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[ "Zwift has delivered on the first of their many promised expansions: real world courses. ", "Back when I first discussed the service with them a year ago, they noted that they’d eventually see opportunities to partner with race organizers for creating virtual versions of their events.", "\n\nThe idea being twofold here: Events that could be ridden virtually at the exact same time as the actual race (ideal for folks such as deployed soldiers unable to attend), and then just cases where people could train and otherwise ride the event course ahead of time. ", "This has benefits for training, but also just event PR aspects.", "\n\nUp until this point the company has been focusing on fictional locales – such as Watopia in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. ", "Today though Zwift rolled out the first real world course they’ve done: Richmond, Virginia. ", "I know, it’s not as sexy as…well…anywhere else really (yes, I’ve been). ", "But, it’s home to the upcoming UCI 2015 Road World Championships, which will be held in Richmond from September 19th to 27th.", "\n\nAnd with that obvious cycling tie-in, it seems like a natural fit. ", "In this case, Zwift partnered with Richmond 2015 on the effort (who I turn is partnered with the UCI on the event). ", "This sort of partnership is something we haven’t really seen from most of the trainer app companies to date. ", "Most of those partnerships have been at levels such as Ironman, or local events. ", "Going to a major UCI event is kinda an entirely different ball game.", "\n\nBuilding the Course:\n\nI was curious how exactly Zwift was going about re-creating the 3D world of Richmond. ", "Obviously there are other trainer apps out there that use Google Earth to dynamically show you a 3D world as you cycle. ", "Most of these tend to be sorta…unreal…feeling though, despite trying to feel real. ", "Then there are of course manually built fake worlds, which tend to feel very realistic, but that’s because you aren’t comparing them to any actual real location.", "\n\nIn Zwift’s case, they started with a video of the course provided by the event organizers. ", "This was then combined with GPS log file data they obtained (.FIT & .GPX) to generate the road data. ", "In the middle of all that, they sent a team member out to Richmond as well.", "\n\nNext, they layered in USGS survey data for the correct terrain height. ", "The challenge they noted was that the data they received from all these sources wasn’t terribly awesome once combined, which is especially true in urban environments with buildings. ", "So they had a fair bit of editing the data to make it line up correctly.", "\n\nThey also leveraged Google Street View quite a bit when it came time for their development artists to start building the models. ", "When I asked about how and where they drew the virtual line on recreating a given building/monument/etc, Jon Mayfield of Zwift noted:\n\n“We used our best judgment. ", "We wanted the feel of the Richmond VA without our artists literally going off into the weeds modeling 3d assets that don’t really matter. ", "While watching the course video we’d make note of certain land marks that stood out (a church steeple, a factory, overpass, etc) and we tried to make sure many of those were in.”", "\n\nYou see that within some of the course components. ", "For example, there’s a monument early in the course that in real life is a Robert E. Lee on a horse (photo taken by a DCR reader, also above in Google Street View). ", "But in Zwift it’s actually a bike:\n\nThe effort started about a month ago, and Zwift noted that only a portion of the game development team was working on it. ", "Obviously it’s likely a goal of Zwift’s to increase these sort of marketing partnerships, since they likely drive both users to their platform, as well as money from partnerships. ", "Jon said that “it’s feasible for us to make more courses if they prove to be a hit, especially for race type events. ", "We’re strong on the community/social aspect of our product, so we have to be careful about separating users too much between many courses.“", "\n\nWhich is definitely true, and one of the biggest reasons that I think Zwift has been successful to date: They only have a single course. ", "Many other cycling 3D worlds have numerous courses which spreads out the users and makes for lame game play.", "\n\nRiding the Course:\n\nI gave the course a ride today over lunch, mostly just out of curiosity. ", "Unlike previous times when I’ve launched the app, I’m now presented with a new challenges option. ", "This was also added today, and allows you to compete against various personal challenges. ", "Since riding 797 miles on my trainer seemed like a painful goal, I went with climbing Mt. Everest instead.", "\n\nWith that out of the way I was off on my ride. ", "At this point it was just about sunrise in Richmond at 7AM, though that was a bit of pure dumb luck. ", "The day/night cycles automatically on a short schedule just like on Zwift island.", "\n\nThe first portion of the 10-mile long course is mostly in the downtown area. ", "Perhaps because it was dark, or perhaps because it was a non-vibrant city, this wasn’t terribly exciting for me.", "\n\nI think the realism in the city environment is lost a bit during tight turns, as the camera doesn’t ‘tilt’ like you would normally corner a turn, so it feels unrealistic. ", "Whereas in the fictional Zwift world, there’s no places on the course that have 90° turns, so you don’t actually ever notice it.", "\n\nNonetheless, I kept on chugging along. ", "There were some 80-90 other riders on the course at that time of day, disproportionally Australian. ", "And the smack talk was definitely flowing.", "\n\nEventually though, sunrise rose, and with that I got out of the city a bit:\n\nFor fun, here’s what I believe to be that same spot on Google Streetview:\n\nSo the gist of things is definitely in the ballpark.", "\n\nOnce I got to this portion I actually rather enjoyed the course. ", "I think that’s because it was less about city and more about parklands of sorts – an area that Zwift already excels at. ", "Further, there weren’t really many sharp turns here, so things felt more natural.", "\n\nSoon I’d find myself a bit of a cobbles section. ", "Interestingly, you could clearly feel the change in resistance on the Tacx Neo the split second I hit this. ", "Not saying you could feel cobbles, but rather the friction changed.", "\n\nUnfortunately there isn’t Google Street View imagery here, since it’s normally a closed road – but indeed, there are cobbles going up the hill (the Zwift image above is taken quite a bit further up the hill than the photo below).", "\n\nThen from there it was into some neighborhoods for a while.", "\n\nThen finally as I hit about the 10.4-mile marker I cleared the finish line, and could begin my 2nd loop.", "\n\nAt that point though, my actual lunch was calling, so I called it a day.", "\n\nAnd, I made stellar progress towards my Mt. Everest goal, now only 99% remaining!", "\n\nIn addition to the photos above, I gave my first go at using YouTube’s Live Streaming functionality with a desktop computer. ", "I’ve previously toyed around with this on mobile devices and action cams. ", "While I got the software all setup without too much incident, I left the defaults in the software for the recording rate, which did it at some very non-High Definition levels.", "\n\nSo, if you’re interested in watching my entire go of the course – you’re welcome to check out the YouTube video below. ", "It just looks like…non-awesome sauce because of the dismally low recording rate. ", "Don’t worry though, I’ve already changed the setting so I’m good to go for next time.", "\n\nIt’s worth noting that right now when you connect to Zwift you don’t have any choice in the course you’re given. ", "There’s only one course at a time. ", "The schedule for which course you’ll get is a bit wonky over the next month, but here ya go:\n\nSept 1st – 8th Richmond\n\nSept 9th – 12th Watopia\n\nSept 13th – 15th Richmond\n\nSept 16th – 19th Watopia\n\nSept 20th – 27th Richmond\n\nSept 28th+ Watopia\n\nZwift says eventually they’ll allow you to select a course, but that’s not in the immediate cards. ", "I think they’re trying to carefully balance ensuring that they always have large quantities of riders in the courses to keep them more interesting.", "\n\nThey noted that “the course will be available in some way for many months to come. ", "It may be on a limited schedule, or we may have regularly scheduled events on it every week. ", "It’s too early to say, but it’s a nice asset for us to have and use as we see fit.”", "\n\nUploads to Strava:\n\nFinally, it’s worth mentioning that like usual my Zwift ride automatically uploaded to Strava. ", "However more important here is that it was tagged as a Virtual Ride.", "\n\nVirtual Rides are important because it ensures that folks using Zwift (and other trainer apps) don’t incorrectly show up in regular Strava leaderboards. ", "So at the bottom, where there would normally be segments it’s a bit slim right now:\n\nOver time though, as more segments are set via virtual segments, they’ll start showing up here.", "\n\nBut even if you look at some of these already, all of them are via Zwift riders (only) today alone. ", "Some 403 people in the first portion of the first day already. ", "Impressive.", "\n\nPretty cool stuff, by both Zwift and Strava. ", "I’m looking forward to seeing other partnerships. ", "For example, I’d love to see the final stage at the Tour de France in Zwift (in Paris) – it’s just about the perfect length for it too!", "\n\nWith that – thanks for reading!" ]

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[ "Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy for surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.", "\nThe optimal choice of technique for the surgical treatment of pancreatic head lesions in chronic pancreatitis is still under debate. ", "This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) versus pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) by means of parameters of mortality and morbidity and functional outcomes and quality of life. ", "A systematic literature search (Medline, Embase, Biosis, The Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DPPHR and PD. ", "Included literature was assessed and extracted by 2 independent reviewers. ", "A meta-analysis of pain relief (primary end point), several parameters of short- and long-term measures and quality of life, was done using the random effects-model. ", "In total, 1284 citations were checked for eligibility and 4 RCTs were included. ", "The critical appraisal revealed a heterogeneous methodological quality of included trials. ", "Comparing DPPHR versus PD, postoperative pain relief, overall mortality, and morbidity showed no significant difference. ", "Intraoperative blood replacement, hospital stay, weight gain, exocrine insufficiency, occupational rehabilitation, and quality of life were significantly improved in the DPPHR group. ", "DPPHR and PD seem to be equally effective in terms of postoperative pain relief, overall morbidity, and incidence of postoperative endocrine insufficiency. ", "However, the presented findings suggest superiority of DPPHR in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis with regard to several peri and postoperative outcome parameters and quality of life. ", "Further RCTs are eagerly awaited to prove these findings." ]

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[ "Powerlifting\n\nPowerlifting is a strength sport that consists of three attempts at maximal weight on three lifts: squat, bench press, and deadlift. ", "As in the sport of Olympic weightlifting, it involves the athlete attempting a maximal weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. ", "Powerlifting evolved from a sport known as \"odd lifts\", which followed the same three-attempt format but used a wider variety of events, akin to strongman competition. ", "Eventually odd lifts became standardized to the current three.", "\n\nIn competition, lifts may be performed equipped or un-equipped (typically referred to as 'raw' lifting or 'classic' in the IPF specifically). ", "Equipment in this context refers to a supportive bench shirt or squat/deadlift suit or briefs. ", "In some federations, knee wraps are permitted in the equipped but not un-equipped division; in others, they may be used in both equipped and un-equipped lifting. ", "Weight belts, knee sleeves, wrist wraps and special footwear may also be used, but are not considered when distinguishing equipped from un-equipped lifting.", "\n\nCompetitions take place across the world. ", "Powerlifting has been a Paralympic sport (bench press only) since 1984 and, under the IPF, is also a World Games sport. ", "Local, national and international competitions have also been sanctioned by other federations operating independently of the IPF.", "\n\nHistory\n\nEarly history\nThe roots of powerlifting are found in traditions of strength training stretching back as far as ancient Greek and ancient Persian times. ", "The idea of powerlifting originated in Ancient China and Greece, as men lifted stones to prove their strength and manhood. ", "Weightlifting has been an official sport in the Olympic Games since 1896. ", "The modern sport originated in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 1950s. ", "Previously, the weightlifting governing bodies in both countries had recognized various \"odd lifts\" for competition and record purposes. ", "During the 1950s, Olympic weightlifting declined in the United States, while strength sports gained many new followers. ", "People did not like the Olympic lifts Clean and Press, Snatch and Clean and Jerk. ", " In 1958, the AAU's National Weightlifting Committee decided to begin recognizing records for odd lifts. ", "A national championship was tentatively scheduled for 1959, but never happened. ", "The first genuine national \"meet\" was held in September 1964 under the auspices of the York Barbell Company. ", "Ironically, York Barbell owner Bob Hoffman had been a longtime adversary of the sport, but his company was now making powerlifting equipment to make up for the sales it had lost on Olympic equipment.", "\n\nIn 1964, some powerlifting categories were added to the Tokyo Paralympic Games for men with spinal cord injuries. ", "More categories of lifting were added as time went by. ", "In the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney, women were finally invited to participate in powerlifting. ", "Finally, both men and women were allowed to compete in all 10 weight classes of powerlifting.", "\n\nDuring the late 1950s, Hoffman's influence on Olympic lifting and his predominately Olympic-based magazine Strength and Health were beginning to come under increasing pressure from Joe Weider's organization. ", "In order to combat the growing influence of Weider, Hoffman started another magazine, Muscular Development, which would be focused more on bodybuilding and the fast-growing interest in odd lift competitions. ", "The magazine's first editor was John Grimek. ", "During the late 1950s and early 1960s, various odd lift events gradually developed into the specific lifts of the bench press, squat, and deadlift, and they were lifted in that order. ", "Hoffman became more and more influential in the development of this new lifting sport and organized the Weightlifting Tournament of America in 1964, effectively the first USA National championships. ", "In 1965, the first named USA National Championships were held. ", "During the same period, lifting in Britain also had factions. ", "In the late 1950s, because members of the ruling body (BAWLA) were only interested in the development of Olympic lifting, a breakaway organization called the Society of Amateur Weightlifters had been formed to cater for the interests of lifters who were not particularly interested in Olympic lifting.", "\n\nAlthough at that time there were 42 recognized lifts, the \"Strength Set\" (biceps curl, bench press, and squat) soon became the standard competition lifts, and both organizations held Championships on these lifts (as well as on the Olympic lifts) until 1965. ", "In 1966, the Society of Amateur Weightlifters rejoined BAWLA and, in order to fall into line with the American lifts, the biceps curl was dropped and replaced with the deadlift. ", "The first British Championship was held in 1966. ", "During the late 1960s and at the beginning of the 1970s, various friendly international contests were held. ", "At the same time, in early November of each year and to commemorate Hoffman's birthday, a prestigious lifting contest was held. ", "In 1971, it was decided to make this event the \"World Weightlifting Championships\". ", "The event was held on the morning of 6 November 1971, in York, Pennsylvania. ", "There was no such thing as teams and thus the event consisted of a large group of American lifters, four British lifters, and one lifter from the West Indies. ", "All of the referees were American. ", "Weights were in pounds. ", "Lifting order was \"rising bar\", and the first lift was the bench press. ", "There was no such thing as a bench shirt or squat suit, and various interpretations were held regarding the use and length of knee wraps and weightlifting belts. ", "The IPF rules system did not exist yet, nor had world records been established.", "\n\nBecause of the lack of formalized rules, some disputes occurred.", "\n\nThere was no 52 kg class, 100 kg class, or 125 kg class.", "\n\nAt the first World Championships, one of the American super-heavyweights, Jim Williams, benched 660 lbs on his second attempt (no shirt), and almost locked out 680 lbs on a third attempt. ", "Some other notable lifts were Larry Pacifico benching 515 lbs in the 90 kg class, John Kuc deadlifting 820 lbs, and Vince Anello attempting 800 lbs at 90 kg. ", "Hugh Cassidy and Williams both totaled 2,160 lbs, but Cassidy got the win because of a lower bodyweight in the Super heavyweight division.", "\n\nIn 1972, the 'second' AAU World Championships were held, this time over two days – 10 and 11 November. ", "This time there were 8 lifters from Great Britain (two of whom, Ron Collins and John Pegler, did stints as Referees), six Canadians, two Puerto Ricans, three Zambians, and one from the West Indies. ", "With 67 lifters in all, the other 47 were Americans. ", "Lifts were still measured in pounds, the bench press was the first lift, and there were still no suits, power belts, or fancy wraps. ", "New Zealand's Precious McKenzie won his 'second' world title with 550 kg at 56. ", "Mike Shaw 'lost' his world title, won the previous year, to American Jack Keammerer. ", "Ron Collins made up for his 'bomb' on the bench in 1971 and stormed to the 75 kg title. ", "Pacifico just won against another American, Mel Hennessey, at 110 kg, both with enormous benches of 260 kg and 255 kg. ", "At Super (over 110 kg) John Kuc beat Jim Williams with an incredible 2,350 lbs total (raw). ", "Kuc squatting 905 lbs for a record squat and attempting a 397½ (875 lbs) deadlift again, and Williams benching a massive 307½ (675 lbs) – the greatest bench press ever at the time, before just missing with 317½ (700 lbs). ", "Jon Cole, the Super heavyweight winner of the US Senior Championships 1972 and holder of the greatest total at that time with 1,075 kg (2,370 lbs), didn't show up to take on Kuc.", "\n\nIPF and after\nThe International Powerlifting Federation was formed immediately after the contest, and so none of the lifts could be yet registered as official world records. ", "The 1973 Worlds was also held in York. ", "This time there were only 47 entrants: one Swedish, one Puerto Rican (Peter Fiore, who was lifting for Zambia), two Canadians, one West Indian, eight British, and the rest Americans. ", "The officiating became more international and included Tony Fitton and Terry Jordan from Britain, a Canadian, and a Zambian. ", "American Bob Crist was the IPF President, and another American, Clarence Johnson, was Vice-President. ", "1973 was the first time that the lifts were done in the order now recognized – squat, bench press, deadlift (although still lifting in pounds). ", "Precious Mackenzie won his third World title, easily beating American teenager Lamar Gant. ", "1974 was the first time that teams had to be selected in advance. ", "With 74 entrants, this was the largest Worlds so far. ", "The 52 kg class was introduced, and nine lifters entered. ", "In 1975, the World Championships was held outside America for the first time, at the town hall in Birmingham, hosted by Vic Mercer. ", "82 lifters entered. ", "Unusually for a competition, the super-heavyweights lifted first. ", "This was because the television company filming the event was only interested in filming the \"big guys\". ", "Hoffman sent over tons of equipment for this contest and did not take it back, and local legend says it is all still being used in Birmingham and the wider West Midlands region.", "\n\nThe establishment of the IPF in 1973 spurred the establishment of the EPF (European Powerlifting Federation) in 1974. ", "Since it was closely associated with bodybuilding and women had been competing as bodybuilders for years, the new sport was opened to them very quickly. ", "The first U. S. national championships for women were held in 1978 and the IPF added women's competition in 1979. ", "In the US, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 required that each Olympic or potential Olympic sport must have its own national governing body by November 1980. ", "As a result, the AAU lost control of virtually every amateur sport. ", "The USPF was founded in 1980 as the new national governing body for American powerlifting. ", "Soon, controversy over drug testing would cause powerlifting to splinter into multiple federations. ", "In 1981, the American Drug Free Powerlifting Association (ADFPA), led by Brother Bennett, became the first federation to break away from the USPF, citing the need to implement effective drug testing in the sport. ", "Meanwhile, the IPF was moving towards adopting drug testing at international meets, and requiring member nations to implement drug testing at national meets as well. ", "In 1982, drug testing was introduced to the IPF men's international championship, although the USPF championships that year did not have drug testing.", "\n\nThe IPF's push for drug testing was resisted by some American lifters, and in 1982 Larry Pacifico and Ernie Frantz founded the American Powerlifting Federation (APF), which advertised its categorical opposition to all drug testing.", "\n\nIn 1987, the American Powerlifting Association (APA) and World Powerlifting Alliance (WPA) were formed by Scott Taylor. ", "The APA and WPA offer both drug tested and non-tested categories in most of their competitions. ", "As of 2018 the WPA has 50+ affiliate nations.", "\n\nUltimately, the USPF failed to conform to IPF demands and was expelled from the international body in 1997, with the ADFPA, now named USA Powerlifting (USAPL), taking its place. ", "Despite the trend towards more and more federations, each with their own rules and standards of performance, some powerlifters have attempted to bring greater unity to the sport. ", "For example, 100% RAW promoted unequipped competition and merged with another federation, Anti-Drug Athletes United (ADAU), in 2013. ", "The Revolution Powerlifting Syndicate (RPS), founded by Gene Rychlak in 2011, might also be considered a move towards greater unity, as the RPS breaks the tradition of charging lifters membership fees to a specific federation in addition to entry fees for each competition. ", "Also, some meet promoters have sought to bring together top lifters from different federations, outside existing federations' hierarchy of local, regional, national and international meets; a prominent example of this is the Raw Unity Meet (RUM), held annually since 2007.", "\n\nDevelopments in equipment and rules\nAs new equipment was developed, it came to distinguish powerlifting federations from one another. ", "Weight belts and knee wraps (originally simple Ace bandages) predated powerlifting, but in 1983 John Inzer invented the first piece of equipment distinct to powerlifters—the bench shirt. ", "Bench shirts and squat/deadlift suits (operating on the same principle) became ubiquitous in powerlifting, but only some federations adopted the latest and most supportive canvas, denim, and multiply polyester designs, while others such as the IPF maintained more restrictive rules on which supportive equipment could be used. ", "The Monolift, a rack in which the bar catches swing out and eliminate the walkout portion of the squat, was invented by Ray Madden and first used in competition in 1992. ", "This innovation was adopted by some federations and forbidden in others. ", "Other inventions included specialized squat bars and deadlift bars, moving away from the IPF standard of using the same bar for all three lifts.", "\n\nThe rules of powerlifting have also evolved and differentiated. ", "For example, in ADFPA/USAPL competition, the \"press\" command on the bench press was used, not used, and then used again, following a 2006 IPF motion to reinstate this rule. ", "IPF rules also mandate a \"start\" command at the beginning of the bench press. ", "Many other federations, for example the Natural Athlete Strength Association (NASA), have never used the \"start\" command. ", "As a further example of diversifying rules of performance, in 2011 the Southern Powerlifting Federation (SPF) eliminated the \"squat\" command at the beginning of the squat. ", "Some federations also now allow the sumo variation of the deadlift, which varies with the feet being considerably wider apart and some tension taken off the lower spine being taken up by the legs. ", "Many communities and federations do not class the sumo variation as a technical deadlift.", "\n\nSupportive equipment\nIn powerlifting, supportive equipment refers to supportive shirts, briefs, suits, and sometimes knee wraps made of materials that store elastic potential energy and thereby assist the three lifts contested in the sport: squat, bench press and deadlift.", "\nSome federations allow single ply knee sleeves, which contestant can put on and off by himself, and wraps for wrists in raw competition, while some don't and there are also some federations that hold raw records with and without wraps like GPA. ", "Straps are also used, as help with deadlift in case of a weak grip but are not allowed by any federations in official competitions. ", "A belt is the only supportive equipment that is allowed by all federations in raw competition. ", "The use of supportive equipment distinguishes 'equipped' and 'un-equipped' or 'raw' divisions in the sport, and 'equipped' and 'unequipped' records in the competition lifts. ", "The wide differences between equipped and unequipped records in the squat and bench suggest that supportive equipment confers a substantial advantage to lifters in these disciplines. ", "This is less evident in the case of the deadlift, where the lack of an eccentric component to the lift minimizes how much elastic energy can be stored in a supportive suit. ", "Supportive equipment should not be confused with the equipment on which the lifts are performed, such as a bench press bench, conventional or monolift stand for squat or the barbell and discs; nor with personal accessories such as a weightlifting belt that may allow greater weight to be lifted, but by mechanisms other than storing elastic energy. ", "Chalk is commonly used by lifters to dry the hands, especially to reduce the risk of folding and pinching of skin while gripping the deadlift. ", "Chalk can also be added to the shoulders for squatting and on the back for bench pressing to reduce sliding on the bench.", "\n\nPrinciples of operation \nSupportive equipment is used to increase the weight lifted in powerlifting exercises. ", " A snug garment is worn over a joint or joints (such as the shoulders or hips). ", "This garment deforms during the downward portion of a bench press or squat, or the descent to the bar in the deadlift, storing elastic potential energy. ", " On the upward portion of each lift, the elastic potential energy is transferred to the barbell as kinetic energy, aiding in the completion of the lift.", "\nSome claim that supportive equipment prevents injuries by compressing and stabilizing the joints over which it worn. ", "For example, the bench shirt is claimed to support and protect the shoulders. ", "Critics point out that the greater weights used with supportive equipment and the equipment's tendency to change the pattern of the movement may compromise safety, as in the case of the bar moving towards the head during the upward portion of the shirted bench press.", "\n\nMaterial and construction \nDifferent materials are used in the construction of supportive equipment. ", "Squat suits may be made of varying types of polyester, or of canvas. ", "The latter fabric is less elastic, and therefore considered to provide greater 'stopping power' at the bottom of the movement but less assistance with the ascent. ", "Bench shirts may be made of polyester or denim, where the denim again provides a less-elastic alternative to the polyester. ", "Knee wraps are made of varying combinations of cotton and elastic.", "\nSupportive equipment can be constructed in different ways to suit lifters' preferences. ", "A squat or deadlift suit may be constructed for a wide or a narrow stance; and a bench shirt may be constructed with 'straight' sleeves (perpendicular to the trunk of the lifter) or sleeves that are angled towards the abdomen. ", "The back of the bench shirt may be closed or open, and the back panel may or may not be of the same material as the front of the shirt. ", "Similarly, 'hybrid' squat suits can include panels made from canvas and polyester, in an effort to combine the strengths of each material. ", "When two or more panels overlay one another in a piece of supportive equipment, that equipment is described as 'multi-ply', in contrast to 'single-ply' equipment made of one layer of material throughout.", "\n\nRaw powerlifting\nUnequipped or \"raw\" (often styled as RAW) or classic powerlifting has been codified in response to the proliferation and advancement of bench shirts and squat/deadlift suits. ", "The AAU first began its raw division in 1994 and the term \"raw\" was coined by Al Siegal who later formed the ADAU in 1996. ", "The 100% RAW federation was founded in 1999; within a decade, many established federations came to recognize \"raw\" divisions in addition to their traditional (open) divisions permitting single-ply or multi-ply equipment. ", "RAW during this time frame however was looked upon as a beginners stage by the elite lifters in powerlifting. ", "In January 2008 the Raw Unity Meet (simply known as \"RUM\") was formed by Eric Talmant and Johnny Vasquez. ", "This contest became the turning point in raw lifting. ", "It was a crucial contest that gathered the best lifters under one roof regardless of gear worn to compete without equipment. ", "Brian Schwab, Amy Weisberger, Beau Moore, Tony Conyers, Arnold Coleman and Dave Ricks were among the first Elite lifters to remove their equipment and compete raw. ", "RUM spearheaded raw lifting into what it has become today. ", "United Powerlifting Association (UPA) established a standard for raw powerlifting in 2008 and USAPL held the first Raw Nationals in the same year. ", "Eventually, IPF recognized raw lifting with the sanction of a \"Classic 'Unequipped' World Cup\" in 2012, and published its own set of standards for raw lifting. ", "By this time, the popularity of raw lifting has surged to the point where raw lifters came to predominate over equipped lifters in local meets. ", "Note that the IPF's use of the word 'classic' to describe raw powerlifting is differentiated from most other powerlifting federations' use of the word to differentiate between 'classic raw' and 'modern raw': classic raw is still unequipped but allows the use of knee wraps while modern raw allows knee sleeves at most. ", " The IPF does not allow knee wraps in its unequipped competitions and would thus be considered 'modern raw' but the IPF does not recognize the word 'raw.'", "\n\nThe use of knee sleeves in unequipped powerlifting has brought about much debate as to whether certain neoprene knee sleeves can actually assist a lifter during the squat. ", "Some lifters purposely wear knee sleeves which are excessively tight and have been known to use plastic bags and have others to assist them get their knee sleeves on. ", "This led to the IPF mandating that lifters put on their knee sleeves unassisted.", "\n\nEquipped powerlifting \nEquipped lifters compete separately from raw lifters. ", "Equipped lifters will wear a squat suit, knee wraps, a bench shirt, and a deadlift suit. ", "These four things are what separate equipped lifters and raw lifters. ", "A squat suit is made of an elastic-like material, and a single-ply polyester layer. ", "This allows a competitor to spring out of the bottom of a squat (called \"pop out of the hole\" in Powerlifting circles) by maintaining rigidity, keeping him or her upright and encouraging their hips to remain parallel with the floor. ", "This allows lifters to lift more weight than would normally be possible without the suit. ", "There are also multi-ply suits giving the lifter even more rigidity, like that of a traditional canvas suit, with the same pop as a single-ply suit or briefs. ", "During the squat, lifters also tend to wear knee wraps. ", "Even though knee wraps will be a sub-classification of raw lifting it will still be worn by equipped lifters. ", "A raw lifter who would squat in knee wraps will have the weight lifted noted as \"in wraps\" to distinguish this from the other raw lifters. ", "Knee wraps are made out of the same, or very similar, elastic material as wrist wraps are made out of. ", "They are wrapped around the lifters knees very tightly with the lifter usually not being able to do it himself and needing someone to assist them in doing so. ", "The knee wraps are wrapped in a spiral or diagonal method. ", "The knee wraps build elastic energy during the eccentric part of the squat and once the lifter has hit proper depth the lifter will start the concentric part of the movement releasing this elastic energy and using it to help them move the weight upwards. ", "It gives the lifter more spring, or pop out of the hole of the squat resulting in a heavier and faster squat.", "\n\nFor the bench press, there are also single-ply and multi-ply bench shirts that work similarly to a squat suit. ", "It acts as artificial pectoral muscles and shoulder muscles for the lifter. ", "It resists the movement of the bench press by compressing and building elastic energy. ", "When the bar is still and the official gives the command to press the compression and elastic energy of the suit aids in the speed of the lift, and support of the weight that the lifter would not be able to provide for himself without the bench shirt. ", "In order to achieve proper tightness and fitting the lifter must be assisted when putting the bench shirt on for it is not possible to be done alone.", "\n\nFor the deadlift suit, there is single-ply and multi-ply as well. ", "The elastic energy is built when the lifter goes down to set up and place their grip on the bar before lifting even starts. ", "The deadlift suit aids in getting the weight off the floor, considered to be the first part of the movement, but not very helpful on the lockout portion of the deadlift, known as the second part of the movement.", "\n\nClasses and categories \nWeight Classes:\n\nMost powerlifting federations use the following weight classes:\n\nMen: 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 67.5 kg, 75 kg, 82.5 kg, 90 kg, 100 kg, 110 kg, 125 kg, 140 kg, 140 kg+\n\nWomen: 44 kg, 48 kg, 52 kg, 56 kg, 60 kg, 67.5 kg, 75 kg, 82.5 kg, 90 kg, 90 kg+\n\nHowever, in 2011, the IPF introduced the following new weight classes:\n\nIPF Weight Classes:\n\nMen: up to 53 kg (Sub-Junior/Junior), 59 kg, 66 kg, 74 kg, 83 kg, 93 kg, 105 kg, 120 kg, 120 kg+\n\nWomen: up to 43 kg (Sub-Junior/Junior), 47 kg, 52 kg, 57 kg, 63 kg, 72 kg, 84 kg, 84 kg+\n\nAge categories\n\nThis depends on the federation generally but averages are as follows:\n\n15-18 (Sub-Jr), 19-23 (Jr), Any age(Open), 40+(Masters)\n\nThe IPF uses the following age categories: sub-junior (18 and under), junior (19-23), open (24-39), masters 1 (40-49), masters 2 (50-59), masters 3 (60-69), masters 4 (70+). ", "Age category is dependent on the year of the participant's birth. ", "For example, if the participant turns 18 years old in January, he or she is still considered a Sub-junior until the end of that calendar year. ", "Other federations typically break the Masters' categories down to 5-year increments, for example, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, etc. ", "Some federations also include a sub-master class from 33 (or 35) to 39.", "\n\nGrip\nThere are multiple types of grip in powerlifting. ", "Not all are allowed in competitions. ", "There are couple of classifications:\nconsidering the position of the barbell in the hand\n full grip - mostly used in squats, military press and push press\n fingertip grip - mostly used in deadlift \nconsidering the position of the thumb\n regular grip\n thumbless or suicide or false or monkey or open-hand grip - mostly used in squats and recreational bench press\n hook grip - sometimes used in deadlift\nconsidering the orientation of the palm\n prone/pronated or overhand or double overhand grip - used in bench press and deadlift; the last term is almost exclusively used when talking about deadlift\n reverse or supine/supinated or underhand grip - sometimes used in bench press\n alternated or mixed grip - one hand is supinated and the other is pronated; often used in deadlift\nconsidering the distance between hands - almost exclusively used when talking about bench press\n wide grip\n narrow grip\ncombinations\n thumbless mixed grip - sometimes used in deadlift\n\nCompetition \nA powerlifting competition takes place as follows:\n\nEach competitor is allowed three attempts on each of the squat, bench press, and deadlift, depending on their standing and the organization they are lifting in. ", "The lifter's best valid attempt on each lift counts toward the competition total. ", "For each weightclass, the lifter with the highest total wins. ", "In many meets, the lifter with the highest total relative to their weight class also wins. ", "If two or more lifters achieve the same total, the lighter lifter ranks above the heavier lifter.", "\n\nCompetitors are judged against other lifters of the same gender, weight class, and age. ", "This helps to ensure that the accomplishments of lifters like Lamar Gant, who has deadlifted 5 times his bodyweight, are recognized alongside those of Eddie Hall, the current All-time deadlift world record holder.", "\n\nComparisons of lifters and scores across different weight classes can also be made using handicapping systems. ", "World federations use the following ones: IPF Points (IPF), Glossbrenner (WPC), Reshel (APF, GPC, GPA, WUAP, IRP), Outstanding Lifter (aka OL or NASA), Schwartz/Malone, Siff; for cadet and junior categories Foster coefficient is mostly used, while for master categories (above 40 years old) McCulloch or Reshel coefficients. ", "Winner of a competition based on an official coefficient used by presiding world federation is called best lifter.", "\n\nDuring the 2016 World Open Powerlifting Championships, the three best competitors were Fedosienko Sergey, Summer Blaine, and Olech Jaroslaw. ", "The country with the most combined points was Ukraine, who beat the next best team United States by close to 100 points. ", "The 2016 championships did not see the same athletic stand out that the 2015 championships did by athlete Samuel Ogden from Ohio.", "\n\nEvents \nIn a powerlifting competition, sometimes referred to as standard competition, there are three events: bench press, squat, and deadlift. ", "Placing is achieved via combined total. ", "Some variations of this are found at some meets such as \"push-pull only\" meets where lifters only compete in the bench press and deadlift, with the bench press coming first and the deadlift after. ", "Single lift meets (or full meets) are often held, sometimes alongside a normal 3-lift event. ", "This is most common in the bench press.", "\n\nAt a meet the events will follow in order: squat, then bench press, and the deadlift will be the final lift of the meet. ", "If the federation also has an event for strict curls this will normally occur before the squat event.", "\n\nThere are also, though very rarely, endurance meets (or \"for repetitions\" meets) where lifters compete in number of repetitions of exercise with the same weight (most often bench press and most often the weight is equal to lifter's weight). ", "WDFPF held such competitions.", "\n\nRules\n\nSquat \nThere are two types depending on equipment used: conventional stand and monolift stand. ", "In case of the former lift is called walked out squat and in case of the latter lift is called monolift squat. ", "Most powerlifting federations allow for monolift squats. ", "The ones that do not are the IPF, IPL and the WDFPF.", "\n\nThe lift starts with the lifter standing erect and the bar loaded with weights resting on the lifter's shoulders. ", "At the referee's command the lift begins. ", "The lifter creates a break in the hips, bends their knees and drops into a squatting position with the hip crease (the top surface of the leg at the hip crease) below the top of the knee. ", "The lifter then returns to an erect position. ", "At the referee's command the bar is returned to the rack and the lift is completed.", "\n\nAfter removing the bar from the racks while facing the front of the platform, the lifter may move forward or backward to establish the lifting position. ", "The top of the bar not more than 3 cm below the top of the anterior deltoids. ", "The bar shall be held horizontally across the shoulders with the hands and/or fingers gripping the bar, and the feet flat upon the platform with the knees locked.", "\nThe lifter shall wait in this position for the head referee's signal. ", "The signal will be given as soon as the lifter is set and demonstrates control with the bar properly positioned. ", "The head referee's signal shall consist of a downward movement of the arm and audible command \"Squat\".", "\nUpon receiving the head referee's signal, the lifter must bend the knees and lower the body until the top surface of the legs at the hip joint is lower than the top of knees.", "\nThe lifter must recover at will, without double bouncing, to an upright position with the knees locked. ", "The bar may stop, but there must be no downward motion during recovery. ", "As soon as the lifter demonstrates a controlled final position, the head referee will give the signal indicating completion of the lift and to replace the bar.", "\nThe signal to replace the bar will consist of a backward motion of the arm and the audible command \"Rack\". ", "The lifter must then make a reasonable attempt to return the bar to the racks.", "\nThe lifter shall face the front of the platform, towards the head referee.", "\nThe lifter shall not hold the collars or discs at any time during the performance of the lift. ", "However, the edge of the hands gripping the bar may be in contact with the inner surface of the collar.", "\nNot more than five and not less than two loaders/spotters shall be on the platform at any time.", "\nThe lifter may enlist the help of spotters in removing the bar from the racks; however, once the bar has cleared the racks, the spotters shall not physically assist the lifter with regards to actually getting into the proper set position. ", "The spotters may assist the lifter to maintain control should the lifter stumble or demonstrate any evident instability.", "\nThe lifter will be allowed only one commencement signal per attempt.", "\nThe lifter may be given an additional attempt at the same weight at the head referee's discretion if failure in an attempt was due to any error by one or more of the spotters.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \nFailure to observe the head referee's signals at the commencement or completion of a lift.", "\nDouble bouncing or more than one recovery attempt at the bottom of the lift.", "\nFailure to assume an upright position with knees locked at the commencement and completion of the lift.", "\nMovement of the feet laterally, backward or forward that would constitute a step or stumble.", "\nFailure to bend the knees and lower the body until the surface of the legs at the hip joint is lower than the tops of the knees.", "\nAny resetting of the feet after the squat signal.", "\nContact with the bar by the spotters between the referee's signals.", "\nContact of elbows or upper arms with the legs.", "\nFailure to make a reasonable attempt to return the bar to the racks.", "\nAny intentional dropping or dumping of the bar.", "\n\nBench press \nWith his or her back resting on the bench, the lifter takes the loaded bar at arm's length. ", "The lifter lowers the bar to the chest. ", "When the bar becomes motionless on the chest, the referee gives a press command. ", "Then the referee will call 'Rack' and the lift is completed as the weight is returned to the rack.", "\n\nThe front of the bench must be placed on the platform facing the head referee.", "\nThe lifter must lie backward with shoulders and buttocks in contact with the flat bench surface. ", "The lifter's shoes or toes must be in solid contact with the platform or surface. ", "The position of the head is optional.", "\nTo achieve firm footing, a lifter of any height may use discs or blocks to build up the surface of the platform. ", "Whichever method is chosen, the shoes must be in a solid contact with the surface. ", "If blocks are used, they shall not exceed 45 cm x 45 cm.", "\nNot more than five and not less than two loaders/spotters shall be in attendance. ", "The lifter may enlist the help of one or more of the designated spotters or enlist a personal spotter in removing the bar from the racks. ", "Only designated spotters may remain on the platform during the lift. ", "The lift off must be to arm's length and not down to the chest. ", "A designated spotter, having provided a centre lift off, must immediately clear the area in front of the head referee and move to either side of the bar. ", "If the personal spotter does not immediately leave the platform area and/or in any way distracts or impedes the head referees' responsibilities, the referees may determine that the lift is unacceptable, and be declared \"no lift\" by the referees and given three red lights.", "\nThe spacing of the hands shall not exceed 81 cm, measured between the forefingers. ", "The bar shall have circumferential machine markings or tape indicating this maximum grip allowance. ", "If the lifter should use an offset or unequal grip on the bar, whereby one hand is placed outside the marking or tape, it is the lifters responsibility to explain this to the head referee, and allow inspection of the intended grip prior to making an attempt. ", "If this is not done until the lifter is on the platform for an official attempt, any necessary explanation and/or measurements will be done on the lifter's time for that attempt. ", "The reverse or underhand grip is forbidden, as is a thumbless grip.", "\nAfter receiving the bar at arm's length, the lifter shall lower the bar to the chest and await the head referees' signal.", "\nThe signal shall be an audible command \"Press\" and given as soon as the bar is motionless on the chest. ", "As long as the bar is not so low that it touches the lifter's belt, it is acceptable.", "\nThe lifter will be allowed only one commencement signal per attempt.", "\nAfter the signal to commence the lift has been given, the bar is pressed upward. ", "The bar shall not be allowed to sink into the chest or move downwards prior to the lifter's attempt to press upward. ", "The lifter will press the bar to straight arm's length and hold motionless until the audible command \"Rack\" is given. ", "Bar may move horizontally and may stop during the ascent, but may not move downward towards the chest.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \nFailure to observe the referee's signals at the commencement or completion of the lift.", "\nAny change in the elected position that results in the buttocks breaking contact with the bench or lateral movement of the hands (between the referee's signals). ", "Any excessive movement or change of contact of the feet during the lift proper.", "\nAllowing the bar to sink into the chest after receiving the referee's signal.", "\nPronounced uneven extension of the arms during or at the completion of the lift.", "\nAny downward motion of the bar during the course of being pressed out.", "\nContact with the bar by the spotters between the referee's signals.", "\nAny contact of the lifter's shoes with the bench or its supports.", "\nDeliberate contact between the bar and the bar rest uprights during the lift to assist the completion of the press.", "\nIt is the responsibility of the lifter to inform any personally enlisted spotters to leave the platform as soon as the bar is secured at arm's length. ", "Such spotters shall not return to the platform upon completion or failure of the attempt. ", "It is especially important for a spotter providing a centre lift off to leave the platform quickly so as not to impair the head referee's view. ", "Failure of any personal spotters to leave the platform may cause disqualification of the lift.", "\n\nDeadlift \nIn the deadlift the athlete grasps the loaded bar which is resting on the platform floor. ", "The lifter pulls the weights off the floor and assumes an erect position. ", "The knees must be locked and the shoulders back, with the weight held in the lifter's grip. ", "At the referee's command the bar will be returned to the floor under the control of the lifter.", "\n\nThe bar must be laid horizontally in front of the lifter's feet, gripped with an optional grip in both hands, and lifted until the lifter is standing erect. ", "The bar may stop but there must be no downward motion of the bar.", "\nThe lifter shall face the front of the platform.", "\nOn completion of the lift, the knees shall be locked in a straight position and the lifter shall be standing erect.", "\nThe head referee's signal shall consist of a downward movement of the arm and the audible command \"Down\". ", "The signal will not be given until the bar is held motionless and the lifter is in an apparent finished position.", "\nAny raising of the bar or any deliberate attempt to do so will count as an attempt.", "\n\nCauses for disqualification \n Any downward motion of the bar before it reaches the final position.", "\n Failure to stand erect.", "\n Failure to lock the knees straight at the completion of the lift.", "\n Supporting the bar on the thighs during the performance of the lift. '", "Supporting' is defined as a body position adopted by the lifter that could not be maintained without the counterbalance of the weight being lifted.", "\n Movement of the feet laterally, backward or forward that would constitute a step or stumble.", "\n Lowering the bar before receiving the head referee's signal.", "\n Allowing the bar to return to the platform without maintaining control with both hands.", "\n\nTraining \nPowerlifters practice weight training to improve performance in the three competitive lifts—the squat, bench press and deadlift. ", "Weight training routines used in powerlifting are extremely varied. ", "For example, some methods call for the use of many variations on the contest lifts, while others call for a more limited selection of exercises and an emphasis on mastering the contest lifts through repetition. ", "While many powerlifting routines invoke principles of sports science, such as specific adaptation to imposed demand (SAID principle), there is some controversy around the scientific foundations of particular training methods, as exemplified by the debate over the merits of \"speed work,\" or training to attain maximum acceleration of submaximal weights. ", "Powerlifting training differs from bodybuilding and weightlifting, with less focus on volume and hypertrophy than bodybuilding and less focus on power generation than weightlifting.", "\n\nIn addition to weight training, powerlifters may pursue other forms of training to improve their performance. ", "For example, aerobic exercise may be used to improve endurance during drawn-out competitions and support recovery from weight training sessions. ", "Another method used to increase strength in powerlifting is training with rubber bands and chains. ", "Both bands and chains serve the same purpose. ", "They provide variable load for the muscles and help to utilize even pressure throughout the whole amplitude of the exercise. ", "As a supplement to regular routine, powerlifting chains can be used in any of three basic competitive lifts.", "\n\nCommon set & rep schemes are based on a percentage of the lifter's 1RM (one rep maximum—meaning the most weight they are capable of lifting one time). ", "For example, 5 sets of 5 reps (5x5) at 75% of the 1RM. ", " Rest periods between sets range from 2–5 minutes based on the lifter's ability to recover fully for the next set.", "\n\nAccessory movements are used to complement the competition lifts. ", "Common accessory movements in powerlifting include bent over row, good mornings, pull ups and dips.", "\n\nFederations \nProminent international federations include:\n World RAW Powerlifting Federation (WRPF)\n 100% Raw Powerlifting Federation\n Global Powerlifting Committee (GPC)\n Global Powerlifting Federation (GPF)\n International Powerlifting Federation (IPF)\n International Powerlifting League (IPL)\n Natural Athlete Strength Association (NASA)\n World Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation (WDFPF)\n World Natural Powerlifting Federation (WNPF)\n World Powerlifting Alliance (WPA) (Founded 1987)\n World Powerlifting Congress (WPC)\n World Powerlifting Federation (WPF)\n World United Amateur Powerlifting (WUAP)\n\nOf these federations, the oldest and most prominent is the IPF. ", "It comprises federations from over 100 countries located on six continents. ", "The IPF is the federation responsible for coordinating participation in the World Games, an international event affiliated with the International Olympic Committee. ", "The IPF has many affiliates, one of these being USAPL. ", "Specifically, the USAPL regulates all ages of lifters from the high school level to ages 40+ within the United States. ", " The next-oldest federation is the WPC, formed as the international companion to the APF after its split from the USPF.", "\n\nDifferent federations have different rules and different interpretations of the rules, leading to a myriad of variations. ", "Differences arise on the equipment eligible, clothing, drug testing and aspects of allowable technique. ", " The 100% Raw Federation allows no supportive gear to be worn by the lifter while the IPF, AAU, NASA, USAPL and the ADFPF only allow a single-ply tight polyester squat suit, deadlift suit and bench shirt, wraps for knees and wrists, and a belt in the equipped divisions. ", "Other federations, such as the APF, APA, IPA, SPF, WPC, AWPC and WPO, allow opened or closed back bench shirts, multi-ply gear, and a wide array of gear materials such as canvas, denim, polyester etc.", "\n\nThe USPA was founded in 2010 by Steve Denison based on a lifter friendly environment. ", "It's explosive growth (holding over 225 competitions each year worldwide) has been attributed to a strict adherence to the rules, without the politics. ", "Both the USPA, and the IPL (International Powerlifting League) now rank among the largest, and most respected Organizations in both the US, and World, in the sport of powerlifting.", "\n\nThe IPF has suspended entire member nations' federations, including the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Iran, India and Uzbekistan, for repeated violations of the IPF's anti-doping policies. ", " However Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan did not serve their full suspension.", "\n\nRank and classification \nThere are several classifications in powerlifting determining rank. ", "These typically include Elite, Master, Class I,II,III,IV. ", "The Elite standard is considered to be within the top 1% of competing powerlifters. ", "Several standards exist, including the United States Powerlifting Association classifications, the IPF/USAPL (single-ply) classifications, the APF (multi-ply) classifications, and the Anti-Drug Athletes United (ADAU, raw) classifications. ", "Countries in the former Soviet Union use a somewhat different nomenclature for the top classes, distinguishing among Masters of sport, International Class; Masters of Sport; and Candidates for Master of Sport.", "\n\nThe Master classification should not be confused with the Master age division, which refers to athletes who are at least 40 years old.", "\n\nAmerican high schools \nIn the United States, powerlifting is not a popular sport in schools, although relatively more popular in the South and in the Upper Midwest. ", "Texas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Mississippi, Louisiana and Ohio have the most successful programs.", "\n\nGyms \nPowerlifting gyms range from commercial fitness centers to private clubs. ", "Some gyms gain fame due to their association with a training methodology (e.g., Westside Barbell), federation (e.g., Lexen Xtreme and the Xtreme Power Coalition [XPC]), or publication (e.g., SuperTraining Gym and Power magazine). ", "Other gyms are notable for their association with champion powerlifters, for example Quads Gym and Ed Coan. ", "Other notable powerlifters operate their own gyms, such as Scot Mendelson's F.I.T., Dan Green's Boss Barbell and Žydrūnas Savickas.", "\n\nGlobal database \nThe global meet results are available in a searchable web database.", "\n\nWorld champions \nSee: List of world championships medalists in powerlifting (men) or List of world championships medalists in powerlifting (women)\n\nSee also \n\n World Drug-Free Powerlifting Federation\n Commonwealth Powerlifting Championships\n International Powerlifting Federation\n Paralympic powerlifting\n Olympic weightlifting\n Powerlifting USA\n Power training\n Strongman (strength athlete)\n U.S. intercollegiate powerlifting champions\n Weight training\n World Powerlifting Congress\n Progression of the bench press world record\n Squat (exercise)#World records\n Deadlift#World records\n\nReferences \n\n \nCategory:Individual sports\nCategory:Athletic sports\nCategory:Squatting position" ]

