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[ "Zwift has delivered on the first of their many promised expansions: real world courses. ", "Back when I first discussed the service with them a year ago, they noted that they’d eventually see opportunities to partner with race organizers for creating virtual versions of their events.", "\n\nThe idea being twofold here: Events that could be ridden virtually at the exact same time as the actual race (ideal for folks such as deployed soldiers unable to attend), and then just cases where people could train and otherwise ride the event course ahead of time. ", "This has benefits for training, but also just event PR aspects.", "\n\nUp until this point the company has been focusing on fictional locales – such as Watopia in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. ", "Today though Zwift rolled out the first real world course they’ve done: Richmond, Virginia. ", "I know, it’s not as sexy as…well…anywhere else really (yes, I’ve been). ", "But, it’s home to the upcoming UCI 2015 Road World Championships, which will be held in Richmond from September 19th to 27th.", "\n\nAnd with that obvious cycling tie-in, it seems like a natural fit. ", "In this case, Zwift partnered with Richmond 2015 on the effort (who I turn is partnered with the UCI on the event). ", "This sort of partnership is something we haven’t really seen from most of the trainer app companies to date. ", "Most of those partnerships have been at levels such as Ironman, or local events. ", "Going to a major UCI event is kinda an entirely different ball game.", "\n\nBuilding the Course:\n\nI was curious how exactly Zwift was going about re-creating the 3D world of Richmond. ", "Obviously there are other trainer apps out there that use Google Earth to dynamically show you a 3D world as you cycle. ", "Most of these tend to be sorta…unreal…feeling though, despite trying to feel real. ", "Then there are of course manually built fake worlds, which tend to feel very realistic, but that’s because you aren’t comparing them to any actual real location.", "\n\nIn Zwift’s case, they started with a video of the course provided by the event organizers. ", "This was then combined with GPS log file data they obtained (.FIT & .GPX) to generate the road data. ", "In the middle of all that, they sent a team member out to Richmond as well.", "\n\nNext, they layered in USGS survey data for the correct terrain height. ", "The challenge they noted was that the data they received from all these sources wasn’t terribly awesome once combined, which is especially true in urban environments with buildings. ", "So they had a fair bit of editing the data to make it line up correctly.", "\n\nThey also leveraged Google Street View quite a bit when it came time for their development artists to start building the models. ", "When I asked about how and where they drew the virtual line on recreating a given building/monument/etc, Jon Mayfield of Zwift noted:\n\n“We used our best judgment. ", "We wanted the feel of the Richmond VA without our artists literally going off into the weeds modeling 3d assets that don’t really matter. ", "While watching the course video we’d make note of certain land marks that stood out (a church steeple, a factory, overpass, etc) and we tried to make sure many of those were in.”", "\n\nYou see that within some of the course components. ", "For example, there’s a monument early in the course that in real life is a Robert E. Lee on a horse (photo taken by a DCR reader, also above in Google Street View). ", "But in Zwift it’s actually a bike:\n\nThe effort started about a month ago, and Zwift noted that only a portion of the game development team was working on it. ", "Obviously it’s likely a goal of Zwift’s to increase these sort of marketing partnerships, since they likely drive both users to their platform, as well as money from partnerships. ", "Jon said that “it’s feasible for us to make more courses if they prove to be a hit, especially for race type events. ", "We’re strong on the community/social aspect of our product, so we have to be careful about separating users too much between many courses.“", "\n\nWhich is definitely true, and one of the biggest reasons that I think Zwift has been successful to date: They only have a single course. ", "Many other cycling 3D worlds have numerous courses which spreads out the users and makes for lame game play.", "\n\nRiding the Course:\n\nI gave the course a ride today over lunch, mostly just out of curiosity. ", "Unlike previous times when I’ve launched the app, I’m now presented with a new challenges option. ", "This was also added today, and allows you to compete against various personal challenges. ", "Since riding 797 miles on my trainer seemed like a painful goal, I went with climbing Mt. Everest instead.", "\n\nWith that out of the way I was off on my ride. ", "At this point it was just about sunrise in Richmond at 7AM, though that was a bit of pure dumb luck. ", "The day/night cycles automatically on a short schedule just like on Zwift island.", "\n\nThe first portion of the 10-mile long course is mostly in the downtown area. ", "Perhaps because it was dark, or perhaps because it was a non-vibrant city, this wasn’t terribly exciting for me.", "\n\nI think the realism in the city environment is lost a bit during tight turns, as the camera doesn’t ‘tilt’ like you would normally corner a turn, so it feels unrealistic. ", "Whereas in the fictional Zwift world, there’s no places on the course that have 90° turns, so you don’t actually ever notice it.", "\n\nNonetheless, I kept on chugging along. ", "There were some 80-90 other riders on the course at that time of day, disproportionally Australian. ", "And the smack talk was definitely flowing.", "\n\nEventually though, sunrise rose, and with that I got out of the city a bit:\n\nFor fun, here’s what I believe to be that same spot on Google Streetview:\n\nSo the gist of things is definitely in the ballpark.", "\n\nOnce I got to this portion I actually rather enjoyed the course. ", "I think that’s because it was less about city and more about parklands of sorts – an area that Zwift already excels at. ", "Further, there weren’t really many sharp turns here, so things felt more natural.", "\n\nSoon I’d find myself a bit of a cobbles section. ", "Interestingly, you could clearly feel the change in resistance on the Tacx Neo the split second I hit this. ", "Not saying you could feel cobbles, but rather the friction changed.", "\n\nUnfortunately there isn’t Google Street View imagery here, since it’s normally a closed road – but indeed, there are cobbles going up the hill (the Zwift image above is taken quite a bit further up the hill than the photo below).", "\n\nThen from there it was into some neighborhoods for a while.", "\n\nThen finally as I hit about the 10.4-mile marker I cleared the finish line, and could begin my 2nd loop.", "\n\nAt that point though, my actual lunch was calling, so I called it a day.", "\n\nAnd, I made stellar progress towards my Mt. Everest goal, now only 99% remaining!", "\n\nIn addition to the photos above, I gave my first go at using YouTube’s Live Streaming functionality with a desktop computer. ", "I’ve previously toyed around with this on mobile devices and action cams. ", "While I got the software all setup without too much incident, I left the defaults in the software for the recording rate, which did it at some very non-High Definition levels.", "\n\nSo, if you’re interested in watching my entire go of the course – you’re welcome to check out the YouTube video below. ", "It just looks like…non-awesome sauce because of the dismally low recording rate. ", "Don’t worry though, I’ve already changed the setting so I’m good to go for next time.", "\n\nIt’s worth noting that right now when you connect to Zwift you don’t have any choice in the course you’re given. ", "There’s only one course at a time. ", "The schedule for which course you’ll get is a bit wonky over the next month, but here ya go:\n\nSept 1st – 8th Richmond\n\nSept 9th – 12th Watopia\n\nSept 13th – 15th Richmond\n\nSept 16th – 19th Watopia\n\nSept 20th – 27th Richmond\n\nSept 28th+ Watopia\n\nZwift says eventually they’ll allow you to select a course, but that’s not in the immediate cards. ", "I think they’re trying to carefully balance ensuring that they always have large quantities of riders in the courses to keep them more interesting.", "\n\nThey noted that “the course will be available in some way for many months to come. ", "It may be on a limited schedule, or we may have regularly scheduled events on it every week. ", "It’s too early to say, but it’s a nice asset for us to have and use as we see fit.”", "\n\nUploads to Strava:\n\nFinally, it’s worth mentioning that like usual my Zwift ride automatically uploaded to Strava. ", "However more important here is that it was tagged as a Virtual Ride.", "\n\nVirtual Rides are important because it ensures that folks using Zwift (and other trainer apps) don’t incorrectly show up in regular Strava leaderboards. ", "So at the bottom, where there would normally be segments it’s a bit slim right now:\n\nOver time though, as more segments are set via virtual segments, they’ll start showing up here.", "\n\nBut even if you look at some of these already, all of them are via Zwift riders (only) today alone. ", "Some 403 people in the first portion of the first day already. ", "Impressive.", "\n\nPretty cool stuff, by both Zwift and Strava. ", "I’m looking forward to seeing other partnerships. ", "For example, I’d love to see the final stage at the Tour de France in Zwift (in Paris) – it’s just about the perfect length for it too!", "\n\nWith that – thanks for reading!" ]

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[ "Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy for surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "\nThe optimal choice of technique for the surgical treatment of pancreatic head lesions in chronic pancreatitis is still under debate. ", "This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) versus pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) by means of parameters of mortality and morbidity and functional outcomes and quality of life. ", "A systematic literature search (Medline, Embase, Biosis, The Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DPPHR and PD. ", "Included literature was assessed and extracted by 2 independent reviewers. ", "A meta-analysis of pain relief (primary end point), several parameters of short- and long-term measures and quality of life, was done using the random effects-model. ", "In total, 1284 citations were checked for eligibility and 4 RCTs were included. ", "The critical appraisal revealed a heterogeneous methodological quality of included trials. ", "Comparing DPPHR versus PD, postoperative pain relief, overall mortality, and morbidity showed no significant difference. ", "Intraoperative blood replacement, hospital stay, weight gain, exocrine insufficiency, occupational rehabilitation, and quality of life were significantly improved in the DPPHR group. ", "DPPHR and PD seem to be equally effective in terms of postoperative pain relief, overall morbidity, and incidence of postoperative endocrine insufficiency. ", "However, the presented findings suggest superiority of DPPHR in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis with regard to several peri and postoperative outcome parameters and quality of life. ", "Further RCTs are eagerly awaited to prove these findings." ]

