the house to help convert it into a\n\n“grow house,” (4) taught Lopez how to grow marijuana inside the house, (5)\n\nsupervised Lopez as he cared for the plants, and (6) told Lopez when it was time to\n\nharvest the marijuana and helped Lopez in the harvesting. ", "In addition, Detective\n\nGill identified Franco as being at the house several hours before the plants were\n\nfound.", "\n\n Thus, there was ample evidence from which a jury could conclude beyond a\n\nreasonable doubt that Franco was guilty of possessing marijuana plants with the\n\nintent to manufacture marijuana and that Franco entered into a conspiracy to\n\npossess marijuana with the intent to distribute it. ", "Franco’s argument that Lopez’s\n\ntestimony is not credible is unavailing. ", "The jury’s verdict shows that it found\n\nLopez’s testimony to be credible, and we have no occasion to disturb this finding.", "\n\nSee United States v. Chastain, 198 F.3d 1338, 1351 (11th Cir. ", "1999) (explaining\n\nthat the power to determine the credibility of witnesses is the “exclusive province”\n\nof the jury and “the court of appeals may not revisit this question”). ", "In addition,\n\nthe jury was free to (and obviously did) disbelieve Franco’s testimony that he did\n\nnot rent the Joshua Lane house and did not know there were marijuana plants in the\n\nhouse and could conclude that the opposite was true. ", "See United States v. Brown,\n\n53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. ", "1995) (explaining that a defendant’s trial testimony, “if\n\n\n\n 8\n\fdisbelieved by the jury, may be considered as substantive evidence of the\n\ndefendant’s guilt”).", "\n\nB. Managerial Role Enhancement & Safety Valve Relief\n\n Franco also challenges the district court’s application of the managerial role\n\nenhancement, which rendered him ineligible for safety-valve relief.2\n\n Under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c), a defendant’s base offense level is increased by\n\ntwo levels if the sentencing court finds that the defendant “was an organizer,\n\nleader, manager, or supervisor” in criminal activity that involved less than five\n\nparticipants or was not otherwise extensive. ", "See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c).", "\n\nFurthermore, “the assertion of control or influence over only one individual is\n\nenough to support a § 3B1.1(c) enhancement.” ", "United States v. Jiminez, 224 F.3d\n\n1243, 1251 (11th Cir. ", "2000). ", "If the sentencing court finds that the defendant was\n\nan organizer or manager of the offense, then the defendant is ineligible for safety-\n\nvalve relief from the statutory minimum sentence. ", "See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(4);\n\nU.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(4).", "\n\n As already discussed, Lopez testified at trial that Franco recruited him to\n\n\n 2\n A defendant’s role under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 is a factual finding we review for clear error.", "\nUnited States v. Ramirez, 426 F.3d 1344, 1355 (11th Cir. ", "2005). “", "When reviewing a district\ncourt’s safety-valve decision, we review for clear error a district court’s factual determinations\nand de novo the court’s legal interpretation of the statutes and sentencing guidelines.” ", "United\nStates v. Poyato, 454 F.3d 1295, 1297 (11th Cir. ", "2006) (alterations and quotation marks\nomitted).", "\n\n 9\n\fgrow marijuana at a house rented by Franco and supervised the marijuana growing\n\noperation. ", "See United States v. Saunders, 318 F.3d 1257, 1271 n.22 (11th Cir.", "\n\n2003) (“[T]he findings of fact of the sentencing court may be based on evidence\n\nheard during trial . . . .” (", "quotation marks omitted)). ", "This degree of supervision\n\nand control over the drug conspiracy is sufficient to support a finding that Franco\n\nwas a manager. ", "There is no dispute that the drug conspiracy involved at least one\n\nother participant–Lopez. ", "Accordingly, the district court did not err in imposing the\n\ntwo-level managerial role enhancement or in denying Lopez safety-valve relief.3\n\n AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 3\n Franco’s argument that the district court refused to permit him to call defense witnesses\nat the sentencing hearing is belied by the hearing transcript, which shows that Franco never\nasked the district court to permit either him or other witnesses to testify at that hearing.", "\n\n 10\n\f" ]

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[ "A prospective study of treatment of accommodative insufficiency.", "\nPrepresbyopic patients with reduced accommodative amplitude (accommodative insufficiency) are commonly seen in optometric practice. ", "Treatments include accommodative therapy and plus reading lenses. ", "We did a prospective study of the effects of vision therapy and plus reading lenses on 15 patients (mean age 21.87 +/- 9.66 years) with accommodative insufficiency; presumed etiologies included head trauma (6 patients), thyroid disease (3 patients), seizures (1 patient), toxoplasmosis (1 patient), and idiopathic causes (4 patients). ", "A 7-question scaled response pre- and post-treatment questionnaire assessed symptoms of two groups, vision therapy (idiopathic only) and progressive addition lenses (all patients). ", "No idiopathic patient improved after 3 weeks of accommodative therapy. ", "Progressive lenses with a near addition of + 1.00 or + 1.25 were then prescribed. ", "Questionnaire results, which indicate that near additions provided more relief of symptoms than vision therapy for treatment of accommodation insufficiency, underscore the need for careful examination of prepresbyopic patients to determine those who would benefit from a near addition." ]

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[ "Has the bottle of a frag itself ever convinced you to buy or ignore a scent? ", "As in: Maybe you were on the fence, but the design pushed you one way? ", "Or: Maybe blind-bought it (or a sample of it) merely because of the bottle...or refused to even test it because of one?", "\n\nExample (and I know I'm going to get a lot of crap for this):\nI refuse to try Le Male. ", "I won't even spray it on a card and sniff that. ", "Why? ", "Because I'm afraid that I'll like it and I don't want the trunk of some body sitting in my bathroom...let alone reaching for it to spray on myself. ", "I know that I could put it in another container, but I would still think about it every time I put it on. ", "It's a little creepy.", "\n\nFeel free to destroy me now...I know it's coming. ", "Meanwhile, any of you have a bottle like this (for better or worse)?", "\n\n14th October 2012, 05:16 AM\n\ncacio\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nOnce again I must cite Luca Turin and Tania Sanchez, who, about le Male or its flankers, wrote:\n\n\"the nude male torso bottle seems intended to limit its use to solely the very gay or the imperturbably straight.\"", "\n\n\"It is hard to imagine a straight man confident or metrosexual enough to keep this girlishly decorated male torso, complete with pert buttocks and crotch bulge, on his bathroom shelf.\"", "\n\nUnfortunately, while I don't dislike Le Male, but don't like it enough to get a bottle. ", "I do love the perfume that introduced the idea of a torso- a female one- Shocking by Schiaparelli, bur regrettably it costs a fortune on ebay.", "\n\ncacio\n\n14th October 2012, 05:18 AM\n\nmorrison74\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nCan't say a bottle design has ever persuaded me either way to be honest.", "\n\nDon't worry about Le Male. ", "You're not missing anything....\n\n14th October 2012, 05:35 AM\n\nTeach13\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by cacio\n\nOnce again I must cite Luca Turin and Tania Sanchez, who, about le Male or its flankers, wrote:\n\n\"the nude male torso bottle seems intended to limit its use to solely the very gay or the imperturbably straight.\"", "\n\n\"It is hard to imagine a straight man confident or metrosexual enough to keep this girlishly decorated male torso, complete with pert buttocks and crotch bulge, on his bathroom shelf.\"", "\n\nUnfortunately, while I don't dislike Le Male, but don't like it enough to get a bottle. ", "I do love the perfume that introduced the idea of a torso- a female one- Shocking by Schiaparelli, bur regrettably it costs a fortune on ebay.", "\n\ncacio\n\nI was worried it might come across that way...it's not a gay/straight/metro thing for me. ", "I just don't like the idea of grabbing the torso of ANY body to spray on me. ", "Isn't there a frag out there in the shape of a skull? ", "I'd pass on that too.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 05:46 AM\n\ncacio\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nThe Idole bottle (edt) looks like an African mask...\n\ncacio\n\n14th October 2012, 06:18 AM\n\nhedonist222\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI'm not gay and , in the eyes of some, lean towards metrosexual but i have no issue using the LM perfume. ", "Actually had you not mentioned it, the thought wouldn't have occurred to me.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 06:29 AM\n\nhednic\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by morrison74\n\nCan't say a bottle design has ever persuaded me either way to be honest.", "\n\nSame here.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 07:35 AM\n\nMikeJ\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nYes and no.", "\nNo because I have never purchased a bad smelling fragrance because of the bottle\nYes because I have been drawn to interesting bottle. ", "I pick up the bottle just to look at it, then think to myself \"Oh what the heck, might as well spray it!\"", "\n\n14th October 2012, 11:24 AM\n\nJack Hunter\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI only care about the juice.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 12:19 PM\n\nBigsly\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI hate ones with bad sprayers (though would still buy), but otherwise I must be one of the \"imperturbably straight.\" ", "My frags are in boxes anyway (none are on display).", "\n\n14th October 2012, 12:54 PM\n\ndrseid\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nThe juice is the primary driver for me. ", "If there is a tie between two scents everything else being equal, the bottle can be the tie breaker for or against a purchase.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 02:44 PM\n\nIzzie\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI've never foregone a good scent because of disliking the bottle. ", "It seems very silly to me. ", "If I was so offended by the bottle, I could just put it in something else, like you said.", "\n\nI have however been persuaded to buy scents that aren't 100% my thing because I liked the bottle so much.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 03:20 PM\n\nGreek Trojan\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nGood news if you want to try Le Male without the bottle, there seems to be a new limited edition release in a bottle resembling a flask. ", "Still not an amazing bottle but much more normal than the normal one.", "\n\nI like One Million (not quite enough to buy it yet), but I really dislike the sprayer and the general bar of gold. ", "Too \"boxy.\" ", "I don't like the Play series of bottles either--the ones that look like iPods--I don't have anything against them, it just seems clear that their target is a younger crowd. ", "Which is fine...just not what I'm looking for. ", "I teach \"that crowd\"...I don't want to smell like them.", "\n\nMeanwhile, I like the wicker look of John Varvatos Artisan and Artisan Black. ", "It's the look that originally made me test them. ", "I go back-and-forth with Spicebomb. ", "I can't decide if the grenade is fun or stupid.", "\n\nALL that being said, I'm not a total prude. ", "I WILL own Tom Ford for Men despite the crude ads and penis-shaped bottle because I like what's in it that much.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 03:58 PM\n\nhedonist222\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by drseid\n\nThe juice is the primary driver for me. ", "If there is a tie between two scents everything else being equal, the bottle can be the tie breaker for or against a purchase.", "\n\nHas that every happened?", "\n\n14th October 2012, 04:27 PM\n\nOctaVariuM\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI get where you are coming from. ", "I really enjoy Jubilation XXV from Amouage, which runs $290 for 100mL's. ", "That is a lot of money for sure. ", "However, the bottle is just so stunning in my eyes that I can understand why people (perhaps myself included) would spring for it. ", "Pure luxury.", "\n\nOh, and if you are against Le Male for the bottle, check out Reflection Man by Amouage. ", "It has the same vibe but the bottle is the same amazing bottle that all (newer) Amouage's come in.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 04:33 PM\n\ndel\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI ignored CK One Shock for Him by Calvin Klein because of its tacky bottle/font. ", "The juice however, is nice, and I will purchase a big bottle (6.7 oz) if the price is right.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 04:57 PM\n\ndrseid\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by hedonist222\n\nHas that every happened?", "\n\nNot that I can remember...\n\n14th October 2012, 05:04 PM\n\nDuNezDeBuzier\n\n5 Attachment(s)\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by Teach13\n\nHas the bottle of a frag itself ever convinced you to buy or ignore a scent?...", "\n\nNo, but I think most Bois 1920 generally don't live up to the appealing bottle presentation. ", "I can see someone buying a bottle of this as a gift based solely on the bottle... and add to that their expense. ", "Nice bottle, expensive, must be a great frag, no? ", "No.", "\n\nI'd probably buy Le Male before I'd buy Rochas Man based on the bottle. ", "That bottle looks like something a kid would accidentally stumble upon in his mother's dresser.", "\n\n14th October 2012, 05:56 PM\n\nBriGuy\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nHere's my opinion:\nI know that the bottle is just marketing... I ignore the bottle when sampling fragrances. ", "The same goes for the name of the cologne, the model/celebrity advertising it and marketing push to certain chains like Macy's and Sephora.", "\n\nFor instance, Kenneth Cole Black is FAR from the black, dark fragrance to which it's name alludes; but, I really like it as a light casual scent nonetheless.", "\n\nWill buying D&G The One make me look like Matthew McConaughey? ", "No - but I like the fragrance.", "\n\nIt wouldn't matter if JPG's Le Male was in a clear square bottle with a boring lid: I still wouldn't care for the fragrance... it's not for me.", "\n\nSure, the name and the bottle (even the box sometimes [i.e.: Bulgari Aqua]) make the hobby more exciting and make the display of bottles more aesthetically pleasing... but I never let that get in the way of my purchase.", "\n\nexample: Givenchy Pi has an amazing bottle IMO, but I didn't buy it because it's not the fragrance I was looking for at the time.", "\nSide note: I suddenly got the urge for a sweet vanilla fragrance recently, and might actually buy the bottle of Pi... NOT because of the bottle; but I AM excited to have that bottle in my collection!", "\n\n14th October 2012, 07:54 PM\n\nMikeJ\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by mlsweeney\n\nI'd probably buy Le Male before I'd buy Rochas Man based on the bottle. ", "That bottle looks like something a kid would accidentally stumble upon in his mother's dresser.", "\n\nHahaha gold!", "\n\nOn topic, I am about to purchase MIP because of the bottle. ", "Also because a bunch of people have told me it smells like Axe DT (which I am fond of).", "\n\n15th October 2012, 12:50 AM\n\nMiket\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI do like nice bottles, and bottles I really dislike are a turn off. ", "It influences things, yes but not that strongly.", "\n\n15th October 2012, 03:26 AM\n\nfit&frag'd\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nThe bottle itself has never ended up influencing me either way I guess. ", "I'm much more into fragrances at this point than I am into collecting...but who knews, that may change some day. ", "I will say, though, I get what the OP was saying about the L'male bottle. ", "It would feel a little strange bringing that one home and having to explain why I bought a bottle like that to the wife. :) ", "I also tend to keep my bottle of Rochas Man tucked in the very back of my drawer.. ;-)\n\n15th October 2012, 04:00 AM\n\nDiamondflame\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI'm just like the next regular guy who gets turn on by 'visuals' so my answer is 'YES'. ", "Nice presentation packages do entice me to buy a fragrance but I'll be sure to sample it first. ", "The juice has to pass the smell + fragrance wear test. ", "So far 3 have been acquired in this manner:\n\nEsencia Loewe - I love green and this comes in a elegantly handsome dark green bottle with gold cap. ", "I remember resisting a purchase but I kept looking at the bottle every time I walked pass the store until I finally decided to test the scent itself and was hooked. ", "=Instant buy. :", "smiley:\n\nBy Kilian Straight to Heaven - Love the presentation package and imho the juice is no slouch either. ", "I bought a pre-loved set from a fellow BNer so it was acquired at a hefty discount.", "\n\nClive Christian X - same as above.", "\n\nWhat I would love to have is one of Xerjoff's Murano glass bottles.", "\nAlso looking for a used but pristine 50ml bottle of Tom Ford Tuscan Leather or the turquoise Neroli Portofino. ", "But I don't need 50 ml of either juice.", "\n\n15th October 2012, 04:48 AM\n\ncolognejunkie2000\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nI blind bought Midnight In Paris because of the beautiful bottle design lol. ", "Great thing is I love the juice so no regrets on that one.", "\n\n16th October 2012, 07:49 AM\n\ndollars&scents\n\nRe: Bottle persuasion\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by morrison74\n\nCan't say a bottle design has ever persuaded me either way to be honest." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nInsert list in listbox\n\nI'm new to C# and I'm trying to explore in C#, however I try to add a list in a listbox.", "\nThe error that I'm having is : Object reference not set to an instance of an object.", "\nAny idea how to resolve this?", "\nnamespace WindowsFormsApplication\n{\n public partial class Form1 : Form\n {\n something a = something iets();\n\n public Form1()\n {\n InitializeComponent();\n }\n// part1\n class something {\n\n public List<string> testing { get ; set; }\n }\n\n// part2\n private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)\n {\n a.testing.", "Add(\"programming\");\n a.testing.", "Add(\"over\");\n a.testing.", "Add(\"something\");\n\n foreach (string i in a.testing)\n { listBox1.Items.", "Add(i); }\n }\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou have to initialize testing at some point before accessing it.", "\nMaybe you could add a constructor to the something class.", "\npublic something()\n{\n testing = new List<string>();\n}\n\nand as pointed in the comments above, replace\nsomething a = something iets();\n\nwith this below.", "\nsomething a = new something(); //this should be the correct thing.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "better than a letter from santa\n\nAmidst all the bills, christmas cards and circulars for random crap stuff to buy at bed, bath and beyond, a letter will arrive in our mailbox soon. ", "It will be from a little boy named Domeniko from Albania who lacks basic necessities of life like the ability to go to school, sleep in a warm home at night or have access to quality healthcare. ", "Addressed to Reuben, Domeniko writes of his thanks for the rabbits purchased by Reuben to help him have food, meat to sell to eat and a warm fur hat to wear during the cold winter months.", "\n\nmaybe even a hat like this!", "\n\nA few weeks before the letter arrives, pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters are strewn across our dining room table. ", "Though Reuben has been saving up in his piggy bank for “a big McQueen” we tell him about how there are lots of kids around the world who don’t get presents at Christmas time, don’t have food to eat and are cold. “", "But why are they cold?” ", "He asks. ", "So we look at the World Vision website to find a gift for him to buy for a kid who really needs gifts at Christmas time. ", "We count out $16 in change to make a donation to buy the rabbits.", "\n\nThough Reuben gets distracted and hops off my lap to play, I notice that you can send a card to someone along with the donation. ", "Though it’s intended as a gift card for someone on whose behalf a donation has been made, I thought about how cool it would be for Reuben to get a letter from Domeniko. ", "Hopefully when it arrives, it will help Reuben remember when we ordered the rabbits for kids who don’t get many presents at Christmas time.", "\n\nThere are tons of cool ways to care for people this season through the World Vision catalogue- whether you send a goat to your boss (from world vision, not actually a goat standing on his desk) and some fancy goat cheese, a couple of soccer balls to your best bro Bert along with a real soccer ball, or 2 chickens for your great aunt Hilda along with a McDonald’s gift card so she can get a winner! ", "winner! ", "McNugget Chicken dinner!", "\n\nFor another idea on how to help your kids develop compassion, give generously and think about those in need, check out my friend Grace’s blog." ]

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[ "The twitter\n\nThe Instagram\n\nA culmination of things\n\nOriginally I had started an entry about Turkey Hill and the crash in the cat 3/4 race- going into detail about some suggestions on the matter. ", "But I decided to stay away from my opinions and stick to just race updates. ", "Because you know what they say about opinions!!!Turkey Hill Road Race\n\nThis is my second year doing Turkey Hill- both years I was fortunate enough to race the Pro123 race. ", "Last year I raced right before getting my cat 2 upgrade.", "\n\nStart of the race. ", "How now black and white cow.", "\n\nThis year the field was very strong. ", "Scott Z. of Optum was looking to get some racing in after Joe Martin in preparation for Tour of California, Shane Kline from Smart Stop was there, and 2x Olympian Bobby Lea of pure energy. ", "Along with these three, there was a handful of other really strong riders.", "\n\nThis year, after a bit more experience with some NRC stage races under my belt, I’d decided keying off the full time pros was the way to go. ", "As expected, a break did go- but from the gun. ", "At one point it was close to 2 minutes up the road with almost half of the race left. ", "But the 3 pros were at the back chilling unconcerned with the time gap. ", "Eventually we started to move our way forward and that’s when the game of cat and mouse started. ", "We were all keying off one another attacking and counter attacking each another, not allowing any one rider to get too far up the road.", "\n\nWith 2 laps left the group was back together and the real fun started. ", "Coming up the hill on the second to last lap, Scott was driving the front and I saw my opportunity. ", "I jumped with hopes that one of them would respond quickly. ", "They didn’t to my surprise and I was riding away. ", "Scott kept driving the front with Shane, and Bobby close behind. ", "I saw a gap starting to form in the 20 or so riders left in the front group. ", "In this group was the 3 of them and two other riders, I knew this was going to be the winning move.", "\n\nGamber wall.", "\n\nAnd that’s when I was abruptly stopped by the race official. ", "Apparently there was a bad accident in the cat 3/4 race and the roads needed to be cleared and ambulances called before we could finish racing. ", "Frustrating- as now the peloton was regrouping, but quickly I was put into perspective. ", "It’s just bike racing and there were injured people on the ground. ", "The safety of those riders was way more important than our race, and seeing Sam Lear laying on the ground with his dad Matt holding snapped me out of my mood. ", "It was pretty disheartening seeing a young kid laying there like that- probably because some other rider made an unsafe move in the finishing sprint. (", "I went on to be told that this was the case). ", "Sam had to have surgery on his collarbone and it appears as if he has had a speedy recovery.", "\n\nWith that said, I guess it brings us back being neutralized. ", "There was some discussion as to whether the race should be called or we should finish. ", "After some grumblings, the race officials decided the last lap would be completed. ", "While the dynamic was being changed with recovery being thrown into the mix- I had hopes that I could get the race back to the way it was before it neutralized.", "\n\nSo when the officials started us I attacked. ", "Really hard- like 5 minute all out hard. ", "I quickly had a 30 second gap, and was hoping to hold it for as long as possible. ", "I knew it would be next to impossible to hold this gap, but I hoped it would bring out the strongest riders and eliminate a field sprint. ", "I made it to Gamber and looked back, I was being chased by Scott Z, Bobby Lea, Shane Kline, Craig Nichols, and another rider. ", "My plan worked but now I had a group of legit guys to worry about. ", "They caught me on the descent and I hopped in. ", "We all worked together for a\nfew miles, but then the cat and mouse started.", "\n\nComing into the uphill to the long drag to the finish, Bobby attacked while I was on the front. ", "I jumped and was struggling to bridge, he had about 5 seconds on me going over the first kicker. ", "I was redlined and didn’t think I could make it. ", "I started to sit up but knew that if I wanted a shot at winning- this was the move. ", "I downshifted stood up and put my head down. ", "Coming across the final kicker I looked up and was a second from Bobby. ", "I made it.", "\n\nHe put the hammer down and we came across the line 1-2. ", "15 seconds ahead of Scott, Shane, and Craig- who held the same on the chasing peloton.", "\n\nSmoketown Airport Crit\n\nApparently the PA state championships criterium was going to be on an airport this year. ", "A pancake flat course with no elevation gain. ", "The race can be watched completely from one viewpoint, as the race is one big oval. ", "A pretty neat idea so I was excited to race. ", "This was one of those races I put zero mental energy into. ", "For me to get through seasons, sometimes I just have to show up and race- not letting my nervous energy get to me or use too much mental energy.", "\n\nA pretty big field was assembled with lots of talent. ", "Bobby Lea was there again so I figured he would be the guy to key off. ", "Right before our race started, it began to rain. ", "HARD. ", "It was actually pouring. ", "I didn’t even want to get out of the car. ", "That’s when I got to experience extreme braking into went corners. ", "Guys definitely did not enjoy being in the rain, so our turning was super sketchy. ", "A few moves were made trying to get up the road and I made a huge effort to bridge to one. ", "Then Bobby jumped that move so I had to recover and go again. ", "That’s when I started to get super light headed and couldn’t catch my breath. ", "I had to sit up and wait for the peloton to catch me. ", "I then hopped in for a few laps but still couldn’t catch my breath. ", "So I dropped out. ", "First DNF of the season.", "\n\nWilmington Grand Prix\n\nI went into Wilmington relatively fresh and excited to race, it would be my second NCC crit ever. ", "My break was approaching so I was hoping to finish off the first part of my season on a positive note. ", "The course is really technical, and suits my style of riding. ", "The pace was pretty fast from the start and I struggled to maintain the position I wanted. ", "I ended up completely missing the winning break and had to rely on the chasing from UHC. ", "In the end we got within 10 seconds of the break but they stayed away.", "\n\nI ended up 20th overall, with 12 riders already up the road. ", "So 8th from the field sprint. ", "Just a mediocre result, and nothing really to write home about. (", "But I blogged about it so that’s kind of ironic)\n\nSomerville\n\nDear 6 lb 8 oz Baby Jesus, please don’t let me crash.", "\n\nSomerville is unlike any other bike race I have ever done. ", "The venue is awesome. ", "The atmosphere is great. ", "And the crowds are huge. ", "But the race itself is downright terrifying. ", "I am convinced that my 79 year old grandpa could be given a bicycle and keep up with us on this course. ", "It’s flat, has four turns, and is 1 mile long. ", "It’s practically impossible to get dropped, so everyone and their GRANDPA, is sprinting at the end.", "\n\nMy grandpa preparing for Somerville.", "\n\nAfter skidding to the best save of my whole entire life, I avoided a terrible crash. ", "But sadly, the stop was so abrupt and fast- that I ripped a hole in my tubular.", "\n\nI went into Sram neutral and got my new wheel. ", "So there I am back to bike racing thinking that was my scary moment for the day. ", "Nope- I’m out of the saddle down the back stretch, and a guy that looks like the incredible Hulk decided to chop way over to the left. ", "To my luck I am, getting sandwiched in between the Hulk and this poor woman trying to watch men in spandex on Memorial Day. ", "I miss the woman, scrape the curb but keep it upright.", "\n\nSo back to bike racing, again thinking that was my last scary moment of the day. ", "Nope. ", "2 laps to go and the pace is heating up. ", "I’ve worked my way to the front and am now a few wheels back on UHC. ", "We are heading down the straight into the final lap, when I hear carbon cracking and dudes yelling. ", "A poor UHC rider is in the fetal position and I have no where to go but into him. ", "My wheel hits his back and I somersault into the air, landing directly on Champ Sys rider Gavy Epstein. ", "He cushioned my fall and we both got up relatively okay.", "\n\nLeft the day with a flat tire, some mild whip lash, and a broken derailleur hanger. ", "All in all a pretty typical Somerville from what I’ve heard.", "\n\nMy grandpa celebrating his sprint finish at Somerville with a PBR. (", "This is actually my grandpa)\n\nAir Force Classic\n\nClarendon Cup\n\nThese races are the staple of MABRA racing. ", "It’s 2 NCC criteriums in downtown Washington DC. ", "The crowds and venues are awesome, which makes for a really fun weekend. ", "It was a Van Dessel Factory Team scheduled race so I was obligated to attend. ", "The week prior was my break, but I figured I would at least come down and give it the old college try.", "\n\nI’m trying but it really hurts. ", "Cycleboredom with the sweet shot.", "\n\nThe first day, is a really technical and long race (100km). ", "So 100 laps on the 1k course. ", "To add to how hard it was, it was 90 million degrees out. ", "They announced there would be feeding right before the race start, so lucky for me I planned absolutely nothing when it came to extra bottles. (", "Thankfully my girlfriend came through huge with some bottles mid way through the race).", "\n\nSO HOT. ", "SO TIRED- Thanks for the Shot Scott Kingsley\n\nThe pace was fast from the beginning, and as expected- a complete shock to my system. ", "I felt downright awful. ", "It didn’t help that running late forced me to drink coffee leading up to the start. ", "So it was a fun mixture of super hot and my heart feeling like exploding. ", "I struggled to hang in the pack the first 30 laps, but my legs were slowly coming around. ", "A big group got up the road, so I figured I needed to try and at least bridge (DO IT FOR THE SPONSORS I SAID). ", "I made my way up through the pack and made my effort. ", "Succeeding in making it, but dragging the whole field with me. ", "It hurt terribly so I went back into mid pack mode.", "\n\nThree abreast with Meyerson and G Dawg. ", "An awesome shot form Cycleboredom\n\nAt about 60k in, I still felt awful, and found my way into a crash. ", "Skidding into the fallen rider, and having to put my feet down, I made my way to the pit for a free lap. ", "This is when I saw good friend and teammate JARED FREAKING NIETERS, hammering away behind a UHC rider.", "\n\nGO NOODLES!!! ", "Cycleboredom photo credit\n\nGood ol’ Noodles had just found himself behind one of the best riders in the peloton, and was putting some serious time on the field. ", "I was so pumped for him. ", "Eventually, he was joined by four other strong riders (just your everyday mix of olympians, philly champs, etc.), ", "and the six of them proceeded to lap us with about 30k to go. ", "From then it was my job solely to protect Jared. ", "I sheltered him the rest of the race. ", "I followed him like a lovestruck boy following his crush at a middle school dance. ", "With 10 laps to go, Jared started to have some cramping issues.", "\n\nHe didn’t have any Midol available so we had to make due with easy accelerations out of the corners. ", "In the end we arrived safely, and Jared finished sixth!!! ", "The result of his life, and the cheers he got from fans were amazing. ", "I was super stoked for him, and seeing him so happy was totally worth it.", "\n\nArtwork done by yours truly.", "\nJared Nieters himself arriving across the finish line on his Bengal Tiger in 6th.", "\n\nCrystal Cup\n\nTo say I felt like a new man is an understatement. ", "I actually felt like 2 new men. ", "Clarendon, woke me up and blew out whatever awfulness I had in my legs the day before. ", "From the gun I was able to stay near the front, so I was pretty aggressive. ", "I was feeling out moves, but they weren’t sticking. ", "Mike Chauner made a hard move on the front, Stoop from Starlight and Clarke from UHC countered him, while I chased, and Demis Aleman from Jamis followed. ", "The four of us worked really well together getting the break started, and after 3 laps we were joined by Bobby Lea, and the philly classic champ Kiel Reijnen. ", "This was the move, I just had to not get dropped.", "\n\nHey guys- just hanging out in the back. ", "Darrell Parks photo\n\nAnother awesome Scott Kingsley shot. ", "BLACK AND WHITE YO. ", "OTB\n\nI took a few more pulls, but eventually figured the guys who get paid a lot more money than I make racing bikes and working at the store combined, could do the rest of the work. ", "And that they did. ", "We ended up holding off a pretty strong chase pack and then lapping the field with 20 laps to go.", "\n\nRecently, they found an unexpected issue with my grandpa that will require surgery so he was pretty down that week. ", "Thankfully, the issue was caught before it would have lead to him no longer being with us. ", "A miracle in itself. ", "He really is my biggest supporter, and has to pick up my shifts when I travel for races. ", "He doesn’t get to watch me race very often, but last year when he watched me- I made sure to put on a race. (", "I ended up lapping the field at Grandview Grand prix). ", "Halfway through Crystal Cup I yelled to my girlfriend in the feed zone to make sure my grandpa was watching. ", "Which he was! ", "Apparently he was watching from our store office with my grandma. ", "He later thanked me saying he got absolutely zero work done.", "\n\nStill in the back. ", "Scott Kingsley shot.", "\n\nWith 20 laps to go, I knew I just had to stay positioned, and beat one rider to make podium. ", "5 laps to go, we were lined out with UHC driving the course (later to be given a run for their money by local elite team DC Velo). ", "My teammates did a great job making sure I was protected, and set me up to finish well. ", "With about 20 meters from the line Mike Stoop passed me. ", "At that point I just assumed I was sixth on the day. ", "I was happy but figured I missed the podium. ", "Then I heard my name over the intercom and they told me to report to the podium tent. ", "USADA was all over the place so I figured I was getting drug tested. ", "So I sat there and waited. ", "Then I was like well maybe I got the most aggressive jersey. ", "But then a USA official told me I was 5th (I beat Johnny Clark who was working for Kiel)! ", "I was pretty elated to be honest. ", "It felt so pro to be on that podium. ", "The podium girl kissed me on my cheek and I pulled away- she was like I need your other one. ", "I laughed and told her this was my first time. ", "It was cool standing up there with those guys, and I hope there’s more to come!", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\nOne thought on “A culmination of things”\n\nyea i remember that year you finished 2nd at turkey hill. ", "I won the 3/4 race that year you mention in the top of the post, but haven’t returned to turkey hill because of the finish. ", "I remember you looking pretty stoked behind Lea." ]