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[ "First of all, do you actually need ERP (or just \"joined-up business software\" as I like to think of it)? ", "If you need convincing, I suggest that you:\n\nTake an audit of your current information systems and business processes. ", "Do you have multiple systems? ", "Or duplicate data entry? ", "Do you rely on spreadsheets or databases on individual PCs? ", "If so, the chances are that you could benefit from ERP.", "\n\nDo some reading. ", "A search on \"Does a small company need ERP?\" ", "will lead you to supplier-specific articles but also general reviews and advice like this or this.", "\n\n(As I said recently on this forum, if you asked most people at my company the question would be \"Why would you NOT want it?\". ", "But that's easy for us to say - we've been using it (in various guises) for 20 years.)", "\n\nHaving made the decision to go for it, expect to spend several months on your specification and selection project. ", "In our case, it took about 12 months from inception to signing a contract, but you might well be able to do it much faster. ", "What matters more are the stages you go through to arrive at your choice. ", "Here are the ones we used.", "\n\nRequirements gathering\n\nAt every level from shop floor to manager to director, we asked for input. ", "Directors were asked to provide strategic input, highlighting specific aims or directions for the company. ", "Other staff were simply asked for their opinions on the current system. ", "The majority, however, were asked to think in terms of business processes. ", "We asked them to do three things:\n\nIdentify the business processes that take up most of your time.", "\n\nAnalyze the problems, inefficiencies or opportunities for improvement in these processes.", "\n\nDescribe the benefits of changing the process.", "\n\nThe end result was a lengthy User Requirements Document, broken down roughly by business area. ", "From this we distilled a Project Benefits Document highlighting the key areas of improvement. (", "Both of these are essential reference points when you're embroiled in an implementation and can easily forget what it was you set out to achieve!)", "\n\nPre-qualification\n\nBased on our existing knowledge and Internet searches we drew up a list of 18 possible suppliers. ", "We emailed them asking if they wanted to receive a brief questionnaire as the first stage of a selection process. ", "The questionnaire was based on our Project Benefits Document and invited the suppliers to tell us about their company, their product and how it would help us achieve our hoped-for benefits. ", "15 suppliers responded.", "\n\nRequest for proposal\n\nOur RFP documents were unashamedly adapted from templates we found on the Internet. ", "The end results were:\n\nA Word document giving a detailed description of us, our project and our current system, together with information on how the RFP process would work.", "\n\nAn Excel spreadsheet with tabs for supplier information, references, prices and, most importantly, a detailed functional specification covering every area of the system.", "\n\nThe functional spec is critical. ", "Break it down by business areas such as general ledger, accounts payable, purchasing, sales order processing, stock control, etc. ", "Within each area list what you need the software to do. ", "For example, in our Stock Control section we included the following:\n\nSupports the recording of actual cost by product\n\nSupports user-defined Unit of Measures (UOM)\n\nSupports multiple inventory locations and bins per warehouse\n\nFor each criterion we labeled it as Essential or Desirable. ", "The supplier then had to respond with a code indicating how far their system met the requirement (or not). ", "We also gave them a column to enter free text comments.", "\n\nWe allowed the suppliers to send supporting documentation but were insistent that they complete our spreadsheet in detail. ", "We resisted supplier requests to come and see us at this stage.", "\n\nHaving received five responses to the RFP, we used a further spreadsheet to aggregate the scores and give us an overall picture. ", "Based on the functionality score and the price, we put three of the five through to the next stage.", "\n\nDemonstrations\n\nFinally we allowed suppliers to come and see us! ", "But this was not the standard sales presentation; we again required them to demonstrate the product against our specific requirements. ", "We created a script based on our functional spec and expected them to follow it. ", "For each criterion in the script we had staff assigning scores according to whether the product fitted the bill - and how easy it looked to use. ", "The idea was again to try to make the comparison objective as far as we could.", "\n\nThis stage eliminated one supplier and we actually had the other two back for a second visit to look at specific areas of concern.", "\n\nSelection and due diligence\n\nIn the end it was a close-run thing between the final two. ", "And, it has to be said, we deliberately allowed subjective opinion to creep in. ", "No matter what the scores and prices told us, there was still an element of gut reaction involved in the final choice. ", "Nevertheless, we could say with some pride that the process was rigorous and systematic. (", "Apart from anything else, this is a comfort when we hit problems and somebody asks why we chose this particular system!)", "\n\nThe very last stage was that of \"due diligence\" - checking out the preferred supplier by reviewing their accounts, and visiting or speaking to existing customers.", "\n\nWe negotiated a deal, signed a contract - and then the fun began!", "\n\nSummary\n\nChoosing an ERP supplier is about the software and about the supplier. ", "Run a systematic selection process to find the product that best meets your needs. ", "It won't be perfect but you'll greatly increase your chances of a successful implementation and reaping the benefits for your business.", "\n\nAbout Mark Pimperton\n\nMark Pimperton BSc PhD has worked for a small UK electronics manufacturer for over 20 years in areas as diverse as engineering, technical sales, publications, and marketing. ", "He's been involved in IT since 1999, when he project-managed implementation ...\n\nFull Bio\n\nMark Pimperton BSc PhD has worked for a small UK electronics manufacturer for over 20 years in areas as diverse as engineering, technical sales, publications, and marketing. ", "He's been involved in IT since 1999, when he project-managed implementation of a new ERP system, and has been IT Manager since 2008. ", "The first major project he undertook in that role was a second ERP deployment. ", "While still involved in operations, system management, and even a bit of development, Mark is now also responsible for IT risk management. ", "He finds that risk assessment leads to many improvement initiatives, such as a current project to switch from tape backup to disk-based and online backup. ", "Mark is fanatical about documentation, taking special care to record unfamiliar processes. ", "His TechRepublic articles on SSL certificates and PCI DSS compliance are prime examples. ", "Mark is married with two grown-up children." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nThe Sum of Sets\n\nI am looking up Niven http://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.bams/1183516304 . ", "I have something elementary to ask. ", "\nNow, $A(n) $ denotes the number of integers of A which are not greater than $n$ and \n$d(A) = glb \\frac{A(n)}{n} $\nIn $[3]$ \"The Sum of Sets\", it is stated that the conjecture of Khinchtine was proved by Mann which states $ d(A+B) \\geq d(A) + d(B) $ or $ d(A+B) =1 $ where $A+B$ is the sum of two sequences $A$ and $B$ such that $ a \\in A $ and $ b \\in B$. (I can not find this on google).", "\nHow are the two equivalent? ", "Also, $d(A+B)$ could be less than 1!", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no claim of equivalence. ", "The result says that at least one of the following holds: (i) $d(A+B)\\ge d(A)+d(B)$ or (ii) $d(A+B)=1$. \nIn other words, \nif $d(A)+d(B)\\lt 1$, then $d(A+B)\\ge d(A)+d(B)$; \nif $d(A)+d(B)\\ge 1$, then $d(A+B)=1$. \n\n" ]

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[ "Detta allvar verkar dock inte vara förankrat vare sig i regeringens toppskikt eller bland befolkningen. ", "Statsminister Stefan Löfven (S) försökte vid sitt besök i Finland i måndags tona ner insatsens betydelse. ", "Vice statsminister Åsa Romson (MP) sade samtidigt till TT, som svar på frågan om hur försvaret ska kunna klara sina uppgifter, att det får Försvarsmakten klara bäst de vill, eftersom \"det är inte så att försvaret har lite pengar\" och att man då helt enkelt får ta och planera om.", "\n\nOfficersförbundets ordförande Lars Fresker tog sig för pannan och skickade ut ett argt pressmeddelande där han i stort sett förklarade att Romson är både okunnig och på gränsen till inkompetent: \"Att tro att Försvarsmakten har mycket pengar bara för att det finns ett antal miljarder i budgeten är en usel analys. ", "Pengarna måste ju sättas i relation till vad som ska göras med dem.\"", "\n\nDet mest häpnadsväckande, om än inte överraskande, inlägget i debatten kom från Feministiskt initiativs Gudrun Schyman och Veronica Svärd. ", "I en debattartikel i Expressen skriver de att reaktionen på ubåtsjakten är \"fantasier\" som beror på en \"föråldrad patriarkal politik som får försvarsromantiker att fira julafton.\" ", "Vidare: \"Att ubåtar finns i gränstrakterna är inte ett hot om krig, det tillhör deras arbete.\"", "\n\nEnligt Fi är det inga som helst problem att en främmande makt opererar på svenskt territorium. ", "Välkomna till homeparty på Söder i Stockholm!", "\n\nDet är obegripligt att Schyman och Svärd kallar Stockholms skärgård för gränstrakter, som om det vore internationellt vatten. ", "Det är idioti omvirad av aningslöshet och täckt av okunskap.", "\n\nFörra året presenterade författaren och journalisten Johanne Hildebrandt, i samarbete med tankesmedjan Frivärld och Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademien, en undersökning om synen på svensk militär.", "\n\nEndast två procent av de 400 tillfrågade soldaterna kände sig mycket uppskattade av allmänheten, 14 procent ganska och 33 procent varken eller. ", "68 procent ansåg inte att allmänheten hade en god förståelse för deras arbete.", "\n\nDet kräver ökad öppenhet från Försvarsmaktens sida, som själv har medgett att det sedan tidigare förekommit misstänkt aktivitet av främmande makt i samma område som man nu genomsöker.", "\n\nAllmänheten måste veta mer om de kränkningar och hot som Sverige utsätts för. ", "Det är först när helhetsbilden blir tydligare, med raka linjer från ökat aggressivt beteende i luften kopplat till ökad aggressivitet såväl ovan som under ytan, som förståelse är möjligt.", "\n\nDet är det enda sättet att få Åsa Romson med sällskap att ta frågan på allvar, oavsett om de förstår den eller inte." ]

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[ "3 F.3d 444\nGardiner (Alloysius)v.", "Jones (Charlie E.), Attorney General of State of Alabama\nNO. ", "92-6739\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.", "\nAug 23, 1993\nN.D.Ala., ", "996 F.2d 314\n\n1\nDENIALS OF REHEARING EN BANC.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "diff -ru nss.org/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk nss/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\n--- a/nss.org/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\t2016-02-12 15:36:18.000000000 +0100\n+++ b/nss/nss/coreconf/WIN32.mk\t2016-02-26 00:42:43.170809600 +0100\n@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@\n # Disable C4244: conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data\n # Disable C4018: 'expression' : signed/unsigned mismatch\n # Disable C4312: 'type cast': conversion from 'type1' to 'type2' of greater size\n- OS_CFLAGS += -w44267 -w44244 -w44018 -w44312\n+ OS_CFLAGS += -w44267 -w44244 -w44018 -w44312 -wd4996 -wd4554\n ifeq ($(_MSC_VER_GE_12),1)\n \tOS_CFLAGS += -FS\n endif\n" ]

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[ "United States Air Force Lt. ", "General Chris Bogdan briefs the media in front of a Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II fighter jet at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland October 28, 2015. ", "REUTERS/Gary Cameron\n\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) - Lockheed Martin Corp’s F-35 fighter jet program is essential for the security of the United States and its allies, a Pentagon official said on Monday, looking to defend the program a week after President-elect Donald Trump criticized it for delays and cost overruns.", "\n\n“The F-35 program and cost is out of control,” Trump wrote on Twitter last week, echoing campaign promises to cut waste in federal spending. “", "Billions of dollars can and will be saved on military (and other) purchases after January 20th.”", "\n\nSpeaking with reporters on Monday, Air Force Lieutenant General Chris Bogdan, who runs the F-35 program for the Pentagon, said that if he had an opportunity to speak with the Trump transition team, he would tell them that the program is now under control after years of delays.", "\n\n“There is a perception that this program is out of control,” Bogdan said. “", "So, if given the opportunity I would like to try and explain to the new administration that this is a vastly different program from 2011.”", "\n\nBogdan said the incoming administration was trying to get industry and the Defense Department to get a better value for its money.", "\n\n“I applaud the new administration for that, because that is what we should all be striving for,” he said.", "\n\nTrump’s Twitter broadside sent defense shares tumbling and fanned concerns that the incoming administration will reduce defense contractors’ profit margins and cut broader federal spending, threatening U.S. factory jobs even as Trump promises to boost manufacturing employment.", "\n\nThe F-35 program, which has been described as the most expensive weapon system in history, has been dogged by problems, with the Pentagon’s chief arms buyer once describing as “acquisition malpractice” the decision to produce jets before completing development." ]

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[ "\n360 So.2d 1341 (1978)\nSTATE of Louisiana\nv.\nW. D. ATKINS, Jr.\nNo. ", "61156.", "\nSupreme Court of Louisiana.", "\nJune 19, 1978.", "\nRehearing Denied July 26, 1978.", "\n*1343 Richard V. Burnes, Gravel, Roy & Burnes, Alexandria, for defendant-appellant.", "\nWilliam J. Guste, Jr., Atty. ", "Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., J. Nathan Stansbury, Dist. ", "Atty., ", "for plaintiff-appellee.", "\nDENNIS, Justice.", "\nDefendant W. D. Atkins, Jr. was charged by short form indictment with \"a theft of $20,373.46 in U.S. currency belonging to one Pamela B. Gray in violation of the provisions of R.S. 14:67.\" ", "Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty as charged and sentenced to six years at hard labor. ", "On appeal Atkins relies upon ten assignments of error for reversal of his conviction and sentence.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "1 AND 2\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash the indictment, both as to the indictment standing alone and as to the indictment when considered in light of the state's answers to the defendant's motion for a bill of particulars. ", "He presents four specific arguments for our consideration: (1) an essential averment was deleted from the short form indictment because of the failure to specify the value of the property taken; (2) the indictment and bill of information failed to state an offense which occurred within Lafayette Parish; (3) the indictment and answers to the bill of particulars failed to provide the defendant with adequate information concerning the charges against him; and (4) a transcript of defendant's deposition, taken in a civil case involving the same parties and introduced by stipulation at the hearing on the motion to quash, indicates defendant's innocence of the charged offense.", "\nWe will consider the arguments in the order presented:\n(1) The defendant's contention that the short form indictment was fatally defective for failure to set forth the value of the stolen property is unmeritorious. ", "The allegation that defendant was guilty of *1344 theft of \"$20,373.46 in U.S. currency\" sufficiently fulfills the requisites of the statutory short form indictment, since the value of all stolen property must, of necessity, be expressed in monetary terms.", "\n(2) Defendant's second argument in effect urges that the prosecution was brought in an improper venue because the indictment, along with the State's answers to the bill of particulars, does not allege that any element of the charged offense occurred in the parish where the trial was scheduled. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "611. ", "However, defendant's motion to quash the indictment did not contain an allegation that the venue was improper. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "615. ", "Nevertheless, even in the absence of a motion to quash for improper venue, the State must prove proper venue at trial beyond a reasonable doubt. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "615; State v. Frank, 355 So.2d 912 (La.1978); State v. Dillon, 260 La. 215, 255 So.2d 745 (1971). ", "While this Court may not weigh for sufficiency the State's evidence as to venue, when the jury has determined the issue adversely to the defendant by a verdict of guilty, we may, provided that the issue is presented by the defendant's motion for a new trial, grant relief if there was no evidence whatsoever as to the proper venue. ", "State v. Dillon, supra; see also, State v. Richard, 245 La. 465, 158 So.2d 828 (1963). ", "In the instant case, however, the defendant's motion for new trial contained no allegation that the State had failed to prove that the proper venue of the charged offense was Lafayette Parish. ", "Moreover, our review of the record indicates that there is substantial evidence that an \"act or element\" of the offense of theft occurred in Lafayette Parish. ", "Defendant's second contention relating to the motion to quash lacks merit.", "\n(3) Defendant contends that the trial court erred in determining that the short form indictment and the State's answer and amended answer to the bill of particulars gave him sufficient information to prepare a defense. ", "Article I, § 13 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 grants an accused the right to \"be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.\" ", "One implementation of this constitutional guarantee is Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 484, which gives to a criminal defendant the right to require the district attorney to furnish a bill of particulars \"setting up more specifically the nature and cause of the charge against [him].\" ", "Although a defendant is not entitled by a bill of particulars to discover the details of the evidence with which the State expects to prove its case,[1] and although the trial court is vested with wide discretion in determining the sufficiency of the State's answers,[2] this Court has found reversible error in the failure to provide information of the nature and cause of the accusation against the accused as required by the constitution. ", "For example, in State v. Miller, 319 So.2d 339 (La.1975), in reversing a conviction on these grounds, this Court set forth some of the factors to be considered in determining whether a defendant was given all of the information to which he is constitutionally entitled:\n\"The state is required, upon defendant's motion, to provide a criminal defendant with enough information so that he can identify the criminal transaction. ", "There is no exact formula which can be applied to every charge to determine in a particular case whether a defendant has all of the information to which he is constitutionally entitled. ", "In general, however, the extent to which the bill should be granted turns on the complexity of the case. ", "If the crime is a single event, such as a murder, the scope of the bill will be less extensive than it will be if *1345 the crime involved is a series of occurrences, such as tax fraud or bootlegging. ", "When a crime charged may be committed in a number of different ways, this Court has always recognized the accentuated need for the state to furnish particulars. ", "Likewise, when the crime involves not a single occurrence but a series of occurrences, the state must supply enough information so that the accused can identify each criminal transaction. ", "319 So.2d at 342-3. [", "citations omitted]\nIn the instant case, the State's original answer to the defendant's motion for a bill of particulars provided little information relating to the acts which constituted the alleged theft. ", "However, prior to trial, the State amended its answers to provide a detailed summary of the manner in which the offense was committed. ", "Defendant was informed that he was charged with the theft of a specific amount of money from a particular identified client between the dates of February 3, 1975 and July 17, 1975 by taking them from an account in the American Bank & Trust Company in Baton Rouge which defendant had opened for the purpose of safekeeping and investment of the funds. ", "Although the State could not inform defendant of the exact time and manner of the taking the information was specific enough to enable him to identify the alleged criminal transaction and to prepare a defense. ", "Therefore, we find that defendant's contention relating to the sufficiency of the answers to the bill of particulars is meritless.", "\n(4) Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to quash the indictment because the defendant's deposition, which was taken in connection with a civil action involving the victim of the alleged offense and introduced by stipulation at the hearing on the motion to quash, indicated that the defendant was innocent of the charged offense.", "\nThe question of factual guilt or innocence of the offense charged is not properly raised by the motion to quash. ", "State v. Rembert, 312 So.2d 282 (La.1975). ", "Further, the only issue presented to the trial judge for his consideration was whether the indictment charging the defendant with theft was insufficient as a matter of law or unconstitutionally vague. ", "Since the instant objection was not contemporaneously urged, and since the trial judge could not at any rate have properly considered the issue of guilt or innocence in such a proceeding, defendant's contention is insubstantial.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "3\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant a motion for a continuance based upon the absence of a material witness. ", "La.C.Cr.", "P. art. ", "709, which governs applications for continuance based upon the unavailability of witnesses, provides:\n\"A motion for a continuance based upon the absence of a witness must state:\n\"(1) Facts to which the absent witness is expected to testify, showing the materiality of the testimony and the necessity for the presence of the witness at the trial;\n\"(2) Facts and circumstances showing a probability that the witness will be available at the time to which the trial is deferred; and\n\"(3) Facts showing due diligence used in an effort to procure attendance of the witness.\"", "\nIn the instant case, the victim of the alleged theft was a client of defendant, an attorney. ", "The State's theory of the case was that defendant wrongfully misappropriated funds which he received as the proceeds of a settlement between Mrs. Gray and an insurance company following the death of her husband. ", "Following the settlement, Mrs. Gray and defendant entered into a contract which allowed him to hold and invest the proceeds, at his discretion, for a certain period of time.", "\n*1346 Prior to trial, defendant sought a continuance because Janice Deshotels, his former secretary and a witness to the signing of the contract, was absent from the state and presently unavailable to testify at trial. ", "At the hearing on the motion, defendant's counsel stated that the witness, who was in California where her husband had recently undergone surgery, would testify that Mrs. Gray understood the contract and that the defendant was not present when the contract was signed, thereby refuting any charge of misrepresentation which the State might make. ", "Defendant's counsel further stated that, although he had not issued a subpoena to compel the attendance of Mrs. Deshotels, he had only recently learned of her location, and she had informed him by telegram that she would appear in three to seven weeks.", "\nThe trial judge, in his per curiam to the instant assignment of error, stated that defendant's failure to subpoena Mrs. Deshotels indicated that the codal requisite of due diligence had not been met; he further stated that he believed that the witness' testimony as to Mrs. Gray's understanding of the contracts would be inadmissible because the witness would be stating a conclusion of law.", "\nOur review of the record reveals no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge which would constitute reversible error under the prior decisions of this Court.[3] The trial court's finding that under the circumstances the defendant's failure to subpoena the witness indicated a lack of due diligence,[4] and its holding that defendant did not demonstrate that material, admissible testimony would be produced if the continuance were granted, is supportable under the record in this case. ", "Since we find that the trial judge's decision did not constitute an abuse of the discretion accorded him under the article, we find defendant's third assignment of error to be without merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "4 AND 5\nDefendant contends that the trial judge erred in refusing to grant a mistrial when the prosecutor referred in his opening statement to defendant's deposition and worksheet which were taken in a civil proceeding involving the same parties. ", "He further asserts that the court's admonition to the jury was insufficient to mitigate the damage ensuing from the prosecutor's remarks. ", "The prosecuting attorney stated:\n\"The money was not paid and a suit was filed on behalf of Pamela Gray against W. D. Atkins for payment of the money that she claimed she was entitled to. ", "During the proceedings of this suit, Mr. Wright took Mr. Atkins deposition in a civil matter, took his testimony, and as a result of that, a certain worksheet was produced by Mr. Atkins explaining how. . . .\"", "\nAt this point, defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial on the basis of Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 767, which provides that the prosecution \"shall not, in the opening statement, advert in any way to a confession or inculpatory statement made by the defendant.\" ", "The court denied the motion, but did admonish the jury that \"the statements made by either side in this matter on opening statement. . . ", "as any statements of facts, are not evidence and should not be considered by you as such.\" ", "Defendant asserts that the court's refusal to grant the motion for a mistrial constitutes reversible error. ", "The *1347 State, however, contends that the deposition and worksheet were exculpatory rather than inculpatory in nature and that, in any event, the defendant suffered no prejudice since the documents were subsequently introduced into evidence. ", "Since we agree with the latter assertion, we find it unnecessary to reach the issue of whether the documents constituted inculpatory statements within the contemplation of Article 767.", "\nIn State v. Snedecor, 294 So.2d 207, 209 (La.1974), this Court considered a defendant's contention that the prosecutor, in his opening statement, had violated the mandate of Article 767. ", "Therein this Court stated:\n\"Defendant contends that the prosecutor's reference in his opening statement to a `police informer', `bugged automobile', `mike', and `tape recorder' made the jury aware that the State had an inculpatory statement of the defendant. ", "Thus the denial of defendant's motion for a mistrial under Article 767 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was erroneous.", "\n\"The article states: `The state shall not, in the opening statement, advert in any way to a confession or inculpatory statement made by the defendant.' ", "The reason for this prohibition is that, should the confession or statement not be admissible at trial, the jury's knowledge of its existence is prejudicial to defendant's rights. ", "However, where the statement is subsequently introduced at trial, there can be no prejudice to the defendant flowing from the reference in the opening statement.\"", "\nSee also State v. Roddy, 270 So.2d 508 (La. 1972).", "\nThe situation presented in the instant review is similar to that found in the Snedecor case. ", "Since the civil deposition and \"worksheet\" of the defendant were introduced into evidence at trial, he could not have been prejudiced by the references to them in the prosecutor's opening statement. ", "Accordingly we find that defendant's fourth and fifth assignments of error lack merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "6\nIn this assignment of error defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing Mrs. Gray to testify as to her state of mind at the time defendant originally received the settlement funds and whether she was allowed to read the settlement contract because defendant was accused of a theft without the consent of the victim and not a taking by means of fraud. ", "The trial court did not err in allowing Mrs. Gray to testify. ", "Defendant's conduct toward his client at this time was relevant to show the nature of his intent at the time of later disbursements of the settlement funds from the bank account and also tended to prove a lack of consent by Mrs. Gray to later takings.", "\nThis assignment lacks merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "10\nDefendant contends that the trial court's refusal to give requested special jury charges constitutes reversible error. ", "Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 807 gives to both the state and the defense the right to submit to the court special written charges for the jury. ", "The article further requires the court to charge the jury pursuant to the written request if \"it does not require qualification, limitation, or explanation, and if it is wholly correct and pertinent.\" ", "However, the charge need not be given if it is included in the court's general charge to the jury, or if it forms a part of another special charge which is given by the court.", "\nOur examination of the record indicates that the trial court did not err in refusing defendant's special charges numbers one and eight. ", "Both of these charges were attempts to set forth the necessary elements which the state must prove in order to establish the commission of the crime of theft, a matter fully covered by the trial judge in his general charge. ", "Therefore, the *1348 charges were properly refused. ", "State v. Luckett, 327 So.2d 355 (La.1976). ", "Accordingly, we find defendant's tenth assignment of error to be meritless.", "\n\nASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. ", "11\nIn this assignment, defendant complains of the action of the trial court in allowing the prosecuting attorney, during closing argument, to distribute to the jury copies of documents which had already been introduced into evidence and examined by the jury at the time of their admission. ", "Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 774 provides that closing argument \"shall be confined to evidence admitted, to the lack of evidence, to conclusions of fact that the State or defendant may draw therefrom, and to the law applicable to the case.\"", "\nIn State v. Rowell, 306 So.2d 668 (La. 1975), this Court found no error in a procedure whereby the jury was allowed to examine, during closing argument, evidence which had previously been admitted but which had not been examined by the jury at that time. ", "The defendant argues that Rowell is distinguishable because, in the instant case, the jury had already viewed the evidence, and its subsequent distribution to the jury resulted in its being accorded undue weight. ", "Our reading of Rowell, however, indicates that the court approved the procedure not because the jury had not previously viewed the documents, but because they had been introduced into evidence prior to the commencement of the closing argument. ", "Therefore, we find that the trial judge did not err in permitting the evidence to be displayed to the jury during closing argument.", "\nFurther, we find no merit to the defendant's argument that he was prejudiced by the distribution of multiple copies, rather than a single copy, of the documents in question. ", "Defendant has failed to demonstrate any prejudice resulting from a procedure which was apparently intended only to facilitate the jurors' viewing of the exhibits. ", "Defendant's tenth assignment of error is without merit.", "\n\nASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. ", "12 AND 13\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for a new trial, which was based upon the contention that the state presented no evidence of certain essential elements of the crime of theft. ", "Our review of the record indicates that the State presented at least some evidence of each of the essential elements of the offense; therefore, we find that the trial judge did not err in his ruling. ", "See, State v. Finley, 341 So.2d 381 (La.1977). ", "Accordingly, we find defendant's final assignments of error to be meritless.", "\nFor the reasons herein expressed, defendant's conviction and sentence are affirmed.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See, e.g., State v. Ford, 349 So.2d 300 (La. 1977); State v. O'Blanc, 346 So.2d 686 (La. 1977); State v. Jenkins, 338 So.2d 276 (La. 1976); State v. Marks, 337 So.2d 1177 (La. 1976). ", "This rule was modified as to future prosecutions by Act 515 of 1977.", "\n[2] State v. Huizar, 332 So.2d 449 (La.1976); State v. Nelson, 306 So.2d 745 (La.1975); State v. Vince, 305 So.2d 916 (La.1975); State v. Bailey, 261 La. 831, 261 So.2d 583 (1972).", "\n[3] This Court in the past has demonstrated a noticeable reluctance to reverse in Article 709 cases absent a clear showing of abuse on the part of the trial judge. ", "See, e. g., State v. Chavers, 294 So.2d 489 (La.1974); State v. Valentine, 262 La. 571, 263 So.2d 893 (1972).", "\n[4] For cases holding that the \"due diligence\" requirement is ordinarily not satisfied when defense counsel fails to have the potential witness subpoenaed, see, State v. Terry, 359 So.2d 172 (La.1978); State v. Bennett, 341 So.2d 847 (La.1977); State v. Larue, 324 So.2d 384 (La. 1975); State v. Elias, 230 La. 498, 89 So.2d 51 (1956).", "\n" ]