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[ "Powerlifting\n\nPowerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three attempts at maximal weight on three lifts: squat, bench press, and deadlift. ", "As in the sport of Olympic weightlifting, it involves the athlete attempting a maximal weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. ", "Powerlifting evolved from a sport known as \"odd lifts\", which followed the same three-attempt format but used a wider variety of events, akin to strongman competition. ", "Eventually odd lifts became standardized to the current three.", "\n\nIn competition, lifts may be performed equipped or un-equipped (typically referred to as 'raw' lifting or 'classic' in the IPF specifically). ", "Equipment in this context refers to a supportive bench shirt or squat/deadlift suit or briefs. ", "In some federations, knee wraps are permitted in the equipped but not un-equipped division; in others, they may be used in both equipped and un-equipped lifting. ", "Weight belts, knee sleeves, wrist wraps and special footwear may also be used, but are not considered when distinguishing equipped from un-equipped lifting.", "\n\nCompetitions take place across the world. ", "Powerlifting has been a Paralympic sport (bench press only) since 1984 and, under the IPF, is also a World Games sport. ", "Local, national and international competitions have also been sanctioned by other federations operating independently of the IPF.", "\n\nHistory\n\nEarly history\nThe roots of powerlifting are found in traditions of strength training stretching back as far as ancient Greek and ancient Persian times. ", "The idea of powerlifting originated in Ancient China and Greece, as men lifted stones to prove their strength and manhood. ", "Weightlifting has been an official sport in the Olympic Games since 1896. ", "The modern sport originated in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1950s. ", "Previously, the weightlifting governing bodies in both countries had recognized various \"odd lifts\" for competition and record purposes. ", "During the 1950s, Olympic weightlifting declined in the United States, while strength sports gained many new followers. ", "People did not like the Olympic lifts Clean and Press, Snatch and Clean and Jerk. ", " In 1958, the AAU's National Weightlifting Committee decided to begin recognizing records for odd lifts. ", "A national championship was tentatively scheduled for 1959, but never happened. ", "The first genuine national \"meet\" was held in September 1964 under the auspices of the York Barbell Company. ", "Ironically, York Barbell owner Bob Hoffman had been a longtime adversary of the sport, but his company was now making powerlifting equipment to make up for the sales it had lost on Olympic equipment.", "\n\nIn 1964, some powerlifting categories were added to the Tokyo Paralympic Games for men with spinal cord injuries. ", "More categories of lifting were added as time went by. ", "In the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney, women were finally invited to participate in powerlifting. ", "Finally, both men and women were allowed to compete in all 10 weight classes of powerlifting.", "\n\nDuring the late 1950s, Hoffman's influence on Olympic lifting and his predominately Olympic-based magazine Strength and Health were beginning to come under increasing pressure from Joe Weider's organization. ", "In order to combat the growing influence of Weider, Hoffman started another magazine, Muscular Development, which would be focused more on bodybuilding and the fast-growing interest in odd lift competitions. ", "The magazine's first editor was John Grimek. ", "During the late 1950s and early 1960s, various odd lift events gradually developed into the specific lifts of the bench press, squat, and deadlift, and they were lifted in that order. ", "Hoffman became more and more influential in the development of this new lifting sport and organized the Weightlifting Tournament of America in 1964, effectively the first USA National championships. ", "In 1965, the first named USA National Championships were held. ", "During the same period, lifting in Britain also had factions. ", "In the late 1950s, because members of the ruling body (BAWLA) were only interested in the development of Olympic lifting, a breakaway organization called the Society of Amateur Weightlifters had been formed to cater for the interests of lifters who were not particularly interested in Olympic lifting.", "\n\nAlthough at that time there were 42 recognized lifts, the \"Strength Set\" (biceps curl, bench press, and squat) soon became the standard competition lifts, and both organizations held Championships on these lifts (as well as on the Olympic lifts) until 1965. ", "In 1966, the Society of Amateur Weightlifters rejoined BAWLA and, in order to fall into line with the American lifts, the biceps curl was dropped and replaced with the deadlift. ", "The first British Championship was held in 1966. ", "During the late 1960s and at the beginning of the 1970s, various friendly international contests were held. ", "At the same time, in early November of each year and to commemorate Hoffman's birthday, a prestigious lifting contest was held. ", "In 1971, it was decided to make this event the \"World Weightlifting Championships\". ", "The event was held on the morning of 6 November 1971, in York, Pennsylvania. ", "There was no such thing as teams and thus the event consisted of a large group of American lifters, four British lifters, and one lifter from the West Indies. ", "All of the referees were American. ", "Weights were in pounds. ", "Lifting order was \"rising bar\", and the first lift was the bench press. ", "There was no such thing as a bench shirt or squat suit, and various interpretations were held regarding the use and length of knee wraps and weightlifting belts. ", "The IPF rules system did not exist yet, nor had world records been established.", "\n\nBecause of the lack of formalized rules, some disputes occurred.", "\n\nThere was no 52 kg class, 100 kg class, or 125 kg class.", "\n\nAt the first World Championships, one of the American super-heavyweights, Jim Williams, benched 660 lbs on his second attempt (no shirt), and almost locked out 680 lbs on a third attempt. ", "Some other notable lifts were Larry Pacifico benching 515 lbs in the 90 kg class, John Kuc deadlifting 820 lbs, and Vince Anello attempting 800 lbs at 90 kg. ", "Hugh Cassidy and Williams both totaled 2,160 lbs, but Cassidy got the win because of a lower bodyweight in the Super heavyweight division.", "\n\nIn 1972, the 'second' AAU World Championships were held, this time over two days – 10 and 11 November. ", "This time there were 8 lifters from Great Britain (two of whom, Ron Collins and John Pegler, did stints as Referees), six Canadians, two Puerto Ricans, three Zambians, and one from the West Indies. ", "With 67 lifters in all, the other 47 were Americans. ", "Lifts were still measured in pounds, the bench press was the first lift, and there were still no suits, power belts, or fancy wraps. ", "New Zealand's Precious McKenzie won his 'second' world title with 550 kg at 56. ", "Mike Shaw 'lost' his world title, won the previous year, to American Jack Keammerer. ", "Ron Collins made up for his 'bomb' on the bench in 1971 and stormed to the 75 kg title. ", "Pacifico just won against another American, Mel Hennessey, at 110 kg, both with enormous benches of 260 kg and 255 kg. ", "At Super (over 110 kg) John Kuc beat Jim Williams with an incredible 2,350 lbs total (raw). ", "Kuc squatting 905 lbs for a record squat and attempting a 397½ (875 lbs) deadlift again, and Williams benching a massive 307½ (675 lbs) – the greatest bench press ever at the time, before just missing with 317½ (700 lbs). ", "Jon Cole, the Super heavyweight winner of the US Senior Championships 1972 and holder of the greatest total at that time with 1,075 kg (2,370 lbs), didn't show up to take on Kuc.", "\n\nIPF and after\nThe International Powerlifting Federation was formed immediately after the contest, and so none of the lifts could be yet registered as official world records. ", "The 1973 Worlds was also held in York. ", "This time there were only 47 entrants: one Swedish, one Puerto Rican (Peter Fiore, who was lifting for Zambia), two Canadians, one West Indian, eight British, and the rest Americans. ", "The officiating became more international and included Tony Fitton and Terry Jordan from Britain, a Canadian, and a Zambian. ", "American Bob Crist was the IPF President, and another American, Clarence Johnson, was Vice-President. ", "1973 was the first time that the lifts were done in the order now recognized – squat, bench press, deadlift (although still lifting in pounds). ", "Precious Mackenzie won his third World title, easily beating American teenager Lamar Gant. ", "1974 was the first time that teams had to be selected in advance. ", "With 74 entrants, this was the largest Worlds so far. ", "The 52 kg class was introduced, and nine lifters entered. ", "In 1975, the World Championships was held outside America for the first time, at the town hall in Birmingham, hosted by Vic Mercer. ", "82 lifters entered. ", "Unusually for a competition, the super-heavyweights lifted first. ", "This was because the television company filming the event was only interested in filming the \"big guys\". ", "Hoffman sent over tons of equipment for this contest and did not take it back, and local legend says it is all still being used in Birmingham and the wider West Midlands region.", "\n\nThe establishment of the IPF in 1973 spurred the establishment of the EPF (European Powerlifting Federation) in 1974. ", "Since it was closely associated with bodybuilding and women had been competing as bodybuilders for years, the new sport was opened to them very quickly. ", "The first U. S. national championships for women were held in 1978 and the IPF added women's competition in 1979. ", "In the US, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 required that each Olympic or potential Olympic sport must have its own national governing body by November 1980. ", "As a result, the AAU lost control of virtually every amateur sport. ", "The USPF was founded in 1980 as the new national governing body for American powerlifting. ", "Soon, controversy over drug testing would cause powerlifting to splinter into multiple federations. ", "In 1981, the American Drug Free Powerlifting Association (ADFPA), led by Brother Bennett, became the first federation to break away from the USPF, citing the need to implement effective drug testing in the sport. ", "Meanwhile, the IPF was moving towards adopting drug testing at international meets, and requiring member nations to implement drug testing at national meets as well. ", "In 1982, drug testing was introduced to the IPF men's international championship, although the USPF championships that year did not have drug testing.", "\n\nThe IPF's push for drug testing was resisted by some American lifters, and in 1982 Larry Pacifico and Ernie Frantz founded the American Powerlifting Federation (APF), which advertised its categorical opposition to all drug testing.", "\n\nIn 1987, the American Powerlifting Association (APA) and World Powerlifting Alliance (WPA) were formed by Scott Taylor. ", "The APA and WPA offer both drug tested and non-tested categories in most of their competitions. ", "As of 2018 the WPA has 50+ affiliate nations.", "\n\nUltimately, the USPF failed to conform to IPF demands and was expelled from the international body in 1997, with the ADFPA, now named USA Powerlifting (USAPL), taking its place. ", "Despite the trend towards more and more federations, each with their own rules and standards of performance, some powerlifters have attempted to bring greater unity to the sport. ", "For example, 100% RAW promoted unequipped competition and merged with another federation, Anti-Drug Athletes United (ADAU), in 2013. ", "The Revolution Powerlifting Syndicate (RPS), founded by Gene Rychlak in 2011, might also be considered a move towards greater unity, as the RPS breaks the tradition of charging lifters membership fees to a specific federation in addition to entry fees for each competition. ", "Also, some meet promoters have sought to bring together top lifters from different federations, outside existing federations' hierarchy of local, regional, national and international meets; a prominent example of this is the Raw Unity Meet (RUM), held annually since 2007.", "\n\nDevelopments in equipment and rules\nAs new equipment was developed, it came to distinguish powerlifting federations from one another. ", "Weight belts and knee wraps (originally simple Ace bandages) predated powerlifting, but in 1983 John Inzer invented the first piece of equipment distinct to powerlifters—the bench shirt. ", "Bench shirts and squat/deadlift suits (operating on the same principle) became ubiquitous in powerlifting, but only some federations adopted the latest and most supportive canvas, denim, and multiply polyester designs, while others such as the IPF maintained more restrictive rules on which supportive equipment could be used. ", "The Monolift, a rack in which the bar catches swing out and eliminate the walkout portion of the squat, was invented by Ray Madden and first used in competition in 1992. ", "This innovation was adopted by some federations and forbidden in others. ", "Other inventions included specialized squat bars and deadlift bars, moving away from the IPF standard of using the same bar for all three lifts.", "\n\nThe rules of powerlifting have also evolved and differentiated. ", "For example, in ADFPA/USAPL competition, the \"press\" command on the bench press was used, not used, and then used again, following a 2006 IPF motion to reinstate this rule. ", "IPF rules also mandate a \"start\" command at the beginning of the bench press. ", "Many other federations, for example the Natural Athlete Strength Association (NASA), have never used the \"start\" command. ", "As a further example of diversifying rules of performance, in 2011 the Southern Powerlifting Federation (SPF) eliminated the \"squat\" command at the beginning of the squat. ", "Some federations also now allow the sumo variation of the deadlift, which varies with the feet being considerably wider apart and some tension taken off the lower spine being taken up by the legs. ", "Many communities and federations do not class the sumo variation as a technical deadlift.", "\n\nSupportive equipment\nIn powerlifting, supportive equipment refers to supportive shirts, briefs, suits, and sometimes knee wraps made of materials that store elastic potential energy and thereby assist the three lifts contested in the sport: squat, bench press and deadlift.", "\nSome federations allow single ply knee sleeves, which contestant can put on and off by himself, and wraps for wrists in raw competition, while some don't and there are also some federations that hold raw records with and without wraps like GPA. ", "Straps are also used, as help with deadlift in case of a weak grip but are not allowed by any federations in official competitions. ", "A belt is the only supportive equipment that is allowed by all federations in raw competition. ", "The use of supportive equipment distinguishes 'equipped' and 'un-equipped' or 'raw' divisions in the sport, and 'equipped' and 'unequipped' records in the competition lifts. ", "The wide differences between equipped and unequipped records in the squat and bench suggest that supportive equipment confers a substantial advantage to lifters in these disciplines. ", "This is less evident in the case of the deadlift, where the lack of an eccentric component to the lift minimizes how much elastic energy can be stored in a supportive suit. ", "Supportive equipment should not be confused with the equipment on which the lifts are performed, such as a bench press bench, conventional or monolift stand for squat or the barbell and discs; nor with personal accessories such as a weightlifting belt that may allow greater weight to be lifted, but by mechanisms other than storing elastic energy. ", "Chalk is commonly used by lifters to dry the hands, especially to reduce the risk of folding and pinching of skin while gripping the deadlift. ", "Chalk can also be added to the shoulders for squatting and on the back for bench pressing to reduce sliding on the bench.", "\n\nPrinciples of operation \nSupportive equipment is used to increase the weight lifted in powerlifting exercises. ", " A snug garment is worn over a joint or joints (such as the shoulders or hips). ", "This garment deforms during the downward portion of a bench press or squat, or the descent to the bar in the deadlift, storing elastic potential energy. ", " On the upward portion of each lift, the elastic potential energy is transferred to the barbell as kinetic energy, aiding in the completion of the lift.", "\nSome claim that supportive equipment prevents injuries by compressing and stabilizing the joints over which it worn. ", "For example, the bench shirt is claimed to support and protect the shoulders. ", "Critics point out that the greater weights used with supportive equipment and the equipment's tendency to change the pattern of the movement may compromise safety, as in the case of the bar moving towards the head during the upward portion of the shirted bench press.", "\n\nMaterial and construction \nDifferent materials are used in the construction of supportive equipment. ", "Squat suits may be made of varying types of polyester, or of canvas. ", "The latter fabric is less elastic, and therefore considered to provide greater 'stopping power' at the bottom of the movement but less assistance with the ascent. ", "Bench shirts may be made of polyester or denim, where the denim again provides a less-elastic alternative to the polyester. ", "Knee wraps are made of varying combinations of cotton and elastic.", "\nSupportive equipment can be constructed in different ways to suit lifters' preferences. ", "A squat or deadlift suit may be constructed for a wide or a narrow stance; and a bench shirt may be constructed with 'straight' sleeves (perpendicular to the trunk of the lifter) or sleeves that are angled towards the abdomen. ", "The back of the bench shirt may be closed or open, and the back panel may or may not be of the same material as the front of the shirt. ", "Similarly, 'hybrid' squat suits can include panels made from canvas and polyester, in an effort to combine the strengths of each material. ", "When two or more panels overlay one another in a piece of supportive equipment, that equipment is described as 'multi-ply', in contrast to 'single-ply' equipment made of one layer of material throughout.", "\n\nRaw powerlifting\nUnequipped or \"raw\" (often styled as RAW) or classic powerlifting has been codified in response to the proliferation and advancement of bench shirts and squat/deadlift suits. ", "The AAU first began its raw division in 1994 and the term \"raw\" was coined by Al Siegal who later formed the ADAU in 1996. ", "The 100% RAW federation was founded in 1999; within a decade, many established federations came to recognize \"raw\" divisions in addition to their traditional (open) divisions permitting single-ply or multi-ply equipment. ", "RAW during this time frame however was looked upon as a beginners stage by the elite lifters in powerlifting. ", "In January 2008 the Raw Unity Meet (simply known as \"RUM\") was formed by Eric Talmant and Johnny Vasquez. ", "This contest became the turning point in raw lifting. ", "It was a crucial contest that gathered the best lifters under one roof regardless of gear worn to compete without equipment. ", "Brian Schwab, Amy Weisberger, Beau Moore, Tony Conyers, Arnold Coleman and Dave Ricks were among the first Elite lifters to remove their equipment and compete raw. ", "RUM spearheaded raw lifting into what it has become today. ", "United Powerlifting Association (UPA) established a standard for raw powerlifting in 2008 and USAPL held the first Raw Nationals in the same year. ", "Eventually, IPF recognized raw lifting with the sanction of a \"Classic 'Unequipped' World Cup\" in 2012, and published its own set of standards for raw lifting. ", "By this time, the popularity of raw lifting has surged to the point where raw lifters came to predominate over equipped lifters in local meets. ", "Note that the IPF's use of the word 'classic' to describe raw powerlifting is differentiated from most other powerlifting federations' use of the word to differentiate between 'classic raw' and 'modern raw': classic raw is still unequipped but allows the use of knee wraps while modern raw allows knee sleeves at most. ", " The IPF does not allow knee wraps in its unequipped competitions and would thus be considered 'modern raw' but the IPF does not recognize the word 'raw.'", "\n\nThe use of knee sleeves in unequipped powerlifting has brought about much debate as to whether certain neoprene knee sleeves can actually assist a lifter during the squat. ", "Some lifters purposely wear knee sleeves which are excessively tight and have been known to use plastic bags and have others to assist them get their knee sleeves on. ", "This led to the IPF mandating that lifters put on their knee sleeves unassisted.", "\n\nEquipped powerlifting \nEquipped lifters compete separately from raw lifters. ", "Equipped lifters will wear a squat suit, knee wraps, a bench shirt, and a deadlift suit. ", "These four things are what separate equipped lifters and raw lifters. ", "A squat suit is made of an elastic-like material, and a single-ply polyester layer. ", "This allows a competitor to spring out of the bottom of a squat (called \"pop out of the hole\" in Powerlifting circles) by maintaining rigidity, keeping him or her upright and encouraging their hips to remain parallel with the floor. ", "This allows lifters to lift more weight than would normally be possible without the suit. ", "There are also multi-ply suits giving the lifter even more rigidity, like that of a traditional canvas suit, with the same pop as a single-ply suit or briefs. ", "During the squat, lifters also tend to wear knee wraps. ", "Even though knee wraps will be a sub-classification of raw lifting it will still be worn by equipped lifters. ", "A raw lifter who would squat in knee wraps will have the weight lifted noted as \"in wraps\" to distinguish this from the other raw lifters. ", "Knee wraps are made out of the same, or very similar, elastic material as wrist wraps are made out of. ", "They are wrapped around the lifters knees very tightly with the lifter usually not being able to do it himself and needing someone to assist them in doing so. ", "The knee wraps are wrapped in a spiral or diagonal method. ", "The knee wraps build elastic energy during the eccentric part of the squat and once the lifter has hit proper depth the lifter will start the concentric part of the movement releasing this elastic energy and using it to help them move the weight upwards. ", "It gives the lifter more spring, or pop out of the hole of the squat resulting in a heavier and faster squat.", "\n\nFor the bench press, there are also single-ply and multi-ply bench shirts that work similarly to a squat suit. ", "It acts as artificial pectoral muscles and shoulder muscles for the lifter. ", "It resists the movement of the bench press by compressing and building elastic energy. ", "When the bar is still and the official gives the command to press the compression and elastic energy of the suit aids in the speed of the lift, and support of the weight that the lifter would not be able to provide for himself without the bench shirt. ", "In order to achieve proper tightness and fitting the lifter must be assisted when putting the bench shirt on for it is not possible to be done alone.", "\n\nFor the deadlift suit, there is single-ply and multi-ply as well. ", "The elastic energy is built when the lifter goes down to set up and place their grip on the bar before lifting even starts. ", "The deadlift suit aids in getting the weight off the floor, considered to be the first part of the movement, but not very helpful on the lockout portion of the deadlift, known as the second part of the movement.", "\n\nClasses and categories \nWeight Classes:\n\nMost powerlifting federations use the following weight classes:\n\nMen: 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 67.5 kg, 75 kg, 82.5 kg, 90 kg, 100 kg, 110 kg, 125 kg, 140 kg, 140 kg+\n\nWomen: 44 kg, 48 kg, 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 67.5 kg, 75 kg, 82.5 kg, 90 kg, 90 kg+\n\nHowever, in 2011, the IPF introduced the following new weight classes:\n\nIPF Weight Classes:\n\nMen: up to 53 kg (Sub-Junior/Junior), 59 kg, 66 kg, 74 kg, 83 kg, 93 kg, 105 kg, 120 kg, 120 kg+\n\nWomen: up to 43 kg (Sub-Junior/Junior), 47 kg, 52 kg, 57 kg, 63 kg, 72 kg, 84 kg, 84 kg+\n\nAge categories\n\nThis depends on the federation generally but averages are as follows:\n\n15-18 (Sub-Jr), 19-23 (Jr), Any age(Open), 40+(Masters)\n\nThe IPF uses the following age categories: sub-junior (18 and under), junior (19-23), open (24-39), masters 1 (40-49), masters 2 (50-59), masters 3 (60-69), masters 4 (70+). ", "Age category is dependent on the year of the participant's birth. ", "For example, if the participant turns 18 years old in January, he or she is still considered a Sub-junior until the end of that calendar year. ", "Other federations typically break the Masters' categories down to 5-year increments, for example, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, etc. ", "Some federations also include a sub-master class from 33 (or 35) to 39.", "\n\nGrip\nThere are multiple types of grip in powerlifting. ", "Not all are allowed in competitions. ", "There are couple of classifications:\nconsidering the position of the barbell in the hand\n full grip - mostly used in squats, military press and push press\n fingertip grip - mostly used in deadlift \nconsidering the position of the thumb\n regular grip\n thumbless or suicide or false or monkey or open-hand grip - mostly used in squats and recreational bench press\n hook grip - sometimes used in deadlift\nconsidering the orientation of the palm\n prone/pronated or overhand or double overhand grip - used in bench press and deadlift; the last term is almost exclusively used when talking about deadlift\n reverse or supine/supinated or underhand grip - sometimes used in bench press\n alternated or mixed grip - one hand is supinated and the other is pronated; often used in deadlift\nconsidering the distance between hands - almost exclusively used when talking about bench press\n wide grip\n narrow grip\ncombinations\n thumbless mixed grip - sometimes used in deadlift\n\nCompetition \nA powerlifting competition takes place as follows:\n\nEach competitor is allowed three attempts on each of the squat, bench press, and deadlift, depending on their standing and the organization they are lifting in. ", "The lifter's best valid attempt on each lift counts toward the competition total. ", "For each weightclass, the lifter with the highest total wins. ", "In many meets, the lifter with the highest total relative to their weight class also wins. ", "If two or more lifters achieve the same total, the lighter lifter ranks above the heavier lifter.", "\n\nCompetitors are judged against other lifters of the same gender, weight class, and age. ", "This helps to ensure that the accomplishments of lifters like Lamar Gant, who has deadlifted 5 times his bodyweight, are recognized alongside those of Eddie Hall, the current All-time deadlift world record holder.", "\n\nComparisons of lifters and scores across different weight classes can also be made using handicapping systems. ", "World federations use the following ones: IPF Points (IPF), Glossbrenner (WPC), Reshel (APF, GPC, GPA, WUAP, IRP), Outstanding Lifter (aka OL or NASA), Schwartz/Malone, Siff; for cadet and junior categories Foster coefficient is mostly used, while for master categories (above 40 years old) McCulloch or Reshel coefficients. ", "Winner of a competition based on an official coefficient used by presiding world federation is called best lifter.", "\n\nDuring the 2016 World Open Powerlifting Championships, the three best competitors were Fedosienko Sergey, Summer Blaine, and Olech Jaroslaw. ", "The country with the most combined points was Ukraine, who beat the next best team United States by close to 100 points. ", "The 2016 championships did not see the same athletic stand out that the 2015 championships did by athlete Samuel Ogden from Ohio.", "\n\nEvents \nIn a powerlifting competition, sometimes referred to as standard competition, there are three events: bench press, squat, and deadlift. ", "Placing is achieved via combined total. ", "Some variations of this are found at some meets such as \"push-pull only\" meets where lifters only compete in the bench press and deadlift, with the bench press coming first and the deadlift after. ", "Single lift meets (or full meets) are often held, sometimes alongside a normal 3-lift event. ", "This is most common in the bench press.", "\n\nAt a meet the events will follow in order: squat, then bench press, and the deadlift will be the final lift of the meet. ", "If the federation also has an event for strict curls this will normally occur before the squat event.", "\n\nThere are also, though very rarely, endurance meets (or \"for repetitions\" meets) where lifters compete in number of repetitions of exercise with the same weight (most often bench press and most often the weight is equal to lifter's weight). ", "WDFPF held such competitions.", "\n\nRules\n\nSquat \nThere are two types depending on equipment used: conventional stand and monolift stand. ", "In case of the former lift is called walked out squat and in case of the latter lift is called monolift squat. ", "Most powerlifting federations allow for monolift squats. ", "The ones that do not are the IPF, IPL and the WDFPF.", "\n\nThe lift starts with the lifter standing erect and the bar loaded with weights resting on the lifter's shoulders. ", "At the referee's command the lift begins. ", "The lifter creates a break in the hips, bends their knees and drops into a squatting position with the hip crease (the top surface of the leg at the hip crease) below the top of the knee. ", "The lifter then returns to an erect position. ", "At the referee's command the bar is returned to the rack and the lift is completed.", "\n\nAfter removing the bar from the racks while facing the front of the platform, the lifter may move forward or backward to establish the lifting position. ", "The top of the bar not more than 3 cm below the top of the anterior deltoids. ", "The bar shall be held horizontally across the shoulders with the hands and/or fingers gripping the bar, and the feet flat upon the platform with the knees locked.", "\nThe lifter shall wait in this position for the head referee's signal. ", "The signal will be given as soon as the lifter is set and demonstrates control with the bar properly positioned. ", "The head referee's signal shall consist of a downward movement of the arm and audible command \"Squat\".", "\nUpon receiving the head referee's signal, the lifter must bend the knees and lower the body until the top surface of the legs at the hip joint is lower than the top of knees.", "\nThe lifter must recover at will, without double bouncing, to an upright position with the knees locked. ", "The bar may stop, but there must be no downward motion during recovery. ", "As soon as the lifter demonstrates a controlled final position, the head referee will give the signal indicating completion of the lift and to replace the bar.", "\nThe signal to replace the bar will consist of a backward motion of the arm and the audible command \"Rack\". ", "The lifter must then make a reasonable attempt to return the bar to the racks.", "\nThe lifter shall face the front of the platform, towards the head referee.", "\nThe lifter shall not hold the collars or discs at any time during the performance of the lift. ", "However, the edge of the hands gripping the bar may be in contact with the inner surface of the collar.", "\nNot more than five and not less than two loaders/spotters shall be on the platform at any time.", "\nThe lifter may enlist the help of spotters in removing the bar from the racks; however, once the bar has cleared the racks, the spotters shall not physically assist the lifter with regards to actually getting into the proper set position. ", "The spotters may assist the lifter to maintain control should the lifter stumble or demonstrate any evident instability.", "\nThe lifter will be allowed only one commencement signal per attempt.", "\nThe lifter may be given an additional attempt at the same weight at the head referee's discretion if failure in an attempt was due to any error by one or more of the spotters.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \nFailure to observe the head referee's signals at the commencement or completion of a lift.", "\nDouble bouncing or more than one recovery attempt at the bottom of the lift.", "\nFailure to assume an upright position with knees locked at the commencement and completion of the lift.", "\nMovement of the feet laterally, backward or forward that would constitute a step or stumble.", "\nFailure to bend the knees and lower the body until the surface of the legs at the hip joint is lower than the tops of the knees.", "\nAny resetting of the feet after the squat signal.", "\nContact with the bar by the spotters between the referee's signals.", "\nContact of elbows or upper arms with the legs.", "\nFailure to make a reasonable attempt to return the bar to the racks.", "\nAny intentional dropping or dumping of the bar.", "\n\nBench press \nWith his or her back resting on the bench, the lifter takes the loaded bar at arm's length. ", "The lifter lowers the bar to the chest. ", "When the bar becomes motionless on the chest, the referee gives a press command. ", "Then the referee will call 'Rack' and the lift is completed as the weight is returned to the rack.", "\n\nThe front of the bench must be placed on the platform facing the head referee.", "\nThe lifter must lie backward with shoulders and buttocks in contact with the flat bench surface. ", "The lifter's shoes or toes must be in solid contact with the platform or surface. ", "The position of the head is optional.", "\nTo achieve firm footing, a lifter of any height may use discs or blocks to build up the surface of the platform. ", "Whichever method is chosen, the shoes must be in a solid contact with the surface. ", "If blocks are used, they shall not exceed 45 cm x 45 cm.", "\nNot more than five and not less than two loaders/spotters shall be in attendance. ", "The lifter may enlist the help of one or more of the designated spotters or enlist a personal spotter in removing the bar from the racks. ", "Only designated spotters may remain on the platform during the lift. ", "The lift off must be to arm's length and not down to the chest. ", "A designated spotter, having provided a centre lift off, must immediately clear the area in front of the head referee and move to either side of the bar. ", "If the personal spotter does not immediately leave the platform area and/or in any way distracts or impedes the head referees' responsibilities, the referees may determine that the lift is unacceptable, and be declared \"no lift\" by the referees and given three red lights.", "\nThe spacing of the hands shall not exceed 81 cm, measured between the forefingers. ", "The bar shall have circumferential machine markings or tape indicating this maximum grip allowance. ", "If the lifter should use an offset or unequal grip on the bar, whereby one hand is placed outside the marking or tape, it is the lifters responsibility to explain this to the head referee, and allow inspection of the intended grip prior to making an attempt. ", "If this is not done until the lifter is on the platform for an official attempt, any necessary explanation and/or measurements will be done on the lifter's time for that attempt. ", "The reverse or underhand grip is forbidden, as is a thumbless grip.", "\nAfter receiving the bar at arm's length, the lifter shall lower the bar to the chest and await the head referees' signal.", "\nThe signal shall be an audible command \"Press\" and given as soon as the bar is motionless on the chest. ", "As long as the bar is not so low that it touches the lifter's belt, it is acceptable.", "\nThe lifter will be allowed only one commencement signal per attempt.", "\nAfter the signal to commence the lift has been given, the bar is pressed upward. ", "The bar shall not be allowed to sink into the chest or move downwards prior to the lifter's attempt to press upward. ", "The lifter will press the bar to straight arm's length and hold motionless until the audible command \"Rack\" is given. ", "Bar may move horizontally and may stop during the ascent, but may not move downward towards the chest.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \nFailure to observe the referee's signals at the commencement or completion of the lift.", "\nAny change in the elected position that results in the buttocks breaking contact with the bench or lateral movement of the hands (between the referee's signals). ", "Any excessive movement or change of contact of the feet during the lift proper.", "\nAllowing the bar to sink into the chest after receiving the referee's signal.", "\nPronounced uneven extension of the arms during or at the completion of the lift.", "\nAny downward motion of the bar during the course of being pressed out.", "\nContact with the bar by the spotters between the referee's signals.", "\nAny contact of the lifter's shoes with the bench or its supports.", "\nDeliberate contact between the bar and the bar rest uprights during the lift to assist the completion of the press.", "\nIt is the responsibility of the lifter to inform any personally enlisted spotters to leave the platform as soon as the bar is secured at arm's length. ", "Such spotters shall not return to the platform upon completion or failure of the attempt. ", "It is especially important for a spotter providing a centre lift off to leave the platform quickly so as not to impair the head referee's view. ", "Failure of any personal spotters to leave the platform may cause disqualification of the lift.", "\n\nDeadlift \nIn the deadlift the athlete grasps the loaded bar which is resting on the platform floor. ", "The lifter pulls the weights off the floor and assumes an erect position. ", "The knees must be locked and the shoulders back, with the weight held in the lifter's grip. ", "At the referee's command the bar will be returned to the floor under the control of the lifter.", "\n\nThe bar must be laid horizontally in front of the lifter's feet, gripped with an optional grip in both hands, and lifted until the lifter is standing erect. ", "The bar may stop but there must be no downward motion of the bar.", "\nThe lifter shall face the front of the platform.", "\nOn completion of the lift, the knees shall be locked in a straight position and the lifter shall be standing erect.", "\nThe head referee's signal shall consist of a downward movement of the arm and the audible command \"Down\". ", "The signal will not be given until the bar is held motionless and the lifter is in an apparent finished position.", "\nAny raising of the bar or any deliberate attempt to do so will count as an attempt.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \n Any downward motion of the bar before it reaches the final position.", "\n Failure to stand erect.", "\n Failure to lock the knees straight at the completion of the lift.", "\n Supporting the bar on the thighs during the performance of the lift. '", "Supporting' is defined as a body position adopted by the lifter that could not be maintained without the counterbalance of the weight being lifted.", "\n Movement of the feet laterally, backward or forward that would constitute a step or stumble.", "\n Lowering the bar before receiving the head referee's signal.", "\n Allowing the bar to return to the platform without maintaining control with both hands.", "\n\nTraining \nPowerlifters practice weight training to improve performance in the three competitive lifts—the squat, bench press and deadlift. ", "Weight training routines used in powerlifting are extremely varied. ", "For example, some methods call for the use of many variations on the contest lifts, while others call for a more limited selection of exercises and an emphasis on mastering the contest lifts through repetition. ", "While many powerlifting routines invoke principles of sports science, such as specific adaptation to imposed demand (SAID principle), there is some controversy around the scientific foundations of particular training methods, as exemplified by the debate over the merits of \"speed work,\" or training to attain maximum acceleration of submaximal weights. ", "Powerlifting training differs from bodybuilding and weightlifting, with less focus on volume and hypertrophy than bodybuilding and less focus on power generation than weightlifting.", "\n\nIn addition to weight training, powerlifters may pursue other forms of training to improve their performance. ", "For example, aerobic exercise may be used to improve endurance during drawn-out competitions and support recovery from weight training sessions. ", "Another method used to increase strength in powerlifting is training with rubber bands and chains. ", "Both bands and chains serve the same purpose. ", "They provide variable load for the muscles and help to utilize even pressure throughout the whole amplitude of the exercise. ", "As a supplement to regular routine, powerlifting chains can be used in any of three basic competitive lifts.", "\n\nCommon set & rep schemes are based on a percentage of the lifter's 1RM (one rep maximum—meaning the most weight they are capable of lifting one time). ", "For example, 5 sets of 5 reps (5x5) at 75% of the 1RM. ", " Rest periods between sets range from 2–5 minutes based on the lifter's ability to recover fully for the next set.", "\n\nAccessory movements are used to complement the competition lifts. ", "Common accessory movements in powerlifting include bent over row, good mornings, pull ups and dips.", "\n\nFederations \nProminent international federations include:\n World RAW Powerlifting Federation (WRPF)\n 100% Raw Powerlifting Federation\n Global Powerlifting Committee (GPC)\n Global Powerlifting Federation (GPF)\n International Powerlifting Federation (IPF)\n International Powerlifting League (IPL)\n Natural Athlete Strength Association (NASA)\n World Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation (WDFPF)\n World Natural Powerlifting Federation (WNPF)\n World Powerlifting Alliance (WPA) (Founded 1987)\n World Powerlifting Congress (WPC)\n World Powerlifting Federation (WPF)\n World United Amateur Powerlifting (WUAP)\n\nOf these federations, the oldest and most prominent is the IPF. ", "It comprises federations from over 100 countries located on six continents. ", "The IPF is the federation responsible for coordinating participation in the World Games, an international event affiliated with the International Olympic Committee. ", "The IPF has many affiliates, one of these being USAPL. ", "Specifically, the USAPL regulates all ages of lifters from the high school level to ages 40+ within the United States. ", " The next-oldest federation is the WPC, formed as the international companion to the APF after its split from the USPF.", "\n\nDifferent federations have different rules and different interpretations of the rules, leading to a myriad of variations. ", "Differences arise on the equipment eligible, clothing, drug testing and aspects of allowable technique. ", " The 100% Raw Federation allows no supportive gear to be worn by the lifter while the IPF, AAU, NASA, USAPL and the ADFPF only allow a single-ply tight polyester squat suit, deadlift suit and bench shirt, wraps for knees and wrists, and a belt in the equipped divisions. ", "Other federations, such as the APF, APA, IPA, SPF, WPC, AWPC and WPO, allow opened or closed back bench shirts, multi-ply gear, and a wide array of gear materials such as canvas, denim, polyester etc.", "\n\nThe USPA was founded in 2010 by Steve Denison based on a lifter friendly environment. ", "It's explosive growth (holding over 225 competitions each year worldwide) has been attributed to a strict adherence to the rules, without the politics. ", "Both the USPA, and the IPL (International Powerlifting League) now rank among the largest, and most respected Organizations in both the US, and World, in the sport of powerlifting.", "\n\nThe IPF has suspended entire member nations' federations, including the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Iran, India and Uzbekistan, for repeated violations of the IPF's anti-doping policies. ", " However Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan did not serve their full suspension.", "\n\nRank and classification \nThere are several classifications in powerlifting determining rank. ", "These typically include Elite, Master, Class I,II,III,IV. ", "The Elite standard is considered to be within the top 1% of competing powerlifters. ", "Several standards exist, including the United States Powerlifting Association classifications, the IPF/USAPL (single-ply) classifications, the APF (multi-ply) classifications, and the Anti-Drug Athletes United (ADAU, raw) classifications. ", "Countries in the former Soviet Union use a somewhat different nomenclature for the top classes, distinguishing among Masters of sport, International Class; Masters of Sport; and Candidates for Master of Sport.", "\n\nThe Master classification should not be confused with the Master age division, which refers to athletes who are at least 40 years old.", "\n\nAmerican high schools \nIn the United States, powerlifting is not a popular sport in schools, although relatively more popular in the South and in the Upper Midwest. ", "Texas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Mississippi, Louisiana and Ohio have the most successful programs.", "\n\nGyms \nPowerlifting gyms range from commercial fitness centers to private clubs. ", "Some gyms gain fame due to their association with a training methodology (e.g., Westside Barbell), federation (e.g., Lexen Xtreme and the Xtreme Power Coalition [XPC]), or publication (e.g., SuperTraining Gym and Power magazine). ", "Other gyms are notable for their association with champion powerlifters, for example Quads Gym and Ed Coan. ", "Other notable powerlifters operate their own gyms, such as Scot Mendelson's F.I.T., Dan Green's Boss Barbell and Žydrūnas Savickas.", "\n\nGlobal database \nThe global meet results are available in a searchable web database.", "\n\nWorld champions \nSee: List of world championships medalists in powerlifting (men) or List of world championships medalists in powerlifting (women)\n\nSee also \n\n World Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation\n Commonwealth Powerlifting Championships\n International Powerlifting Federation\n Paralympic powerlifting\n Olympic weightlifting\n Powerlifting USA\n Power training\n Strongman (strength athlete)\n U.S. intercollegiate powerlifting champions\n Weight training\n World Powerlifting Congress\n Progression of the bench press world record\n Squat (exercise)#World records\n Deadlift#World records\n\nReferences \n\n \nCategory:Individual sports\nCategory:Athletic sports\nCategory:Squatting position" ]