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[ "rt(12)) + sqrt(7) - -3*sqrt(14)/sqrt(2)).", "\n-3059*sqrt(7)/3 + 114704\nSimplify (5*(sqrt(17) + -1) - sqrt(136)/sqrt(72))*2 + ((sqrt(119) - ((sqrt(119) + sqrt(119)*-2)*4 + sqrt(119)))/(sqrt(700) - -1*sqrt(700)))**2.", "\n-233/25 + 28*sqrt(17)/3\nSimplify (sqrt(1375) + 3*sqrt(1375)*-1 - sqrt(1375))/(sqrt(25)/sqrt(125)*-3).", "\n25*sqrt(11)\nSimplify (-4*1*3*sqrt(2100))/(sqrt(135)/sqrt(5) + sqrt(300)*3).", "\n-40*sqrt(7)/11\nSimplify 1*(sqrt(198)/(sqrt(44)/(4*sqrt(4))))/(sqrt(96)*4*5).", "\nsqrt(3)/20\nSimplify (-5 + (3*sqrt(204)/(sqrt(48)/sqrt(16)) - (5*(0 + sqrt(2057)) - -1*(sqrt(2057) + -1*sqrt(2057)))))**2.", "\n490*sqrt(17) + 40842\nSimplify -2*(((3 + (sqrt(108) + 0 - sqrt(108)))*-4 - (-1 + (sqrt(108) - (sqrt(108) + 1*sqrt(108) + sqrt(108) - sqrt(108))) - sqrt(108))*-2)**2 + -2)*-4.", "\n5376*sqrt(3) + 15376\nSimplify (sqrt(972)*3*-2)/(sqrt(600)/sqrt(4) + sqrt(6) - (sqrt(54)*2)/sqrt(9)).", "\n-27*sqrt(2)/2\nSimplify -5*((-2*sqrt(63)/(sqrt(3) + sqrt(27)))/((sqrt(75) - (sqrt(75)*-2 + sqrt(75) - sqrt(75))*5) + sqrt(75)) + 2)**2.", "\n-57607/2880 + sqrt(7)/6\nSimplify 3 + (sqrt(864) + sqrt(120)/sqrt(5))/(sqrt(27)*-2 - sqrt(33)/(sqrt(44)/sqrt(4))).", "\n-2*sqrt(2) + 3\nSimplify ((sqrt(4050) - ((sqrt(4050) - (sqrt(4050)*1 + sqrt(4050) + sqrt(4050))) + sqrt(4050)))*6*6)/(((-1*sqrt(720))/sqrt(12))/(1*sqrt(6)*-5)).", "\n3240*sqrt(5)\nSimplify 6*(sqrt(1331) + 0 + -1 + (sqrt(1331) - (-1 + sqrt(1331) + -5)) + -2*(sqrt(1331)*-3 + -2 - sqrt(1331) - sqrt(1331))**2)*3.", "\n-1197954 - 7722*sqrt(11)\nSimplify -3*(-5 + (sqrt(700)*3*-5 - sqrt(700)))**2*-5 + -4.", "\n24000*sqrt(7) + 2688371\nSimplify (sqrt(260)/sqrt(5)*2 + (sqrt(468)*-1 - sqrt(468) - sqrt(468)))/(sqrt(4) - sqrt(32)/sqrt(32) - sqrt(16)/sqrt(144)).", "\n-21*sqrt(13)\nSimplify (1 + (sqrt(33) - sqrt(297)*2)/sqrt(3) + 6*(1*sqrt(11) + 4 + 4))*6.", "\n6*sqrt(11) + 294\nSimplify (6*((sqrt(204) + -2*sqrt(204))/sqrt(12) - sqrt(153)/(sqrt(9) - ((sqrt(9) - sqrt(144)) + sqrt(9)) - sqrt(9))))**2 + (3 + -6*1*-1*sqrt(17))**2.", "\n36*sqrt(17) + 1998\nSimplify 1 + -5 + sqrt(448) + sqrt(448) + 5 + (-3*(sqrt(700) + 0 + sqrt(700)) - sqrt(700))**2.", "\n16*sqrt(7) + 34301\nSimplify -5 + (-4*-2*5*2*(0 + sqrt(320) + -5 + sqrt(320)))**2.", "\n-1024000*sqrt(5) + 8351995\nSimplify ((2*sqrt(100) - sqrt(100))*-1 + sqrt(100) + sqrt(100)*2*4)/((-3*sqrt(80) - sqrt(20))/(4*sqrt(90))).", "\n-480*sqrt(2)/7\nSimplify -3 + (0 + -6*((2*(sqrt(1100) + 1 + sqrt(1100) - sqrt(1100) - sqrt(1100)))**2 + 4))*-1 + -3.", "\n42\nSimplify -6*(3*-1*(5 + ((-6*sqrt(2448)*-1)**2 - (sqrt(2448) + 2 + 0))) + -3).", "\n-216*sqrt(17) + 1586376\nSimplify 4*((sqrt(1872)*-1*-5)**2 + ((sqrt(1872) - (sqrt(1872) + 1))*5)**2 - 1*(-1 + sqrt(1872) + sqrt(1872) + -1 + sqrt(1872))).", "\n-144*sqrt(13) + 187308\nSimplify (-3 + -1 + (2*sqrt(75)*1 - sqrt(75))*2 + -3)**2*3.", "\n-420*sqrt(3) + 1047\nSimplify (-5 + (1*(sqrt(637) - 6*(sqrt(637) + -1 + sqrt(637))) - -6*(sqrt(637) + (sqrt(637) - (1 + sqrt(637)))*4 + sqrt(637))))**2.", "\n-322*sqrt(13) + 1166\nSimplify (-4*1*((sqrt(156) + -2*sqrt(156))*3 - sqrt(156)))/(-1*sqrt(1452)*3 - sqrt(1452) - sqrt(1452) - (sqrt(1452) - 2*sqrt(1452)*-2 - sqrt(1452))).", "\n-16*sqrt(13)/99\nSimplify -2 + (sqrt(2057)*2*-4 - 6*sqrt(2057)*-2)**2 - (4 + (sqrt(1700) - (-2*(sqrt(1700) - sqrt(1700)*1) + sqrt(1700)))**2 + (0 + sqrt(1700))**2*1).", "\n31206\nSimplify ((sqrt(252) - (-5 + (sqrt(252) - (sqrt(252) - (sqrt(252) - sqrt(252)*-4)))))*6)**2 + ((sqrt(252) - (sqrt(252) + 5*sqrt(252) + sqrt(252) + 0)) + -5)**2.", "\n-8280*sqrt(7) + 155149\nSimplify (2*sqrt(539) + ((sqrt(77) + sqrt(77) + (sqrt(77)*-4 - sqrt(77)))/sqrt(7) - sqrt(11)) - ((sqrt(176)/sqrt(4))/sqrt(2))/(5*(sqrt(2) - 2*sqrt(2))))**2.", "\n28611/25\nSimplify -6*(-3 + 6*(sqrt(66)*-5*5)/(sqrt(96) + sqrt(96)*3) + 2).", "\n6 + 225*sqrt(11)/4\nSimplify 5 + (-2 + sqrt(1700) + sqrt(1700) + (1 + sqrt(1700))**2 - ((sqrt(1700) + 1)**2 + -1) - (sqrt(425) + 4*sqrt(425)*-2 - 6*(-1 + sqrt(425)))).", "\n-2 + 85*sqrt(17)\nSimplify (-4*sqrt(3993)*-1 + sqrt(3993) - 6*sqrt(3993)*-2)/((2*(sqrt(66) - (sqrt(66) - sqrt(66)*1)))/(sqrt(54)/(sqrt(18)/sqrt(2)))).", "\n187*sqrt(3)/2\nSimplify ((sqrt(343) - -2*(-2 + sqrt(343))) + sqrt(343)*3*5 + sqrt(343) - (-3 + -2*(sqrt(343) + 1)*6))**2.", "\n4774*sqrt(7) + 329744\nSimplify ((3*sqrt(252) + 5 + -2*sqrt(252) + 1 - 2*(-5 + 3*-1*sqrt(252)))*-3)**2.", "\n12096*sqrt(7) + 113436\nSimplify (-3*sqrt(550) + (sqrt(22) - sqrt(1408)*-1))/((sqrt(242)*1*4 - sqrt(242)) + -1*-2*sqrt(242)).", "\n-6*sqrt(11)/55\nSimplify 1 + ((sqrt(2) + (sqrt(2) + 2)*4 - 4*(sqrt(2) + 0))*5)**2 + (1*sqrt(16)*-2)/(4*sqrt(72)).", "\n2399*sqrt(2)/6 + 1651\nSimplify (((sqrt(117) + 3)*5*1 - (sqrt(117) - (-3*sqrt(117) + 1))*-1)**2 + 3)*-4.", "\n-38704 - 3024*sqrt(13)\nSimplify (5 + 1*sqrt(704) + 1 + -4*(-3 + sqrt(704) + sqrt(704)) + -6*(sqrt(704) + -1 + 2)*3)**2.", "\n440000\nSimplify 2 + (-1 + sqrt(252))**2 + (2 + sqrt(175))**2 + ((-2*1*sqrt(63))/sqrt(9)*-5)**2.", "\n8*sqrt(7) + 1134\nSimplify ((sqrt(208) + (-1 + sqrt(208))**2 + sqrt(208))*2 + sqrt(208) - (-4 + sqrt(208)*1) - -2*(1 + sqrt(208) + -2))*-1 + 3.", "\n-417 - 8*sqrt(13)\nSimplify -5 + -5*(((sqrt(3) - sqrt(108)) + 4 - -5*sqrt(12))**2 - (sqrt(15)/sqrt(5)*-2 + sqrt(600)/sqrt(8))).", "\n-460 - 185*sqrt(3)\nSimplify (sqrt(1944)*1 + sqrt(96)/sqrt(4)*2)/(((2*sqrt(72) - sqrt(72))*6)/(sqrt(66)/(sqrt(176) + sqrt(11)))).", "\n11*sqrt(2)/30\nSimplify (4*(sqrt(2016)*-1*-6 - sqrt(2016)))/((sqrt(88)*-2*-2)/(sqrt(11) + (sqrt(11) - (sqrt(11) + sqrt(55)/(sqrt(5)*-1))))).", "\n60*sqrt(7)\nSimplify -4*3*((sqrt(117) + (-2 + sqrt(117))**2 + 2 - (sqrt(117) - (sqrt(117)*-1*-4)**2)) + 1).", "\n-23952 + 144*sqrt(13)\nSimplify (-2*(((-5 + (sqrt(68) - -2*sqrt(68)) + sqrt(68))*-4 - (-2*sqrt(68)*1 + -6*-1*sqrt(68)))*3 + -4))**2.", "\n-53760*sqrt(17) + 991744\nSimplify ((-6*(0 + sqrt(320) - sqrt(320)) + sqrt(320) - (1 + (4 + sqrt(320) - sqrt(320)))) + (-2 + sqrt(320) - sqrt(320))*5 + 3 + 6*sqrt(320))**2.", "\n-1344*sqrt(5) + 15824\nSimplify -5*(-1 + -1*(sqrt(605) + sqrt(605) + -3*sqrt(605)) + (1 + sqrt(605)*-3)**2).", "\n-27225 + 275*sqrt(5)\nSimplify (((sqrt(57)*-2 + sqrt(57))*2 - sqrt(57))/(sqrt(6)/sqrt(32)) - 3*((1*sqrt(114) - sqrt(114))*-1)/sqrt(6))**2*-2.", "\n-5472\nSimplify ((sqrt(125) - -5*sqrt(125)*2)*-4 - (0 + (sqrt(125) - (-5 + (sqrt(125) - (5 + sqrt(125)))))))**2.", "\n4500*sqrt(5) + 253225\nSimplify (-1 + 4 + 5*(-2 + (sqrt(2448) - (5 + (-1*sqrt(2448) - sqrt(2448))))**2))*-1.", "\n-110278 + 1800*sqrt(17)\nSimplify ((-3*sqrt(90) - sqrt(90)) + sqrt(90) + 1*sqrt(40)/sqrt(4))/(((sqrt(20)/sqrt(4) - sqrt(5))*6 + sqrt(20)*-3)*4)*-6.", "\n-2*sqrt(2)\nSimplify ((sqrt(1152) + -5*sqrt(1152)*-1)*-2)/((sqrt(96)/sqrt(8))/sqrt(2) - (sqrt(42)*4)/sqrt(7)).", "\n32*sqrt(3)\nSimplify -4 + (sqrt(4455) + sqrt(4455)*2)/sqrt(11) + (5 + sqrt(180) + 1 + sqrt(180) + -1 + (sqrt(180) + 0 - sqrt(180)))**2 + 0.", "\n147*sqrt(5) + 741\nSimplify (-3*(3 + sqrt(1700) + -5 + sqrt(1700) + sqrt(1700) + -1) - -3*3*(sqrt(1700) + -1*sqrt(1700) + -5))**2.", "\n6480*sqrt(17) + 138996\nSimplify (-6*sqrt(36)*2)/(3*sqrt(432)) + (5 + (5 + sqrt(21)/sqrt(7))**2)*6.", "\n178*sqrt(3)/3 + 198\nSimplify -2 + (-1 + (-6*(-3 + sqrt(1584)) + -2)*5)*4 + -1.", "\n-1440*sqrt(11) + 313\nSimplify ((sqrt(896)*-2*-4 + sqrt(896) - -4*2*sqrt(896))/(-2*(sqrt(28) + sqrt(112)*4)/sqrt(4)))**2.", "\n9248/81\nSimplify (0 + sqrt(539) + -3*(-1 + sqrt(539)))**2 + ((sqrt(99) + sqrt(99)*3 + sqrt(99) - sqrt(99))/sqrt(9))**2 + (2 + sqrt(11))**2*-2.", "\n-92*sqrt(11) + 2311\nSimplify ((1*(-3*(sqrt(208) - (2 + 1*sqrt(208) + sqrt(208))) + 0))**2 + -4)*3.", "\n432*sqrt(13) + 5712\nSimplify (sqrt(119) + (sqrt(119) + sqrt(119)*2 + sqrt(119) - sqrt(119)))/sqrt(7) + 4 + 0 - (0 + 4*(sqrt(153) + -2 + sqrt(153)))**2.", "\n-9852 + 388*sqrt(17)\nSimplify ((sqrt(19)*-2*2 + -4*sqrt(19)*-2 - sqrt(38)/(-4*sqrt(2) + sqrt(2))*4) + -3)**2 + -3.", "\n-32*sqrt(19) + 4918/9\nSimplify 1 + (4*(5 + ((sqrt(75) + 3)*3 + sqrt(75) - -1*(sqrt(75)*-2 - sqrt(75))))*-6)**2.", "\n80640*sqrt(3) + 156097\nSimplify ((-4 + 3*(4*((sqrt(1872) - (sqrt(1872) + (sqrt(1872) - sqrt(1872)*1))) + -2 + sqrt(1872) + sqrt(1872)) + 4))*-1)**2 + -2.", "\n-9216*sqrt(13) + 1078526\nSimplify (sqrt(1900) + 1 + sqrt(1900) + 0 - sqrt(1900) - 1*-1*sqrt(1900))**2 + 1 - (sqrt(95) + -5*(4*sqrt(95) - sqrt(95)))/(-3*sqrt(80)).", "\n233*sqrt(19)/6 + 7602\nSimplify 3 + (4*(-5 + sqrt(275) + -1) + sqrt(275) + 5 + sqrt(275)*2 + (sqrt(275) + -1)*5)**2*5.", "\n-14400*sqrt(11) + 200883\nSimplify (sqrt(11) + sqrt(66)/(sqrt(18)/sqrt(3)) + (sqrt(11) + 1)*-2 + sqrt(11))**2 + 5 + sqrt(275) + 1 - 5*(3 + (sqrt(99)*1)**2*-2).", "\nsqrt(11) + 996\nSimplify ((-4 + sqrt(180))**2 - ((sqrt" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow would you \"connect\" many independent graphs maintaining backpressure between them?", "\n\nContinuing series of questions about akka-streams I have another problem.", "\nVariables:\n\nSingle http client flow with throttling\nMultiple other flows that want to use first flow simultaneously\n\nGoal:\nSingle http flow is flow that makes requests to particular API that limits number of calls to it. ", "Otherwise it bans me. ", "Thus it's very important to maintain rate of request regardless of how many clients in my code use it.", "\nThere are number of other flows that want to make requests to mentioned API but I'd like to have backpressure from http flow. ", "Normally you connect whole thing to one graph and it works. ", "But it my case I have multiple graphs.", "\nHow would you solve it ?", "\nMy attempt to solve it:\nI use Source.queue for http flow so that I can queue http requests and have throttling. ", "Problem is that Future from SourceQueue.offer fails if I exceed number of requests. ", "Thus somehow I need to \"reoffer\" when previously offered event completes. ", "Thus modified Future from SourceQueue would backpressure other graphs (inside their mapAsync) that make http requests.", "\nHere is how I implemented it\nobject Main {\n\n implicit val system = ActorSystem(\"root\")\n implicit val executor = system.dispatcher\n implicit val materializer = ActorMaterializer()\n\n private val queueHttp = Source.queue[(String, Promise[String])](2, OverflowStrategy.backpressure)\n .throttle(1, FiniteDuration(1000, MILLISECONDS), 1, ThrottleMode.", "Shaping)\n .mapAsync(4) {\n case (text, promise) =>\n // Simulate delay of http request\n val delay = (Random.nextDouble() * 1000 / 2).toLong\n Thread.sleep(delay)\n Future.successful(text -> promise)\n }\n .toMat(Sink.foreach({\n case (text, p) =>\n p.success(text)\n }))(Keep.left)\n .run\n\n val futureDeque = new ConcurrentLinkedDeque[Future[String]]()\n\n def sendRequest(value: String): Future[String] = {\n\n val p = Promise[String]()\n val offerFuture = queueHttp.offer(value -> p)\n\n def addToQueue(future: Future[String]): Future[String] = {\n futureDeque.addLast(future)\n future.onComplete {\n case _ => futureDeque.remove(future)\n }\n future\n }\n\n offerFuture.flatMap {\n case QueueOfferResult.", "Enqueued =>\n addToQueue(p.future)\n }.recoverWith {\n case ex =>\n val first = futureDeque.pollFirst()\n if (first !", "= null)\n addToQueue(first.flatMap(_ => sendRequest(value)))\n else\n sendRequest(value)\n }\n }\n\n def main(args: Array[String]) {\n\n val allFutures = for (v <- 0 until 15)\n yield {\n val res = sendRequest(s\"Text $v\")\n res.onSuccess {\n case text =>\n println(\"> \" + text)\n }\n res\n }\n\n Future.sequence(allFutures).onComplete {\n case Success(text) =>\n println(s\">>> TOTAL: ${text.length} [in queue: ${futureDeque.size()}]\")\n system.terminate()\n case Failure(ex) =>\n ex.printStackTrace()\n system.terminate()\n }\n\n Await.result(system.whenTerminated, Duration.", "Inf)\n }\n}\n\nDisadvantage of this solution is that I have locking on ConcurrentLinkedDeque which is probably not that bad for rate of 1 request per second but still.", "\nHow would you solve this task?", "\n\nA:\n\nWe have an open ticket (https://github.com/akka/akka/issues/19478) and some ideas for a \"Hub\" stage which would allow for dynamically combining streams, but I'm afraid I cannot give you any estimate for when it will be done.", "\nSo that is how we, in the Akka team, would solve the task. ;)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Find records of Garth Auffenberg\n\nGarth Auffenberg (1961 - 1993) was born on April 18, 1961. ", "He was born into the Auffenberg family.", "\n\nHe died on November 5, 1993 at 32 years old.", "\n\nWe find a death record for Garth Auffenberg in the United States Social Security Master Death Index (SSDI). ", "What is the SSDI?", "\n\nHelp Garth's family complete this biography\n\nThis genealogy of Garth Auffenberg's life is maintained by AncientFaces users like you Share facts about Garth to\nreach the people who knew him. ", "Some common things we would like to know\nabout Garth's genealogy:\n\nCompared to other Auffenbergs\n\nNewsletter\n\nStay updated about new photos\n\nStay connected\n\nAbout AncientFaces\n\nAncientFaces creates a visual picture of our shared past through the collaborative effort\nof our online community. ", "Discover vintage photos of the faces and places contained in your\nfamily history for free at AncientFaces.", "\n\nThe AncientFaces community believes in sharing family history with the world, and that we\nall have an obligation to contribute in order to preserve our past. ", "Read more" ]

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[ "More Proof I Am Not a Journalist and Other Stuff\n\nAloha!", "\n\n(Or, if you’re being particularly obnoxious/”Hawaiian” about it) AlooooooooooHA!", "\n\nMy best friend lost her job – and the job provided housing so she is both jobless and homeless now – and is staying with me. ", "Thus, millions of random pictures are being taken all the time whereas before I simply took pictures of the pets. ", "Here I am being faux-outraged last night that the dog is attempting to lick my plate…as if this doesn’t happen daily.", "\n\nFirst off, I have good news for you! ", "I am going to do a better job about blogging. ", "Like at least once a week. ", "Scratch that. ", "TWICE a week at least I will blog. ", "Why’s that? ", "you ask.", "\n\nWell, because I freaking love it, that’s why!", "\n\nI jest.", "\n\nI mean, I don’t not love it, it’s just that it’s time-consuming and sometimes really hard to come up with something useful to tell you.", "\n\nHowever, I attended this writing conference and kept getting hit over the head by all this “social media is more important than knowing how to spell” advice, and even though I’m exaggerating a bit on the spelling part, the one thing that’s clear is that I somehow have to build a “following” so that when my books are finally freaking published all of you will run out and buy them.", "\n\nI was also told self-publishing is a bad joke (sorry self-published folks) even including Amazon or eBooks because\n\na) How do you know Amazon or whomever is being honest with you and really giving you your money? (", "Yikes! ", "Don’t they already own the world? ", "Do they really need to steal too?)", "\n\nb) Unless you sell at least 10,000 copies it’s really more an embarrassment or proof that your parents love you (I know my dad is good for a solid 20 copies right off the cuff.) ", "or a display of vanity and likely to be lost in a sea of garbage anyway. ", "People were actually being encouraged to NOT ADMIT they’d self-published. ", "You could sort of feel the shock and shame in the room. ", "I’m too lazy to be self-published, so I just sat there and looked smug.", "\n\nAnywho, it wasn’t all “you will probably never make it” and “you’re more likely to have sex with the Dalai Lama than see your book with a Penguin logo on it” (although there was a fair amount of that going on), I’m more determined than ever to write something worthy and that people are fighting over the right to publish, so in addition to these new-fangled efforts to build what one of my ex-boyfriends calls my “Legion of Followers” via this blog and I guess my Twitter and god help me, I suppose even Pinterest, I am also going to knuckle down on my fiction. ", "Impossible odds, you say? ", "I can’t help myself. ", "I have a feeling…\n\nIn other news, I have been asked to start submitting one “fun” piece a week as part of my A&E writing gig here on Maui.", "\n\nThis is super freaking awesome, because basically it’s what I’d write for you guys…only less vulgar…and it has to be about Maui…and I’m not allowed to say “I” because my editor thinks that’s lazy. (???)", "\n\nToo bad though, because one of my ideas REQUIRES that it be in first person and that’s how I’m writing it. ", "So there.", "\n\nAnywho, here is my first installment of the “fun” pieces which mocks all these people who keep trying this ridiculously dangerous four-day hike and getting themselves airlifted out of it.", "\n\nI’m cutting it off halfway because I’m not entirely sure I have the rights to this even though I wrote it and because I happen to adore said editor and would never want to anger him. ", "He can be quite the sharp-tongued serpent if you catch him on the wrong day. ;)", "\n\nDear Would-Be Olowalu to Iao Hiker\n\nsat·ire\n\n/ˈsaˌtī(ə)r/\n\nNoun\n\nA literary work in which human vice or folly is exposed or criticized through irony, derision, or wit.", "\n\nDear Would-Be Olowalu to Iao Valley Hiker,\n\nIt has come to our attention that you keep trying this, despite the preponderance of words like “certain death,” “impossible,” “beyond stupid,” and “Darwin Awards.”", "\n\nSpeaking of which, we can’t help but wonder if the ancient Hawaiians started the tale of this “trail” or “pass” as a means of thinning the herd; a survival of the fittest snipe hunt, if you will.", "\n\nBut we don’t actually know that. ", "All we know is that attempting this hike is a terrible idea. ", "Even “Maui Revealed” doesn’t recommend anyone take a shot at this insanity.", "\n\nThus, we are left to draw one conclusion as to your motives, oh intrepid hiker: you are on a suicide mission.", "\n\nThat stated, we offer up some helpful tips.", "\n\nNot that we want you to die – not at all; in fact, please seek counseling or at least hike something reasonable like Polipoli and get your head on straight – but because we realize it must be disappointing when you hear the chopper overhead and know you’ll live on to see your name featured on this very website.", "\n\nPlus, we can’t imagine what all these airlift rescues are going to do to our tax rates.", "\n\nPresuming this is what you seek, and in no particular order, here’s how to ensure you never return from your “mission” to the Iao Valley via the back road.", "\n\nWater is for cowards. ", "That’s right. ", "We said it. ", "Looking to meet your maker somewhere before the summit? ", "Dehydration is the name of the game.", "\n\nWait for several days of intense rain. ", "Nothing says “no body was recovered” like a flash flood.", "\n\nThink you're so smart?", "\nMaybe you're tired of all the technological issues, and want to take over and reduce the number of heart attacks I have per week?", "\nSend a note to the Webmaster, Dozer! (", "And if you don't hear back, no doubt it's because he has trouble using the keyboard.)" ]

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[ "Erya\n\nThe Erya or Erh-ya is the first surviving Chinese dictionary. ", "Bernhard Karlgren (1931: 49) concluded that \"the major part of its glosses must reasonably date from\" the 3rd century BC.", "\n\nTitle\nChinese scholars interpret the first title character ěr (; \"you, your; adverbial suffix\") as a phonetic loan character for the homophonous ěr (; \"near; close; approach\"), and believe the second yǎ (; \"proper; correct; refined; elegant\") refers to words or language. ", "According to W. South Coblin: \"The interpretation of the title as something like 'approaching what is correct, proper, refined' is now widely accepted\" (1993:94). ", "It has been translated as \"The Literary Expositor\" or \"The Ready Rectifier\" (both by Legge), \"Progress Towards Correctness\" (von Rosthorn), \"Near Correct\" (Xue), \"The Semantic Approximator\" (Needham), and \"Approaching Elegance\" (Mair).", "\n\nHistory\nThe book's author is unknown. ", "Although it is traditionally attributed to the Duke of Zhou, Confucius, or his disciples, scholarship suggests that someone compiled and edited diverse glosses from commentaries to pre-Qin texts, especially the Shijing. ", "Joseph Needham et al. (", "1986: 191) place the Erya'''s compilation between the late 4th and early 2nd centuries BCE, with the possible existence of some core text material dating back to the 6th century BCE, and the continued additions to the text as late as the 1st century BCE.", "\n\nThe first attempts to date the different parts of the Erya separately began when the Tang scholar Lu Deming (556-627) suggested that the Duke of Zhou only compiled the Shigu chapter (1), while the rest of the text dated from later (Needham 1986: 190). ", "The Japanese historian and sinologist Naitō Torajirō analyzed the Erya text and concluded it originated in the early Warring States period, with the Jixia Academy having a considerable hand in it from c. 325 BCE onwards, and the text was enlarged and stabilized during the Qin and Western Han dynasty. ", "Naitō connects the Shigu chapter (1) with the first generations of the Confucian School (450-400 BCE), places the family relationships, astronomy, and meteorology chapters (4-8) in the time of Xun Ching (300-230 BCE) with additions as late as 90 BCE, allocates the geographical chapters (9-12) to the late Warring States, Qin, and beginning of Han (300-200 BCE), puts the natural history chapters (13-18) between 300 and 160 BCE, and ascribes the last chapter (19) on domestic animals to the time of Emperor Wen or Emperor Jing of Han (180 to 140 BCE).", "\n\nThe Erya was considered the authoritative lexicographic guide to Chinese classic texts during the Han Dynasty, and Song dynasty Confucians officially categorized it as one of the Thirteen Classics, \"making it one of the more revered works in the history of Chinese literature, not to mention lexicography\" (Creamer 1992: 112). ", "Although the only ancient Erya commentary that has come down to us is the (c. 310) Erya zhu (, \"Erya Commentary\") by Guo Pu (276–324), there were a number of others, including the (early 1st century) Erya Fanshi zhu (, \"Mr. Fan's Erya Commentary\") by Liu Xin, and the (late 3rd century) Erya Yinyi (, \"Sounds and Meanings of Erya\") by Sun Yan, which popularized the fanqie system of pronunciation glosses (Needham 1986: 191).", "\n\nMost of these texts about the Erya were still extant in the Tang dynasty (618-907) but had disappeared by the Song dynasty (960-1279), when there was a revival of interest in the Erya (Needham 1986: 192). ", "The Northern Song dynasty scholar Xing Bing () wrote the (c. 1000) Erya shu (, \"Erya Subcommentary\"), which quoted many descriptions from both ordinary literature and medicinal bencao (, \"pharmacopoeia; herbal\") texts. ", "A century later, Lu Dian () wrote the (1096) Piya (\"Increased [Er]ya\") and the (1099) Erya Xinyi ( \"New Interpretations of the Erya\") commentary. ", "The Southern Song dynasty scholar Luo Yuan () subsequently wrote the (1174) Eryayi (, \"Wings to the Erya\") interpretation. ", "During the Qing Dynasty, Shao Jinhan (, 1743–1796) published the Erya Zhengyi (, \"Correct Meanings of the Erya\") and the naturalist Hao Yixing (郝懿行}}) wrote the (1808-1822) Erya yishu (, \"Subcommentary on Meanings of the Erya\").", "\n\nIn the history of Chinese lexicography, nearly all dictionaries were collated by graphic systems of character radicals, first introduced in the Shuowen Jiezi. ", "However, a few notable exceptions, called yashu \"[Er]ya-type books\", adopted collation by semantic categories such as Heaven and Earth. ", "The Ming Dynasty scholar Lang Kuijin () categorized and published the Wuya ( \"Five [Er]yas\"): Erya, (c. 150 BCE) Xiao Erya (\"Little Erya\"), (c. 200) Yiya (\"Lost Erya\" or the Shiming), (c. 230) Guangya (\"Expanded Erya\"), and (1125) Piya (\"Increased Erya\"). ", "The more important Erya-type books of the subsequent period are the 1579 Tongya (, Analogous to Erya) compiled by Fang Yizhi (), 1587 Pianya (, A Book of Two-Syllable Words) by Zhu Mouwei (), c. 1745 Bieya (, Another Erya) by Wu Yujin (), and 1864 Dieya (, A Book of Double-Syllable Words) by Shi Menglan () (tr. ", "Xue 1982: 155). ", "Chinese leishu encyclopedias, such as the (1408) Yongle Encyclopedia, were also semantically arranged. ", "Needham (1986: 192) takes the Erya's derivative literature as the main line of descent for the encyclopedia in China.", "\n\nContent\nThe Erya has been described as a dictionary, glossary, synonymicon, thesaurus, and encyclopaedia. ", "Karlgren (1931: 46) explains that the book \"is not a dictionary in abstracto, it is a collection of direct glosses to concrete passages in ancient texts.\" ", "The received text contains 2094 entries, covering about 4300 words, and a total of 13,113 characters. ", "It is divided into nineteen sections, the first of which is subdivided into two parts. ", "The title of each chapter combines shi (\"explain; elucidate\") with a term describing the words under definition. ", "Seven chapters (4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, and 19) are organized into taxonomies. ", "For instance, chapter 4 defines terms for: paternal clan (), maternal relatives (), wife's relatives (), and marriage (). ", "The text is divided between the first three heterogeneous chapters defining abstract words and the last sixteen semantically-arranged chapters defining concrete words. ", "The last seven – concerning grasses, trees, insects and reptiles, fish, birds, wild animals, and domestic animals – describe more than 590 kinds of flora and fauna. ", "It is a notable document of natural history and historical biogeography.", "\n\nThe format of Erya definitions varies between the first section treating common terms (chapters 1-3) and the second treating specialized terms (4-19). ", "Entries for common terms are defined by grouping synonyms or near-synonyms and explaining them in terms of a more commonly used word, and additional explanations if one of the words had multiple meanings. ", "For instance, \"Qiáo (), sōng (), and chóng () all mean 'high' (). ", "Chóng also means 'to fill' ().\" (", "ch. ", "1). ", "Entries for specialized terms are defined by grouping related words and giving them a description, explanation, classification, or comparison. ", "For example: \"A woman calls her husband's father jiù (), and her husband's mother gū (). ", "While alive they are called jūnjiù () and jūngū (). ", "After their death they are called xiānjiù () and xiāngū (). (", "ch. ", "4, tr. ", "Xue 1982:151).", "\n\nOwing to its laconic lexicographical style, the Erya is one of a few Chinese classics that have not been fully translated into English. ", "However, there are several unpublished PhD dissertations translating particular chapters.", "\n\nSee alsoXiao EryaShimingGuangyaPiyaUrra=hubullu, Babylonian glossary\n\nReferences\n \nCreamer, Thomas B. I. (1992), \"Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language\", in History, Languages, and Lexicographers, (Lexicographica, Series maior 41), ed. ", "by Ladislav Zgusta, Niemeyer, 105-135.", "\nKarlgren, Bernhard. (", "1931). \"", "The Early History of the Chou Li and Tso Chuan Texts\". ", "Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 3: 1–59.", "\nMair, Victor H. (1998), \"Tzu-shu or tzu-tien (dictionaries),\" in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (Volume 2), ed. ", "by William H. Nienhauser, Jr., SMC Publishing, 165-172.", "\nNeedham, Joseph, Lu Gwei-djen, and Huang Hsing-Tsung (1986). ", "Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1 Botany. ", "Cambridge University Press.", "\nVon Rosthorn, A. (1975). ", "The Erh-ya and Other Synonymicons. ", "Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 10.3, 137–145.", "\nXue Shiqi (1982), \"Chinese Lexicography Past and Present,\" Dictionaries'' 4: 151-169.", "\n\nExternal links\nThe Erya Complete text in Chinese\nThe Erya Dictionary, Chinaknowledge article\nphoto of a rare Song Dynasty edition in National Palace Museum (Taipei)\n\nCategory:Chinese classic texts\nCategory:Confucian texts\nCategory:Chinese dictionaries\nCategory:Chinese encyclopedias\nCategory:Leishu\nCategory:Thirteen Classics" ]

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[ "The effect of running on the osteoarthritic joint: an experimental matched-pair study with rabbits.", "\nOpinions differ on the effects of running on joints. ", "The progression of osteoarthritis and selection makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of increased motion load on joints. ", "The effects of treadmill running on experimentally produced unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee was estimated in a matched-pair study with rabbits. ", "One rabbit from each of 10 pairs was randomly chosen to run at a near maximal level over a 14-week period. ", "The stage of osteoarthritis before and after the running period was estimated from mobility measurements and radiographs, and after running from histological sections or macroscopic appearance. ", "There were no clear differences between the exercised and control rabbits; in both groups there was a slight progression in the degenerative changes of the osteoarthritic and contralateral joints. ", "Near maximal running had no negative effects on osteoarthritic or contralateral rabbit knees in this study." ]

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[ "Maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1 infection.", "\nStudies to examine the mechanisms responsible for perinatal HIV transmission and clinical trials to reduce this transmission are ongoing. ", "A more complete understanding of the timing and modalities of vertical transmission will permit more precise targeting of future clinical trials. ", "Perinatal transmission of HIV infection is most likely due to multiple factors. ", "The degree of viral replication, neutralizing antibody and other maternal immune factors, genetic factors, and an intact placental barrier are most likely important and may be interrelated. ", "Multiple different combination therapies may be necessary to interrupt maternal-fetal HIV transmission. ", "Pregnancy is a well-defined and limited time period, and offers a model for HIV transmission where clinical, virological, and immunological factors can be evaluated in relation to the occurrence of HIV infection in the infant. ", "The analysis of perinatal trials may provide insight into factors involved in protection and have implications. ", "As HIV infection rates in the heterosexual populations of US inner cities and in impoverished areas of the third world continue to rise rapidly, strategies are needed urgently to curb the AIDS epidemic in children. ", "Targeting the HIV-infected pregnant woman for therapies is one of the few hopes we have of preventing infection in children at risk of HIV infection. ", "Without such therapeutic strategies, many of these at-risk infants are destined to acquire a chronic viral infection with significant morbidity and mortality." ]

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[ "Traditionally, ophthalmic devices, such as a hydrogel lens, an intraocular lens or a punctal plug, include corrective, cosmetic or therapeutic qualities. ", "A contact lens, for example, may provide vision correcting functionality, cosmetic enhancement, and/or therapeutic effects. ", "Each function is provided by a physical characteristic of the contact lens. ", "For example, a refractive quality may provide a vision corrective function, a pigment may provide a cosmetic enhancement, and an active agent may provide a therapeutic functionality.", "\nOphthalmic lens manufacturing processes include, for example, sandwiching a monomer between back curve (upper) and front curve (lower) mold sections carried in a mold array. ", "The monomer is polymerized, thus forming a lens, which is then removed from the mold sections and further treated in a hydration bath and packaged for consumer use. ", "A more recently developed manufacturing process for manufacturing high quality customized ophthalmic lenses is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "7,905,594 to Widman, et al. ", "which is assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure.", "\nIn order to reach greater design ranges and higher optical quality, currently, these and other manufacturing techniques are carried out by partially automated and semi-automated apparatus and processes with strict process controls and tight tolerances necessary for the production of high quality ophthalmic lenses. ", "Evolving techniques employ different process controls seeking to improve or add a particular manufacturing step. ", "Examples of newly developed methodologies include new ways of demolding the lens from the mold part, the application of binder layers to the mold parts, polymerization techniques, lens hydration techniques, metrology techniques, lens material development, and the such.", "\nWith new methods and lens components being developed, the complexity of troubleshooting the desired automated process controls is sometimes greater. ", "In addition, because some faults may not be detected prior to the detection of a defective ophthalmic lens during quality control, fault identification and correction can often be subject to a time delay wasting production time and materials. ", "As a result, while the aforementioned production processes have some efficacy in the production of soft contact lenses, they suffer a number of disadvantages which can hinder the development of a high speed automated production line capable of producing high quality ophthalmic lenses. ", "Furthermore, with the increasing risk of these high quality ophthalmic lenses being counterfeited, it is desirous for the ophthalmic lens to include a communication system useful to provide information about the ophthalmic lens' production.", "\nTherefore, there is a need for a communication system that can be incorporated in an ophthalmic lens and/or mold part during early stages of manufacturing and which can be useful to generate a unique identifier with correlated production information." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow was the Deathly Hallows symbol viewed within the Wizarding World?", "\n\nIn the Harry Potter universe, the Deathly Hallows were something coveted by Gellert Grindewald, who also had a strong \"rule Muggles for their own good\" ideology. ", " Grindewald took the symbol used for the Hallows as his own, even though prior to his association with it the symbol was largely neutral. ", "The symbol could then be seen a reminder of the terror he caused (reference Krum’s reaction at the wedding). ", "\nThe HP Wiki (which we know is a dubious source) also makes this claim:\n\nConsidering the parallels to Grindelwald and Hitler, the symbol of the Hallows is very much akin to the Swastika, which was an ancient symbol that Hitler used and is now solely associated with Nazism rather than its historical nature. ", "This sentiment to the swastika is reflected by Viktor Krum’s anger at the sight of the symbol which he considers to be a sign of supporting Grindlewald.", "\n\nBut is there any more support for this than Krum’s reaction? ", "To counter Krum’s reaction is Xenophilius Lovegood, whose use and explanation of the symbol seemed to be along the lines of “for those who believe in the existence of the Hallows”.", "\nAre the Deathly Hallows symbol considered a symbol of hate (similar to how the swastika is viewed in the West after WWII) within the Wizarding world (or at least by non-trivial portion of it)?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt doesn't seem like it's widely associated with Grindelwald.", "\nIt was carved at Durmstrang, so the students there knew it as a sign of Grindelwald, but it seems like the association between Grindelwald and the Deathly Hallows symbol is fairly limited. ", "Grindelwald having any sort of mark is never mentioned in anything Hermione's read about him.", "\n\n“Then it’s Grindelwald’s mark.’", "\nShe stared at him, open-mouthed.", "\n‘What?’", "\n‘Krum told me …’\n He recounted the story that Viktor Krum had told him at the wedding. ", "Hermione looked astonished.", "\n‘Grindelwald’s mark?’", "\n She looked from Harry to the weird symbol and back again. ‘", "I’ve never heard that Grindelwald had a mark. ", "There’s no mention of it in anything I’ve ever read about him.’", "\n‘Well, like I say, Krum reckoned that symbol was carved on a wall at Durmstrang, and Grindelwald put it there.” ", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 16 (Godric's Hollow) \n\nShe did recognize that \"For The Greater Good\" was Grindelwald's slogan, and was otherwise well-informed on him, so it seems unlikely that he claimed the symbol as his own.", "\nIn addition, Rufus Scrimgeour didn't recognize the symbol as one of a Dark wizard, either.", "\n\n“That’s very odd. ", "If it’s a symbol of Dark Magic, what’s it doing in a book of children’s stories?’", "\n‘Yeah, it is weird,’ said Harry. ‘", "And you’d think Scrimgeour would have recognised it. ", "He was Minister, he ought to have been expert on Dark stuff.", "”Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 16 (Godric's Hollow) \n\nSo it doesn't seem like Grindelwald used it as a public symbol, the way that the Dark Lord and the Death Eaters cast the Dark Mark into the sky as their sign. ", "\nIt actually seems like Grindelwald used it more as a somewhat personal symbol, likely representing his quest for the Hallows, than as a symbol representing him or his ideological beliefs in public. ", "Dumbledore also replaced the \"A\" in his name with the symbol, but those are the only two uses of the symbol we see in connection to Grindelwald. ", "\nSome people who recognize it would associate it with Grindelwald, though.", "\nKrum sees Xenophilius Lovegood wearing a necklace with the Deathly Hallows symbol, and presumes him to be a supporter of Grindelwald. ", "\n\n“Krum’s jaw muscles worked as if he were chewing, then he said, ‘Grindelvald killed many people, my grandfather, for instance. ", "Of course, he vos never poverful in this country, they said he feared Dumbledore – and rightly, seeing how he vos finished. ", "But this –’ He pointed a finger at Xenophilius. ", "\n‘This is his symbol, I recognised it at vunce: Grindelvald carved it into a vall at Durmstrang ven he vos a pupil there. ", "Some idiots copied it on to their books and clothes, thinking to shock, make themselves impressive – until those of us who had lost family members to Grindelvald taught them better.” ", "\n Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 8 (The Wedding) \n\nHowever, Krum went to school at Durmstrang, the same school Grindelwald went to, and saw Grindelwald's carving of it on the wall and other students at Durmstrang copying it. ", "It's likely that other Durmstrang students would recognize it as well, and presume it to be a symbol of Grindelwald. ", "It was known that Grindelwald had made the carving, so everyone there associated it with him. ", "Since Krum hadn't seen it in any other context, he would have associated it with Grindelwald, and even if it wasn't officially Grindelwald's symbol, most people at Durmstrang would likely presume the odd thing a young Grindelwald carved was his mark.", "\nHowever, the symbol predates him, and is actually used to represent the Deathly Hallows.", "\nThe symbol of the Deathly Hallows wasn't created by Grindelwald - it isn't like the Dark Mark. ", "It was on Ignotus Peverell's gravestone, and Xenophilius knew it to represent the Deathly Hallows.", "\n\n“The Deathly Hallows?’", "\n‘That’s right,’ said Xenophilius. ‘", "You haven’t heard of them? ", "I’m not surprised. ", "Very, very few wizards believe. ", "Witness that knuckle-headed young man at your brother’s wedding,’ he nodded at Ron, ‘who attacked me for sporting the symbol of a well-known Dark wizard! ", "Such ignorance. ", "There is nothing Dark about the Hallows – at least, not in that crude sense. ", "One simply uses the symbol to reveal oneself to other believers, in the hope that they might help one with the Quest.", "”Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 21 (The Tale of the Three Brothers) \n\nThis, in fact, seems to be how Grindelwald himself was using it - as a symbol of his (and Dumbledore's at one point) search for the \nHallows.", "\nIn addition, it's not clear that the average wizard (at least in Britain) would even recognize it.", "\nIn addition, when Harry asks Xenophilius about his Deathly Hallows necklace, Xenophilius says very few wizards believe in their existence, and the symbol is used by those who do to identify each other. ", "Krum is the only one to recognize the symbol of all the guests at Bill and Fleur's wedding, other than Xenophilius, who was wearing it.", "\n\n“Krum cracked his knuckles menacingly and glowered at Xenophilius. ", "Harry felt perplexed. ", "It seemed incredibly unlikely that Luna’s father was a supporter of the Dark Arts, and nobody else in the tent seemed to have recognised the triangular, rune-like shape.” ", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 8 (The Wedding) \n\nHermione, who's read more books than most wizards didn't recognize it as anything specific - either about the Deathly Hallows or Grindelwald.", "\n\n“The grave was extremely old, weathered so that Harry could hardly make out the name. ", "Hermione showed him the symbol beneath it.", "\n‘Harry, that’s the mark in the book!", "\nHe peered at the place she indicated: the stone was so worn that it was hard to make out what was engraved there, though there did seem to be a triangular mark beneath the nearly illegible name.", "\n ‘Yeah … it could be …” - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 16 (Godric's Hollow) \n\nShe only recognized it as the symbol in The Tales of Beedle the Bard she got from Dumbledore.", "\nIt isn't known enough to be a feared symbol like the Dark Mark.", "\nThere seems to be a very small number of wizards who even recognize the Deathly Hallows symbol. ", "If, for example, someone was to cast the \nDeathly Hallows symbol into the sky, like the Death Eaters cast the Dark Mark into the sky to declare their victory, it would likely cause nowhere near the same reaction.", "\nWhen the Dark Mark is cast into the sky, almost everyone recognizes it. ", "There's mass panic, people start screaming, it causes chaos. ", "\n\n“Then he realised that it was a colossal skull, composed of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue. ", "As they watched, it rose higher and higher, blazing in a haze of greenish smoke, etched against the black sky like a new constellation.", "\nSuddenly, the wood all around them erupted with screams. ", "Harry didn’t understand why, but the only possible cause was the sudden appearance of the skull, which had now risen high enough to illuminate the entire wood, like some grisly neon sign. ", "He scanned the darkness for the person who had conjured the skull, but he couldn’t see anyone.” - ", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 9 (The Dark Mark) \n\nHarry didn't know what it meant, but Hermione knew immediately, and she goes pale and is terrified as she gets Harry to safety.", "\n\n“What’s the matter?’ ", "Harry said, startled to see her face so white and terrified.’", "\n‘It’s the Dark Mark, Harry!’ ", "Hermione moaned, pulling him as hard as she could. ‘", "You-Know-Who’s sign!” - ", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 9 (The Dark Mark) \n\nEven after it's over, the appearance of the Dark Mark is a huge part of the Daily Prophet report on the incident at the Quidditch World Cup. ", "It's widely known as the symbol of the Dark Lord. ", "Just seeing it was enough to strike fear into the hearts of many wizards.", "\n\n“Of course people panicked … it was almost like seeing You-Know-Who back again.’", "\n‘I don’t get it,’ said Ron, frowning. ‘", "I mean … it’s still only a shape in the sky …’\n‘Ron, You-Know-Who and his followers sent the Dark Mark into the air whenever they killed,’ said Mr Weasley. ‘", "The terror it inspired … you have no idea, you’re too young. ", "Just picture coming home, and finding the Dark Mark hovering over your house, and knowing what you’re about to find inside …’ Mr Weasley winced. ‘", "Everyone’s worst fear … the very worst …” - Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Chapter 9 (The Dark Mark) \n\nSeeing how few people even can recognize the Deathly Hallows symbol, it's not going to cause anything close to the same reaction in most of the wizarding world. ", " \nOut-of-universe, JKR says she might have subconsciously based it on the Masonic symbol.", "\nJKR never mentioned anything about the Deathly Hallows symbol representing a \"symbol of hate\", but she does say she might have subconsciously based it off of the Masonic symbol after having seen it in the movie The Man Who Would Be King as a significant part of the movie.", "\n\n\"The Masonic symbol is very important in that movie,\" said Rowling. \"", "And it was literally 20 years later that I looked at the sign of the Deathly Hallows and realised how similar they were.\"", "\n\"When I saw the movie again and saw the Masonic symbol, I went cold all over and I thought, 'Is that why the Hallows symbol is what it is?'\" ", "Rowling continued.", "\n\"And I've got a feeling that, on some deep, subconscious level, they are connected. ", "So I feel as though I worked my way back over 20 years to that night, because the Potter series is hugely about loss, and – I've said this before – if my mother hadn't died I think the stories would be utterly different and not what they are.\" - ", "This is the secret inspiration for Harry Potter’s Deathly Hallows symbol (Digital Spy)\n\nThe Masonic compass symbol doesn't represent an ideology of hate, either. ", "Put simply, the set square represents measuring their actions against Masonic standards, and the compass represents keeping their actions within the boundaries of proper behavior. ", "Together they represent convergence of the spiritual and earthly worlds, with God being the divine architect.", "\n\nA:\n\nRowling intended Grindelwald as a metaphor for Hitler, and his Deathly Hallows symbol parallels Hitler's Swastika.", "\n\nJ.K. Rowling: You know Owen who won the [UK television] competition to interview me? ", "He asked about Grindelwald He said, “Is it coincidence that he died in 1945,” and I said no. ", "It amuses me to make allusions to things that were happening in the Muggle world, so my feeling would be that while there's a global Muggle war going on, there's also a global wizarding war going on.", "\nThe Leaky Cauldron and Mugglenet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling - 16 July 2005\n\nThis metaphor is explained in depth in Alexwlchan's answer.", "\nAs part of this metaphor, The \"Deathly Hallows symbol\" is a parallel to the Swastika.", "\n\nThe swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious icon used in the Indian subcontinent, East Asia and Southeast Asia, where it has been and remains a sacred symbol of spiritual principles in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. ", "In the Western world, it was historically a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck, but in the 1930s, it became the main feature of Nazi symbolism as an emblem of Aryan race identity, and as a result, it has become stigmatized in the West by association with ideas of racism, hate, and mass murder.", "\nWikipedia\n\nLike the Swastika, the Deathly Hallows symbol was an ancient spiritual icon.", "\n\nThere is nothing Dark about the Hallows — at least, not in that crude sense. ", "One simply uses the symbol to reveal oneself to other believers, in the hope that they might help one with the Quest.”", "\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Chapter 22\n\nAlso, like the Swastika, the Deathly Hallows symbol is now viewed as symbol of racism, hate, and mass murder, ever since it was adopted by Grindelwald/Hitler as the symbol of their pureblood ideology.", "\n\nKrum’s jaw muscles worked as if he were chewing, then he said, “Grindelvald killed many people, my grandfather, for instance. ", "Of course, he vos never poverful in this country, they said he feared Dumbledore — and rightly, seeing how he vos finished. ", "But this” — he pointed a finger at Xenophilius — “this is his symbol, I recognized it at vunce: Grindelvald carved it into a vall at Durmstrang ven he vos a pupil there. ", "Some idiots copied it onto their books and clothes, thinking to shock, make themselves impressive — until those of us who had lost family members to Grindelvald taught them better.”", "\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Chapter 8\n\nA:\n\nUnless you were directly affected by Grindelwald, I don't think that the wizarding world in general really had any meaning for anyone other than the people who were the 'Seekers' of the three Hallows.", "\nExcerpts from Deathly Hallows (Emphasis mine):\n\nGrindelvald. ", "That is Grindelvald’s sign.’", "\n‘Grindelwald ... the Dark wizard Dumbledore defeated?’", "\n‘Exactly.’", "\nKrum’s jaw muscles worked as if he were chewing, then he said, ‘Grindelvald killed many people, my grandfather, for instance. ", "Of course, he vos never poverful in this country, they said he feared Dumbledore – and rightly, seeing how he vos finished. ", "But this –’ He pointed a finger at Xenophilius. ‘", "This is his symbol, I recognised it at vunce: Grindelvald carved it into a vall at Durmstrang ven he vos a pupil there. ", "Some idiots copied it on to their books and clothes, thinking to shock, make themselves impressive – until those of us who had lost family members to Grindelvald taught them better.’", "\nKrum cracked his knuckles menacingly and glowered at Xenophilius. ", "Harry felt perplexed. ", "It seemed incredibly unlikely that Luna’s father was a supporter of the Dark Arts, and nobody else in the tent seemed to have recognised the triangular, rune-like shape.", "\n\nAnd from the section on the Tale of the Three Brothers (Emphasis again mine):\n\n‘Well, of course not,’ said Xenophilius, maddeningly smug.", "\n‘That is a children’s tale, told to amuse rather than to instruct. ", "Those of us who understand these matters, however, recognise that the ancient story refers to three objects, or Hallows, which, if united, will make the possessor master of Death.’", "\n\nSo in general, the wizarding world regards the Hallows symbol as something akin to the Muggle search for the Holy Grail. ", "Believers/seekers see the symbols with meaning, non seekers just see it as something from a kids tale.", "\nThe only ones that see it as something different were the ones that were directly affected by it. ", "While they react much the same as people do to swastikas now, it's a small subset. ", "The swastika use as a symbol of the Nazi party represented a group that has become generally abhorrent to all society, not just the Jewish population. ", "That has overshadowed the true meaning for society in general, which does not happen with the Hallows symbol.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel relationship within relationship to another table\n\nI have users table, user_roles table and roles table. ", "\nMy user_roles table:\nid, role_id, user_id\n\nMy roles table:\nid, name, description, created_at, updated_at\n\nMy users table:\nid, first_name, last_name, user_name, avatar, account_status, email, password, remember_token, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at\n\nNow I am trying to get the logged in user with the role including the role description, but cannot seem to get it working.", "\nIn my user model I have this: \npublic function roles()\n{\n return $this->hasOne(User_roles::class, 'role_id', 'id');\n}\n\nThis gives me the User_role but no description. ", "I tried belongsToMany, but this gave me the Roles values and pivot with the User_roles table valus. ", "Can I do it vice versa so I get the User_roles table values and pivot will be the description of the Roles table?", "\nBelongsToMany relationship at the moment:\n public function roles()\n {\n return $this->belongsToMany(Roles::class, 'user_roles', 'id', 'id');\n }\n\nA:\n\nUse hasManyThrough relation instead:\nhttps://laravel.com/docs/5.6/eloquent-relationships#has-many-through\nThis way you can specify the intermediate user_role table\n\n" ]