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[ "Editor-in-chief of the Saratov Internet newspaper Fourth Power, Vadim Rogozhin, has received the official status of a suspect in the criminal case on slander regarding Deputy Governor Denis Fadeyev.", "\n\nEditor-in-chief of the Saratov Internet newspaper Fourth Power, Vadim Rogozhin, has received the official status of a suspect in the criminal case on slander regarding Deputy Governor Denis Fadeyev.", "\n\nRogozhin told Interfax that he received on Friday from the interrogating officer of the Interior Ministry's main department for the Saratov region the notification that he became a suspect in the criminal case opened under the Russian Criminal Code Article 128.1 Part 2, slander.", "\n\nRogozhin said he had also studied the results of linguistic and psycholinguistic research held by the Saratov forensic inquiry laboratory of the Russian Justice Ministry. \"", "Experts - a linguist and a psychologist - have reached similar conclusions in both studies: the article contains negative information but it is expressed in an evaluating form and relates to the author's opinion. ", "These statements do not have words, which are of indecent form. ", "All this confirms my right given by the law on mass media to express my opinion and evaluations,\" Rogozhin said.", "\n\n\"Experts have not seen either slander, insults or humiliations in the article, however investigators decided differently, which can show the bias here,\" the editor-in-chief said.", "\n\n\"The notification says that I had intention and knowingly circulated false information. ", "This does not come from their studies and as far as I understood investigators do not have other proof. ", "It does not befit politicians to accuse the mirror personified in reporters, it is better to look at your actions and to listen to criticism,\" Rogozhin said.", "\n\nOn November 13, 2013, the investigating directorate of the Interior Ministry's main department for the Saratov region opened a criminal case over slander regarding the deputy governor in an article of the Fourth Power news agency. ", "An inspection was held prior to this upon the statement filed by Fadeyev, in which he demanded holding the Fourth Power criminally liable for slander.", "\n\nThe official statement of Fadeyev, released by the local ministry of press on November 18, said that the article \"contains insulting words in regard to members of the regional government and representatives of the legislative authorities.\"", "\n\nAccording to Rogozhin, who wrote the article, it concerns the material headlined Leaders of Invalids of Sense released on December 10, 2012. ", "Rogozhin said that in the article he \"ironically analyzed the closest circle of Governor Valery Radayev.\" ", "Deputy Governor Fadeyev was mentioned in the article among others.", "\n\nThe Leninsky District Court of Yekaterinburg has given Aksana Panova, a former chief editor of the Ura.ru\nnews agency, a suspended sentence of two years in prison, with a\nthree-year probation period. ", "Read more>>>" ]

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[ "Geographically, this report studies the top producers and consumers, focuses on product capacity, production, value, consumption, market share and growth opportunity in these key regions, covering\n\nNorth America\n\nEurope\n\nChina\n\nJapan\n\nSoutheast Asia\n\nIndia\n\nWe can also provide the customized separate regional or country-level reports, for the following regions:\n\nNorth America\n\nUnited States\n\nCanada\n\nMexico\n\nAsia-Pacific\n\nChina\n\nIndia\n\nJapan\n\nSouth Korea\n\nAustralia\n\nIndonesia\n\nSingapore\n\nRest of Asia-Pacific\n\nEurope\n\nGermany\n\nFrance\n\nUK\n\nItaly\n\nSpain\n\nRussia\n\nRest of Europe\n\nCentral & South America\n\nBrazil\n\nArgentina\n\nRest of South America\n\nMiddle East & Africa\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\nTurkey\n\nRest of Middle East & Africa\n\nOn the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into\n\nSteel Diaper Pail\n\nPlastic Diaper Pail\n\nOn the basis of the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate for each application, including\n\nSIMILAR MARKET STUDIES\n\nLinen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant. ", "Linen is laborious to manufacture, but the fiber is very strong, absorbent and dries faster than cotton. ", "Garments made of linen are valued for their exceptional coolness and freshness in hot and humid weather.", "\nScope of the Report:\nThe worldwide ...\n\nAdditive Manufacturing with Metal Powders can produce metallic products through three - dimensional and printing technology. ", "Now it is widely used in automotive industry, aerospace industry and medical industry.3D printing of metals works by laying down metal powder. ", "A high powered laser then melts that powder in certain precise locations ...\n\nHome audio equipment is audio electronics intended for home entertainment use, such as shelf stereos and surround sound receivers. ", "Home audio generally is a series of accessory equipment, which may be intended to enhance or replace standard equipment, such as standard TV speakers. ", "Since surround sound receivers, which are primarily ...\n\nA pacifier is an article with a nipple, intended for a young child to suck on, but that is not designed to help a baby obtain fluid. ", "A pacifier usually has a guard or shield at the base of the nipple that keeps the pacifier from being sucked completely into ...\n\nVape Market (e-Cigarette and Vaporizer) Market - Report Insights\nA vape product or broadly known as e-cigarette, electronic cigarette, and vaporizer is a battery operated device and has been reckoned as ...\n\nDigital devices technologies market for living room provides products that use varied technologies to give enhanced digital output for consumer products such as television home theatre etc. ", "The global home ...\n\nThe hospital assets management system helps to manage and protect hospital equipment. ", "It uses automated software systems to monitor the environment in hospital campus. ", "The technology solutions are becoming increasingly ..." ]

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[ "Giovanni Fago\n\nGiovanni Fago (born 11 July 1931) is an Italian director and screenwriter.", "\n\nBorn in Rome, Fago began his cinema career in 1959 as assistant director of, among others, Mario Monicelli, Camillo Mastrocinque, Vittorio De Sica, Renato Castellani, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Lucio Fulci. ", "In 1967 he became a director, consecutively filming three spaghetti westerns, Per 100.000 dollari ti ammazzo, Uno di più all'inferno and O' Cangaçeiro. ", "During the 1970s and the 1980s he focused primarily on television works.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Writers from Rome\nCategory:Italian film directors\nCategory:Italian male writers\nCategory:Spaghetti Western directors\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:Living people" ]

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[ "test:\n result: <%= name_error %>\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWindows Phone 8 Getting list of all time zones\n\nI want to get the list of all time zones that are listed in the Date+Time settings in my windows phone app. ", "How can i do this. ", "Kindly help.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't enumerate time zones like you did previously in plain ole c# apps: \nTimeZoneInfo.", "GetSystemTimeZones() \n\nYou can however, use this NuGet package : https://www.nuget.org/packages/WinRTTimeZones\n\n" ]

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[ "Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced in human blood lymphocytes by low doses of X-rays.", "\nThe dose-response for radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes is usually fitted to the quadratic model. ", "This assumes that the slope is essentially linear at low doses. ", "Empirical observations of linearity at less than 200 mGy are, however, sparse. ", "Some data have been published indicating a non-linear (threshold) response and these are reviewed. ", "In particular one study with X-rays showed a plateau in response up to 50 mGy and with a significant dip below the control level at 4 mGy. ", "The mechanism proposed to explain non-linearity is that low doses stimulate the enzymic repair capability of lymphocytes. ", "Preliminary data are presented from a large experiment by six laboratories in which the low dose-response for X-rays has been re-examined. ", "The plateau in the dose-response relationship, if it exists, does not extend to doses above approximately 10 mGy. ", "No irradiated cells yielded aberration levels significantly below the control. ", "Over the range 0-300 mGy the response can be fitted to a linear regression. ", "There are, however, variations in sensitivity between cells from different donors. ", "An unexpected finding was that some lymphocytes contained greater than 1 exchange aberrations. ", "This may indicate a small subset of cells that are especially susceptible to the induction of aberrations by low doses." ]

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[ "import sbt._", "\nimport Keys._", "\nimport play.", "Project._", "\n\nobject ApplicationBuild extends Build {\n\n val appName = \"EvernoteScalaSample\"\n val appVersion = \"1.0\"\n\n val appDependencies = Seq(\n \"com.evernote\" % \"evernote-api\" % \"1.25.1\"\n )\n\n val main = play.", "Project(appName, appVersion, appDependencies).settings(\n )\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Intravenous cyclophosphamide as a therapeutic option for severe refractory gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis.", "\nGastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a rare but important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ", "It is commonly associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic sclerosis, and standard treatment involves both supportive measures, as well as endoscopic interventional therapies. ", "While the current therapies are effective for most patients, a few patients develop severe and refractory bleeding. ", "Herein we report two cases of refractory GAVE in patients with diffuse scleroderma, which improved significantly after the administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide. ", "One of these cases is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of cyclophosphamide being used specifically for the treatment of refractory GAVE." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Villapiana\n\nVillapiana (Calabrian: ) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.", "\n\nHistory\nFounded, as part of Magna Graecia, with the name of Lautermia, it was renamed Casalnuovo in the 14th century. ", "On 4 January 1863 the town changed its toponym into the current one.", "\n\nGeography\nLocated in the northern corner of its province, close to the borders of Calabria with Basilicata, Villapiana borders with the municipalities of Cassano all'Ionio, Cerchiara di Calabria, Francavilla Marittima, Plataci and Trebisacce. ", "The municipality includes the hamlets (frazioni) of Villapiana Lido and Villapiana Scalo, both by the Ionian Coast.", "\n\nTransport\nThe municipality, crossed by the Jonica railway, is served by two stations: Villapiana Lido in the homonym hamlet, and Villapiana-Torre Cerchiara in Villapiana Scalo. ", "The coast is crossed by the state highway SS106 \"Jonica\", connecting Taranto with Reggio Calabria.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Cities and towns in Calabria" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Click in the nick column to highlight everything a person has said.", "\nThe icon identifies that the person is a core developer (has commit access).", "\n\nNotice: Only Gecko based browsers prior to FF4 support the multipart/mixed \"server push\" method used by this log reader to auto-update. ", "Since you do not appear to use such a browser, this page will simply show the current log, and not automatically update.", "\n\nTried USB cable also, nothing. ", "I can barely see a little bit of the green light on when I plug it in. ", "when I listen closely to the recorder, I can hear it clicking when it's plugged in. ", "Not a hard drive click but something else.", "\n\nA little question: Now that we have MMC- and Fat16-Support due to the Ondio port, would it be possible to incoorporate an MMC-Card into the Jukebox recorder as \"Battery extension\"? ", "I am just picking up an Idea that went through the Mailing list sometime 2002...\n\nI think the 8 MB mod clearly shows that extending the memory doesn't yield that much of additional runtime, since the hd is not the only power-sucker. ", "With 8 MB you have a >4 times as large buffer, but the runtime increases by a mere ~22 %" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFunction in VB6 (dll files) with a parameter of type variant, as in the call. ", "net?", "\n\nI have a dll with a method.", "\nThis method accepts an object parameter (in .net) in vb6 it is defined as a variant, which is a vector of strings.", "\nHow can I make the call to this method on .net passing an array of strings?", "\nPlease send me an example\nthanks\n\nA:\n\nBoth parties have good support for COM. ", "I can't tell from your question whether or not the call comes from .net or VB6, but either way it will be simplest to communicate with good old fashioned COM.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Follow Us On\n\nMy Daughter Became My Mother\n\nOne of the best mothers I know never actually gave birth. ", "In fact, I gave birth to her.", "\n\nJust two weeks after my daughter Maura’s 23rd Birthday, I was hit by an SUV while riding my bike in New Jersey.", "\n\nIt wasn’t clear at first whether I would live. ", "I ended up spending months in the hospital and then a rehab center. ", "I was as helpless as a newborn, with a traumatic brain injury, twice broken jaw and many more fractures.", "\n\nThe daughter became the mother.", "\n\nShe helped me relearn how to walk, how to feed myself. ", "When it was clear I couldn’t handle movies more complex than a Disney film, this hard-core mother agreed to watch Moana with me — three times!", "\n\nOne of the film’s most beloved – and definitely pathetic – characters is a googly-eyed chicken with zero memory. ", "I completely identified.", "\n\nMy brain was betraying me too. ", "For months, I couldn’t remember even the simplest bits of information just moments after they were given to me. ", "Family members said one of the most painful moments was watching me stand in front of a bathroom sink for several minutes, unable to remember what I was supposed to be doing there.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThat Moana birdbrain was me. ", "Yet Maura managed to help me find a bit of self-deprecating humor in it, calling me “Chiiii-kennnn?”", "\n\nLike any other mother, Maura was juggling so much — her job in New York City, and the commute on New Jersey Transit, which was a daily nightmare.", "\n\nWhile dealing with all this, she was handed a red-hot poker. ", "My husband Mark — her father — was told that his decade-long struggle with prostate cancer had taken a drastic turn for the worse. ", "His oncologist said he would live no more than two years.", "\n\nMaura did what any mother would do — she took that on too. ", "Now that she’d gotten me past the toddler stage, she turned her attention to her next needy charge.", "\n\nShe assumed responsibility for organizing family caregiver shifts so that Mark could live out his final days at home. ", "She administered his medicines, searched for foods he could tolerate, and posed the hard questions to his oncologist.", "\n\nBut like any great mother, she also extracted whatever joy could be mined from those deep, dark days. ", "And she served it selflessly to the rest of the family.", "\n\nI remember one day in particular.", "\n\nMark was a Yankees baseball fanatic, and months earlier, Maura had bought him stadium tickets. ", "But by the time Game Day rolled around, he had become too frail to use them.", "\n\nShe quickly came up with Plan B.\n\nShe rallied us around the television and painted red baseball stitching on his perfectly round and pale bald head. ", "It looked like a baseball ready to be fired at home plate. ", "Between the two crescents of signature red stitching that hugged his scalp, she painted a Yankees logo.", "\n\nBarbara Goldberg\n\nIt was a hilarious home run that brought us together around Mark. ", "For that single, precious afternoon, the focus was not on Mark’s cancer but on rooting for the home team.", "\n\nIt was those hard-earned laughs and brave smiles that pulled us through the despair and helped keep us together in Mark’s last days." ]