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[ "First of all, do you actually need ERP (or just \"joined-up business software\" as I like to think of it)? ", "If you need convincing, I suggest that you:\n\nTake an audit of your current information systems and business processes. ", "Do you have multiple systems? ", "Or duplicate data entry? ", "Do you rely on spreadsheets or databases on individual PCs? ", "If so, the chances are that you could benefit from ERP.", "\n\nDo some reading. ", "A search on \"Does a small company need ERP?\" ", "will lead you to supplier-specific articles but also general reviews and advice like this or this.", "\n\n(As I said recently on this forum, if you asked most people at my company the question would be \"Why would you NOT want it?\". ", "But that's easy for us to say - we've been using it (in various guises) for 20 years.)", "\n\nHaving made the decision to go for it, expect to spend several months on your specification and selection project. ", "In our case, it took about 12 months from inception to signing a contract, but you might well be able to do it much faster. ", "What matters more are the stages you go through to arrive at your choice. ", "Here are the ones we used.", "\n\nRequirements gathering\n\nAt every level from shop floor to manager to director, we asked for input. ", "Directors were asked to provide strategic input, highlighting specific aims or directions for the company. ", "Other staff were simply asked for their opinions on the current system. ", "The majority, however, were asked to think in terms of business processes. ", "We asked them to do three things:\n\nIdentify the business processes that take up most of your time.", "\n\nAnalyze the problems, inefficiencies or opportunities for improvement in these processes.", "\n\nDescribe the benefits of changing the process.", "\n\nThe end result was a lengthy User Requirements Document, broken down roughly by business area. ", "From this we distilled a Project Benefits Document highlighting the key areas of improvement. (", "Both of these are essential reference points when you're embroiled in an implementation and can easily forget what it was you set out to achieve!)", "\n\nPre-qualification\n\nBased on our existing knowledge and Internet searches we drew up a list of 18 possible suppliers. ", "We emailed them asking if they wanted to receive a brief questionnaire as the first stage of a selection process. ", "The questionnaire was based on our Project Benefits Document and invited the suppliers to tell us about their company, their product and how it would help us achieve our hoped-for benefits. ", "15 suppliers responded.", "\n\nRequest for proposal\n\nOur RFP documents were unashamedly adapted from templates we found on the Internet. ", "The end results were:\n\nA Word document giving a detailed description of us, our project and our current system, together with information on how the RFP process would work.", "\n\nAn Excel spreadsheet with tabs for supplier information, references, prices and, most importantly, a detailed functional specification covering every area of the system.", "\n\nThe functional spec is critical. ", "Break it down by business areas such as general ledger, accounts payable, purchasing, sales order processing, stock control, etc. ", "Within each area list what you need the software to do. ", "For example, in our Stock Control section we included the following:\n\nSupports the recording of actual cost by product\n\nSupports user-defined Unit of Measures (UOM)\n\nSupports multiple inventory locations and bins per warehouse\n\nFor each criterion we labeled it as Essential or Desirable. ", "The supplier then had to respond with a code indicating how far their system met the requirement (or not). ", "We also gave them a column to enter free text comments.", "\n\nWe allowed the suppliers to send supporting documentation but were insistent that they complete our spreadsheet in detail. ", "We resisted supplier requests to come and see us at this stage.", "\n\nHaving received five responses to the RFP, we used a further spreadsheet to aggregate the scores and give us an overall picture. ", "Based on the functionality score and the price, we put three of the five through to the next stage.", "\n\nDemonstrations\n\nFinally we allowed suppliers to come and see us! ", "But this was not the standard sales presentation; we again required them to demonstrate the product against our specific requirements. ", "We created a script based on our functional spec and expected them to follow it. ", "For each criterion in the script we had staff assigning scores according to whether the product fitted the bill - and how easy it looked to use. ", "The idea was again to try to make the comparison objective as far as we could.", "\n\nThis stage eliminated one supplier and we actually had the other two back for a second visit to look at specific areas of concern.", "\n\nSelection and due diligence\n\nIn the end it was a close-run thing between the final two. ", "And, it has to be said, we deliberately allowed subjective opinion to creep in. ", "No matter what the scores and prices told us, there was still an element of gut reaction involved in the final choice. ", "Nevertheless, we could say with some pride that the process was rigorous and systematic. (", "Apart from anything else, this is a comfort when we hit problems and somebody asks why we chose this particular system!)", "\n\nThe very last stage was that of \"due diligence\" - checking out the preferred supplier by reviewing their accounts, and visiting or speaking to existing customers.", "\n\nWe negotiated a deal, signed a contract - and then the fun began!", "\n\nSummary\n\nChoosing an ERP supplier is about the software and about the supplier. ", "Run a systematic selection process to find the product that best meets your needs. ", "It won't be perfect but you'll greatly increase your chances of a successful implementation and reaping the benefits for your business.", "\n\nAbout Mark Pimperton\n\nMark Pimperton BSc PhD has worked for a small UK electronics manufacturer for over 20 years in areas as diverse as engineering, technical sales, publications, and marketing. ", "He's been involved in IT since 1999, when he project-managed implementation ...\n\nFull Bio\n\nMark Pimperton BSc PhD has worked for a small UK electronics manufacturer for over 20 years in areas as diverse as engineering, technical sales, publications, and marketing. ", "He's been involved in IT since 1999, when he project-managed implementation of a new ERP system, and has been IT Manager since 2008. ", "The first major project he undertook in that role was a second ERP deployment. ", "While still involved in operations, system management, and even a bit of development, Mark is now also responsible for IT risk management. ", "He finds that risk assessment leads to many improvement initiatives, such as a current project to switch from tape backup to disk-based and online backup. ", "Mark is fanatical about documentation, taking special care to record unfamiliar processes. ", "His TechRepublic articles on SSL certificates and PCI DSS compliance are prime examples. ", "Mark is married with two grown-up children." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nThe Sum of Sets\n\nI am looking up Niven http://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.bams/1183516304 . ", "I have something elementary to ask. ", "\nNow, $A(n) $ denotes the number of integers of A which are not greater than $n$ and \n$d(A) = glb \\frac{A(n)}{n} $\nIn $[3]$ \"The Sum of Sets\", it is stated that the conjecture of Khinchtine was proved by Mann which states $ d(A+B) \\geq d(A) + d(B) $ or $ d(A+B) =1 $ where $A+B$ is the sum of two sequences $A$ and $B$ such that $ a \\in A $ and $ b \\in B$. (I can not find this on google).", "\nHow are the two equivalent? ", "Also, $d(A+B)$ could be less than 1!", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no claim of equivalence. ", "The result says that at least one of the following holds: (i) $d(A+B)\\ge d(A)+d(B)$ or (ii) $d(A+B)=1$. \nIn other words, \nif $d(A)+d(B)\\lt 1$, then $d(A+B)\\ge d(A)+d(B)$; \nif $d(A)+d(B)\\ge 1$, then $d(A+B)=1$. \n\n" ]