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[ "Welcome to Mic’s daily read on Donald Trump’s America. ", "Want to receive this as a daily email in your inbox? ", "Subscribe here.", "\n\nGood morning from Emily Singer at Mic.", "\n\nHere’s what’s happening in Trump’s America:\n\n• At 10:35 a.m. Eastern, Trump will swear in Gina Haspel as the new director of the CIA. ", "Last time Trump spoke at CIA headquarters, he ranted about the media and boasted about his electoral college win in front of a memorial dedicated to fallen CIA officers.", "\n\nAbout the weekend: Trump loses it on Twitter over the Russia investigation\n\nTrump’s private rage about special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation spewed out onto Twitter over the weekend, culminating in Trump demanding an investigation into the FBI, Department of Justice and Obama administration.", "\n\nTrump’s anger stems from a report that the FBI used an informant to speak to two Trump campaign aides — George Papadopoulos and Carter Page — after the FBI received evidence the aides had “suspicious contacts” with Russia as part of their campaign jobs, according to the New York Times.", "\n\nTrump took that report to claim the FBI infiltrated his campaign — a claim based on absolutely no evidence.", "\n\n“I hereby demand, and will do so officially tomorrow, that the Department of Justice look into whether or not the FBI/DOJ infiltrated or surveilled the Trump Campaign for Political Purposes — and if any such demands or requests were made by people within the Obama Administration!” ", "Trump tweeted Sunday.", "\n\nWhile House Republicans have demanded investigations of the Mueller inquiry, this is the first time Trump himself is intervening in Mueller’s probe. ", "After Trump’s demand, the Justice Department said its inspector general will look into whether the investigation into those two Trump campaign aides was politically motivated, according to the Washington Post.", "\n\nDemocrats are sounding the alarm over Trump’s intervention in the investigation.", "\n\n“When you add it all up, today Trump demanded a counter-investigation into the legitimate, lawfully predicated DOJ probe of his campaign, based on no evidence of wrongdoing, solely to undermine the special counsel — and he got it,” Matthew Miller, a spokesman at the DOJ under former President Barack Obama, tweeted Sunday. “", "The system is failing.”", "\n\nToday in Trump’s America: Is Trump getting cold feet on the North Korea meeting?", "\n\nThe upcoming summit between Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un may be in doubt, as Trump is worried the June meeting scheduled to be held in Singapore could be a “political embarrassment,” the New York Times reported.", "\n\nTrump has been publicly touting the meeting with Kim for weeks, with Republican lawmakers even nominating Trump for a Nobel Peace Prize for the negotiations with the North Korean leader. ", "In recent days, however, North Korea has caught the White House off guard with threats to cancel the meeting as well as saying the country doesn’t plan to give up its nuclear weapons program, which is the entire purpose of the meeting.", "\n\nAccording to the New York Times, White House aides are also worried Trump doesn’t have enough of a grasp of North Korea’s nuclear program and thus would have trouble in a meeting with Kim, who knows in-depth details about how the nuclear weapons program works.", "\n\nSouth Korean President Moon Jae-In is traveling to Washington this week to meet with Trump to try and salvage the planned meeting with Trump and Kim, according to CNN.", "\n\nUltimately, the events in the past week are proof that getting North Korea to denuclearize was always going to be complicated.", "\n\nCapitol Hill happenings: Is there a coup attempt against Paul Ryan?", "\n\nHouse Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) has already announced he is not seeking re-election in the fall, but he plans to serve out the remainder of his term in Congress and as speaker. ", "The Weekly Standard reported though that both Republican lawmakers and the White House are mulling a plan to push Ryan out early and install their preferred successor: House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy.", "\n\nPart of the plan, according to the Weekly Standard’s Haley Byrd, would be an effort to force Democrats to vote on House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi before the midterm elections in an effort to use Democratic members’ votes for or against Pelosi in ads. (", "Every member votes in a speaker election.)", "\n\nHowever, there are very few incumbent Democratic lawmakers that Republicans are targeting in 2018. ", "There are just five seats with Democratic incumbents that are rated competitive by Inside Elections. ", "So to push Ryan out early over the speaker vote of five Democratic lawmakers would seem excessive.", "\n\nThe White House pushing Ryan out early would be a final embarrassing blow to the speaker, who has been adamant that he wants to remain speaker through his final term.", "\n\nMcCarthy, for his part, denied that a coup attempt is in the works.", "\n\n“Completely untrue,” McCarthy told the Weekly Standard. “", "Paul has my total support. ", "Together we are completely focused on our agenda and traveling the country to take our unified message and action to the voters in November.”", "\n\nAnd the rest…\n\nRussia investigation: While Trump ranted about the Russia investigation, more news came out that first son Donald Trump Jr. may have colluded with two other nations during the campaign. ", "According to a bombshell New York Times report, Trump Jr. met with an emissary for both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to coordinate helping Trump’s campaign. ", "That emissary, George Nader, is cooperating with Mueller’s probe.", "\n\nRudy… again: Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani claims Mueller’s investigation into whether Trump obstructed justice will end by Sept. 1, according to the New York Times. ", "There’s no actual evidence besides Giuliani’s word that this is Mueller’s plan. ", "But Giuliani said that wrapping that part of the investigation by September would keep it from influencing the midterm elections." ]

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[ "Weather Forecast\n\nCoach Scott Dille was very pleased as the Dragons were able to capture a win over Sedgwick County Saturday, Dec. 15.", "\n\nThe win was the first for the Dragons this year and they enter the holiday break with a 1-3 record.", "\n\n“It was great,” Dille said. “", "I think it would’ve been a real long break for everybody if we would be sitting without a win.”", "\n\nThe coach said the kids have been working hard and it’s nice to see them rewarded for that extra effort.", "\n\nAfter a sluggish start, the Dragons hit the court in the second half and played ball. ", "Dille said he was proud of the adjustments the team made in the second half.", "\n\nDille felt the offense moved the ball the best it has all season during the second half against the Cougars.", "\n\nHolyoke held a slim 16-14 lead heading into the second quarter. ", "Sedgwick County poured it on in the second outscoring the Dragons 23-13 to take a 37-29 lead into the locker room.", "\n\nAfter some adjustments, the Dragons took control. ", "Dille felt they crashed the boards better and slowed the dribble penetration from Sedgwick County during the second half.", "\n\nHolyoke tied the game at 53 at the end of the third stanza. ", "In nail-biting fashion, Holyoke squeezed out the three-point, 70-67 win after outscoring their neighbors to the north 17-14 in the final quarter.", "\n\nAt the free throw line, Holyoke finished 22-41. ", "Dille said any time a team shoots 41 free throws, they should be able to come away with a win. ", "Had the Dragons hit a few more, they would’ve been able to breathe a bit easier down the stretch.", "\n\nLogan Tharp led the team from the charity stripe going 13-26. ", "Dille said the junior was getting pounded during many of his dribble penetrations which sent him to the line a bunch throughout the game.", "\n\nDille said the team was scheduled to practice all of this week and will take next week off during the Christmas break.", "\n\nThe coach hopes the win over Sedgwick County will keep the team hungry and in a working mood over the break.", "\n\nHolyoke will host Chase County, Neb. Friday, Jan. 4 with games beginning at 4 p.m." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijms-19-00616}\n===============\n\nLectins are proteins that include at least one non-catalytic domain with the ability of binding in a reversible and specific way to carbohydrates that are free or bound to cell membranes, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids or polysaccharides \\[[@B1-ijms-19-00616],[@B2-ijms-19-00616],[@B3-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The recognition of these carbohydrates is highly specific and allows these proteins to differentially bind to certain molecules and cells \\[[@B4-ijms-19-00616],[@B5-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Due to this selectivity, lectins have been widely used for the investigation of complex carbohydrates and changes occurring in cellular interactions during physiological and pathological processes in recent years, providing evidence for a wide spectrum of industrial and pharmacological applications. ", "Therefore, there is an increasing interest both in their purification and in their characterization. ", "Chromatographic techniques have been most widely used for the purification of lectins from their natural sources. ", "However, such techniques usually provide very low yields and they are occasionally unable to discriminate between isoforms of the same lectin. ", "Therefore, they are obtained as mixtures, which provides a large range of uncertainty. ", "In this sense, the production of recombinant lectins by genetic engineering techniques has the advantage of providing single proteins, with better yields that allow for their precise characterization \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616],[@B7-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nThere are many reports on the production of recombinant lectins, particularly of plant and animal origin, since they have been shown to have a broader spectrum of applications. ", "Yeasts and bacteria are the preferred system used to express these lectins. ", "However, recombinant lectins have also been expressed in plants and mammalian cells, although this occurred less frequently. ", "The heterologous production of lectins in microorganisms offers simple systems that provide good yields. ", "Unfortunately, such products are often not soluble or not properly processed. ", "In an attempt to circumvent these disadvantages, a number of alternatives have emerged, ranging from refolding \\[[@B8-ijms-19-00616],[@B9-ijms-19-00616],[@B10-ijms-19-00616]\\], the inclusion of solubilizing peptides \\[[@B11-ijms-19-00616],[@B12-ijms-19-00616]\\] and the modification of the microorganism glycosylation patterns \\[[@B13-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Some of these modifications include the expression of human enzymes in yeast strains of *Pichia pastoris*, which are commercially available. ", "On the other hand, mammalian and plant cells are more complex systems that offer a more complete spectrum of post-translational modifications. ", "However, their manipulation is considerably more difficult and costly than yeast and bacteria \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nEach system presents advantages and disadvantages. ", "The success depends on the analysis of different factors, including the producing organism, and the characteristics of the lectin to be expressed. ", "In this present study, we present the most representative studies in the field of the production of recombinant lectins and link this data through an analysis that aims to contribute to determining the best strategy to follow in each case.", "\n\n2. ", "Synthesis and Processing of Lectins {#sec2-ijms-19-00616}\n======================================\n\nLectins can be found in all kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archea, bacteria and also viruses \\[[@B5-ijms-19-00616],[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Their biological functions are highly variable and depend on the organism of origin. ", "For example, it is known that lectins in plants play an important role during nodulation \\[[@B16-ijms-19-00616]\\] and as part of the defence mechanisms against insects and pathogens \\[[@B17-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In animals, they are involved in processes of cell migration and adhesion as well as in the control of glycoprotein production and phagocytosis \\[[@B18-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Furthermore, in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, they are better known as adhesins and their main function is related to the adhesion and colonization processes \\[[@B19-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Some toxins produced by microorganisms have been considered as possibly belonging to the family of lectins, since they have a recognition domain for carbohydrates (CRD) that serves as an anchor to their target, to then exert their toxic actions. ", "However, these molecules do not satisfy the lectin requirements according to the definitions of Franz and Goldstein \\[[@B20-ijms-19-00616],[@B21-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nBacteria are relatively simple in their protein synthesis because they lack cellular organelles specialized in post-processing complex proteins and thus synthesize all of their proteins in the cytosol \\[[@B22-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "On the other hand, eukaryotes are significantly more complex. ", "As in prokaryotes, all their proteins, except those synthesized in mitochondria and chloroplasts, begin to be synthesized by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. ", "Some proteins contain a sequence called \"signal peptide\", which is recognized by a signal recognition particle (SRP). ", "The SRP stops the translation and leads the ribosome/protein complex to the external side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. ", "At this point, the complex is recognized by the SRP receptor, which forms a channel through which the protein is introduced. ", "Once this has happened, translation resumes and the protein is directed towards the ER lumen, where the \"signal peptide\" is cleaved \\[[@B23-ijms-19-00616],[@B24-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "This is the case for most animal and plant lectins. ", "However, in some cases, such as in the lectins from *Nicotiana tabacum* and *Galanthus nivalis*, they are directly synthesized in the cytosol and therefore contain neither peptide signal nor glycosylations \\[[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nThere are considerable differences between eukaryotic lectins synthesized in ER and those that have been synthesized in the cytoplasm. ", "First, the ER lumen is a highly oxidizing environment that favours the formation of disulphide bonds (S--S), while the cytosol maintains the cysteine residues in their reduced form (--SH) \\[[@B9-ijms-19-00616],[@B25-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "On the other hand, the ER lumen contains accessory proteins involved in proper protein folding \\[[@B23-ijms-19-00616]\\] and has the necessary proteases to cleave the lectin precursors that need to be processed to their functional form, such as in the case of ConA from *Canavalia ensiformis* and favina from *Vicia faba* \\[[@B25-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In addition, glycosylation takes place in the ER and Golgi apparatus and only lectins with the corresponding signal peptide may present glycosidic antennae. ", "These lectins are particularly resistant to temperature and pH changes due to the attached carbohydrates and the disulphide bonds \\[[@B26-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Simple forms of glycosylation have also been identified in bacteria \\[[@B27-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nIt is important to note that not all lectins synthesized in ER are necessarily glycosylated. ", "For *N*-glycosylation to occur, a primary oligosaccharide of 14 residues (2*N*-acetylglucosamines, three glucoses and nine mannoses) must first be transferred to a sequence of Asn--X--Ser--Thr, where X can be any amino acid except proline \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616],[@B28-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "This sequence is better known as \"Sequon\" \\[[@B28-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Once the proteins have been properly processed in ER, they are embedded in vesicles, which are transported to the Golgi apparatus, where the editing of *N*-glycosidic antennae continues. ", "On the other hand, the *O*-glycosylation process requires the presence of non-phosphorylated serine or threonine residues and also depends on the structural conformation of the already-folded protein \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Classification of Lectins {#sec3-ijms-19-00616}\n============================\n\nLectins are a very heterogeneous group of proteins, with the ability to selectively bind carbohydrates \\[[@B29-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "They have been classified based on different criteria, such as taxonomic origin, cellular localization, specificity of carbohydrate recognition, functions and structure \\[[@B30-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "For the majority, there are well-defined parameters that allow lectins to be considered in all living beings. ", "However, classifications based on structure are usually established for a defined set of organisms, such as plant lectins \\[[@B31-ijms-19-00616]\\] and animal lectins \\[[@B32-ijms-19-00616]\\]. [", "Table 1](#ijms-19-00616-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} lists examples of some of these classifications.", "\n\n4. ", "Carbohydrate Recognition {#sec4-ijms-19-00616}\n===========================\n\nLectins have complex structures that may or may not include prosthetic groups, such as ions and glycosylations, but their carbohydrate binding capacity is essentially attributed to a typically globular domain termed the \"carbohydrate recognition domain\" (CRD), which is defined by a conserved group of residues that determine its conformation and function \\[[@B29-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "At times, they also require divalent cations, which form ligand coordination bonds or help to stabilize the CRD by binding the adjacent amino acid \\[[@B35-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The adjacent domains to the CRD and their non-protein components (if any) can influence the final structure of the protein and its ability to recognize carbohydrates \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616],[@B35-ijms-19-00616],[@B36-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nIn addition to lectins, many other proteins have the ability to interact with carbohydrates, including enzymes, antibodies, some transporters and periplasmic proteins from bacteria. ", "These proteins differ from lectins because their CRDs are deep clefts and they bind with a high affinity that is typically in the order of sub-micromolar dissociation constants. ", "In contrast, lectin CRDs tend to be shallow indentations with lower affinities that are usually of the millimolar order. ", "The selectivity of the CRD is given by combining hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the sugar and a Van der Waals packing, which often includes the coverage of a hydrophobic side of the sugar against the side chains of aromatic amino acids. ", "This affinity may be dramatically increased with the pooling of individual binding sites, such as in lectin polypeptide oligomer. ", "In addition, the geometry of such oligomers helps to distinguish arrangements of cell surface polysaccharides and glycoconjugate crosslinks in some cases \\[[@B35-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Extraction and Purification of Lectins {#sec5-ijms-19-00616}\n=========================================\n\nTraditionally, lectins are isolated from their natural sources by directly extracting them using buffer solutions from finely macerated tissues \\[[@B37-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Depending on the type of sample, it may be frequently necessary to pre-treat the sample using large quantities of acids or organic solvents to remove lipids and other interfering substances \\[[@B38-ijms-19-00616],[@B39-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Once the crude extracts have been obtained, it is necessary to precipitate the lectins, either using ammonium sulphate or ethanol, before centrifuging the sample to separate the parts of the proteins that are not of interest \\[[@B4-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The fraction collected may be purified by different techniques, such as gel-filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobicity chromatography and mainly affinity chromatography, because of the ability of lectins to selectively bind to sugars \\[[@B40-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nIt is important to note that the similarity between isoforms of lectins hinders their complete separation, so they are usually obtained as semi-pure fractions \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "It must be taken into account that although some of the isoforms only slightly differ in the functional properties, these differences significantly affect their biological activity in other cases. ", "Two isoforms of *Phaseolus vulgaris* lectin (PHA-E and PHA-L) exhibit significant differences regarding their mitogenic effect on leukocytes and in their anti-insecticidal effect. ", "Furthermore, it has been observed that *Phaseolus acutifolius* contains at least two different types of lectins with different activity \\[[@B41-ijms-19-00616],[@B42-ijms-19-00616],[@B43-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "These differences may be due to a large number of factors, such as the imprecise cut-off of the C-terminal mature polypeptides, differential expression in tissues and/or developmental stages and allelic variation when the material is not genetically uniform \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nThe yields of purification of lectins from the previously described techniques are generally low and depend on the source. ", "For example, the highest performance found in animals was 9.4 mg per each 100 g of carp gills (*Hypophthalmichthys nobilis*) \\[[@B44-ijms-19-00616]\\], while the lowest was 0.35 mg per 100 g of jelly from *Nemopilema nomurai* \\[[@B45-ijms-19-00616]\\], with an average of 2.92 mg per 100 g of animal tissue. ", "In the case of fungi, the recovery of lectins is very low, so it is considered that the production from these organisms is impractical \\[[@B40-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "These proteins are mainly located in the fruiting bodies, which are multicellular structures of the fungi responsible for producing spores. ", "A yield of 2.6 mg per 100 g has been reported for the fresh fruiting bodies of *Pleurocybella porrigens* \\[[@B46-ijms-19-00616]\\] and 15.3 mg per 100 g for the dry fruiting bodies of *Inocybe umbrinella* \\[[@B47-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "On the other hand, plants seem to have the best yields of 13--107 mg per 100 g of seed, especially legumes \\[[@B48-ijms-19-00616],[@B49-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "However, in the case of non-leguminous plants, the lectin content is lower, such as the yield of 3.3 mg lectin per 100 g seed from *Hibiscus mutabilis* \\[[@B50-ijms-19-00616]\\]. [", "Table 2](#ijms-19-00616-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} compiles some examples of lectins purified by traditional techniques and their yields.", "\n\n6. ", "Production of Recombinant Lectins {#sec6-ijms-19-00616}\n====================================\n\nObtaining heterologous proteins could facilitate the cost-effective production of bioactive lectins for pharmaceutical purposes \\[[@B56-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "These systems offer higher yields than conventional purification methods, reducing costs and time. ", "Furthermore, it may avoid the problem of contamination with other compounds \\[[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\], allowing only a single protein to be obtained. ", "In addition, this methodology solves the problem of separating isoforms by producing a single product with defined properties. ", "This also allows for the study of the relation sequence function by directed mutagenesis \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The most important models that have been proposed so far for the heterologous production of lectins are bacteria and yeasts, while other models have also been studied, such as mammalian cells, plants and insects \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Each model offers advantages and disadvantages.", "\n\n6.1. ", "Production of Recombinant Lectins in Bacteria {#sec6dot1-ijms-19-00616}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\n*E. coli* was the first and the most widely used organism to produce recombinant proteins due to many advantages, including its simplicity, the knowledge of its physiology and its genome as well as its rapid rate of duplication \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616],[@B57-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "However, it is not always the best alternative for the production of certain lectins, due to the lack of intracellular organelles. ", "Thus, the proper processing of these proteins may not occur. ", "Another disadvantage of producing proteins in bacteria is that those that are large in size or expressed in high concentrations tend to form insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates, which are better known as \"inclusion bodies\" \\[[@B10-ijms-19-00616],[@B14-ijms-19-00616],[@B58-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In these \"inclusion bodies\", the processed protein could be inactivated with structural artefacts added, such as non-native disulphide bonds and free non-habitual cysteines \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "This problem has been approached by some studies where they propose the processing of inclusion bodies by the solubilisation with denaturing agents, before later renaturing the protein to its active form \\[[@B8-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "It is important to note that despite the limitations, the successful production of eukaryotic lectins in *E. coli* has been reported, where even when the final product is not identical to the native lectin, the biological activity is preserved. *", "E. coli* was used to produce a lectin of about 14.5 kDa, which is normally expressed in roots of rice (*Oryza sativa* L.) in response to salt stress (SALT) \\[[@B5-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The resultant lectin maintained its biological activity (agglutination units of 0.078 µg/mL) with a similar molecular weight to the native counterpart. ", "This is an interesting result considering that most of the plant lectins produced in bacteria usually lose their biological activity. ", "In order to obtain more information about the processing of this lectin, we analysed the SALT sequence with the NetNGlyc 1.0 (DTU Bioinformatics, Lyngby, Denmark) and SignalP 4.0 programs (DTU Bioinformatics, Lyngby, Denmark). ", "We found that although it contains a potential site for *N*-glycosylation at position 101, it lacks the ER signal peptide, which suggests that SALT is synthesized in the cytoplasm, where post-translational changes are not produced and therefore, there will be no considerable changes in its biological activity. ", "However, it is important to note that the protein was obtained into inclusion bodies and it was necessary to treat the protein with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to bring it to its soluble form and later renature it, so the final yield was 14.6 mg of recombinant lectin/L in the culture medium.", "\n\nAs the solubilisation/renaturation technique sometimes results in a significant decrease in yield, new strategies have been proposed to avoid them, such as pH modulation, growing temperatures below the standard and the fusion of the protein with peptides that enhances the expression and solubility. ", "A variety of different peptides have been tested for this purpose and thus far, the SUMO peptide (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has been shown to be the most effective \\[[@B10-ijms-19-00616],[@B11-ijms-19-00616],[@B12-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In a recent work, the SUMO peptide was coupled to the coding sequence of the ASAL lectin from garlic (*Allium sativum*), which is a mannose-binding glycoprotein with a 25-kDa size. ", "Sixty percent of the protein was excreted in a soluble form, achieving a final production yield of 5 mg of recombinant lectin/L of culture medium. ", "By analysing the ASAL sequence with the NetNGlyc 1.0 and SignalP 4.0 programs, we found that it contains two possible *N*-glycosylation sites in positions 151 and 168 and also contains a signal peptide of 30 amino acids. ", "This suggests that ASAL is synthesized in ER. ", "The authors reported structural and carbohydrate recognition alteration, although these alterations did not affect its biological activity. ", "The modified strains of *E. coli* were obtained in order to avoid such problems where synthetic routes for the addition of eukaryotic *N*-glycosylations \\[[@B59-ijms-19-00616]\\] and oxidation of disulphide bonds in the cytoplasm were included \\[[@B60-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The AD494 strain, a K-12 mutant in thioredoxin reductase (trxB) or the Origami strain (also derived from K-12), contains a further mutation in the glutathione reductase (gor) \\[[@B61-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\n6.2. ", "Production of Recombinant Lectins in Yeast {#sec6dot2-ijms-19-00616}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nYeasts are suitable organisms for the heterologous expression of eukaryotic proteins, since they combine the easy genetic manipulation and rapid growth of prokaryotic organisms, with a subcellular machinery necessary for post-translational modifications, such as glycosylations, disulphide bonds and proteolytic processing \\[[@B62-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The molecular understanding of the physiology and genetics of *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* makes it suitable to initially be considered as one of the most promising expression systems for this purpose \\[[@B62-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "However, in the case of glycoproteins, there are multiple drawbacks associated with the use of this model, such as the high antigenicity of their glycosylations \\[[@B14-ijms-19-00616]\\], accumulation of product within vacuoles and cytoplasm \\[[@B63-ijms-19-00616],[@B64-ijms-19-00616]\\], incomplete processing of their signalling peptides \\[[@B63-ijms-19-00616]\\] and poor performance \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "As a result, *Saccharomyces* shows poor expression of glycoproteins and has been replaced with *Pichia pastoris*, which is capable of producing glycoproteins in high concentrations and also excreting them, allowing the production of larger quantities in the culture medium \\[[@B64-ijms-19-00616]\\]. *", "P. pastoris* also offers the possibility of using the methanol-regulated promoter (AOX1) \\[[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\] and it does not add α-1-3 mannose residues, which are responsible for the antigenic nature of glycoproteins excreted by *S. cerevisiae* \\[[@B63-ijms-19-00616],[@B65-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In addition, the *N*-oligosaccharides in *P. pastoris* appears to be similar, at least in size, to the oligosaccharides of higher organisms \\[[@B66-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In recent years, this discovery has opened up a range of possibilities for the expression of glycoproteins in *P. pastoris* and has proven to be an excellent system to produce some types of lectins that could be directed into a secretory pathway.", "\n\n*P. pastoris* was used to produce a lectin from *Nicotiana tabacum*, which is better known as \"Nictaba\" \\[[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In its native form, Nictaba is a homodimer of 19 kDa, whose synthesis is carried out only under the induction by jazmonates. ", "The coding sequence was fused to the *S. cereviciae* α-factor, which is a peptide that targets the protein to the ER and allows the protein to be included in the secretory pathway. ", "Although the authors report incomplete α-factor cleavage, the binding activity of the recombinant product was similar to its native counterpart and the final yield was 6 mg of recombinant protein/L of culture medium. ", "We had analysed the sequence of this lectin with the NetNGlyc 1.0 and SignalP 4.0 programs and we found that there is no presence of signal peptide or possible glycosylation sites, so that Nictaba is a lectin that naturally occurs in free polysomes in the cytosol. ", "However, it contains potential glycosylation sites, indicating that *Pichia pastoris* is a good system for obtaining heterologous lectins. ", "However, it is necessary to consider that for lectins produced in the cytosol and include possible glycosylation sequences, the heterologous expression in yeast using signalling peptides, such as α-factor, could represent a disadvantage. ", "This is because the addition of non-habitual *N*-glycosidic antennae could interfere with its activity. ", "In such cases, it is advisable to make point mutations over the sequons to try to avoid aberrant glycosylations. ", "Other studies report incomplete processing of the N-terminal end when α-factor for the excretion of heterologous proteins is added \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616],[@B7-ijms-19-00616],[@B14-ijms-19-00616],[@B62-ijms-19-00616],[@B67-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In this sense, there have been other studies that propose new peptides for the successful excretion of proteins into the extracellular space. ", "Two legume lectins (*P. vulgaris* PHA-E and *G. nivalis* GNA) in *P. pastoris* were expressed using the N-terminal phytohemagglutinin of *P. vulgaris* as the signal peptide in order to compare the excretion and post-processing effectiveness in relation to the α-factor of *S. cerevisiae* \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The results show that the PHA-E signal peptide directed the protein secretion when they were correctly processed at the N-terminal extension, while proteins secreted under the α-factor peptide control presented heterogeneous N-terminal extensions. ", "This suggests that the PHA-E signal peptide may have a wider utility in the production of recombinant proteins in *Pichia*.", "\n\nAs in bacteria, modified *Pichia* strains are capable of producing eukaryotic glycoproteins. ", "The *Pichia* strain was modified by eliminating four endogenous genes and adding 14 heterologous glycoenzyme genes to allow them to replicate the *N*-glycosylation steps in humans \\[[@B13-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "Recently, some studies have also focused on the engineering of *O*-glycosylation to produce sialylated *O*-linked glycans in yeast \\[[@B10-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\n6.3. ", "Production of Recombinant Lectins in Plants {#sec6dot3-ijms-19-00616}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nThe transformation and modern techniques of plant culture allow the production of genetically-modified plants to be used as bioreactors for the production of recombinant proteins and/or industrially relevant metabolites \\[[@B68-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "As eukaryotes, plants provide a suitable environment for protein folding and formation of disulphide bonds, assembly of multimeric proteins and post-translational modifications \\[[@B69-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nThe lectin from *Urtica doica* (UDA) was produced in genetically-modified tobacco plants \\[[@B70-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "UDA contains a C-terminal end with vesicle localization labels. ", "For this project, the C-terminal end of the protein was removed to achieve its cellular excretion and its purification. ", "The authors reported that the proposed modifications did not interfere with the correct folding of the lectin, which maintains its antifungal activity. ", "The analysis of the UDA sequence with the SignalP 4.0 program revealed that the lectin contains an ER signal peptide which was not altered in the construct, so the only difference in the synthesis between the native product and the recombinant one was the removal of the tag for vesicular retention \\[[@B70-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "A lectin from *Robinia pseudoacacia* was cloned in transgenic tobacco plants. ", "The obtained lectin maintained the same size and biological activity as its native counterpart and its signal peptide was correctly cleaved. ", "In addition, evidence was presented that suggests the formation of protein oligomers. ", "The final yield was 1 mg of lectin per 50 g of fresh leaves \\[[@B2-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nThe disadvantages of lectin production in plants include poor performance, difficulties associated with the generation process compared to the microorganisms, cost and required materials, facilities and the time required. ", "It is also important to consider that when the glycosylation sequons are very close to the CRD, the conformation of the carbohydrates can be directly related to the recognition capacity of their ligands \\[[@B35-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In these cases, it is suggested to use the same species of origin or some phylogenetically related plant.", "\n\n6.4. ", "Production of Recombinant Lectins in Animal Cells {#sec6dot4-ijms-19-00616}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe manipulation of animal cells is more expensive and complex than plant cells or microorganisms. ", "However, they have the advantage of producing glycoproteins with a similar glycan profile to humans \\[[@B59-ijms-19-00616]\\], so there is a great interest in the understanding and optimization of these systems. ", "Insect lines have been noted for their relative simplicity, although their glycoproteins typically contain different glycans with respect to mammalian glycans (mainly mannose-rich *N*-glycans and mainly paucimannosidic *N*-glycans). ", "In order to avoid these drawbacks, new strategies have emerged in recent years, such as the introduction of mammalian glycosylases regulated under the action of inducible promoters \\[[@B71-ijms-19-00616]\\] and CRISPR-Cas technology to modify their glycosylation pathways \\[[@B72-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nUndoubtedly, the system most commonly used for production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, because it represents a very well characterized model and also their glycosylation patterns are very similar to humans. ", "This is particularly important when the lectin of interest has therapeutic purposes and the glycosylations are not only important to maintain its activity, but also interfere with the blood retention time and immune response. ", "Within the reports of human lectins that have been produced in CHO cells and maintain their original properties, the mannan-binding lectin (MBL) stands out. ", "MBL is a C-type animal lectin present in blood serum, which plays an important role in the innate immunity system \\[[@B73-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "This lectin is particularly interesting because it has the ability to neutralize the influenza virus. ", "Both the human and recombinant versions exhibited neutralizing activity against the virus and both prevented viral propagation from infected primary cells to neighbouring cells. ", "The final yield was 128.8 μg/mL of culture medium \\[[@B73-ijms-19-00616],[@B74-ijms-19-00616],[@B75-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nAnimal systems can be used for the production of lectins of different origins, although it has been observed that sometimes the products exhibit important structural alterations. ", "Considering the difficulties of their manipulation, these are not widely recommended for the production of lectins from other organisms. ", "The production of a soybean agglutinin (BSA) in BS-C-1 monkey cells was reported to have a final yield of 1 mg protein/L of culture. ", "The specificity of carbohydrate binding was not affected, although the product showed a decrease in its hemagglutinating capacity of at least four times with respect to the native lectin. ", "In addition, it was observed that although the product was glycosylated, the carbohydrates were mainly oligomannosides, while these are normally Man9 (GlcNac) glycosylations in the native lectin \\[[@B58-ijms-19-00616]\\].", "\n\nIt is known that glycosylation production in animal cells can be affected by bioprocess parameters, such as the cell line \\[[@B76-ijms-19-00616]\\], cell density, media composition \\[[@B77-ijms-19-00616]\\], nutrient levels and supplements \\[[@B78-ijms-19-00616],[@B79-ijms-19-00616]\\], pH and transfection conditions \\[[@B21-ijms-19-00616],[@B22-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "The interactions between these parameters are complex and, therefore, attention should be paid to the development and optimization of this process \\[[@B23-ijms-19-00616]\\]. ", "In this sense, a recent study reported a new glycoengineering strategy, called GlycoDelete, to access glycoproteins with homogeneous *N*-glycans by shortening the Golgi *N*-glycosylation pathway in mammalian cells \\[[@B80-ijms-19-00616]\\]. [", "Table 3](#ijms-19-00616-t003){ref-type=\"table\"} shows a summary of the yields obtained for the production of recombinant lectins in different biological systems.", "\n\n7. ", "Summary of Considerations for Recombinant Lectin Production {#sec7-ijms-19-00616}\n==============================================================\n\nThe strategies for the production of recombinant lectins focus on their biological activity. ", "These strategies must consider the modification of host organisms, aiming to approximate the original synthesis conditions, although sometimes modifications are also needed. ", "An appropriate choice of such strategies is fundamental for the maintenance of the desirable characteristics of the product and for obtaining good yields of production. ", "The most important aspects to consider for these purposes are:\n\n(a) Considerations according to their synthesis\n\nKnowing the site where lectin synthesis is carried out is perhaps the most important issue to be considered for successful heterologous expression. ", "The lectins synthesized in the ER lumen differ to a great extent from those that are synthesized in cytoplasm. ", "If there is no detailed information about its synthesis, we suggest using the SignalP 4.0 program to know if the lectin has a signal peptide to be translocated to ER during translation. ", "Lectins synthesized in cytoplasm. ", "The lectins produced by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm, whether or not they have possible glycosylation sites, can be successfully expressed in *E. coli* with the consideration that it is necessary to introduce only the sequence of the mature protein. ", "If the product obtained tends to form inclusion bodies, denaturation/renaturation strategies or the addition of excretion tags might be needed. ", "When the lectin is normally synthesized in the cytoplasm, but contains possible glycosylation sites, and is desired to be expressed in yeast, it may be useful to mutate the sequons to avoid the addition of non-desirable glycosidic antennas. ", "Proteins synthesized in cytoplasm can also be expressed in plants and animal cells, although these alternatives require more complex strategies, more investment of time and money. ", "Furthermore, these generate lower yields than bacteria and yeasts. ", "When using these strategies, it may be advisable not to add signal peptides that redirect the synthesis of the lectin in question to the ER and if added, it is recommended to mutate possible glycosylation sites to avoid the addition of non-desirable glycosidic antennas.", "Lectins synthesized in ER. ", "Those lectins that are commonly synthesized in ER but do not contain possible glycosylation sites can also be expressed in *E. coli* with the previously mentioned recommendations. ", "However, it is important to consider that if an oxidizing or chaperoning environment is required for the correct folding, it may be convenient to use a modified strain of *E. coli* with non-reducing cytoplasm and chaperones. ", "Yeasts may be a better alternative. ", "It is important to note that in these cases, no drawbacks caused by non-native glycosylations will occur because the lectin will not contain any sequons. ", "If the protein is normally synthesized in ER and if it contains sequons, we do not recommend using *E. coli* since the product will not contain glycosylations. ", "Although it was shown that it is possible to obtain this type of lectins when using bacteria as producing organisms in some of the reports, all showed some type of structural alteration and/or partial loss of their functions. ", "Therefore, it is preferable to use yeasts or higher organisms since they contain all the post-translational machinery, chaperones and the ER with an oxidizing environment. ", "These lectins can also be expressed in plants and animal cells. ", "In such cases, signalling peptides must be added, which can be recognized by the host organism and it is not necessary to mutate possible glycosylation sites.", "\n\n(b) Considerations according to their origin\n\nThe lectins of archea and bacteria do not represent a problem in the choice of the generating organism as there is the option of changing to other systems, such as bacteria and yeasts. ", "In the case of vegetable lectins, the production in microorganisms is always favourable due to the high yields and simplicity of manipulation. ", "In case of not being a feasible alternative, it is possible to use well-established tobacco-like models, except when the glycosylation sequences are very close to the CRD. ", "The conformation of the carbohydrates can influence the recognition capacity of their ligands, so in these cases, we suggest that the same species of origin or some phylogenetically-related plant should be used. ", "Lectins of animal origin may also be produced in plants, although the antigenicity of carbohydrate antennas should be considered for pharmaceutical purposes. [", "Figure 1](#ijms-19-00616-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a scheme of the main considerations.", "\n\n8. ", "Final Remarks {#sec8-ijms-19-00616}\n================\n\nGlycobiology comprises an extensive and scarcely explored world that promises to be very useful for future scientific development. ", "In this sense, lectins play a fundamental role in the discovery of new drugs and materials that can contribute to studying and better understanding some biological processes that are influenced by the action of carbohydrates. ", "However, the complexity of these proteins has greatly hindered their large-scale production. ", "It is necessary to understand that in the particular case of lectins, the protein does not adapt to the system and thus, the system must be adapted to the protein. ", "Understanding the needs of each lectin involves essentially trying to find the strategy that provides higher yields and guarantees the functionality of the product. ", "This review aims to show the complex world of lectins by analysing their functions, characteristics and synthesis process, as well as showing some basic bioinformatic tools that can be used to obtain greater information. ", "The information provides examples of some of the different strategies that have been developed to produce recombinant lectins in order to maintain their biological activity. ", "These strategies focus on the modification of host organisms in order to approximate the original synthesis conditions, although it is also sometimes necessary to modify the polypeptide sequences. ", "Being a heterogeneous group of proteins, it is not possible to declare the superiority of any of the systems explored for the heterologous production of lectins. ", "However, the information is integrated into a complete analysis in this present paper, which can serve as a guide for choosing the most appropriate strategy according to the particular characteristics of each lectin. ", "The recommendations here presented have been proposed taking simplicity as a priority, but also provide the option of more complex alternatives.", "\n\nWe thank Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) for the fellowship for Dania Martínez-Alarcón and the financial support of CONACYT Ciencia Básica (CB-2014-01-241181) and PFCE-2017.", "\n\nDania Martínez-Alarcón worked in the information compilation, analysis and manuscript writing; Alejandro Blanco-Labra and Teresa García-Gasca directed the manuscript elaboration, reviewed and edited each version.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ", "The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.", "\n\n{#ijms-19-00616-f001}\n\nijms-19-00616-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nThe overall view of lectins from different organisms.", "\n\n Parameter Organism Lectin Family Reference\n --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------\n Cell localization All Extracellular lectins, intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lectins, Golgi lectins, cytoplasmic lectins, membrane-bound lectins. ", " \\[[@B30-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n Structural and evolutionary sequence similarities All Beta prism lectins (B-type), calcium dependent lectins (C-type), lectins with Ficolins-Fibrinogen/collagen domain (F-type), garlic and snow drop lectins (G-type), hyaluronan bonding proteins or hyal-adherins (H-type), immunoglobulin superfamily lectins (I-type), jocob and related lectins (J-type), legume seed lectins (L-type), alpha mannosidase related lectins (M-type), nucleotide phosphohydrolases lectins (N-type), ricin lectins (R-type), *Tachypleus tridentatus* (T-type), wheat germ agglutinin (W type), Xenopus egg lectins (X type) \\[[@B33-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n Taxonomic origin All Plants lectins, animal lectins, microbial lectins. ", " \\[[@B30-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n Carbohydrate-specificities Plant and animals [d]{.smallcaps}-mannose ([d]{.smallcaps}-glucose)-binding lectins, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucose-binding lectins, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactose-binding lectins, [d]{.smallcaps}-galactose-binding lectins, [l]{.smallcaps}-fucose-binding lectins, other lectins. ", " \\[[@B34-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n All Glucose/mannose-binding lectins, galactose and *N*-acetyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactosamine-binding lectins, [l]{.smallcaps}-fucose-binding lectins, sialic acids-binding lectins. ", " \\[[@B33-ijms-19-00616]\\] \n Function Microbial Hemagglutinins, adhesins, and toxins. ", " \\[[@B30-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n Animal Galectins, selectins, collectins and pentraxins. ", " \\[[@B32-ijms-19-00616]\\] \n Structure Animals C-type, galectins, P-type (M-6-PR), I-type, pentraxins, heparyn binding type, F-type, calnexin, M-type, L-type, R-type, F-box, ficolin, chitinase-like. ", " \\[[@B32-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n Plants Amaranthins, nictaba related proteins, heveins (chitin binding lectins), jackalins, legume lectins, *Galanthus nivalis* agglutinin and GNA-related lectins, monocot mannose binding lectins, and plant lectins with Ricin-B domain. ", " \\[[@B31-ijms-19-00616]\\] \n\nijms-19-00616-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nYields of different lectins obtained by traditional purification techniques.", "\n\n Natural Source Purification Lectin Yield References\n ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------\n *Acropora millepora* (coral), plasma fluid. ", " Mannose affinity chromatography. ", " 0.7 mg/100 mL of plasma \\[[@B51-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Aristichthys nobilis* (bighead carp), gills. ", " Chromatography on diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200 and superdex-200. ", " 9.4 mg/100 g \\[[@B44-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Pleurocybella porrigens.* ", " Chromatography on Sepharose 4B, BioAssist Q. 2.6 mg/100 g \\[[@B46-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Bubalus bubalis* (buffalo), heart tissue. ", " Ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G50. ", " 0.97 mg/100 g \\[[@B52-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Hibiscus mutabilis.* ", " Ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose and gel filtration in Superdex 75 and Superdex 200. ", " 4.04 mg/100 g \\[[@B50-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Inocybe umbrinella* (*mushroom*). ", " Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, and gel filtration on Superdex 75. ", " 15.3 mg/100 g \\[[@B47-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Holothuria scabra* (sea cucumber), coelomic fluid. ", " Ultrafiltration and chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose. ", " 1.6 mg/100 g \\[[@B53-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Macoma birmanica* (marine bivalve), foot muscles. ", " Ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography on *N*-acetylglucosamine Sepharose 4B. 4.5 mg/100 g \\[[@B54-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Nemopilema nomurai* (jellyfish). ", " Chromatography on SP-Sepharose and BSM-Toyopearl. ", " 0.35 mg/100 g \\[[@B45-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Phaseolus vulgaris* (common bean), cultivar french bean. ", " Chromatography on SP-Sepharose, Affi-gel blue, Q-Sepharose, and Superdex 200. ", " 4.8 mg/100 g \\[[@B55-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Phaseolus vulgaris* (common bean), cultivar dark red kidney bean Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Affi-gel blue gel. ", " 107 mg/100 g \\[[@B49-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Phaseolus vulgaris* (common bean) cultivar Anasazi bean Affi-gel blue gel, Mono S and chromatography on Superdex 200. ", " 13 mg/100 g \\[[@B48-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n\nijms-19-00616-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nYields of different lectins obtained by recombinant techniques.", "\n\n Lectin Natural Source Producing Organism Production Yield References\n ---------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n SALT *Oryza sativa L* *E. coli* 14.6 mg/L \\[[@B5-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n ASAL *Allium sativum* *E. coli* 5 mg/L \\[[@B11-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *Artocarpus incisa* lectin *Artocampus incisa* *E. coli* 16 mg/L \\[[@B81-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n NICTABA *Nicotiana tabacum* *P. pastoris* 6 mg/L \\[[@B15-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n PHA-E *Phaseolus vulgaris* *P. pastoris* 0.4--1 mg/L \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n GNA *Galanthus nivalis* *P. pastoris* 1--2 mg/L \\[[@B6-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n SBA *Glycine max* BS-C-1 cells 1 mg/L \\[[@B58-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n PHA *Phaseolus vulgaris* *P. pastoris* 100 mg/L \\[[@B82-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n GNA *Galantus nivalis* *P. pastoris* 80 mg/L \\[[@B82-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n UDA *Urtica doica* *Nicotiana tabacum* No reported \\[[@B70-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n *R. pseudoacacia* lectin *Robinia pseudoacacia* *Nicotiana tabacum* 2 mg/100 g of dry leaves \\[[@B2-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n MLB *Homo sapiens* Chinese hamster ovary cells 128 µg/mL \\[[@B73-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n MoL *Moringa oleifera* *P. pastoris* 520 mg/L \\[[@B83-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n MBL *Gallus Gallus* HeLa R19 Cells 1.5--2 mg/L \\[[@B84-ijms-19-00616]\\]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Neurologic birth trauma. ", "Intracranial, spinal cord, and brachial plexus injury.", "\nThe variety of perinatal neurologic injuries described in this article suggests that any region of the central or peripheral nervous system may be affected by the birth process. ", "Fortunately, these injuries are infrequent and, in many instances, resolve without any intervention." ]