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[ "/*\nCopyright 2007 nVidia, Inc.\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "\n\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 \n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, \nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "\n\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\n// Thanks to Jacob Munkberg (jacob@cs.lth.se) for the shortcut of using SVD to do the equivalent of principal components analysis\n\n// x10\t(666x2).1 (666x2).1 64p 3bi\n\n#include \"bits.h\"\n#include \"tile.h\"\n#include \"avpcl.h\"\n#include \"nvcore/debug.h\"\n#include \"nvmath/vector.inl\"\n#include \"nvmath/matrix.inl\"\n#include \"nvmath/fitting.h\"\n#include \"avpcl_utils.h\"\n#include \"endpts.h\"\n#include <string.h>\n#include <float.h>\n\n#include \"shapes_two.h\"\n\nusing namespace nv;\nusing namespace AVPCL;\n\n#define\tNLSBMODES\t2\t\t// number of different lsb modes per region. ", "since we have one .1 per region, that can have 2 values\n\n#define NINDICES\t8\n#define\tINDEXBITS\t3\n#define\tHIGH_INDEXBIT\t(1<<(INDEXBITS-1))\n#define\tDENOM\t\t(NINDICES-1)\n#define\tBIAS\t\t(DENOM/2)\n\n// WORK: determine optimal traversal pattern to search for best shape -- what does the error curve look like?", "\n// i.e. can we search shapes in a particular order so we can see the global error minima easily and\n// stop without having to touch all shapes?", "\n\n#define\tPOS_TO_X(pos)\t((pos)&3)\n#define\tPOS_TO_Y(pos)\t(((pos)>>2)&3)\n\n#define\tNBITSIZES\t(NREGIONS*2)\n#define\tABITINDEX(region)\t(2*(region)+0)\n#define\tBBITINDEX(region)\t(2*(region)+1)\n\nstruct ChanBits\n{\n\tint nbitsizes[NBITSIZES];\t// bitsizes for one channel\n};\n\nstruct Pattern\n{\n\tChanBits chan[NCHANNELS_RGB];// bit patterns used per channel\n\tint transformed;\t\t// if 0, deltas are unsigned and no transform; otherwise, signed and transformed\n\tint mode;\t\t\t\t// associated mode value\n\tint modebits;\t\t\t// number of mode bits\n\tconst char *encoding;\t\t\t// verilog description of encoding for this mode\n};\n\n#define\tNPATTERNS 1\n\nstatic Pattern patterns[NPATTERNS] =\n{\n\t// red\t\tgreen\t\tblue\t\txfm\tmode mb\n\t6,6,6,6,\t6,6,6,6,\t6,6,6,6,\t0,\t0x2, 2, \"\",\n};\n\nstruct RegionPrec\n{\n\tint\tendpt_a_prec[NCHANNELS_RGB];\n\tint endpt_b_prec[NCHANNELS_RGB];\n};\n\nstruct PatternPrec\n{\n\tRegionPrec region_precs[NREGIONS];\n};\n\n\n// this is the precision for each channel and region\n// NOTE: this MUST match the corresponding data in \"patterns\" above -- WARNING: there is NO nvAssert to check this!", "\nstatic PatternPrec pattern_precs[NPATTERNS] =\n{\n\t6,6,6, 6,6,6, 6,6,6, 6,6,6,\t\n};\n\n// return # of bits needed to store n. handle signed or unsigned cases properly\nstatic int nbits(int n, bool issigned)\n{\n\tint nb;\n\tif (n==0)\n\t\treturn 0;\t// no bits needed for 0, signed or not\n\telse if (n > 0)\n\t{\n\t\tfor (nb=0; n; ++nb, n>>=1) ;\n\t\treturn nb + (issigned?1:0);\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\tnvAssert (issigned);\n\t\tfor (nb=0; n<-1; ++nb, n>>=1) ;\n\t\treturn nb + 1;\n\t}\n}\n\n\nstatic void transform_forward(IntEndptsRGB_1 ep[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\nstatic void transform_inverse(IntEndptsRGB_1 ep[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\n// endpoints are 777,777; reduce to 666,666 and put the lsb bit majority in compr_bits\nstatic void compress_one(const IntEndptsRGB& endpts, IntEndptsRGB_1& compr_endpts)\n{\n\tint onescnt;\n\n\tonescnt = 0;\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t{\n\t\tonescnt += endpts.", "A[j] & 1;\n\t\tcompr_endpts.", "A[j] = endpts.", "A[j] >> 1;\n\t\tonescnt += endpts.", "B[j] & 1;\n\t\tcompr_endpts.", "B[j] = endpts.", "B[j] >> 1;\n\t\tnvAssert (compr_endpts.", "A[j] < 64);\n\t\tnvAssert (compr_endpts.", "B[j] < 64);\n\t}\n\tcompr_endpts.lsb = onescnt >= 3;\n}\n\nstatic void uncompress_one(const IntEndptsRGB_1& compr_endpts, IntEndptsRGB& endpts)\n{\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t{\n\t\tendpts.", "A[j] = (compr_endpts.", "A[j] << 1) | compr_endpts.lsb;\n\t\tendpts.", "B[j] = (compr_endpts.", "B[j] << 1) | compr_endpts.lsb;\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void uncompress_endpoints(const IntEndptsRGB_1 compr_endpts[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tuncompress_one(compr_endpts[i], endpts[i]);\n}\n\nstatic void compress_endpoints(const IntEndptsRGB endpts[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB_1 compr_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tcompress_one(endpts[i], compr_endpts[i]);\n}\n\n\nstatic void quantize_endpts(const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, IntEndptsRGB_1 q_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB full_endpts[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[0] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.x, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[0]+1);\t// +1 since we are in uncompressed space\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[1] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.y, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[1]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].A[2] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].A.z, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_a_prec[2]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[0] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.x, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[0]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[1] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.y, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[1]+1);\n\t\tfull_endpts[region].B[2] = Utils::quantize(endpts[region].B.z, pattern_prec.region_precs[region].endpt_b_prec[2]+1);\n\t\tcompress_one(full_endpts[region], q_endpts[region]);\n\t}\n}\n\n// swap endpoints as needed to ensure that the indices at index_positions have a 0 high-order bit\nstatic void swap_indices(IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], int shapeindex)\n{\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tint position = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,region);\n\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(position);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(position);\n\t\tnvAssert(REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region);\t\t// double check the table\n\t\tif (indices[y][x] & HIGH_INDEXBIT)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t// high bit is set, swap the endpts and indices for this region\n\t\t\tint t;\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++i) { t = endpts[region].A[i]; endpts[region].A[i] = endpts[region].B[i]; endpts[region].B[i] = t; }\n\n\t\t\tfor (int y = 0; y < Tile::TILE_H; y++)\n\t\t\tfor (int x = 0; x < Tile::TILE_W; x++)\n\t\t\t\tif (REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region)\n\t\t\t\t\tindices[y][x] = NINDICES - 1 - indices[y][x];\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic bool endpts_fit(IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], const Pattern &p)\n{\n\treturn true;\n}\n\n\nstatic void write_header(const IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int shapeindex, const Pattern &p, Bits &out)\n{\n\tout.write(p.mode, p.modebits);\n\tout.write(shapeindex, SHAPEBITS);\n\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tout.write(endpts[i].A[j], p.chan[j].nbitsizes[ABITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t\tout.write(endpts[i].B[j], p.chan[j].nbitsizes[BBITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t}\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tout.write(endpts[i].lsb, 1);\n\n\tnvAssert (out.getptr() == 82);\n}\n\nstatic void read_header(Bits &in, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int &shapeindex, Pattern &p, int &pat_index)\n{\n\tint mode = AVPCL::getmode(in);\n\n\tpat_index = 0;\n\tnvAssert (pat_index >= 0 && pat_index < NPATTERNS);\n\tnvAssert (in.getptr() == patterns[pat_index].modebits);\n\n\tshapeindex = in.read(SHAPEBITS);\n\tp = patterns[pat_index];\n\n\tfor (int j=0; j<NCHANNELS_RGB; ++j)\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[i].A[j] = in.read(p.chan[j].nbitsizes[ABITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t\tendpts[i].B[j] = in.read(p.chan[j].nbitsizes[BBITINDEX(i)]);\n\t\t}\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\tendpts[i].lsb = in.read(1);\n\t\n\tnvAssert (in.getptr() == 82);\n}\n\nstatic void write_indices(const int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], int shapeindex, Bits &out)\n{\n\tint positions[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tpositions[r] = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,r);\n\n\tfor (int pos = 0; pos < Tile::TILE_TOTAL; ++pos)\n\t{\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(pos);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(pos);\n\n\t\tbool match = false;\n\n\t\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\t\tif (positions[r] == pos) { match = true; break; }\n\n\t\tout.write(indices[y][x], INDEXBITS - (match ? ", "1 : 0));\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void read_indices(Bits &in, int shapeindex, int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W])\n{\n\tint positions[NREGIONS];\n\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tpositions[r] = SHAPEINDEX_TO_COMPRESSED_INDICES(shapeindex,r);\n\n\tfor (int pos = 0; pos < Tile::TILE_TOTAL; ++pos)\n\t{\n\t\tint x = POS_TO_X(pos);\n\t\tint y = POS_TO_Y(pos);\n\n\t\tbool match = false;\n\n\t\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\t\tif (positions[r] == pos) { match = true; break; }\n\n\t\tindices[y][x]= in.read(INDEXBITS - (match ? ", "1 : 0));\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic void emit_block(const IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], int shapeindex, const Pattern &p, const int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], char *block)\n{\n\tBits out(block, AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\twrite_header(endpts, shapeindex, p, out);\n\n\twrite_indices(indices, shapeindex, out);\n\n\tnvAssert(out.getptr() == AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n}\n\nstatic void generate_palette_quantized(const IntEndptsRGB_1 &endpts_1, const RegionPrec &region_prec, Vector4 palette[NINDICES])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB endpts;\n\n\tuncompress_one(endpts_1, endpts);\n\n\t// scale endpoints\n\tint a, b;\t\t\t// really need a IntVec4...\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[0], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[0]+1);\t// +1 since we are in uncompressed space\n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[0], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[0]+1);\n\n\t// note: don't simplify to a + ((b-a)*i + BIAS)/DENOM as that doesn't work due to the way C handles integer division of negatives\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].x = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[1], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[1]+1); \n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[1], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[1]+1);\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].y = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\ta = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "A[2], region_prec.endpt_a_prec[2]+1); \n\tb = Utils::unquantize(endpts.", "B[2], region_prec.endpt_b_prec[2]+1);\n\n\t// interpolate\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].z = float(Utils::lerp(a, b, i, BIAS, DENOM));\n\n\t// constant alpha\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[i].w = 255.0f;\n}\n\n// sign extend but only if it was transformed\nstatic void sign_extend(Pattern &p, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tnvUnreachable();\n}\n\nvoid AVPCL::decompress_mode1(const char *block, Tile &t)\n{\n\tBits in(block, AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\tPattern p;\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS];\n\tint shapeindex, pat_index;\n\n\tread_header(in, endpts, shapeindex, p, pat_index);\n\t\n\tif (p.transformed)\n\t{\n\t\tsign_extend(p, endpts);\n\t\ttransform_inverse(endpts);\n\t}\n\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\tfor (int r = 0; r < NREGIONS; ++r)\n\t\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts[r], pattern_precs[pat_index].region_precs[r], &palette[r][0]);\n\n\tint indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W];\n\n\tread_indices(in, shapeindex, indices);\n\n\tnvAssert(in.getptr() == AVPCL::BITSIZE);\n\n\t// lookup\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < Tile::TILE_H; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < Tile::TILE_W; x++)\n\t\tt.data[y][x] = palette[REGION(x,y,shapeindex)][indices[y][x]];\n}\n\n// given a collection of colors and quantized endpoints, generate a palette, choose best entries, and return a single toterr\nstatic float map_colors(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &endpts, const RegionPrec &region_prec, float current_err, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\tVector4 palette[NINDICES];\n\tfloat toterr = 0;\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts, region_prec, palette);\n\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < np; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int j = 0; j < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++j)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat err = Utils::metric4(colors[i], palette[j]) * importance[i];\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t\t\tindices[i] = j;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr += besterr;\n\n\t\t// check for early exit\n\t\tif (toterr > current_err)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t// fill out bogus index values so it's initialized at least\n\t\t\tfor (int k = i; k < np; ++k)\n\t\t\t\tindices[k] = -1;\n\n\t\t\treturn FLT_MAX;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn toterr;\n}\n\n// assign indices given a tile, shape, and quantized endpoints, return toterr for each region\nstatic void assign_indices(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, IntEndptsRGB_1 endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, \n\t\t\t\t\t\t int indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], float toterr[NREGIONS])\n{\n\t// build list of possibles\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tgenerate_palette_quantized(endpts[region], pattern_prec.region_precs[region], &palette[region][0]);\n\t\ttoterr[region] = 0;\n\t}\n\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t{\n\t\tint region = REGION(x,y,shapeindex);\n\t\tfloat err, besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\terr = Utils::metric4(tile.data[y][x], palette[region][i]);\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t\t\tindices[y][x] = i;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr[region] += besterr;\n\t}\n}\n\n// note: indices are valid only if the value returned is less than old_err; otherwise they contain -1's\n// this function returns either old_err or a value smaller (if it was successful in improving the error)\nstatic float perturb_one(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, int ch, const RegionPrec &region_prec, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &old_endpts, IntEndptsRGB_1 &new_endpts, \n\t\t\t\t\t\t float old_err, int do_b, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\t// we have the old endpoints: old_endpts\n\t// we have the perturbed endpoints: new_endpts\n\t// we have the temporary endpoints: temp_endpts\n\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_endpts;\n\tfloat min_err = old_err;\t\t// start with the best current error\n\tint beststep;\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\tindices[i] = -1;\n\n\t// copy real endpoints so we can perturb them\n\ttemp_endpts = new_endpts = old_endpts;\n\n\tint prec = do_b ? ", "region_prec.endpt_b_prec[ch] : region_prec.endpt_a_prec[ch];\n\n\t// do a logarithmic search for the best error for this endpoint (which)\n\tfor (int step = 1 << (prec-1); step; step >>= 1)\n\t{\n\t\tbool improved = false;\n\t\tfor (int sign = -1; sign <= 1; sign += 2)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_endpts.", "A[ch] + sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tif (temp_endpts.", "A[ch] < 0 || temp_endpts.", "A[ch] >= (1 << prec))\n\t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_endpts.", "B[ch] + sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tif (temp_endpts.", "B[ch] < 0 || temp_endpts.", "B[ch] >= (1 << prec))\n\t\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tfloat err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, min_err, temp_indices);\n\n\t\t\tif (err < min_err)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\timproved = true;\n\t\t\t\tmin_err = err;\n\t\t\t\tbeststep = sign * step;\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tindices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t// if this was an improvement, move the endpoint and continue search from there\n\t\tif (improved)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t\tnew_endpts.", "A[ch] += beststep;\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\tnew_endpts.", "B[ch] += beststep;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn min_err;\n}\n\n// the larger the error the more time it is worth spending on an exhaustive search.", "\n// perturb the endpoints at least -3 to 3.", "\n// if err > 5000 perturb endpoints 50% of precision\n// if err > 1000 25%\n// if err > 200 12.5%\n// if err > 40 6.25%\n// for np = 16 -- adjust error thresholds as a function of np\n// always ensure endpoint ordering is preserved (no need to overlap the scan)\n// if orig_err returned from this is less than its input value, then indices[] will contain valid indices\nstatic float exhaustive(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, int ch, const RegionPrec &region_prec, float orig_err, IntEndptsRGB_1 &opt_endpts, int indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL])\n{\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_endpts;\n\tfloat best_err = orig_err;\n\tint aprec = region_prec.endpt_a_prec[ch];\n\tint bprec = region_prec.endpt_b_prec[ch];\n\tint good_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\tindices[i] = -1;\n\n\tfloat thr_scale = (float)np / (float)Tile::TILE_TOTAL;\n\n\tif (orig_err == 0) return orig_err;\n\n\tint adelta = 0, bdelta = 0;\n\tif (orig_err > 5000.0*thr_scale)\t\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/2; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/2; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 1000.0*thr_scale)\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/4; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/4; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 200.0*thr_scale)\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/8; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/8; }\n\telse if (orig_err > 40.0*thr_scale)\t\t{ adelta = (1 << aprec)/16; bdelta = (1 << bprec)/16; }\n\tadelta = max(adelta, 3);\n\tbdelta = max(bdelta, 3);\n\n#ifdef\tDISABLE_EXHAUSTIVE\n\tadelta = bdelta = 3;\n#endif\n\n\ttemp_endpts = opt_endpts;\n\n\t// ok figure out the range of A and B\n\tint alow = max(0, opt_endpts.", "A[ch] - adelta);\n\tint ahigh = min((1<<aprec)-1, opt_endpts.", "A[ch] + adelta);\n\tint blow = max(0, opt_endpts.", "B[ch] - bdelta);\n\tint bhigh = min((1<<bprec)-1, opt_endpts.", "B[ch] + bdelta);\n\n\t// now there's no need to swap the ordering of A and B\n\tbool a_le_b = opt_endpts.", "A[ch] <= opt_endpts.", "B[ch];\n\n\tint amin, bmin;\n\n\tif (opt_endpts.", "A[ch] <= opt_endpts.", "B[ch])\n\t{\n\t\t// keep a <= b\n\t\tfor (int a = alow; a <= ahigh; ++a)\n\t\tfor (int b = max(a, blow); b < bhigh; ++b)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = a;\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = b;\n\t\t\n\t\t\tfloat err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, best_err, temp_indices);\n\t\t\tif (err < best_err) \n\t\t\t{ \n\t\t\t\tamin = a; \n\t\t\t\tbmin = b; \n\t\t\t\tbest_err = err;\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tgood_indices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\telse\n\t{\n\t\t// keep b <= a\n\t\tfor (int b = blow; b < bhigh; ++b)\n\t\tfor (int a = max(b, alow); a <= ahigh; ++a)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "A[ch] = a;\n\t\t\ttemp_endpts.", "B[ch] = b;\n\t\t\n float err = map_colors(colors, importance, np, temp_endpts, region_prec, best_err, temp_indices);\n\t\t\tif (err < best_err) \n\t\t\t{ \n\t\t\t\tamin = a; \n\t\t\t\tbmin = b; \n\t\t\t\tbest_err = err; \n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tgood_indices[i] = temp_indices[i];\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif (best_err < orig_err)\n\t{\n\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = amin;\n\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = bmin;\n\t\t// if we actually improved, update the indices\n\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\tindices[i] = good_indices[i];\n\t}\n\treturn best_err;\n}\n\nstatic float optimize_one(const Vector4 colors[], const float importance[], int np, float orig_err, const IntEndptsRGB_1 &orig_endpts, const RegionPrec &region_prec, IntEndptsRGB_1 &opt_endpts)\n{\n\tfloat opt_err = orig_err;\n\n\topt_endpts = orig_endpts;\n\n\t/*\n\t\terr0 = perturb(rgb0, delta0)\n\t\terr1 = perturb(rgb1, delta1)\n\t\tif (err0 < err1)\n\t\t\tif (err0 >= initial_error) break\n\t\t\trgb0 += delta0\n\t\t\tnext = 1\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tif (err1 >= initial_error) break\n\t\t\trgb1 += delta1\n\t\t\tnext = 0\n\t\tinitial_err = map()\n\t\tfor (;;)\n\t\t\terr = perturb(next ? ", "rgb1:rgb0, delta)\n\t\t\tif (err >= initial_err) break\n\t\t\tnext? ", "rgb1 : rgb0 += delta\n\t\t\tinitial_err = err\n\t*/\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 new_a, new_b;\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 new_endpt;\n\tint do_b;\n\tint orig_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint new_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices0[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tint temp_indices1[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\t// now optimize each channel separately\n\t// for the first error improvement, we save the indices. ", "then, for any later improvement, we compare the indices\n\t// if they differ, we restart the loop (which then falls back to looking for a first improvement.)", "\n\tfor (int ch = 0; ch < NCHANNELS_RGB; ++ch)\n\t{\n\t\t// figure out which endpoint when perturbed gives the most improvement and start there\n\t\t// if we just alternate, we can easily end up in a local minima\n\t\tfloat err0 = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_a, opt_err, 0, temp_indices0);\t// perturb endpt A\n float err1 = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_b, opt_err, 1, temp_indices1);\t// perturb endpt B\n\n\t\tif (err0 < err1)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (err0 >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = orig_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_a.", "A[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err0;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 1;\t\t// do B next\n\t\t}\n\t\telse\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (err1 >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = orig_indices[i] = temp_indices1[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_b.", "B[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err1;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 0;\t\t// do A next\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t// now alternate endpoints and keep trying until there is no improvement\n\t\tfor (;;)\n\t\t{\n float err = perturb_one(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_endpts, new_endpt, opt_err, do_b, temp_indices0);\n\t\t\tif (err >= opt_err)\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tnew_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\tnvAssert (new_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tif (do_b == 0)\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts.", "A[ch] = new_endpt.", "A[ch];\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts.", "B[ch] = new_endpt.", "B[ch];\n\t\t\topt_err = err;\n\t\t\tdo_b = 1 - do_b;\t// now move the other endpoint\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// see if the indices have changed\n\t\tint i;\n\t\tfor (i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\tif (orig_indices[i] !", "= new_indices[i])\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tif (i<np)\n\t\t\tch = -1;\t// start over\n\t}\n\n\t// finally, do a small exhaustive search around what we think is the global minima to be sure\n\t// note this is independent of the above search, so we don't care about the indices from the above\n\t// we don't care about the above because if they differ, so what? ", "we've already started at ch=0\n\tbool first = true;\n\tfor (int ch = 0; ch < NCHANNELS_RGB; ++ch)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat new_err = exhaustive(colors, importance, np, ch, region_prec, opt_err, opt_endpts, temp_indices0);\n\n\t\tif (new_err < opt_err)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\topt_err = new_err;\n\n\t\t\tif (first)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\torig_indices[i] = temp_indices0[i];\n\t\t\t\t\tnvAssert (orig_indices[i] !", "= -1);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tfirst = false;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t// see if the indices have changed\n\t\t\t\tint i;\n\t\t\t\tfor (i=0; i<np; ++i)\n\t\t\t\t\tif (orig_indices[i] !", "= temp_indices0[i])\n\t\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\t\t\tif (i<np)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tch = -1;\t// start over\n\t\t\t\t\tfirst = true;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn opt_err;\n}\n\nstatic void optimize_endpts(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, const float orig_err[NREGIONS], \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIntEndptsRGB_1 orig_endpts[NREGIONS], const PatternPrec &pattern_prec, float opt_err[NREGIONS], IntEndptsRGB_1 opt_endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tVector4 pixels[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n float importance[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 temp_in, temp_out;\n\tint temp_indices[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\n\tfor (int region=0; region<NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\t// collect the pixels in the region\n\t\tint np = 0;\n\n for (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++) {\n for (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++) {\n if (REGION(x, y, shapeindex) == region) {\n pixels[np] = tile.data[y][x];\n importance[np] = tile.importance_map[y][x];\n np++;\n }\n }\n }\n\n\t\topt_endpts[region] = temp_in = orig_endpts[region];\n\t\topt_err[region] = orig_err[region];\n\n\t\tfloat best_err = orig_err[region];\n\n\t\tfor (int lsbmode=0; lsbmode<NLSBMODES; ++lsbmode)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\ttemp_in.lsb = lsbmode;\n\n\t\t\t// make sure we have a valid error for temp_in\n\t\t\t// we use FLT_MAX here because we want an accurate temp_in_err, no shortcuts\n\t\t\t// (mapcolors will compute a mapping but will stop if the error exceeds the value passed in the FLT_MAX position)\n float temp_in_err = map_colors(pixels, importance, np, temp_in, pattern_prec.region_precs[region], FLT_MAX, temp_indices);\n\n\t\t\t// now try to optimize these endpoints\n\t\t\tfloat temp_out_err = optimize_one(pixels, importance, np, temp_in_err, temp_in, pattern_prec.region_precs[region], temp_out);\n\n\t\t\t// if we find an improvement, update the best so far and correct the output endpoints and errors\n\t\t\tif (temp_out_err < best_err)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tbest_err = temp_out_err;\n\t\t\t\topt_err[region] = temp_out_err;\n\t\t\t\topt_endpts[region] = temp_out;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n\n/* optimization algorithm\n\tfor each pattern\n\t\tconvert endpoints using pattern precision\n\t\tassign indices and get initial error\n\t\tcompress indices (and possibly reorder endpoints)\n\t\ttransform endpoints\n\t\tif transformed endpoints fit pattern\n\t\t\tget original endpoints back\n\t\t\toptimize endpoints, get new endpoints, new indices, and new error // new error will almost always be better\n\t\t\tcompress new indices\n\t\t\ttransform new endpoints\n\t\t\tif new endpoints fit pattern AND if error is improved\n\t\t\t\temit compressed block with new data\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\temit compressed block with original data // to try to preserve maximum endpoint precision\n*/\n\nstatic float refine(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex_best, const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], char *block)\n{\n\tfloat orig_err[NREGIONS], opt_err[NREGIONS], orig_toterr, opt_toterr, expected_opt_err[NREGIONS];\n\tIntEndptsRGB_1 orig_endpts[NREGIONS], opt_endpts[NREGIONS];\n\tint orig_indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W], opt_indices[Tile::TILE_H][Tile::TILE_W];\n\n\tfor (int sp = 0; sp < NPATTERNS; ++sp)\n\t{\n\t\tquantize_endpts(endpts, pattern_precs[sp], orig_endpts);\n\t\tassign_indices(tile, shapeindex_best, orig_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], orig_indices, orig_err);\n\t\tswap_indices(orig_endpts, orig_indices, shapeindex_best);\n\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\ttransform_forward(orig_endpts);\n\t\t// apply a heuristic here -- we check if the endpoints fit before we try to optimize them.", "\n\t\t// the assumption made is that if they don't fit now, they won't fit after optimizing.", "\n\t\tif (endpts_fit(orig_endpts, patterns[sp]))\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\ttransform_inverse(orig_endpts);\n\t\t\toptimize_endpts(tile, shapeindex_best, orig_err, orig_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], expected_opt_err, opt_endpts);\n\t\t\tassign_indices(tile, shapeindex_best, opt_endpts, pattern_precs[sp], opt_indices, opt_err);\n\t\t\t// (nreed) Commented out asserts because they go off all the time...not sure why\n\t\t\t//for (int i=0; i<NREGIONS; ++i)\n\t\t\t//\tnvAssert(expected_opt_err[i] == opt_err[i]);\n\t\t\tswap_indices(opt_endpts, opt_indices, shapeindex_best);\n\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\ttransform_forward(opt_endpts);\n\t\t\torig_toterr = opt_toterr = 0;\n\t\t\tfor (int i=0; i < NREGIONS; ++i) { orig_toterr += orig_err[i]; opt_toterr += opt_err[i]; }\n\t\t\t//nvAssert(opt_toterr <= orig_toterr);\n\t\t\tif (endpts_fit(opt_endpts, patterns[sp]) && opt_toterr < orig_toterr)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\temit_block(opt_endpts, shapeindex_best, patterns[sp], opt_indices, block);\n\t\t\t\treturn opt_toterr;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t// either it stopped fitting when we optimized it, or there was no improvement\n\t\t\t\t// so go back to the unoptimized endpoints which we know will fit\n\t\t\t\tif (patterns[sp].transformed)\n\t\t\t\t\ttransform_forward(orig_endpts);\n\t\t\t\temit_block(orig_endpts, shapeindex_best, patterns[sp], orig_indices, block);\n\t\t\t\treturn orig_toterr;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tnvAssert(false); //throw \"No candidate found, should never happen (mode avpcl 1).\";", "\n\treturn FLT_MAX;\n}\n\nstatic void clamp(Vector4 &v)\n{\n\tif (v.x < 0.0f) v.x = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.x > 255.0f) v.x = 255.0f;\n\tif (v.y < 0.0f) v.y = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.y > 255.0f) v.y = 255.0f;\n\tif (v.z < 0.0f) v.z = 0.0f;\n\tif (v.z > 255.0f) v.z = 255.0f;\n\tv.w = 255.0f;\n}\n\nstatic void generate_palette_unquantized(const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS], Vector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES])\n{\n\tfor (int region = 0; region < NREGIONS; ++region)\n\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES; ++i)\n\t\tpalette[region][i] = Utils::lerp(endpts[region].A, endpts[region].B, i, 0, DENOM);\n}\n\n// generate a palette from unquantized endpoints, then pick best palette color for all pixels in each region, return toterr for all regions combined\nstatic float map_colors(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, const FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\t// build list of possibles\n\tVector4 palette[NREGIONS][NINDICES];\n\n\tgenerate_palette_unquantized(endpts, palette);\n\n\tfloat toterr = 0;\n\tVector4 err;\n\n\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t{\n\t\tint region = REGION(x,y,shapeindex);\n\t\tfloat besterr = FLT_MAX;\n\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < NINDICES && besterr > 0; ++i)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat err = Utils::metric4(tile.data[y][x], palette[region][i]) * tile.importance_map[y][x];\n\n\t\t\tif (err > besterr)\t// error increased, so we're done searching. ", "this works for most norms.", "\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\tif (err < besterr)\n\t\t\t\tbesterr = err;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttoterr += besterr;\n\t}\n\treturn toterr;\n}\n\nstatic float rough(const Tile &tile, int shapeindex, FltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS])\n{\n\tfor (int region=0; region<NREGIONS; ++region)\n\t{\n\t\tint np = 0;\n\t\tVector3 colors[Tile::TILE_TOTAL];\n\t\tfloat alphas[2];\n\t\tVector4 mean(0,0,0,0);\n\n\t\tfor (int y = 0; y < tile.size_y; y++)\n\t\tfor (int x = 0; x < tile.size_x; x++)\n\t\t\tif (REGION(x,y,shapeindex) == region)\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tcolors[np] = tile.data[y][x].xyz();\n\t\t\t\tif (np < 2) alphas[np] = tile.data[y][x].w;\n\t\t\t\tmean += tile.data[y][x];\n\t\t\t\t++np;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t// handle simple cases\t\n\t\tif (np == 0)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tVector4 zero(0,0,0,255.0f);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = zero;\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = zero;\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse if (np == 1)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse if (np == 2)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tendpts[region].A = Vector4(colors[0], alphas[0]);\n\t\t\tendpts[region].B = Vector4(colors[1], alphas[1]);\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tmean /= float(np);\n\n\t\tVector3 direction = Fit::computePrincipalComponent_EigenSolver(np, colors);\n\n\t\t// project each pixel value along the principal direction\n\t\tfloat minp = FLT_MAX, maxp = -FLT_MAX;\n\t\tfor (int i = 0; i < np; i++) \n\t\t{\n\t\t\tfloat dp = dot(colors[i]-mean.xyz(), direction);\n\t\t\tif (dp < minp) minp = dp;\n\t\t\tif (dp > maxp) maxp = dp;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// choose as endpoints 2 points along the principal direction that span the projections of all of the pixel values\n\t\tendpts[region].A = mean + minp*Vector4(direction, 0);\n\t\tendpts[region].B = mean + maxp*Vector4(direction, 0);\n\n\t\t// clamp endpoints\n\t\t// the argument for clamping is that the actual endpoints need to be clamped and thus we need to choose the best\n\t\t// shape based on endpoints being clamped\n\t\tclamp(endpts[region].A);\n\t\tclamp(endpts[region].B);\n\t}\n\n\treturn map_colors(tile, shapeindex, endpts);\n}\n\nstatic void swap(float *list1, int *list2, int i, int j)\n{\n\tfloat t = list1[i]; list1[i] = list1[j]; list1[j] = t;\n\tint t1 = list2[i]; list2[i] = list2[j]; list2[j] = t1;\n}\n\nfloat AVPCL::compress_mode1(const Tile &t, char *block)\n{\n\t// number of rough cases to look at. ", "reasonable values of this are 1, NSHAPES/4, and NSHAPES\n\t// NSHAPES/4 gets nearly all the cases; you can increase that a bit (say by 3 or 4) if you really want to squeeze the last bit out\n\tconst int NITEMS=NSHAPES/4;\n\n\t// pick the best NITEMS shapes and refine these.", "\n\tstruct {\n\t\tFltEndpts endpts[NREGIONS];\n\t} all[NSHAPES];\n\tfloat roughmse[NSHAPES];\n\tint index[NSHAPES];\n\tchar tempblock[AVPCL::BLOCKSIZE];\n\tfloat msebest = FLT_MAX;\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NSHAPES; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\troughmse[i] = rough(t, i, &all[i].endpts[0]);\n\t\tindex[i] = i;\n\t}\n\n\t// bubble sort -- only need to bubble up the first NITEMS items\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NITEMS; ++i)\n\tfor (int j=i+1; j<NSHAPES; ++j)\n\t\tif (roughmse[i] > roughmse[j])\n\t\t\tswap(roughmse, index, i, j);\n\n\tfor (int i=0; i<NITEMS && msebest>0; ++i)\n\t{\n\t\tint shape = index[i];\n\t\tfloat mse = refine(t, shape, &all[shape].endpts[0], tempblock);\n\t\tif (mse < msebest)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tmemcpy(block, tempblock, sizeof(tempblock));\n\t\t\tmsebest = mse;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn msebest;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "This is it. ", " So sorry I left you name off.", "\n\nKay\n\n\n \n\t\n\t\n\tFrom: David W Delainey 08/15/2000 03:28 PM\n\t\n\nSent by: Kay Chapman\nTo: Tim Belden/HOU/ECT@ECT, Kevin M Presto/HOU/ECT@ECT, John \nArnold/HOU/ECT@ECT, Scott Neal/HOU/ECT@ECT, Hunter S Shively/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nPhillip K Allen/HOU/ECT@ECT, Janet R Dietrich/HOU/ECT@ECT, Christopher F \nCalger/PDX/ECT@ECT, W David Duran/HOU/ECT@ECT, Raymond Bowen/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nJeff Donahue/HOU/ECT@ECT, Brian Redmond/HOU/ECT@ECT, C John \nThompson/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Scott Josey/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Rob \nMilnthorp/CAL/ECT@ECT, Max Yzaguirre/NA/Enron@ENRON, Beth \nPerlman/HOU/ECT@ECT, Wes Colwell/HOU/ECT@ECT, Sally Beck/HOU/ECT@ECT, David \nOxley/HOU/ECT@ECT, Joseph Deffner/HOU/ECT@ECT, Jordan Mintz/HOU/ECT@ECT, Mark \nE Haedicke/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Mollie Gustafson/PDX/ECT@ECT, Felicia Doan/HOU/ECT@ECT, Ina \nRangel/HOU/ECT@ECT, Kimberly Brown/HOU/ECT@ECT, Airam Arteaga/HOU/ECT@ECT, \nChristy Chapman/HOU/ECT@ECT, Tina Rode/HOU/ECT@ECT, Marsha \nSchiller/HOU/ECT@ECT, Lillian Carroll/HOU/ECT@ECT, Tonai \nLehr/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Nicole Mayer/HOU/ECT@ECT, Darlene C \nForsyth/HOU/ECT@ECT, Janette Elbertson/HOU/ECT@ECT, Angela \nMcCulloch/CAL/ECT@ECT, Pilar Cerezo/NA/Enron@ENRON, Cherylene R \nWestbrook/HOU/ECT@ECT, Shirley Tijerina/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Nicki \nDaw/NA/Enron@Enron, Kimberly Hillis/HOU/ECT@ect, Patti Thompson/HOU/ECT \nSubject: ENA Management Committee\n\n\nThis is a reminder !!!!! ", " There will be a Friday Meeting August 18, 2000. ", " \nThis meeting replaces the every Friday Meeting and will be held every other \nFriday.", "\n\n \n Date: Friday August 18, 2000\n\n Time: 2:30 pm - 4:30 pm\n\n Location: 30C1 \n \n Topic: ENA Management Committee\n\n \n\n\nIf you have any questions or conflicts, please feel free to call me (3-0643) \nor Bev (3-7857).", "\n\nThanks,\n\nKay 3-0643" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

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[ "Confined spin waves reveal an assembly of nanosize domains in ferromagneticLa1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0.17,0.2).", "\nWe report a study of spin waves in ferromagnetic La1-xCaxMnO3, at concentrations x=0.17 and x=0.2 very close to the metallic transition (x=0.225). ", "Below T(C), in the quasimetallic state (T=150 K), nearly q-independent energy levels are observed. ", "They are characteristic of standing spin waves confined into finite-size ferromagnetic domains, defined only in the (a,b) plane for x=0.17, and in all directions for x=0.2. ", "They allow an estimation of the domain's size, a few lattice spacings, and of the magnetic coupling constants inside the domains. ", "These constants, anisotropic, are typical of an orbital-ordered state, allowing one to characterize the domains as \"hole poor.\" ", "The precursor state of the collossal magnetoresistance metallic phase appears, therefore, as an assembly of small orbital-ordered domains." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to create permanent table in spark sql\n\nin my project, I'm transferring data from MongoDB to SparkSQL table for SQL-based queries. ", "But Spark SQL let me to create temporary files. ", "When I want to query something, execution time is very high, because data transferring and mapping operation takes too much time. ", "\nSo, can I reduce execution time? ", "Can I create permanent Spark SQL tables? ", "Can I query permanent tables with JDBC?", "\nI'm adding my code and execution time results. ", "I'm doing everything on standalone mode.", "\npackage com.mongodb.spark.sql;\n\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport org.apache.hadoop.conf.", "Configuration;\nimport org.apache.spark.", "SparkConf;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.", "JavaRDD;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.", "JavaSparkContext;\nimport org.apache.spark.api.java.function.", "Function;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "DataFrame;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "Row;\nimport org.apache.spark.sql.", "SQLContext;\nimport org.bson.", "BSONObject;\n\nimport com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat;\nimport com.mongodb.spark.demo.", "Observation;\nimport com.mongodb.spark.demo.", "Sensor;\n\nimport scala.", "Tuple2;\n\npublic class SparkSqlMongo {\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n\n Configuration conf = new Configuration();\n\n conf.set(\"mongo.job.input.format\", \"com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat\");\n conf.set(\"mongo.input.uri\", \"mongodb://localhost:27017/test.observations\");\n\n Configuration sensConf = new Configuration();\n\n sensConf.set(\"mongo.job.input.format\", \"com.mongodb.hadoop.", "MongoInputFormat\");\n sensConf.set(\"mongo.input.uri\", \"mongodb://localhost:27017/test.sens\");\n\n SparkConf sconf = new SparkConf().setMaster(\"local[2]\").setAppName(\"SQL DENEME\").set(\"nsmc.connection.host\",\n \"mongodb:\");\n\n JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(sconf);\n SQLContext sql = new SQLContext(sc);\n\n JavaRDD<Observation> obs = sc.newAPIHadoopRDD(conf, MongoInputFormat.class, Object.class, BSONObject.class)\n .map(new Function<Tuple2<Object, BSONObject>, Observation>() {\n\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n @Override\n public Observation call(Tuple2<Object, BSONObject> v1) throws Exception {\n\n int id = (int) v1._2.get(\"_id\");\n double value = (double) v1._2.get(\"Value\");\n // Date time = (Date) v1._2.get(\"Time\");\n int sensor = (int) v1._2.get(\"SensorId\");\n int stream = (int) v1._2.get(\"DataStreamId\");\n\n Observation obs = new Observation(id, value, sensor, stream);\n return obs;\n\n }\n });\n\n DataFrame obsi = sql.createDataFrame(obs, Observation.class);\n\n obsi.registerTempTable(\"obsi\");\n\n JavaRDD<Sensor> sens = sc.newAPIHadoopRDD(sensConf, MongoInputFormat.class, Object.class, BSONObject.class)\n .map(new Function<Tuple2<Object, BSONObject>, Sensor>() {\n\n /**\n * \n */\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n @Override\n public Sensor call(Tuple2<Object, BSONObject> v1) throws Exception {\n\n int id = (int) v1._2.get(\"_id\");\n String name = (String) v1._2.get(\"Name\");\n String description = (String) v1._2.get(\"Description\");\n\n Sensor s = new Sensor(id, name, description);\n\n System.out.println(s.getName());\n return s;\n\n }\n });\n\n DataFrame sensi = sql.createDataFrame(sens, Sensor.class);\n\n sensi.registerTempTable(\"sensi\");\n\n sensi.show();\n\n long start = System.currentTimeMillis();\n\n DataFrame obser = sql\n .sql(\"SELECT obsi.value, obsi.id, sensi.name FROM obsi, sensi WHERE obsi.sensorID = sensi.id and sensi.id = 107\")\n .cache();\n long stop = System.currentTimeMillis();\n\n // System.out.println(\"count ====>>> \" + a.toString());\n System.out.println(\"toplam sorgu zamani : \" + (stop - start));\n ;\n //\n // while(!obser.equals(null)){\n // System.out.println(obser);\n // }\n\n List<String> names = obser.javaRDD().map(new Function<Row, String>() {\n\n private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n public String call(Row row) {\n\n // System.out.println(row);\n // System.out.println(\"value : \" + row.getDouble(0) + \" id : \" +\n // row.getInt(1) + \" name : \" + row.getString(0));\n return \"Name: \" + row;\n }\n }).collect();\n\n}\n\n}\nAll execution time is about 120 seconds for about 5M observation and 1K sns data. ", "I join these tables and this execution time is very high and unacceptable.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, you can improve program execution time by Caching your Table, Dataframe or Rdd.", "\nAnd, if you want to save you data as a permanent table than you can use df.saveAsTable method but dataframe should be created through HiveContext.", "\nFor the JDBC connection you need to start your Thrift service then you can perform Spark Sql on registers tables.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Affliction Warlock: When to play aff, and the do's and don'ts of the spec\n\nHello and welcome to this short guide covering the strengths and weaknesses of the Affliction Warlock, this guide is written by Luc\\u00ee\\u00fbs, I stream sometimes on twitch. ", "I also maintain a blog for the affliction spec at https:\\/\\/legionafflictionwarlock.wordpress.com\\r\\rFor more Warlock discussion, visit their Class Discord.\\r\\rWhen you should consider playing the affliction spec\\rWhen to Affliction\\rAffliction\\u2019s strengths in raids are mostly multi-target, especially 3 or more targets, and its mobility is insane compared to Destro or Demo, and most specs in the game. ", "It is a spec that thrives on fights with adds that can give you high stacks of wrath of consumption and reap stacks.\\rSome examples of the fights affliction is very good on are: Renferal, the spiders although infrequent provide you with some minor WoC uptime, and the fight has a large amount of moving around. ", "Odyn, While affliction is not that great at runebearer damage if your guild needs it that is; BUT you get WoC stacks from them, and that\\u2019s enough to get it close to Destro in phase 1 \\/ 2 cleave. ", "It\\u2019s got straight up better ST and better mobility for phase 3.\\rBut, Afflictions most important strength arguably is Absolute Corruption cheesing. ", "Especially on fights like Dragons \\/ Helya are excellent examples of fights for the affliction spec to shine, also AC lets you do ungodly damage to the dragons, and the tentacles (keep in mind that this isn't padding), as both fights have adds that allow you to maintain the 5-stack buff from Wrath of Consumption for a large portion of the fight, both fights also have a decent amount of movement. ", "\\r\\rNow here's where affliction can fall short\\rWeaknesses of the spec\\rAffliction is a spec with absolutely Zero burst potential\\rThe spec is arguably terrible on target swapping\\rWhen running with Soul Effigy builds, the spec feels clunky\\rThe spec is far too reliant on 100% uptimes of both the Wrath of Consumption and Reap Soul buffs to deal top end DPS; if a warlock cannot keep these at 100% their damage throughput plummets.\\rThe strongest trait on the Artifact by far is Wrath of Consumption by a mile and a half\\rThe spec is crippled by RNG, inconsistent damage from pull to pull, and Awkward Soul Shard generation\\r\\r\n\nComentários\n\nComentado por Desertcobra\n\nYou speak of \"Wrath of Corruption\" as if it is a spell which you can cast up to 5 stacks. ", "There is no \"Wrath of Corruption\" spell in the spell book that I can see. \"", "Wrath of Corruption\" is only on the Artifact Weapon. ", "Perhaps you mean Unstable Affliction which is a castable spell that can stack 5 times." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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"ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64014,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.description\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64014,opt,name=description\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Testgen = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64015,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.testgen\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64015,opt,name=testgen\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Benchgen = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64016,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.benchgen\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64016,opt,name=benchgen\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Marshaler = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64017,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.marshaler\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64017,opt,name=marshaler\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Unmarshaler = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64018,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.unmarshaler\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64018,opt,name=unmarshaler\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_StableMarshaler = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64019,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.stable_marshaler\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64019,opt,name=stable_marshaler\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Sizer = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64020,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.sizer\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64020,opt,name=sizer\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_UnsafeMarshaler = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64023,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.unsafe_marshaler\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64023,opt,name=unsafe_marshaler\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_UnsafeUnmarshaler = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64024,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.unsafe_unmarshaler\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64024,opt,name=unsafe_unmarshaler\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_GoprotoExtensionsMap = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64025,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.goproto_extensions_map\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64025,opt,name=goproto_extensions_map\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_GoprotoUnrecognized = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64026,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.goproto_unrecognized\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64026,opt,name=goproto_unrecognized\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Protosizer = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64028,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.protosizer\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64028,opt,name=protosizer\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Compare = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64029,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.compare\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64029,opt,name=compare\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Typedecl = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64030,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.typedecl\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64030,opt,name=typedecl\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Messagename = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64033,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.messagename\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64033,opt,name=messagename\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_GoprotoSizecache = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64034,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.goproto_sizecache\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64034,opt,name=goproto_sizecache\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_GoprotoUnkeyed = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "MessageOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 64035,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.goproto_unkeyed\",\n\tTag: \"varint,64035,opt,name=goproto_unkeyed\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Nullable = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 65001,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.nullable\",\n\tTag: \"varint,65001,opt,name=nullable\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Embed = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 65002,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.embed\",\n\tTag: \"varint,65002,opt,name=embed\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Customtype = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65003,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.customtype\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65003,opt,name=customtype\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Customname = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65004,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.customname\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65004,opt,name=customname\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Jsontag = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65005,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.jsontag\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65005,opt,name=jsontag\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Moretags = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65006,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.moretags\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65006,opt,name=moretags\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Casttype = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65007,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.casttype\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65007,opt,name=casttype\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Castkey = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65008,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.castkey\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65008,opt,name=castkey\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Castvalue = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*string)(nil),\n\tField: 65009,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.castvalue\",\n\tTag: \"bytes,65009,opt,name=castvalue\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Stdtime = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 65010,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.stdtime\",\n\tTag: \"varint,65010,opt,name=stdtime\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Stdduration = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 65011,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.stdduration\",\n\tTag: \"varint,65011,opt,name=stdduration\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nvar E_Wktpointer = &proto.", "ExtensionDesc{\n\tExtendedType: (*descriptor.", "FieldOptions)(nil),\n\tExtensionType: (*bool)(nil),\n\tField: 65012,\n\tName: \"gogoproto.wktpointer\",\n\tTag: \"varint,65012,opt,name=wktpointer\",\n\tFilename: \"gogo.proto\",\n}\n\nfunc init() {\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoEnumPrefix)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoEnumStringer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EnumStringer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EnumCustomname)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Enumdecl)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EnumvalueCustomname)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoGettersAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoEnumPrefixAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoStringerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_VerboseEqualAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_FaceAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GostringAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_PopulateAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_StringerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_OnlyoneAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EqualAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_DescriptionAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_TestgenAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_BenchgenAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_MarshalerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_UnmarshalerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_StableMarshalerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_SizerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoEnumStringerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EnumStringerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_UnsafeMarshalerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_UnsafeUnmarshalerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoExtensionsMapAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoUnrecognizedAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GogoprotoImport)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_ProtosizerAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_CompareAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_TypedeclAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_EnumdeclAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoRegistration)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_MessagenameAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoSizecacheAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoUnkeyedAll)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoGetters)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoStringer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_VerboseEqual)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Face)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Gostring)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Populate)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Stringer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Onlyone)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Equal)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Description)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Testgen)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Benchgen)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Marshaler)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Unmarshaler)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_StableMarshaler)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Sizer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_UnsafeMarshaler)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_UnsafeUnmarshaler)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoExtensionsMap)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoUnrecognized)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Protosizer)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Compare)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Typedecl)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Messagename)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoSizecache)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_GoprotoUnkeyed)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Nullable)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Embed)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Customtype)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Customname)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Jsontag)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Moretags)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Casttype)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Castkey)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Castvalue)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Stdtime)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Stdduration)\n\tproto.", "RegisterExtension(E_Wktpointer)\n}\n\nfunc init() { proto.", "RegisterFile(\"gogo.proto\", fileDescriptor_592445b5231bc2b9) }\n\nvar fileDescriptor_592445b5231bc2b9 = []byte{\n\t// 1328 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto\n\t0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0x94, 0x98, 0x49, 0x6f, 0x1c, 0x45,\n\t0x14, 0x80, 0x85, 0x48, 0x64, 0x4f, 0x79, 0x8b, 0xc7, 0xc6, 0x84, 0x08, 0x44, 0xe0, 0xc4, 0xc9,\n\t0x3e, 0x45, 0x28, 0x65, 0x45, 0x96, 0x63, 0x39, 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[ "Q:\n\nMore than one Foreign Key to the same table?", "\n\nI am trying to save a foreign key in 2 columns of a row. ", "For some reason, this is acting wonky because some of the navigation properties are showing up as columns in my table... Here is the model. ", "What am I doing wrong?", "\n public class BorrowedPerson\n {\n public int BorrowedPersonID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> PersonID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> CompanyID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> TempCompanyID { get; set; }\n public virtual Person Person { get; set; }\n public virtual Company Company { get; set; }\n public virtual Company TempCompanyID { get; set; }\n }\n\nA:\n\nI figured it out... Very simple answer. ", "When you are specifying more than one navigation property to the same type, it requires you to manually specify the foreign key like so.", "\npublic class BorrowedPerson\n {\n public int BorrowedPersonID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> PersonID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> CompanyID { get; set; }\n public Nullable<int> TempCompanyID { get; set; }\n public virtual Person Person { get; set; }\n [ForeignKey(\"CompanyID \")]\n public virtual Company Company { get; set; }\n [ForeignKey(\"TempCompanyID\")]\n public virtual Company TempCompanyID { get; set; }\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Gregory Smith (cricketer)\n\nGregory Smith is a Caymanian cricketer. ", "He played in two matches for the Cayman Islands cricket team in the 2017 ICC World Cricket League Division Five tournament in South Africa.", "\n\nIn August 2019, he was named in the Cayman Islands cricket team's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournament.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Caymanian cricketers\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Police at Los Angeles International Airport deployed a Taser on a man who breached security Wednesday morning at a screening area.", "\n\nAfter police used the Taser, the man was taken to an area hospital for medical treatment, according to Los Angeles airport police.", "\n\nPolice said the man was not cooperating with Transportation Security Administration officers in the airport screening area at Terminal 6.", "\n\nAirport police tried to assist TSA officers, but the man refused to cooperate and pushed past an officer, police said. ", "They followed him and detained him at Gate 66.", "\n\n\nVideos taken by airport passengers and posted to social media show the man lying on the ground as an officer deploys the Taser.", "\n\nThe man appeared to be moving around on the ground as the officer followed him and pointed the Taser at him.", "\n\nActor Verne Troyer, best known for his role as “Mini-Me” in the Austin Powers film series, was at the airport and filmed the man’s interaction with police.", "\n\nIn Troyer’s video, an officer appears to be placing handcuffs on the man, who then breaks free and walks away. ", "The officer yells, “Get on the ground, sir. ", "You wanna get Tased? ", "Stop.”", "\n\n\nThe video shows the man ignoring officers as he walks up a flight of stairs. ", "The officer then yells, “Taser, Taser, Taser.” ", "Moments later, the Taser was deployed.", "\n\nLos Angeles airport police are investigating the incident.", "\n\nFor breaking news in California, follow @VeronicaRochaLA" ]