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[ "Detta allvar verkar dock inte vara förankrat vare sig i regeringens toppskikt eller bland befolkningen. ", "Statsminister Stefan Löfven (S) försökte vid sitt besök i Finland i måndags tona ner insatsens betydelse. ", "Vice statsminister Åsa Romson (MP) sade samtidigt till TT, som svar på frågan om hur försvaret ska kunna klara sina uppgifter, att det får Försvarsmakten klara bäst de vill, eftersom \"det är inte så att försvaret har lite pengar\" och att man då helt enkelt får ta och planera om.", "\n\nOfficersförbundets ordförande Lars Fresker tog sig för pannan och skickade ut ett argt pressmeddelande där han i stort sett förklarade att Romson är både okunnig och på gränsen till inkompetent: \"Att tro att Försvarsmakten har mycket pengar bara för att det finns ett antal miljarder i budgeten är en usel analys. ", "Pengarna måste ju sättas i relation till vad som ska göras med dem.\"", "\n\nDet mest häpnadsväckande, om än inte överraskande, inlägget i debatten kom från Feministiskt initiativs Gudrun Schyman och Veronica Svärd. ", "I en debattartikel i Expressen skriver de att reaktionen på ubåtsjakten är \"fantasier\" som beror på en \"föråldrad patriarkal politik som får försvarsromantiker att fira julafton.\" ", "Vidare: \"Att ubåtar finns i gränstrakterna är inte ett hot om krig, det tillhör deras arbete.\"", "\n\nEnligt Fi är det inga som helst problem att en främmande makt opererar på svenskt territorium. ", "Välkomna till homeparty på Söder i Stockholm!", "\n\nDet är obegripligt att Schyman och Svärd kallar Stockholms skärgård för gränstrakter, som om det vore internationellt vatten. ", "Det är idioti omvirad av aningslöshet och täckt av okunskap.", "\n\nFörra året presenterade författaren och journalisten Johanne Hildebrandt, i samarbete med tankesmedjan Frivärld och Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademien, en undersökning om synen på svensk militär.", "\n\nEndast två procent av de 400 tillfrågade soldaterna kände sig mycket uppskattade av allmänheten, 14 procent ganska och 33 procent varken eller. ", "68 procent ansåg inte att allmänheten hade en god förståelse för deras arbete.", "\n\nDet kräver ökad öppenhet från Försvarsmaktens sida, som själv har medgett att det sedan tidigare förekommit misstänkt aktivitet av främmande makt i samma område som man nu genomsöker.", "\n\nAllmänheten måste veta mer om de kränkningar och hot som Sverige utsätts för. ", "Det är först när helhetsbilden blir tydligare, med raka linjer från ökat aggressivt beteende i luften kopplat till ökad aggressivitet såväl ovan som under ytan, som förståelse är möjligt.", "\n\nDet är det enda sättet att få Åsa Romson med sällskap att ta frågan på allvar, oavsett om de förstår den eller inte." ]

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[ "3 F.3d 444\nGardiner (Alloysius)v.", "Jones (Charlie E.), Attorney General of State of Alabama\nNO. ", "92-6739\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nAug 23, 1993\nN.D.Ala., ", "996 F.2d 314\n\n1\nDENIALS OF REHEARING EN BANC.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "diff -ru nss.org/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk nss/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\n--- a/nss.org/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\t2016-02-12 15:36:18.000000000 +0100\n+++ b/nss/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\t2016-02-26 00:42:43.170809600 +0100\n@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@\n # Disable C4244: conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data\n # Disable C4018: 'expression' : signed/unsigned mismatch\n # Disable C4312: 'type cast': conversion from 'type1' to 'type2' of greater size\n- OS_CFLAGS += -w44267 -w44244 -w44018 -w44312\n+ OS_CFLAGS += -w44267 -w44244 -w44018 -w44312 -wd4996 -wd4554\n ifeq ($(_MSC_VER_GE_12),1)\n \tOS_CFLAGS += -FS\n endif\n" ]

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[ "United States Air Force Lt. ", "General Chris Bogdan briefs the media in front of a Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II fighter jet at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland October 28, 2015. ", "REUTERS/Gary Cameron\n\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) - Lockheed Martin Corp’s F-35 fighter jet program is essential for the security of the United States and its allies, a Pentagon official said on Monday, looking to defend the program a week after President-elect Donald Trump criticized it for delays and cost overruns.", "\n\n“The F-35 program and cost is out of control,” Trump wrote on Twitter last week, echoing campaign promises to cut waste in federal spending. “", "Billions of dollars can and will be saved on military (and other) purchases after January 20th.”", "\n\nSpeaking with reporters on Monday, Air Force Lieutenant General Chris Bogdan, who runs the F-35 program for the Pentagon, said that if he had an opportunity to speak with the Trump transition team, he would tell them that the program is now under control after years of delays.", "\n\n“There is a perception that this program is out of control,” Bogdan said. “", "So, if given the opportunity I would like to try and explain to the new administration that this is a vastly different program from 2011.”", "\n\nBogdan said the incoming administration was trying to get industry and the Defense Department to get a better value for its money.", "\n\n“I applaud the new administration for that, because that is what we should all be striving for,” he said.", "\n\nTrump’s Twitter broadside sent defense shares tumbling and fanned concerns that the incoming administration will reduce defense contractors’ profit margins and cut broader federal spending, threatening U.S. factory jobs even as Trump promises to boost manufacturing employment.", "\n\nThe F-35 program, which has been described as the most expensive weapon system in history, has been dogged by problems, with the Pentagon’s chief arms buyer once describing as “acquisition malpractice” the decision to produce jets before completing development." ]