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[ "Glossary Search\n\nCategory: Linked Data\n\nA working group of the UK BIM Alliance set up to help make the process of sharing product data simpler and more standardised will publish its first report at Digital Construction Week later this month. ", "We speak to the group’s chair Su Butcher to learn more about the process.", "\n\nTalk us through a bit of the background and what the group is trying to achieve?", "\n\nThe following graph, represents a number of months of work combining the following:\n-eprints document repository with ontology plugin (to import ‘subjects’ from external sources)\n-sparql endpoint for the relationships to be stored in linked rdf format\n-linked open graph which gives the ability to navigate the documents by subject, and other relationships\nIn the following months I will be writing about how you might be able to use link data in your business, this will focused on the construction sector, but the principles are the same.", "\n\nGreat workshops today at the linked data conference in London at LCU, reviewed some outstanding research into how BIM and linked / structure data could be used together, one of my favourites was from Cardiff university looking how structured sparql queries could assist in reviewing building regulations compliance. ", "Which the construction industry needs tools like this to connect “design” to the real world i.e law." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a method of managing a casual storage field, and further relates to an apparatus, an image forming apparatus, a computer program, and a computer readable recording medium storing therein a computer program for managing a casual storage field.", "\nThe present invention more particularly relates to a method of, an apparatus for, an image forming apparatus for, a computer program for, and a computer readable recording medium storing a computer program for managing a casual storage field that can store a plurality of information items therein and can hand over an information item received from an application program to another application program that accesses the information item.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nThe related art relative to the present invention will be described below. ", "A general user interface will be described first.", "\n[General User Interface]\nA computer system for office use is usually equipped with a display unit and various input units. ", "The display unit is a two-dimensional display device such as a CRT and an LCD. ", "The input units include both a keyboard and a pointing input device such as a mouse, a pen-tablet, a touch panel, a track ball, and a touch pad. ", "The mouse is one of the handiest pointing devices. ", "The pen tablet is also common for an application that requires inputting hand-written characters and drawings.", "\nA screen is displayed in a window. ", "The window is a square region of arbitrary size that is separate and independent from the other region. ", "When the windows overlap, the window in the back is hidden behind the window in the front (overlapping window). ", "The position pointed at by the pointing device is indicated by an arrow called a pointer.", "\nThe computer system stores a plurality of application programs, and runs one or more of the application programs simultaneously.", "\n[Duplicating and Moving Data Item in a General Application Program]\nIn a general application program such as a word processor, a user can duplicate or move a data item. ", "For example, the user selects an object, and gives the application program an instruction to duplicate or cut the object. ", "In the case of cutting, the selected object is temporarily deleted from the screen. ", "The user points at the position to which the user desires to duplicate or move the object, and gives the application program an instruction to paste the object at the position. ", "In response to this instruction, the application program pastes the object that is duplicated or cut in advance.", "\nThe user can also “drag and drop” the object using the pointing device such as the mouse. ", "In this case, the user presses a click button provided on the mouse, for example, with the pointer on the object, and moves the pointer with the click button pressed. ", "When the pointer arrives at the position at which the user desires to duplicate or move the object, the user releases the click button.", "\n[An Example of User Interface: Clip Board]\nThe present invention uses a user interface such as a clipboard. ", "Operating systems such as Microsoft Windows 2000™ are provided with a mediate region called a clipboard through which a plurality of application programs can exchange the data item. ", "The object is duplicated or cut and pasted through the clipboard. ", "The clipboard temporarily stores therein various data items such as a string and an image, and also stores therein the data type of the stored data items. ", "The application programs can exchange the data items with each other through this region.", "\nThe plurality of application programs stores data items therein or retrieves the stored data items in compliance with a predetermined procedure to exchange (duplicating and moving, for example) the data items with each other. ", "The procedure with which the data items are stored to and retrieved from the clipboard will not be described in this specification since its technical information is available from the software vendors of such a clipboard.", "\nRecent improvement in the clipboard provides the user with flexible duplication and movement of the data items. ", "The improved clipboard stores therein data items one after another. ", "The stored data items are listed in a predetermined region in the window of the application program. ", "The user selects one of the listed data items and can paste at any time the selected data item in a document that the user is writing. ", "If a plurality of application programs supporting the improved clipboard run simultaneously, one of the application programs can access the data items stored in the improved clipboard by the other application programs.", "\nThe improved clipboard can store therein data items of different data types.", "\n[Temporary Storage of a Drawing]\nThe related art described in some patent laid-open applications will be described below.", "\nJapanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ", "2001-22734 discloses an information processing apparatus that can easily and efficiently display at sight a plurality of document files to the extent a user can identify the contents of the document files.", "\nFIG. ", "34 is a block diagram showing this information processing apparatus. ", "The information processing apparatus of FIG. ", "34 is configured by the following: a display unit 301, a folder generating unit 302, a folder designating unit 303, a display controlling unit 304, an at-sight display file generating unit 305, and a document file selecting unit 306.", "\nThe display unit 301 displays a screen. ", "The folder generating unit 302 generates, in a storage unit or a predetermined region of a network, folders of a multi-level hierarchical structure that can store therein plural document files generated by an application program having a document generating function or sub-folders. ", "The folder designating unit 303 designates one of the folders generated by the folder generating unit 302.", "\nThe display controlling unit 304 displays at sight a part or all of the plurality of document files designated by the folder designating unit 303. ", "The at-sight display file generating unit 305 generates an at-sight display file containing the contents of the plurality of document files designated by the folder designating unit 303. ", "The document file selecting unit 306 selects one of the document files displayed at sight.", "\nThis related art patent laid-open application describes an application program of a word processor provided with a “work space function”. ", "According to the paragraph No. ", "89 of this patent laid-open application, “the work space is provided besides the edited document so that the user can temporarily display a drawing and can layout the document efficiently.” “", "Since, even when the document is printed, the drawing is not printed, the user can edit the document efficiently.” ", "In the above description, the edited document means a sheet of paper, and what is temporarily stored is the drawing. ", "Additionally, this patent laid-open application fails to describe how to realize the temporary storage.", "\n[Work Space]\nThe work space will be described below in connection with the user interface. ", "The work space is also mentioned in the above patent laid-open application.", "\nAn environment in which a user can arrange a plurality of information items and tools that are provided by a computer system is proposed. ", "Such an environment is known as an “information work space” system.", "\nA plurality of representative information items (display objects representing the information items) are positioned in a certain space. ", "The space is a predetermined region in a two-dimensional plane. ", "Though the concepts corresponding to the space and the representative information items are referred to by various names in other documents describing the related art, the concept corresponding to the space will be referred to as the “work space” and the concept corresponding to the representative information item is referred to as the “information element” in this specification.", "\n“Task Gallery” described in “The Task Gallery: A 3D Windows™ Manager”, Robertson, G. G. et al. (", "2000), In Proceedings of CHI' 2000, Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM press, pp. ", "494-501, is an example of the work space. ", "This is a three-dimensional environment with which the user can improve the efficiency of tasks by managing documents and application programs to be used for each task. ", "The work space is represented as if it were the room of a gallery. ", "The information element (information item) is disposed on the wall or the ceiling of the room as a shrunk image of the document.", "\nLikewise, many work space systems represent the disposed document as the shrunk image of the document (thumbnail). ", "The use of thumbnails is reported to help users to efficiently identify the documents according to Czerwinski, M., van Dantzich, M., Robertson, G. G. & Hoffman, H. (1999), “The contribution of thumbnail images, mouse-over text and spatial location memory to web page retrieval in 3D”, In Sasse, A. & Johnson, C. (Eds), Human-Computer Interaction-Proceedings of Interact'99, Edinburgh, Scotland, IOS press, pp. ", "163-170.", "\nJapanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ", "2000-76367 discloses an invention of a work process management apparatus in which a user is provided with a plurality of work spaces and can manage information resources by the work space. ", "Each work space is provided with a two-dimensional space dividable into a plurality of regions (background regions). ", "An information element (information item) to refer to a document or another work space is correlated to each background region. ", "Accordingly, the user can separately arrange the information resources in each background region. ", "The above function can be regarded as a method to classify the information resources.", "\n[Inspiration Support System]\nBy the way, an inspiration support system also requires a user interface. ", "According to a well-known method of supporting inspiration, one can improve, by writing an information item on a card and appropriately disposing the cards on a two-dimensional plane, the efficiency of brain work such as an inspiration that requires the handling of abstract concepts.", "\nFor example, “A method of inspiring”, J. Kawakita (1967), Chuo-Koron, describes a method of supporting inspiration including the following steps: spatially disposing information elements (information items), grouping the disposed information elements, assigning a title to the grouped information elements, and correlating the information elements. ", "One can compare ideas and analyze the groups of information elements, for example, using this method.", "\nFor example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ", "7-98687 discloses “KJ method”, a method of supporting inspiration for a group. ", "According to this patent laid-open application the opinions of members are summarized by the following procedure:\nStep 1: A theme is determined.", "\nStep 2: Each member writes an information item directly or indirectly relevant to the theme in a short sentence on a card.", "\nStep 3: All members dispose their cards on a large desk so that they can read all the cards.", "\nStep 4: The cards containing information relevant to each other are gathered so that the cards form an “island”.", "\nStep 5: A super-ordinate concept common to all cards forming the “island” is extracted and written on a card (compatible card). ", "The compatible card is put on the top of the stack of the cards belonging to the “island”.", "\nStep 6: The above steps 4 and 5 are repeated. ", "The stacks of the cards are disposed on a large sheet of paper based on the relevance between the “islands”.", "\nStep 7: Each stack is spread out, and the cards belonging to the stack are attached to the large sheet of paper in accordance with the disposition.", "\nStep 8: The cards forming the island are surrounded by a closed line of various colors and thicknesses. ", "A relevance chart (or compatibility chart) is completed.", "\nStep 9: All members make sure of the reasoning path to the conclusion based on the relevance chart.", "\nStep 10: The conclusion and the reasoning path are reported or are explained to an audience.", "\nComputer programs that realize such methods of supporting inspiration on computers are already available in the market as inspiration supporting systems (Inspiration 6: Inspiration Software, Inc., for example). ", "Using such an inspiration supporting system, a user can display a plurality of display objects representing information elements on the screen of the computer and can edit the positions of the display objects. ", "Some computer programs support not only editing the position of an information element, but also setting and displaying the following: the name and graphical expression of an information element, the correlation between information elements, and the grouping of information elements.", "\nVIKI described in “VIKI: Spatial hypertext supporting emergent structure” (1994), In: N. Guimaraes, ed. ", "Proceedings of ECHT94, New York: ACM Press, pp. ", "13-23, is a spatial hypertext system that disposes information elements and sets of information elements in a two-dimensional space.", "\nThis spatial hypertext system helps a user to express and understand the relationship between the information elements by spatially disposing a plurality of information elements. ", "This spatial hypertext system has a similar function to the above inspiration supporting system in the sense that the user understands the structure of the information elements by spatially disposing and grouping the information elements. ", "VIKI is provided with a function to extract and use an implied structure of the disposition of the information elements, which makes users to easily manipulate the grouping and understand displayed group structure. ", "For example, when a plurality of information elements are disposed with the positions of their left ends aligned, the system recognizes that they are related to each other.", "\nWhen creating a document, one may draw some drawings and write some paragraphs first. ", "One may also pick up some drawings and some paragraphs from documents already created. ", "Considering the order of description and the layout of the document, one completes the document.", "\nIf the collection of materials and the creation of a document are separated, the job becomes simple and efficient. ", "In this job method, it is necessary to temporarily store a plurality of materials in a region (temporary storage field of information) and paste the materials, if necessary, in the document using an application program for editing the document.", "\nIn the case of a conventional duplicate & paste function, one can store the data of only one object on the clipboard.", "\nUsing an ordinary application program for editing a document, one can temporarily dispose required objects in the edited document or a newly created document for temporary storage. ", "Accordingly, it is possible to manage the as-temporarily stored objects in a temporary storage state.", "\nThis method, however, inherits some problems. ", "First, in the case where the material is disposed in the edited document, a temporary storage field is required in the document. ", "One may have to lay out the document in a manner that is different from the writer's intention. ", "It is confusingly difficult to discriminate between the temporarily stored object and an already laid out object.", "\nSecondly, in the case where the material is disposed in the new document, the new document occupies a certain region on the screen. ", "It is difficult to discriminate between the new document for temporary storage and the edited document because both documents are formatted by the same application program.", "\nAs described above, the improved clipboard temporarily stores therein data related to a plurality of objects by respective formats, and lets the user review the objects. ", "The improved clipboard is displayed in a format different from that of the edited document. ", "The user can easily discriminate between the improved clipboard and the edited document.", "\nHowever, only the application programs provided by the software vendor that provides the improved clipboard can access the improved clipboard. ", "The application programs provided by the other software vendors cannot access the data stored in the improved clipboard.", "\nThe improved clipboard still needs to be further improved with respect to its operation. ", "Even when the user desires to store data in the improved clipboard, the user does not necessarily desire to duplicate or cut the data. ", "In the case of the improved clipboard, the user is required to follow the procedure to duplicate or cut the data on the improved clipboard.", "\nAdditionally, the improved clipboard is available only while the application program provided by the software vendor that provides the improved clipboard is activated. ", "Accordingly, the improved clipboard cannot hold the data stored therein until the improved clipboard is activated next time.", "\nFurthermore, when the user works on different jobs and different documents in parallel, the user needs to use a plurality of temporary storage fields in accordance with the jobs and documents on which the user works. ", "No clipboard supports such a requirement.", "\nAs described above, when a user creates a document, the conventional technique causes various problems.", "\nIn addition, an inspiration support system needs to process and arrange information to support a user's processing and arranging of information, and to inspire the user.", "\nFor example, using the above inspiration support system called “KJ method”, the users gather the cards to form the “island”, and write a super-ordinate concept common to all cards forming the “island”, and put the concept card on the top of the island.", "\nThe users dispose the stacks of the cards on a large sheet of paper based on the relevance between the “islands”, and spreading each stack, attach the cards belonging to the stack to the large sheet of paper in accordance with the determined disposition. ", "The users surround the cards forming the islands by a closed line of various colors and thicknesses and complete the relevance chart (the compatibility chart).", "\nConventionally, such an inspiration support system functions as a closed system. ", "The inspiration support system, however, needs to receive information elements from other application programs or to hand over processed information elements or the result of inspiration supporting.", "\nThe conventional user interface cannot improve the collaboration between the inspiration support system and the other application programs. ", "The conventional clipboard and the improved clipboard cannot support such an inspiration support system that helps the user process and arrange information.", "\nThe temporary storage field for an inspiration support system, when many information elements are stored therein, needs to help users to appropriately manage and efficiently use the information elements. ", "Such a temporary storage field is not proposed yet.", "\nIt is convenient to express the relationships between information elements stored in the temporary storage field. ", "According to a known method, the user can move around the information elements in a certain region. ", "The user can imply the closeness and similarity among information elements by changing the position at which each information element is displayed.", "\nInformation work space systems, for example, are equipped with such a function. ", "The information work space systems, however, are not equipped with a function to receive data from other application programs or to hand over properly formatted data to other application programs. ", "The function provided by the temporary storage field does not satisfy the requirement of the temporary storage field for an inspiration support system. ", "The conventional temporary storage field does not disclose the technique to realize spatial disposition of information elements.", "\nThe user may want to define groups of information elements and arrange the information elements in accordance with the defined groups so that the user can manipulate the information elements easily. ", "Accordingly, the temporary storage field for inspiration support systems needs to support such a function.", "\nSome techniques to realize the grouping of information elements have been already disclosed. ", "For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ", "2000-76367 discloses a concept “background region” with which the user can group the information elements. ", "According to this conventional technique, an information element needs to be attached to one of the background regions from the beginning; it takes time to create a new group during a job, and to regroup the information elements. ", "To the contrary, the temporary storage field for an inspiration support system needs to allow the user to define groups anytime, if necessary. ", "The “KJ method” proposes a method of supporting inspiration based on the grouping of information elements.", "\nIf an apparatus that provides a temporary storage field is provided with a function to express groups of information elements, the apparatus can inspire the user using the grouped information elements. ", "Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. ", "2000-76367 does not disclose a method of expressing the relationships between the background regions. ", "The user cannot appropriately express the order and comparable relationships between the background regions, and the method fails to support inspiration using the grouped information elements. ", "Thus, the grouping function that can be coupled with a method of expressing structure (to be described later) needs to be realized.", "\nIn addition, the grouping of information is usually hierarchical, that is, a group of information may include therein another group of information as a subgroup. ", "The method of grouping information elements needs to support the hierarchical grouping.", "\nThe relationships between information elements generally include contrast relationship and causal relationship. ", "These relationships may be expressed by an arrow, for example, correlating or connecting information elements. ", "Inspiration support tools such as Inspiration 6 (Inspiration Software, Inc.) provides a function that connects information items by arrows.", "\nEspecially, “ISOP Cho-Hassohou Version 3.0” (ITEC Inc.) is aimed at supporting the “KJ method”. ", "It provides functions such as the grouping of information elements and the correlating of information elements, or groups of the information elements.", "\nGraphic editing application programs, word processors, and page layout application programs, for example, have functions such as disposing images, text, and drawings, and drawing rectangles and free curves. ", "They further have functions such as grouping those elements, moving the elements in a block, and deleting.", "\nThese application programs, however, are not intended to provide a temporary storage field. ", "For example, they do not support a function to exchange data of a plurality of formats with another application program. ", "Such functions are inevitable for the temporary storage field.", "\nThe user may want to attach meta-information to each information element. ", "XLibris is the conventional technique that allows the user to add free style meta-information to the information elements.", "\nXLibris, however, is designed to support the reader of a document by enabling the reader to write comments on the document; the information elements are essentially shrunk and displayed in the form of thumbnails. ", "As a result, even when a part of the document (only few words, for example) is displayed, only the thumbnail of the page is displayed. ", "The user cannot recognize the contents of the information element at a glance. ", "XLibris does not support a function to spatially dispose drawings and pictures. ", "Due to the lack of these functions, XLibris does not satisfy the requirement of the temporary storage field for an inspiration support system." ]

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[ "Serpro Ltd Reg No: 06928424 - VAT No: 972 6045 09 - Other product and company names mentioned on this website may be the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. ", "Company names mentioned as compatible with or similar are the trade names of the respective companies and are neither manufactured by, or endorsed by those companies.", "\n\nThe website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used. ", "By continuing to use this site, you consent to this policy. ", "Click to learn more." ]

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[ "Many regions of the world today use irrigation systems for artificial distribution of water. ", "One of the most widely used irrigation systems, particularly where water is not abundant or plentiful, is a sprinkler system wherein one or more sprinkler units are positioned about a land area for distributing water over the surface of the land area. ", "Such systems are widely used in most developed countries for a variety of applications including the irrigation of lawns, golf courses, playing fields and field crops.", "\nImpact sprinklers are generally well known in the art and have been used for many years. ", "There are essentially two broad varieties or types of impact sprinklers. ", "The first type is the open or common riser mounted sprinkler unit which is attached to the end of a riser stem or pipe formed with a water conduit. ", "This type of sprinkler is most often used in open areas such as flower beds or the like which do not require close trimming. ", "These units extend upwardly from the surface and are somewhat obtrusive and unattractive. ", "Consequently, they are used in areas where the units are not readily observed nor require maintenance with lawnmowers. ", "The second type of impact sprinkler is a similar type of unit mounted within a housing which is, in turn, buried beneath the surface of the ground so that the sprinkler generally provides a pop-up unit. ", "These impact sprinklers are most often used in lawn settings, and are mounted within housings or wells that are buried underground. ", "The top of the housings are substantially flush with the ground surface so that open areas such as lawns may be easily landscaped or mowed. ", "When water is supplied to the sprinklers, they pop-up or rise above their housings and the ground surface. ", "In this fashion, the sprinklers remain out of sight until activated. ", "However, the housings for this type of sprinkler, which are designed with an open-case to accommodate standard rotating impact sprinkler arms, tend to become filled with debris such as dirt, grass clippings and the like. ", "Any of the above hamper the ability of the sprinkler to pop-up and to retract, or to effectively drive the sprinkler.", "\nAnother common type of irrigation device is known in the art as a gear driven sprinkler. ", "Gear-driven sprinklers have rotating nozzles effectively driven by various gear driving mechanisms which are activated by water supplied to the sprinkler. ", "These sprinklers provide an advantage in that their housings are enclosed by design thus avoiding the problems associated with the open or well-type design of an impact sprinkler. ", "However, it has been observed that gear-driven sprinklers are frequently subject to failure due to debris becoming engaged or lodged within the gear drive mechanism. ", "Many designs are also plagued with a relatively limited watering range due in part to the general power-draining design of the gear driving mechanisms.", "\nThe sprinkler literature includes numerous patents relating to variations of sprinkler units known in the art. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,602,431 entitled A SPRINKLER DEVICE FOR FLUID DISTRIBUTION (Lockwood) is directed to a sprinkler for distributing water comprising a body, a sprinkler head rotatably connected to the body, a fluid flow interrupter for providing controlled bursts of fluid in the stream of fluid exiting from the sprinkler head, an interrupter drive, a drive means including a free rotating ball for driving the sprinkler head, and reversing means for reversing the direction of movement of the sprinkler head. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,765,608 entitled AUTOMATIC INTERMITTENT BREAK-UP DEVICE (Lockwood) is directed to a sprinkler with an automatic intermittent break-up device repeatedly movable toward the center of the fluid stream exiting a nozzle to a first position to increase the break-up of the stream and movable away from the center of the fluid stream exiting the nozzle to a second position to decrease the break-up to provide more desired distribution of fluid on the surface area. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,930,617 entitled IMPACT SPRINKLER (Dunmire) is directed to an impact sprinkler which uses a plastic water deflector having a number of cooperating water deflecting surfaces which improve the overall water distribution pattern of the sprinkler; the particular configuration provided for allowing the water deflector to pivot back and forth. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,055,304 entitled AUXILIARY BRAKING MEANS FOR IMPACT ARM SPRINKLERS (Munson) is directed to an impact type rotary sprinkler including a rotatable body and nozzle, an impact arm which oscillates responsive to the kinetic energy of the fluid discharge stream and a primary spring which stores the rotational energy of the oscillating arm rotating to impact against the housing and impart an increment of rotation thereto. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,103,828 entitled ROTARY SPRINKLER IMPACT ARM SPRING ADJUSTMENT (Ridgway) is directed to a rotary sprinkler with structure for adjusting the force applied to the impact arm by the impact arm spring, viz. ", "a laterally directed nozzle cooperating with the arm to rotate the nozzle and an impact arm on a shaft extending above the nozzle. ", "The arm is mounted within a cage extending above the nozzle. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,164,324 entitled SPRINKLER HEAD WITH IMPROVED INTEGRAL IMPACT ARM AND ANTI-BACKSPLASH DRIVE SPOON (Bruninga) is directed to a part-circle rotary sprinkler head having an improved anti-backsplash drive spoon integrally formed as a part of the impact arm. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,182,494 entitled ANTISIDE SPLASH DRIVE ARM FOR AN IMPACT DRIVE SPRINKLER (Wichman) is directed to an impact sprinkler of the full or part circle type with an anti side splash drive arm. ", "Despite these and other known sprinkler designs, there is a need for an irrigation sprinkler that incorporates the advantages provided by both impact and gear-driven sprinkler designs." ]

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[ "I am currently in my fifth year at Pinson Valley High School. ", "I teach Government/Economics and AP Government along with serving as the Head Baseball Coach. ", "I received my masters in social science education from UAB. ", "My vision for my classroom is for every student to obtain the skills, work ethic, and determination that will allow them to be successful in whatever they choose to do in life." ]

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[ "# frozen_string_literal: false\n#\n# shell/process-controller.rb -\n# $Release Version: 0.7 $\n# $Revision$\n# by Keiju ISHITSUKA(keiju@ruby-lang.org)\n#\n# --\n#\n#\n#\nrequire \"forwardable\"\nrequire \"sync\"\n\nclass Shell\n class ProcessController\n\n @ProcessControllers = {}\n @ProcessControllersMonitor = Thread::Mutex.new\n @ProcessControllersCV = Thread::ConditionVariable.new\n\n @BlockOutputMonitor = Thread::Mutex.new\n @BlockOutputCV = Thread::ConditionVariable.new\n\n class << self\n extend Forwardable\n\n def_delegator(\"@ProcessControllersMonitor\",\n \"synchronize\", \"process_controllers_exclusive\")\n\n def active_process_controllers\n process_controllers_exclusive do\n @ProcessControllers.dup\n end\n end\n\n def activate(pc)\n process_controllers_exclusive do\n @ProcessControllers[pc] ||= 0\n @ProcessControllers[pc] += 1\n end\n end\n\n def inactivate(pc)\n process_controllers_exclusive do\n if @ProcessControllers[pc]\n if (@ProcessControllers[pc] -= 1) == 0\n @ProcessControllers.delete(pc)\n @ProcessControllersCV.signal\n end\n end\n end\n end\n\n def each_active_object\n process_controllers_exclusive do\n for ref in @ProcessControllers.keys\n yield ref\n end\n end\n end\n\n def block_output_synchronize(&b)\n @BlockOutputMonitor.synchronize(&b)\n end\n\n def wait_to_finish_all_process_controllers\n process_controllers_exclusive do\n while !", "@ProcessControllers.empty?", "\n Shell::notify(\"Process finishing, but active shell exists\",\n \"You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.\")", "\n if Shell.debug?", "\n for pc in @ProcessControllers.keys\n Shell::notify(\" Not finished jobs in \"+pc.shell.to_s)\n for com in pc.jobs\n com.notify(\" Jobs: %id\")\n end\n end\n end\n @ProcessControllersCV.wait(@ProcessControllersMonitor)\n end\n end\n end\n end\n\n # for shell-command complete finish at this process exit.", "\n USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT = true\n at_exit do\n wait_to_finish_all_process_controllers unless $@\n end\n\n def initialize(shell)\n @shell = shell\n @waiting_jobs = []\n @active_jobs = []\n @jobs_sync = Sync.new\n\n @job_monitor = Thread::Mutex.new\n @job_condition = Thread::ConditionVariable.new\n end\n\n attr_reader :shell\n\n def jobs\n jobs = []\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n jobs.concat @waiting_jobs\n jobs.concat @active_jobs\n end\n jobs\n end\n\n def active_jobs\n @active_jobs\n end\n\n def waiting_jobs\n @waiting_jobs\n end\n\n def jobs_exist?", "\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n @active_jobs.empty? ", "or @waiting_jobs.empty?", "\n end\n end\n\n def active_jobs_exist?", "\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n @active_jobs.empty?", "\n end\n end\n\n def waiting_jobs_exist?", "\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n @waiting_jobs.empty?", "\n end\n end\n\n # schedule a command\n def add_schedule(command)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do\n ProcessController.activate(self)\n if @active_jobs.empty?", "\n start_job command\n else\n @waiting_jobs.push(command)\n end\n end\n end\n\n # start a job\n def start_job(command = nil)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do\n if command\n return if command.active?", "\n @waiting_jobs.delete command\n else\n command = @waiting_jobs.shift\n\n return unless command\n end\n @active_jobs.push command\n command.start\n\n # start all jobs that input from the job\n for job in @waiting_jobs.dup\n start_job(job) if job.input == command\n end\n end\n end\n\n def waiting_job?(job)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n @waiting_jobs.include?(job)\n end\n end\n\n def active_job?(job)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:SH) do\n @active_jobs.include?(job)\n end\n end\n\n # terminate a job\n def terminate_job(command)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do\n @active_jobs.delete command\n ProcessController.inactivate(self)\n if @active_jobs.empty?", "\n command.notify(\"start_job in terminate_job(%id)\", Shell::debug?)", "\n start_job\n end\n end\n end\n\n # kill a job\n def kill_job(sig, command)\n @jobs_sync.synchronize(:EX) do\n if @waiting_jobs.delete command\n ProcessController.inactivate(self)\n return\n elsif @active_jobs.include?(command)\n begin\n r = command.kill(sig)\n ProcessController.inactivate(self)\n rescue\n print \"Shell: Warn: $!", "\\n\" if @shell.verbose?", "\n return nil\n end\n @active_jobs.delete command\n r\n end\n end\n end\n\n # wait for all jobs to terminate\n def wait_all_jobs_execution\n @job_monitor.synchronize do\n begin\n while !", "jobs.empty?", "\n @job_condition.wait(@job_monitor)\n for job in jobs\n job.notify(\"waiting job(%id)\", Shell::debug?)", "\n end\n end\n ensure\n redo unless jobs.empty?", "\n end\n end\n end\n\n # simple fork\n def sfork(command)\n pipe_me_in, pipe_peer_out = IO.pipe\n pipe_peer_in, pipe_me_out = IO.pipe\n\n\n pid = nil\n pid_mutex = Thread::Mutex.new\n pid_cv = Thread::ConditionVariable.new\n\n Thread.start do\n ProcessController.block_output_synchronize do\n STDOUT.flush\n ProcessController.each_active_object do |pc|\n for jobs in pc.active_jobs\n jobs.flush\n end\n end\n\n pid = fork {\n Thread.list.each do |th|\n th.kill unless Thread.current == th\n end\n\n STDIN.reopen(pipe_peer_in)\n STDOUT.reopen(pipe_peer_out)\n\n ObjectSpace.each_object(IO) do |io|\n if ![", "STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR].include?(io)\n io.close\n end\n end\n\n yield\n }\n end\n pid_cv.signal\n\n pipe_peer_in.close\n pipe_peer_out.close\n command.notify \"job(%name:##{pid}) start\", @shell.debug?", "\n\n begin\n _pid = nil\n command.notify(\"job(%id) start to waiting finish.\", ", "@shell.debug?)", "\n _pid = Process.waitpid(pid, nil)\n rescue Errno::ECHILD\n command.notify \"warn: job(%id) was done already waitpid.\"", "\n _pid = true\n ensure\n command.notify(\"Job(%id): Wait to finish when Process finished.\", ", "@shell.debug?)", "\n # when the process ends, wait until the command terminates\n if USING_AT_EXIT_WHEN_PROCESS_EXIT or _pid\n else\n command.notify(\"notice: Process finishing...\",\n \"wait for Job[%id] to finish.\",", "\n \"You can use Shell#transact or Shell#check_point for more safe execution.\")", "\n redo\n end\n\n @job_monitor.synchronize do\n terminate_job(command)\n @job_condition.signal\n command.notify \"job(%id) finish.\", ", "@shell.debug?", "\n end\n end\n end\n\n pid_mutex.synchronize do\n while !", "pid\n pid_cv.wait(pid_mutex)\n end\n end\n\n return pid, pipe_me_in, pipe_me_out\n end\n end\nend\n" ]

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[ "Frank Fontana Show 4.10.16\n\nThis is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. ", "Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.", "\n\nFrank TV Promo\n\nFrank Fontana Show 4.10.16\n\nFrank TV Promo\n\nOn today’s show Frank was joined by Erika & Andre from EZ Breathe to talk about the air in your home. ", "Gabriella from Benetti Stone discussed a unique look for your walls, and audio expert Larry Marcus previewed AXPONA. ", "We closed the show talking about food with Karyn Calabrese. ", "Enjoy!" ]