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[ "WASHINGTON (AFP) - Kim Jong Un's decision to invite Donald Trump to a historic summit is evidence that the American leader's efforts to isolate his North Korean counterpart are bearing fruit, US Vice-President Mike Pence said on Friday (March 9).", "\n\n\"North Korea's desire to meet to discuss denuclearisation - while suspending all ballistic missile and nuclear testing - is evidence that President Trump's strategy to isolate the Kim regime is working,\" Pence said in a statement.", "\n\nThe North Koreans \"are coming to the table despite the United States making zero concessions and, in close coordination with our allies, we have consistently increased the pressure on the Kim regime,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Our resolve is undeterred and our policy remains the same: all sanctions remain in place and the maximum pressure campaign will continue until North Korea takes concrete, permanent, and verifiable steps to end their nuclear programme.\"", "\n\nTrump's agreement on Thursday to meet North Korea's reclusive leader marked a stunning development in America's high-stakes nuclear standoff with North Korea - interpreted by some analysts as a diplomatic win for Kim.", "\n\nPrevious North Korean leaders have sought face-to-face talks with consecutive US presidents, who consistently rebuffed the idea.", "\n\nFaced with Pyongyang's race to develop a nuclear weapon capable of hitting the continental United States, Trump's strategy has been to ramp up sanctions, tighten the diplomatic screws and regularly threaten military force.", "\n\nBut as last month's Winter Olympics drove a rapprochement on the peninsula, Pence travelled to South Korea, rubbing shoulders with Kim's sister, and appearing open to a meeting with North Korean officials - although it was the North Koreans and South Koreans who actually met.", "\n\nUS officials said Pyongyang had scrapped secretly planned talks at the last minute after Pence denounced abuses from North Korea's \"murderous regime\".", "\n\nThe Straits Times\n\nWe have been experiencing some problems with subscriber log-ins and apologise for the inconvenience caused. ", "Until we resolve the issues, subscribers need not log in to access ST Digital articles. ", "But a log-in is still required for our PDFs." ]

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[ "286 F.2d 50\nRichard WILLIAMS, Appellant,v.UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD, a Utah corporation, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "16712.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.", "\nDecember 28, 1960.", "\n\nJ. Kelly Farris, Nels Peterson, Berkeley Lent, Portland, Or., ", "for appellant.", "\nRandall B. Kester, Walter J. Cosgrave, Portland, Or., ", "for appellee.", "\nBefore CHAMBERS, HAMLEY, and HAMLIN, Circuit Judges.", "\nHAMLIN, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nRichard Williams, appellant herein, filed an action in the District Court for the District of Oregon against the Union Pacific Railroad, appellee herein, claiming damages under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, 45 U.S.C.A. § 51 et seq., ", "by reason of injuries suffered on August 22, 1958, while he was employed by appellee as a dining car waiter. ", "The case was tried to a jury which rendered a verdict in favor of the railroad. ", "A motion for a new trial made by appellant was denied by the district judge, and appellant filed an appeal to this court. ", "Jurisdiction in the district court and in this court is conceded.", "\n\n\n2\nThe evidence showed that about 7 A.M. on August 22, 1958, the train on which appellant was working was near La Grande, Oregon, travelling at a speed of 40 miles an hour. ", "When it was \"very close\", about five or six car lengths, to a crossing, the engineer and the engine foreman at about the same time saw at the crossing in the path of the train a plank 24 feet long, 12 inches wide, and four inches thick, lying diagonally across one of the tracks. ", "Trainmen testified that such a plank constituted a derailment hazard to the train. ", "The operator of the train immediately applied the emergency brakes, and the train came to a stop in about one train length. ", "The appellant was working in the pantry of the dining car when the emergency brakes were applied. ", "He testified that he had a coffee cup in his left hand. ", "He said that there was a sudden violent lurch which threw him forward into a counter, and that then he was thrown backwards. ", "He testified that the accident happened very quickly; that he didn't have time to grab onto anything; and that he didn't know exactly what happened. ", "As a result of this accident, he claimed to have suffered injuries.", "\n\n\n3\nWilliams relies upon four claimed errors by the district court. ", "As stated in appellant's brief, \"The questions presented by this appeal are: (1) Whether the Trial Court erred in ruling on plaintiff's offer of the operating rules of defendant; (2) Whether the Trial Court erred in granting defendant's motion to withdraw a certain allegation of negligence by defendant in failing to maintain handrailings; (3) Whether the Trial Court erred in permitting opinion evidence as to whether the plaintiff could hear a certain whistle; (4) Whether the Trial Court erred in its instruction on the doctrine of unavoidable accident.", "\"1 We will discuss these claimed errors in the order in which they are set out above.", "\n\n\n4\nDuring his testimony at the trial the engineer who was operating the train at the time of the accident was asked whether or not he gave any signal immediately prior to applying the emergency brakes. ", "When he replied that he did not blow any signal and testified that no such signal was required, counsel for appellant offered in evidence the 213-page rule book of the appellee.2 The court declined to admit the rule book as substantive evidence, but stated that he would permit appellant's counsel to cross-examine the railroad's witnesses concerning it. ", "Appellant's counsel then called the engineer's attention to certain printed matter in the rule book which is set out below.3 The following testimony was elicited:\n\n\n5\n\"Q. Mr. Ladd, are you governed by that certain prescribed signal which appears at Page 18 of the Consolidated Code of Operating Rules and General Instructions which indicates that a sound of one short blast of the whistle indicates `Apply brakes, stop'? ", "A. That's right * * * That signal is used in yard operations, apply brake, signaling to the yardmen that the brakes are applied and that the train line can be tested. ", "It is used as a warning signal to the other trains in the yard requiring them to stop. ", "It's a yard operation.", "\n\n\n6\n* * * * * *\n\n\n7\n\"Q. Just show the jury where it says that that signal of one short blast is a signal for yard engines and to be used within the yard. ", "Show us that, please, Mr. Ladd. ", "A. The rule says, `One short sound, apply brakes, stop.'", "\n\n\n8\n\"Q. I understand that, sir. ", "Now, would you show the jury where it says anything else about that? ", "A. That's all it does say.", "\n\n\n9\n\"Q. Thank you, sir. ", "Did you at any time give a signal of one short blast? ", "A. No, sir.\"", "\n\n\n10\nHe further testified that there was no rule with respect to a signal that is to be given before placing a train into emergency.", "\n\n\n11\nWhile normally the rules of a railroad are admissible in evidence if they are applicable,4 we see no prejudicial error in the court's action in this case. ", "He permitted cross examination on the rule, and there was testimony that it was not applicable. ", "Finally, as a complete answer to appellant, the rule which appellant wanted introduced in evidence was read into evidence; and the jury heard it when the witness testified, \"The rule says `One short sound, apply brakes, stop.'\"", "\n\n\n12\nIn considering appellant's second specification of error, it should be pointed out that the pre-trial order set out the plaintiff's contentions as to the negligence of the railroad. ", "The subsequent discussion of the contentions makes reference to this order. ", "The pertinent provisions of the pre-trial order are as follows:\n\n\n13\n\"The plaintiff contends that at the time and place the injuries complained of were caused in whole or in part by the negligence of the defendant in the following particulars, to-wit:\n\n\n14\n\"(1) Defendant failed to provide and maintain railings for hand holds or other structures or devices for plaintiff to grasp when sudden lurching or stopping of the train occurred.", "\n\n\n15\n\"(2) Defendant failed to provide and maintain any devices or a system of communication to warn plaintiff to anticipate and prepare for sudden lurching and stopping of the train * * *\n\n\n16\nAt the conclusion of Williams' case counsel for the defendant moved that the court strike out certain of the allegations of negligence:\n\n\n17\n\"Mr. Cosgrave: * * * [T]he defendant moves to withdraw from the consideration of the jury the Plaintiff's Contention No. (", "1) * * * upon the ground and for the reason that it appears from the plaintiff's own testimony that the absence of handrailings could not have been a proximate contributing cause, for he had no opportunity, according to his own testimony, or time to use handrails. * * *", "\n\n\n18\n* * * * * *\n\n\n19\n\"The Court: * * * In connection with your motion, Mr. Cosgrave, I must rule on this. ", "I think your motion to strike the plaintiff's Contention 1 will be allowed because I believe that it is covered by No. (", "2) that the defendant failed to provide or maintain any devices or system of communication to warn plaintiff to anticipate and prepare for a sudden lurching or stopping of the train. * * *\"", "\n\n\n20\nIt appears that the court allowed the motion of the defendant not on the grounds urged but rather on another ground; i. e., that the matter was covered by another of the contentions. ", "The plaintiff's attorney made no objection to the action of the court.", "\n\n\n21\nAt the conclusion of all the evidence, defendant's counsel again urged that contention (1) be withdrawn, and the court again stated that it had been withdrawn because it was included in No. (", "2).5 Still there was no objection from Williams' attorney.", "\n\n\n22\nIn his instructions to the jury the district judge explained that the action was based upon the alleged negligence of the railroad, and that in order for Williams to recover, such negligence must be the proximate cause of the injury suffered. ", "The court then said:\n\n\n23\n\"Now in this connection specifically the plaintiff contends that this accident and his injury, as you shall find it to be, was caused in whole or in part by the negligence of the defendant in the following particulars:\n\n\n24\n\"First, that the defendant failed to provide and maintain any devices or a system of communication to warn plaintiff to anticipate and prepare for a sudden lurching and stopping of the train.", "\n\n\n25\n\"Next, that the defendant negligently made a sudden and violent stop of the equipment on which plaintiff was working without warning plaintiff of any intention to do so.", "\n\n\n26\n\"Next, that the defendant negligently failed to provide and maintain proper control of its equipment.", "\n\n\n27\n\"Lastly, that the defendant negligently failed to keep a proper lookout.\"", "\n\n\n28\nIt would appear that from the statement made by the court at the time he was discussing the issues with counsel in the absence of the jury, that he felt that the claim of negligence contained in plaintiff's contention No. ", "1 in the pre-trial order was included in the plaintiff's contention No. ", "2 therein. ", "And, as above set out, he did give to the jury plaintiff's contention No. ", "2. ", "Apparently he felt that the charge of failure to provide and maintain any railings or devices for the plaintiff to grasp was included within the second contention of Williams that the defendant failed to provide and maintain any devices to anticipate and prepare for sudden lurching and stopping of the train.", "\n\n\n29\nIt could be said that counsel for Williams appeared to agree with this interpretation, because he made no objection of any kind to the action of the court in withdrawing contention No. ", "1 nor did he make any requests for any instructions to be given by the court to the jury. ", "At the completion of the instructions counsel for Williams said, \"The plaintiff is entirely satisfied with the set of instructions this jury received.\"", "\n\n\n30\nIf the plaintiff's objection is that the court improperly instructed the jury on the handrailing issue, the answer is that the attorney neither submitted any instruction on the point nor made any objection to the instructions of the trial judge. ", "The following provision is contained in the Fed.", "Rules Civ.", "Proc. ", "rule 51, 28 U.S.C.A.:\n\n\n31\n\"* * * No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection * * *.\"", "\n\n\n32\nSince no objection was made here the appellant is foreclosed from asserting the matter as error upon this appeal.", "\n\n\n33\nHowever, regardless of the interpretation placed on the appellant's contention by the court and by counsel, there was no error in the court's instructions, for there was no evidence in the record to support a claim that the absence of handrails in the pantry could have been the proximate cause of any injury to Williams. ", "The record shows that Williams himself testified that the accident happened so quickly that he did not have time to grab onto anything when he was thrown forward into a counter. ", "There was no evidence that even if there were handrails in the pantry they would in any way have prevented the injuries to Williams. ", "The absence of handrails could in no event have been a proximate cause of any of the injuries received by Williams.", "\n\n\n34\nAppellant's third specification of error is that the district court erred in permitting a witness to give an opinion concerning whether or not Williams could have heard the train whistle if it had been sounded. ", "Snodgrass, an engineer for the railroad who was in the engine at the time of the accident but who was not then actually operating the engine, was called as a witness by appellant. ", "On cross-examination, after stating that he had been an engineer for 39 years, that during that time he had ridden back in the cars as well as up in the engine, and that he was familiar with the type of cars on the train at the time of the accident, Snodgrass was asked the following question:\n\n\n35\n\"Mr. Snodgrass, assuming that the train at the time involved consisted of four engine units, followed by six baggage cars, followed by seven passenger cars, followed by a diner on this train, and assuming that the plaintiff in this case was in the pantry of the kitchen back there, based on your observations and riding in cars of this type and trains of this length, is it your opinion that the sound of the whistle would be heard by an employee here situated in the dining car?\"", "\n\nCounsel for appellant objected, stating:\n\n36\n\"I object to that, Your Honor, on the basis that it assumes facts which are not in this record at this time.\" ", "The court ruled:\n\n\n37\n\"Each party may assume their own state of facts. ", "If they are not proven, or there is no evidence behind it, it is for the jury to determine. ", "But Court and counsel may assume any state of facts that they think will be presented. * * * ", "He may answer.\" ", "A. \"I don't believe he could.\"", "\n\n\n38\nIn this court the appellant objects to the ruling of the trial judge on the ground that \"the question of whether plaintiff could hear this whistle was argumentative and called for a pure conclusion of this witness without establishing said witness as an expert. * * *\" ", "This is not the same ground that was argued to the trial judge where counsel stated that the question \"assumes facts which are not in this record at this time.\"", "\n\n\n39\nA specific objection that is overruled by the trial judge is effective only to the extent of the grounds specified. ", "An objection overruled at trial which named a ground which is untenable cannot be availed of upon appeal because there was another tenable ground which might have been named but was not. ", "Burton v. Driggs, 1874, 20 Wall. ", "125, 87 U.S. 125, 22 L.Ed. ", "299; 1 Wigmore, Evidence 339 (3d ed. ", "1940).", "\n\n\n40\nHowever, assuming that the objection which was urged upon this appeal had been made at trial, we still feel that the trial judge was correct in allowing the witness to answer.", "\n\n\n41\nRule 43(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that \"[a]ll evidence shall be admitted which is admissible under the statutes of the United States * * * or under the rules of evidence applied in the courts of general jurisdiction of the state in which the United States court is held * * *.\" ", "The Oregon courts have held that \"[w]hether a witness is possessed of special qualification upon the subject-matter of inquiry, which will tend to give value to his opinion, is a matter which rests largely in the discretion of the trial court.\" ", "State v. Jennings, 1929, 131 Or. ", "455, 282 P. 560, 563; Douglas County v. Myers, 1954, 201 Or. ", "59, 268 P.2d 625. ", "This view is supported by McCormick when he says \"* * * good sense demands that the trial judge be accorded a wide range of discretion iclassifying evidence as `fact' or `opinion', as well as in admitting evidence even where found to constitute opinion.\" ", "McCormick, Evidence 22 (1954). ", "We see no error in the admission of this testimony.", "\n\n\n42\nIn the fourth specification of error appellant complains of the fact that the court gave an instruction on unavoidable accident.6\n\n\n43\nThe short answer to this specification is that appellant made no objection to the giving of the instruction as required by the Federal Rules.7 However, we have examined the instruction. ", "It appears to be in the usual form, and under the facts of this case the district court did not err in giving it to the jury.8\n\n\n44\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n1\n Claimed Errors 2, 3 and 4 were not claimed as errors in Williams' motion for a new trial\n\n\n2\n The Consolidated Code of Operating Rules and General Instructions (Edition of 1945)\n\n\n3\n 14. ", "Engine Whistle Signals\nThe whistle must be sounded where required by rule or law. ", "In case of whistle failure, speed of train must be reduced and the bell rung continuously when approaching and passing through stations, yards, over public crossings, and around curves.", "\nThe signals prescribed are illustrated by \"o\" for short sounds: \"____\" for longer sounds. ", "The sound of the whistle should be distinct, with intensity and duration proportionate to the distance signal is to be conveyed.", "\nIn sounding signal 14(1) for public crossings, the first of the long sounds must be started at such a point that the signal will be completed by ending the last sound immediately after passing over the crossing, prolonging it if necessary. ", "The duration of the complete signal must be not less than ten seconds. ", "To avoid unnecessary annoyance, the sounds should be no louder than necessary to give adequate warning to traffic in the vicinity of the crossing. ", "Except in case of emergency, the whistle must not be sounded while passing or being passed by a passenger train.", "\n |\n Sound. ", " | Indication.", "\n ------------------|---------------------------\n (a) o | Apply brakes. ", " Stop.", "\n |\n\n\n4\n Chesapeake & O. Ry. ", "Co. v. Ringstaff, 6 Cir., ", "1933, 67 F.2d 482; Citrola v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 2 Cir., ", "1959, 264 F.2d 815; 2 Wigmore, Evidence § 282 (3d ed. ", "1940)\n\n\n5\n \"Mr. Cosgrave: * * * [T]he defendant moves to withdraw from the consideration of the jury Subsection 2 of plaintiff's complaint, upon the ground and for the reason that there is no evidence from which the jury could find that any absence of railings or handholds was —\n\"The Court: I think that was allowed.", "\n\"Mr. Cosgrave: Well, I think your Honor did allow it on the basis that it was included in No. ", "2.", "\n\"The Court: Right.\"", "\n\n\n6\n \"You are further instructed, members of the jury, that the law recognizes what is known as an unavoidable accident. ", "An accident may happen and a person may be injured without negligence on the part of any person. ", "And if you believe * * that the plaintiff's injury * * * was the result of a pure accident or misadventure and was under the circumstances unavoidable, then the defendant would not be held liable therefor.\"", "\n\n\n7\n Fed.", "Rules Civ.", "Proc. ", "rule 51, 28 U.S.C.A\n\n\n8\n We have held that all questions of negligence were submitted to the jury in accordance with the wishes of the plaintiff at the time of trial. ", "However, it is interesting to note that in a case involving a somewhat similar occurrence the Supreme Court held that there was not sufficient evidence to warrant presenting the question to the jury. ", "New York, N. H. & H. R. R. Co. v. Henagan, 81 S. Ct. ", "198\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Which dynamical mechanisms serve to gate information in the brain? ", "It has recently been demonstrated that gamma activity (30--100 Hz) reflects feedforward processing, whereas slower oscillations in the alpha and beta bands reflect feedback control[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5]. ", "However, it remains unknown how these oscillations interact. ", "Here we ask if cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between the phase of the alpha oscillations and the power of the gamma activity is involved in encoding of information from the visual to the memory system.", "\n\nThe CFC between low- and high-frequency oscillations has been proposed to coordinate neural processing, such that excitability of neuronal processing reflected by gamma activity is phase-locked to theta or alpha oscillations[@b3][@b6][@b7]. ", "Coupling between gamma activity and the phase of theta or alpha oscillations has been reported in several MEG studies[@b8][@b9][@b10], and in invasive recordings from humans and non-human primates[@b4][@b11][@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16][@b17][@b18][@b19]. ", "The CFC has been proposed to play a fundamental role for organizing neuronal processing in space and time[@b3][@b6][@b20][@b21]. ", "Based on previous findings, alpha oscillations - controlled by feedback mechanisms - have been demonstrated to play an important role for shaping the functional architecture of the working brain[@b22][@b23][@b24][@b25][@b26]. ", "The alpha oscillations are thought to modulate neuronal excitability in a feedback manner where a decrease in power reflects the engagement of task-relevant brain regions while an increase reflects the disengagement of task-irrelevant regions. ", "On the other hand, gamma activity is known to reflect neuronal processing associated with perception, attention and memory[@b27][@b28]. ", "While gamma activity has been proposed to reflect feedforward processing[@b1][@b2][@b29], there are only a few reports on pre-stimulus effects in the gamma band. ", "For instance, an EEG study showed that 20--45 Hz gamma power in the pre-stimulus interval predicted perception[@b30]. ", "A study on non-human primates demonstrated that spike-field coherence in the gamma band of putative interneurons in V4 increased with spatial attention prior to sensory input[@b31]. ", "In a recent working-memory study, it was shown that gamma power was modulated by alpha phase prior to the presentation of an anticipated visual distractor[@b10]. ", "In sum, these findings suggest that alpha oscillations and their interaction with the gamma activity sets the state in visual areas which then reflects the subsequent integration of feedforward and feedback information[@b3]. ", "We hypothesized that top-down modulations of posterior alpha activity supports memory formation since it controls the gating of sensory information. ", "This feedforward gating would be reflected in the gamma band. ", "Here we test this notion by investigating if cross-frequency coupling supports the neural dynamics associated with encoding of visual information in the memory system.", "\n\nWe analyzed MEG data obtained from healthy subjects performing a memory paradigm in which subjects has to encode or ignore visual stimuli according to a cue (Remember or No-Remember). ", "These data have already revealed that an increase in sensory gating is associated with a pre-stimulus decrease in alpha power[@b32]. ", "By employing a new method for cross-frequency coupling (CFC) and cross-frequency directionality (CFD) analyses[@b33], we investigated if gamma power is phase-locked to alpha oscillation in early visual cortex. ", "Further we investigated the directional interaction between alpha phase and gamma power as assessed by the CFD measure, and if this interaction would be predictive of memory performance.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nA group of healthy subjects were presented with pictures while the ongoing brain activity was recorded using MEG. ", "Two seconds prior to each item onset, a cue indicated whether the picture should be remembered or not ([Fig. ", "1A](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Previously, we found that alpha power was strong for the No-Remember cue and relatively weak for the Remember cue ([Fig. ", "1B](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The decrease in alpha power by the cue predicted subsequent memory[@b32]. ", "Note that during the item presentation there was also a strong difference in the alpha band extending to higher frequencies. ", "Given that this effect might partly be explained by differences in the evoked response, we focused the analysis on the cue period. ", "Here we subjected these data to a cross-frequency analysis.", "\n\nStronger coupling between alpha phase and gamma power for Remember compared to No-Remember cues\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate the cross-frequency coupling (CFC) associated with memory encoding, we first combined all experimental conditions (Remember and No-Remember) and considered the couplings over a wide range of frequencies (phase: 4--30 Hz, power: 30--150 Hz) in 24 sensors defined by the Neuromag layout as posterior sensors (see an insert in [Fig. ", "1B](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We analyzed the 1 s cue period just prior to the picture presentation (1--2 s) and the number of trials in the conditions to be compared (Remember and No-Remember) was matched (\\>100 trials) for each individual. ", "We made two observations: alpha phase at 10--12 Hz was coupled to gamma power in the 60--110 Hz range. ", "Furthermore, the 20--30 Hz beta phase was also coupled to 60--110 Hz gamma power and 10--12 Hz alpha phase was coupled to 30--40 Hz gamma power. ", "However, we focused the subsequent analysis on the frequency ranges displaying difference between the two conditions. ", "The alpha-gamma coupling was stronger for the Remember ([Fig. ", "2A](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) than the No-Remember ([Fig. ", "2B](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) condition, which was also evident when comparing the conditions statistically ([Fig. ", "2C](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A statistical test revealed that only coupling between alpha phase and gamma power remained significant when comparing the Remember and No-Remember conditions ([Fig. ", "2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; paired non-parametric permutation test, *P* \\< 0.05, controlling for multiple comparisons over frequency-by-frequency tiles). ", "Importantly, given that alpha power was relatively low for the Remember compared to the No-Remember condition ([Fig. ", "1B](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the stronger coupling observed in anticipation of memory encoding cannot be explained by a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the alpha band. ", "This is also important in the context of concerns raised by a recent paper[@b34], which argues that non-sinusoidal oscillations can create spurious cross-frequency coupling. ", "The observed increase in cross-frequency coupling with a decrease in alpha power argues against this concern. ", "Our findings suggest that a decrease in alpha power is associated with stronger coupling between alpha phase and gamma power that in turn may support a gating mechanism.", "\n\nTo identify the brain areas producing cross-frequency coupling, we used a LCMV beamformer approach. ", "This method allows the construction of spatial filters for an individual brain volume discretized in a grid. ", "For each grid point we calculated the CFC (phase: 4--30 Hz, power: 30--150 Hz). ", "Based on the sensor level results, we selected a 7--10 Hz (phase) by 100--120 Hz (power) range (a white box in [Fig. ", "2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) for which we mapped the CFC measure back to the individual brain structures. ", "These were then morphed to a standard brain, averaged, and subjected to a statistical analysis. ", "The most significant effect was observed in the left lingual gyrus when comparing the CFC for the Remember versus No-Remember condition ([Fig. ", "3A](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}; BA 18, MNI coordinates = \\[−10 −80 −10\\]; Talairach coordinates = \\[−10 −78 −5\\]; paired non-parametric cluster permutation test, *t* = 3.89, *P* \\< 0.05, controlling for multiple comparisons over grid points). ", "Next, we applied the spatial filter to extract the time-course of the neuronal data from the grid point with the maximum CFC in the lingual gyrus. ", "There was also an effect in the right cerebellum. ", "While the involvement of the cerebellum is consistent with previous reports (see[@b35]), we chose to focus on the lingual gyrus given the uncertainties associated with source modelling[@b36]. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "3B](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the signals from the lingual gyrus demonstrated strong alpha-gamma coupling for the Remember condition that was absent for the No-Remember condition. ", "The significance of the difference between the Remember and No-Remember conditions in the selected frequency tile (7--10 Hz by 100--120 Hz) was statistically assessed (paired *t*-test, *t* = 3.85, *P* = 0.001). ", "Note that this statistical difference was expected since we selected the grid points with the strongest difference (for a rigorous statistical assessment please refer to [Fig. ", "2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "One might ask at which alpha phase the gamma power is strongest. ", "This is however difficult to answer since absolute alpha phase is not well-defined as it is dependent on the orientation of the dipole used in the beamformer analysis. ", "Likewise, at the sensor level data the alpha phase is dependent on which side of the dipole the phase is estimated. ", "We conclude that the lingual gyrus is a critical region for modulating the encoding of visual information by alpha-gamma coupling.", "\n\nDirectional coupling between alpha phase and gamma power predicts subsequent memory\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNext we asked if the phase of the alpha oscillations was driving the gamma power, or vice versa. ", "The first possibility would suggest that it is the release of inhibition within an alpha cycle that determines the onset of the gamma activity. ", "The second possibility would suggest that bursts of gamma power phase-adjust the ongoing alpha oscillations. ", "We quantified this by using a measure of cross-frequency directionality (CFD), which is a measure based on the phase-slope index calculated between the phase of slower oscillations and the power envelope of faster oscillations[@b33]. ", "Positive CFD values indicate that the phase of the slower frequency drives the power of the faster frequency, whereas negative values indicate the reverse (see the Methods for details).", "\n\nIs the directionality measure predictive of memory performance? ", "To explore this, we first calculated the CFD for signals from the maximum coordinate in the lingual gyrus (MNI coordinate = \\[−10 −80 −10\\]; obtained using the LCMV spatial filter). ", "The spatial filter was applied in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and isolate the contribution from the lingual gyrus. ", "The CFD measure at the sensor level data did provide similar result but they were less robust. ", "We then correlated the CFD for each condition with the measures of memory performance. ", "We first considered *d*-prime in relation to CFD for the Remember condition. ", "We found a significant positive correlation between CFD (7--10 Hz by 100--120 Hz) and *d*-prime for the Remember condition ([Fig. ", "4A](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Pearson's correlation; *r* = 0.44, *P* = 0.03), i.e., participants in which alpha phase drives gamma power (a positive CFD) in the Remember condition show better memory (when we removed the outlier for CFD  \\~ −8.82^−4^ the correlation remained significant; Pearson's correlation; *r* = 0.43, *P* = 0.04). ", "The mean of the CFD across the participants for the Remember condition was positive (3.91^−5^ ± 3.65^−5^ when the outlier is removed) suggesting that alpha phase is in control of gamma power. ", "This suggests that it is the release of inhibition within an alpha cycle that controls the timing of the gamma activity. ", "However, we did not find any relationship between CFD and *d*-prime in the No-Remember condition ([Fig. ", "4B](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Pearson's correlation, *r* = −0.25, *P* = 0.25), where the CFD tended instead to be negative (−4.98^−5^ ± 3.59^−5^). ", "We then performed a *Z*-test between the correlation coefficients (*r*-values) for the Remember and No-Remember conditions, which resulted in a significant difference (*Z* = 2.28, *P* = 0.02). ", "This implies that if alpha phase controls gamma power (as in the Remember condition) the cortex enters a state of improved memory performance. ", "The difference in CFD between the Remember and No-Remember conditions was associated with better memory performance for the Remember condition ([Fig. ", "4C](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Pearson's correlation; *r* = 0.52, *P* = 0.01). ", "In addition, we found that the difference in CFD between Remember and No-Remember conditions was correlated with individual differences in memory compliance ([Fig. ", "4D](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Pearson's correlation; *r* = 0.54, *P* = 0.007), as assessed by calculating the *d*-prime on the basis of later hits for the Remember cue (R-Hits) versus later hits for the No-Remember cue (NR-Hits). ", "This measure quantifies how well subjects selectively encoded in compliance with the memory cue[@b32].", "\n\nIn sum, [Fig. ", "4C,D](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} suggest that individuals with bigger directional differences between the Remember and No-Remember cue performed better in the memory task as instructed by the cues. ", "Considering that these effects are observed during the cue period, we conclude that anticipatory modulations in directional interactions between alpha phase and gamma power have consequences for memory encoding. ", "In particular, when gamma power drives alpha phase, this has negative effects on selective memory formation; however, when alpha phase is in control of gamma power, this facilitates memory.", "\n\nWe also performed a similar analysis for the interval after the onset of item presentation; however, the effects were consistent but not as robust as during the cue period ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Thus, the CFC during the cue period seems to have stronger consequence for selective memory encoding than during the item interval. ", "Also with respect to the CFD, one might have expected that during the item interval the gamma power elicited by the stimulus would adjust the phase of the alpha oscillations. ", "However, we were not able to identify a robust CFD during the item interval.", "\n\nIn addition, one might argue that the CFC is possibly induced by spectral components of event-related fields (ERF). ", "To reduce this concern, we performed a time-frequency power analysis of the ERFs ([Supplementary Figs 2](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [3](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These analyses verified that the CFC effects are not explained by the oscillatory components of evoked responses elicited by the picture stimuli.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nHere we demonstrate that gamma power is coupled to the phase of alpha oscillations in early visual areas (lingual gyrus; BA 18) in anticipation of visual items in a memory paradigm. ", "Importantly, the coupling increased in anticipation of memory items to be encoded, as compared to items to be ignored. ", "This increase in coupling was associated with a decrease in alpha power. ", "Furthermore, better memory performance was predicted by alpha phase driving gamma power during the anticipation of upcoming memory items.", "\n\nAlpha-gamma coupling sets up a cortical state facilitating subsequent memory encoding\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRecently, it has been reported that gamma oscillations reflect a feedforward drive in the visual hierarchy, whereas slower oscillations in the alpha and beta bands reflect feedback processing[@b1][@b2][@b3]. ", "These findings are based on intracranial recordings in monkeys in which directional measures have been applied[@b1][@b2]. ", "Further, it is consistent with human EEG and MEG findings. ", "Spatial cues can modulate the alpha band activity therefore reflecting top-down driven feedback control[@b37]. ", "Gamma activity becomes particularly strong in response to visual stimuli suggesting a feedforward drive[@b38]. ", "However, the dynamics reflecting the integration between feedforward and feedback signals remain unknown. ", "Our findings suggest that gamma power phase-locked to alpha oscillations prepares sensory regions for this integration. ", "In particular, the alpha-gamma coupling sets up a cortical state that facilitates a subsequent picture to be retained. ", "In this case, feedback control is clearly reflected in the alpha band as was shown here to be modulated by the cue. ", "To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on task-modulated coupling between alpha phase and gamma power in the context of long-term memory encoding as well as the directional interactions between these two rhythms.", "\n\nCross-frequency directionality predicts subsequent memory performance\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe observed that better subsequent memory performance was predicted by cross-frequency directionality in terms of alpha phase driving gamma power during the anticipation of to-be-remembered items for the Remember condition ([Fig. ", "4A](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Even though the inverse relationship between these physiological observations and memory performance was not significant for the No-Remember condition, the correlation coefficient between the two conditions (Remember versus No-Remember) was significantly different. ", "Furthermore, the differential directionality measure between the two conditions was significant not only for selective encoding performance ([Fig. ", "4C](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but also for compliance with the cue instruction ([Fig. ", "4D](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This suggests that in good memory performers, alpha takes control over gamma in order to support selective memory encoding.", "\n\nCross-frequency coupling as general finger-print of neuronal processing\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe coupling between phase of slow oscillations (theta, alpha band) and power in the gamma band has been observed in various regions during rest[@b8][@b9][@b12][@b14], processing of visual[@b13][@b39] and auditory stimuli[@b4], memory operations[@b7][@b15][@b16][@b40], working memory maintenance[@b35], and even *in vitro*[@b41][@b42]. ", "These findings suggest that the interaction between slow and fast oscillations play an important role in coordinating information processing.", "\n\nCross-frequency interactions reflect top-down control\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nConverging evidence suggests that alpha activity serves to gate input in a feedback-controlled manner. ", "For example, an intriguing study on visual working memory using TMS and EEG has shown that the phase dynamics of posterior alpha oscillations prior to stimulus encoding is predictive of behavioral performance[@b43]. ", "This finding relates to the present study, where the coupling between alpha phase and gamma power is stronger during the pre-stimulus (cue) period than during item presentation. ", "In particular, our finding that alpha phase driving gamma power predicts better memory in anticipation of the visual items supports this notion.", "\n\nConcerns about artifactual cross-frequency coupling\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nIt has previously been argued that measures of phase-to-power couplings are sensitive to 'non-sinusoidal' oscillations[@b34][@b44]. ", "In particular, harmonics of the phase-providing oscillations (alpha oscillations in this case) can produce a spurious coupling which can wrongly be interpreted as a phasic modulation of physiological gamma activity. ", "Such concerns can be ruled out in our study. ", "First, the alpha phase to gamma power coupling was strongest in the condition when alpha power was lowest. ", "This reduces the concern that the coupling stems from non-sinusoidal oscillations, since the artifacts would be more pronounced when alpha power is stronger. ", "Second, the coupling and directionality results were obtained via a comparison between experimental conditions, where the number of trials was matched (\\>100 trials) for each individual. ", "As such, our results are not subject to biases resulting from different trial numbers between conditions. ", "Third, we report on cross-frequency coupling during the pre-stimulus cue period (see [Supplementary Fig. ", "1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for CFC results during item interval). ", "Therefore the coupling cannot be explained by spectral components of the evoked response due to the presentation of visual stimuli.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we have identified robust cross-frequency coupling between alpha phase and gamma power that is predictive of selective memory encoding. ", "The cross-frequency coupling reflects a physiological mechanism setting the state which controls the subsequent encoding of visual input to memory. ", "In particular, a cue-driven suppression of alpha power resulted in increased alpha-gamma coupling, which supported memory encoding.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nThe data were obtained from 23 participants (12 females; mean age of 24.8 ± 3.1 years). ", "Analysis of these data were also presented in a previous report[@b32]. ", "None of the participants had a history of developmental, psychological, or neurological disorders. ", "They all had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and were right-handed. ", "All participants provided written informed consent and received monetary compensation for their participation. ", "The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. ", "C-1007-156-325) and conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.", "\n\nStimuli\n-------\n\nSix hundred and forty real-life photographs of landscapes and buildings[@b45] were used as stimuli; these did not include well-known landscapes and buildings. ", "Pictures with a visual angle of 8° horizontally (334 × 250 pixels) were projected to a screen using STIM2^TM^ software (Compumedics Neuroscan, Charlotte, NC). ", "The stimuli were evenly divided into three sets to be used for the conditions: Remember, No-Remember and New. ", "The Remember and No-Remember conditions were used in both the encoding and recognition sessions and the New condition was used only in the recognition session. ", "The stimuli belonging to the three sets were counterbalanced over subjects.", "\n\nExperimental paradigm\n---------------------\n\nThe experiment consists of two experimental blocks - a training block followed by an experimental block. ", "As in standard memory paradigms, each study block consisted of encoding, interference, and recognition sessions.", "\n\nIn the encoding session ([Fig. ", "1A](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), 440 pictures (220 pictures for each Remember and No-Remember conditions) were presented. ", "A cue was shown for 2 s in which the color of the fixation cross indicated either to remember (e.g. blue) or not to remember (e.g. yellow) the upcoming picture. ", "The color of the cue was counterbalanced across subjects. ", "Then a picture was presented for 1 s followed by a 1-s inter-trial interval (ITI). ", "In 10% of the trials independent of the cue, we asked the subjects to make a perceptual decision on whether the picture was a landscape or a building. ", "This was to ensure that the subjects perceived the presented stimuli. ", "To prevent motor preparation confounds, they were instructed to press the left or right button (left or right index finger) as instructed by the question screen. ", "This question screen was turned off as soon as a response was provided, for a maximum display of 4 s. The perceptual decision trials were not used in the MEG analysis. ", "To reduce recency effects, a short interference task (arithmetic calculation) followed which lasted 5 minutes.", "\n\nIn the recognition session, the 440 stimuli from the encoding session were randomly intermixed with 200 new stimuli. ", "Each picture was presented for 4 s and the subjects were instructed to indicate if the picture was presented before (old) or not (new). ", "The fixation screen then followed (1 s). ", "The subjects used the index, middle, and ring fingers of the right hand, which were already associated with the appropriate response (i.e., old, don't know, and new) during the training block. ", "The fingers associated with the three responses were counterbalanced across subjects. ", "To reduce guesses, they were instructed to press the \"don't know\" button when they were uncertain. ", "Subjects were instructed to respond old or new, independently of the cue; thus they were supposed to respond old, even if they remembered that the item with a No-Remember cue. ", "The picture disappeared as soon as a response was made with a maximum display for 4 s. The total duration of the experiment was approximately 100 minutes.", "\n\nIn the training block, 160 pictures were used, and the stimuli from No-Remember were not tested in the recognition session. ", "The subjects were therefore naïve about the later test on No-Remember items in the recognition session of the main experimental block.", "\n\nBehavioral measurements\n-----------------------\n\nWe computed two behavioral measures; d-prime and compliance (see[@b32]). ", "The *d*-prime was calculated for later Hits for the Remember cue (R-Hits) versus False Alarm (FA) rates; Z (R-Hits) -- Z (FA); Z refers to the inverse of the cumulative distribution function. ", "Compliance was assessed by using the *d*-prime measure calculated on the basis of later Hits for the Remember cue (R-Hits) versus later Hits for the No-Remember cue (NR-Hits); Z (R-Hits) -- Z (NR-Hits). ", "This measure quantifies how well subjects comply with the memory cue.", "\n\nMEG data recording\n------------------\n\nData recordings were acquired with a whole-head MEG Neuromag (VectorView^TM^, Elekta Neuromag Oy, Helsinki, Finland) at a 1200 Hz sampling rate. ", "The vertical and horizontal electrooculogram (EOG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded for subsequent exclusion of eye and cardiac artifacts. ", "Head position indicator (HPI) coils were attached to the head of each subject, and anatomical landmarks (nasion and bilateral preauricular points) were spatially identified by a 3D digitizer (FASTRAK^TM^, Polhemus, Colchester, VT). ", "Then the subject's head position was registered by localizing HPI coils in the MEG device for later source reconstruction with high precision. ", "Before data analysis, a Maxwell filter (Signal Space Separation), which separates brain-related and external inference signals, was applied to reduce the confounding influence of biological and environmental noises[@b46][@b47].", "\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\nThe data analysis was performed in Matlab 2013b (MathWorks, Natick, MA) using the Fieldtrip toolbox[@b48] (<http://fieldtrip.fcdonders.nl>), and in-house scripts according to recently published guidelines[@b49]. ", "Before the analysis, the data were downsampled at 600 Hz after applying a low-pass filter at 200 Hz. ", "Trials contaminated by ocular artifacts, SQUID jump, and muscle artifacts were manually rejected using visual inspection. ", "Additionally, remaining electrooculographic (EOG) and electrocardiographic (ECG) artifacts were reduced using independent component analysis (ICA).", "\n\nSource analysis\n---------------\n\nIndividual head models were created from anatomical MRIs using segmentation in Fieldtrip and SPM8 (<http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm>). ", "Realistically shaped single-shell descriptions of the brains were constructed from each individual's MRI[@b50]. ", "The brain volume of each individual subject was divided into a grid with 0.8 cm resolution, and normalized to the template MNI brain (International Consortium for Brain Mapping, Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada). ", "We used a LCMV (linearly constrained minimum variance) beamformer[@b51] to create spatial filters for extracting the time course from a given region. ", "The lead field was calculated for each grid point. ", "A common filter was used for the different conditions. ", "Prior to calculating the filter, the mean of the data was removed, but they were not filtered otherwise. ", "A regularization of lambda 7% was applied.", "\n\nCross-frequency coupling (CFC) and directionality (CFD) analysis\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe measure of CFC is based on coherence between the phase of low-frequency and power of high-frequency signals[@b8]. ", "We have recently developed a new method for assessing if the phase of the slower oscillations controls the power of the faster activity, or vice versa. ", "This method is termed cross-frequency directionality (CFD)[@b33] and was applied in this study. ", "The CFD measure is based on phase-slope index (PSI)[@b52], which was initially proposed for assessing the direction of coupling between two oscillatory signals of similar frequencies. ", "For instance, assuming that an oscillator operating in a frequency range *f*~*a*~ to *f*~*b*~ (e.g. 8--13 Hz) drives another oscillating system with a fixed time lag, there is a phase difference between the two systems. ", "Importantly, the phase difference changes linearly with frequency in the range *f*~*a*~ to *f*~*b*~[@b53][@b54]. ", "PSI estimates the slope of phase difference as a function of frequency in a given frequency band. ", "The sign of the slope reflects the directional interaction. ", "A positive slope of the phase difference means the first oscillator drives the other, whereas negative means the reverse.", "\n\nTo produce reliable task-specific CFC and CFD results, we first matched the number of trials in the conditions to be compared (Remember and No-Remember) for each individual. ", "The average number of trials across subjects was 151.65 ± 19.21 (range 116 to 181). ", "This is a large enough number of trials to get robust effects, and we applied the analysis during both cue and item periods, each being 1 s long.", "\n\nEstimation of time course of power at frequency *v*\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe temporal evolution of power at frequency *v* is termed . ", "For both CFC and CFD, *y*^*v*^ is compared to the phase of the signal *x*. ", "As such, *v* constitutes frequencies on the y-axis in a CFC diagram. ", "This set of frequencies was initially chosen to range from 10 to 150 Hz in 2 Hz increments: *v* = (10, 12, 14,..., 150). ", "The power as a function of time is estimated by applying a discrete Fourier transform to successive segments of the data with *M* samples (sliding time window). ", "Prior to the Fourier transform, each data segment is multiplied by a Hanning taper *h* to reduce spectral leakage:\n\n*F*~*s*~ is the sampling frequency. ", "The length of *M* is typically chosen to be *w *=* *5 cycles long with respect to the frequency *v*, i.e. .", "\n\nQuantifying cross-frequency coupling (CFC) and cross-frequency directionality (CFD)\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLet ***x*** and ***y***^*v*^ denote the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of signal *x* and *y*^*v*^ respectively. ", "The length of FFT is *n*~*FFT*~ and the frequency resolution Δ*f* is . ", "Let be defined as the cross spectrum between ***x*** and ***y***^*v*^ where '\\*' denotes the complex conjugate. ", "These Fourier transform vectors are centered at frequencies .***x***(*f*), ***y***^*v*^(*f*) and represent the vector elements centered at frequency *f*. ", "The CFC can be quantified by estimating the coherence between the signal *x* centered at *f* and power envelope of the signal for frequency *v* in the following way:\n\nAs we described above, the estimation of the CFD is based on the phase-slope index (PSI)[@b33]. ", "We applied the PSI to the signal *x* and the power envelope of the signal *y*^*v*^at frequency tile(*v*, *f*):\n\nwith. ", "is the complex coherency and Im denotes the imaginary part. ", "We used a *β* of 2 Hz. ", "These parameters were found appropriate in simulation studies and when applied to ECoG data[@b33]. ", "Increasing *β* of 4 Hz yielded comparable results.", "\n\nGroup statistics\n----------------\n\nGroup statistical analysis was performed on the CFC and CFD data of 23 participants using non-parametric randomization statistics in Fieldtrip (Monte Carlo randomization)[@b55], which effectively controls for the Type I-error rate with respect to multiple comparisons over the frequency combinations. ", "The CFC and CFD measures were not baseline-corrected when conditions were compared. ", "Individual data were subjected to dependent-samples *t*-test (Remember versus No-Remember) for CFC, and to one sample *t*-test against zero for each condition for CFD analysis.", "\n\nFor the first-level statistics, sensors or voxels below a threshold (*t*-test; *P* \\< 0.05) were identified from the *t*-statistics. ", "Subsequently spatially contiguous sensors or voxels below this threshold were defined as a cluster. ", "Then, the sum of the *t*-values for a given cluster was used for the cluster-level statistics.", "\n\nFor the first-level statistics, sensors or voxels below a threshold (*t*-test; *P* \\< 0.05) were identified from the *t*-statistics. ", "Subsequently spatially contiguous sensors or voxels below this threshold were defined as a cluster. ", "Then, the sum of the *t*-values for a given cluster was used for the cluster-level statistics. ", "The null distribution was estimated using 500 randomizations, and correction for multiple comparisons was performed at the cluster level (*P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Park, H. *et al*. ", "Formation of visual memories controlled by gamma power phase-locked to alpha oscillations. *", "Sci. ", "Rep.* **6**, 28092; doi: 10.1038/srep28092 (2016).", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nThis research was supported by the Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2015M3C7A1028926), grants of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI14C0466, and HI14C3344), the Wellcome Trust (098433), and grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (No. ", "400-06-051, and No. ", "453-09-002).", "\n\n**Author Contributions** The authors have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: H.P., D.S.L., E.K., H.K., J.S.K., C.K.C. and O.J. Performed the experiments: H.P. and J.H. Analyzed the data: H.P. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: J.S.K., C.K.C., H.J., J.G. and O.J. Wrote the paper: all authors.", "\n\n![", "Experimental task and time-frequency analysis of power.\\\n(**A**) The cued long-term memory task. ", "Only the encoding session of the main experimental block is depicted here (see[@b32] for recognition session). ", "Prior to each item presentation (pictures of landscapes or buildings), a Remember or No-Remember cue was presented (2 s), as indicated by the color of the fixation cross (either yellow or blue). ", "To ensure that the subjects attended the items, perceptual decision trials were randomly presented (10% of total number of trials and they were not included in the analysis). ", "220 trials for each condition (Remember, No-Remember) were presented (440 trials in total). ", "Cue and item periods in the encoding session were analyzed. ", "For the CFC/CFD analysis, the cue period, 1 s prior to item presentation was analyzed. (**", "B**) Time-frequency representations of power averaged over 24 posterior sensors (defined by Neuromag layout shown in the insert on the right). ", "The alpha power was stronger for the No-Remember compared to the Remember condition in the cue period (excerpted from [Fig. ", "3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} in[@b32]). ", "The difference in alpha power was statistically significant with a posterior distribution (bottom right; 1--2 s interval; *P* \\< 0.05). ", "In short, alpha power was stronger for anticipation of items to be ignored as compared to items to be remembered.](srep28092-f1){#f1}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}). (**", "A**,**B**) The CFC for the Remember and No-Remember conditions. ", "Phase-to-power coupling was observed in the alpha to gamma band and the beta to gamma band. (**", "C**) A direct comparison revealed that stronger alpha-gamma coupling was observed for the Remember compared to the No-Remember condition. (**", "D**) The difference was statistically significant (*P* \\< 0.05; controlled for multiple comparisons over frequency tiles). ", "Importantly the CFC was strongest for the Remember condition in which the alpha power was the lowest ([Fig. ", "1B](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).](srep28092-f2){#f2}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This revealed a source in early visual cortex with local maximum t-value in the left lingual gyrus (BA 18, MNI coordinates = \\[−10 −80 −10\\], Talairach coordinates = \\[−10 −78 −5\\]; paired non-parametric permutation test, *t* = 3.89, *P* \\< 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons over grid points). (**", "B**) The CFC analysis applied to the signals in the left lingual gyrus for the conditions Remember, No-Remember, and the comparison (Remember versus No-Remember).](srep28092-f3){#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nSuicidal ideas are common among the general population\\[[@ref1][@ref2]\\] and may or may not culminate in a suicide attempt.\\[[@ref3]\\] The concept of suicidal process implies a progression from the emergence of ideas of harming self to the actual behavior of carrying out the suicidal act which may become a completed suicide or an attempted suicide depending on the subject\\'s survival.\\[[@ref4]\\] Deisenhammer *et al*.\\[[@ref5]\\] reported that duration of this suicide process lasted only for 10 min or less in about 50% of the suicide attempters.", "\n\nCurrent strategies for suicide prevention can be either selective aimed toward \"at risk\" population or universal at the community level.\\[[@ref6]\\] Intervention strategies as the part of secondary prevention involve reducing risk factors in those with a history of suicide attempt.\\[[@ref7]\\]\n\nHowever, individual-level interventions to abort suicide attempt from the time of emergence of suicidal ideas are crucial.\\[[@ref8][@ref9]\\] Knowledge of the average time of this suicidal process, during which abortive interventions can be carried out, will be of potential help but has not been evaluated systematically in our setting. ", "Research findings from India suggest that majority of Indian subjects attempt suicide impulsively without much forethought.\\[[@ref10][@ref11]\\] There can be a subset of subjects who show a longer duration of suicide process which may provide a window of opportunity for planning personalized interventions. ", "Hence, this study aims to describe the duration of suicide process among suicide attempters attending a tertiary care center in South India and try to characterize those who show a longer duration of suicide process based on the empirical cutoff.", "\n\nMethods {#sec1-2}\n=======\n\nThis study was conducted in a government-funded tertiary care cum teaching hospital in Southern India. ", "The department of psychiatry in the hospital runs a weekly Crisis Intervention Clinic (CIC) since 2010. ", "All subjects with suicide attempts, following medical stabilization, are referred to this clinic before discharge as part of hospital protocol. ", "The clinic is manned by consultant psychiatrist, a postgraduate trainee resident, and a full-time social worker. ", "Information is gathered from the subjects and their family members attending the clinic using a standard pro forma. ", "This information helps in suicide risk assessment and planning management which consists of either or both pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions.", "\n\nThis study includes case records of clients evaluated consecutively at the CIC over a period of 3 years (July 1, 2010--June 30, 2013). ", "Information was extracted from records about demographic data, methods and reasons of the attempt, suicide process time, and other relevant clinical data. ", "Later includes information about recent life stressors in the past 1 year using presumptive stressful life events scale,\\[[@ref12]\\] about coping using Coping Strategies Inventory-Short Form,\\[[@ref13]\\] and adaptive functioning over the past 1 year using Global Assessment of Functioning,\\[[@ref14]\\] or through Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale.\\[[@ref15]\\]\n\nFor the purposes of the study, the definition of suicide attempt as proposed by Silverman *et al*.\\[[@ref16]\\] was used. ", "Those cases where the intent of suicide was not clear were excluded from the study. ", "Information on suicidal process time, defined by Wasserman\\[[@ref4]\\] as time interval from emergence of suicidal ideas to the actual implementation of those ideas into a plan leading to the current suicide attempt, was recorded for each patient and was based on patient\\'s self-recollection. ", "Those subjects who could not recollect this duration were excluded from the study.", "\n\nThe analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) - PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (Chicago: SPSS Inc.). ", "The time for the suicidal process was divided into four quartiles. ", "The characteristics of the subjects in the last quartile (suicide process time \\>120 min) were compared to the characteristics of those in the first three quartiles. ", "Nominal data were compared between two groups using Chi-square test while continuous data were compared using Student\\'s *t*-test. ", "Missing value imputation was not conducted as a part of the study. ", "A *P* \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.", "\n\nResults {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nDuring 3 years (July 1, 2010--June 30, 2013), 347 subjects were evaluated at the CIC. ", "Out of these, 319 case records were included in the analysis. ", "We excluded 28 case records due to following reasons: Suicidal intent could not be established in 14, and time duration between emergence of idea and actual attempt could not be ascertained in another 14. ", "The median suicide process time was 30 min (Interquartile range 5--120 min). ", "Subjects were divided into four quartiles based on reported suicide process time. ", "First, quartile had 96 (30.1%) subjects (suicide process time up to 5 min), second quartile had 71 (22.2%) subjects (suicide process time 6 min to 30 min), third quartile had 77 (24.1%) subjects (suicide process time 31 min to 120 min), and whereas the last fourth quartile had 75 (23.5%) subjects (suicide process time of \\>120 min or 2 h). ", "Based on the consensus among investigators and after taking into account the distribution of data in our sample, an empirical cut point of \\>2 h was chosen as a reasonable period for any intervention to be feasible and effective at the individual level. ", "Thus, those with suicide process time of \\> 120 min (fourth quartile) were deemed to provide a window of opportunity for intervention and were compared with subjects from other three quartiles for differences. ", "The demographic characteristics of the groups are shown in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The two groups did not differ between each other except for a place of residence, with a greater proportion of urban subjects having suicide process time of \\>2 h (*P* = 0.011).", "\n\n###### \n\nDemographic characteristics of the groups\n\n![](", "JNRP-7-566-g001)\n\nThe comparison of clinical- and attempt-related variables between the groups is shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Plant poisons and prescription drugs were more commonly used as a method of a suicide attempt by subjects with suicide process time of \\>2 h, though this finding was not statistically significant (*P* = 0.071). ", "A greater proportion of those with longer suicide process time reported love-related issues as triggers for the attempt. ", "Subjects in the same group were less likely to make suicide attempt under intoxication. ", "It was also seen that subjects with longer suicide process time were more likely to have visited a health-care professional in the past 3 months before the current attempt. ", "There were no differences in rates of the previous suicide attempts or family history of attempts between the groups. ", "Although adjustment disorder was the most common diagnosis in both groups, ongoing mood disorders were significantly more common in subjects with suicide process time of \\>2 h. The functioning level and number of stressors did not differ across the two groups (*P* = 0.231 and 0.088 respectively), though coping methods showed differences in one of the domains. ", "Among the coping strategies, problem-focussed disengagement type of coping was less common in subjects with longer suicide process time.", "\n\n###### \n\nAttempt and clinical characteristics\n\n![](", "JNRP-7-566-g002)\n\nDiscussion {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nMore than half of the subjects in our sample (52.3%) had a suicide process duration of \\<30 min. ", "This finding resonates with the only previous comparative study from Europe among suicide attempters in a setting similar to ours wherein the authors reported a short duration of the suicidal process (\\<10 min).\\[[@ref5]\\] The sample size of this European study was smaller than ours and essentially a referred sample. ", "Hence, our study adds to the scanty cross-cultural literature in this area. ", "The present record-based study also tried to identify the characteristics of individuals with suicide process time of \\>2 h. Such individuals are more likely to come from urban areas, have a diagnosis of mood disorders, are more likely to have visited a health professional in the recent past, and less likely to attempt under intoxication. ", "Summarizing, these individuals provide a window of opportunity for intervention, but comprise only a quarter of suicide attempters.", "\n\nSubjects from the urban background spend considerable time contemplating suicide and thus can provide a window of opportunity for intervention. ", "These people were also more likely to have an underlying mood disorder and sought professional help more frequently before the attempt. ", "As they have better access to mass media and technology, they can be targeted through these for stress reduction strategies and guidance on appropriate help seeking for health-related issues. ", "However, it also raises the question of availability and accessibility of professional psychiatric help for a person hailing from a rural background who is contemplating suicide. ", "Training of community gatekeepers for prompt recognition and management of such individuals may help to address this anomaly.", "\n\nThe most common triggers for attempt were interpersonal issues in general, though love-related issues found greater representation in the group with longer suicide process time. ", "This suggests that individuals facing a crisis in their romantic relationships contemplate longer before making the attempt and are a possible target group for early intervention in suicide prevention. ", "Providing help lines or teaching on how to deal with similar kind of stress during school mental health programs may be useful in this regard.", "\n\nPatients with psychiatric disorders (particularly mood disorders) were represented more frequently in the group with longer duration of suicide process. ", "Suicide attempts in India tend to be impulsive with no or shorter duration of suicide process, and concurrent psychiatric disorder is less common\\[[@ref11][@ref17]\\] thus explaining significantly lesser prevalence of mood disorders in subjects belonging to the first three quartiles in our sample. ", "It is interesting to note that majority of the suicide attempters including impulsive types experience suicidal thoughts before the attempt and experience the varying duration of suicide process.\\[[@ref18]\\] Hence, the presence of suicidal feelings before attempt constitutes an opportunity for intervention even for impulsive suicide attempters.", "\n\nSubjects in the group with longer duration of suicide process seem to have a better health seeking attitude. ", "This subset differs from the general view that those at suicide risk have poor help-seeking behavior.\\[[@ref19]\\] This, doubtless, suggests the importance of routine screening for suicide risk and the need to sensitize health care professionals from other specialties about the standard procedures used for suicide risk assessment and formulation.\\[[@ref7]\\]\n\nWhen faced with a difficult or troublesome situation, problem- and emotion-focused disengagement are considered a better coping strategies. ", "In the group with shorter duration of suicide process, a higher proportion of subjects used problem-focused disengagement, meaning a poor coping among this group compared to the other. ", "Suitable coping skills enhancement strategies may therefore have a role in suicide prevention for such individuals.", "\n\nTo summarize, some general principles of suicide prevention can apply for individuals with longer duration of suicide process time. ", "On an individual level, developing coping skills and promoting positive mental health may reduce the number of suicide attempts. ", "From service delivery perspective providing crisis helplines, sensitization of general physicians about the need for routine assessment of suicide risk and providing gatekeeper training at the community level in the form of village leaders can be helpful in early identification, and suicide prevention.", "\n\nThe limitations of the study include a collection of information about the suicidal process based on subjective reporting. ", "Further, we have assumed that the suicidal process is a continuous one ending in an attempt; however, many view it as fluctuating.\\[[@ref20]\\] We did not inquire from subjects on strategies that would have been beneficial in aborting the suicide attempt, this would have given better information from the patient perspective.\\[[@ref21]\\] Our sample was limited to suicide attempters, and the results may not necessarily extrapolate to suicide completers. ", "The findings of the study relate to a tertiary care center in India, and generalization to other settings should be done with caution.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nThe study suggests that the suicidal process is short among the majority of the Indian suicide attempters. ", "Yet, a significant minority of such individuals provides a window of opportunity for intervention, and it is incumbent on the health-care professionals and policy makers to identify interventions which may prevent the attempt when the suicidal process is already ongoing.", "\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-1}\n---------------------------------\n\nNil.", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-2}\n---------------------\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nA preliminary version of this research was presented as a free oral paper at the 67^th^ Annual National Conference of the Indian Psychiatric Society (ANCIPS 2015), Hyderabad from January 8, 2015, to January 11, 2015.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHTML5 loading a content into a main view wrapper?", "\n\nI am no stranger to front-end development, but I have come across a requirement by a client which I have never done before, and I would appreciate it if someone can point me into the right direction.", "\nI have 7 <section> tags within my index.html. ", "Each section represents one of the site navigation link. ", "so \"Home\" link will show \"home section\" and so on. ", "And the requested section gets populated in the main-content view/wrapper.", "\nUsually, I will employ a MVC framework to get this functionality going. ", "However, I am asked not to implement MVC. ", "My thoughts were to find out which navigation link was clicked and then load the particular section into the main-content-wrapper. ", "\nHow can I make this happened so that main-content-wrapper's height is adjusted accordingly, and there is a browser scroll bar if needed? ", "Because some sections have a lenghty content. ", "\nBy the way, main-content-wrapper' overflow has been set to 'auto'.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you're populating all the section-s on your page you can try this - http://jsfiddle.net/Fyhm7/\nHTML\n<a href=\"#\" data-section=\"#home\">Home</a>\n<a href=\"#\" data-section=\"#products\">Products</a>\n<a href=\"#\" data-section=\"#contact\">Contact</a>\n\n<section id=\"home\">Home</section>\n<section id=\"products\">Products</section>\n<section id=\"contact\">Contact</section>\n\nJS\n$(\"a\").on(\"click\", function() {\n var id = $(this).data(\"section\");\n\n $(\"section:visible\").fadeOut(function() {\n $(id).fadeIn();\n });\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "News & events\n\nPress releases February 2013\n\nGBS announced the launch of a host of new offerings post IBM Connect 2013, including a new Mobile Dashboard product and major releases of its Reporting, Dashboards and Analytics products for Notes & Domino applications" ]