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[ "\n360 So.2d 1341 (1978)\nSTATE of Louisiana\nv.\nW. D. ATKINS, Jr.\nNo. ", "61156.", "\nSupreme Court of Louisiana.", "\nJune 19, 1978.", "\nRehearing Denied July 26, 1978.", "\n*1343 Richard V. Burnes, Gravel, Roy & Burnes, Alexandria, for defendant-appellant.", "\nWilliam J. Guste, Jr., Atty. ", "Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., J. Nathan Stansbury, Dist. ", "Atty., ", "for plaintiff-appellee.", "\nDENNIS, Justice.", "\nDefendant W. D. Atkins, Jr. was charged by short form indictment with \"a theft of $20,373.46 in U.S. currency belonging to one Pamela B. Gray in violation of the provisions of R.S. 14:67.\" ", "Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty as charged and sentenced to six years at hard labor. ", "On appeal Atkins relies upon ten assignments of error for reversal of his conviction and sentence.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "1 AND 2\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash the indictment, both as to the indictment standing alone and as to the indictment when considered in light of the state's answers to the defendant's motion for a bill of particulars. ", "He presents four specific arguments for our consideration: (1) an essential averment was deleted from the short form indictment because of the failure to specify the value of the property taken; (2) the indictment and bill of information failed to state an offense which occurred within Lafayette Parish; (3) the indictment and answers to the bill of particulars failed to provide the defendant with adequate information concerning the charges against him; and (4) a transcript of defendant's deposition, taken in a civil case involving the same parties and introduced by stipulation at the hearing on the motion to quash, indicates defendant's innocence of the charged offense.", "\nWe will consider the arguments in the order presented:\n(1) The defendant's contention that the short form indictment was fatally defective for failure to set forth the value of the stolen property is unmeritorious. ", "The allegation that defendant was guilty of *1344 theft of \"$20,373.46 in U.S. currency\" sufficiently fulfills the requisites of the statutory short form indictment, since the value of all stolen property must, of necessity, be expressed in monetary terms.", "\n(2) Defendant's second argument in effect urges that the prosecution was brought in an improper venue because the indictment, along with the State's answers to the bill of particulars, does not allege that any element of the charged offense occurred in the parish where the trial was scheduled. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "611. ", "However, defendant's motion to quash the indictment did not contain an allegation that the venue was improper. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "615. ", "Nevertheless, even in the absence of a motion to quash for improper venue, the State must prove proper venue at trial beyond a reasonable doubt. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "615; State v. Frank, 355 So.2d 912 (La.1978); State v. Dillon, 260 La. 215, 255 So.2d 745 (1971). ", "While this Court may not weigh for sufficiency the State's evidence as to venue, when the jury has determined the issue adversely to the defendant by a verdict of guilty, we may, provided that the issue is presented by the defendant's motion for a new trial, grant relief if there was no evidence whatsoever as to the proper venue. ", "State v. Dillon, supra; see also, State v. Richard, 245 La. 465, 158 So.2d 828 (1963). ", "In the instant case, however, the defendant's motion for new trial contained no allegation that the State had failed to prove that the proper venue of the charged offense was Lafayette Parish. ", "Moreover, our review of the record indicates that there is substantial evidence that an \"act or element\" of the offense of theft occurred in Lafayette Parish. ", "Defendant's second contention relating to the motion to quash lacks merit.", "\n(3) Defendant contends that the trial court erred in determining that the short form indictment and the State's answer and amended answer to the bill of particulars gave him sufficient information to prepare a defense. ", "Article I, § 13 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 grants an accused the right to \"be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.\" ", "One implementation of this constitutional guarantee is Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 484, which gives to a criminal defendant the right to require the district attorney to furnish a bill of particulars \"setting up more specifically the nature and cause of the charge against [him].\" ", "Although a defendant is not entitled by a bill of particulars to discover the details of the evidence with which the State expects to prove its case,[1] and although the trial court is vested with wide discretion in determining the sufficiency of the State's answers,[2] this Court has found reversible error in the failure to provide information of the nature and cause of the accusation against the accused as required by the constitution. ", "For example, in State v. Miller, 319 So.2d 339 (La.1975), in reversing a conviction on these grounds, this Court set forth some of the factors to be considered in determining whether a defendant was given all of the information to which he is constitutionally entitled:\n\"The state is required, upon defendant's motion, to provide a criminal defendant with enough information so that he can identify the criminal transaction. ", "There is no exact formula which can be applied to every charge to determine in a particular case whether a defendant has all of the information to which he is constitutionally entitled. ", "In general, however, the extent to which the bill should be granted turns on the complexity of the case. ", "If the crime is a single event, such as a murder, the scope of the bill will be less extensive than it will be if *1345 the crime involved is a series of occurrences, such as tax fraud or bootlegging. ", "When a crime charged may be committed in a number of different ways, this Court has always recognized the accentuated need for the state to furnish particulars. ", "Likewise, when the crime involves not a single occurrence but a series of occurrences, the state must supply enough information so that the accused can identify each criminal transaction. ", "319 So.2d at 342-3. [", "citations omitted]\nIn the instant case, the State's original answer to the defendant's motion for a bill of particulars provided little information relating to the acts which constituted the alleged theft. ", "However, prior to trial, the State amended its answers to provide a detailed summary of the manner in which the offense was committed. ", "Defendant was informed that he was charged with the theft of a specific amount of money from a particular identified client between the dates of February 3, 1975 and July 17, 1975 by taking them from an account in the American Bank & Trust Company in Baton Rouge which defendant had opened for the purpose of safekeeping and investment of the funds. ", "Although the State could not inform defendant of the exact time and manner of the taking the information was specific enough to enable him to identify the alleged criminal transaction and to prepare a defense. ", "Therefore, we find that defendant's contention relating to the sufficiency of the answers to the bill of particulars is meritless.", "\n(4) Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to quash the indictment because the defendant's deposition, which was taken in connection with a civil action involving the victim of the alleged offense and introduced by stipulation at the hearing on the motion to quash, indicated that the defendant was innocent of the charged offense.", "\nThe question of factual guilt or innocence of the offense charged is not properly raised by the motion to quash. ", "State v. Rembert, 312 So.2d 282 (La.1975). ", "Further, the only issue presented to the trial judge for his consideration was whether the indictment charging the defendant with theft was insufficient as a matter of law or unconstitutionally vague. ", "Since the instant objection was not contemporaneously urged, and since the trial judge could not at any rate have properly considered the issue of guilt or innocence in such a proceeding, defendant's contention is insubstantial.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "3\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant a motion for a continuance based upon the absence of a material witness. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "709, which governs applications for continuance based upon the unavailability of witnesses, provides:\n\"A motion for a continuance based upon the absence of a witness must state:\n\"(1) Facts to which the absent witness is expected to testify, showing the materiality of the testimony and the necessity for the presence of the witness at the trial;\n\"(2) Facts and circumstances showing a probability that the witness will be available at the time to which the trial is deferred; and\n\"(3) Facts showing due diligence used in an effort to procure attendance of the witness.\"", "\nIn the instant case, the victim of the alleged theft was a client of defendant, an attorney. ", "The State's theory of the case was that defendant wrongfully misappropriated funds which he received as the proceeds of a settlement between Mrs. Gray and an insurance company following the death of her husband. ", "Following the settlement, Mrs. Gray and defendant entered into a contract which allowed him to hold and invest the proceeds, at his discretion, for a certain period of time.", "\n*1346 Prior to trial, defendant sought a continuance because Janice Deshotels, his former secretary and a witness to the signing of the contract, was absent from the state and presently unavailable to testify at trial. ", "At the hearing on the motion, defendant's counsel stated that the witness, who was in California where her husband had recently undergone surgery, would testify that Mrs. Gray understood the contract and that the defendant was not present when the contract was signed, thereby refuting any charge of misrepresentation which the State might make. ", "Defendant's counsel further stated that, although he had not issued a subpoena to compel the attendance of Mrs. Deshotels, he had only recently learned of her location, and she had informed him by telegram that she would appear in three to seven weeks.", "\nThe trial judge, in his per curiam to the instant assignment of error, stated that defendant's failure to subpoena Mrs. Deshotels indicated that the codal requisite of due diligence had not been met; he further stated that he believed that the witness' testimony as to Mrs. Gray's understanding of the contracts would be inadmissible because the witness would be stating a conclusion of law.", "\nOur review of the record reveals no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge which would constitute reversible error under the prior decisions of this Court.[3] The trial court's finding that under the circumstances the defendant's failure to subpoena the witness indicated a lack of due diligence,[4] and its holding that defendant did not demonstrate that material, admissible testimony would be produced if the continuance were granted, is supportable under the record in this case. ", "Since we find that the trial judge's decision did not constitute an abuse of the discretion accorded him under the article, we find defendant's third assignment of error to be without merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "4 AND 5\nDefendant contends that the trial judge erred in refusing to grant a mistrial when the prosecutor referred in his opening statement to defendant's deposition and worksheet which were taken in a civil proceeding involving the same parties. ", "He further asserts that the court's admonition to the jury was insufficient to mitigate the damage ensuing from the prosecutor's remarks. ", "The prosecuting attorney stated:\n\"The money was not paid and a suit was filed on behalf of Pamela Gray against W. D. Atkins for payment of the money that she claimed she was entitled to. ", "During the proceedings of this suit, Mr. Wright took Mr. Atkins deposition in a civil matter, took his testimony, and as a result of that, a certain worksheet was produced by Mr. Atkins explaining how. . . .\"", "\nAt this point, defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial on the basis of Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 767, which provides that the prosecution \"shall not, in the opening statement, advert in any way to a confession or inculpatory statement made by the defendant.\" ", "The court denied the motion, but did admonish the jury that \"the statements made by either side in this matter on opening statement. . . ", "as any statements of facts, are not evidence and should not be considered by you as such.\" ", "Defendant asserts that the court's refusal to grant the motion for a mistrial constitutes reversible error. ", "The *1347 State, however, contends that the deposition and worksheet were exculpatory rather than inculpatory in nature and that, in any event, the defendant suffered no prejudice since the documents were subsequently introduced into evidence. ", "Since we agree with the latter assertion, we find it unnecessary to reach the issue of whether the documents constituted inculpatory statements within the contemplation of Article 767.", "\nIn State v. Snedecor, 294 So.2d 207, 209 (La.1974), this Court considered a defendant's contention that the prosecutor, in his opening statement, had violated the mandate of Article 767. ", "Therein this Court stated:\n\"Defendant contends that the prosecutor's reference in his opening statement to a `police informer', `bugged automobile', `mike', and `tape recorder' made the jury aware that the State had an inculpatory statement of the defendant. ", "Thus the denial of defendant's motion for a mistrial under Article 767 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was erroneous.", "\n\"The article states: `The state shall not, in the opening statement, advert in any way to a confession or inculpatory statement made by the defendant.' ", "The reason for this prohibition is that, should the confession or statement not be admissible at trial, the jury's knowledge of its existence is prejudicial to defendant's rights. ", "However, where the statement is subsequently introduced at trial, there can be no prejudice to the defendant flowing from the reference in the opening statement.\"", "\nSee also State v. Roddy, 270 So.2d 508 (La. 1972).", "\nThe situation presented in the instant review is similar to that found in the Snedecor case. ", "Since the civil deposition and \"worksheet\" of the defendant were introduced into evidence at trial, he could not have been prejudiced by the references to them in the prosecutor's opening statement. ", "Accordingly we find that defendant's fourth and fifth assignments of error lack merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "6\nIn this assignment of error defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing Mrs. Gray to testify as to her state of mind at the time defendant originally received the settlement funds and whether she was allowed to read the settlement contract because defendant was accused of a theft without the consent of the victim and not a taking by means of fraud. ", "The trial court did not err in allowing Mrs. Gray to testify. ", "Defendant's conduct toward his client at this time was relevant to show the nature of his intent at the time of later disbursements of the settlement funds from the bank account and also tended to prove a lack of consent by Mrs. Gray to later takings.", "\nThis assignment lacks merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "10\nDefendant contends that the trial court's refusal to give requested special jury charges constitutes reversible error. ", "Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 807 gives to both the state and the defense the right to submit to the court special written charges for the jury. ", "The article further requires the court to charge the jury pursuant to the written request if \"it does not require qualification, limitation, or explanation, and if it is wholly correct and pertinent.\" ", "However, the charge need not be given if it is included in the court's general charge to the jury, or if it forms a part of another special charge which is given by the court.", "\nOur examination of the record indicates that the trial court did not err in refusing defendant's special charges numbers one and eight. ", "Both of these charges were attempts to set forth the necessary elements which the state must prove in order to establish the commission of the crime of theft, a matter fully covered by the trial judge in his general charge. ", "Therefore, the *1348 charges were properly refused. ", "State v. Luckett, 327 So.2d 355 (La.1976). ", "Accordingly, we find defendant's tenth assignment of error to be meritless.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "11\nIn this assignment, defendant complains of the action of the trial court in allowing the prosecuting attorney, during closing argument, to distribute to the jury copies of documents which had already been introduced into evidence and examined by the jury at the time of their admission. ", "Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 774 provides that closing argument \"shall be confined to evidence admitted, to the lack of evidence, to conclusions of fact that the State or defendant may draw therefrom, and to the law applicable to the case.\"", "\nIn State v. Rowell, 306 So.2d 668 (La. 1975), this Court found no error in a procedure whereby the jury was allowed to examine, during closing argument, evidence which had previously been admitted but which had not been examined by the jury at that time. ", "The defendant argues that Rowell is distinguishable because, in the instant case, the jury had already viewed the evidence, and its subsequent distribution to the jury resulted in its being accorded undue weight. ", "Our reading of Rowell, however, indicates that the court approved the procedure not because the jury had not previously viewed the documents, but because they had been introduced into evidence prior to the commencement of the closing argument. ", "Therefore, we find that the trial judge did not err in permitting the evidence to be displayed to the jury during closing argument.", "\nFurther, we find no merit to the defendant's argument that he was prejudiced by the distribution of multiple copies, rather than a single copy, of the documents in question. ", "Defendant has failed to demonstrate any prejudice resulting from a procedure which was apparently intended only to facilitate the jurors' viewing of the exhibits. ", "Defendant's tenth assignment of error is without merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "12 AND 13\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for a new trial, which was based upon the contention that the state presented no evidence of certain essential elements of the crime of theft. ", "Our review of the record indicates that the State presented at least some evidence of each of the essential elements of the offense; therefore, we find that the trial judge did not err in his ruling. ", "See, State v. Finley, 341 So.2d 381 (La.1977). ", "Accordingly, we find defendant's final assignments of error to be meritless.", "\nFor the reasons herein expressed, defendant's conviction and sentence are affirmed.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See, e.g., State v. Ford, 349 So.2d 300 (La. 1977); State v. O'Blanc, 346 So.2d 686 (La. 1977); State v. Jenkins, 338 So.2d 276 (La. 1976); State v. Marks, 337 So.2d 1177 (La. 1976). ", "This rule was modified as to future prosecutions by Act 515 of 1977.", "\n[2] State v. Huizar, 332 So.2d 449 (La.1976); State v. Nelson, 306 So.2d 745 (La.1975); State v. Vince, 305 So.2d 916 (La.1975); State v. Bailey, 261 La. 831, 261 So.2d 583 (1972).", "\n[3] This Court in the past has demonstrated a noticeable reluctance to reverse in Article 709 cases absent a clear showing of abuse on the part of the trial judge. ", "See, e. g., State v. Chavers, 294 So.2d 489 (La.1974); State v. Valentine, 262 La. 571, 263 So.2d 893 (1972).", "\n[4] For cases holding that the \"due diligence\" requirement is ordinarily not satisfied when defense counsel fails to have the potential witness subpoenaed, see, State v. Terry, 359 So.2d 172 (La.1978); State v. Bennett, 341 So.2d 847 (La.1977); State v. Larue, 324 So.2d 384 (La. 1975); State v. Elias, 230 La. 498, 89 So.2d 51 (1956).", "\n" ]

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[ "Editor-in-chief of the Saratov Internet newspaper Fourth Power, Vadim Rogozhin, has received the official status of a suspect in the criminal case on slander regarding Deputy Governor Denis Fadeyev.", "\n\nEditor-in-chief of the Saratov Internet newspaper Fourth Power, Vadim Rogozhin, has received the official status of a suspect in the criminal case on slander regarding Deputy Governor Denis Fadeyev.", "\n\nRogozhin told Interfax that he received on Friday from the interrogating officer of the Interior Ministry's main department for the Saratov region the notification that he became a suspect in the criminal case opened under the Russian Criminal Code Article 128.1 Part 2, slander.", "\n\nRogozhin said he had also studied the results of linguistic and psycholinguistic research held by the Saratov forensic inquiry laboratory of the Russian Justice Ministry. \"", "Experts - a linguist and a psychologist - have reached similar conclusions in both studies: the article contains negative information but it is expressed in an evaluating form and relates to the author's opinion. ", "These statements do not have words, which are of indecent form. ", "All this confirms my right given by the law on mass media to express my opinion and evaluations,\" Rogozhin said.", "\n\n\"Experts have not seen either slander, insults or humiliations in the article, however investigators decided differently, which can show the bias here,\" the editor-in-chief said.", "\n\n\"The notification says that I had intention and knowingly circulated false information. ", "This does not come from their studies and as far as I understood investigators do not have other proof. ", "It does not befit politicians to accuse the mirror personified in reporters, it is better to look at your actions and to listen to criticism,\" Rogozhin said.", "\n\nOn November 13, 2013, the investigating directorate of the Interior Ministry's main department for the Saratov region opened a criminal case over slander regarding the deputy governor in an article of the Fourth Power news agency. ", "An inspection was held prior to this upon the statement filed by Fadeyev, in which he demanded holding the Fourth Power criminally liable for slander.", "\n\nThe official statement of Fadeyev, released by the local ministry of press on November 18, said that the article \"contains insulting words in regard to members of the regional government and representatives of the legislative authorities.\"", "\n\nAccording to Rogozhin, who wrote the article, it concerns the material headlined Leaders of Invalids of Sense released on December 10, 2012. ", "Rogozhin said that in the article he \"ironically analyzed the closest circle of Governor Valery Radayev.\" ", "Deputy Governor Fadeyev was mentioned in the article among others.", "\n\nThe Leninsky District Court of Yekaterinburg has given Aksana Panova, a former chief editor of the Ura.ru\nnews agency, a suspended sentence of two years in prison, with a\nthree-year probation period. ", "Read more>>>" ]

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[ "Geographically, this report studies the top producers and consumers, focuses on product capacity, production, value, consumption, market share and growth opportunity in these key regions, covering\n\nNorth America\n\nEurope\n\nChina\n\nJapan\n\nSoutheast Asia\n\nIndia\n\nWe can also provide the customized separate regional or country-level reports, for the following regions:\n\nNorth America\n\nUnited States\n\nCanada\n\nMexico\n\nAsia-Pacific\n\nChina\n\nIndia\n\nJapan\n\nSouth Korea\n\nAustralia\n\nIndonesia\n\nSingapore\n\nRest of Asia-Pacific\n\nEurope\n\nGermany\n\nFrance\n\nUK\n\nItaly\n\nSpain\n\nRussia\n\nRest of Europe\n\nCentral & South America\n\nBrazil\n\nArgentina\n\nRest of South America\n\nMiddle East & Africa\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\nTurkey\n\nRest of Middle East & Africa\n\nOn the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into\n\nSteel Diaper Pail\n\nPlastic Diaper Pail\n\nOn the basis of the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate for each application, including\n\nSIMILAR MARKET STUDIES\n\nLinen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant. ", "Linen is laborious to manufacture, but the fiber is very strong, absorbent and dries faster than cotton. ", "Garments made of linen are valued for their exceptional coolness and freshness in hot and humid weather.", "\nScope of the Report:\nThe worldwide ...\n\nAdditive Manufacturing with Metal Powders can produce metallic products through three - dimensional and printing technology. ", "Now it is widely used in automotive industry, aerospace industry and medical industry.3D printing of metals works by laying down metal powder. ", "A high powered laser then melts that powder in certain precise locations ...\n\nHome audio equipment is audio electronics intended for home entertainment use, such as shelf stereos and surround sound receivers. ", "Home audio generally is a series of accessory equipment, which may be intended to enhance or replace standard equipment, such as standard TV speakers. ", "Since surround sound receivers, which are primarily ...\n\nA pacifier is an article with a nipple, intended for a young child to suck on, but that is not designed to help a baby obtain fluid. ", "A pacifier usually has a guard or shield at the base of the nipple that keeps the pacifier from being sucked completely into ...\n\nVape Market (e-Cigarette and Vaporizer) Market - Report Insights\nA vape product or broadly known as e-cigarette, electronic cigarette, and vaporizer is a battery operated device and has been reckoned as ...\n\nDigital devices technologies market for living room provides products that use varied technologies to give enhanced digital output for consumer products such as television home theatre etc. ", "The global home ...\n\nThe hospital assets management system helps to manage and protect hospital equipment. ", "It uses automated software systems to monitor the environment in hospital campus. ", "The technology solutions are becoming increasingly ..." ]