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[ "Sverdlovsky District, Russia\n\nSverdlovsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. ", "The districts are generally named after Yakov Sverdlov, a Bolshevik party leader.", "\n\nDistricts of the federal subjects\n\nSverdlovsky District, Oryol Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Oryol Oblast\n\nCity divisions\nSverdlovsky City District, Irkutsk, a city district of Irkutsk, the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast\nSverdlovsky City District, Krasnoyarsk, a city district of Krasnoyarsk, the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai\nSverdlovsky City District, Perm, a city district of Perm, the administrative center of Perm Krai\n\nSee also\nSverdlovsky (disambiguation)\nSverdlovsk (disambiguation)\nSverdlov (disambiguation)\n\nReferences" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "2008 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation\n\nThe 2008 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation (Chinese: 2008年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮) was held on January 3, 2009 at the Kowloon Hong Kong International Trade and Exhibition Centre. ", "It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series.", "\n\nTop 10 song awards\nThe top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 2008 are as follows.", "\n\nAdditional awards\n\nReferences\n TVB Event Jade solid gold 2008\n\nCategory:Cantopop\nJade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, 2008" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nReal coordinates for graph inside viewport relative to mouse coordinates\n\nAs I have specified in the title, I have started to work on a simple application what contains in the main frame window, a double buffered panel. ", "Inside this panel some graphics can be drawn, let's consider this panel is a simple viewport for the elements drawn inside.", "\nTwo functionalities were added here, pan and zoom what can scale transform and translate transform inside paint event using a delta updated on MouseDown and Move events and OnMouseWheel for updating the scale transform.", "\nThe real problem has arrived after trying to add a functionality to support creation of a Node (graphic element) inside viewport to a precise location when zoom is greater than 1 (scale 100%).", "\nScenario 1 -> The yellow rectangle was created correctly and is positioned exactly at the mouse pointer location, as in shown the image below (scale == 1).", "\n\nScenario 2 -> The yellow rectangle is highly shifted relative to mouse position with a viewport scale of aprox. ", "40%, as in the image below (scale == 1.4). ", "The red filled circle was the mouse pressed (the cursor position remains unchanged, only a zoom was made).", "\n\nTest scenario -> I have tried a lot of methods without success before posting there, this is one of them:\n\nI really appreciate any kind of inputs, even ideas related to changing the OXY graph approach (as the translate functions use relative coordinates).", "\n\nA:\n\nMaybe this will help:\nPointF ScaleUnscale(PointF p, float offX, float offY, float sX, float sY, bool scale)\n{\n PointF pf = p;\n\n if (scale)\n {\n pf = new PointF( ( p.X - offX )/ sX, (p.Y - offY)/ sY) ;\n }\n else\n {\n pf = new PointF( p.X * sX + offX, p.Y * sY + offY);\n }\n return pf;\n}\n\nThis scales a mouse point to a canvas point or back:\ncPoints.", "Add(ScaleUnscale(e.", "Location, .., true));\n\nTested with a translated and scaled Graphics object:\ng.TranslateTransform(offX, offY);\ng.ScaleTransform(scaleX, scaleY);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates generally to intraocular lenses and, more particularly, to intraocular lenses having haptics adapted for scleral fixation.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFIG. ", "1 is a cross-sectional view of a typical, healthy human eye 100. ", "The human eye is a generally spherical body defined by an outer wall called the sclera 110, having a transparent bulbous front portion called the cornea 112. ", "The lens 114 of the human eye is located within the spherical body, behind the cornea. ", "The iris 116 is located between the lens and the cornea, dividing the eye into an anterior chamber 120 in front of the iris and a posterior chamber 118 in back of the iris. ", "A central opening in the iris, called the pupil 122, controls the amount of light that reaches the lens. ", "Light is focused by the cornea and by the lens onto the retina 124 at the rear of the eye. ", "The lens is a bi-convex, highly transparent structure surrounded by a thin lens capsule 126. ", "The lens capsule is supported at its periphery by suspensory ligaments called zonules 128, which are continuous with the ciliary muscle 130. ", "The focal length of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscle. ", "Just in front of the zonules, between the ciliary muscle and iris, is a region referred to as the ciliary sulcus 132.", "\nA cataract condition results when the material of the lens 114 becomes clouded, thereby obstructing the passage of light. ", "To correct this condition, three alternative forms of surgery are used, known as intracapsular extraction, extracapsular extraction, and phacoemulsification. ", "In intracapsular cataract extraction, the zonules 128 around the entire periphery of the lens capsule are severed, and the entire lens structure, including the lens capsule 126, is then removed. ", "In extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification, only the clouded material within the lens capsule is removed, while the transparent posterior lens capsule wall with its peripheral portion, as well as the zonules, are left in place in the eye.", "\nIntracapsular extraction, extracapsular extraction, and phacoemulsification eliminate the light blockage due to the cataract condition. ", "The light entering the eye, however, is thereafter unfocused due to the lack of a lens. ", "A contact lens can be placed on the exterior surface of the eye, but this approach has the disadvantage that the patient has virtually no useful sight when the contact lens is removed. ", "A preferred alternative is to implant an artificial lens, known as an intraocular lens, directly within the eye. ", "An intraocular lens generally comprises a disk-shaped, transparent lens optic and two smoothly curved attachment arms referred to as haptics. ", "The lens is implanted through an incision made near the periphery of the cornea, which may be the same incision as is used to remove the cataract. ", "An intraocular lens may be implanted in either the anterior chamber of the eye, in front of the iris, or in the posterior chamber, behind the iris.", "\nAn anterior chamber lens is supported by contact of the haptics with a corner, or angle, of the anterior chamber 120 which is formed by the union of the iris 116 and the cornea 112. ", "In the case of a posterior chamber lens, there are two alternative techniques of support. ", "In the first technique, the intraocular lens and its haptics are placed in the sack-like structure formed by the intact posterior and peripheral walls of the lens capsule. ", "The haptics are compressed slightly against the periphery of the lens capsule and thereby hold the intraocular lens in place. ", "In the second technique, the intraocular lens is placed in front of and outside the lens capsule. ", "The haptics are sandwiched between the iris 116 and the zonules 128, in the region of the ciliary sulcus 132, to hold the lens in place. ", "Anterior chamber lenses differ significantly in design from posterior chamber lenses. ", "Accordingly, one cannot be used in substitution for the other.", "\nExperience has shown that intraocular lenses implanted in the anterior chamber dramatically increase the risk of significant complications. ", "Anterior chamber lenses have been known to cause hyphema, uveitis, iris chaffing, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, persistent ocular pain and redness, and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. ", "As a result of treating these conditions and other complications, anterior chamber lenses need to be explanted, or removed, approximately 20 times more often than posterior chamber lenses. ", "For these reasons, when adequate zonular or capsular support is present, the posterior chamber lens generally remains the surgeon's first choice.", "\nUnfortunately, adequate zonular or capsular support is not always present. ", "Certain abnormalities of the eye, traumatic injury to the eye, previous intracapsular surgery, or an intra-operative complication during extracapsular or phacoemulsification surgery, all can result in a loss of the capsular or zonular support for a posterior chamber lens. ", "Until recently, the surgeon has had no choice but to implant an anterior chamber lens.", "\nHowever, surgeons have recently succeeded in implanting intraocular lenses in the posterior chamber in the absence of capsular and zonular support by suturing the lens to the sclera of the eye. ", "The lens haptics are usually sutured to the sclera at or near the ciliary sulcus. ", "The limited number of surgeons who have experimented with scleral fixation have reported promising results. ", "Early reports show that intraocular lenses attached to the eye by scleral fixation are well tolerated, provide good vision, and bear significantly fewer complications than anterior chamber lenses. ", "If these promising results continue to be confirmed, scleral-fixated posterior chamber lenses could make anterior chamber lenses obsolete.", "\nStanding in the way of rapid adoption of scleral fixation for posterior chamber lenses is the fact that specialized lenses and materials to perform the procedure are not yet available. ", "Most ophthalmic surgeons can easily acquire the surgical skills needed for scleral fixation. ", "Suitable sutures and needles are presently available for the procedure, such as the 10-prolene suture and the Ethicon CIF-4 or STC-6 needles. ", "However, intraocular lens designed specifically for scleral fixation are not widely known or available.", "\nAt present, ophthalmic surgeons ordinarily use conventional posterior chamber lenses and simply tie the fixation sutures to the lens haptics. ", "There are several drawbacks to this technique. ", "First, because the fixation suture is tied to the smooth haptic, migration of the haptic and lens optic relative to the suture is possible. ", "Such migration could lead to lens decentration, lens tilt, or even complete loss of lens fixation. ", "Second, the process of tying the suture to the lens haptic (generally with a double knot or a clove hitch) is a difficult, time consuming, and often frustrating procedure. ", "If the suture is tied to the haptic with a double knot, the end of the suture may irritate the inside of the eye. ", "These problems are amplified by the need to repeat the procedure for each haptic. ", "Third, current posterior chamber lenses are considered too large for scleral-fixated placement in the typical posterior chamber. ", "The diameter of the typical ciliary sulcus measures about 11 millimeters, while the typical posterior chamber lens measures 14 millimeters across. ", "Finally, the haptics of current posterior chamber lenses do not provide optimal stability of the lens optic in the absence of the lens capsule. ", "Such instability can lead to lens tilting and can introduce uncorrectable optical problems after scleral fixation.", "\nSome ophthalmic surgeons have experimented with sclerally fixating lenses of the kind that include instrument positioning holes at various positions along their haptics. ", "These holes have sizes typically of 0.50 millimeters, but are known to have sizes as low as 0.34 millimeters. ", "The use of this type of lens has not proven to be entirely satisfactory, because the implanted lenses are believed to have been subject to excessive tilting, decentration and rotation. ", "In addition, the instrument positioning holes of such implanted lenses are subject to tissue ingrowth and incarceration, which can lead to lens decentration and can make later removal or repositioning of the lenses difficult or impossible to perform.", "\nIt should therefore be appreciated that there is a need for an intraocular lens, and a method for implanting it in the eye by scleral fixation, which is convenient to implant and which is sufficiently stable when implanted that it minimizes the possibility of tilting or decentering. ", "The present invention fulfills this need." ]

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[ "It's the week after Valentine's Day, which means you're probably recovering from one of two things: a day filled with love or one filled with Tinder-assisted heartbreak. ", "If you do fall into the latter category, not to worry, we've got a playlist...\n\n- Montana native Bob Connors didn't think much of a dry patch of skin on his face at first. ", "But when it wouldn't go away, it became the start of a decade-long battle with skin cancer. ", "His journey, though arduous at times, is one of resilience,...\n\nNew York, February 22, 2019: The Connected Drug Delivery Devices Market is expected to exceed by 2024 at a CAGR of 7% in the given forecast period. ", "Global Connected Drug Delivery Devices Market is segmented based on the disease indication...\n\nThe annual RebelTHON fundraising event raised $259,000 for the Blair E. Batson Children's Hospital but failed to reach the $300,000 goal set by the RebelTHON leaders as a part of this year's \"Join the R3v0luti0n\" campaign. ", "Jack Patrick...\n\nThe death toll due to consumption of illicit liquor in India's northeastern state of Assam Friday has risen to 41, local government officials said. ", "Over 60 others are in hospitals undergoing treatment. ", "The hooch was consumed by...\n\nNew York, February 22, 2019: The report covers detailed competitive outlook including the market share and company profiles of the key participants operating in the global market. ", "Key players profiled in the report include Stryker Inc, Hill-Rom...\n\nOver the past year, \"Saving Shell\" has grown into an online blog, with speaking events and a book in the works (Screenshot/Youtube) For University of Connecticut sophomore Michelle Franklin, each day on campus is a blessed one. ", "The...\n\nThis past Saturday, Feb. 16, a few hundred dancers committed to staying upright for 12 hours as a part of SpartanTHON's 11th annual Dance Marathon. ", "Participants had fundraised throughout the year either individually or as a part of an...\n\nGlobal Cell Viability Assays Market report has been constructed by considering increasing demand and the value of market research for the success of different sectors. ", "This market report covers many work areas of the ABC industry. ", "Moreover, this...\n\nVaranasi, Feb 21 (IANS) Jyotish and Dwarka Sharda Peeth Shankracharya Swamy Swaroopanand Saraswati on Thursday performed a symbolic 'shilanyaas' in Varanasi of the proposed Ram temple at Ayodhya. ", "The seer, who called off his proposed march...\n\n\"When were you diagnosed?\" ", "is a question that continues to haunt me to this day. ", "Throughout my life, every pulmonologist to neurologist has asked me this question, but the problem is that I don't have an exact answer. ", "Having a rare...\n\n- Montana native Bob Connors didn't think much of a dry patch of skin on his face at first. ", "But when it wouldn't go away, it became the start of a decade-long battle with skin cancer. ", "His journey, though arduous at times, is one of resilience,...\n\nIn Denver, Colo., a gentle fusion of smells floats about the popular restaurant, Vital Root, in the afternoon. ", "They swirl about the outside patio, which is bordered by walls with elevated tiers of growing succulents and herbs. ", "A black mesh...\n\nSOURCE: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company When Joseph Lubega, M.D., returned to Uganda in 2016 to care for children with cancer, the grim reality was that up to 90 percent of them would not survive. ", "Inadequate health care and a...\n\nNew York, February 22, 2019: The scope of the report includes a detailed study of global and regional markets on Egg Allergy Market with the reasons given for variations in the growth of the industry in certain regions. ", "The report covers...\n\nGandhinagar, Feb 21 (IANS) In a shocking revelation, the Gujarat government has admitted some 1,018 infant deaths at the Adani Foundation-run GK General Hospital in Bhuj, Kutch district, over the past five years. ", "GK General Hospital is the...\n\nCaracas, Feb 22 (efe-epa).- Opposition lawmakers from the southeastern Venezuelan state of Bolivar on Friday said a woman was killed during a clash between soldiers and members of an indigenous community that backs a plan to deliver..." ]

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[ "\n\nAn amazing line (about music) from a very old SF novel - adamo\nhttp://nextbit.blogspot.com/2010/06/amazing-line-from-very-old-sf-novel.html\n\n======\ndemallien\nQuite prescient about the replacing of musicians by electronics, but\ncompletely missed the fact that sound would be recordable, with the subsequent\nexponential growth in the range of titles available to anyone.", "\n\n~~~\n_delirium\nThat's actually a common theme I've found in AI--- people underestimate how\nmuch of the way to automated generation you get by just selecting from a large\nlibrary of canned things. ", "Given a catalogue of every jazz album every\nrecorded, and a good way to pick the one you wanted to listen to, for most\nlisteners, you've already \"solved\" the problem of automatically generating\njazz tunes. ", "The only people it wouldn't solve the problem for are those who\nare so familiar with the entire existing repertoire that they genuinely need a\nnew one.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Interesting to see how different people are interpreting the ETH/ETC split.", "Anti-forkers: \"See! ", "We were right. ", "Hard forksdangerous, especially when they're 'contentious,' because theyresult in a persistent chain split.", "\"Pro-forkers: \"Isn't this great? ", "Hodlers unaffected, or actually, benefited. ", "The combined market cap of the two chains is greater than the pre-fork market cap. ", "And everybody gets to have the rule set they're comfortable with such that minority rights are being respected.", "\"A few thoughts:I think it's fine to acknowledge that a persistent chain split is \"bad\" from an all-else-equal perspective. ", "While holders don't have to make an election between the two chains, there is still going to be a loss of network effect as some people elect to sell off their A-chain coins for more B-chain coins (and others do the opposite). ", "And there's also an unavoidable increase in transactional friction created by, e.g., the need to deal with replay attacks. ", "Of course, to the extent that these types of persistent (or at least semi-persistent) splits continue to occur, I think that friction should be expected to decrease over time as we \"get better at forking\" and exchanges, wallets, etc. ", "figure out how to deal with the issues these splits create.", "And you could certainly make the case that this appears to be being borne out by the current ETH / ETC combined valuation.", "Saw this quote from /u/LovelyDay that I think summarizes the situation well:Another point that I think is important when attempting to apply lessons from the ETH / ETC split to Bitcoin is that the differences that led to the Ethereum fork were truly \"irreconcilable.\" ", "The dispute over whether to roll back those transactions couldn't be deferred. ", "In other words, unlike with the Bitcoin block size issue, it wasn't a debate over a particular \"feature\" (i.e., bigger blocks) that could always be added later (thereby stealing the challenger's thunder). (", "The \"feature\" in the Ethereum case is essentially \"immutability.\" ", "Kind of hard to get that one back.) ", "That difference is why I still doubt the viability of a minority hashpower \"big block\" fork of Bitcoin, what I previously called the \" fork now, gain market share later\" approach.", "I'm not really sure how I expect the ETH / ETC split to play out over the medium term. ", "On the one hand, the larger network should be a very powerful Schelling point. ", "On the other, so is the chain that actually comports with the original vision for ethereum (as still described on the ethereum.org website) of a \"decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third party interference.\" (", "Of course, over theterm, I doubt the viability of either chain as the entire project seems pretty ill-conceived to me.)" ]

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[ "Month: June 2012\n\nWe regret to inform you that this Sunday’s Toledo SOUP – 2nd Helping event will be postponed. ", "Due to a light response in proposals and some complications in the planning process, we have realized that with so many other fantastic community events happening at this time of the year, SOUP may better serve Toledo at a later date. ", "Rest assured, this wonderful community-giving event will return. ", "All submitted proposals will be held until a yet-to-be-determined later date. ", "We want to ensure that this program is as successful and meaningful as possible to all involved. ", "Thank you for your patience and understanding, and we can’t wait to see you in the near future. ", "Please stay tuned to our Facebook page, Twitter, and website,www.", "ToledoSOUP.org, for updates. ", "Enjoy the onset of summer!" ]

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[ "Facebook Activity\n\nTeen Ink on Twitter\n\nAbout the Contributor\n\nKnights.", "Love\n\nSilverton, OR\n\nAbout Knights.", "Love:\n\nAs a Catholic teen, I go to a private Catholic school. ", "I love it there. ", "I love to act, dance, sing, and write. ", "After this year in Comp, I have officially decided that I DESPISE writing essays. ", "They're SOOOO not my thing. ", "I love to read, too." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\\DOC mergesort\n\n\\TYPE {mergesort : ('a -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a list -> 'a list}\n\n\\SYNOPSIS\nSorts the list with respect to given ordering using mergesort algorithm.", "\n\n\\DESCRIBE\nIf {ord} is a total order, a call {mergesort ord l} will sort the list {l} \naccording to the order {ord}. ", "It works internally by a mergesort algorithm. ", "\nFrom a user's point of view, this just means: (i) its worst-case performance is \nmuch better than {sort}, which uses quicksort, but (ii) it will not reliably \ntopologically sort for a non-total order, whereas {sort} will.", "\n\n\\FAILURE\nNever fails unless the ordering function fails.", "\n\n\\EXAMPLE\n{\n # mergesort (<) [6;2;5;9;2;5;3];;\n val it : int list = [2; 2; 3; 5; 5; 6; 9]\n}\n\n\\SEEALSO\nmerge, sort.", "\n\n\\ENDDOC\n" ]

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[ "2016 Puskás Cup\n\nThe 2016 Puskás Cup was the ninth edition of the Puskás Cup and took place between 13 May to 16 May in Felcsút, Hungary. ", "Budapest Honvéd were the defending champions. ", "One new team, Genk Jeugd, were invited by the organisers for this event.", "\n\nThe 2016 Puskás Cup was won by Budapest Honvéd by beating Puskás Akadémia in penalty shootout in the final on 16 May 2016 at the Pancho Arena in Felcsút. ", "La Fábrica finished third by beating Genk Jeugd 3-1. ", "Hagi Academy finished fifth by beating Panathinaikos 2-1.", "\n\nParticipating teams\n Budapest Honvéd (former club of Ferenc Puskás)\n La Fábrica (former club of Ferenc Puskás)\n Hagi Academy (invited)\n Genk Jeugd (invited)\n Panathinaikos (former club of Ferenc Puskás)\n Puskás Akadémia (host)\n\nVenues\n\nSquads\n\nBudapest Honvéd\nCoach: Krisztián Somogyi\n\nLa Fábrica\nCoach: Tristán David Celador\n\nGenk Jeugd\nCoach: Eddy Vanhemel\n\nHagi Academy\nCoach: Nicolae Rosca\n\nPanathinaikos\nCoach: Henk Herder\n\nPuskás Akadémia\nCoach: Ivica Kulesevic\n\nResults\nAll times are local (UTC+2).", "\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nFifth place play-off\n\nThird place play-off\n\nFinal\n\nStatistics\n\nGoalscorers\n4 goals \n Zsombor Bévárdi (Puskás Akadémia)\n\n2 goals \n Safouane Ahidar (Genk Jeugd)\n Benjámin Pratsler (Budapest Honvéd)\n Román Adrián Moreno (La Fábrica)\n\n1 goal \n Zoltán Bence Banó-Szabó (Budapest Honvéd)\n Nikolasz Kovács (Budapest Honvéd)\n Milán Májer (Budapest Honvéd)\n Antonio Manuel Casas Marin (La Fábrica)\n Garcia Alberto Fernandez (La Fábrica)\n Rodriguez Inaki Elejalde (La Fábrica)\n Adrián de la Fuente Barquilla (La Fábrica)\n Elliot Gómez López (La Fábrica)\n Adriano Bertaccini (Genk Jeugd)\n Emeraude Molembia Bolingoli (Genk Jeugd)\n Denis Dragus (Hagi Academy)\n Romeo Branica (Hagi Academy)\n Catalin Itu (Hagi Academy)\n Robert Neciu (Hagi Academy)\n Alexandru Matan (Hagi Academy)\n Igli Doko (Panathinaikos)\n Gergely Mim (Puskás Akadémia)\n Balázs Varga (Puskás Akadémia)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\n2016\nCategory:2015–16 in Spanish football\nCategory:2015–16 in Hungarian football\nCategory:2015–16 in Greek football\nCategory:2015–16 in Romanian football\nCategory:2015–16 in Belgian football" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPython : most frequent element (mode) of sorted list without use any fonction\n\nI went around many forums without finding my solution because most uses at least one pre-function.", "\nI must return the statistical mode of a sorted list. ", "Warning, because I can't use any function, like: Max, Count, key, set.", "\nMy function be in o(n)\nI try with my own fonction : \ndef mode_liste (lis_resultat):\n \"\"\"lis_resultat: sorted list\"\"\"\n\n d=0\n e=0\n for i in range (len(lis_resultat)-1,1,-1):\n if (lis_resultat[i]==lis_resultat[i-1]):\n e+=1\n else:\n if (d<=e):\n res=lis_resultat[i-1]\n d=e\n e=0\n return res\n\nBut this function don't work with a list of less than 2 items, and I know that it's not the good solution\n\nA:\n\nmy solution with lis being the list operated upon:\ncounter = 0\nmy_max = 0\nmax_index = 0\n\nif len(lis) == 1:\n my_max = 1\n max_index = 0\nelse:\n for i in range(1,len(lis)):\n if lis[i] == lis[i-1]:\n counter += 1\n else:\n counter = 1\n if counter > my_max:\n my_max = counter\n max_index = i\n\nprint(f\"occurences: {my_max},mode: {lis[max_index]}\")\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "diff --git a/diff/diff.css b/diff/diff.css\nindex 73eaf9c..f9552a3 100755\n--- a/diff/diff.css\n+++ b/diff/diff.css\n@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ body {\n \tpadding-left:8px;\n }\n \n+td.lineNumbersOver {\n+\tdisplay:block;\n+\twidth:200px;\n+}\n+\n .longline {\n \tbackground-color:#fad7ff;\n color:#ae00c8;\n@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ code .addline, code .newfile {\n color:#080;\n }\n \n-table,table tr,table tr td {\n+table,table tr,table tr td,table tr td table {\n \tmargin:0;\n \tpadding:0;\n \tborder-spacing: 0;\ndiff --git a/diff/gity2.js b/diff/gity2.js\nindex 551daea..5462573 100644\n--- a/diff/gity2.js\n+++ b/diff/gity2.js\n@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ function highlightDiffs()\n \t\t{\n \t\t\tif(line1!=\"\")\n \t\t\t{\n-\t\t\t\talert(line1)\n-\t\t\t\tdiffContent += \"<table><tr><td><table><tr><td>\"+line1+\"</td></tr>\"+\"<tr><td>\"+line2+\"</td></tr></table></td><td rowspan>\"+hunkContent+\"</td></tr></table>\"\n+\t\t\t\t//alert(line1)\n+\t\t\t\tdiffContent += \"<table border=1 width='100%'><tr><td><table id='lineNumbers'><tr><td class='lineNumbersOver'>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class='lines'>\"+line1+\"</pre></td>\"+\"<td><pre class='lines'>\"+line2+\"</pre></td></tr></table></td><td>\"+hunkContent+\"</td></tr></table>\"\n \t\t\t}\n \t\t\thunkContent=\"\"\n \t\t\tline1=\"\";\ndiff --git a/diff/src.html b/diff/src.html\nindex ad82660..9518622 100644\n--- a/diff/src.html\n+++ b/diff/src.html\n@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@\n <head>\n \t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"diff.css\" type=\"text/css\" media=\"screen\" charset=\"utf-8\">\n \t<script type=\"text/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"gity.js\"></script>\n+\t<!", "--<script type=\"text/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"gity2.js\"></script>-->\n \t<script type=\"text/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"jquery.js\"></script>\n \t<script type=\"text/javascript\" charset=\"utf-8\">\n \t$(document).ready(startDiff);\n@@ -31,51 +32,6 @@ index b27216b..2f07884 100644\n \tGTOpUpdateSubs * o = [[[GTOpUpdateSubs alloc] initWithGD:gd] autorelease];\n \tNSOperationQueue * q = [self createCancelableQueueWithNetworkOperation:o];\n \t[o setCompletionBlock:^{\n-\n-diff --git a/versioning/_version b/versioning/_version\n-index bfb53fd..b38dd1f 100755\n---- a/versioning/_version\n-+++ b/versioning/_version\n-@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@\n- 0\n- 1\n- 7\n--2345\n-\\ No newline at end of file\n-+2347\n-\\ No newline at end of file\n-\n-diff --git a/src/GTOperationsController.m b/src/GTOperationsController.m\n-index b27216b..2f07884 100644\n---- a/src/GTOperationsController.m\n-+++ b/src/GTOperationsController.m\n-@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ static GTModalController * modals;\n-\n- - (void) runSubmoduleSyncForSubmodule:(NSString *) _submodule {\n- \tif(allCanceled || networkOpsCancelled) return;\n--\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Syncing submodule, please wait\"];\n-+\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Synchronizing submodule, please wait\"];\n- \tGTOpSubmoduleSync * o = [[[GTOpSubmoduleSync alloc] initWithGD:gd andSubmodule:_submodule] autorelease];\n- \tNSOperationQueue * q = [self createCancelableQueueWithNetworkOperation:o];\n- \t[o setCompletionBlock:^{\n-@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ static GTModalController * modals;\n-\n- - (void) runSubmoduleUpdateAll {\n- \tif(allCanceled || networkOpsCancelled) return;\n--\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Pulling submodule, please wait\"];\n-+\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Updating all submodules, please wait\"];\n- \tGTOpUpdateSubs * o = [[[GTOpUpdateSubs alloc] initWithGD:gd] autorelease];\n- \tNSOperationQueue * q = [self createCancelableQueueWithNetworkOperation:o];\n- \t[o setCompletionBlock:^{\n-@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ static GTModalController * modals;\n-\n- - (void) runSubmoduleInitAll {\n- \tif(allCanceled || networkOpsCancelled) return;\n--\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Pulling submodule, please wait\"];\n-+\t[status showStatusIndicatorWithLabel:@\"Initializing all submodules, please wait\"];\n- \tGTOpInitializeSubs * o = [[[GTOpInitializeSubs alloc] initWithGD:gd] autorelease];\n- \tNSOperationQueue * q = [self createCancelableQueueWithNetworkOperation:o];\n- \t[o setCompletionBlock:^{\n </textarea>\n <pre><code id='updateddiff'></code></pre>\n </body>\n\\ No newline at end of file\ndiff --git a/plain/TODO b/plain/TODO\nindex 3e22eca..bd5da66 100644\n--- a/plain/TODO\n+++ b/plain/TODO\n@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@\n -set base references in GTBaseExternalNibController.. remove [[gd xxx] ].", "\n -fix diffing in Release build. ", "For some reason --cached is always in the command.", "\n -go through source again. ", "I made it through views, but need to hit the rest again\n+-redo the line numbers in the diff view.. just about got it.", "\n \n -add more rebasing options?", "\n -patch commands\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMarch 2015 bounties for tags: Studio Ghibli anime\n\nThe rules\nIf you create a tag for a Studio Ghibli anime (see the list below) by asking a question with that tag, I will award you a 50-reputation bounty, provided that:\n\nThe question is posted during the month of March 2015.", "\nThe question receives a net score of at least +1 by April 7, 2015, and isn't closed or deleted. (", "We want good questions, not bad ones.) ", "Note: The February contest initially required a score of +3; this has been changed to +1\nYou have posted at least one answer on the site with a score of at least 0. (", "Bounties can only be awarded to answers, not questions.)", "\nYou have less than 10,000 reputation at the time of this posting. (", "This excludes Krazer / Jon Lin / Logan / Eric / Madara / kuwaly: no sense in making the rich richer.)", "\n\nIf you do not have enough reputation to create a tag (150 rep), that's fine - post the question anyway with retag and mention that you need somebody with more reputation to create the tag, and somebody will surely take care of that for you. ", "I will give you (rather than the higher-rep user who physically creates the tag) credit for creating the tag.", "\nThere is no limit on the number of bounties you can win (other than that you obviously can't win more bounties than there are tags to be made). ", "Note: This is a change from Feb 2015\nIf someone creates a tag but is disqualified from receiving a bounty for any of the reasons above, the bounty may still be awarded to the next user who asked a question in that tag, unless they are disqualified for some reason, in which case I'll go on to the next user, and so forth. ", "So, if somebody \"beats you to the punch\", but they already have >10k rep, go ahead and post your question! ", "Who knows - you could well win the bounty.", "\nThese rules are subject to revision by me at any time and for any reason. (", "But I probably won't unless I seriously overlooked something important.)", "\nStudio Ghibli anime that don't have tags\n\ncastle-in-the-sky - ask a question about Castle in the Sky\ngrave-of-the-fireflies - ask a question about Grave of the Fireflies\nonly-yesterday - ask a question about Only Yesterday (Omoide Poro Poro)\npom-poko - ask a question about Pom Poko\nwhisper-of-the-heart - ask a question about Whisper of the Heart\nmononoke-hime - ask a question about Mononoke Hime\nmy-neighbors-the-yamadas - ask a question about My Neighbors the Yamadas\nthe-cat-returns - ask a question about The Cat Returns\ntales-from-earthsea - ask a question about Tales from Earthsea\narrietty - ask a question about Karigurashi no Arrietty (The Secret World of Arrietty)\nfrom-up-on-poppy-hill - ask a question about From Up On Poppy Hill (Kokurikozaka Kara)\nprincess-kaguya - ask a question about The Tale of the Princess Kaguya\nwhen-marnie-was-there - ask a question about When Marnie was There (Omoide no Marnie)\nocean-waves - ask a question about Ocean Waves (I Can Hear the Sea / Umi ga Kikoeru)\nronia - ask a question about Ronia the Robber's Daughter (Sanzoku no Musume Ronia)\n\nAdditionally, if you want to make a tag for any other Ghibli thing I haven't listed above (e.g. short films), go right ahead, and I'll award you a bounty if you qualify. ", "I just don't want to list all of them here, because there's a lot of them.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince March is over and all bounty-eligible questions have a score of +1 or better right now, this iteration of the bounties-for-tags program is over. ", "The following tags were created:\n\ncastle-in-the-sky - Is Nadia voluntarily inspired by Castle in the Sky?", "\npom-poko - Why do the racoons in pompoko have such large genitalia?", "\nmononoke-hime - Why didn't Ashitaka return to his village after his curse was lifted?", "\ntales-from-earthsea - Why did Arren kill his father?", "\nfrom-up-on-poppy-hill - What are the differences between Studio Ghibli's film adaptation and the original manga of \"From Up On Poppy Hill\"?", "\nronia - What is the source material, if any, for Sanzoku no Musume Ronja?", "\n\nI thought we had an Arrietty question at one point, but I'm not seeing it, so I guess I was hallucinating or something.", "\nAnyway, this means that the following users win bounties from me:\n\nGao Weiwei wins 100 reputation, for creating tales-from-earthsea and from-up-on-poppy-hill.", "\nMindwin wins 50 reputation, for creating mononoke-hime.", "\nneothoron wins 50 reputation, for creating castle-in-the-sky.", "\nToshinou Kyouko wins 50 reputation, for creating pom-poko.", "\nTsugumori-704 wins 50 reputation, for creating ronia.", "\n\nCongratulations! ", "I'll leave bounties for you folks up for about a day, and then award them to you. ", "Since there are more than three of you this time, I'll have to do this in two batches. ", "\nLastly - the April 2015 bounties-for-tags program is now open. ", "The theme: sports anime.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "// Copyright 2013 The Prometheus Authors\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n\npackage model\n\nimport (\n\t\"encoding/json\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"sort\"\n\t\"strings\"\n)\n\n// A LabelSet is a collection of LabelName and LabelValue pairs. ", " The LabelSet\n// may be fully-qualified down to the point where it may resolve to a single\n// Metric in the data store or not. ", " All operations that occur within the realm\n// of a LabelSet can emit a vector of Metric entities to which the LabelSet may\n// match.", "\ntype LabelSet map[LabelName]LabelValue\n\n// Validate checks whether all names and values in the label set\n// are valid.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) Validate() error {\n\tfor ln, lv := range ls {\n\t\tif !", "ln.", "IsValid() {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.", "Errorf(\"invalid name %q\", ln)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif !", "lv.", "IsValid() {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.", "Errorf(\"invalid value %q\", lv)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// Equal returns true iff both label sets have exactly the same key/value pairs.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) Equal(o LabelSet) bool {\n\tif len(ls) !", "= len(o) {\n\t\treturn false\n\t}\n\tfor ln, lv := range ls {\n\t\tolv, ok := o[ln]\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\t}\n\t\tif olv !", "= lv {\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn true\n}\n\n// Before compares the metrics, using the following criteria:\n//\n// If m has fewer labels than o, it is before o. If it has more, it is not.", "\n//\n// If the number of labels is the same, the superset of all label names is\n// sorted alphanumerically. ", "The first differing label pair found in that order\n// determines the outcome: If the label does not exist at all in m, then m is\n// before o, and vice versa. ", "Otherwise the label value is compared\n// alphanumerically.", "\n//\n// If m and o are equal, the method returns false.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) Before(o LabelSet) bool {\n\tif len(ls) < len(o) {\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\tif len(ls) > len(o) {\n\t\treturn false\n\t}\n\n\tlns := make(LabelNames, 0, len(ls)+len(o))\n\tfor ln := range ls {\n\t\tlns = append(lns, ln)\n\t}\n\tfor ln := range o {\n\t\tlns = append(lns, ln)\n\t}\n\t// It's probably not worth it to de-dup lns.", "\n\tsort.", "Sort(lns)\n\tfor _, ln := range lns {\n\t\tmlv, ok := ls[ln]\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\t\tolv, ok := o[ln]\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\t}\n\t\tif mlv < olv {\n\t\t\treturn true\n\t\t}\n\t\tif mlv > olv {\n\t\t\treturn false\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// Clone returns a copy of the label set.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) Clone() LabelSet {\n\tlsn := make(LabelSet, len(ls))\n\tfor ln, lv := range ls {\n\t\tlsn[ln] = lv\n\t}\n\treturn lsn\n}\n\n// Merge is a helper function to non-destructively merge two label sets.", "\nfunc (l LabelSet) Merge(other LabelSet) LabelSet {\n\tresult := make(LabelSet, len(l))\n\n\tfor k, v := range l {\n\t\tresult[k] = v\n\t}\n\n\tfor k, v := range other {\n\t\tresult[k] = v\n\t}\n\n\treturn result\n}\n\nfunc (l LabelSet) String() string {\n\tlstrs := make([]string, 0, len(l))\n\tfor l, v := range l {\n\t\tlstrs = append(lstrs, fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%s=%q\", l, v))\n\t}\n\n\tsort.", "Strings(lstrs)\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"{%s}\", strings.", "Join(lstrs, \", \"))\n}\n\n// Fingerprint returns the LabelSet's fingerprint.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) Fingerprint() Fingerprint {\n\treturn labelSetToFingerprint(ls)\n}\n\n// FastFingerprint returns the LabelSet's Fingerprint calculated by a faster hashing\n// algorithm, which is, however, more susceptible to hash collisions.", "\nfunc (ls LabelSet) FastFingerprint() Fingerprint {\n\treturn labelSetToFastFingerprint(ls)\n}\n\n// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.", "Unmarshaler interface.", "\nfunc (l *LabelSet) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {\n\tvar m map[LabelName]LabelValue\n\tif err := json.", "Unmarshal(b, &m); err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\t// encoding/json only unmarshals maps of the form map[string]T. It treats\n\t// LabelName as a string and does not call its UnmarshalJSON method.", "\n\t// Thus, we have to replicate the behavior here.", "\n\tfor ln := range m {\n\t\tif !", "ln.", "IsValid() {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.", "Errorf(\"%q is not a valid label name\", ln)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t*l = LabelSet(m)\n\treturn nil\n}\n" ]