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[ "In a typical electrophotographic printing process, a photoconductive member is charged to a substantially uniform potential so as to sensitize the surface thereof. ", "The charged portion of the photoconductive member is exposed to a light image of an original document being reproduced. ", "Exposure of the charged photoconductive member selectively dissipates the charges thereon in the irradiated areas. ", "This records an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive member corresponding to the informational areas contained within the original document. ", "After the electrostatic latent image is recorded on the photoconductive member, the latent image is developed by bringing a developer material into contact therewith. ", "Generally, the developer material comprises toner particles adhering triboelectrically to carrier granules to the latent image forming a toner powder image on the photoconductive member. ", "The toner powder image is then transferred from the photoconductive member to a copy sheet. ", "The toner particles are heated to permanently affix the powder image to the copy sheet." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to an apparatus for extracting magnetic particles suspended in a fluid, and particularly for sedimenting and concentrating immunomagnetic particles for analysis.", "\n2. ", "Description of Prior Art\nThe general technology of using antibody-coated magnetic beads or other magnetic particles, hereinafter referred to as immunomagnetic particles or IMPs, to selectively separate and capture analytes from foods or other samples is known as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and is widely used. ", "In a typical IMS procedure IMPs are suspended in a suspension of the test sample for a time sufficient for them to selectively bind the target analyte and are then pulled out of the suspension as a small pellet-like sediment by means of a strong magnet. ", "After pouring or pipetting away the supernatant suspension the IMPs can be rinsed by resuspending the pellet in clean diluent and resedimenting it with the magnet, after which the target analyte-bearing IMPs can be introduced into whatever final procedure has been chosen to detect or quantify the target analyte. ", "As each sedimentation usually requires only seconds, capture by IMPs is a convenient and rapid first step in many analyses.", "\nMany different systems and individual pieces of apparatus have been developed to assist the use of IMS. ", "A strong magnet is required in order to maximise the speed with which IMPs can be drawn down and generally the magnets used in these systems are of the Neodymium-Iron-Boron alloy type, commonly referred to as “rare earth magnets”. ", "The sedimenting force acting on an IMP at any point in the suspension depends on the magnetic flux density at that point, and because this usually decreases very rapidly with increasing distance from the surface of a magnet, IMP systems are generally designed to handle small volumes, for example 1-10 mL, in small tubes such as the Eppendorf or similar-sized centrifuge tubes commonly found in analytical laboratories.", "\nThis small volume results in a limit on the detectable quantity or concentration of target analyte that is often too high for the requirements. ", "For example, if a regulatory standard demands that Listeria monocytogenes must not be detectable in a 25 g sample of food then an acceptable Listeria detection procedure must be capable of detecting the presence of even a single cell of the bacterium in a sample. ", "However as no known technique can detect such a target analyte until it has been removed from the test sample into liquid suspension the first step in any analysis would be to shake or blend the 25 g sample with 225 mL of sterile diluent. ", "The single cell the analysis must detect may now be anywhere in the 250 mL volume of sample-plus-diluent and the probability of capturing it in even a 10 mL aliquot by means of IMPs will be unacceptably low. ", "Without means to treat the whole 250 mL suspension by IMS the only recourse is to incubate the suspension for hours or days to allow the target cells to multiply to a high enough concentration that the aliquot has a reasonable probability of containing target cells. ", "This time delay is a serious impediment to rapid analysis.", "\nA commercially available system for capturing microorganisms from 250 mL volumes using IMPs (Pathatrix™, Matrix MicroScience Limited, Lynxx Business Park, Fordham Rd, Newmarket, UK), comprises a set of peristaltic pumps, vessels, tubes and in-line filters. ", "The magnet and IMP-capturing dimensions of this system are essentially similar to those used in the small-tube apparatus described above and the system is able to handle the larger volume by pumping the suspension slowly and continually past the magnet. ", "This requires time, although protocols for using the Pathatrix™ system may include time for multiplication of a target microorganism. ", "Assembling its tubes and vessels and removing the captured IMP pellet for introduction to the detection step of an analysis is inconvenient and time consuming. ", "Therefore, it would be desirable to have a simpler and faster means to rapidly capture IMPs from large volumes without need for tubes and pumps.", "\nIn my previous Canadian patent application, CA 2685229 to C. I. Bin Kingombe and A. N. Sharpe, it is disclosed that it is possible first to sediment IMPs from 250 mL of suspension to the base of a 500 mL glass Erlenmeyer (conical) flask by standing the flask over a powerful magnet and then to induce them to concentrate to a “pellet” at the centre of the base by intensely vibrating the flask axially at high frequency over a second magnet assembly arranged to produce a magnetic field radiating horizontally from the centre of the base. ", "This vigorous vibration is required to overcome stiction of IMPs against the glass. ", "While this device may be useful in a research laboratory, it has numerous shortcomings that make it quite unsuited for routine use in analytical laboratories. ", "For example the concave conical flask base makes it difficult for a motivating magnetic field situated beneath the flask to persuade IMPs to move “uphill” so that it is necessary for the apparatus to vibrate noisily for periods of up to ten minutes whilst sedimented IMPs coalesce at the centre of the base. ", "Moreover once a pellet of IMPs has formed it is not easily removed for analysis owing to the height of a conical flask and it is necessary to modify for example a “magnetic pipet” such as the commercially available PickPen™ product (Bio-Nobile Oy, Tykistokatu 4B, Turku 20521, Finland) in order to make it long enough to reach the bottom of the flask. ", "Furthermore, as it simply rests on the summit of the curved base of the flask without any form of physical restraint the pellet is easily disturbed. ", "Additionally it is not possible to see the pellet if the suspension is cloudy and as the inner flask base slopes away from the centre and glass is relatively slippery it is entirely unable to help the user by passively guiding the point of the pipet into the pellet and it was necessary to include a system whereby the pelletising magnet swings away to reveal a mirror by which the user can see both the pellet in the centre of the base and the tip of the pipet without bending over to peer upwards from beneath." ]

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[ "Efficacy of sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine: a review of the literature.", "\nAdvanced practice nurses treat many patients, including children and adolescents, with migraine headaches. ", "Management of headache episodes requires a delicate balance of prophylactic and abortive therapies. ", "Sumatriptan has been used effectively to treat adult patients with migraine headaches, but its efficacy in children has not been established. ", "Results of a literature review provide strong evidence supporting the use of sumatriptan in treating adults with migraine headaches. ", "Some evidence also exists for using sumatriptan to treat migraines in pediatric patients. ", "Open prospective studies used small convenience samples, thus limiting the external validity of the research findings. ", "Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trials found conflicting results for the efficacy of sumatriptan in the treatment of pediatric migraine. ", "Further research is needed to determine its efficacy in children." ]

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[ "1607 in literature\n\nThis article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1607.", "\n\nEvents\nFebruary 2 – The King's Men perform Barnes's The Devil's Charter at the English Court.", "\nJune 5 – John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare.", "\nSeptember 5 – Hamlet is performed aboard the East India Company ship Red Dragon, under the command of Captain William Keeling, anchored off the coast of Sierra Leone, the first known performance of a Shakespeare play outside England in English, and the first by amateurs.", "\nSeptember 30 – Richard II is acted aboard the Dragon.", "\nFirst performance of the first wholly parodic play in English, Francis Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle, unsuccessfully, probably by child actors at the Blackfriars Theatre in London.", "\nThe King's Revels Children are active as a playing company in London: their repertoire includes Edward Sharpham's Cupid's Whirligig and Thomas Middleton's The Family of Love.", "\n\nNew books\n\nProse\nWilliam Alabaster – Apparatus in Revelationem Jesu Christi\nJohn Cowell – The Interpreter (suppressed by the English House of Commons for excessive royalism)\nMichael Drayton – The Legend of Great Cromwell\nAntoine Loysel – Institutes coutumières\nCésar Oudin – Thrésor des deux langues françoise et espagnole\nLawrence Twine – The Pattern of Painful Adventures, second edition; a source for Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre\nHonoré d'Urfé – L'Astrée (part 1)\n\nDrama\nWilliam Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling – The Monarchic Tragedies (second edition adding The Alexandrean and Julius Caesar to closet dramas Croesus and Darius\nAnonymous – Claudius Tiberius Nero\nBarnabe Barnes – The Devil's Charter\nFrancis Beaumont – The Knight of the Burning Pestle\nBeaumont and Fletcher – The Woman Hater (published, earliest of their collaborations to appear in print)\nThomas Campion – Lord Hay's Masque\nGeorge Chapman – Bussy D'Ambois (published)\nJohn Day, William Rowley, and George Wilkins – The Travels of the Three English Brothers\nThomas Dekker – The Whore of Babylon\nThomas Dekker and John Webster – Westward Ho and Northward Ho published\nDekker & Webster, with Henry Chettle (?), ", "Thomas Heywood (?), ", "and Wentworth Smith (?) – ", "Sir Thomas Wyatt (published)\nThomas Heywood – The Fair Maid of the Exchange (published)\nBen Jonson – Volpone (published)\nJohn Marston – What You Will (published)\nThomas Middleton\nMichaelmas Term (performed)\nThe Phoenix (published)\nThe Puritan (published as \"written by W.S.\")\nThe Revenger's Tragedy (published)\nEdward Sharpham – Cupid's Whirligig\nThomas Tomkis – Lingua (published)\nGeorge Wilkins – The Miseries of Enforced Marriage (published)\n\nPoetry\nThomas Dekker – The Seven Deadly Sins of London\n\nBirths\nMarch 8 – Johann von Rist, German poet (died 1667)\nJuly 10 – Philippe Labbe, French Jesuit writer (died 1667)\nOctober 4 – Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Spanish dramatist (died c. 1660)\nNovember 1 – Georg Philipp Harsdorffer, German poet and translator (died 1658)\nNovember 5 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch poet (died 1678)\nNovember 15 – Madeleine de Scudéry, French writer (died 1701)\nUnknown dates\nAlaol, Bengali poet (died 1673)\nAntoine Gombaud, French essayist (died 1684)\nFiladelfo Mugnos, Italian historian (died 1675)\nFrancisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, Chilean writer and soldier (died 1682)\n\nDeaths\nJanuary 6 – Guidobaldo del Monte, Italian philosopher (born 1545)\nMay – Sir Edward Dyer, English poet (born 1543)\nJune – Thomas Newton, English physician, clergyman, poet, author and translator (born c. 1542)\nJune 19 – Johannes Bertelius, historian of Luxembourg (born 1544)\nJune 30 – Caesar Baronius, Italian ecclesiastical historian (born 1538)\nJuly 6 – Achille Gagliardi, Italian theologian (born 1537)\nJuly 7 – Penelope Rich, Lady Rich, English noblewoman, inspiration for Sir Philip Sidney's \"Stella\" (born 1563)\nOctober 31 – Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Polish philosopher (born c. 1540)\nUnknown dates\nCuthbert Burby, English publisher and bookseller\nDinko Ranjina, Croatian poet (born 1536)\nProbable year of death – Henry Chettle, English dramatist (born c. 1564)\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Years of the 17th century in literature" ]