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[ "Giovanni Fago\n\nGiovanni Fago (born 11 July 1931) is an Italian director and screenwriter.", "\n\nBorn in Rome, Fago began his cinema career in 1959 as assistant director of, among others, Mario Monicelli, Camillo Mastrocinque, Vittorio De Sica, Renato Castellani, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Lucio Fulci. ", "In 1967 he became a director, consecutively filming three spaghetti westerns, Per 100.000 dollari ti ammazzo, Uno di più all'inferno and O' Cangaçeiro. ", "During the 1970s and the 1980s he focused primarily on television works.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Writers from Rome\nCategory:Italian film directors\nCategory:Italian male writers\nCategory:Spaghetti Western directors\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:Living people" ]

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[ "test:\n result: <%= name_error %>\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWindows Phone 8 Getting list of all time zones\n\nI want to get the list of all time zones that are listed in the Date+Time settings in my windows phone app. ", "How can i do this. ", "Kindly help.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't enumerate time zones like you did previously in plain ole c# apps: \nTimeZoneInfo.", "GetSystemTimeZones() \n\nYou can however, use this NuGet package : https://www.nuget.org/packages/WinRTTimeZones\n\n" ]

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[ "Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced in human blood lymphocytes by low doses of X-rays.", "\nThe dose-response for radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes is usually fitted to the quadratic model. ", "This assumes that the slope is essentially linear at low doses. ", "Empirical observations of linearity at less than 200 mGy are, however, sparse. ", "Some data have been published indicating a non-linear (threshold) response and these are reviewed. ", "In particular one study with X-rays showed a plateau in response up to 50 mGy and with a significant dip below the control level at 4 mGy. ", "The mechanism proposed to explain non-linearity is that low doses stimulate the enzymic repair capability of lymphocytes. ", "Preliminary data are presented from a large experiment by six laboratories in which the low dose-response for X-rays has been re-examined. ", "The plateau in the dose-response relationship, if it exists, does not extend to doses above approximately 10 mGy. ", "No irradiated cells yielded aberration levels significantly below the control. ", "Over the range 0-300 mGy the response can be fitted to a linear regression. ", "There are, however, variations in sensitivity between cells from different donors. ", "An unexpected finding was that some lymphocytes contained greater than 1 exchange aberrations. ", "This may indicate a small subset of cells that are especially susceptible to the induction of aberrations by low doses." ]

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[ "import sbt._", "\nimport Keys._", "\nimport play.", "Project._", "\n\nobject ApplicationBuild extends Build {\n\n val appName = \"EvernoteScalaSample\"\n val appVersion = \"1.0\"\n\n val appDependencies = Seq(\n \"com.evernote\" % \"evernote-api\" % \"1.25.1\"\n )\n\n val main = play.", "Project(appName, appVersion, appDependencies).settings(\n )\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Intravenous cyclophosphamide as a therapeutic option for severe refractory gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis.", "\nGastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a rare but important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ", "It is commonly associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic sclerosis, and standard treatment involves both supportive measures, as well as endoscopic interventional therapies. ", "While the current therapies are effective for most patients, a few patients develop severe and refractory bleeding. ", "Herein we report two cases of refractory GAVE in patients with diffuse scleroderma, which improved significantly after the administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide. ", "One of these cases is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of cyclophosphamide being used specifically for the treatment of refractory GAVE." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Villapiana\n\nVillapiana (Calabrian: ) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.", "\n\nHistory\nFounded, as part of Magna Graecia, with the name of Lautermia, it was renamed Casalnuovo in the 14th century. ", "On 4 January 1863 the town changed its toponym into the current one.", "\n\nGeography\nLocated in the northern corner of its province, close to the borders of Calabria with Basilicata, Villapiana borders with the municipalities of Cassano all'Ionio, Cerchiara di Calabria, Francavilla Marittima, Plataci and Trebisacce. ", "The municipality includes the hamlets (frazioni) of Villapiana Lido and Villapiana Scalo, both by the Ionian Coast.", "\n\nTransport\nThe municipality, crossed by the Jonica railway, is served by two stations: Villapiana Lido in the homonym hamlet, and Villapiana-Torre Cerchiara in Villapiana Scalo. ", "The coast is crossed by the state highway SS106 \"Jonica\", connecting Taranto with Reggio Calabria.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Cities and towns in Calabria" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Click in the nick column to highlight everything a person has said.", "\nThe icon identifies that the person is a core developer (has commit access).", "\n\nNotice: Only Gecko based browsers prior to FF4 support the multipart/mixed \"server push\" method used by this log reader to auto-update. ", "Since you do not appear to use such a browser, this page will simply show the current log, and not automatically update.", "\n\nTried USB cable also, nothing. ", "I can barely see a little bit of the green light on when I plug it in. ", "when I listen closely to the recorder, I can hear it clicking when it's plugged in. ", "Not a hard drive click but something else.", "\n\nA little question: Now that we have MMC- and Fat16-Support due to the Ondio port, would it be possible to incoorporate an MMC-Card into the Jukebox recorder as \"Battery extension\"? ", "I am just picking up an Idea that went through the Mailing list sometime 2002...\n\nI think the 8 MB mod clearly shows that extending the memory doesn't yield that much of additional runtime, since the hd is not the only power-sucker. ", "With 8 MB you have a >4 times as large buffer, but the runtime increases by a mere ~22 %" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFunction in VB6 (dll files) with a parameter of type variant, as in the call. ", "net?", "\n\nI have a dll with a method.", "\nThis method accepts an object parameter (in .net) in vb6 it is defined as a variant, which is a vector of strings.", "\nHow can I make the call to this method on .net passing an array of strings?", "\nPlease send me an example\nthanks\n\nA:\n\nBoth parties have good support for COM. ", "I can't tell from your question whether or not the call comes from .net or VB6, but either way it will be simplest to communicate with good old fashioned COM.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Follow Us On\n\nMy Daughter Became My Mother\n\nOne of the best mothers I know never actually gave birth. ", "In fact, I gave birth to her.", "\n\nJust two weeks after my daughter Maura’s 23rd Birthday, I was hit by an SUV while riding my bike in New Jersey.", "\n\nIt wasn’t clear at first whether I would live. ", "I ended up spending months in the hospital and then a rehab center. ", "I was as helpless as a newborn, with a traumatic brain injury, twice broken jaw and many more fractures.", "\n\nThe daughter became the mother.", "\n\nShe helped me relearn how to walk, how to feed myself. ", "When it was clear I couldn’t handle movies more complex than a Disney film, this hard-core mother agreed to watch Moana with me — three times!", "\n\nOne of the film’s most beloved – and definitely pathetic – characters is a googly-eyed chicken with zero memory. ", "I completely identified.", "\n\nMy brain was betraying me too. ", "For months, I couldn’t remember even the simplest bits of information just moments after they were given to me. ", "Family members said one of the most painful moments was watching me stand in front of a bathroom sink for several minutes, unable to remember what I was supposed to be doing there.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThat Moana birdbrain was me. ", "Yet Maura managed to help me find a bit of self-deprecating humor in it, calling me “Chiiii-kennnn?”", "\n\nLike any other mother, Maura was juggling so much — her job in New York City, and the commute on New Jersey Transit, which was a daily nightmare.", "\n\nWhile dealing with all this, she was handed a red-hot poker. ", "My husband Mark — her father — was told that his decade-long struggle with prostate cancer had taken a drastic turn for the worse. ", "His oncologist said he would live no more than two years.", "\n\nMaura did what any mother would do — she took that on too. ", "Now that she’d gotten me past the toddler stage, she turned her attention to her next needy charge.", "\n\nShe assumed responsibility for organizing family caregiver shifts so that Mark could live out his final days at home. ", "She administered his medicines, searched for foods he could tolerate, and posed the hard questions to his oncologist.", "\n\nBut like any great mother, she also extracted whatever joy could be mined from those deep, dark days. ", "And she served it selflessly to the rest of the family.", "\n\nI remember one day in particular.", "\n\nMark was a Yankees baseball fanatic, and months earlier, Maura had bought him stadium tickets. ", "But by the time Game Day rolled around, he had become too frail to use them.", "\n\nShe quickly came up with Plan B.\n\nShe rallied us around the television and painted red baseball stitching on his perfectly round and pale bald head. ", "It looked like a baseball ready to be fired at home plate. ", "Between the two crescents of signature red stitching that hugged his scalp, she painted a Yankees logo.", "\n\nBarbara Goldberg\n\nIt was a hilarious home run that brought us together around Mark. ", "For that single, precious afternoon, the focus was not on Mark’s cancer but on rooting for the home team.", "\n\nIt was those hard-earned laughs and brave smiles that pulled us through the despair and helped keep us together in Mark’s last days." ]