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[ "Effect of low sea water temperature on water balance in the Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar L.).", "\nThe water balance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) overwintering in sea water (34 ‰) was investigated. ", "With a decrease of temperature from 5.6 to 1.0°C the drinking rate decreased from 13.9 to 5.7 ml/kg/day, and the absolute amount of water absorbed decreased from 8.9 to 5.0 ml/kg/day. ", "A decrease in temperature led, however, to an increase in the proportion of water absorbed in the intestines from 60 to 96%. ", "Blood serum osmolarity increased from 320 to 440 mosm/1 with decreasing temperature and there was a reduction in tissue water content from 75 to 69% The disturbance of water balance at low temperature may be one of the factors responsible for mortality of salmon overwintering in sea water." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPorting partially-relational S3 data into Redshift via Spark and Glue\n\nI should preface this with the fact that I'm using Enhanced VPC Routing for my AWS account, which precludes me from using the traditional S3 to Redshift querying:\n\n\"Your cluster can't have Enhanced VPC Routing enabled. (", "to use Spectrum)\"\n\nMy understanding is that AWS Redshift is a high-octane Postgres-as-a-service that is optimized for extremely fast reads over large data volumes. ", "So if you lots of have relational data that you want to query/analyze, then Redshift is a good choice for you.", "\nMy understanding of AWS Athena is that its just using something like Apache Drill (or similar) to provide a SQL-like interface over any data stored in S3 buckets (relational and otherwise, as well as any format: unstructured plaintext, JSON, XML, etc.). ", "So if you just have data in S3 that you want to query via SQL-like syntax, Athena is a good choice for you.", "\nTo begin with, can anyone begin by confirming/clarifying my understanding above? ", "Assuming I'm more or less correct...\nI have structured/relational (stored in JSON and CSV files) that lives on S3. ", "I'd like to create an ETL process that reads this data out of S3 and dumps it into Redshift so that downstream processes can analyze it.", "\nSo I'm thinking about creating a Spark-based ETL pipeline whereby:\n\nSpark uses Athena to query S3 data into DataFrames; I'm also wondering if AWS Glue can possibly do some heavy lifting here\nSpark writes the contents of those DataFrames to Redshift\n\nSo my question: is this the most efficient way to port LARGE amounts of partially-structured/relational S3 data (again stored in various file formats) into Redshift, or is there a better/simpler way?", "\n\nA:\n\nEDIT\nSince your Redshift cluster does not have any access to S3 whatsoever (due to Enhanced VPC Routing), the option I see here is to use JDBC to write to Redshift. ", "\nRegarding Athena: Since you're using Spark, you don't need Athena here - spark can read data from S3 and create a dataframe out of it. ", "\nRegarding Glue: Glue is a serverless Spark offering which comes with Glue Catalog (Metastore), Crawlers to discover tables and Spark code generator for simple transformations. ", "Best about it is that it also runs plain spark code. ", "I don't know how you run your spark workloads, but this could be an option. ", "\nWriting a DataFrame to a JDBC endpoint in Spark could look like this:\nval spark = SparkSession.getOrCreate(...)\nval dataframe = spark\n .read\n .format(\"csv\") //or json\n .load(\"s3://your-s3-path\") \n\nval connectionProps = new Properties()\nredshiftConnProps.setProperty(...)\n\ndataframe\n .write\n .jdbc(\"redshift-url\", \"tablename\", connectionProperties)\n\nFor the details about jdbc connection properties have a look into Spark DataFrameWriter documentation. ", "\nPlease note: As I mentioned in a comment - loading data via JDBC interface to Redshift is discouraged, since all the traffic goes through master node, and it cannot utilize parallelism properly. ", "\n\nThere is a simpler way, even two:\n\nTo load data from s3 to Redshift you don't need any external ETL process (provided you don't have to transform the data). ", "Redshift supports loading data from S3 directly\ncopy venue from 's3://mybucket/venue'\niam_role 'arn:aws:iam::0123456789012:role/MyRedshiftRole'\ndelimiter '|';\n\nOther option is to use Redshift spectrum (and this is something very similar to AWS Athena, but with redshift sql engine instead of presto) which allows you to expose S3 buckets as tables without the need to move data anywhere. ", "You just create an EXTERNAL SCHEMA and an EXTERNAL TABLE and your table is visible and querable from Redshift (and also Athena). ", "More in official AWS documentation\n\nPlease Note: Redshift supports only flat schemas, so if you have any struct, array or map in your schema, you will not be able to load it into Redshift before you flatten it somehow (AWS Glue provides a relationalize function to do that automatically). ", "Since Presto DOES support nested schemas, you CAN use Athena to query conplex nexted schemas. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA liquid crystal display panel can be bent by making a glass substrate thin (see JP-A-2003-280548(patent document 1)). ", "A first glass substrate and a second glass substrate which face each other in an opposed manner have edge portions of opposing surfaces thereof firmly fixed to each other by a sealing material. ", "Accordingly, when the first glass substrate and the second glass substrate are bent such that an outer surface of the first glass substrate forms a convex surface and an outer surface of the second glass substrate forms a concave surface, a tensile strength is applied to the first glass substrate and a compressive strength is applied to the second glass substrate. ", "Here, the outer surface of the second glass substrate has a projecting portion which projects outward for releasing a compressive stress. ", "Due to the presence of the projecting portion, a distance between the opposing surfaces of the first glass substrate and the second glass substrate is increased and this increase of the distance adversely affects characteristics of the liquid crystal display panel.", "\nJP-A-2004-354468 (patent document 2) discloses a method where a substrate is held in a bent state and a sealing material is hardened by radiating ultraviolet rays to the sealing material in such a state. ", "Further, JP-A-2008-175914 (patent document 3) discloses a method where a substrate is bent by heating the substrate at a temperature where a sealing material is softened." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nScalaQuery multiple primary key & foreign key\n\nHow do we define a multiple primary key and a foreign key in ScalaQuery?", "\nobject myTable1 extends Table([Int])(\"myTable1\") {\n def id = column[Int](\"id\", O PrimaryKey)\n def * = id\n} \n\nobject myTable2 extends Table([Int, Int, Int])(\"myTable2\") {\n def pk1 = column[Int](\"id1\")\n def pk2 = column[Int](\"id2\")\n def fk1 = column[Int](\"fk1\")\n def * = pk1 ~ pk2 ~ fk1\n}\n\nSo what is the code to use if I want pk1 and pk2 in myTable2 to be the primary key and fk1 in myTable2 to refer to id in myTable1?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe following should work against the ScalaQuery master branch:\nobject myTable2 extends Table([Int, Int, Int])(\"myTable2\") {\n def pk1 = column[Int](\"id1\")\n def pk2 = column[Int](\"id2\")\n def fk1 = column[Int](\"fk1\")\n def * = pk1 ~ pk2 ~ fk1\n def pk = primaryKey(\"pk_myTable2\", pk1 ~ pk2)\n def fkMyTable1 = foreignKey(\"myTable1_fk\", fk1, myTable1)(_.id)\n}\n\nWhile fk1 in myTable2 is the underlying column, fkMyTable1 is the foreign key definition which doubles as a join on the foreign key. ", "Foreign keys are available in ScalaQuery 0.9.1, explicit primary keys (with names and with support for multiple columns) are available in master at the moment and will be included in 0.9.2. ", "You can find more examples in the unit test classes ForeignKeyTest and PrimaryKeyTest.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there an RDF ontology for blogs?", "\n\nI'm setting up a blog, and I'm fascinated by RDF and the idea of the sematic web. ", "I'd like to use RDFa to embed sematic data into my blog. ", "There are several well know semantic web ontologies like FOAF for decribing people, ical for events, geo for places.", "\nIs there an ontology for blogs? ", "Something to say \"This site is a blog. ", "Foo is a blog entry. ", "Foo was posted on (date here in ical or whatever), foo has X comments. ", "Y is a comment on Foo. ", "Y was left at (this time), Y was left by (someone)\"?", "\nUpdate:\nI know about Dublin Core, that seems to cover a lot of stuff I want (e.g. \"This was written at this time\", \"This was written by this person\", \"The title of this is whatever\"). ", "So that's goes about 75% of the way there. ", "Is there anything that fully marks up blogs? ", "Takes it to the next level? \"", "This is a blog\", \"This is a comment on this entry\", \"This is the URL for a trackback on this blog\", etc? ", "If not I'll just make my own.", "\n\nA:\n\nthe SIOC ontology might be what you are looking for. ", "its purpose is to express information about blogs, forums, wikis and other kinds of social media sites.", "\nuseful information:\n\na list of SIOC applications \nSIOC plugin for WordPress \nSemantic Radar extension for Firefox\n\nA:\n\nHave a look at SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities) http://sioc-project.org/ \nI think it's exactly what you want. ", "\nTo quote them: \n\nThe SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities) Core Ontology provides the main concepts and properties required to describe information from online communities (e.g., message boards, wikis, weblogs, etc.) ", "on the Semantic Web.", "\n\nIf you need more, there are others depending on your needs (for tag or else) most of the time extending FOAF/SIOC/...\n\nA:\n\nWell one of the beauties of RDF schemas is the ability to extend them, and mix-and-match elements from eachother. ", "So you could create your own, and use existing bits.", "\nSo I would go with a combination of Dublin Core, for documents, publishing, etc, with Friend Of A Friend for people and social aspects to the blog. ", "These are two of the most commonly used ontologies for general purposes.", "\n\n" ]

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[ " -18*i - d = 105 for i.\n-7\nSuppose 0 = 137*q - 131*q - 402. ", "Solve -7*c - q + 32 = 0 for c.\n-5\nLet z(i) = 4*i**3 + i**2 - i + 34. ", "Let c be z(0). ", "Solve -c*g = -23*g - 11 for g.\n1\nLet n be ((-3)/(-27)*6)/(2/(-303)). ", "Let q = -75 - n. Suppose 4*j - 7 - 15 = -2*i, -4*i = -2*j + q. Solve -o + j = 5 for o.\n2\nLet r = 9145 + -9105. ", "Solve 24*j = 34*j - r for j.\n4\nSuppose -2*f - 15 = 4*r + 1, 4*f + 10 = 3*r. ", "Let i(d) = -7*d - 12. ", "Let s be i(r). ", "Let b be 3/12*(11 + 1). ", "Solve -b*k = s*k - 10 for k.\n2\nLet z(s) be the second derivative of s**4/12 - 8*s**3/3 + 33*s**2/2 - 2*s. ", "Let o be z(14). ", "Suppose 7*y = o*y + 16. ", "Solve -5*d + d = -y for d.\n2\nSuppose 0 = -15*p + 7098 - 6843. ", "Solve p = -23*b + 40*b for b.\n1\nSuppose -3*i - 43 = -5*x, -4*x - 3*i + 28 = -1. ", "Suppose -4*w - 220 = -x*w. ", "Let f = w - 50. ", "Solve -f*q = -0*q - 25 for q.\n5\nSuppose 2*l = -5*n - 13, -5*n = -2*l - 4*n + 5. ", "Let z be (l - 2)*(1 - 1). ", "Solve 2*c + 3*c - 15 = z for c.\n3\nSuppose 3*l = 5*z + 13, 46*z = -10*l + 45*z + 8. ", "Solve -11*y - l = -23 for y.\n2\nLet n be (-10)/2*(3 - 28 - -24). ", "Solve n*l - 59 = -64 for l.\n-1\nSuppose -3*g - 20 = -26. ", "Suppose 2*t = -3*j - 3 + 1, 4*t + 4*j - 4 = 0. ", "Solve 3*y = g*y + t for y.\n5\nLet j be -8*(-5)/180*9. ", "Suppose 0 = -4*s - 5 + 1, 0 = 5*f - j*s - 27. ", "Solve 0*n = n + f for n.\n-5\nLet t = -27 - -40. ", "Let m = 18 - t. Suppose -x = -7 + m. Solve -b = b + x for b.\n-1\nSuppose 11776 = 1278*d - 1150*d. ", "Solve 0 = d*o + 8*o for o.\n0\nLet j(y) = y + 3. ", "Let l(o) = -o**3 - 5*o**2 - 4*o + 2. ", "Let v be l(-4). ", "Let z be j(v). ", "Let k(a) = 28*a + 168. ", "Let i be k(-6). ", "Solve -z + i = m for m.\n-5\nLet x(z) = -165*z + 7077. ", "Let q be x(42). ", "Solve 56*v + q = 35 for v.\n-2\nLet f = -171 - 19. ", "Let q = -186 - f. Solve 0 = 3*v - q*v for v.\n0\nLet f(j) = -2*j**3 + 9*j**2 - 2*j. ", "Let i be f(4). ", "Let h be 279/24 - (-3)/i. ", "Solve h*l - 2*l = -20 for l.\n-2\nSuppose 0 = 4*l - 16 + 4, -2*o = 3*l - 27. ", "Suppose -107 = -o*p + 127. ", "Solve p*u - 20*u - 24 = 0 for u.\n4\nLet o(x) = -253*x - 1252. ", "Let v be o(-5). ", "Solve 0 = v*t - 49*t + 180 for t.\n5\nSuppose d = 4*w - 51, -4*w + 4*d = -68 + 20. ", "Solve -w*i - 2973 = -2921 for i.\n-4\nSuppose d + 2*f = 2*d + 4, 4*f = 5*d + 2. ", "Let r be 5 + d*(-6)/24*4. ", "Solve r*v = 11 + 1 for v.\n4\nLet v = -70 - -73. ", "Let f(w) = 2*w - 2. ", "Let i be f(v). ", "Solve -3*o = -i*o - 5 for o.\n-5\nLet q(a) = -a**2 + 21*a + 29. ", "Let y be q(11). ", "Let w = 144 - y. Solve 0*p + 15 = w*p for p.\n3\nLet t(w) = 7*w**2 + 1. ", "Let d be t(1). ", "Suppose 0*x + d = x. Let o be 6 + -2 - (-9 + 13). ", "Solve 4*q = -o + x for q.\n2\nLet f be (10/70 + 1588/(-42))/(2/(-6)). ", "Solve -6*h + f = 83 for h.\n5\nLet m be ((-96)/28)/((-3)/84 + 0). ", "Let i = m - 50. ", "Suppose -i = -5*h - 26. ", "Solve 0*d - h = 2*d for d.\n-2\nSuppose 0 = 109*l - 112*l + 9. ", "Let i be 3 - (l + (-5)/1). ", "Solve 0 = r - 4 + i for r.\n-1\nSuppose 5*r + s - 2089 = -485, 328 = r - s. Solve -r = -74*h + 196 for h.\n7\nLet a(c) = c**3 - 9*c**2 + 12. ", "Let w be a(9). ", "Suppose -3*z = -3*d + 9, 5*z = -2*d + w - 6. ", "Solve x - d*x - 8 = 0 for x.\n-4\nLet q(a) = -132*a + 1192. ", "Let k be q(9). ", "Solve -k*v + 69 = 41 for v.\n7\nLet x = -2316 + 2772. ", "Solve 59*g = x - 161 for g.\n5\nLet k be (6 - 1 - 2) + -1. ", "Suppose 6*i + 9 = -k*g + i, i = 2*g - 9. ", "Solve -g*z - 3 = 12 for z.\n-5\nSuppose -u = u + 2. ", "Let c be 0*u*(-2)/(-6). ", "Let i = 13 + -4. ", "Solve -3*s - 3 + i = c for s.\n2\nLet v = 2797 + -2792. ", "Solve -8*d - v*d = 4*d for d.\n0\nSuppose -4*c + 4*v + 60 = 0, 4*c - 3*v = 3*c + 17. ", "Suppose 5*h - c = 6. ", "Solve -h*k = -k for k.\n0\nSuppose -12025 = -628*a + 15340 + 2779. ", "Solve -a*m = -77*m + 87 for m.\n3\nSuppose -f - 3*f + 171 = -o, 2*f + 3*o = 103. ", "Let a = 46 - f. Suppose h = h - a*h. ", "Solve h = -t - 4 - 1 for t.\n-5\nLet a be 4/(-18) + (-41340)/(-216)*-2. ", "Let j = 385 + a. Solve j*c - 1 = c for c.\n1\nLet x(k) = 23*k**2 - 8*k - 9. ", "Let q be x(-1). ", "Suppose 32 = 4*v - 4*i, 5*v + 3*i - q - 2 = 0. ", "Solve 8*w = v*w for w.\n0\nSuppose 0 = 11*p + 85 + 377. ", "Let s = p - -50. ", "Suppose -4*h = -12*f + 8*f + 24, -s = -2*h. ", "Solve -2*c + f = -0 for c.\n5\nSuppose 0 = l - 19 - 12. ", "Suppose -l - 21 = -2*w. ", "Let m = -13 + w. Solve 4*d + m = -3 for d.\n-4\nLet h(m) = m**3 - 6*m**2 + 8*m. ", "Let q be h(4). ", "Suppose x - 3 = r + 1, q = 4*x - r - 28. ", "Suppose -n - 1 = z, 2*n + z + 1 = -n. ", "Solve 11*t - 13*t - x = n for t.\n-4\nSuppose 7*s = -s + 2*s. ", "Suppose 3*b + 57 = -s*b. ", "Let j = -14 - b. Solve -5*d = -0 + j for d.\n-1\nSuppose 2*z + 2 = 4. ", "Let q be z/(1/(-4) + 14/24). ", "Suppose q*j = -3*t, -2*j + t = 3 - 15. ", "Solve 7*l = j*l - 15 for l.\n-5\nSuppose 624 = -30*m + 17*m. ", "Let b be -3*2*16/m. Solve b = -2*h - 0 for h.\n-1\nLet b(p) = -3*p + 10. ", "Suppose 55*c - 59*c = 4. ", "Let y be b(c). ", "Solve 4*m - y = -5 for m.\n2\nLet z(u) = -3*u + 48. ", "Let v = 190 - 176. ", "Let i be z(v). ", "Solve -2*o + i*o = 0 for o.\n0\nLet f be (-1 - 18/2)/((-260)/104). ", "Solve f*t - 14 - 10 = 0 for t.\n6\nLet w be 394848/(-180)*((-9)/(-63) - 37/14). ", "Solve 0 = 5485*q - w*q - 4 for q.\n4\nSuppose -46 = -3*x - 2*s, 4*x = -0*x - 4*s + 64. ", "Let z = -11 + x. Let y = -523 + 532. ", "Solve 3 = -z*a - y for a.\n-4\nSuppose 82*r = 85*r - 12. ", "Suppose 5*t - 3*t = r. Let y = -12 + 17. ", "Solve t*f - 3 = y*f for f.\n-1\nLet z(v) = 15*v**2 - 42*v + 22. ", "Let u be z(4). ", "Solve -23*r + 94 = u for r.\n0\nSuppose -106700 = -20*d - 104720. ", "Solve -137*u + 148*u = -d for u.\n-9\nLet t(n) = 4*n**2 - 7*n + 7. ", "Let k be t(1). ", "Let z(w) = -w**2 + 36*w + 466. ", "Let q be z(46). ", "Solve -k*x - q = -10*x for x.\n1\nLet b be 2/(-4)*(-1960)/(-196) - 77/(-1). ", "Solve 0 = 390*h - 378*h + b for h.\n-6\nLet m = 63 + -78. ", "Let y be (145/m)/(1/3). ", "Let o = y + 33. ", "Solve -o*j - 9 = -j for j.\n-3\nSuppose 386 + 1364 = 407*i - 285. ", "Let z be (-4)/(-10) - (-96)/10. ", "Solve -z*l + i = -9*l for l.\n5\nSuppose -333*d + 332*d + 39 = 0. ", "Solve 0 = -8*b + 9 + d for b.\n6\nSuppose -4*n + 21*j - 16*j + 8 = 0, -n + 5*j = -2. ", "Solve -n*v + 39 - 47 = 0 for v.\n-4\nSuppose -4*t + 3382 + 1783 = t. Solve -1073 + t = -8*y for y.\n5\nLet d be ((1 + -1)/1)/(-2). ", "Let r(j) = 663*j - 4637. ", "Let p be r(7). ", "Solve 4*o - 5*o + p = d for o.\n4\nSuppose -40*b - 1530 = -130*b. ", "Solve 56*k - b*k - 39 = 0 for k.\n1\nLet p(k) = -k**3 + 2*k**2 + 3*k + 3. ", "Let x be p(3). ", "Suppose -r = -v - 6*r + 3, -x*v + 3*r = -9. ", "Solve v*b - 14 + 17 = 0 for b.\n-1\nSuppose 2*o - 4*d + 9*d = 84, -5*o + 5*d + 175 = 0. ", "Let m(x) = -x**3 + 37*x**2 - 5*x + 195. ", "Let p be m(o). ", "Solve -4*j - p = -2*j for j.\n-5\nLet z = 6939 + -6795. ", "Solve z = 32*p - 8*p for p.\n6\nSuppose l = 3*z + 13, -5*l = 2*z - 7 + 44. ", "Let c be z/14 + 36/84. ", "Suppose b - 16 = 5*b, 2*r + b = c. Solve -m = -5 + r for m.\n3\nSuppose 2*o = -u + 60, -204*o - 275 = -5*u - 209*o. ", "Solve -26 = -19*x + u for x.\n4\nSuppose -13 = -f - 10. ", "Suppose -3*z - 12 = 0, 0 = 2*l - 7*l - f*z + 13. ", "Solve 6*t - l*t = 1 for t.\n1\nLet r(y) = 415*y - 3728. ", "Let j be r(9). ", "Solve 0 = -8*f + 39 - j for f.\n4\nLet a(m) = -20*m**3 + m**2 - 95*m - 286. ", "Let w be a(-3). ", "Solve -7*h + 562 = w for h.\n2\nLet t be 32/(-56) - (-1200)/(-7). ", "Let y = t - -176. ", "Solve y*l + 2 = 22 for l.\n5\nSuppose -4*h = -24, 3*h - 30 = -5*f - 12. ", "Solve -23*o - 160 - 1 = f for o.\n-7\nLet o(i) = -i**2 - 177*i - 2710. ", "Let q be o(-17). ", "Solve -q*h - 146 = -106 for h.\n-4\nLet i(t) = -126*t - 3635. ", "Let n be i(-29). ", "Solve 0 = 40*j - 299 + n for j.\n7\nSuppose 3*b - 10 = -1. ", "Suppose 2*r = 3*j - j - 8, -3*r = b. Suppose -8*a = -13*a + 2*q - 4, -2*q + 8 = -3*a. ", "Solve j*u + 25 = -a*u for u.\n-5\nLet u(z) = 2*z**2 - 13*z + 26. ", "Let y be u(3). ", "Solve y*v - 6 = 4 for v.\n2\nSuppose 25*i = 438 - 63. ", "Solve -i*t - 9 = -84 for t.\n5\nLet a be 12 - 2 - 15 - -383. ", "Solve 27*g = -27*g + a for g.\n7\nSuppose 3*n + 0*n = 4*g - 47, 3 = -3*n. ", "Suppose o + 4*o + 419 = 3*y, -4*y + 3*o + 544 = 0. ", "Let x = y - 129. ", "Solve x*c - g = 1 for c.\n3\nSuppose 0*l - 4*l + 40 = 0. ", "Let z = -311 + 306. ", "Let w = z + l. Solve 1 = w*u - 4 for u.\n1\nSuppose 10*y - 4*y + 420 = 0. ", "Let g = y - -74. ", "Suppose 17 = 12*h - 7. ", "Solve g*u - h*u = 10 for u.\n5\nLet k = -8199 - -8199. ", "Solve -10*i - 8 + 28 = k for i.\n2\nSuppose -25 = -42*j - 15 - 10. ", "Solve 4*q + 673 - 689 = j for q.\n4\nLet o(q) = -4*q**3 - 8*q**2 - 5*q - 14. ", "Let n be o(-3). ", "Solve 10*t - n + 97 = 0 for t.\n-6\nLet h = -82971 - -82976. ", "Let o be 0/(1/(-1)*2). ", "Solve o = 10*f - h*f - 25 for f.\n5\nLet k be -1 + 1 + (-22)/(-2). ", "Let f(m) be the first derivative of 34*m**3/3 - 3*m**2/2 + 43. ", "Let b be f(1). ", "Solve -4*i - b = -k for i.\n-5\nLet v(k) = k**2 - k + 1. ", "Let w(u) = 4*u**2 + 7*u - 22. ", "Let f(y) = -5*v(y) + w(y). ", "L" ]

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[ "Header$type=menu\n\nMunaTo Yesterland & MunaTo International Music & Arts Festival will merge in the 14th MunaTo Festival\n\nSHARE:\n\nThe province of Sarangani is celebrating its 24nd founding anniversary and the 14th MunaTo Festival. ", "This festival commemorates the birth of Sarangani province with the celebration of its People, Culture, and Treasures. ", "This year’s MunaTo Festival is slated on November 24-26, 2016 at the Sarangani Capitol in Alabel, Sarangani.", "\n\nMunaTo Festival is coined from two Blaan words that mean “First People”. ", "The anthropomorphic jars found in the caves of Maitum (Ayub, Pinol, and Sagel), give clues to Mindanao’s early history and of the Philippines as a whole. ", "The carbon dated anthropomorphic jars depicts that Maitum was the home of early civilization dating back to the Metal age. ", "The original jars are currently in the National Museum for safekeeping and exhibition. ", "Based on the historical time line of the early history of the Philippines, after the Tabon Cave in Palawan, the next earliest pottery is found in Pinol Cave in Maitum. ", "Thus the claim that in Mindanao, the First People or “Munah To”, possibly are from Maitum, Sarangani Province.", "\n\nSarangani Province was born through the efforts of Congressman James L. Chiongbian in 1992, by the passing of Republic Act 7228. ", "Formerly the area was part of the 3rd District of South Cotabato. ", "It became a separate province on May 19, 1992. ", "Sarangani province is young province with a very long and rich history.", "\n\nMunaTo Festival is a festival that was conceptualized in 2002. ", "The idea was to create a cultural festival that would celebrate the vibrant diversity of Sarangani Province. ", "It has been celebrated yearly bringing the 7 municipalities of Sarangani together and featuring the best in each town.", "\n\nFor this year, MunaTo Festival will merge the MunaTo Yesterland and MunaTo International Music and Arts Festival. ", "In 2015 Malaysian Sape Player, Mathew Ngau Jau from Sarawak performed live in Sarangani. ", "This year, the Indonesian Consulate of Davao will be taking part by giving cultural exchange on their instruments and also engage in a music and dance performances.", "\n\nThey are also introducing the MunaTo Cultural Village and show where groups will be entertained with Sarangani’s cultural diversity and story called “Thread of Life”. ", "It is a one-hour show depicting different cultural themes celebrated in Sarangani from death to life, and from farming and harvest, and marriage and celebration of peace practices. ", "This one-hour show will then end with the showcase of the authentic food served by the community kitchens of Sarangani.", "\n\nThe festival will hold the second run of the PLATFORM IN SARANGANI, whereby great speakers come and share their insights on interesting topics. ", "This year we will be graced with the presence of Secretary Gina Lopez, (former) Sec Raffy Alunan, and PNP General Ronald Bato Dela Rosa.", "\n\nThe festival will also showcase Pearl of Sarangani where beautiful young ladies from all 7 municipalities vying for the crown of the most beautiful woman in Sarangani Province.", "\n\nThey are also holding the Sarangani Youth Day with over 800+ Youth leaders of the province gather to share their advocacies and make a stand on how they want to shape the future of Sarangani province. ", "Their special guest, Commissioner Aiza Seguerra (National Youth Commission) will be with them and be one of the main speakers.", "\n\nThe Munato Yesterland Themepark is showcasing 10 Attractions.", "\n\n1. ", "MunaTo Cultural Village and Show – This will showcase the Tboli, Blaan, and Tagakaolo and Moro tribes. ", "There will be a show every 9 AM, 11 AM, 2PM and 4PM. ", "This show is called the Thread of Life and sharing in an interactive way their music, dances, chants and stories.", "\n\n2. ", "Sarangani Wildlife Museum – This is found at the ECPC, where one can see the different animals that are preserved for study. ", "This museum shows the varied species found in Sarangani. ", "Also at the 2nd floor auditorium will play Sarangani- made films from last year’s Salamindanaw’s entry.", "\n\n3. ", "Looms & Beads - Located at the Kasfala Hall, the Looms and Beads is an extensive, elaborate, and detailed exhibit featuring traditional arts and crafts in Mabal Tabih, Saul (bead works), and other artifacts. ", "This is an exhibit of Heirloom designs and fabrics from our Indigenous Tribes in Sarangani.", "\n\n4. ", "MunaTo Fotoloco – This is the sculpture of Kublai found at the Sarangani Capitol depicting the first people. ", "Here people can take their wacky and fun photos. ", "A photobooth will be available to take photos for a fee!", "\n\n5. ", "Sarangani Street Arts – On the back street of the Capitol, several Sarangani artists will create a 3D street art of the different Sarangani tourist destination for those with tickets to take their chance for photo ops.", "\n\n6. ", "Fabli Guni – Sarangani’s food & handicrafts display and sale.", "\n\n7. ", "Sarangani Historical Lane – Sarangani gives tribute to all the leaders that have served Sarangani Province since its creation since 1992.", "\n\n8. ", "Fabli Guni & Farmers Market – This will be the biggest gathering of Sarangani Produce and Products. ", "Included here will be Organic Vegetables, Fruits, Sarangani Upland Rice varieties including ornamental plants, and potteries. ", "Also for sale, will be Sarangani’s processed foods, Aquaculture harvests, handicraft and furniture, fashion, and even Halal foods. ", "This is one full market where you can buy and even deal with suppliers!", "\n\n9. ", "MunaTo Arcade – This is the section for food and novelty items. ", "Here we will have traders selling snacks, meals, drinks, and other goods.", "\n\n10. ", "MunaTo Center Stage - Found at the center grounds of Sarangani Capitol. ", "Here free shows and activities that can be viewed by all Themepark goers. ", "This includes the daily parade and mascot appearances, the tribal sports and boxing competitions, magic shows, concerts and Pearl of Sarangani.", "\n\nMunaTo Themepark Rules and Rates:\n\nEveryone coming to the MunaTo Yesterland Themepark can enter for free.", "\n\nHowever, MunaTo Cultural Village and show will require a ticket to enter for the rate of P100 and this includes the authentic food experience.", "\n\nThis is the blog of G.V. Alfasain (or popularly known as Yadu Karu) where he shares his thoughts about current events, sustainable development and pop culture. ", "He also shares success stories of modern day heroes to inspire his readers. ", "The author hopes that this blog may contribute change in the (Philippine) society." ]

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[ "Cleveland E. Dodge Jr.\n\nCleveland E. Dodge Jr. (March 7, 1922 – January 28, 2007) was an industrialist and businessman, and a pioneer of manufacturing temperature-resistant wire coatings using Teflon in the 1950s. ", "He founded Dodge Fibers Corporation in 1955 to manufacture Teflon-coated fabrics. ", "He later founded Dodge Machine Co., which manufactured Rope Grips and other products.", "\n\nBiography\nAfter his father's death in 1982, Dodge became president of the Cleveland H. Dodge Foundation, established in 1917 by his grandfather Cleveland Hoadley Dodge. ", "He developed an interest in the many New York City organizations which it helped fund. ", "He served as director on boards including Phelps Dodge, Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company, the YMCA of New York, Springfield College, Key Bank, the Bennington Museum and the Thousand Islands Antique Boat Museum.", "\n\nCleveland Dodge was the great-grandson of William E. Dodge and cousin of David S. Dodge. ", "He was born in New York, but lived much of his life in Pownal, Vermont, with his wife, Phyllis Boushall Dodge, and children Alice Dodge Berkeley, Sally Dodge Mole, and Andy Dodge.", "\n\nLegacy\nTeachers College at Columbia University has an endowed professorship with the name of his father, Cleveland E. Dodge. ", " Currently, John B. Black is the Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Telecommunications and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:2007 deaths\nCategory:American manufacturing businesspeople" ]

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[ "{% extends \"website/base.html\" %}\r\n\r\n{% block titleblock %}Login{% endblock %}\r\n\r\n{% block body %}\r\n\r\n{% load addclass %}\r\n<div class=\"container main-content mt-4\" id=\"main-copy\">\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-lg-5 offset-lg-3 col-sm-12\">\r\n <div class=\"card mt-3\">\r\n <div class=\"card-body\">\r\n <h1 class=\"card-title\">Login</h1>\r\n <hr />\r\n {% include 'website/messages.html' %}\r\n {% if user.is_authenticated %}\r\n <div class=\"alert alert-info\" role=\"alert\">You are already logged in!</div>\r\n {% else %}\r\n {% if form.errors %}\r\n <div class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\">Your username and password are incorrect. ", "Please try again.</div>\r\n {% endif %}\r\n {% endif %}\r\n\r\n {% if not user.is_authenticated %}\r\n <form method=\"post\" action=\".\"", ">\r\n {% csrf_token %}\r\n\r\n <div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <label for=\"id_username\">Username:</label>\r\n {{ form.username | addclass:\"form-control\" }}\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <label for=\"id_password\">Password:</label>\r\n {{ form.password | addclass:\"form-control\" }}\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <hr />\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-sm-12 text-center small\"><a href=\"{% url 'password_reset' %}\">Forgot Password?</a></div>\r\n <div class=\"col-lg-6 col-sm-12 text-center small\"><a href=\"{% url 'register' %}\">Create Account</a></div>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <hr />\r\n <div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <input class=\"form-control btn btn-outline-secondary\" type=\"submit\" value=\"Login\" />\r\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"next\" value=\"{{ next }}\" />\r\n </div>\r\n </form>\r\n\r\n {% endif %}\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n</div>\r\n{% endblock %}\r\n" ]

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[ "Splish, Splash, I Was Bathing in My Drinking Water\n\nWhat to do when your young cat has a penchant for making a watery mess.", "\n\nQ: I have four indoor cats varying in age from 1 to 14 years old. ", "The 1-year-old, Tangerine, has always been fascinated with water, whether its running from the faucet or in the cats water bowls. ", "Lately she has been splashing in the water bowls to the point where she empties them. ", "There is water everywhere. ", "I have tried setting the bowls in a pan, where the cats can drink but its hard for Tangerine to splash in them. ", "She still was able to splash and make a huge watery mess. ", "I am at my wits end. ", "Is there some way to discourage her from splashing, but still not make the water bowl a bad thing?", "\n\nA: I’m sure some of Tangerines enthusiasm for water stems from her young age. ", "While kittenhood officially ends when cats reach 1 year of age, most cats retain a kittens curiosity and playfulness for many months afterward. ", "My cat, Crispy, didn’t become the dignified and sophisticated (i.e. boring) cat that she now is until she hit 2½ years of age, and my youngster, Mittens, shares your cats penchant for playing with water, although not to your cats amusing degree.", "\n\nI’m not sure how to advise you on this. ", "I’ve seen stainless steel water bowls set in a stand with rubber stoppers on feet. ", "The elevation of the water bowls might make it more difficult for your cat to splash the water, and the sturdy stand would prevent the bowl from tipping over. ", "I’ve also seen those heavy, pyramid-shaped water bowls that are supposedly untippable, which might cut down on some of the splashing. ", "You also may want to consider one of those water fountains in which the water runs continuously. ", "Many cats like running water, and perhaps Tangerine is sending you a message that she doesn’t like water unless its moving, even if that means that she has to move it herself. ", "I guess if all else fails, you can put the water bowls in the bathtub, and let her splash away. ", "I do think, however, that in due time, Tangerine will grow out of this mischievous behavior as she matures." ]

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[ "A typical mass spectrometer is used for determining mass-to-charge ratios of sample ions. ", "The term “mass-to-charge ratio” refers to the ratio of a mass m of the ion to a dimensionless number of elementary charges z of the ion. ", "This charge-related mass m/z therefore has a physical dimension of a mass. ", "In the following disclosure, the term “mass-to-charge ratio” may also be referred to using the terms “mass of an ion” or an “ion mass”.", "\nThe term “ion species” refers to ions having substantially identical elemental compositions, charges and three-dimensional structures. ", "An ion species generally includes all the ions of an isotope group. ", "While ions in the isotope group may have slightly different masses, they typically have substantially equal mobilities.", "\nIsomers of a primary structure of bioorganic molecules (i.e., structural isomers) and isomers of a secondary or tertiary structure (i.e., conformational isomers) typically have substantially equal masses, but different geometrical forms. ", "It is therefore practically impossible to differentiate structural and conformational isomers as a function of their mass. ", "Some information regarding an isomeric structure can be obtained using fragment ion mass spectra. ", "A more efficient and certain method to identify and distinguish isomers, however, is to separate the isomers according to their different ion mobilities.", "\nToday, ion mobilities are predominantly obtained by measuring ion drift velocities in long drift regions under influence of an electric field. ", "A typical drift region for measuring ion mobility includes an inert gas (e.g., helium or nitrogen) disposed therein. ", "Sample ions (i.e., ions of the substance under investigation) are pulled through the gas by the electric field. ", "The electric field is generated, for example, by DC potentials on ring electrodes that line the drift region. ", "A large number of collisions with gas molecules provide each ion species with a relatively constant drift velocity vd that is more or less proportional to the electric field strength E:vd=K0×E. \nThe proportionality factor K0 may be referred to as the “ion mobility” of an ion species. ", "The ion mobility is a function of temperature, gas pressure, type of gas, ionic charge and the collision cross-section of the ions.", "\nIsomeric ions with the same charge-related masses m/z and different collision cross-section typically have different ion mobilities at the same temperature, pressure and type of gas. ", "Isomers with the smallest geometric dimensions typically have the greatest mobility and therefore the highest drift velocity through the gas. ", "Unfolded protein ions, for example, undergo more collisions than tightly folded protein ions. ", "Protein ions which are unfolded or partially folded therefore arrive at the end of the cell later than strongly folded ions of equal mass. ", "Structural isomers (e.g., proteins with glycosyl, lipid or phosphoryl groups at different sites), however, also have different collision cross-sections, which allow them to be distinguished by measuring their ion mobility.", "\nUnder conditions when the electric fields E are relatively strong, the electric field strength equation is provided as follows:vd=K0×E+K1×E2.The factor K1 indicates how the collision cross-section changes under the influence of the electric field. ", "The constant K1, however, is typically so small that it can be ignored. ", "Precision measurements of the mobility K0 should account for this dependence. ", "It is typically advantageous therefore to carry out precision measurements at low field strengths.", "\nThe folding structures of ions, which can be identified via their mobility, have become increasingly important during chemical and biological research. ", "Devices for measuring the mobility of ions therefore have been incorporated into mass spectrometers in order to combine the measurements of the charge-related mass of ions with measurements of collision cross-sections. ", "The folding structures determine the mechanism of action and thus the function of the molecules in the living organism. ", "Different folding, for example, can signify normal or abnormal functioning of biopolymers in biosystems, and hence health or disease of tissue parts or even whole organisms.", "\nSeveral academic research groups have coupled ion mobility spectrometers with mass spectrometers. ", "In such systems, the mobility drift region typically has a pressure range of several hectopascals, a length of four or more meters for higher mobility resolutions, and electric field strength of 2,000 or more volts per meter. ", "In this pressure range, the drifting ions do not form many complexes with other substances. ", "The mobilities of the ion species therefore can be measured without interferences, unlike mobility measurements at atmospheric pressure. ", "Long drift regions, however, typically have relatively large diameters because the ions diffuse radially over long distances.", "\nThe ions are typically introduced into the drift region by temporally short ion pulses. ", "The ions initially take the shape of spatially small ion clouds, which are pulled through the drift region by the electric field. ", "In the gas of the drift region, the ion clouds are diffused into the surrounding space by collisions statistically distributed by spatial directions and kinetic energies due to the molecular Brownian motion. ", "The diffusion takes place in both a forward and backward direction, and also at right angles to the drift direction. ", "The gas in the drift region is maintained, for example, at a temperature between approximately 150 and 300 degrees Celsius. ", "Alternatively, the gas in the drift region may be cooled for special experiments.", "\nThe mobility resolving power (hereinafter “mobility resolution”) is defined as:Rmob=K0/ΔK0,where ΔK0 is the width of the ion signal of the mobility K0 at half height, measured in units of the mobility. ", "The mobility resolution Rmob is influenced predominantly by the diffusion broadening of the ion clouds, especially for long drift regions and high electric field strengths. ", "Other influences, such as the space charge, tend to be negligibly small. ", "The part of the mobility resolution determined by the diffusion broadening is defined as:\n R d = zeEL d kT ⁢ ⁢ ln ⁢ ⁢ 2 ,where z is the number of elementary charges e, E the electric field strength, Ld the length of the drift region, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature of the gas in the drift region. ", "A high mobility resolution may be achieved using a high field strength E, long drift regions Ld, or low temperatures T. The part Rd of the mobility resolution that is given by the diffusion is independent of the type and pressure of gas in the drift region. ", "The mobility K0 itself, however, is dependent on the temperature, the pressure and the type of gas in the drift region.", "\nCompared to the numerical values for mass resolutions in mass spectrometry, the mobility resolutions that are achieved in practice are generally relatively low. ", "Typically, commercial ion mobility spectrometers for bioorganic ions have mobility resolutions of Rmob equal to 10 to 15. ", "With a mobility resolution of Rmob=10, two ion species whose collision cross-sections differ by only 20 percent can be separated relatively well.", "\nSome highly specialized academic groups have been able to achieve significantly higher mobility resolutions of between Rmob between 60 and 100, and in rare individual cases up to Rmob equal to 150, with drift lengths roughly between two and six meters and field strengths between approximately 2,000 and 4,000 volts per meter. ", "Under these conditions, ion species whose mobilities differ by merely one to three percent may be differentiated. ", "Hereinafter, the term “high resolution” shall refer to resolutions of Rmob above 60.", "\nA strong transverse diffusion may also occur in long mobility drift regions. ", "Longer drift regions therefore should have a large diameter such that the ions do not touch the wall electrodes. ", "The ions may be guided back to the axis of the drift region after having travelled approximately two meters through the drift region. ", "This is accomplished using an “ion funnel”. ", "An ion funnel includes a plurality of parallel ring diaphragms, where each diaphragm is separated from adjacent diaphragms by a relatively small distance (e.g., in the order of millimeters). ", "The ring diaphragms have aperture diameters that continuously taper from the diameter of the drift region (e.g., 30 to 40 centimeters) down to around two to five millimeters, which forms a funnel-shaped enclosed volume. ", "The two phases of an RF voltage, usually of several megahertz and between a few tens of volts and one hundred volts, are applied alternately to the apertured diaphragms, thus generating a pseudopotential that keeps the ions away from the funnel wall. ", "A DC electric field is superimposed on the RF voltage by a DC voltage gradient. ", "The electric field pushes the ions slowly towards and then through the narrow exit of the funnel. ", "Alternatively, such an ion funnel does not measurably reduce the mobility resolution of a long drift region.", "\nIon funnels are also used in mass spectrometers to capture larger ion clouds and to thread these ion clouds into narrow ion guides. ", "Referring to FIG. ", "5, ion funnels are often found in mass spectrometers with electrospray ion sources. ", "The ions generated outside the vacuum system are transferred, together with a curtain gas, through inlet capillaries and into the vacuum. ", "The ions are then captured by ion funnels and freed of most of the curtain gas. ", "Some mass spectrometers may include two ion funnels, placed in series, in order to move the ions quickly from regions with higher pressure of several hectopascals at the end of the inlet capillary to regions with lower pressure of around 10−2 to 10−6 pascal.", "\nHigh-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometers with perpendicular injection of the ions (OTOF-MS), for example, have successfully been combined with mass spectrometers. ", "Disadvantageously, however, such high-resolution ion mobility spectrometers are typically several meters long and, thus, are not commercially viable. ", "Even ion mobility spectrometers having a straight drift region with moderate resolutions are approximately one meter long.", "\nThere is a need for a high resolution ion mobility spectrometer." ]

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[ "Still not over Kill la Kill <333" ]