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[ "Wondering what new books have just been published? ", "We seriously consider every book we receive, and we feature poems from many of the best and most interesting collections among them, but it would be impossible to feature every fine book. ", "Browse every book we’ve received in the past six months here.", "\n\nDon’t see your presses’ books here? ", "Find out how to submit your books for consideration." ]

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[ "Neuroendocrine control of vitellogenesis in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae).", "\n1. ", "Histological correlative studies on the cerebral neurosecretory cells, the corpora allata and the oocyte development strongly suggest the involvement of cerebral NSM mostly produced by the A cells of pars intercerebralis and the CA hormone in the vitellogenesis. ", "2. ", "Biochemical studies reveal the incorporation of haemolymph proteins and lipids in the yolk during vitellogenesis. ", "3. ", "Exogenous administration of the extract of the brain-CC and FME demonstrates, to some extent, the stimulation of protein synthesis during vitellogenesis in the haemolymph by the cerebral NSM and the CA hormone, while the lipid metabolism lies, mostly, under the control of juvenile hormone." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n656 S.E.2d 150 (2007)\nWAYE\nv.\nCONTINENTAL SPECIAL RISKS, INC.", "\nNo. ", "A08A0159.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Georgia.", "\nDecember 7, 2007.", "\nReconsideration Denied December 27, 2007.", "\nWalter D. Adams, for appellant.", "\nYoung, Thagard, Hoffman, Smith & Lawrence, Matthew Russell Lawrence, Groover & Childs, William H. Noland, for appellee.", "\nBLACKBURN, Presiding Judge.", "\nIn this action involving an alleged breach of an insurance contract, plaintiff Howard Waye appeals the trial court's orders denying his motion for default judgment and granting defendant Continental Special Risks Inc.'s (\"Continental\") motion to dismiss on the ground that it was never properly served with process. ", "Continental moves to dismiss the appeal, arguing that this Court lacks *151 jurisdiction because there is no final order from which a direct appeal may be taken.", "\nThe record shows that on March 25, 2004, Waye filed suit against Continental and Georgia Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company (\"Georgia Farm Bureau\"), alleging that the defendants failed to pay an insurance claim for damage to logging equipment, which was owned by Waye and covered by defendants' policy. ", "On May 26, 2004, Waye purported to serve both defendants by leaving copies of the complaint with the person in charge of Georgia Farm Bureau's local corporate office. ", "Georgia Farm Bureau filed its answer within 30 days, but Continental, claiming that it had never been properly served, did not file a special appearance and answer until October 22, 2004.", "\nIn July 2005, Continental filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that Waye had failed to properly serve Continental with process. ", "Waye, in turn, moved for a default judgment against Continental. ", "On September 19, 2006, the trial court issued an order denying both motions. ", "A week later, Continental filed a motion for reconsideration. ", "As a result, on September 27, 2006, the trial court did reconsider and granted Continental's motion to dismiss for failure to perfect service, thus dismissing Continental from the action and leaving Georgia Farm Bureau as the only remaining defendant. ", "On October 3, 2006, the court granted Waye a certificate of immediate review, which allowed him to seek an interlocutory appeal of the dismissal order. ", "However, Waye's application for interlocutory appeal was not filed within ten days after the grant of the certificate, as required by OCGA § 5-6-34(b). ", "Consequently, this Court dismissed his application.", "\nSeveral months later, Waye moved to dismiss Georgia Farm Bureau with prejudice, which the trial court granted on May 15, 2007. ", "The day after the trial court entered its order granting Waye's dismissal of Georgia Farm Bureau, Waye filed a notice of direct appeal. ", "In that notice, Waye specifically stated that he was appealing (i) the trial court's September 19, 2006 order denying his motion for default judgment and (ii) the court's September 27, 2006 order granting Continental's motion for reconsideration of its prior motion to dismiss for failure to perfect service.[1] Shortly after the appeal was docketed, Continental moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that there is no final order in this matter from which a direct appeal may be taken.", "\n\"In every matter coming to this court we are required to examine the record to make certain we possess jurisdiction.\" (", "Punctuation omitted.) ", "Whiddon v. Stargell.[2] Here, Waye's notice of appeal states that he is appealing the trial court's September 19, 2006 order denying his motion for default judgment and the September 27, 2006 order granting Continental's motion to dismiss for failure to perfect service. ", "At the time those orders were originally entered, neither constituted a final adjudication of the case, and thus neither was directly appealable under OCGA § 5-6-34(a). ", "See Ware v. Handy Storage;[3]Coley Fertilizer Co. v. Gold Kist[4] Recognizing this fact, the trial court granted a certificate of immediate review, which allowed Waye to seek an interlocutory appeal of the order dismissing Continental. ", "However, Waye's application for interlocutory review was dismissed due to his failure to file the application within ten days of the grant of the certificate. ", "See OCGA § 5-6-34(b).", "\nNevertheless, in an effort to directly appeal those September 2006 orders, Waye some months later voluntarily dismissed with prejudice the only remaining defendant from the case, secured an order from the trial court acknowledging the dismissal, and claimed that this dismissal constituted an appealable final adjudication of the matter. ", "We disagree. ", "The fact that Waye's *152 voluntary dismissal left nothing pending below does not end our inquiry as to whether this Court has jurisdiction over his appeal. \"", "A notice of appeal must be filed from an appealable decision or judgment, OCGA § 5-6-38, and must be brought by one with standing to pursue the appeal.\" (", "Punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) ", "Studdard v. Satcher, Chick, Kapfer, Inc.[5] A voluntary dismissal is not a decision or judgment that may be appealed by a plaintiff. ", "See id. \"It is axiomatic that at the appellate level one cannot complain of a judgment, order, or ruling that his own procedure or conduct procured or aided in causing.\" (", "Punctuation omitted.) ", "Mitchell v. Wyatt.[6] \"[Waye] cannot use [his] own voluntary dismissal as the vehicle for appellate review of rulings entered by the trial court more than 30 days from the filing of the notice of appeal.\" ", "Studdard, supra, 217 Ga.App. ", "at 3, 456 S.E.2d 71. ", "The fact that the trial court's September 2006 orders would be reviewable \"when enumerated as error on the proper designation of an appealable judgment, does not cure the fatal defect in the notice of appeal arising from the failure to appeal from such a judgment.\" (", "Punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) ", "Id. Accordingly, we are without jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.", "\nAppeal dismissed.", "\nMILLER and ELLINGTON, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Waye's notice of appeal incorrectly describes the September 27, 2006 order as an order which granted summary judgment to Continental. ", "This inaccuracy notwithstanding, it is clear from the record and the parties' briefs that the focus of the appeal is the trial court's dismissal of Continental.", "\n[2] Whiddon v. Stargell, 192 Ga.App. ", "826, 827, 386 S.E.2d 884 (1989).", "\n[3] Ware v. Handy Storage, 222 Ga.App. ", "339, 474 S.E.2d 240 (1996).", "\n[4] Coley Fertilizer Co. v. Gold Kist, 174 Ga.App. ", "471, 330 S.E.2d 597 (1985).", "\n[5] Studdard v. Satcher, Chick, Kapfer, Inc., 217 Ga.App, 1, 3, 456 S.E.2d 71 (1995),\n[6] Mitchell v. Wyatt, 192 Ga.App. ", "127, 129(1), 384 S.E.2d 227 (1989).", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet IPv4 and IPv6 with one command\n\nI would like to know if is possible to get IPv4 and IPv6 address with just one command dig, and how?", "\nFor example: \ndig hostname A\n- the command above will give the IPv4\ndig hostname AAAA\n- and this command will give me the IPv6 address\nHow can i get both addres, Ipv4 and IPv6, with just one command?", "\nI got stuck in this problem, how can i get IPv4 and IPv6 with a authoritarian query, but with just one command?", "\nAnyone can help me???", "\n\nA:\n\nIt may be that this has been added to dig since the question was asked, but for completeness this can be accomplished through the following query:\ndig hostname A hostname AAAA +short\n\nSource: http://linux.die.net/man/1/dig -- under the 'Multiple Queries' section\n\nA:\n\nIf you're querying an authoritative server for the domain, you can get all the records for a name with an ANY query:\ndig hostname ANY @servername\n\nHowever, this won't work reliably if you're querying a caching server. ", "When a caching server responds to an ANY query, it returns whatever records happen to be in cache at the time. ", "If the name has both A and AAAA records, but the server has only looked up the A records recently, the AAAA records won't be in the cache, so it won't return them.", "\nFurthermore, there is a proposal to allow DNS servers to refuse to answer ANY queries: Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS Queries that have QTYPE=ANY. ", "If you query a server that implements this, you may not be able to get both responses with a single query (although one of the suggestions in that draft is that an ANY query might just return all MX, A, and AAAA, since this is often what clients want). ", "So for best reliability, you should just make two queries.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPostgresql 9.4 and BDR SELECT bdr.bdr_group_join ERROR\n\nI'm trying to configurate Postgresql 9.4 with BDR, I have two servers where the master has the address 169.254.9.90 and the slave has the address 169.254.12.48. ", "I have already configurated the master but when I try to join the slave to the replication I'm getting an error: \nCommand to join:\nSELECT bdr.bdr_group_join(\n local_node_name := 'node2',\n node_external_dsn := 'host=169.254.12.48 port=5432 user=postgres dbname=amstest password=postgres',\n join_using_dsn := 'host=169.254.9.90 port=5432 user=postgres dbname=amstest password=postgres'\n);\n\nThe error Im getting is:\n\nERROR: connection from remote back to local in replication mode\n failed DETAIL: remote reported: ERROR: establish BDR: FATAL: no\n pg_hba.conf entry for replication connection from host \"169.254.9.90\",\n user \"postgres\", SSL on FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for replication\n connection from host \"169.254.9.90\", user \"postgres\", SSL off\nDETAIL: Connection string is 'replication=database\n fallback_application_name='BDR test connection' connect_timeout=30\n keepalives=1 keepalives_idle=20 keepalives_interval=20\n keepalives_count=5 host=169.254.12.48 port=5432 user=postgres\n dbname=amstest password=postgres'\nCONTEXT: SQL statement \"SELECT *\n FROM bdr.bdr_test_remote_connectback(join_using_dsn,\n node_external_dsn)\" PL/pgSQL function\n bdr_group_join(text,text,text,text,integer,text[]) line 39 at SQL\n statement\n\nCould anyone help me please?", "\n\nA:\n\nFATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for replication connection from host \"169.254.9.90\", user \"postgres\"\n\nEach node must be able to connect to each other node, both for replication and non-replication connections.", "\nThe newly joining node does not have a pg_hba.conf that permits the existing node you are specifying as a join target to connect to it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Changes in the ureteral peristaltic rate and the bolus volume in gradual and rapid urinary flow increase.", "\nThe electromyogram and bolus volume of ureteral peristalsis were measured during gradual and rapid urinary flow increase, using 16 mongrel dogs. ", "When the urine flow was increased rapidly by administration of diuretics, the ureteral peristaltic rate always increased first, then the urine bolus volume increased and finally the ureter became a urinary column without forming the urine bolus. ", "When the urine flow was increased gradually by intravenous drip infusion of saline solution, the ureteral peristaltic rate and urine bolus volume did not always increase in spite of urinary flow increase. ", "The peristaltic rate and bolus volume helped each other for effective urinary transport, as both of them not only always increase but also one of them occasionally decreased." ]

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[ "Download free fresh ebooks everyday!", "\n\nNumero zero by Umberto Eco (ePUB)\n\nA drafting raccogliticcia preparing a newspaper intended, rather than to information, to blackmail, to mud machine, low services to its publisher. ", "An editor paranoid, wandering around a haunted Milan (or hallucinated for a normal Milan), traces the history of fifty years against the backdrop of a plan built around the sulfurous rotten corpse of a pseudo Mussolini. ", "And in the shadows Gladio, the P2, the assassination of Pope Luciani, the coup of Junio ​​Valerio Borghese, the CIA, the terrorists red handled by private business offices, vent ‘years of massacres and false leads, a set of facts inexplicable that seem invented until a BBC does not prove that they are true, or at least they are now confessed by their authors. ", "And then a body that comes in suddenly in the closest and infamous street in Milan. ", "Slender love story between two protagonists losers by nature, a ghost writer failed and disturbing that a girl to help the family has dropped out of college and has specialized in the gossip of affectionate friendships, but still crying on the second movement of the Seventh Beethoven. ", "A perfect manual for bad journalism that the reader does not know whether gradually invented or merely repeated live. ", "A story that takes place in 1992 in which foreshadow many mysteries and follies of the next two decades, even as the two protagonists think that the nightmare is over. ", "A bitter and grotesque story that takes place in Europe since the end of the war to the present day." ]

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[ "Spirou et les héritiers\n\nSpirou et les héritiers, written and drawn by Franquin, is the fourth album of the Spirou et Fantasio series, and a great leap in the expansion of the Spirou universe. ", "After serial publication in Spirou magazine, it was released as a complete hardcover album in 1952.", "\n\nStory\nIn Spirou and the Heirs, Fantasio is told he must compete against his cousin Zantafio to inherit from a long-absent uncle. ", "The deceased has devised three trials for the two men: creating an original and useful invention, achieving a top 6 Grand Prix race position, and finally capturing a mysterious animal, the Marsupilami in the Palombian jungle. ", "The dishonest Zantafio uses extreme tactics to win, and the two cousins are tied after the second task.", "\n\nThe third task proves the hardest, as the creature's prodigious reflexes and abilities make it impossible to capture, until it accidentally drinks a gallon of heating oil. ", "Spirou and Fantasio nurse it and put it in a cage. ", "On their way back, they are ambushed by hostile natives, but Zantafio, who has seen the errors of his ways and decided to drop out of the race, rescues them. ", "Back home, Fantasio is declared the winner but learns that his impoverished uncle devised the race because he had nothing to leave his young relatives. ", "The inheritance is the lessons in life learnt in the course of the competition. ", "Fantasio declares himself satisfied.", "\n\nBackground\nThis album marks the first ever appearance (originally in Spirou issue #720, published January 31, 1952) of the Marsupilami. ", "The character appeared in most subsequent Spiriou et Fantasio stories by Franquin before getting its own series. ", "Franquin told that the ideas leading to its creation stem from the period Franquin lived in Jijé's household with Will and Morris, from a joke concerning a very active tramway conductor with too many duties, in need of a long, agile rat's tail to help with the tasks, and how this core idea allowed the Marsupilami character to grow. ", "Another influence was Eugene the Jeep (\"Pilou Pilou\" in French) a character from Popeye which Franquin was fond of. ", "He later expressed regret at having bound the Marsupilami species to a South American jungle, considering marsupials are found in Australia.", "\n\nWith Les Heritiérs, Franquin also reveals his passion for automobile sports.", "\n\nReferences\n\n Franquin publications in Spirou BDoubliées \n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\n Spirou official site album index \n Franquin site album index \n\nCategory:Comics by André Franquin\nCategory:Spirou et Fantasio albums\nCategory:1952 graphic novels\nCategory:Comics set in South America\nCategory:1952 in comics\nCategory:Works originally published in Spirou (magazine)\nCategory:Literature first published in serial form\nCategory:Comics set in a fictional country" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to create button like \n\n... this\n\nwhat should I do?", "\n\nA:\n\nPhotoshop (or whatever you use) and add those images to custom button.", "\nYou could visit sites such as http://www.iconfinder.com and search for 'Play', 'Next', 'Back' and so on. ", "There are a lot of buttons without need for you to make them. ", "Then just add them to your project and use the 'custom button' type in interfacebuilder/code.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Gunnaur (Assembly constituency)\n\nGunnaur Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. ", "It is a part of the Budaun district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Budaun (Lok Sabha constituency). ", "First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the \"DPACO (1951)\" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951. ", "After the \"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order\" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 111.", "\n\nWards / Areas\nExtant of Gunnaur Assembly constituency is Gunnaur Tehsil.", "\n\nMembers of Legislative Assembly\n\n16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections\n\nSee also\nSambhal district\nBudaun (Lok Sabha constituency)\nSixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh\nUttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\nVidhan Bhawan\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh\nCategory:Budaun district\nCategory:Constituencies established in 1951" ]