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[ "/*\nCopyright 2007 nVidia, Inc.\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "\n\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 \n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, \nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "\n\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\n// Thanks to Jacob Munkberg (jacob@cs.lth.se) for the shortcut of using SVD to do the equivalent of principal components analysis\n\n// x10\t(666x2).1 (666x2).1 64p 3bi\n\n#include \"bits.h\"\n#include \"tile.h\"\n#include \"avpcl.h\"\n#include \"nvcore/debug.h\"\n#include \"nvmath/vector.inl\"\n#include \"nvmath/matrix.inl\"\n#include \"nvmath/fitting.h\"\n#include \"avpcl_utils.h\"\n#include \"endpts.h\"\n#include <string.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n#include \"shapes_two.h\"\n\nusing namespace nv;\nusing namespace AVPCL;\n\n#define\tNLSBMODES\t2\t\t// number of different lsb modes per region. ", "since we have one .1 per region, that can have 2 values\n\n#define NINDICES\t8\n#define\tINDEXBITS\t3\n#define\tHIGH_INDEXBIT\t(1<<(INDEXBITS-1))\n#define\tDENOM\t\t(NINDICES-1)\n#define\tBIAS\t\t(DENOM/2)\n\n// WORK: determine optimal traversal pattern to search for best shape -- what does the error curve look like?", "\n// i.e. can we search shapes in a particular order so we can see the global error minima easily and\n// stop without having to touch all shapes?", "\n\n#define\tPOS_TO_X(pos)\t((pos)&3)\n#define\tPOS_TO_Y(pos)\t(((pos)>>2)&3)\n\n#define\tNBITSIZES\t(NREGIONS*2)\n#define\tABITINDEX(region)\t(2*(region)+0)\n#define\tBBITINDEX(region)\t(2*(region)+1)\n\nstruct ChanBits\n{\n\tint nbitsizes[NBITSIZES];\t// bitsizes for one channel\n};\n\nstruct Pattern\n{\n\tChanBits chan[NCHANNELS_RGB];// bit patterns used per channel\n\tint transformed;\t\t// if 0, deltas are unsigned and no transform; otherwise, signed and transformed\n\tint mode;\t\t\t\t// associated mode value\n\tint modebits;\t\t\t// number of mode bits\n\tconst char *encoding;\t\t\t// verilog description of encoding for this mode\n};\n\n#define\tNPATTERNS 1\n\nstatic Pattern patterns[NPATTERNS] =\n{\n\t// red\t\tgreen\t\tblue\t\txfm\tmode mb\n\t6,6,6,6,\t6,6,6,6,\t6,6,6,6,\t0,\t0x2, 2, \"\",\n};\n\nstruct RegionPrec\n{\n\tint\tendpt_a_prec[NCHANNELS_RGB];\n\tint endpt_b_prec[NCHANNELS_RGB];\n};\n\nstruct PatternPrec\n{\n\tRegionPrec region_precs[NREGIONS];\n};\n\n\n// this is the precision for each channel and region\n// NOTE: this MUST match the corresponding data in \"patterns\" above -- WARNING: there is NO nvAssert to check this!", "\nstatic PatternPrec pattern_precs[NPATTERNS] =\n{\n\t6,6,6, 6,6,6, 6,6,6, 6,6,6,\t\n};\n\n// return # of bits needed to store n. handle signed or unsigned cases properly\nstatic int nbits(int n, bool issigned)\n{\n\tint nb;\n\tif (n==0)\n\t\treturn 0;\t// no bits needed for 0, signed or not\n\telse if (n > 0)\n\t{\n\t\tfor (nb=0; n; ++nb, n>>=1) ;\n\t\treturn nb + (issigned?1:0);\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\tnvAssert (issigned);\n\t\tfor (nb=0; n<-1; ++nb, n>>=1) ;\n\t\treturn nb + 1;\n\t}\n}\n\n\nstatic void transform_forward(IntEndptsRGB_1 ep[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\nstatic void transform_inverse(IntEndptsRGB_1 ep[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\n// endpoints are 777,777; reduce to 666,666 and put the lsb bit majority in compr_bits\nstatic void compress_one(const IntEndptsRGB& endpts, IntEndptsRGB_1& compr_endpts)\n{\n\tint onescnt;\n\n\tonescnt = 0;\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t{\n\t\tonescnt += endpts.", "A[j] & 1;\n\t\tcompr_endpts.", "A[j] = endpts.", "A[j] >> 1;\n\t\tonescnt += endpts.", "B[j] & 1;\n\t\tcompr_endpts.", "B[j] = endpts.", "B[j] >> 1;\n\t\tnvAssert (compr_endpts.", "A[j] < 64);\n\t\tnvAssert (compr_endpts.", "B[j] < 64);\n\t}\n\tcompr_endpts.lsb = onescnt >= 3;\n}\n\nstatic void uncompress_one(const IntEndptsRGB_1& compr_endpts, IntEndptsRGB& endpts)\n{\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t{\n\t\tendpts.", "A[j] = (compr_endpts.", "A[j] << 1) | compr_endpts.lsb;\n\t\tendpts.", "B[j] = (compr_endpts.", "B[j] << 1) | compr_endpts.lsb;\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void uncompress_endpoints(const IntEndptsRGB_1 compr_endpts[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tuncompress_one(compr_endpts[i], endpts[i]);\n}\n\nstatic void compress_endpoints(const IntEndptsRGB endpts[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB_1 compr_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tcompress_one(endpts[i], compr_endpts[i]);\n}\n\n\nstatic void quantize_endpts(const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, IntEndptsRGB_1 q_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB full_endpts[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[0] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.x, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[0]+1);\t// +1 since we are in uncompressed space\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[1] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.y, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[1]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[2] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.z, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[2]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[0] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.x, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[0]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[1] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.y, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[1]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[2] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.z, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[2]+1);\n\t\tcompress_one(full_endpts[region], q_endpts[region]);\n\t}\n}\n\n// swap endpoints as needed to ensure that the indices at index_positions have a 0 high-order bit\nstatic void swap_indices(IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], int shapeindex)\n{\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tint position = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,region);\n\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(position);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(position);\n\t\tnvAssert(REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region);\t\t// double check the table\n\t\tif (indices[y][x] & HIGH_INDEXBIT)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t// high bit is set, swap the endpts and indices for this region\n\t\t\tint t;\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++i) { t = endpts[region].A[i]; endpts[region].A[i] = endpts[region].B[i]; endpts[region].B[i] = t; }\n\n\t\t\tfor (int y = 0; y < Tile::TILE_H; y++)\n\t\t\tfor (int x = 0; x < Tile::TILE_W; x++)\n\t\t\t\tif (REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region)\n\t\t\t\t\tindices[y][x] = NINDICES - 1 - indices[y][x];\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic bool endpts_fit(IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], const Pattern &p)\n{\n\treturn true;\n}\n\n\nstatic void write_header(const IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int shapeindex, const Pattern &p, Bits &out)\n{\n\tout.write(p.mode, p.modebits);\n\tout.write(shapeindex, SHAPEBITS);\n\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tout.write(endpts[i].A[j], p.chan[j].nbitsizes[ABITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t\tout.write(endpts[i].B[j], p.chan[j].nbitsizes[BBITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t}\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tout.write(endpts[i].lsb, 1);\n\n\tnvAssert (out.getptr() == 82);\n}\n\nstatic void read_header(Bits &in, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int &shapeindex, Pattern &p, int &pat_index)\n{\n\tint mode = AVPCL::getmode(in);\n\n\tpat_index = 0;\n\tnvAssert (pat_index >= 0 && pat_index < NPATTERNS);\n\tnvAssert (in.getptr() == patterns[pat_index].modebits);\n\n\tshapeindex = in.read(SHAPEBITS);\n\tp = patterns[pat_index];\n\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[i].A[j] = in.read(p.chan[j].nbitsizes[ABITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t\tendpts[i].B[j] = in.read(p.chan[j].nbitsizes[BBITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t}\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tendpts[i].lsb = in.read(1);\n\t\n\tnvAssert (in.getptr() == 82);\n}\n\nstatic void write_indices(const int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], int shapeindex, Bits &out)\n{\n\tint positions[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tpositions[r] = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,r);\n\n\tfor (int pos = 0; pos < Tile::TILE_TOTAL; ++pos)\n\t{\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(pos);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(pos);\n\n\t\tbool match = false;\n\n\t\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\t\tif (positions[r] == pos) { match = true; break; }\n\n\t\tout.write(indices[y][x], INDEXBITS - (match ? ", "1 : 0));\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void read_indices(Bits &in, int shapeindex, int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W])\n{\n\tint positions[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tpositions[r] = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,r);\n\n\tfor (int pos = 0; pos < Tile::TILE_TOTAL; ++pos)\n\t{\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(pos);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(pos);\n\n\t\tbool match = false;\n\n\t\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\t\tif (positions[r] == pos) { match = true; break; }\n\n\t\tindices[y][x]= in.read(INDEXBITS - (match ? ", "1 : 0));\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void emit_block(const IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int shapeindex, const Pattern &p, const int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], char *block)\n{\n\tBits out(block, AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\twrite_header(endpts, shapeindex, p, out);\n\n\twrite_indices(indices, shapeindex, out);\n\n\tnvAssert(out.getptr() == AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n}\n\nstatic void generate_palette_quantized(const IntEndptsRGB_1 &endpts_1, const RegionPrec &region_prec, Vector4 palette[NINDICES])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB endpts;\n\n\tuncompress_one(endpts_1, endpts);\n\n\t// scale endpoints\n\tint a, b;\t\t\t// really need a IntVec4...\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[0], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[0]+1);\t// +1 since we are in uncompressed space\n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[0], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[0]+1);\n\n\t// note: don't simplify to a + ((b-a)*i + BIAS)/DENOM as that doesn't work due to the way C handles integer division of negatives\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].x = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[1], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[1]+1); \n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[1], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[1]+1);\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].y = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[2], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[2]+1); \n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[2], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[2]+1);\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].z = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\t// constant alpha\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].w = 255.0f;\n}\n\n// sign extend but only if it was transformed\nstatic void sign_extend(Pattern &p, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\nvoid AVPCL::decompress_mode1(const char *block, Tile &t)\n{\n\tBits in(block, AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\tPattern p;\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS];\n\tint shapeindex, pat_index;\n\n\tread_header(in, endpts, shapeindex, p, pat_index);\n\t\n\tif (p.transformed)\n\t{\n\t\tsign_extend(p, endpts);\n\t\ttransform_inverse(endpts);\n\t}\n\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts[r], pattern_precs[pat_index].region_precs[r], &palette[r][0]);\n\n\tint indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W];\n\n\tread_indices(in, shapeindex, indices);\n\n\tnvAssert(in.getptr() == AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\t// lookup\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < Tile::TILE_H; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < Tile::TILE_W; x++)\n\t\tt.data[y][x] = palette[REGION(x,y,shapeindex)][indices[y][x]];\n}\n\n// given a collection of colors and quantized endpoints, generate a palette, choose best entries, and return a single toterr\nstatic float map_colors(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &endpts, const RegionPrec &region_prec, float current_err, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\tVector4 palette[NINDICES];\n\tfloat toterr = 0;\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts, region_prec, palette);\n\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < np; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int j = 0; j < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++j)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat err = Utils::metric4(colors[i], palette[j]) * importance[i];\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t\t\tindices[i] = j;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr += besterr;\n\n\t\t// check for early exit\n\t\tif (toterr > current_err)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t// fill out bogus index values so it's initialized at least\n\t\t\tfor (int k = i; k < np; ++k)\n\t\t\t\tindices[k] = -1;\n\n\t\t\treturn FLT_MAX;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn toterr;\n}\n\n// assign indices given a tile, shape, and quantized endpoints, return toterr for each region\nstatic void assign_indices(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, \n\t\t\t\t\t\t int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], float toterr[NREGIONS])\n{\n\t// build list of possibles\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts[region], pattern_prec.region_precs[region], &palette[region][0]);\n\t\ttoterr[region] = 0;\n\t}\n\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t{\n\t\tint region = REGION(x,y,shapeindex);\n\t\tfloat err, besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\terr = Utils::metric4(tile.data[y][x], palette[region][i]);\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t\t\tindices[y][x] = i;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr[region] += besterr;\n\t}\n}\n\n// note: indices are valid only if the value returned is less than old_err; otherwise they contain -1's\n// this function returns either old_err or a value smaller (if it was successful in improving the error)\nstatic float perturb_one(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, int ch, const RegionPrec &region_prec, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &old_endpts, IntEndptsRGB_1 &new_endpts, \n\t\t\t\t\t\t float old_err, int do_b, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\t// we have the old endpoints: old_endpts\n\t// we have the perturbed endpoints: new_endpts\n\t// we have the temporary endpoints: temp_endpts\n\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_endpts;\n\tfloat min_err = old_err;\t\t// start with the best current error\n\tint beststep;\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\tindices[i] = -1;\n\n\t// copy real endpoints so we can perturb them\n\ttemp_endpts = new_endpts = old_endpts;\n\n\tint prec = do_b ? ", "region_prec.endpt_b_prec[ch] : region_prec.endpt_a_prec[ch];\n\n\t// do a logarithmic search for the best error for this endpoint (which)\n\tfor (int step = 1 << (prec-1); step; step >>= 1)\n\t{\n\t\tbool improved = false;\n\t\tfor (int sign = -1; sign <= 1; sign += 2)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_endpts.", "A[ch] + sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tif (temp_endpts.", "A[ch] < 0 || temp_endpts.", "A[ch] >= (1 << prec))\n\t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_endpts.", "B[ch] + sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tif (temp_endpts.", "B[ch] < 0 || temp_endpts.", "B[ch] >= (1 << prec))\n\t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tfloat err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, min_err, temp_indices);\n\n\t\t\tif (err < min_err)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\timproved = true;\n\t\t\t\tmin_err = err;\n\t\t\t\tbeststep = sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tindices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t// if this was an improvement, move the endpoint and continue search from there\n\t\tif (improved)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t\tnew_endpts.", "A[ch] += beststep;\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tnew_endpts.", "B[ch] += beststep;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn min_err;\n}\n\n// the larger the error the more time it is worth spending on an exhaustive search.", "\n// perturb the endpoints at least -3 to 3.", "\n// if err > 5000 perturb endpoints 50% of precision\n// if err > 1000 25%\n// if err > 200 12.5%\n// if err > 40 6.25%\n// for np = 16 -- adjust error thresholds as a function of np\n// always ensure endpoint ordering is preserved (no need to overlap the scan)\n// if orig_err returned from this is less than its input value, then indices[] will contain valid indices\nstatic float exhaustive(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, int ch, const RegionPrec &region_prec, float orig_err, IntEndptsRGB_1 &opt_endpts, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_endpts;\n\tfloat best_err = orig_err;\n\tint aprec = region_prec.endpt_a_prec[ch];\n\tint bprec = region_prec.endpt_b_prec[ch];\n\tint good_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\tindices[i] = -1;\n\n\tfloat thr_scale = (float)np / (float)Tile::TILE_TOTAL;\n\n\tif (orig_err == 0) return orig_err;\n\n\tint adelta = 0, bdelta = 0;\n\tif (orig_err > 5000.0*thr_scale)\t\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/2; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/2; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 1000.0*thr_scale)\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/4; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/4; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 200.0*thr_scale)\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/8; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/8; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 40.0*thr_scale)\t\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/16; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/16; }\n\tadelta = max(adelta, 3);\n\tbdelta = max(bdelta, 3);\n\n#ifdef\tDISABLE_EXHAUSTIVE\n\tadelta = bdelta = 3;\n#endif\n\n\ttemp_endpts = opt_endpts;\n\n\t// ok figure out the range of A and B\n\tint alow = max(0, opt_endpts.", "A[ch] - adelta);\n\tint ahigh = min((1<<aprec)-1, opt_endpts.", "A[ch] + adelta);\n\tint blow = max(0, opt_endpts.", "B[ch] - bdelta);\n\tint bhigh = min((1<<bprec)-1, opt_endpts.", "B[ch] + bdelta);\n\n\t// now there's no need to swap the ordering of A and B\n\tbool a_le_b = opt_endpts.", "A[ch] <= opt_endpts.", "B[ch];\n\n\tint amin, bmin;\n\n\tif (opt_endpts.", "A[ch] <= opt_endpts.", "B[ch])\n\t{\n\t\t// keep a <= b\n\t\tfor (int a = alow; a <= ahigh; ++a)\n\t\tfor (int b = max(a, blow); b < bhigh; ++b)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = a;\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = b;\n\t\t\n\t\t\tfloat err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, best_err, temp_indices);\n\t\t\tif (err < best_err) \n\t\t\t{ \n\t\t\t\tamin = a; \n\t\t\t\tbmin = b; \n\t\t\t\tbest_err = err;\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tgood_indices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\t// keep b <= a\n\t\tfor (int b = blow; b < bhigh; ++b)\n\t\tfor (int a = max(b, alow); a <= ahigh; ++a)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = a;\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = b;\n\t\t\n float err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, best_err, temp_indices);\n\t\t\tif (err < best_err) \n\t\t\t{ \n\t\t\t\tamin = a; \n\t\t\t\tbmin = b; \n\t\t\t\tbest_err = err; \n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tgood_indices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (best_err < orig_err)\n\t{\n\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = amin;\n\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = bmin;\n\t\t// if we actually improved, update the indices\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\tindices[i] = good_indices[i];\n\t}\n\treturn best_err;\n}\n\nstatic float optimize_one(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, float orig_err, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &orig_endpts, const RegionPrec &region_prec, IntEndptsRGB_1 &opt_endpts)\n{\n\tfloat opt_err = orig_err;\n\n\topt_endpts = orig_endpts;\n\n\t/*\n\t\terr0 = perturb(rgb0, delta0)\n\t\terr1 = perturb(rgb1, delta1)\n\t\tif (err0 < err1)\n\t\t\tif (err0 >= initial_error) break\n\t\t\trgb0 += delta0\n\t\t\tnext = 1\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tif (err1 >= initial_error) break\n\t\t\trgb1 += delta1\n\t\t\tnext = 0\n\t\tinitial_err = map()\n\t\tfor (;;)\n\t\t\terr = perturb(next ? ", "rgb1:rgb0, delta)\n\t\t\tif (err >= initial_err) break\n\t\t\tnext? ", "rgb1 : rgb0 += delta\n\t\t\tinitial_err = err\n\t*/\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 new_a, new_b;\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 new_endpt;\n\tint do_b;\n\tint orig_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint new_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices0[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices1[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\t// now optimize each channel separately\n\t// for the first error improvement, we save the indices. ", "then, for any later improvement, we compare the indices\n\t// if they differ, we restart the loop (which then falls back to looking for a first improvement.)", "\n\tfor (int ch = 0; ch < NCHANNELS_RGB; ++ch)\n\t{\n\t\t// figure out which endpoint when perturbed gives the most improvement and start there\n\t\t// if we just alternate, we can easily end up in a local minima\n\t\tfloat err0 = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_a, opt_err, 0, temp_indices0);\t// perturb endpt A\n float err1 = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_b, opt_err, 1, temp_indices1);\t// perturb endpt B\n\n\t\tif (err0 < err1)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (err0 >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = orig_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_a.", "A[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err0;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 1;\t\t// do B next\n\t\t}\n\t\telse\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (err1 >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = orig_indices[i] = temp_indices1[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_b.", "B[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err1;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 0;\t\t// do A next\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t// now alternate endpoints and keep trying until there is no improvement\n\t\tfor (;;)\n\t\t{\n float err = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_endpt, opt_err, do_b, temp_indices0);\n\t\t\tif (err >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (new_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_endpt.", "A[ch];\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_endpt.", "B[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 1 - do_b;\t// now move the other endpoint\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// see if the indices have changed\n\t\tint i;\n\t\tfor (i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\tif (orig_indices[i] !", "= new_indices[i])\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tif (i<np)\n\t\t\tch = -1;\t// start over\n\t}\n\n\t// finally, do a small exhaustive search around what we think is the global minima to be sure\n\t// note this is independent of the above search, so we don't care about the indices from the above\n\t// we don't care about the above because if they differ, so what? ", "we've already started at ch=0\n\tbool first = true;\n\tfor (int ch = 0; ch < NCHANNELS_RGB; ++ch)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat new_err = exhaustive(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_err, opt_endpts, temp_indices0);\n\n\t\tif (new_err < opt_err)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\topt_err = new_err;\n\n\t\t\tif (first)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\torig_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tfirst = false;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t// see if the indices have changed\n\t\t\t\tint i;\n\t\t\t\tfor (i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tif (orig_indices[i] !", "= temp_indices0[i])\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\t\tif (i<np)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tch = -1;\t// start over\n\t\t\t\t\tfirst = true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn opt_err;\n}\n\nstatic void optimize_endpts(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, const float orig_err[NREGIONS], \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntEndptsRGB_1 orig_endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, float opt_err[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB_1 opt_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tVector4 pixels[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n float importance[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_in, temp_out;\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int region=0; region<NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\t// collect the pixels in the region\n\t\tint np = 0;\n\n for (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++) {\n for (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++) {\n if (REGION(x, y, shapeindex) == region) {\n pixels[np] = tile.data[y][x];\n importance[np] = tile.importance_map[y][x];\n np++;\n }\n }\n }\n\n\t\topt_endpts[region] = temp_in = orig_endpts[region];\n\t\topt_err[region] = orig_err[region];\n\n\t\tfloat best_err = orig_err[region];\n\n\t\tfor (int lsbmode=0; lsbmode<NLSBMODES; ++lsbmode)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_in.lsb = lsbmode;\n\n\t\t\t// make sure we have a valid error for temp_in\n\t\t\t// we use FLT_MAX here because we want an accurate temp_in_err, no shortcuts\n\t\t\t// (mapcolors will compute a mapping but will stop if the error exceeds the value passed in the FLT_MAX position)\n float temp_in_err = map_colors(pixels, importance, np, temp_in, pattern_prec.region_precs[region], FLT_MAX, temp_indices);\n\n\t\t\t// now try to optimize these endpoints\n\t\t\tfloat temp_out_err = optimize_one(pixels, importance, np, temp_in_err, temp_in, pattern_prec.region_precs[region], temp_out);\n\n\t\t\t// if we find an improvement, update the best so far and correct the output endpoints and errors\n\t\t\tif (temp_out_err < best_err)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbest_err = temp_out_err;\n\t\t\t\topt_err[region] = temp_out_err;\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts[region] = temp_out;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n\n/* optimization algorithm\n\tfor each pattern\n\t\tconvert endpoints using pattern precision\n\t\tassign indices and get initial error\n\t\tcompress indices (and possibly reorder endpoints)\n\t\ttransform endpoints\n\t\tif transformed endpoints fit pattern\n\t\t\tget original endpoints back\n\t\t\toptimize endpoints, get new endpoints, new indices, and new error // new error will almost always be better\n\t\t\tcompress new indices\n\t\t\ttransform new endpoints\n\t\t\tif new endpoints fit pattern AND if error is improved\n\t\t\t\temit compressed block with new data\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\temit compressed block with original data // to try to preserve maximum endpoint precision\n*/\n\nstatic float refine(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex_best, const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], char *block)\n{\n\tfloat orig_err[NREGIONS], opt_err[NREGIONS], orig_toterr, opt_toterr, expected_opt_err[NREGIONS];\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 orig_endpts[NREGIONS], opt_endpts[NREGIONS];\n\tint orig_indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], opt_indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W];\n\n\tfor (int sp = 0; sp < NPATTERNS; ++sp)\n\t{\n\t\tquantize_endpts(endpts, pattern_precs[sp], orig_endpts);\n\t\tassign_indices(tile, shapeindex_best, orig_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], orig_indices, orig_err);\n\t\tswap_indices(orig_endpts, orig_indices, shapeindex_best);\n\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\ttransform_forward(orig_endpts);\n\t\t// apply a heuristic here -- we check if the endpoints fit before we try to optimize them.", "\n\t\t// the assumption made is that if they don't fit now, they won't fit after optimizing.", "\n\t\tif (endpts_fit(orig_endpts, patterns[sp]))\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\ttransform_inverse(orig_endpts);\n\t\t\toptimize_endpts(tile, shapeindex_best, orig_err, orig_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], expected_opt_err, opt_endpts);\n\t\t\tassign_indices(tile, shapeindex_best, opt_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], opt_indices, opt_err);\n\t\t\t// (nreed) Commented out asserts because they go off all the time...not sure why\n\t\t\t//for (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t\t//\tnvAssert(expected_opt_err[i] == opt_err[i]);\n\t\t\tswap_indices(opt_endpts, opt_indices, shapeindex_best);\n\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\ttransform_forward(opt_endpts);\n\t\t\torig_toterr = opt_toterr = 0;\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i < NREGIONS; ++i) { orig_toterr += orig_err[i]; opt_toterr += opt_err[i]; }\n\t\t\t//nvAssert(opt_toterr <= orig_toterr);\n\t\t\tif (endpts_fit(opt_endpts, patterns[sp]) && opt_toterr < orig_toterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\temit_block(opt_endpts, shapeindex_best, patterns[sp], opt_indices, block);\n\t\t\t\treturn opt_toterr;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t// either it stopped fitting when we optimized it, or there was no improvement\n\t\t\t\t// so go back to the unoptimized endpoints which we know will fit\n\t\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\t\ttransform_forward(orig_endpts);\n\t\t\t\temit_block(orig_endpts, shapeindex_best, patterns[sp], orig_indices, block);\n\t\t\t\treturn orig_toterr;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tnvAssert(false); //throw \"No candidate found, should never happen (mode avpcl 1).\";", "\n\treturn FLT_MAX;\n}\n\nstatic void clamp(Vector4 &v)\n{\n\tif (v.x < 0.0f) v.x = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.x > 255.0f) v.x = 255.0f;\n\tif (v.y < 0.0f) v.y = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.y > 255.0f) v.y = 255.0f;\n\tif (v.z < 0.0f) v.z = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.z > 255.0f) v.z = 255.0f;\n\tv.w = 255.0f;\n}\n\nstatic void generate_palette_unquantized(const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], Vector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES])\n{\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[region][i] = Utils::lerp(endpts[region].A, endpts[region].B, i, 0, DENOM);\n}\n\n// generate a palette from unquantized endpoints, then pick best palette color for all pixels in each region, return toterr for all regions combined\nstatic float map_colors(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\t// build list of possibles\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\n\tgenerate_palette_unquantized(endpts, palette);\n\n\tfloat toterr = 0;\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t{\n\t\tint region = REGION(x,y,shapeindex);\n\t\tfloat besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat err = Utils::metric4(tile.data[y][x], palette[region][i]) * tile.importance_map[y][x];\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching. ", "this works for most norms.", "\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr += besterr;\n\t}\n\treturn toterr;\n}\n\nstatic float rough(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int region=0; region<NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tint np = 0;\n\t\tVector3 colors[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\t\tfloat alphas[2];\n\t\tVector4 mean(0,0,0,0);\n\n\t\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\t\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t\t\tif (REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tcolors[np] = tile.data[y][x].xyz();\n\t\t\t\tif (np < 2) alphas[np] = tile.data[y][x].w;\n\t\t\t\tmean += tile.data[y][x];\n\t\t\t\t++np;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t// handle simple cases\t\n\t\tif (np == 0)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tVector4 zero(0,0,0,255.0f);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = zero;\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = zero;\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse if (np == 1)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse if (np == 2)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = Vector4(colors[1], alphas[1]);\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tmean /= float(np);\n\n\t\tVector3 direction = Fit::computePrincipalComponent_EigenSolver(np, colors);\n\n\t\t// project each pixel value along the principal direction\n\t\tfloat minp = FLT_MAX, maxp = -FLT_MAX;\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < np; i++) \n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat dp = dot(colors[i]-mean.xyz(), direction);\n\t\t\tif (dp < minp) minp = dp;\n\t\t\tif (dp > maxp) maxp = dp;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// choose as endpoints 2 points along the principal direction that span the projections of all of the pixel values\n\t\tendpts[region].A = mean + minp*Vector4(direction, 0);\n\t\tendpts[region].B = mean + maxp*Vector4(direction, 0);\n\n\t\t// clamp endpoints\n\t\t// the argument for clamping is that the actual endpoints need to be clamped and thus we need to choose the best\n\t\t// shape based on endpoints being clamped\n\t\tclamp(endpts[region].A);\n\t\tclamp(endpts[region].B);\n\t}\n\n\treturn map_colors(tile, shapeindex, endpts);\n}\n\nstatic void swap(float *list1, int *list2, int i, int j)\n{\n\tfloat t = list1[i]; list1[i] = list1[j]; list1[j] = t;\n\tint t1 = list2[i]; list2[i] = list2[j]; list2[j] = t1;\n}\n\nfloat AVPCL::compress_mode1(const Tile &t, char *block)\n{\n\t// number of rough cases to look at. ", "reasonable values of this are 1, NSHAPES/4, and NSHAPES\n\t// NSHAPES/4 gets nearly all the cases; you can increase that a bit (say by 3 or 4) if you really want to squeeze the last bit out\n\tconst int NITEMS=NSHAPES/4;\n\n\t// pick the best NITEMS shapes and refine these.", "\n\tstruct {\n\t\tFltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS];\n\t} all[NSHAPES];\n\tfloat roughmse[NSHAPES];\n\tint index[NSHAPES];\n\tchar tempblock[AVPCL::BLOCKSIZE];\n\tfloat msebest = FLT_MAX;\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NSHAPES; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\troughmse[i] = rough(t, i, &all[i].endpts[0]);\n\t\tindex[i] = i;\n\t}\n\n\t// bubble sort -- only need to bubble up the first NITEMS items\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NITEMS; ++i)\n\tfor (int j=i+1; j<NSHAPES; ++j)\n\t\tif (roughmse[i] > roughmse[j])\n\t\t\tswap(roughmse, index, i, j);\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NITEMS && msebest>0; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\tint shape = index[i];\n\t\tfloat mse = refine(t, shape, &all[shape].endpts[0], tempblock);\n\t\tif (mse < msebest)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tmemcpy(block, tempblock, sizeof(tempblock));\n\t\t\tmsebest = mse;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn msebest;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "This is it. ", " So sorry I left you name off.", "\n\nKay\n\n\n \n\t\n\t\n\tFrom: David W Delainey 08/15/2000 03:28 PM\n\t\n\nSent by: Kay Chapman\nTo: Tim Belden/HOU/ECT@ECT, Kevin M Presto/HOU/ECT@ECT, John \nArnold/HOU/ECT@ECT, Scott Neal/HOU/ECT@ECT, Hunter S Shively/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nPhillip K Allen/HOU/ECT@ECT, Janet R Dietrich/HOU/ECT@ECT, Christopher F \nCalger/PDX/ECT@ECT, W David Duran/HOU/ECT@ECT, Raymond Bowen/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nJeff Donahue/HOU/ECT@ECT, Brian Redmond/HOU/ECT@ECT, C John \nThompson/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Scott Josey/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Rob \nMilnthorp/CAL/ECT@ECT, Max Yzaguirre/NA/Enron@ENRON, Beth \nPerlman/HOU/ECT@ECT, Wes Colwell/HOU/ECT@ECT, Sally Beck/HOU/ECT@ECT, David \nOxley/HOU/ECT@ECT, Joseph Deffner/HOU/ECT@ECT, Jordan Mintz/HOU/ECT@ECT, Mark \nE Haedicke/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Mollie Gustafson/PDX/ECT@ECT, Felicia Doan/HOU/ECT@ECT, Ina \nRangel/HOU/ECT@ECT, Kimberly Brown/HOU/ECT@ECT, Airam Arteaga/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nChristy Chapman/HOU/ECT@ECT, Tina Rode/HOU/ECT@ECT, Marsha \nSchiller/HOU/ECT@ECT, Lillian Carroll/HOU/ECT@ECT, Tonai \nLehr/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Nicole Mayer/HOU/ECT@ECT, Darlene C \nForsyth/HOU/ECT@ECT, Janette Elbertson/HOU/ECT@ECT, Angela \nMcCulloch/CAL/ECT@ECT, Pilar Cerezo/NA/Enron@ENRON, Cherylene R \nWestbrook/HOU/ECT@ECT, Shirley Tijerina/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Nicki \nDaw/NA/Enron@Enron, Kimberly Hillis/HOU/ECT@ect, Patti Thompson/HOU/ECT \nSubject: ENA Management Committee\n\n\nThis is a reminder !!!!! ", " There will be a Friday Meeting August 18, 2000. ", " \nThis meeting replaces the every Friday Meeting and will be held every other \nFriday.", "\n\n \n Date: Friday August 18, 2000\n\n Time: 2:30 pm - 4:30 pm\n\n Location: 30C1 \n \n Topic: ENA Management Committee\n\n \n\n\nIf you have any questions or conflicts, please feel free to call me (3-0643) \nor Bev (3-7857).", "\n\nThanks,\n\nKay 3-0643" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