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[ "Romejki\n\nRomejki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jaświły, within Mońki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. ", "It lies approximately north-east of Mońki and north of the regional capital Białystok.", "\n\nReferences\n\nRomejki" ]

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[ "An investigation has been launched into claims a five-year-old boy forced another child to simulate oral sex at a primary school in Bedfordshire.", "\n\nBedfordshire council has launched an investigation into the incident, which is alleged to have taken place inside a local primary school in May.\n\nThe victim’s mother said that her five-year-old daughter was locked in the school’s toilets by a boy of the same age. ", "She told local press: “He... told her to keep quiet and if [said] we get caught it’ll be ‘your fault’.\"", "\n\nAccording to Bedfordshire News, the mother says the school referred the matter to the local safeguarding body, which comprises the council, police and healthcare professionals.", "\n\nShe said she has since removed her daughter from the school because, she claims, \"the head teacher kept telling me this is normal behaviour. ", "How is this normal behaviour? ", "They won’t tell him what he did is wrong and it is unacceptable.\"" ]

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[ "Benefit Posietint Reviews\n\nI like the color and consistency much more than Benetint. ", "It is much easier to apply. ", "I thought a stain/tint was suppose to stay put for awhile longer, though?? ", "I use this on my lips, and it doesn't seem to stay on very long.", "\n— 1 year ago\n\nI already reviewed Benetint, Benefit's rose colored lip and cheek stain. ", "Posietint is their poppy-pink colored lip and cheek stain. ", "I loved Benetint, so I was super excited to try Posietint!", "\nThe website reads:\nThis poppy-pink tinted stain brightens cheeks & lips with a cheery flush and natural finish. ", "Kiss-proof & nuzzle-proof, the liquid-gel formula blends to just-picked perfection on all comple...read morexions and lasts for hours.", "\nCOST:\n$30 for a full size bottle\nYou get a little bit more product than with Benetint, and I think its because its slightly less spreadable than Benetint is.", "\nWHY I WANTED TO TRY IT:\nI loved Benetint!! ", "But I think with my porcelain skin that I look really good in pink colors.", "\nFIRST IMPRESSIONS:\nIts much thicker than Benetint, which was like water. ", "This is more of a gel texture. ", "Its a really bright, pretty pink. ", "I knew from my experience with Benetint that the color of the product isn't necessarily indicative of the color you'll get when you use it.", "\nI tested it on my hand some and found that it stained much more quickly than the Benetint does. ", "It also didn't spread as well.", "\nAPPLICATION:\nThe website reads\nFor the most even flush, dab posietint on our foundation brush and blend on one cheek at a time.", "\nBut as we all know, I don't follow directions. ", "Because it stains faster than Benetint and doesn't blend as well, I decided the best way to apply it would be to do smaller sections at a time. ", "I started by drawing a little circle at the apples of my cheeks and blending that, then dotting a line up my cheek to my temples and blending that.", "\nJust like Benetint, it stained my fingers (not a huge deal). ", "It gives a really pretty pink blush!! ", "I followed by very lightly dusting my usual blush over it.", "\nTHE ALL DAY TEST:\nI wore it to work every day last week. ", "I'm in loooooove!!! ", "It was over 90 degrees a few days last week. ", "I was dripping sweat from my face as I walked the kids home. ", "When we played outside, I melted. ", "When we got inside, I got a paper towel wet and wiped down my face. ", "Then I remembered my makeup and had a moment of panic!! ", "But, upon looking in the mirror, I saw that my Posietint had stayed perfectly fine through all the sweating, 90 degree heat, and my crude washing of my face. ", "Nice!!", "\nBOTTOM LINE:\nIts expensive, so I wouldn't recommend it for people who are perfectly happy with powder blush. ", "For those of us who need extra staying power, though, its an amazing option that frees you from worrying about your blush melting off your face! — ", "1 year, 6 months ago\n\nThe color is bright and blends to subtle soft pink. ", "It looks great with my skin tone both on my lips and cheeks. ", "Not used to applying liquid to my cheeks but it is so easy to blend into my skin and gives a healthy, beautiful glow!", "\n— 1 year, 6 months ago\n\nPosietint is, by far, the best stain I have ever used! ", "It comes packaged much like a nail polish; twist off top with brush-style applicator attached to the top. ", "Let's just say, if you couldn't read you would probably be trying to put this on your nails. ", "This stain is used for cheeks and lips, and has a bright pink (Posie) color. ", "The color is sheer, so no worries about it being too dark. ", "If you wis...read moreh to have a brighter pink color, simply layer the product until you have achieved your perfect color (eventually you will have more of a hot pink color). ", "Posietint has a gel-like consistency that is silky smooth. ", "I love that it's a gel, so I don't have to worry about bleeding, and the color goes exactly where I want it. ", "I usually smear a small amount (A little goes a long way!) ", "on to my hand, and apply to my cheeks from there with a brush or makeup sponge. ", "It blends easily into the skin, creating a natural look, and stays put all day (I sweat a lot at work, and Posietint survived!). ", "Be sure to apply this product quickly, as it dries fast. ", "Although this product dries, it doesn't leave the skin flakey or feeling malnourished. ", "For lips, Poisetint works absolutely wonderfully. ", "It gives your lips a beautiful, youthful pink color. ", "It doesn't get sticky, but it does dry, so be sure to remember your lip balm or gloss! ", "I love how lightweight this product is, yet still packs a (Pink) punch. ", "Overall, another fabulous product from Benefit Cosmetics— 1 year, 7 months ago\n\nBenefit Cosmetics...so amazing....so expensive...am in love. ", "I have tried other lip tints but this is my number one selection. ", "Just recently I purchased a mini sampler kit from Benefit and this was one of the items in it, tried it for the first time and fell in love with it . ", "super cute and flirty color ....love\n— 1 year, 11 months ago\n\nI have an extremely fair skin tone that can make wearing pinks difficult.(I have coolish skin but a warm natural hairicolor and eyes, so my skin reads more neutral.) ", "Too cool and I look sallow. ", "Too warm and I look sickly. ", "Posie Tint strikes the right balance between the two, and it's easy to build the coverage on days when I need a bit more. ", "I usually wear this as a lipstain, and I like that the g...read moreel formula has a bit of working time...so much easier to use than some others I've tried! ", "I also like that it doesn't dry out my lips, and that it lasts a long time. ", "I vary the look by topping with a bit of clear gloss--perfect for summer! — ", "2 years, 8 months ago\n\nUnlike some other reviewers, I prefer Benetint over Posietint. ", "This is thicker then benetint, which is one of the things I dont like about it because I prefer a more subtle color. ", "Posietint also does not work well with my olive skin tone. ", "I want a more natural looking color and it doesn't look natural on me and stands out too much for my taste. ", "However, I have a fair skin friend that I gave it to ...read moreand it looked nice on her. ", "I also tried it on my cheeks but I have a natural coloring on my cheeks so I prefer to use bronze colors to even out my color, this made them too pink. ", "On the plus side it does have good staying power. ", "This also is buildable if one wants even more color. ", "I think it compliments fair/light skin tones best, but it also depends on ones personal taste and the look they are going for.— ", "2 years, 9 months ago\n\nmakes muy lips look alittle darker then my natural color and just adds alittle something i wish it was just the tinest bit darker but that is ok with me im happy i got it and i use it almost everyday\n— 2 years, 10 months ago" ]

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[ "[Spectrum study of organochlorine pesticides after nano TiO2 photocatalytic degradation in AgNO3 medium].", "\nA study on a nano anatase TiO2 production from the hydrolysis of TiCl4 was presented. ", "In the nano TiO2 suspending medium, the photocatalytic behaviors for some organochlorine pesticides including alpha, beta, gamma, delta-BHC, DDT, dieldrin, dicofol and agroceres were compared and studied under UV irradiation in the air. ", "Owing to structural difference of C--Cl in the molecule, the degradation efficiencies for the organochlorine pesticides presented an obvious difference with the order of dicofol>dieldrin> DDT>agroceres and alpha-BHC>gamma-BHC>delta-BHC>beta-BHC. ", "Accordingly, the nano TiO2 material was applied as a photocatalyzer, which catalyzed transformation of organochlorine pesticide to chlorine ion. ", "Nanoparticle of silver chloride with a maximal absorbance at the wavelength of 260 nm were prepared in the surfactant polyvinyl alcohol solution. ", "Organochlorine pesticides could be determined according to the concentration of silver chloride." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAdd days to a specific date with a integer with Javascript\n\nThis is my code below. ", "I'm trying to do this in my code:\ninput = 2014-02-09 + 5 days, which should give 2014-02-14, but instead I get the result: 2019-02-09 instead.", "\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html>\r\n <body>\r\n <input type=\"date\" id=\"myDate\" value=\"2014-02-09\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"number\" value=\"5\">\r\n <button onclick=\"myFunction()\"> Try it </button>\r\n\r\n <p id=\"demo\"></p>\r\n <p id=\"demo2\"></p>\r\n <p id=\"demo3\"></p>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n function myFunction() \r\n {\r\n var x = document.getElementById(\"myDate\").value;\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo\").innerHTML = x;\r\n var y = document.getElementById(\"number\").value;\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo2\").innerHTML = y;\r\n var d = parseInt(x) + parseInt(y);\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo3\").innerHTML = d;\r\n }\r\n </script>\r\n </body>\r\n</html>\n\nHow I can get my desired result: 2014-02-09 + 5 days = 2014-02-14?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf I don't misunderstood your requirements this is what you want- just add some number on your selected date from datepicker.", "\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html>\r\n\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n <p>Click the button to display the date after changing the day of the month.</p>\r\n <input type=\"date\" id=\"myDate\" value=\"2014-02-09\">\r\n <input type=\"number\" id=\"number\" value=\"5\">\r\n <button onclick=\"myFunction()\">Try it</button>\r\n\r\n <p id=\"demo\"></p>\r\n <p id=\"demo2\"></p>\r\n <p id=\"demo3\"></p>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n Date.prototype.addDays = function(days) {\r\n this.setDate(this.getDate() + parseInt(days));\r\n return this;\r\n };\r\n\r\n function myFunction() {\r\n var x = document.getElementById(\"myDate\").value;\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo\").innerHTML = x;\r\n var y = document.getElementById(\"number\").value;\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo2\").innerHTML = y;\r\n var newDate = new Date(x).addDays(parseInt(y));\r\n document.getElementById(\"demo3\").innerHTML = newDate.toISOString().substr(0, 10);\r\n }\r\n </script>\r\n\r\n</body>\r\n\r\n</html>\n\n" ]

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[ "The Pentagon’s view of the Saudi war in Yemen is mixed. ", "Some officials have been openly enthusiastic: For the first time, a regional ally is taking the lead in a military campaign, a scenario one senior Pentagon official described as “something we’ve dreamed of.” ", "But among the top brass, there’s uncertainty as to what, exactly, is at stake in Yemen. ", "Shortly after the United States announced its support for the Saudis, Gen. Lloyd Austin, commander of U.S. Central Command, which oversees operations in the Gulf, told lawmakers that he didn’t “know the specific goals and objectives of the Saudi campaign.”", "\n\nRealism, or Obama’s version of it, perhaps still wins the day. ", "Stephen Seche is the executive vice president of Washington’s Arab Gulf States Institute and a veteran U.S. diplomat who worked on the Gulf states. ", "He served as U.S. ambassador to Yemen from 2007 to 2010. “", "I don’t think we went into this enthusiastically at all, but Saudis were in such a lather,” over the Iran deal, Seche said.", "\n\nThe Saudis’ long-term plan for Yemen also remains unclear. ", "Speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the topic, officials from both the State and Defense Departments questioned how well the Saudis had thought through their war in Yemen, and how skilled they were at executing airstrikes while avoiding unnecessary collateral damage. ", "According to the UN, more than 2,200 civilians have been killed by coalition airstrikes since the beginning of their war in Yemen. ", "Bombs dropped by Saudi coalition planes have hit schools, markets, factories, and hospitals. ", "A CENTCOM spokesperson said that U.S. tankers offload fuel regardless of what a jet’s target is, or whether the mission has been preplanned and extensively vetted. ", "A recent project to track all Saudi airstrikes since the war began estimated that a full third have hit civilian sites. ", "Accused of violating international law in Yemen, the Saudis have blocked efforts at the UN to establish an independent human-rights investigation. ", "When they were listed on a UN annex for killing children in airstrikes, Riyadh threatened to cut funding to the UN.", "\n\nSome in the Obama administration are unsettled by its position on Yemen. ", "In August, after Saudi jets bombed a bridge that brought nearly all UN aid to Sanaa, U.S. Ambassador to the UN Samantha Power tweeted out a picture of the rubble, and wrote “Strikes on hospital/school/infrastructure in #Yemen devastating for ppl already facing unbearable suffering&must end.” ", "According to U.S. officials, the Pentagon had put the bridge on a no-strike list, reflecting its importance to the humanitarian response there, only to be ignored. ", "Their plight worsened by a suffocating Saudi blockade, more than 21 million Yemenis are in need of some kind of humanitarian assistance and people in many areas are verging on starvation, as the BBC has shown. ", "A few days after the bridge strike, a spokesperson for CENTCOM said that the United States continued to refuel Saudi jets like the ones that hit the bridge. ", "If the Saudis decided on more bombing missions, the spokesperson said, they would refuel more." ]

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[ "Migraine with aura as the presentation of leukemia.", "\nWe present the case of a man with new onset of migraine with aura as the presenting sign of acute promyelocytic leukemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. ", "This previously unreported association may support theories of platelet serotonin involvement in the pathogenesis of migraine. ", "It would be valuable in the future to evaluate other patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute promyelocytic leukemia for the presence of migrainous auras or headaches, symptoms which may be underreported by patients, particularly in the setting of severe illness." ]

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[ "Fishers Landing\n\nFishers Landing may refer to:\n\n Fishers Landing (Arizona)\n Fishers Landing, New York" ]

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[ "A common response to seeing an ant inside your house is to stomp on it. ", "But if you crush a member of the ant species Tapinoma sessile, you might catch a whiff of a strange smell—a smell that reminds some people of blue cheese, rancid butter or rotten coconut. ", "In fact, the smell is so noticeable that the insect’s common name is the “odorous house ant.” ", "And many people call it the coconut ant.", "\n\nIn an effort to figure out why people have these reactions, researchers enlisted visitors at an event called the North Carolina BugFest. ", "One-hundred-forty-three volunteers smelled smushed ants and were asked to identify the scent from four choices: blue cheese, rancid butter, rotten coconut or just other.", "\n\nAlthough Web sites overwhelmingly call the smell rotten coconut, almost 40 percent of the human judges picked blue cheese and about 25 percent picked rotten coconut. ", "More than 30 percent went with the choice of other.", "\n\nThe scientists then analyzed the chemicals responsible for the ant odor, as well as the smelly chemicals in blue cheese, fresh coconut and coconut buried underground for three days. ", "It turns out that the chemistry of the ants’ scent is indeed similar to that of blue cheese and rotten coconut. ", "But not to fresh coconut. ", "And the researchers note that the Penicillium microbes that turn coconut oil rancid are also involved in the production of blue cheese. ", "The study is in the journal American Entomologist. [", "Clint A. Penick and Adrian A. Smith, The True Odor of the Odorous House Ant]\n\nThe researchers also noted that the most common write-in candidate as a description for the ants’ aroma was “cleaning spray.” ", "And one little girl told them that the ants “smelled exactly like her doctor.”", "\n\n—Cynthia Graber\n\n[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]" ]

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[ "DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms in alcohol dependence: association and gene-gene interaction study in a population of Central Italy.", "\nDopamine is a neurotransmitter whose functions are mediated by five receptors expressed in several organs and tissues. ", "Dopaminergic system dysfunctions are involved in the etiology or treatment of several pathological conditions, including drug addiction. ", "Alcohol dependence (AD) is a widespread psychiatric disorder, affecting 5.4% of the general population lifetime. ", "Family and twins studies support the role of a genetic component in AD. ", "Since dopamine neurotransmission has been shown to be involved in drug reward, related genes are plausible candidates for susceptibility to AD. ", "Here, we evaluated both the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (rs1800497) and SLC6A3 40 bp-VNTR SNP and gene-gene interaction analysis in AD patients from a population of Central Italy. ", "The study design was a case-control. ", "In total, 280 alcoholic subjects (213 men and 67 woman) and 280 age- and sex-matched control subjects were recruited for this study. ", "Case subjects met the DSM-IV criteria for AD and they are free from any psychiatric co-morbidities. ", "Controls were subjects who had non-alcohol problem either never drank; those who have smoked at least one pack of cigarettes per day for at least 1 year were excluded. ", "Genotyping was performed by allele-specific PCR and RFLP-PCR. ", "SLC6A3 40 bp 3'UTR-VNTR displays no association with AD. ", "DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotype distribution is significantly associated to AD (O.R.=1.551, p=0.023), with A1* allele displaying an O.R.=1.403 (p=0.029). ", "Gene-gene interaction analysis using three-way contingency table analysis by a log-linear model yielded no significant result. ", "Our study in a population of Central Italy extends and confirms previous results and, for the first time, tested the gene-gene interaction between SLC6A3 and DRD2 in AD." ]

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[ "Allen Johnson\n\nAllen Kenneth Johnson (born March 1, 1971) is a retired American hurdling athlete who won the gold medal in the 110 metre hurdles at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. ", "He is also a four-time world champion.", "\n\nBorn in Washington, D.C., an all-round athlete, Johnson attended University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and excelled at high jump, long jump and decathlon as well as hurdles. ", " He was the 1992 NCAA Indoor Champion for 55 meter hurdles but did not win the outdoor championship.", "\n\nCareer\n\nJohnson was troubled by injury in 2000 but still made the final at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia just missing out on adding to his medal collection by finishing fourth.", "\n\n2003 in the Stade de France, saw Johnson win his fourth IAAF World Championships in Athletics 110 m hurdles title when he beat Terrence Trammell into second to overtake the three world championship gold medals that Greg Foster had won at the event.", "\n\nAt the 2004 Summer Olympics he tripped over a hurdle in the 2nd preliminary round and was unable to finish the race and reach the final. ", "He was however ranked world's number 1 throughout 2004's season.", "\n\nJohnson was trained by Curtis Frye, at the University of South Carolina where he served as a volunteer assistant coach. ", "Formerly, the sprint and hurdles coach at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, CO, Johnson is now the Assistant Head Coach at the North Carolina State University under Rollie Geiger.", "\n\nHis personal best is 12.92 seconds, only 0.01 seconds short of the then-world record held by Colin Jackson. ", "Johnson has legally finished 11 races in less than 13 seconds, more than anyone else so far. ", "His 12.96 (+0.4) set while winning the 2006 IAAF World Cup at age 35, is the Masters M35 World Record. ", " Johnson officially retired in July 2010, at the age of 39. ", "Daughter, Tristine Johnson, competes as a 2014 senior at his alma mater University of North Carolina.", "\n\nAchievements\n(110 Meter Hurdles unless stated)\n1994\n1994 IAAF World Cup - London, England\n Silver\n1995\n1995 World Championships in Athletics - Gothenburg, Sweden\n Gold\n1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships - Barcelona, Spain\n 60 Meter Hurdles, Gold\n1996\n1996 Summer Olympics - Atlanta, Georgia\n Gold, Olympic record\n1997\n1997 World Championships in Athletics - Athens, Greece\n Gold\n1998\n1998 Goodwill Games - Uniondale, New York\n Silver\n2000\n2000 Summer Olympics - Sydney, Australia\n2001\n2001 World Championships in Athletics - Edmonton, Alberta, Canada\n Gold\nGoodwill Games - Brisbane, Australia\n Gold\n2002\n2002 IAAF World Cup - Madrid, Spain\n Silver\n2003\n2003 World Championships in Athletics - Paris, France\n Gold\n2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships - Birmingham, England\n 60 Meter Hurdles, Gold\n2004\n2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships - Budapest, Hungary\n 60 Meter Hurdles, Gold\n2005\nWorld Championships in Athletics - Helsinki, Finland\n Bronze\n2006\nIAAF World Cup - Athens, Greece\n 110 Meter Hurdles, Gold\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Biography at USA Track & Field\n Allen Johnson's U.S. Olympic Team bio\n \n Curtain draws on career of 7-time World champion Johnson, article from IAAF\n \n \n\nCategory:American male hurdlers\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic track and field athletes of the United States\nCategory:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field\nCategory:Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:World Athletics Championships medalists\nCategory:World record holders in masters athletics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Goodwill Games medalists in athletics\nCategory:IAAF Golden League winners\nCategory:People from Irmo, South Carolina" ]

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[ "October 2012\n\n5\n\nApple's maps are bad. ", "Even Tim Cook knows this and apologized for them. ", "Google's maps are good, thanks to years of work, massive computing resources, and thousands of people handcorrecting map data. ", "But there are more than two horses in the race....[more]" ]

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[ "Commuters are often faced with an all-too-familiar scenario of being caught in a car in the midst of rush-hour traffic on their daily journeys to and from work. ", "With each minute that ticks by comes the associated stress of wasting time. ", "But what if there were a way for workers to get more done on their commutes?", "\n\nIncreased work opportunity and productivity is one of the many ways autonomous vehicles (AVs) present promise and could revolutionize not only the mobility sector but also a variety of others including labor. ", "AVs might not just transport passengers to work, but might also become a place to work.", "\n\nMorgan Stanley predicts that AV-related productivity gains in the United States will add up to $507 billion annually, and other related AV benefits — such as reducing traffic accidents caused by human driver error — will contribute to a total of $1.3 trillion in annual savings to the U.S. economy.", "\n\nConcerns have been raised about how automation will contribute to job losses in vehicle-dependent industries such as trucking, delivery services and taxi or ride-hailing services. ", "But a report about AVs and the American workforce from Securing America's Future Energy (SAFE) says, \"AVs will create new jobs that will, in time, replace jobs eliminated by automation.\"", "\n\nIndustries such as telecommunications, software development, media and insurance all will experience disruption, but also greater opportunities, the Morgan Stanley report indicates.", "\n\nAnd workers will need to adapt as new opportunities arise. \"", "When autonomous vehicles take over the driving, drivers will need to retool their skill set to relevant opportunities that this new environment creates,\" says research from EY.", "\n\n\"I think there are many different kinds of potential businesses and the imagination is the limit.\" ", "Marjory Blumenthal Director of the Science, Technology and Policy Program, RAND Corp.\n\nGenerally speaking, AVs are believed to hold business potential in two major ways: increasing efficiencies for a worker occupying a vehicle and providing a fully- or almost fully-automated service.", "\n\nOn the efficiency side, an obvious benefit is the ability to perform traditional office work or organize deliveries while being transported. ", "But a less obvious benefit exists for employees who use vehicles as an integral part of their job, especially those who have to make multiple stops. ", "Such employees could include \"an insurance agent... or photographer or some other profession that doesn't want to worry about parking\" and must remain on the move for optimal efficiency and productivity, said Marjory Blumenthal, director of the Science, Technology and Policy Program at RAND Corporation.", "\n\nSome companies — including Ford and Domino's — already have forged partnerships to test fully automated vehicle deliveries and determine how far product recipients are willing to travel to pick up their items. ", "That ties in with the other major AV-centric business model pertaining to \"different kinds of services that a person would go up to the vehicle to access,\" Blumenthal said. ", "Such services could be a fully automated roving gym, junk hauler or food truck.", "\n\n\"I think there are many different kinds of potential businesses and the imagination is the limit,\" Blumenthal said.", "\n\nPerfecting the tech\n\nAlthough the sea of possibilities for AV-centric businesses is exciting to ponder, experts signal that such advances aren't imminent because driverless vehicle technology basics have yet to be perfected.", "\n\n\"People often separate 'automated' from 'connected' vehicles,\" but AVs work on connected infrastructure, Blumenthal said. ", "Getting AVs on public roads, much less developing AV-centric businesses, will require greater municipal infrastructure investments and significant testing.", "\n\n\"I think what we're going to see, given all the challenges we have improving infrastructure... is that the vehicles will be out there and there will be experimentation before the infrastructure fully catches up,\" Blumenthal said.", "\n\nAlready, the U.S. Department of Transportation and various organizations provide funding for connected vehicle testing. ", "As the testing continues and progresses, \"there may be pilot programs that combine all of [these aspects] together,\" including testing AV-centric businesses, Blumenthal said.", "\n\nIn addition to municipal infrastructure, the driverless vehicles themselves must advance in terms of technology and safety before AV-centric businesses become mainstream. ", "Currently, vehicle automation is ranked on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating \"no automation\" and 5 indicating \"full automation.\" ", "Levels 1 through 4 deal with various driver assistance capabilities as well as drivers having the option to take full control of an autonomous vehicle. ", "Some industry experts contend that AV-centric businesses will not thrive in the lower levels of vehicle automation.", "\n\n\"In levels 1 to 4 of autonomous driving, we are unlikely to see drastic new types of in-car behavior and activity. ", "But once we achieve full autonomy with level 5, vehicles will become like any other place — just a mobile room, where normal rules apply,\" said Ronny Cohen, CEO and co-founder of VayaVision, a developer of 3D perception systems for AVs.", "\n\nThose \"normal rules\" provide a grounding reminder among the seemingly limitless AV-centric business possibilities: \"There are also going to be licensing and permitting and tax issues that are going to come up and shape what happens,\" Blumenthal said.", "\n\nThe 'rules' of running a business\n\nBusinesses of all kinds are subject to local, federal and state governance, and those operated out of AVs likely will be no different. ", "For example, federal, state and local governments all regulate certain aspects of alcohol sales and consumption. ", "Someone trying to launch a roving bar business in AVs would need to remain compliant with existing alcohol regulations at all levels, plus any new rules that might emerge related specifically to AV-based businesses.", "\n\nA number of professions need special business licenses to operate within a municipality. ", "That's true for cosmetologists, veterinarians, appraisers and fitness facility employees, among others. ", "Municipalities that allow AV-centric businesses will have to figure out how to handle those licenses and other topics covered by traditional permitting processes such as zoning, land use and fire safety.", "\n\nAV-based business operators also will have to consider insurance and liability implications, such as if someone gets hurt by or inside a vehicle they own or lease. ", "EY researchers predict \"a revolution in the legal and regulatory environment as laws and norms developed for drivers are adapted for autonomous vehicles.\"", "\n\nA lot of the same responsibility for customer safety that brick-and-mortar businesses have to contend with likely will apply to AV-based businesses as well.", "\n\n\"If it's a gym in a truck... and some of the gym equipment malfunctions and a person is injured, the liability would be the same as it is in a stationary exercise area,\" said Robert Rabin, professor at Stanford Law School. ", "Similarly, in the case of a roving bar in an AV, \"if there's a fight between two individuals in the vehicle who are drunk... that owner or lessee of the vehicle would have the same responsibility for having failed to break up a fight as they would in a bar or cocktail lounge. ", "The fact that it's in a vehicle shouldn't make a difference,\" Rabin said.", "\n\n​An eye toward equity\n\nWhen considering scenarios that affect workforce growth and loss, such as with the advent of AV-based businesses, experts suggest turning a keen eye toward equity. ", "They recommend drawing a roadmap for AV-based businesses that ensures all residents can benefit from the innovations, and that the benefits can be shared broadly across a city.", "\n\nThe SAFE report points out that AVs could improve access to job markets in economically depressed regions. ", "AV-based businesses also could bring new opportunities to underserved areas. ", "But cities should plan for equitable opportunities and access in advance, experts say.", "\n\n\"Government has a role to play in putting a finger on the scale to adjust the balance of who benefits,\" said Blumenthal. \"", "The answer begins with the conditions that a city government sets for allowing testing in a city and allowing the introduction of new services.\"", "\n\nFor example, a number of cities have put equity at the forefront when rolling out dockless bike-share and scooter programs. ", "Chicago is among those that introduced pilot programs for dockless bikes only in neighborhoods underserved by traditional transit, not those with ample resources.", "\n\n\"Cities can influence where that gear is distributed and who has access to it. ", "By extension, they should also be able to say if a [new AV-centric business] wants to operate in a more affluent area, you also have to operate in a more challenged area,\" Blumenthal said.", "\n\nThere is \"no simple answer\" about how best to intentionally implement an equitable system, but \"city government can help to encourage some of these new applications of technology in those areas, especially if they can be provided affordably,\" she said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the command to reset a file to a specific commit?", "\n\nUsing git, is there a command which I can reset a file to a specific commit in the commit log?", "\nI know git checkout file can let me reset the file to HEAD, but how to reset to a specific commit version?", "\n\nA:\n\nMind your terminology. ", "With git \"reset\" refers to setting a ref (e.g. branch) to a new commit.", "\nYou want to put a file from some commit into your working copy. ", "Exactly this is a \"checkout\".", "\nYou can checkout all files of a commit with\ngit checkout commit\n\nor only part of the commit with\ngit checkout commit file\n\nIf you only want to \"show\" a file of some commit without changing your working copy you can also use\ngit show commit:file\n\n" ]

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[ "15 Best Stores for Black Friday\n\n11.22.10 10:42 PM ET\n\nSerious shoppers across the country are readying their lists and cementing their strategy for the high holiday of shopping—Black Friday. ", "Loaded with wish lists that include HDTVs, videogame consoles, appliances, and toys, Black Friday is a boon for the frugal and shopping fanatics. ", "The National Retail Foundation estimates\n138 million shoppers will descend on store aisles this weekend.", "\n\nBlack Friday shoppers come in two types, says Michael Brim of\nBfads.net, one of a handful of online sites that track Black Friday advertisements. “", "There are the shoppers that shop for the necessity, to save money, and the shoppers who do it for the thrill of it,” he says. ", "And waiting in line for hours to be one of the first to rush through a store’s doors at 5 a.m.? ", "That’s just part of the rush. “", "I equate it to tailgating. ", "People show up five to six hours before the game starts to meet people who share the same interests,” says Brim. \"", "It’s a day where you can meet people like yourself and spend time with friends.”", "\n\nIn the last five years, stores have started to open progressively earlier, matched by shoppers willing to wait in line longer. ", "For the first time in its history, Sears will even be open on Thanksgiving itself from 7 a.m. until noon. “", "Who ever heard of that?!” ", "exclaims Dev Shapiro, spokesman for\nGottadeal.com, another Black Friday site. “", "The stores are opening earlier and earlier—one-upping each other. ", "If this trends continues, I’m sure retailers like Best Buy will open earlier. ", "That would just intrude on peoples’ holidays.”", "\n\n“Some people even skip Thanksgiving dinner,” says Brim. “", "I actually met one guy last year who had been waiting in line since 2 p.m. on Wednesday…that’s crazy.”" ]

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[ "\n109 Wn.2d 769 (1988)\n755 P.2d 170\nTHE CITY OF PASCO, Petitioner,\nv.\nC. ART NAPIER, ET AL, Respondents.", "\nC. ART NAPIER, Respondent,\nv.\nTHE CITY OF PASCO, Petitioner.", "\nNo. ", "53807-7.", "\nThe Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.", "\nJanuary 14, 1988.", "\nAs amended by order May 20, 1988.", "\n*770 Greg A. Rubstello, City Attorney, for petitioner.", "\nRaekes, Rettig, Osborne, Forgette & O'Donnell, by Diehl R. Rettig and James E. Hurson, for respondent Napier.", "\nC.J. Rabideau, Prosecuting Attorney, for respondent Disability Board.", "\nKenneth O. Eikenberry, Attorney General, and Ceil Holuk, Assistant, amici curiae for respondents.", "\n*771 [As amended by order of the Supreme Court May 20, 1988.]", "\nDORE, J.\nWe reverse a superior court judgment against the City of Pasco for 6 months' disability leave pay. ", "We hold that Napier was entitled to immediate disability retirement benefits from the Washington State Retirement Board on his second application for disability retirement because that application was a continuation of Napier's first application and because he had already received the statutory 6-month period of disability leave from the City of Pasco.", "\n\nFACTS\nNapier, a fire fighter for the City of Pasco, applied to the Franklin County Disability Board for disability retirement on October 27, 1983. ", "He based his claim on recurring joint pain and extreme fatigue. ", "The Board granted Napier 6 months' disability leave as a preliminary to a decision on disability retirement, pursuant to former RCW 41.26.120.[1] Section .120 provided:\nNo disability retirement allowance shall be paid until the expiration of a period of six months after the discontinuance of service during which period the member, if found to be physically or mentally unfit for duty by the disability board following receipt of his application for disability retirement, shall be granted a disability leave by the disability board and shall receive an allowance equal to his full monthly salary and shall continue to receive all other benefits provided to active employees from his employer for such period.", "\nLaws of 1985, ch. ", "102, §§ 2, 7 (this act was made retroactive to 1970). ", "On March 6, 1984, the Board granted Napier disability retirement, to be effective on April 27, 1984. ", "This decision was forwarded to the director of retirement systems *772 for review pursuant to RCW 41.26.120(3); the director reversed the Board's decision. ", "The Board subsequently ordered Napier back to work on May 1, 1984.", "\nNapier worked eight shifts during the month of May, then reapplied for disability retirement on June 5, 1984. ", "The Board met on June 6 and granted Napier immediate disability retirement.", "\nAfter the Board learned, on July 10, that Napier was not receiving disability benefit payments from the City, the Board informed the City that Napier had been granted \"disability leave\" and requested the City to pay Napier temporary disability benefits. ", "The City refused.", "\nThe City filed a declaratory judgment action on July 31, 1984, in Franklin County Superior Court, requesting a declaration that Napier was not entitled to disability leave benefits, because the City had already paid Napier 6 months of such benefits based on his first retirement application, and claiming that it would be unjust if it was forced to pay such temporary benefits twice.", "\nThe court granted Napier's motion for summary judgment, giving him a judgment for disability leave benefits from June 6, 1984, to December 6, 1984. ", "The City appealed and obtained a stay pending appeal.", "\nAs a result of the stay, Napier filed a second suit claiming sick leave benefits pending the resolution of the appeal. ", "The court granted Napier's motion for summary judgment for sick leave, and awarded the amount of $5,967.17 for his accrued hours, commencing June 5, 1984. ", "The court added the condition that the sick leave benefits should be set off against any eventual recovery on disability benefits. ", "The City consolidated both actions on appeal.", "\nThe Court of Appeals affirmed the judgments. ", "It held that the City had failed to exhaust its administrative remedies because it had not appealed the second grant of benefits under RCW 41.26.200. ", "The appellate court also held that Napier's employment contract clearly entitled him to sick leave pending appeal.", "\nMeanwhile, the Board's second grant of benefits was *773 forwarded to the director under RCW 41.26.120(3). ", "On November 16, 1984, the director remanded for further proceedings, holding that the Board had exceeded its authority in granting an immediate disability retirement without first implementing the 6-month disability leave waiting period prescribed by RCW 41.26.120. ", "The Board prepared second and third amended findings in December 1984 and January 1985, respectively. ", "These orders changed the Board's decision from an immediate grant of disability retirement to a grant of 6 months' disability leave beginning June 6, 1984, and disability retirement effective December 6, 1984, i.e., 6 months from the date of Napier's second application. ", "The director affirmed the Board's award of disability retirement based on the third amended findings on February 4, 1985.", "\nThe City appealed this decision of the director under the provisions of RCW 41.26.210 and .220, which provide for review de novo upon a hearing before the director. ", "The director refused to consider the City's request that the Board's second grant of 6 months' disability leave be paid by the State Retirement Board. ", "The City of Pasco had previously paid the first 6-month retirement benefits to Napier.", "\n\nANALYSIS\nIt is undisputed that the illness for which Napier first applied for disability benefits is the same illness on which he based his second application only 1 month after returning to work. ", "The City argues that, in light of this fact, it would be unjust to require it to pay for a second 6 months of disability leave while Napier's eligibility for disability retirement is considered. ", "We agree.", "\n[1] It is well established that a statute is to be interpreted so as to give effect to its purpose while avoiding absurd or pointless consequences. ", "State v. Stannard, 109 Wn.2d 29, 742 P.2d 1244 (1987); Nucleonics Alliance, Local 1-369 v. WPPSS, 101 Wn.2d 24, 677 P.2d 108 (1984). ", "The construction of RCW 41.26.120 urged by the City complies with this rule.", "\n[2] The statutory requirement of 6 months' disability *774 leave preliminary to the grant of full retirement serves several purposes. ", "It permits the Board to evaluate the employee's claim without the pressure and need for speed that would be present if the employee were either unemployed and destitute or still working at a job he may well be unable to perform properly. ", "This latter consideration is especially important in view of the fact that this statute applies to police and fire fighters. ", "Furthermore, the 6-month period undoubtedly prevents unnecessary and unjustified grants of disability retirement for conditions that turn out to be temporary within the 6-month period.", "\nNone of these purposes would be served here by Napier's receiving a second 6 months of disability leave on his second application based on the same illness. ", "None of the parties dispute that the illness of Napier, though not finally diagnosed at the time the record was assembled, is the same illness in the first and second applications. ", "The director, though he overruled Napier's first award of benefits, granted benefits on the second application. ", "His initial remand of the Board's decision on that second application was based only on the incapacity of the Board to grant immediate disability retirement.", "\nIn our view, the Board made the only proper decision under the circumstances. ", "Napier appeared before it with the same symptoms. ", "His treating physician had refused to certify that he was fit to return to work. ", "Napier was in the process of obtaining additional medical diagnosis, treatment and documentation of his illness. ", "Factually there is considerable doubt that Napier returned to work in view of the fact that his treating physician refused to sign a \"return to work\" form, saying he was fit to return to work. ", "The purposes for which the 6-month waiting period is intended had already been served. ", "The Board concluded, in effect, that the second application of Napier was no more than an extension or renewal of the first application. ", "For those reasons, the first order on Napier's second application — granting immediate disability retirement — was proper.", "\n[3] That order was correct, but it was never superseded by the later orders entered by the Board at the direction of *775 the director and in accord with the Superior Court judgment. ", "In its \"Additional Findings, Conclusions and Second Amended Decision and Order\" the Franklin County Board erroneously purported to enter a nunc pro tunc order granting Napier disability leave, rather than disability retirement, as of June 6, 1984. ", "This was a change of substance, inasmuch as disability leave is paid for by the City rather than the state retirement fund. ", "It is well established that nunc pro tunc orders are not a proper vehicle for changes of substance in prior orders or judgments. ", "A judgment or decree nunc pro tunc corrects procedural mistakes but not matters of substance. ", "It cannot be used to change the terms of, or remedy omissions in, the prior judgment or decree. ", "In re Marriage of Pratt, 99 Wn.2d 905, 909-11, 665 P.2d 400 (1983); State v. Mehlhorn, 195 Wash. 690, 692-93, 82 P.2d 158 (1938).", "\nConsequently, the Board's first order on Napier's second application, granting him immediate disability retirement, was correct and is still in effect. ", "The City of Pasco should not be liable for disability leave for Napier for the period of July 6, 1984, to December 6, 1984. ", "The retirement fund should pay Napier disability retirement benefits for the same period.", "\n\nADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES\n[4] The Board claims the City of Pasco failed to exhaust its administrative remedies pursuant to section 41.26.200. ", "Section 41.26.200 plainly applies only to an employee denied benefits by the disability board. ", "It states in part:\nAny person feeling aggrieved by any order or determination of a disability board denying disability leave or disability retirement, or canceling a previously granted disability retirement allowance, shall have the right to appeal the order or determination to the director.", "\nThe Court of Appeals focused on the words \"any order\" in this section, but overlooked the fact that the section applies only to orders of the Board denying benefits. ", "Consequently the City could not have appealed the grant of benefits under this section, and cannot be held to have failed to exhaust its administrative remedies.", "\n\n\n*776 SICK LEAVE\nNapier's employment contract provides in pertinent part:\nThe firefighters will have the protection of either the provisions of sick leave in this Article of the contract, or the disability provisions of LEOFF I [RCW 41.26]. ", "If the leave is of a long-term duration and if the LEOFF I provisions are reasonably available, applications must be made to the LEOFF I system. ", "In such situations where benefits are not available under the LEOFF I system, sick leave provisions of this Article may be utilized.", "\nExhibit A, at 1.", "\nThe trial court and the Court of Appeals concluded that this provision made sick leave benefits available because the stay pending appeal halted the payment of disability benefits under RCW 41.26. ", "Those benefits were, literally, \"not available.\"", "\nThe City contends that this conclusion is in conflict with Longview v. Public Employees' Retirement Bd., ", "97 Wn.2d 521, 646 P.2d 768 (1982). ", "Longview, however, says nothing about the meaning of the term \"not available\" in the contract at issue here. ", "There is no reason to dispute the plain language construction of the courts below.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nOn remand, the parties are directed to take all steps necessary to carry out the provisions of this opinion.", "\n1. ", "The State Board of Retirement shall immediately pay Napier state retirement benefits, retroactive to June 6, 1984.", "\n2. ", "Napier shall be awarded his costs and attorney fees at the superior court and Court of Appeals levels, in reasonable amounts as set by the trial judge. ", "This case is remanded for the purpose of setting such fees.", "\nPEARSON, C.J., and UTTER, BRACHTENBACH, DOLLIVER, ANDERSEN, CALLOW, GOODLOE, and DURHAM, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nAfter modification, further reconsideration denied May 23, 1988.", "\nNOTES\n[1] RCW 41.26.120 provides for disability retirement based on disabilities acquired in the line of duty. ", "RCW 41.26.125, passed in 1985, is a virtually identical statute covering disabilities not acquired in the line of duty. ", "Napier's case falls under section .125, strictly speaking, but he originally applied under section .120. ", "We refer to section .120 here to conform to the record.", "\n" ]

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[ "package cmwell.analytics.main\n\nimport cmwell.analytics.data.", "InfotonWithKeyFields\nimport cmwell.analytics.util.{CmwellConnector, DatasetFilter, KeyFields}\nimport org.apache.log4j.", "LogManager\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "SparkSession\nimport org.rogach.scallop.{ScallopConf, ScallopOption}\n\ncase class ParentPathRow(parentPath: String)\n\nobject FindMissingPaths {\n\n /**\n * Find missing paths using the contents of the infoton table.", "\n * This will only work correctly if the data is internally consistent.", "\n *\n * This includes the ability to use a path prefix filter, but doing could cause\n * some parent to show up as missing. ", "That can easily be verified manually.", "\n */\n def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {\n\n val logger = LogManager.getLogger(FindMissingPaths.getClass)\n\n try {\n\n object Opts extends ScallopConf(args) {\n\n val pathPrefixFilter: ScallopOption[String] = opt[String](\"path-prefix-filter\", descr = \"Filter on the path prefix matching <value>\", default = None)\n\n val out: ScallopOption[String] = opt[String](\"out\", short = 'o', descr = \"The path to save the output to\", required = true)\n val url: ScallopOption[String] = trailArg[String](\"url\", descr = \"A CM-Well URL\", required = true)\n\n verify()\n }\n\n CmwellConnector(\n cmwellUrl = Opts.url(),\n appName = \"Find missing paths\"\n ).withSparkSessionDo { spark: SparkSession =>\n\n val datasetFilter = DatasetFilter(pathPrefix = Opts.pathPrefixFilter.toOption)\n\n val ds = InfotonWithKeyFields(Some(datasetFilter))(spark).cache()\n\n import spark.implicits._", "\n // Find all the parent paths that should exist\n\n val pathsThatShouldExist = ds.rdd.map { keyFields: KeyFields =>\n val path = keyFields.path\n\n // ASSUME: The path is normalized and doesn't end in a slash.", "\n ParentPathRow(path.substring(0, path.lastIndexOf(\"/\")))\n\n }.filter(_.parentPath.nonEmpty) // Don't care about root\n .toDS()\n .distinct()\n\n // Find which pathsThatShouldExist, but don't actually existing in ds.path\n\n val missingPaths = pathsThatShouldExist.join(ds, ds(\"path\") === pathsThatShouldExist(\"parentPath\"), \"leftanti\")\n\n missingPaths.write.csv(Opts.out())\n }\n }\n catch {\n case ex: Throwable =>\n logger.error(ex.getMessage, ex)\n System.exit(1)\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Metabolism in 1,3-propanediol fed-batch fermentation by a D-lactate deficient mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "\nKlebsiella pneumoniae HR526, a new isolated 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) producer, exhibited great productivity. ", "However, the accumulation of lactate in the late-exponential phase remained an obstacle of 1,3-PD industrial scale production. ", "Hereby, mutants lacking D-lactate pathway were constructed by knocking out the ldhA gene encoding fermentative D-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of HR526. ", "The mutant K. pneumoniae LDH526 with the lowest LDH activity was studied in aerobic fed-batch fermentation. ", "In experiments using pure glycerol as feedstock, the 1,3-PD concentrations, conversion, and productivity increased from 95.39 g L(-1), 0.48 and 1.98 g L(-1) h(-1) to 102. ", "06 g L(-1), 0.52 mol mol(-1) and 2.13 g L(-1) h(-1), respectively. ", "The diol (1,3-PD and 2,3-butanediol) conversion increased from 0.55 mol mol(-1) to a maximum of 0.65 mol mol(-1). ", "Lactate would not accumulate until 1,3-PD exceeded 84 g L(-1), and the final lactate concentration decreased dramatically from more than 40 g L(-1) to <3 g L(-1). ", "Enzymic measurements showed LDH activity decreased by 89-98% during fed-batch fermentation, and other related enzyme activities were not affected. ", "NADH/NAD(+) enhanced more than 50% in the late-exponential phase as the D-lactate pathway was cut off, which might be the main reason for the change of final metabolites concentrations. ", "The ability to utilize crude glycerol from biodiesel process and great genetic stability demonstrated that K. pnemoniae LDH526 was valuable for 1,3-PD industrial production." ]

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[ "{\n \"name\": \"strongs\",\n \"version\": \"1.0.2\",\n \"description\": \"Strong's Dictionaries of Hebrew and Greek\",\n \"main\": \"index.js\",\n \"scripts\": {\n \"test\": \"echo \\\"Error: no test specified\\\" && exit 1\"\n },\n \"repository\": {\n \"type\": \"git\",\n \"url\": \"git+https://github.com/openscriptures/strongs.git\"\n },\n \"keywords\": [\n \"bible\"\n ],\n \"author\": \"Ben Dwyer <ben@scruffian.com>\",\n \"bugs\": {\n \"url\": \"https://github.com/openscriptures/strongs/issues\"\n },\n \"homepage\": \"https://github.com/openscriptures/strongs#readme\"\n}\n" ]

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[ "Sunday, December 20, 2009\n\nLet it snow (paper), Let it snow (paper), Let it snow! (...", "paper)\n\nThe East Coast has been hit by a pretty big storm, and NYC is blanketed in its first layer of the cold, white stuff. ", "E and I had a fun morning of shoveling out the car, dealing with a disgruntled old man who was upset we got a little snow on his sidewalk, and then discovering that the car wouldn't start anyway. ", "We're holding out hope that it'll be an easy fix, though the tow truck driver who came to rescue us guessed it was the starter and not the battery as we had suspected. ", "I don't know anything about cars, by the way.", "\n\nIn honor of the snow, I wanted to finally put up the paper snowflake tutorial I'd been talking about for ages. ", "I learned to make paper snowflakes from my eighth grade algebra teacher, and her method has been the best I've tried! ", "I love to string paper snowflakes up in windows, and they also look pretty on garlands strung up over doorways! ", "Really, the trick is in the folding, and don't be afraid to experiment with different shapes when you're cutting!", "\n\n1. ", "Start with your nice, clean sheet of regular old copy paper. ", "Get out your safety scissors, and grab any children old enough not to cut their fingers off while using safety scissors.", "\n\n2. ", "Remember when you were in grade school and you made cootie catchers? ", "You're going to use the same procedure to achieve a square of paper for your snowflake. ", "Fold the top edge down to meet the left hand edge...\n\n3. ", "And cut off the bottom strip of paper! ", "You can use this to make smaller snowflakes if you want!", "\n\n4. ", "Fold your folded triangle in half...\n\n5. ", "And half again, and you're ready to start hacking away with those scissors! ", "Also check out my awesome glitter-tipped festive holiday nails!", "\n\n6. ", "If you want your snowflake to be essentially round, you want to cut off the top corner, starting on the longest side, or the hypotenuse. ", "Make it rounded, in the general direction I've noted in this photograph. ", "You can also just work with the shape as is, but you're going to end up with a square-ish snowflake.", "\n\n7. ", "Get to work cutting! ", "You're going to focus on cutting into the center of the triangle from the folded edges, so everything that you cut will be mirrored. ", "For example, above I've shown you how to cut hearts and stars into your snowflake. ", "It's pretty self-explanatory. ", "So just cut, cut, cut...\n\n8. ", "Til your snowflake is all snipped out. ", "Remember, don't cut straight across the body of the snowflake, or... you'll just be cutting your snowflake in half. ", "Womp, womp.", "\n\n9. ", "BIG REVEAL! ", "Carefully unfold your snowflake (more detailed cuts can kind of get stuck on themselves, so be gentle!) ", "and you're good to go! ", "I like to give the paper a quick once-over with the iron so it lies flatter. ", "Tape it to the window! ", "String it from the ceiling! ", "Whether you're in California or Canada, you can have a White Christmas!", "\n\nAnd here are some other snowflakes I've made this season, though I have yet to hang them up." ]

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[ "4.0 Funding and ownership of fit-out\n\nPage Content\n\nAgencies are required to recognise and account for fitout assets that they control. ", "Although agencies cannot own assets separately from the state, agencies deal with assets that they control as if the assets were owned by them.", "\n\nFitout assets can be acquired as follows:\n\nthrough accommodation projects using agencies’ own funding\n\nthrough backfilling fitted out space vacated by another agency\n\nprovided to agencies as the initial fitout in a new government office building\n\nprovided through the Office Accommodation Program\n\nprovided as a component of a lease when accommodation is leased from the private sector.", "\n\nAgencies must account for these fitout assets acquired as described above and make provision for depreciation in accordance with Queensland Treasury’s requirements.", "\n\nFitout assets provided by the Department of Housing and Public Works, either as an initial fitout in a new building or through the Office Accommodation Program, or via fitout provided as part of a new lease, are transferred to the control of the tenant agency on completion of the project.", "\n\nIn the case of fitout acquired from the landlord in leased premises, advice should be obtained from the Accommodation Office, Department of Housing and Public Works to establish the status of the fitout ownership for depreciation and GST implications.", "\n\nIn the case of machinery-of-government changes or whole-of-Government accommodation requirement changes to office accommodation, existing fitout is generally left by the outgoing agency and reassigned to the incoming agency. ", "This approach is more time and cost effective to government than arranging multiple fitout relocations. ", "It is also impractical to relocate partitions and other fixed fitout.", "\n\nAll transfers of fitout assets, regardless of how they are acquired, are to be treated it the following way:\n\nThe outgoing agency (or the Department of Housing and Public Works) transfers the written down value at nil consideration via equity injection in Tridata to the incoming agency.", "\n\nThe recording of the written down value as income for no consideration as per 2.3.2 of the Non-Current Asset Policies of the Queensland Public Sector.", "\n\nThe transfer in the written down value via Equity (Non-reciprocal transfer at Government/Department of Housing and Public Works direction) is in accordance with Queensland Treasury Accounting Policy Guideline 13 of the Financial Reporting Requirements as an 'Other Non-reciprocal Transfer to/from Wholly-owned Queensland Public Sector Entities'." ]

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[ "According to Russia's Defense Ministry, the US State Department has finally admitted that the infamous Al Nusra Front, which controls Syria's Idlib Governorate through the umbrella terrorist group HTS and is still thought to be a front for al-Qaeda, \"not only has, but uses chemical weapons against civilians.\"", "\n\n\"The Hayat Tahrir al-Sham terrorist group (HTS), linked to Jabhat al-Nusra, which uses 'small and heavy arms, improvised explosive devices, and chemical weapons', operates in that province [Idlib]. ", "This is the first official recognition by the [US] State Department not simply of the presence, but, I emphasize, the use of chemical weapons by Jabhat al-Nusra terrorists in that part of Syria to commit terrorist attacks, about which we repeatedly warned,\" Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Maj. ", "Gen. Konashenkov said.", "\n\nIgor Konashenkov also recalled that in Idlib province, \"only one case of the use of chemical weapons is known — in Khan-Sheikhun.\"", "\n\nREAD MORE: Russia: US Has Not Provided Proof of Assad's Guilt in Syrian Chemical Attacks\n\n\"However, the US accused government troops of [conducting] this chemical attack. ", "And those who [actually] organized it, they called a \"moderate opposition,\" Konashenkov said.", "\n\nIgor Konashenkov stressed that \"as for the alleged Russian Air Force bombing in the city of Idlib, the State Department here is mistaken and American citizens have nothing to fear. ", "The Russian aircraft operating in Syria does not strike settlements, in contrast to the US and the coalition .\"", "\n\nOn April 4, the Syrian opposition reported that 80 had been killed in a chemical weapons attack in the city of Khan-Sheikhun in Idlib province, and 200 were wounded. ", "They accused Syrian government troops of conducting this attack, who in response strongly rejected the accusations and blamed the militants.", "\n\nThe war in Syria started in 2011. ", "Four years later, in September 2015, Russia launched a military operation to assist the country's government, providing air support to Syrian forces in fighting Daesh and other terrorist groups.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the US-led coalition conducts air strikes as well as ground and rocket artillery fire against the terrorist group Daesh (ISIS) in Syria, although this activity hasn't been sanctioned by the government of President Bashar Assad or the UN Security Council." ]

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[ "Science isn't about being right. ", "It is about convincing others of the correctness of an idea through a methodology all will accept using data everyone can trust. ", "New ideas take time to be accepted because they compete with others that already have passed the test. ", "New thinking needs a strongly favoured methodology and an iron-clad application if it is to triumph, replacing the old.", "\n\nJournal critics are the first line of defence against ideas and research projects that seem promising but have yet to be vetted, their methods analysed carefully. ", "Despite the importance of that service, the critic's role is typically disparaged because---let us be frank here---nobody likes critics. ", "If they praise something they're assumed to be sycophants and if they disparage published work they're dismissed as merely grumblers.", "\n\nHistory is not kind to critics. ", "Its writers typically dismiss where they do not simply ignore those whose careful reviews argue caution in the face of works destined to become, in the future, classics. ", "Think, here, Prince Peter Kropotkin whose naturalist studies focused upon the limits of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory and the direction in which research based upon it would be best directed.[@dyt194-B1] Only today---more than 130 years later---is the importance of his critique being acknowledged.[@dyt194-B2]\n\nThere are good critics, of course, even great ones. ", "The best are not only prominent in their field but also stylish essayists whose careful insights educate the general and the professional reader alike. ", "Harvard biologist Richard Lewontin is a current example, an essayist who enfolds each review within an erudite recital of the state of the science being discussed. ", "The result leaves the reader (and author) gasping: 'I wish I had said that.", "'[@dyt194-B3]\n\nAs an example of a good critic unfairly dismissed by history think Edmund A Parkes, the British physician and researcher who reviewed John Snow's famous 1855 opus, *On the Mode of Communication of Cholera*.[@dyt194-B4] In a seven-page, approximately 7800-word essay, Parkes carefully considered and found wanting Snow's argument that cholera (and plague, and typhoid fever) was solely waterborne.[@dyt194-B5] Although the myth of Snow's brilliance insists his critics were wrong, a careful reading of Parkes' concerns insists that the myth of Snow is overstated[@dyt194-B6]. ", "Yes, cholera is a waterborne disease. ", "But were we to read Snow's work with attention but without foreknowledge we, too, would find its argument incomplete.[@dyt194-B7]\n\nThis review of the 19th century debate over cholera has more than historical significance. ", "It pits a simplistic, focused explanation against one that was broad and multifactorial. ", "And, too, it demands attention be paid to the researcher's methodologies and their sufficiency, not just results. ", "Finally, it pits the myth of the lone researcher against the reality of science as a complex, communal, interactive process. ", "In a time of rapidly evolving, epidemic zoonotics, the lessons of that earlier debate are as contemporary as the evolving state of the mutating coronavirus that so concerns us today.", "\n\nEdmund A. Parkes\n================\n\nThe choice of Edmund Parkes assured a knowledgeable and informed review of Snow's privately published 1855 text. ", "A former military physician with 'considerable experience of tropical diseases', including cholera, in 1849 Parkes was elected a special professor of clinical medicine at University College where he was also appointed as a physician.[@dyt194-B8] He had published at least three works on cholera: 'On Asiatic and Algide cholera', written during his service in India, was published in 1847; 'Intestinal discharges in cholera' and then 'Early cases of cholera in London in 1848'. ", "A frequent contributor to the medical journals of the day, he also authored several well-regarded textbooks. ", "And, from 1852 to 1855, he was editor of the then prestigious *British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review* in which his review of Snow's work was published.", "\n\nExpert in both chemistry and physiology, he was an authority in the area of 'modern hygiene' which today we call public health. ", "His textbook, the *Manual of Practical Hygiene*, went through four editions in his lifetime. ", "An eighth edition, published in 1891, was translated in several European languages.", "\n\nAnd so, like Snow, Parkes was an extremely well-published medical author, researcher and sanitarian. ", "He was similarly engaged in the study of cholera and published in the field before Snow's first monograph on cholera in 1849.[@dyt194-B9] It is hard to think of anyone better qualified to review Snow's 1855 tome.", "\n\nJohn Snow\n=========\n\nSnow's work, As G Davey Smith so nicely put it, 'appeared amidst a veritable spate of speculation, experiment, investigation and recommendations regarding cholera'.[@dyt194-B10] Following the first global pandemic, which began in India in 1817,[@dyt194-B11] a generation of researchers assembled and reviewed a mass of evidence.[@dyt194-B12] On that basis they debated from the 1830s through the 1860s the nature of cholera, the mechanisms of its local transmission and the general means of its broad diffusion. ", "Snow was not the only author to propose a waterborne disease. ", "William Budd was another.[@dyt194-B13] Most, however, did so within a more or less multifactorial context that acknowledged then prevalent miasmatic theories of airborne disease generation and diffusion.", "\n\nFor others, water was part of the cholera story but for Snow it was the whole story. ", "Thus he proposed not only a novel theory of cholera as a water- rather than airborne disease but advanced simultaneously a general theory of waterborne disease that broke with accepted theories of disease as fundamentally airborne. ", "The onus was on Snow, therefore, to make the case for his theory through his studies of cholera.", "\n\nIn 1849 Snow published a monograph arguing cholera as solely waterborne. ", "His argument was based upon what recent biographers have called 'a complex blend of epidemiological evidence, pathological observations, and bold analogies'.[@dyt194-B14] Two local outbreaks, one at Surrey Court, Horsleydown, and another at Albion Terrace, were the epidemiological centrepiece of this publication. ", "In both microstudies, Snow concluded contaminated local water sources were the source. ", "Other investigators drew different conclusions based on an air- rather than waterborne disease theories.", "\n\nSnow admitted his evidence was 'scattered and general a nature', and his theory was thus offered 'not as matters of certainty, but as containing a greater amount of probability in their favor than any other'[@dyt194-B14] (quoting *Snow on the Mode of Communication Cholera*[@dyt194-B4]). ", "Almost immediately, he published two further papers attempting to flesh out the evidence and between 1849 and 1856 published frequently in the field, arguing time and again that cholera was solely the result of contaminated water and transmitted by oral-faecal contamination. ", "Period.", "\n\nThe review\n==========\n\nParkes began his review this way: 'None of our readers can be ignorant of the opinions of Dr Snow on the communication of cholera by means of drinking water, nor the perseverance and energy with which he has sought for facts to corroborate this view'.[@dyt194-B5] The text under review, Parkes added, recapitulated 'all the evidence \\[he\\] has hitherto published, with the addition of certain facts lately acquired'. ", "The first part of Parkes' essay covered the older data, carefully reviewing 11 separate cases of localized cholera outbreaks described as evidentiary by Snow. ", "Time and again, Parkes complained that Snow continually stated possibilities as certainties and suppositions as fact. ", "In a review of the Horsleydown data, for example, 'instead of leaving the origin of the first case uncertain', Parkes writes, Snow assumed without conclusive evidence its source; at Albion Terrace he insisted without proof that cholera 'must' have entered local drainpipes in the water even though other investigators argued different explanations.", "\n\n'The point', Parkes wrote in exasperation, 'is to prove the fact of water being the agent, and not to assume it, and then to seek for some other explanation of these cases for which the presumed contamination cannot account'.[@dyt194-B5] And here Snow's methodology, and the data it required, were wanting. ", "Time and again, relevant data by which Snow's theories might have been rigorously considered within the science of the day were lamentably absent. '", "Now, certainly in no less than seven of the eleven cases', Parkes concluded, 'the evidence to prove the effect of the water is so loosely stated, and the accessory circumstance of the outbreaks are so utterly disregarded, that we do not think any one can feel that even a tolerable case is made out in favor of Dr Snow's opinion'.[@dyt194-B5] In the remaining four cases the evidence was stronger but not conclusive.", "\n\nNew cases\n=========\n\nSnow's 1855 text included two critical new studies. ", "The first was the ferocious, if localized, Broad Street outbreak and the second his study of the South London epidemic, both occurring in 1854. ", "In the latter study, Snow proposed a 'natural experiment' in which cholera mortality would be related at various scales to different water sources in the South London cholera epidemic of that same year. ", "This ambitious idea was later advanced as a rationale for his epidemiological fame.", "\n\nBroad Street\n------------\n\nPerhaps the most famous of Snow's examples, his analysis of the Broad Street outbreak exemplified for Parkes the author's conceptual and methodological limits. ", "Snow employed two very different types of analysis, both then common in disease studies. ", "The first included a recitation of case reports and the second was cartographic. ", "Famously, Snow applied for the mortality reports from the General Register Office and had the first weeks of the outbreak's mortality included on a map of the Broad Street area with, of course, the location of water pumps that provided district water. '", "It would clearly appear', agreed Parkes, 'that the center of the \\[cholera\\] outburst was a spot in Broad-street, close to which is the accused pump; and that cases were scattered all round this nearly in a circle, becoming less numerous as the exterior of the circle approached'.[@dyt194-B5]\n\nBut to Parkes the centric distribution appeared more likely to present the image of an airborne rather than waterborne pattern of disease diffusion. '", "If it were owing to the water,' he asked, 'why should not the cholera have prevailed equally everywhere the water was drunk?' ", "And whereas the epicentre of the outbreak was clearly in the vicinity of the pump 'there are, indeed, so many pumps in this district that where ever the outbreak had taken place, it would most probably have had one pump or other in its vicinity'.[@dyt194-B5]\n\nSnow provided neither the type of comparative nor even descriptive statistics, then widely employed, that might have strengthened his mapped argument. ", "In the 1854 Broad Street study the local curate, Rev. Henry Whitehead, published in 1854 a monograph replete with descriptive statistics of the outbreak and its relative impact on citizens.[@dyt194-B15] Without that type of analysis Snow's mapped argument was open to multiple interpretations.", "\n\nRecognizing this deficit, perhaps, in an 1855 report to a parish inquiry Snow remapped the data, correcting several small errors, and included an irregular polygon based on greater proximity to the Broad Street well than to all others ([Fig. ", "1](#dyt194-F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).[@dyt194-B16] He did not, however, use this to calculate relative mortality among persons living within this area. ", "Nor did he create other polygons around other pumps in a manner that would permit comparisons of mortality based on population between the Broad Street and other pump regions. ", "As a result the map was inconclusive and, in Snow's study, statistics that might have strengthened his case were largely absent.", "\n\n{#dyt194-F1}\n\nParkes summed up the more general limits of Snow's argument this way: 'The weak points in this array of evidence are, 1^st^, the want of proof of contamination of water, or rather, the evidence in favour of its purity; 2nd, the deficiency in negative evidence, that there was no other local cause which produced the partial outbreak; and 3rd, the fact that the disease ran rapidly to its acme, and then declined, while the water supply remained the same'.[@dyt194-B5]\n\nThese were serious deficiencies. ", "Indeed, Snow admitted that, examining the pump's water, 'I found so little impurity in it of an organic nature that I hesitated to come to a conclusion'. ", "In 1854 and early 1855, available evidence did not support the idea that the well itself had been contaminated. '", "It will have been observed', wrote Parkes, 'that the contamination of the pump water with drains, or by any other method, is not even attempted to be proved ... .' ", "If the reasons for the outbreak's rapid onset were unclear so, too, was any rationale for its decline.", "\n\nSnow's stated goal, Parkes lectured, was 'not to prove that bad water acts as a predisposing cause, but that the water contains itself the cause of cholera. ", "To prove so weighty a fact, we require not only positive, but negative evidence ... that no other circumstance existed which could explain the attack except the contaminated water'.[@dyt194-B5] Snow briefly considered but as briefly dismissed then current arguments implicating the foul-smelling, new sewer lines added to the district in 1851 or 'bad airs' emanating from the 1665 plague burial sites that had been punctured by the new sewers. ", "Indeed, Snow's map did not include the sewer lines---included in three other contemporary maps---and misrepresented both the size and location of the former plague burial pit whose southeast corner was a short block from the Broad Street pump ([Fig. ", "2](#dyt194-F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).[@dyt194-B17]\n\n{#dyt194-F2}\n\nSnow's report was published before an 1855 engineering study that revealed a break in the bricking of the Broad Street well and visual evidence that materials flowed from a local cesspool into it.[@dyt194-B18] Also in 1855, Reverend Whitehead identified the index case in his report for a parish inquiry into the outbreak, a family that lived near and used that cesspool for its wastes. ", "Had Snow not published prematurely, before those data were available, and had he added even minimal comparative and descriptive statistics, his case would have been more persuasive.", "\n\nThe South London epidemic\n-------------------------\n\nSnow's study of the South London epidemic, affecting thousands rather than hundreds of Londoners, was similarly deficient. ", "Ambitiously, he attempted to distinguish mortality on the basis of two different water company jurisdictions, the 'good' waters of Lambeth Water Company and the 'bad' waters of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company that drew its water from Battersea in an area of Thames River pollution.", "\n\nIn service of this study, Snow had drawn a map of the epidemic area of South London in which the water service jurisdictions were identified. ", "He then attempted to argue that the mortality in areas supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company was far greater than in the area supplied by the Lambeth Water Company, which drew its waters from the cleaner area of Ditton. ", "Unfortunately, when he was writing the book, he later admitted, 'I was unable at the time to show the relation between the supply of houses in which fatal attacks took place, and the entire supply of each district and subdistrict, on account of the later circumstances not being known'.[@dyt194-B19]\n\nParkes made very clear that without those data Snow's *experimenta cruces* could not go forward. '", "Snow endeavours to meet this difficulty by giving, from the Parliamentary return, the number of houses supplied respectively by the two companies. ", "But this return applies to the entire districts, and not to the special district where the supplies are intermingled, so that really we are in doubt whether the Ditton water is supplied to half of this special district, or to a quarter or a tenth part'.", "\n\nThe required data became available after Snow's book went to press. ", "They were then carefully analysed by the Board of Health's Dr John Simon in a study 'presented to both houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty' and published in 1856.[@dyt194-B20] In a statistical tour de force he found that there did appear to be, as Snow predicted, a 3:1 difference in mortality ratios at the scale of general water supply jurisdictions ([Fig. ", "3](#dyt194-F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "But that difference disappeared when data were analysed at finer registration district and sub-district levels. ", "Without better methods of statistical analysis or a definitive identification of a cholera agent, Simon concluded, water was implicated as at least a contributing source, but its acceptance as the sole source of the outbreak could not be proven.", "\n\n{#dyt194-F3}\n\nSnow responded to Simon's paper with his own. ", "But Simon was right. ", "Absent a kind of Bayesian analysis, and the statistics available were insufficient to provide conclusive proof;[@dyt194-B21] and without the identification of and a means of testing for what we now know is the bacterial agent, the quality of the water could not be adequately ascertained.", "\n\nThe result to Parkes, and most of his contemporaries, was conclusive: 'We were unable to do more than conclude that he \\[Snow\\] had rendered the transmission of cholera by water an hypothesis worthy of inquiry; we cannot draw any other conclusion from his researchers on water supply that the predisposing effects of impurity of water are also rendered highly probable'.[@dyt194-B5]\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nClearly, Snow did not prove his case. ", "In both the Broad Street and the South London studies, Snow failed to include the type of carefully constructed mortality ratios based on population that would have permitted comparison between the areas of 'good' and 'bad' water. ", "In neither case did he vigorously address alternative disease theories, even where the geography of the outbreak insisted they be seriously considered. ", "This was especially galling in Snow's South London study where, Parkes noted, Snow paid no attention to 'Farr's Law' demonstrating an inverse relation between altitude above sea level and cholera mortality. '", "He alludes, indeed, to, but speedily dismisses the important law of elevation', wrote Parkes, 'demonstrated by the Registrar-General; and refused, indeed, to admit the effect of elevation and refers the differences of prevalence entirely to the water supply'.[@dyt194-B5]\n\nSome of the faults of Snow's 1855 tome could have been easily avoided. ", "Had he constructed other, distance-based polygons around other pumps in the Broad Street area, he might have constructed relative mortality ratios that implicated the central pump more strongly. ", "Had he delayed publication until the pump's casing could be carefully investigated---and the index case identified---the contamination of the Broad Street pump would have been evident rather than deduced. ", "And as he admitted later, his 'grand experiment' failed because he rushed to publication before the required data were available. ", "When the data from the General Register office were made available they were, as Dr Simon correctly noted, suggestive but inconclusive using the analytical tools of the day.", "\n\nParkes did what a good reviewer is supposed to do; he carefully considered the evidence presented and weighed its presentation and relevance given the author's objectives. ", "The myth of Snow's brilliance is thus transformed from a hero story into a cautionary tale. ", "Snow had a good idea. ", "Indeed, he had a great idea. ", "Cholera is waterborne, after all. ", "But in presenting this idea, and a disease theory tied to it, he failed to employ the best methodologies of the day (cartographic or statistical) and in his enthusiasm rushed to print, again and again, before necessary data were available. ", "In arguing his theories he rarely gave more than grudging attention to other disease theories or to the data that seemed to support them. ", "He refused to modify his arguments or change his methodology, when presented with the work of others that seemed at odds with his own.", "\n\nThe practical lessons of Snow's failure to convince his contemporaries is a warning to those who, convinced of their theories, seek to publish prematurely or to promote boisterously research whose proofs are only partial. ", "Of equal and perhaps greater importance is the necessity of a defence of Snow's critic, an argument against the near universal myth of Snow the great and lonely hero. ", "At a 2013 conference celebrating the 200th anniversary of Snow's birth, I argued the obvious limits of Snow's work and the appropriateness of his contemporaries' criticisms and cautions.[@dyt194-B22] And, too, I argued the falsity of the claims made on Snow's behalf by modern historians. ", "Snow did not create 'show leather' epidemiology or mapped cartography. ", "He did not create the *experimenta cruces*. ", "He did not prove cholera was waterborne. ", "Other contemporary researchers---Reverend Henry Whitehead, William Farr,[@dyt194-B23] John Simon etc.---were more exacting and better epidemiological researchers than Snow. ", "And yet we persist in the modern myth of Snow, a myth born in a 1901 textbook on the *Principles of Sanitary Science and Public Health,*[@dyt194-B24] and later expanded in the 1930s[@dyt194-B2][@dyt194-B5] as a broad truth.[@dyt194-B26]\n\nBut, 'We need heroes, don't we?' ", "a member of the conference audience asked plaintively. ", "It does not matter if Snow was a hero or a chump, in other words. ", "We need to believe in the solitary genius as we face the disease challenges of our own time. ", "Snow is a symbol, in other words, and the truth of his work as a researcher does not matter. ", "My reply is a suitable conclusion to this essay and its relevance: 'Yes, we need heroes. ", "But we don't need a Lone Ranger who singlehandedly saves the day.' ", "When we make the hero a solitary figure we forget the cooperative nature of medicine and public health. ", "There are no solitary heroes in the struggle with endemic and pandemic disease, just the many who struggle to treat them and understand their nature.[@dyt194-B26]\n\nIf we are to learn anything from Parkes' careful review and from Snow's passionate if incomplete work, it is this: research is collaborative and cooperative, not individualistic. ", "It includes our fiercest critics and most ardent supporters. ", "In the dilemma that is endemic or epidemic disease, it's not about us, our ideas, but about the disease and our communal means of understanding these conditions. ", "To ignore Snow's failings because we want a simple hero is to assure the failure of the science we promote and practise. ", "It is to assure that public health disasters will follow.", "\n\n**Conflict of interest:** None declared.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Shopping in Warsaw\n\nPoland used to be a poor country. ", "It still is, in many ways, but lately Warsaw and other cities have developed into decent places for shoppers who are looking for low prices and a good selection of international goods.", "\n\nFor instance, the large recently built shopping mall «Arkadia» in Warsaw, has an incredible choice of international brands to offer. ", "The service is not always the best, but if you see through that you can have a nice shopping experience in Warsaw.", "\n\nAfter a shopping trip to Arkadia, all other shopping centres will seem like David to Arkadia's Goliath. ", "180 shops, 20 restaurants and fast food joints, a 15-screen cinema, 4000 parking spaces, and many other impressive figures all in one place! ", "Pretty much every brand name shop, Polish and European, can be found under Arkadia's massive roof, as well as a Carrefour that's open from 7:00 - 23:00 on weekdays (9:00 - 21:00 Sundays). ", "The centre is easily accessible by bus, tram, metro, and possibly helicopter.", "\n\nDowntown shopping\n\nAlso, the nice layout of the city centre makes it easy to get around and pleasant to walk around. ", "If you need to travel longer, taxis are cheap and easy to catch. ", "The taxi drivers usually doesn't speak english (as with most Polish people), so make sure to have a written note with the name of your destination if possible.", "\n\nI would recommend going to Warsaw during the warmer periods of the year. ", "Especially if you are planning on doing a lot of shopping. ", "The town centre is quite small, but it can be a freezing experience walking the streets while the winter winds are blowing past you like a blast from the cold war era. ", "During spring and summer, the city is a much more pleasant place to be - and hopefully the people are a bit in the lighter side as well ;)\n\nA new era for Warsaw\n\nIn 1989 the workforce in industry accounted for over 30 per cent of the total in Warsaw, today it is about 18 per cent. ", "Embarking on a market economy has meant a severe shock for Warsaw industry, in terms of the loss of its previous export markets, the reorientation of production, and the large-scale exodus of its personnel to other sectors.", "The number of state - owned enterprises is regularly decreasing and the number of companies with foreign capital growing. ", "The largest foreign investors are Daewoo,Coca Cola Amatil and Metro AG.Warsaw has the biggest concentration of electronics and high-tech industry in Poland.", "\n\nTourism in Warsaw\n\nAbout 5 million foreign tourists spent at least one night in Warsaw last year. ", "The largest group were visitors from the former Soviet Union and Germany. ", "Thanks to Warsaw unique role as the political, commercial, academic and cultural capital of Poland, the dominant group of visitors are businessmen, politicians, scientists and artists. ", "A large number of foreign visitors, those from the East, come to the city to buy and sell goods, while another important group of tourists, mainly from Western Europe, visits Warsaw for pleasure, while on holiday. ", "It is estimated that tourists from abroad spend total of 1 billion dollars annually in Warsaw.", "\n\nVisitors arriving to Warsaw have at their disposal a large variety of accommodations: 34 hotels, four youth hostels, four campsites and four open camping fields. ", "The hotels can accommodate a total of 16,500 visitors. ", "Most hotels and other types of accommodation are grouped in the centre of the city. ", "Significantly, there is a growing number of hotels in the vicinity of main roads linking Warsaw with other cities and regions. ", "Although the number of hotels is growing with each year, there is still a shortage of two- or three-star facilities in Warsaw.", "\n\nDining out in warsaw\n\nRestaurants in WarsawNowadays, the standard of the network of fast-foods, restaurants, and cafes is similar to the European one except for cheap street bars.", "\n\nIn the most expensive restaurants you can expect to pay over 100 zł for a meal for one. ", "If you want something cheaper, go to a small restaurant or bar, or have a pizza (from 20 zł). '", "Milk bars' offer the cheapest food (5 to 9 zł). ", "A cake in a Warsaw café will cost you 3-8 zł, a cup of coffee 4-10 zł. ", "The price of a beer in a pub varies from 6 to 10 zł. ", "The majority of larger restaurants accept credit cards.", "\n\nDo not forget to try the Polish specialities: bigos, made with sauerkraut, fresh cabbage, onions and any variety of leftover meat. ", "Polish meals start with przekąski (starters), such as pike in aspic, marinated fish in sour cream, salted and rolled herring fillets with pickles and onions, kulebiak (a large mushroom and cabbage pasty) or Polish sausages such as the long, thin and highly spiced kabanos or the hunters' sausage (myśliwska) made with pork and game.", "Soups play an important part at mealtimes and are usually rich and very thick. ", "Soups such as barszcz (beetroot soup, excellent with sour cream) or rosół (beef or chicken boullion) are often served in cups with small hot pasties stuffed with meat or cabbage.", "\n\nPopular dishes include zrazy zawijane (mushroom-stuffed beefsteak rolls in sour cream) served with boiled kasza (buckwheat) and pig's knuckles. ", "Poland is also a good country for fish (ryba) such as carp served in sweet-and-sour jellied sauce, and poached pike with horseradish in cream. ", "Herring (sledz) is particularly popular and is served up in countless different ways. ", "Polish pastries (ciastka) are also worth trying.", "\n\nThere are a few kinds of good Polish vodkas worth recommending ,e.g., zubrowka (bison grass), tarniowka (sloe plum), sliwowica (prune) and pieprzowka (vodka with ground white pepper). ", "Western drinks, such as whisky, gin or brandy, can be obtained in most bars but are expensive. ", "Wine is available but, again, is imported and expensive. ", "The best bottled beer is zywiec, a fairly strong lager-type beer.", "\n\nIn restaurants and hotels tips are not included in the receipt. ", "That is why there is a custom to add 10% on the top of the sum of the bill.", "\n\nGetting to Warsaw\n\nWarsaw airport is about 10 km from the city centre. ", "It has a post office, a bank, exchange bureaus (kantor), cash machines, a restaurant, a fast-food bar, a coffee bar, souvenir shops and a car rental office. ", "There is also a tourist information office at the Arrival Hall. ", "The majority of international airline representatives have their offices in the airport.", "\n\nYou can reach the city centre by bus number 175, and bus number 188 will take you towards the right-bank, eastern parts of Warsaw (Praga, Grochów, Gocław). ", "The domestic airport is next to the international terminal.", "\n\nLatest articles\n\nAs a business owner, you're bound to get that really unpleasant email once in a while. ", "Perhaps it’s a disgruntled employee, a discontent business partner or an unreasonable client. ", "This can be very challenging to reply to. ", "Very much so if the email contains…\n\nBlogging as a medium has come of age. ", "It’s no longer something done only by teenagers, tech nerds or mothers with a love for scrapbooking or interior design. ", "Blogging is everywhere, and in many shapes. ", "From the early start with «weblogs», blogging now takes…\n\nLanguages has always been a great interest for me. ", "I've played around with words for as long as I can remember. ", "Ever since my grandmother taught me how to read while still in kindergarten, the written word and languages in general has been a great joy and…\n\nGeir Isene left the Church of Scientology in 2009, after being a member for 25 years. ", "He is the only person in Norway that has reached the highest spiritual level in Scientology, OT 8. ", "He's is about to release an autobiography where he writes openly about…" ]

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[ "Going Berserk 1983 watch online\n\nLimo driver John Bourgignon is engaged to Nancy Reese. ", "Her father, Congressman Ed Reese, is running for president and crusading against cult leader Sun Yi. ", "Misadventure and intrigue stalk John and Nancy's path to the altar." ]

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[ "Погибших в Украине россиян стараются хоронить без почестей.", "\n\nПогибших в Украине российских солдат возвращают родителям как умерших от инфаркта, травм или покончивших с собой.", "\n\nОб этом рассказала российская правозащитница Елена Васильева в эфире проекта \"Храбрые сердца\" на канале 1+1.", "\n\nВасильева в данный момент находится в Украине, чтобы искать захоронения российских солдат.", "\n\n\"Я переписываюсь с большим количеством мам, которые уже потеряли детей. ", "Их первая реакция - конечно, это шок. ", "Им внушают, что никакой войны нет, и вдруг на порог приходит \"груз 200\". ", "Они рассказывают, что получили похоронку, в которой говорится, что сын скончался от инсульта, от травмы, от инфаркта, суицида. ", "Написано, что эти ребята скончались в 150 км от Ростова\", - рассказала правозащитница.", "\n\nПо ее словам, погибших в Украине россиян хоронить стараются без почестей. ", "Некоторых - тайно, в темное время суток. ", "Родным запрещают жаловаться и выражать соболезнования.", "\n\nЧитайте также: На Донбассе воюют российские десантники-\"миротворцы\", которых привозят домой в гробах - СМИ\n\n\"Из 4500 погибших, о которых уже известно, похоронены не более 300 - то есть это те, которые дошли до родителей\", - сказала Васильева. ", "Российских военных, родным которых до сих пор рассказывают, что те на учениях, Елена Васильева находит в зоне АТО в могилах неизвестных солдат." ]

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