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[ "Confined spin waves reveal an assembly of nanosize domains in ferromagneticLa1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0.17,0.2).", "\nWe report a study of spin waves in ferromagnetic La1-xCaxMnO3, at concentrations x=0.17 and x=0.2 very close to the metallic transition (x=0.225). ", "Below T(C), in the quasimetallic state (T=150 K), nearly q-independent energy levels are observed. ", "They are characteristic of standing spin waves confined into finite-size ferromagnetic domains, defined only in the (a,b) plane for x=0.17, and in all directions for x=0.2. ", "They allow an estimation of the domain's size, a few lattice spacings, and of the magnetic coupling constants inside the domains. ", "These constants, anisotropic, are typical of an orbital-ordered state, allowing one to characterize the domains as \"hole poor.\" ", "The precursor state of the collossal magnetoresistance metallic phase appears, therefore, as an assembly of small orbital-ordered domains." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to create permanent table in spark sql\n\nin my project, I'm transferring data from MongoDB to SparkSQL table for SQL-based queries. ", "But Spark SQL let me to create temporary files. ", "When I want to query something, execution time is very high, because data transferring and mapping operation takes too much time. ", "\nSo, can I reduce execution time? ", "Can I create permanent Spark SQL tables? ", "Can I query permanent tables with JDBC?", "\nI'm adding my code and execution time results. ", "I'm doing everything on standalone mode.", "\npackage com.mongodb.spark.sql;\n\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport org.apache.hadoop.conf.", "Configuration;\nimport org.apache.spark.", "SparkConf;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.", "JavaRDD;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.", "JavaSparkContext;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.function.", "Function;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "DataFrame;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "Row;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "SQLContext;\nimport org.bson.", "BSONObject;\n\nimport com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat;\nimport com.mongodb.spark.demo.", "Observation;\nimport com.mongodb.spark.demo.", "Sensor;\n\nimport scala.", "Tuple2;\n\npublic class SparkSqlMongo {\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n\n Configuration conf = new Configuration();\n\n conf.set(\"mongo.job.input.format\", \"com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat\");\n conf.set(\"mongo.input.uri\", \"mongodb://localhost:27017/test.observations\");\n\n Configuration sensConf = new Configuration();\n\n sensConf.set(\"mongo.job.input.format\", \"com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat\");\n sensConf.set(\"mongo.input.uri\", \"mongodb://localhost:27017/test.sens\");\n\n SparkConf sconf = new SparkConf().setMaster(\"local[2]\").setAppName(\"SQL DENEME\").set(\"nsmc.connection.host\",\n \"mongodb:\");\n\n JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(sconf);\n SQLContext sql = new SQLContext(sc);\n\n JavaRDD<Observation> obs = sc.newAPIHadoopRDD(conf, MongoInputFormat.class, Object.class, BSONObject.class)\n .map(new Function<Tuple2<Object, BSONObject>, Observation>() {\n\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n @Override\n public Observation call(Tuple2<Object, BSONObject> v1) throws Exception {\n\n int id = (int) v1._2.get(\"_id\");\n double value = (double) v1._2.get(\"Value\");\n // Date time = (Date) v1._2.get(\"Time\");\n int sensor = (int) v1._2.get(\"SensorId\");\n int stream = (int) v1._2.get(\"DataStreamId\");\n\n Observation obs = new Observation(id, value, sensor, stream);\n return obs;\n\n }\n });\n\n DataFrame obsi = sql.createDataFrame(obs, Observation.class);\n\n obsi.registerTempTable(\"obsi\");\n\n JavaRDD<Sensor> sens = sc.newAPIHadoopRDD(sensConf, MongoInputFormat.class, Object.class, BSONObject.class)\n .map(new Function<Tuple2<Object, BSONObject>, Sensor>() {\n\n /**\n * \n */\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n @Override\n public Sensor call(Tuple2<Object, BSONObject> v1) throws Exception {\n\n int id = (int) v1._2.get(\"_id\");\n String name = (String) v1._2.get(\"Name\");\n String description = (String) v1._2.get(\"Description\");\n\n Sensor s = new Sensor(id, name, description);\n\n System.out.println(s.getName());\n return s;\n\n }\n });\n\n DataFrame sensi = sql.createDataFrame(sens, Sensor.class);\n\n sensi.registerTempTable(\"sensi\");\n\n sensi.show();\n\n long start = System.currentTimeMillis();\n\n DataFrame obser = sql\n .sql(\"SELECT obsi.value, obsi.id, sensi.name FROM obsi, sensi WHERE obsi.sensorID = sensi.id and sensi.id = 107\")\n .cache();\n long stop = System.currentTimeMillis();\n\n // System.out.println(\"count ====>>> \" + a.toString());\n System.out.println(\"toplam sorgu zamani : \" + (stop - start));\n ;\n //\n // while(!obser.equals(null)){\n // System.out.println(obser);\n // }\n\n List<String> names = obser.javaRDD().map(new Function<Row, String>() {\n\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n public String call(Row row) {\n\n // System.out.println(row);\n // System.out.println(\"value : \" + row.getDouble(0) + \" id : \" +\n // row.getInt(1) + \" name : \" + row.getString(0));\n return \"Name: \" + row;\n }\n }).collect();\n\n}\n\n}\nAll execution time is about 120 seconds for about 5M observation and 1K sns data. ", "I join these tables and this execution time is very high and unacceptable.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can improve program execution time by Caching your Table, Dataframe or Rdd.", "\nAnd, if you want to save you data as a permanent table than you can use df.saveAsTable method but dataframe should be created through HiveContext.", "\nFor the JDBC connection you need to start your Thrift service then you can perform Spark Sql on registers tables.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Affliction Warlock: When to play aff, and the do's and don'ts of the spec\n\nHello and welcome to this short guide covering the strengths and weaknesses of the Affliction Warlock, this guide is written by Luc\\u00ee\\u00fbs, I stream sometimes on twitch. ", "I also maintain a blog for the affliction spec at https:\\/\\/legionafflictionwarlock.wordpress.com\\r\\rFor more Warlock discussion, visit their Class Discord.\\r\\rWhen you should consider playing the affliction spec\\rWhen to Affliction\\rAffliction\\u2019s strengths in raids are mostly multi-target, especially 3 or more targets, and its mobility is insane compared to Destro or Demo, and most specs in the game. ", "It is a spec that thrives on fights with adds that can give you high stacks of wrath of consumption and reap stacks.\\rSome examples of the fights affliction is very good on are: Renferal, the spiders although infrequent provide you with some minor WoC uptime, and the fight has a large amount of moving around. ", "Odyn, While affliction is not that great at runebearer damage if your guild needs it that is; BUT you get WoC stacks from them, and that\\u2019s enough to get it close to Destro in phase 1 \\/ 2 cleave. ", "It\\u2019s got straight up better ST and better mobility for phase 3.\\rBut, Afflictions most important strength arguably is Absolute Corruption cheesing. ", "Especially on fights like Dragons \\/ Helya are excellent examples of fights for the affliction spec to shine, also AC lets you do ungodly damage to the dragons, and the tentacles (keep in mind that this isn't padding), as both fights have adds that allow you to maintain the 5-stack buff from Wrath of Consumption for a large portion of the fight, both fights also have a decent amount of movement. ", "\\r\\rNow here's where affliction can fall short\\rWeaknesses of the spec\\rAffliction is a spec with absolutely Zero burst potential\\rThe spec is arguably terrible on target swapping\\rWhen running with Soul Effigy builds, the spec feels clunky\\rThe spec is far too reliant on 100% uptimes of both the Wrath of Consumption and Reap Soul buffs to deal top end DPS; if a warlock cannot keep these at 100% their damage throughput plummets.\\rThe strongest trait on the Artifact by far is Wrath of Consumption by a mile and a half\\rThe spec is crippled by RNG, inconsistent damage from pull to pull, and Awkward Soul Shard generation\\r\\r\n\nComentários\n\nComentado por Desertcobra\n\nYou speak of \"Wrath of Corruption\" as if it is a spell which you can cast up to 5 stacks. ", "There is no \"Wrath of Corruption\" spell in the spell book that I can see. \"", "Wrath of Corruption\" is only on the Artifact Weapon. ", "Perhaps you mean Unstable Affliction which is a castable spell that can stack 5 times." ]

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