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[ "#ifndef LLARP_SERVICE_ROUTER_LOOKUP_JOB_HPP\n#define LLARP_SERVICE_ROUTER_LOOKUP_JOB_HPP\n\n#include <router_contact.hpp>\n\nnamespace llarp\n{\n namespace service\n {\n struct Endpoint;\n\n struct RouterLookupJob\n {\n RouterLookupJob(Endpoint* p, RouterLookupHandler h);\n\n RouterLookupHandler handler;\n uint64_t txid;\n llarp_time_t started;\n\n bool\n IsExpired(llarp_time_t now) const\n {\n if(now < started)\n return false;\n return now - started > 30s;\n }\n\n void\n InformResult(std::vector< RouterContact > result)\n {\n if(handler)\n handler(result);\n }\n };\n } // namespace service\n} // namespace llarp\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "This invention relates to a low range splitter transmission, and specifically to a low range splitter transmission capable of shifting while the vehicle is in motion from a highest numerical gear ratio to a second highest numerical gear ratio.", "\nTypically, a range splitter transmission for a heavy truck includes a main gearbox and an auxiliary gearbox. ", "The auxiliary gearbox includes a plurality of selectable gears for expanding the number of available gear combinations. ", "The main gearbox includes a plurality of gears selectable in combination with gears within the auxiliary gearbox.", "\nMany configuration and variations of range splitter transmissions are available to provide an expanded selection of gear ratios. ", "A known range splitter transmission utilizes the gears within the auxiliary gearbox to subdivide gear ratios available within the main gearbox. ", "Another known type of range splitter transmission utilizes the gears with in the auxiliary gearbox in combination with those within the main gearbox to provide low speed high torque. ", "Typically, low speed and high torque are required in heavy off road vehicles, such as construction and mining vehicles.", "\nIn some heavy vehicle applications, the highest numerical gear ratio available is much higher than the second highest numerical gear ratio. ", "The highest numerical gear ratio is often referred to as Low Low or Low Split, and the second highest numerical gear ratio referred to as First gear or Low. ", "The large numerical gear ratio step between the Low Low gear and First gear often is so extreme that the vehicle must be completely stopped in order to upshift from Low Low to First gear. ", "As appreciated, in many instances it is not desirable or feasible to stop the vehicle to make the required gear change.", "\nCurrently available low range splitter transmission designs are based on a main gearbox that includes a single main gearbox gear used in concert with auxiliary gearbox gears. ", "The highest numerical gear ratio within the main gearbox gear is typically used in combination with gears in the auxiliary gearbox for Low Low and First gears. ", "Typically, the overall range between the highest and lowest numerical gear ratios provided by the transmission is fixed. ", "The difference in ratios between the highest numerical gear ratio (lowest vehicle speed) and lowest numerical gear ratio (highest vehicle speed) must span a desired range in order to provide desired speeds for a specific application.", "\nIn order to cover the entire gear ratio range, a step or change in numerical gear ratio between each gear combination is determined and corresponding numerical gear ratios for each specific gear are selected. ", "The span between the highest gear ratio and the lowest gear ratio results in wider or uneven ratio steps between gears. ", "In order to obtain acceptable ratio increases between the most used gears, the gear ratio steps between the highest numerical gear ratio and the second highest numerical gear ratio is greater than would allow realistic shifting during movement of the vehicle.", "\nAccordingly, it is desirable to design a range splitter transmission that spans a desired range of gear ratios while still providing gear ratio steps between speeds that allow shifting to occur while the vehicle is in motion." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Determinants of efficiency growth of county-level public hospitals-evidence from Chongqing, China.", "\nThe reform of county-level public hospitals is a breakthrough in the new era of healthcare reform in China and has attracted considerable attention since 2012. ", "Continuous and efficient operations of hospital are primary concerns of this reform. ", "To ensure the effectiveness of county-based intervention reform measures in Chongqing, it is significant to understand how hospital and county characteristics are associated with county-level public hospital efficiency due to significant development differences between counties. ", "This study identifies the trajectory of hospital efficiency over time and determinants. ", "It will also provide preliminary references for advancing reform. ", "This study employs data from the Chongqing Regional Health Information Platform, Chongqing Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook, and Chongqing Statistical Yearbook for 2012-2016. ", "A three-level growth model is used to estimate the efficiency growth trajectories within the contexts of hospitals and counties. ", "The intra-hospital level factors that affect the initial efficiency include government financial assistance, daily charge per bed, total assets turnover, number of hospital healthcare technicians, and medical costs per 100-yuan medical income. ", "Inter-hospital variance is explained by hospital type. ", "Inter-county level factors affecting the growth rate include the number of healthcare technicians per 1000 people and population density of the county. ", "The interaction effect of the number of hospital healthcare technicians, hospital type, and number of healthcare technicians per 1000 people on hospital efficiency growth is significant. ", "This study identifies determinants that contribute to efficiency changes in public county-hospitals over time by using a three-level growth model. ", "The differences in efficiency are associated with intra-hospital, inter-hospital, and inter-county characteristics in Chongqing, which provides useful insight into government decision-making and the progress of reform. ", "The stability and reasonable increase in the number of healthcare technicians in a county are the key factors that improve the efficiency. ", "Further reform should focus on maternal and child healthcare hospitals for increasing investment and implementing government compensation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\nUSCA1 Opinion\n\n\t\n\n\n\n\n\r\r\r\r\r\r\r UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\r UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\r FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT\r FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT\r\r _________________________\r\r\r No. ", "97-1294\r\r\r SIERRA FRIA CORP. ", "AND RODRIGO ROCHA,\r\r Plaintiffs, Appellants,\r\r v.\r\r DONALD J. EVANS, P.C., ET AL. (", "GOODWIN, PROCTER & HOAR),\r\r Defendants, Appellees.", "\r\r _________________________\r\r APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\r\r FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS\r\r [Hon. ", "Morris E. Lasker,* Senior U.S. District Judge]\r __________________________\r\r _________________________\r\r Before\r\r Selya, Circuit Judge,\r _____________\r\r Coffin and Campbell, Senior Circuit Judges.", "\r _____________________\r\r _________________________\r\r Stephen L. Braga, with whom Miller, Cassidy, Larroca &\r __________________ ____________________________\r Lewin, L.L.P. was on brief, for appellants.", "\r _____________\r David S. Blatt, with whom John K. Villa, Williams &\r ________________ _______________ ___________\r Connolly, James J. Dillon, and Goodwin, Procter & Hoar were on\r ________ ________________ _______________________\r brief, for appellees.", "\r\r _________________________\r\r\r October 9, 1997\r ________________________\r\r ________________\r *Of the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.", "\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r SELYA, Circuit Judge. ", " St. Ambrose is said to have\r SELYA, Circuit Judge.", "\r _____________\r\r advised St. Augustine that \"[w]hen . . . ", " at Rome, live in the\r\r Roman style.\" ", " John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations 113 (Justin\r ____________________\r\r Kaplan ed., ", "16th ed. ", "1992). ", " In this case, the defendants, a\r\r Boston law firm and its constituent partners (hereinafter\r\r collectively Goodwin, Procter), counselled their erstwhile\r\r clients that when acquiring real estate in Aruba there were\r\r material risks associated with doing so in the Aruban style. ", " The\r\r plaintiffs demurred and instead traveled a path consistent with\r\r St. Ambrose's counsel. ", " Costly problems surfaced after the deal\r\r was done.", "\r\r Unwilling to absorb the loss in silence, the clients\r\r sued for malpractice. ", " The district court found in the lawyers'\r\r favor. ", " See Sierra Fria Corp. v. Evans, ___ F. Supp. ", " ___ (D.\r ___ _________________ _____\r\r Mass. 1997) [No. ", " 95-CIV-10106-MEL, slip op.]. ", " The clients\r\r appeal. ", " We affirm.", "\r\r I. TROUBLE IN PARADISE\r I. TROUBLE IN PARADISE\r\r Inasmuch as the appellants profess not to contest the\r\r facts as found by the lower court, we lean heavily upon the\r\r opinion below in recounting the relevant events. ", " See id. at ___\r ___ ___\r\r [slip op. ", "at 2-18].", "\r\r In 1991, plaintiffs-appellants Sierra Fria Corporation\r\r and Rodrigo Rocha (hereinafter collectively Rocha) acquired an\r\r option to purchase two Aruban resort hotels, the Divi Divi and\r\r the Divi Tamarijn, from Grape Holding N.V. (Grape) for\r\r approximately $35,000,000. ", " Rocha engaged Goodwin, Procter as\r\r\r 2\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r lead counsel, with overall responsibility for coordinating legal\r\r due diligence involved in the transaction. ", " The law firm assigned\r\r a partner, Michael Glazer, and an associate, Minta Kay, to work\r\r on the acquisition. ", " Both attorneys specialized in real estate\r\r law, but neither previously had handled an Aruban transaction.", "\r\r Kay received a draft title memorandum based on Aruban\r\r land records from Ingrid Bleeker, an attorney affiliated with\r\r Smeets, Thesseling & Von Borkhorst (a firm that one of Rocha's\r\r joint venturers had hired for its familiarity with Aruban and\r\r Dutch law). ", " Kay, who had hoped to obtain either title insurance\r\r or an as-built survey or both, expressed concern that the\r\r memorandum lacked solid title assurances. ", " Bleeker informed her\r\r that title insurance was unavailable in Aruba and that Aruban\r\r real estate transactions customarily proceeded without as-built\r\r surveys. ", " The prevailing practice, she said, was to requisition a\r\r title opinion from a local notary. ", " Bleeker also informed Kay\r\r that, if an as-built survey could be obtained at all, it would\r\r necessitate an extremely costly and time-consuming process.", "\r\r Frank Zeven, a more senior member of the Smeets firm, spoke with\r\r Glazer and confirmed Bleeker's depiction of Aruban real estate\r\r practices.", "\r\r Based on these conversations, Glazer and Kay understood\r\r that if Rocha purchased the hotels according to Aruban custom, he\r\r risked not knowing exactly what assets he was acquiring. ", " Their\r\r concern heightened when they realized that a time-share complex\r\r (Dutch Village) adjoined the Divi Tamarijn Beach Resort and that\r\r\r 3\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r no clearly visible dividing line separated the properties. ", " Thus,\r\r Kay spoke to Christopher DeChiario, Rocha's long-time aide. ", " She\r\r explained the hazards of proceeding without a survey, and\r\r DeChiario promised to discuss the matter with Rocha. ", " Glazer\r\r later spoke directly to Rocha about the risks attendant to the\r\r absence of a survey. ", " Rocha indicated that he was not\r\r particularly concerned. ", " Consequently, Goodwin, Procter did not\r\r commission a survey and Kay continued to work with Bleeker to\r\r determine precisely what assets were located on the hotels'\r\r properties.", "\r\r Bleeker eventually mailed several maps of the\r\r properties to Goodwin, Procter. ", " Kay informed DeChiario that the\r\r maps did not answer the boundary questions and again explained\r\r that, without a survey, Rocha lacked assurance that he was\r\r purchasing all the improvements. ", " DeChiario told Kay to press on\r\r with the transaction notwithstanding the absence of a survey, and\r\r to focus her efforts on securing a cross-use agreement with Dutch\r\r Village that would permit Divi Tamarijn guests to use Dutch\r\r Village's facilities, and vice-versa.", "\r\r When Glazer and Kay met with Rocha and DeChiario to\r\r iron out some wrinkles in the proposed cross-use agreement, they\r\r once again explained that, absent a survey, a purchaser could not\r\r know whether the envisioned property encompassed all of the\r\r hotels' facilities. ", " Rocha stated that he was not interested in\r\r obtaining a survey and that he was willing to consummate the\r\r seemingly lucrative transaction without one. ", " Kay then drafted a\r\r\r 4\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r memorandum detailing her concerns and sent copies to Rocha and\r\r DeChiario.", "\r\r During a subsequent conference call with Rocha and\r\r other investors, Kay again voiced her worries about the location\r\r of various facilities. ", " Rocha grew impatient and made it clear\r\r that speed was his highest priority. ", " He expressed eagerness to\r\r take control of the hotels during the height of the 1991-1992\r\r tourist season, and he indicated a willingness to rely on the\r\r cross-use agreement and the customary Aruban title assurances for\r\r protection.", "\r\r Goodwin, Procter received a standard Aruban title\r\r opinion from Maria Eman, an Aruban notary, firmed up the cross-\r\r use agreement, and thereafter consummated the transaction on\r\r February 11, 1992. ", " The closing did not bring closure:\r\r approximately one year later, Rocha learned that assets having an\r\r appraised value in excess of $4,000,000 tennis courts, parking\r\r spaces, and an administrative building housing the hotels'\r\r laundry facilities lay on land belonging to Dutch Village.", "\r\r After unsuccessfully attempting to gain title to the\r\r assets, Rocha invoked diversity jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. \r ___\r\r 1332(a) (1994), and brought suit against Goodwin, Procter. ", " In\r\r his complaint, Rocha accused the defendants of negligence and\r\r breach of a contractual obligation to perform legal services\r\r skillfully, prudently, and accurately. ", " Goodwin, Procter denied\r\r Rocha's charges.", "\r\r The United States District Court for the District of\r\r\r 5\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r Massachusetts, Morris E. Lasker, District Judge, conducted a\r\r five-day bench trial. ", " The judge then authored an opinion in\r\r which he identified the controlling issue as whether Goodwin,\r\r Procter \"informed Rocha of th[e] risk [of proceeding without a\r\r survey] with sufficient emphasis and particularity to make\r\r certain that his decision on whether to consummate the purchase\r\r was intelligent and knowing.\" ", " Sierra Fria, ___ F. Supp. ", "at ___\r ___________\r\r [slip op. ", " at 3]. ", " He resolved this issue in the defendants'\r\r favor, basing his decision primarily on an assessment of the\r\r relative credibility of Glazer, Kay, and Rocha. ", " In particular,\r\r Judge Lasker credited the attorneys' testimony that they\r\r repeatedly had warned Rocha about the dangers attendant to\r\r purchasing the hotels without a survey and found incredible\r\r Rocha's denial that they had uttered such warnings.1 See id. at\r ___ ___\r\r ___ [slip op. ", "at 16].", "\r\r II. ", " THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE\r II. ", " THE LEGAL LANDSCAPE\r\r Goodwin, Procter is a Boston-based firm, retained in\r\r Massachusetts. ", " Although the firm devoted its labors to property\r\r located abroad, neither party disputes that Massachusetts law\r\r supplies the substantive rule of decision. ", " We therefore survey\r\r Massachusetts legal malpractice law to determine whether Goodwin,\r\r Procter's conduct falls safely within its boundaries. ", " See Borden\r ___ ______\r\r v. Paul Revere Life Ins. ", "Co., 935 F.2d 370, 375 (1st Cir. ", "1991);\r __________________________\r\r \r ____________________\r\r 1The court also ruled against Rocha on a variety of other\r claims. ", " See Sierra Fria, ___ F. Supp. ", "at ___, ___ [slip op. ", "at\r ___ ___________\r 23-24, 28]. ", " None of those rulings has been appealed and,\r therefore, we take no view of them.", "\r\r 6\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r Moores v. Greenberg, 834 F.2d 1105, 1107 n.2 (1st Cir. ", "1987).", "\r ______ _________\r\r In general, Massachusetts law requires a client in a\r\r legal malpractice case to show that the attorney had a duty to\r\r the client, that he breached the duty, and that his breach\r\r proximately caused the plaintiff's harm. ", " See Fishman v. Brooks,\r ___ _______ ______\r\r 487 N.E.2d 1377, 1379-80 (Mass. 1986). ", " The first element is\r\r indigenous to the attorney-client relationship; in Massachusetts,\r\r as elsewhere, an attorney owes his or her client a duty to\r\r exercise a reasonable degree of care and skill in the performance\r\r of legal tasks. ", " See Wagenmann v. Adams, 829 F.2d 196, 218 (1st\r ___ _________ _____\r\r Cir. ", "1987); Pongonis v. Saab, 486 N.E.2d 28, 29 (Mass. 1985).", "\r ________ ____\r\r The second element is of critical importance here. ", " Under it, the\r\r plaintiff \"must demonstrate that the attorney failed to exercise\r\r reasonable care and skill in handling the matter for which the\r\r attorney was retained.\" ", " Colucci v. Rosen, Goldberg, Slavet,\r _______ _________________________\r\r Levenson & Wekstein, 515 N.E.2d 891, 894 (Mass. App. ", "Ct. ", "1987).", "\r ___________________\r\r The third element is standard fare in tort actions and requires\r\r no discussion in connection with Rocha's central theory of\r\r liability; if, on these facts, closing without a survey\r\r constituted malpractice, then the harm to Rocha is manifest.", "\r\r Of course, generalized concepts of duty and breach must\r\r be adapted to fit particular contexts. ", " Thus, when a client seeks\r\r advice from an attorney, the attorney owes the client \"a duty of\r\r full and fair disclosure of facts material to the client's\r\r interests.\" ", " Williams v. Ely, 668 N.E.2d 799, 806 (Mass. 1996).", "\r ________ ___\r\r This means that the attorney must advise the client of any\r\r\r 7\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r significant legal risks involved in a contemplated transaction,\r\r and must do so in terms sufficiently plain to permit the client\r\r to assess both the risks and their potential impact on his\r\r situation. ", " Consequently, in a legal malpractice action that\r\r implicates an attorney's performance of his counseling function,\r\r the trier of fact must determine whether the attorney's advice\r\r permitted the client adequately to weigh the risks involved in a\r\r given course of action. ", " See id.\r ___ ___\r\r III. ", " ANALYSIS\r III. ", " ANALYSIS\r\r Although Rocha presents a multifaceted asseverational\r\r array, his appeal boils down to two interlocking claims of error.", "\r\r We examine them sequentially.", "\r\r A.\r A.\r __\r\r The appellant posits that the district court's opinion\r\r violates Fed. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 52(a) and thereby precludes effective\r\r appellate review. ", " This proposition is unfounded.", "\r\r In terms, Rule 52(a) dictates that, in a bench trial,\r\r the court \"shall find the facts specially and state separately\r\r its conclusions of law.\" ", " This directive \"impose[s] on the trial\r\r court an obligation to ensure that its ratio decidendi is set\r _____ _________\r\r forth with enough clarity to enable a reviewing court reliably to\r\r perform its function.\" ", " Touch v. Master Unit Die Prods., ", "Inc., 43\r _____ ____________________________\r\r F.3d 754, 759 (1st Cir. ", " 1995). ", " But this imperative has a\r\r practical, commonsense cast. ", " Rule 52(a) requires trial judges\r\r neither to pen exhaustive dissertations nor to make findings and\r\r conclusions that are exquisitely precise. ", " As long as the trial\r\r\r 8\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r court clearly relates the findings of fact upon which its\r\r decision rests and articulates in a readily intelligible manner\r\r the conclusions that it draws by applying the controlling law to\r\r the facts as found, no more is exigible. ", " See Peckham v.\r ___ _______\r\r Continental Cas. ", " Ins. ", "Co., 895 F.2d 830, 842 (1st Cir. ", "1990).", "\r __________________________\r\r Judge Lasker's twenty-eight page opinion clears this hurdle with\r\r room to spare.", "\r\r We need not tarry. ", " The judge's rescript recapitulates\r\r the trial testimony of the key witnesses, limns a series of\r\r credibility calls, delineates reasons for crediting the testimony\r\r of some witnesses and discounting that of others, and traces the\r\r inferences that flow from the credited testimony. ", " The judge's\r\r thorough exposition of his factual findings stands in marked\r\r contrast to the unsupported generalizations that have triggered\r\r Rule 52(a) concerns in the cases upon which Rocha relies. ", " See,\r ___\r\r e.g., Touch, 43 F.3d at 758-59; Pearson v. Fair, 808 F.2d 163,\r ____ _____ _______ ____\r\r 166 (1st Cir. ", "1986) (per curiam).", "\r\r Rocha tries to minimize the district court's\r\r thoroughness. ", " Regardless of the battery of factual findings, he\r\r says, the judge made only a single conclusion of law and, thus,\r\r did not comply with Rule 52(a). ", " This is little more than\r\r whistling past the graveyard. ", " Rule 52(a) announces a\r\r qualitative, not a quantitative, standard and here, Goodwin,\r\r Procter either was or was not guilty of negligence in its\r\r representation of Rocha. ", " Since the judge made the solitary legal\r\r conclusion necessary for resolution of the action, our inquiry\r\r\r 9\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r focuses on the clarity of that conclusion.", "\r\r Judge Lasker framed the applicable legal standard in\r\r terms of whether the law firm informed its client of the risks of\r\r proceeding without a survey \"with sufficient emphasis and\r\r particularity to make certain that his decision on whether to\r\r consummate the purchase was intelligent and knowing.\" ", " Sierra\r ______\r\r Fria, ___ F. Supp. ", "at ___ [slip op. ", "at 3]. ", " This formulation is\r ____\r\r entirely consistent with Massachusetts law. ", " See supra Part II.", "\r ___ _____\r\r The judge then applied the standard to the discerned facts. ", " See\r ___\r\r Sierra Fria, ___ F. Supp. ", "at ___ [slip op. ", "at 17-18]. ", " In so\r ___________\r\r doing, he provided a clearly marked roadmap that shows how he\r\r reached a decision in this case. ", " The jurisprudence of Rule 52(a)\r\r does not require more exegetic treatment. ", " See, e.g., Fasolino\r ___ ____ ________\r\r Foods Co. v. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, 961 F.2d 1052, 1058 (2d\r _________ __________________________\r\r Cir. ", "1992); Westside Property Owners v. Schlesinger, 597 F.2d\r _________________________ ___________\r\r 1214, 1216 n.3 (9th Cir. ", "1979).", "\r\r B.\r B.\r __\r\r Next, Rocha (who is represented by fresh counsel on\r\r appeal) mounts a direct challenge to the lower court's decision\r\r on the merits. ", " His new lawyer says that he is contesting only\r\r the court's legal conclusion, not its factfinding. ", " Therefore, he\r\r argues, we must undertake de novo review of the decision.", "\r\r Goodwin, Procter not only defends Judge Lasker's decision, but\r\r also disparages Rocha's attempt to import a de novo standard of\r\r review into the case. ", " We address this standard-of-review\r\r imbroglio before turning to the various facets of Rocha's main\r\r\r 10\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r claim.", "\r\r 1.", "\r 1.", "\r\r We have made it pellucid that \"appeals in the federal\r\r court system are usually arrayed along a degree-of-deference\r\r continuum, stretching from plenary review at one pole to highly\r\r deferential modes of review . ", " . . ", "at the opposite pole.\" ", " In re\r _____\r\r Extradition of Howard, 996 F.2d 1320, 1327 (1st Cir. ", "1993). ", " In\r ______________________\r\r the ordinary case, this paradigm requires the court of appeals to\r\r scrutinize the trial court's answers to purely legal questions de\r\r novo and to assess the trial court's answers to straight factual\r\r questions for clear error. ", " See id.\r ___ ___\r\r There is, however, a middle ground which consists of\r\r the trial court's answers to mixed questions of law and fact \r\r and that middle ground is not amenable to a single standard-of-\r\r review rubric. ", " Rather, the applicable standard of review varies\r\r depending upon the nature of the mixed question; the more fact-\r\r dominated it is, the more likely that deferential, clear-error\r\r review will obtain, and the more law-dominated it is, the more\r\r likely that non-deferential, de novo review will obtain. ", " See id.\r ___ ___\r\r at 1328.", "\r\r Putting the issue that Rocha seeks to raise in its\r\r proper place along the law/fact continuum ends the instant\r\r standard-of-review controversy. ", " Though Rocha casts his argument\r\r artfully, it is perfectly plain that determining whether Goodwin,\r\r Procter exercised due care in representing Rocha is a fact-\r\r intensive exercise, see Brennan v. Hendrigan, 888 F.2d 189, 193\r ___ _______ _________\r\r\r 11\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r (1st Cir. ", "1989), and the district court, sitting without a jury,\r\r appropriately treated it as such. ", " The proof of the pudding is\r\r precedential; we consistently have reviewed adjudications of\r\r negligence arising in the course of bench trials by reference to\r\r the clearly erroneous test.2 See, e.g., La Esperanza de P.R.,\r ___ ____ ______________________\r\r Inc. v. Perez y Cia. ", " de P.R., Inc., ___ F.3d ___, ___ (1st Cir.", "\r ____ ___________________________\r\r 1997) [No. ", " 96-1904, slip op. ", " at 11]; Clement v. United States,\r _______ _____________\r\r 980 F.2d 48, 53 (1st Cir. ", "1992); DeGuio v. United States, 920\r ______ _____________\r\r F.2d 103, 105 (1st Cir. ", " 1990); Obolensky v. Saldana Schmier, 409\r _________ _______________\r\r F.2d 52, 54 (1st Cir. ", "1969).", "\r\r Under this format, we may reverse the district judge's\r\r conclusion that Goodwin, Procter did not act negligently only if,\r\r \"after careful evaluation of the evidence, we are left with an\r\r abiding conviction that those determinations and findings are\r\r simply wrong.\" ", " State Police Ass'n v. Commissioner, ___ F.3d ___,\r __________________ ____________\r\r ___ (1st Cir. ", "1997) [No. ", "97-1319, slip op. ", "at 9]; accord Cumpiano\r ______ ________\r\r v. Banco Santander P.R., 902 F.2d 148, 152 (1st Cir. ", " 1990).", "\r _____________________\r\r Moreover, to the extent that Rocha seeks to evade the application\r\r of this standard by the heavy-handed expedient of creative\r\r labelling, he is painting with an empty palette. ", " See Reliance\r ___ ________\r\r Steel Prods. ", " Co. v. National Fire Ins. ", " Co., 880 F.2d 575, 577\r _________________ ________________________\r\r (1st Cir. ", " 1989) (declaring that this court \"will not permit\r \r ____________________\r\r 2This does not mean that clear-error review applies up and\r down the line. ", " For example, a judge's determination whether a\r plaintiff has adduced sufficient evidence to create a question of\r fact on the issue of negligence is itself a question of law,\r subject to de novo review. ", " See Cort s-Irizarry v. Corporaci n\r ___ _______________ ___________\r Insular de Seguros, 111 F.3d 184, 187, 189-91 (1st Cir. ", "1997);\r ___________________\r Coyne v. Taber Partners I, 53 F.3d 454, 457 (1st Cir. ", "1995).", "\r _____ ________________\r\r 12\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r parties to profit by dressing factual disputes in `legal'\r\r costumery\").", "\r\r 2.", "\r 2.", "\r\r The merits need not detain us. ", " Here, the district\r\r judge accepted the facts surrounding the transaction very much as\r\r stated by Glazer and Kay, rejecting Rocha's contrary account. ", " We\r\r do not find the judge's decision to disbelieve Rocha's testimony\r\r clearly erroneous. ", " Ample evidence controverted Rocha's protest\r\r that he was unaware of the dangers inherent in closing without a\r\r survey, including the lawyers' testimony and various documentary\r\r evidence (notes, memos, and letters). ", " Credibility determinations\r\r fall squarely within the trier's preserve, see, e.g., Anthony v.\r ___ ____ _______\r\r Sundlun, 952 F.2d 603, 606 (1st Cir. ", "1991), and for good reason:\r _______\r\r where a judge presides at a bench trial, observes the witnesses'\r\r demeanor, and hears their words as they are uttered, he is far\r\r better equipped to gauge their veracity (or lack of veracity)\r\r than is an appellate panel consigned to sift a paper record after\r\r the fact. ", " Hence, we decline the appellant's implicit invitation\r\r to disturb the judge's credibility-based findings.", "\r\r This determination does not end our work. ", " We still\r\r must evaluate the judge's conclusion, based on his acceptance of\r\r the attorneys' testimony, that Goodwin, Procter was not\r\r negligent. ", " Having performed this evaluation, we find no error.", "\r\r The losing party always faces an arduous climb when he\r\r attempts to impugn a factbound finding (such as a finding of no\r\r negligence) that results from a bench trial. ", " Here, however,\r\r\r 13\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r Rocha's difficulties are twice compounded. ", " For one thing, the\r\r ascent becomes steeper when the loser bears the burden of proof\r\r on the issue. ", " For another thing, the grade increases still more\r\r when the trier rests the challenged finding on a credibility\r\r judgment. ", " Recognizing the inhospitable nature of the terrain,\r\r Rocha argues that, even accepting Glazer's and Kay's narrative of\r\r what transpired, Goodwin, Procter's unfocused advice \r\r particularly the firm's inadequate explanation of the cost and\r\r time requirements of an Aruban survey and its failure to suggest\r\r a post-closing arrangement as an alternative protective mechanism\r\r did not allow Rocha to weigh his options realistically.", "\r\r In assembling this argument, Rocha overstates the\r\r relevant standard of care. ", " Massachusetts law requires an\r\r attorney performing a counseling function to advise the client in\r\r a manner that permits the latter intelligently to assess the\r\r risks of taking (or declining to take) a particular action. ", " But\r\r lawyers even high-priced lawyers ordinarily are not\r\r guarantors of favorable results. ", " It is neither fair, practical,\r\r nor legally appropriate to benchmark an attorney against a\r\r standard of prescience. ", " Thus, lawyers are not obliged to relate\r\r in exquisite detail every fact or circumstance that might\r\r conceivably have a bearing on the client's business decision or\r\r to anticipate remote risks. ", " See Williams, 668 N.E.2d at 806. ", " By\r ___ ________\r\r the same token, lawyers are not expected to persist relentlessly\r\r when clients especially clients who are sophisticated\r\r businessmen choose to go forward after being suitably informed\r\r\r 14\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r of looming risks. ", " See Conklin v. Hannoch Weisman, P.C., 678 A.2d\r ___ _______ _____________________\r\r 1060, 1069 (N.J. 1996) (stating that \"an attorney has no\r\r obligation `to lie down in front of a speeding train' to prevent\r\r a bad deal\"); Horn v. Moberg, 844 P.2d 452, 455 (Wash. Ct. ", "App.", "\r ____ ______\r\r 1993) (similar); Gill v. DiFatta, 364 So.2d 1352, 1354-56 (La.\r ____ _______\r\r Ct. ", " App. ", " 1978) (similar); see generally Ronald E. Mallen &\r ___ _________\r\r Jeffrey M. Smith, 2 Legal Malpractice 20.2 (4th ed. ", "1996).", "\r _________________\r\r Then, too, expert testimony almost always is required\r\r to establish the standard of care in a legal malpractice action.", "\r\r See Wagenmann, 829 F.2d at 218-19; Pongonis, 486 N.E.2d at 29.", "\r ___ _________ ________\r\r This case falls comfortably within the sweep of that abecedarian\r\r rule. ", " And given the facts as found, the expert testimony adduced\r\r at trial does not support the claim of negligence, but, rather,\r\r confirms that Goodwin, Procter adhered to the applicable standard\r\r of care when it advised Rocha of the risks inherent in proceeding\r\r without a survey.", "\r\r The parties each offered one expert witness who dealt\r\r substantively with the standard of care applicable to attorneys\r\r practicing in Massachusetts.3 Rocha's expert, Stoddard Platt,\r\r testified that Goodwin, Procter had two viable options when\r\r addressing the survey problem: to locate and commission Dutch-\r\r speaking surveyors to fly to Aruba and map the properties, or to\r\r warn Rocha about the perils of closing without a survey and\r \r ____________________\r\r 3While Rocha presented an additional expert witness\r (Professor Richard Perlmutter), he served only to confirm that\r the substantive testimony of Rocha's principal expert (which had\r been cast in terms of the New York standard of care) applied\r equally in Massachusetts.", "\r\r 15\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r permit him to make an informed decision about whether to proceed.", "\r\r For the purpose of his testimony, Platt assumed that Goodwin,\r\r Procter never warned Rocha about these hazards and thereby\r\r transgressed the standard of care. ", " Goodwin, Procter's expert,\r\r Phillip Nexon, started from a different premise. ", " He assumed the\r\r truth of Glazer's and Kay's testimony that they repeatedly\r\r cautioned Rocha and concluded that these warnings satisfied the\r\r standard of care.", "\r\r Once the judge resolved the assumptions underlying each\r\r expert's testimony in Goodwin, Procter's favor, any substantive\r\r dissonance vanished. ", " Rocha's expert admitted as much when he\r\r acknowledged that if \"the client was brought in, . . . ", "the issues\r\r were discussed with the client and the client decided to proceed\r\r without a survey,\" then Goodwin, Procter fulfilled its\r\r obligations to Rocha. ", " That, of course, is precisely what\r\r happened here or so the trier supportably found. ", " In light of\r\r this testimonial harmony, we have no warrant to set aside, under\r\r principles of clear-error review, the district court's conclusion\r\r that Goodwin, Procter did not negligently advise Rocha.", "\r\r 3.", "\r 3.", "\r\r On appeal, Rocha attempts to blunt the force of this\r\r reasoning by insisting that Goodwin, Procter negligently failed\r\r to explore the possibility of offsetting the absence of a survey\r\r by constructing some type of post-closing arrangement. ", " This\r\r\r\r\r\r\r 16\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r argument founders on evidentiary shoals.4\r\r First, Platt Rocha's expert testified that he had\r\r never consummated a real estate transaction that included a post-\r\r closing survey component. ", " This jibed with the testimony of Nexon\r\r Goodwin, Procter's expert who classified post-closing surveys\r\r as \"not customary.\" ", " Further, Rocha adduced no evidence that\r\r another type of post-closing arrangement could have remedied the\r\r boundary problems, much less that customary Massachusetts\r\r practice suggested some such arrangement.", "\r\r Second, and perhaps more fundamentally, the record\r\r contains no expert testimony that the Massachusetts standard of\r\r care required Goodwin, Procter to recommend any post-closing\r\r arrangement to Rocha. ", " We reiterate that Rocha's expert testified\r\r that the lawyers could conform to the standard of care either by\r\r commissioning a survey or by warning Rocha of the risks of\r\r proceeding without one. ", " To avoid this evidentiary obstacle,\r\r Rocha appears to argue that even after he made an informed\r\r decision to proceed without a survey, Goodwin, Procter had some\r\r residual duty to suggest a prophylactic post-closing arrangement.", "\r\r Yet, Rocha points to no expert testimony that supports this\r\r formulation of the standard of care. ", " While \"expert testimony is\r\r not essential where the claimed legal malpractice is so gross or\r\r obvious that laymen can rely on their common knowledge to\r\r \r ____________________\r\r 4In point of fact, Goodwin, Procter did discuss and\r implement a post-closing arrangement the cross-use agreement \r in an effort to ameliorate the risks inherent in purchasing the\r hotels without an as-built survey.", "\r\r 17\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r recognize or infer negligence,\" Pongonis, 486 N.E.2d at 29, this\r ________\r\r narrow exception to the expert testimony requirement does not\r\r encompass Rocha's sophisticated theory of negligence.", "\r\r We summarize succinctly. ", " Given the evidence of record,\r\r it is readily apparent that the district court's conclusion is\r\r not poisoned by Goodwin, Procter's failure to suggest a post-\r\r closing arrangement as an antidote to the absence of a survey.", "\r\r 4.", "\r 4.", "\r\r Rocha's last asseveration is a variation on these\r\r themes. ", " He maintains that he agreed to proceed without a survey\r\r only on the condition that he receive the same title assurances\r\r as the prospective first mortgagee, Bank of Nova Scotia (BNS).", "\r\r To the extent that Rocha couches this contention in terms of an\r\r implied contract, he failed to raise it below and therefore\r\r cannot raise it for the first time on appeal. ", " See Correa v.\r ___ ______\r\r Hospital San Francisco, 69 F.3d 1184, 1191 (1st Cir. ", "1995), cert.", "\r ______________________ _____\r\r denied, 116 S. Ct. ", "1423 (1996); Martinez v. Colon, 54 F.3d 980,\r ______ ________ _____\r\r 987 (1st Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 116 S. Ct. ", "515 (1995).", "\r _____ ______\r\r Even if Rocha had not waived this contention, it would\r\r fail on the merits. ", " Glazer testified that when he told Rocha\r\r that he would receive the same assurances as BNS, he meant that\r\r Rocha would receive the same title report prepared by the same\r\r Aruban notary. ", " Glazer further testified that Rocha \"got\r\r fundamentally the same [assurances], or lack of assurances,\" as\r\r BNS. ", " The trial judge reasonably credited all of Glazer's\r\r testimony. ", " Under these circumstances, the appellant's attempt to\r\r\r 18\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r transmogrify this factual issue into an issue of law fizzles.", "\r\r See Reliance Steel, 880 F.2d at 577.", "\r ___ ______________\r\r IV. ", " CONCLUSION\r IV. ", " CONCLUSION\r\r We need go no further. ", " The district court warrantably\r\r found that Goodwin, Procter warned Rocha time and again about the\r\r risks inherent in completing the transaction without a survey,\r\r that Rocha failed to heed those warnings, and that Rocha paid the\r\r price for his hubris, both literally and figuratively. ", " Since\r\r those warnings fully complied with the standard of care that\r\r Massachusetts law requires of practicing attorneys, we are not at\r\r liberty to reverse the entry of judgment in the defendants'\r\r favor.", "\r\r\r\r Affirmed.", "\r Affirmed.", "\r ________\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r 19\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\n" ]

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[ "Overview\n\nThis information aims to provide a summary of the course. ", "If you'd like to find out more, please go\nhere\n\nCourse Description\n\nThis course is offered jointly by UTS: Information Technology and UTS: Business and is awarded with two testamurs. ", "The information technology component provides a sound education in all aspects of computing and information technology for students who intend to make a career in the profession. ", "The business component provides students with the knowledge, competencies and values necessary for fulfilling an effective career in business.", "\n\nGraduates with solid IT skills who also understand business operations are in strong demand in industry. ", "This combined program allows students to gain two degrees, leading towards a career in business IT operations in only four years.", "\n\nIndustrial training is available as an additional year and students enrol into the Diploma in Information Technology Professional Practice (C20056) once they have secured suitable full-time employment. ", "This incorporates a minimum of nine months full-time work experience with four supporting subjects at UTS. ", "Full-time students normally undertake the industrial training after completing Year 3. ", "International students can work full-time for the duration of the diploma.", "\n\nRatings\n\nWe ask: What are the job prospects like? ", "Does the course help set you up with a job in the field?", "\n\n4.0\n\nTeachers\n\nWe ask: Were the teachers engaging? ", "Did they have good industry experience? ", "Did they use real life examples?", "\n\n3.5\n\nCourse work\n\nWe ask: Was the material relevant, up to date and appropriate given the state of the industry?", "\n\n3.0\n\nTime worthy\n\nWe ask: Was the course worth the time taken to complete it?", "\n\n3.5\n\nMoney Worthy\n\nWe ask: Was the course worth the money paid to complete it?", "\n\n3.5\n\nStudent Reviews\n\nFebruary 2018\n\nYear completed\n2019\n\nPositives - I.T half of the course is very practical and thus allows me to immerse myself into the field I am studying very efficiently and allows me to interact with so many new people. ", "Also a combination of the two courses provides me with a broad spectrum of opportunities\n\nPositives - I.T half of the course is very practical and thus allows me to immerse myself into the field I am studying very efficiently and allows me to interact with so many new people. ", "Also a combination of the two courses provides me with a broad spectrum of opportunities\n\nNegatives - Business can be a bit boring. ", "Very theoretical and bland.", "\n\nMy advice to future students is: The workload is quite heavy so make sure you can be committed to your studies - because I have seen it get too much for people, including me, and that isn't fun" ]

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[ "Should postprandial hyperglycaemia in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients be treated?", "\nNumerous prospective studies support the concept of postprandial glycaemia (PPG) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). ", "A meta-analysis has demonstrated an exponential relationship between 2-hour postchallenge glucose levels and the incidence of CVD. ", "This relationship is stronger than those observed with fasting glycaemia or glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), and persists after adjustment for other vascular risk factors. ", "Although there are fewer data available for the diabetic population, those that are available also support PPG as a risk factor for CVD. ", "Treating PPG with acarbose is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events in both patients with IGT and diabetes mellitus. ", "Acarbose also reduces the progression of intima-media thickness (IMT), which is a surrogate endpoint for atherosclerosis. ", "It has been suggested that the beneficial effect could be related to an improvement in postprandial hyperglycaemia and associated atherogenic factors - oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and pro-coagulation factors - and to an improvement in other cardiovascular risk factors such as systolic blood pressure (by decreasing water and salt absorption), postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance. ", "Treating PPG with glinides improves IMT as well as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels, while treating PPG with rapid-acting insulin analogues is also associated with improvements in endothelial dysfunction. ", "The Kumamoto study suggests that reduced PPG is strongly associated with reductions in retinopathy and nephropathy. ", "Finally, decreasing PPG in patients with IGT reduces the progression of diabetes. ", "In conclusion, physicians should increase efforts to control PPG in order to further improve HbA(1c), and should also ensure close control of postprandial hyperglycaemic peaks so as to optimise patients' chances of avoiding cardiovascular complications. ", "As for the prevention of CVD, further prospective intervention trials, powered to answer this question, are still required." ]

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[ "Max Greenfield & 'New Girl' Guys: Do Something Awards 2012\n\nAbout Photo #2705145:\nJake M. Johnson, Max Greenfield, and Lamorne Morris look handsome as they arrive on the blue carpet at the 2012 Do Something Awards held at Barker Hangar on Sunday… Read More Here" ]

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[ "Ecommerce Website Builder Benefits\n\nThere are plenty of Ecommerce solutions available on the internet but not every solution is right for everyone.", "\n\nWhat we have created is a very simple and easy to use ecommerce enabled website that can have you online and selling products in less than an hour without the high cost associated with doing so.", "\n\nWith us, for as little as $19.95/month, you get a fully-functional website with tons of features, over 1,700 designs to choose from or customize and a shopping cart that is fully integrated with the two most popular credit card processors in the world… PayPal and Authorize.net.", "\n\nWe provide the SSL certificate and the secure checkout process for FREE and we DO NOT charge any transaction fees or any sort of fees for you to do business.", "\n\nThere are NO SETUP FEES or hidden costs. ", "What does this mean for you? ", "Peace of mind.", "It means you can afford to create a website for your business without $1,000s in setup expenses and high overhead costs.", "\n\nYou can take your time building a successful online presense the way you want it and on your schedule. ", "Our shopping cart software allows you to have up to 500 products (more can be added), each with their own options (like color or size or special comments) and shipping costs.", "\n\nYour customers and sales appear in a management tool so you can keep track of the progress of your orders. ", "Visitor statistics are recorded so you can see who is looking for your website and what pages interest them the most." ]

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[ "WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Strengthen Social Security Campaign, a coalition of liberal groups including MoveOn.org as well as a number of labor unions, launched a webpage today that provides information about all 12 members of the powerful Joint Select Committee on Budget Deficit Reduction, also known as the Super Committee.", "\n\nThe bipartisan Super Committee is charged with proposing at least $1.2 trillion in deficit reduction by Nov. 23. ", "Everything is on the table during its deliberations including cuts to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, as well as raising new revenues.", "\n\n[smartads]\n\nThe webpage highlights the votes the committee members have taken on these issues in 2011 and statements they have made about the issues. ", "It also includes information showing the number of Social Security and Medicare beneficiaries in states and congressional districts represented by the Super Committee members.", "\n\n“This new webpage shows that half of the members of the Super Committee have already voted to make deep cuts to Social Security benefits while giving huge tax breaks to the wealthy,” said Eric Kingson, co-chair of the Strengthen Social Security Campaign. “", "They have also voted to end Medicare as we know it and to cut Medicaid by $1.4 trillion. ", "All it takes is one more vote on the Super Committee and the economic security of tens of millions of Americans would be put in great peril. ", "This webpage will help average Americans keep track of this powerful committee and the crucial decisions it is making.”" ]

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[ "Improved method for the determination of chlorhexidine in urine.", "\nA high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described which is suitable for the determination of the common antiseptic chlorhexidine in urine. ", "The method employs Sep-Pak cartridges to remove chlorhexidine from the urine matrix. ", "Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column using a mobile phase of methanol-20 mM sodium acetate solution (60:40) adjusted to pH 5 with glacial acetic acid. ", "An ion-pair agent (pentadecafluorooctanoic acid) was used at a concentration of 100 micrograms ml-1 X 3-Bromobenzophenone was used as chromatographic standard (kappa' = 4.0). ", "4-Bromobenzophenone (kappa' = 3.9) or dibenzal hydrazine (kappa' = 4.4) may also be used. ", "A series of urine samples was analysed and no interferences were observed. ", "The method is simple and rapid with a total analysis time of ca. ", "30 min." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nText not being transformed to the right position\n\nI have a json data with translate position within it, and I return that data along with a centroid with the function I have created. ", "When I run this code, the text runs in a straight line along the bottom: \nvar prac = svg.append(\"g.prac\")\n .data(inner)\n .enter()\n .append(\"g\")\n .attr(\"transform\", function(d,i){return \"translate (\"+ arc[i].centroid() +\")\" + d.trans;}); \n\n prac.append(\"text\")\n .style(\"font\", \"bold 12px Arial\")\n .text(function(d) {return d.text;})\n ;\n\nI have also tried to append (svg:text) instead of grouping it, but it just doesnt appear. ", "\nCan anyone help me with my problem? ... ", "I have attached an example to make my problem more clear: http://jsfiddle.net/xwZjN/48/\n\nA:\n\nOne problem is that you're appending <g.prac> elements instead of <g class='prac'> elements. ", "To fix that, switch code that looks like this:\nsvg.append(\"g.prac\")\n\nwith this:\nsvg.append(\"g\").attr(\"class\", \"prac\")\n\nSecond, and more critically, you need to select the elements to which you want to bind your data - even if they haven't been created yet (Scott Murray has a nice explanation of this). ", "So your prac should be made like this:\nsvg.append(\"g\")\n .attr(\"class\", \"prac\")\n .selectAll(\"g\")\n .data(inner)\n .enter()\n .append(\"g\")\n .attr(...)\n\nHere's a jsfiddle where I've made that conversion for both g.prac and g.presence: http://jsfiddle.net/c6w7j/4/\nI think that gets you part of the way there. ", "I'm not sure that that text is actually landing where you want it, but this should at least fix your structure.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kolumne von Claudia Henzler\n\nDie Welt könnte so viel besser sein, wenn der Mensch nicht so bequem wäre. ", "Weil ihm ja vollkommen klar ist, dass er wenig Kohlendioxid und Müll produzieren sollte und er sich morgens einfach mal fünf Minuten hinsetzen könnte, um seinen Fairtradekaffee zu genießen, und dann aufs Fahrrad steigen. ", "Wäre auch gesünder. ", "Aber in der eigenen Geländelimousine fährt man halt doch irgendwie gemütlicher ins Büro. ", "Und wenn man dabei noch den Milchkaffee vom Lieblingsitaliener schlürfen kann, ist's grad noch schöner.", "\n\nDoch das schlechte Gewissen sitzt auf der Rückbank, die meisten Menschen würden die Welt schon gerne retten, wenn's nicht zu viele Umstände macht. ", "Oft muss man nur ein bisschen nachhelfen, damit sie ihrem inneren Schweinehund Beine machen. ", "Das hat sich auch das Studentenwerk Würzburg gedacht, das mehr als 54 000 Studentinnen und Studenten in Aschaffenburg, Bamberg, Schweinfurt und Würzburg mit Kaffee versorgt - auf Wunsch auch im Pappbecher. ", "Weil davon jährlich 600 000 Stück über den Tresen gehen, hatte die Studentenvertretung angeregt, die Müllflut einzudämmen. ", "Und das Studentenwerk hatte sich daraufhin einiges einfallen lassen: Seit Oktober bietet es nicht nur Mehrwegbecher an, sondern nimmt den Mitnehmkaffeetrinkern auch noch das Abspülen ab. ", "Wer will, kann seinen Plastikbecher nach Gebrauch gegen einen sauberen eintauschen. ", "Als zusätzlicher Anreiz, einmalig vier Euro in den wiederverwendbaren zu investieren, wurde in allen Cafeterien eine Müllsünderzulage eingeführt: Kaffee im Pappbecher kostete zehn Cent mehr. ", "Doch das Experiment scheiterte, die Strafzulage wurde zum Start des Sommersemesters wieder abgeschafft. ", "Denn das Studentenwerk hatte übersehen, wie faul seine Kunden tatsächlich sind. ", "Sie müssten ja den leeren Mehrwegbecher entweder mit sich herumtragen oder zurückbringen, um eine Pfandmarke zu holen. ", "Weil sie sich den Aufwand und die Zusatzgebühr sparen wollten, wichen immer mehr auf die kostenlosen Keramiktassen aus, die nicht zum Mitnehmen gedacht sind, und ließen sie dann einfach auf dem Unigelände oder irgendwo im Stadtgebiet liegen. ", "So mussten am Semesterende allein in Würzburg fast 3000 Tassen nachgekauft werden." ]

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[ "The Revolutionary Act’s Rod Thomson recently appeared on an ABC panel to discuss his column on how a Bible-believing Christian can support the Trump presidency.", "\n\nThe panel included a liberal activist theologian and a liberal professor, so time was limited and of course difficult to stay on point. ", "It was a good if somewhat frustrating opportunity.", "\n\nThe article has a more full explanation of the position. ", "You can read it here.", "\n\nOur Revolutionary Youtube Channel" ]

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[ "// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.", "\n// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.", "\n// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.", "\n\nusing System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Linq;\nusing Cake.", "Core;\nusing Cake.", "Core.", "Annotations;\nusing Cake.", "Core.", "Diagnostics;\nusing Cake.", "Core.", "IO;\n\nnamespace Cake.", "Common.", "Tools.", "DupFinder\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// <para>Contains functionality related to ReSharper's <see href=\"https://www.jetbrains.com/help/resharper/2016.1/dupFinder.html\">dupFinder</see> tool.</para>\n /// <para>\n /// In order to use the commands for this alias, include the following in your build.cake file to download and\n /// install from nuget.org, or specify the ToolPath within the <see cref=\"DupFinderSettings\" /> class:\n /// <code>\n /// #tool \"nuget:?package=JetBrains.", "ReSharper.", "CommandLineTools\"\n /// </code>\n /// </para>\n /// </summary>\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"ReSharper\")]\n public static class DupFinderAliases\n {\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses the specified file with ReSharper's DupFinder.", "\n /// The file can either be a solution/project or a source file.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"file\">The file to analyze.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// DupFinder(\"./src/MySolution.sln\");\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, FilePath file)\n {\n DupFinder(context, new[] { file });\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses the specified file with ReSharper's DupFinder using the specified settings.", "\n /// The file can either be a solution/project or a source file.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"file\">The file to analyze.</param>\n /// <param name=\"settings\">The settings.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// var buildOutputDirectory = Directory(\"./.build\");\n /// var resharperReportsDirectory = buildOutputDirectory + Directory(\"_ReSharperReports\");\n /// var rootDirectoryPath = MakeAbsolute(Context.", "Environment.", "WorkingDirectory);\n ///\n /// DupFinder(\"./src/MySolution.sln\", new DupFinderSettings {\n /// ShowStats = true,\n /// ShowText = true,\n /// ExcludePattern = new String[]\n /// {\n /// rootDirectoryPath + \"/**/*Designer.cs\",\n /// },\n /// OutputFile = resharperReportsDirectory + File(\"dupfinder-output.xml\"),\n /// ThrowExceptionOnFindingDuplicates = true\n /// });\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, FilePath file, DupFinderSettings settings)\n {\n DupFinder(context, new[] { file }, settings);\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses the specified projects with ReSharper's DupFinder.", "\n /// The files can either be solutions and projects or a source files.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"files\">The files to analyze.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// var projects = GetFiles(\"./src/**/*.csproj\");\n /// DupFinder(projects);\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, IEnumerable<FilePath> files)\n {\n DupFinder(context, files, new DupFinderSettings());\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses the specified projects with ReSharper's DupFinder using the specified settings.", "\n /// The files can either be solutions and projects or a source files.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"files\">The files to analyze.</param>\n /// <param name=\"settings\">The settings.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// var buildOutputDirectory = Directory(\"./.build\");\n /// var resharperReportsDirectory = buildOutputDirectory + Directory(\"_ReSharperReports\");\n /// var rootDirectoryPath = MakeAbsolute(Context.", "Environment.", "WorkingDirectory);\n ///\n /// var projects = GetFiles(\"./src/**/*.csproj\");\n /// DupFinder(projects, new DupFinderSettings {\n /// ShowStats = true,\n /// ShowText = true,\n /// ExcludePattern = new String[]\n /// {\n /// rootDirectoryPath + \"/**/*Designer.cs\",\n /// },\n /// OutputFile = resharperReportsDirectory + File(\"dupfinder-output.xml\"),\n /// ThrowExceptionOnFindingDuplicates = true\n /// });\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, IEnumerable<FilePath> files, DupFinderSettings settings)\n {\n if (context == null)\n {\n throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));\n }\n\n var runner = new DupFinderRunner(context.", "FileSystem, context.", "Environment, context.", "ProcessRunner, context.", "Tools, context.", "Log);\n runner.", "Run(files, settings);\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses all files matching the specified pattern with ReSharper's DupFinder.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"pattern\">The pattern.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// DupFinder(\"*.cs\");\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, string pattern)\n {\n DupFinder(context, pattern, new DupFinderSettings());\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Analyses all files matching the specified pattern with ReSharper's DupFinder,\n /// using the specified settings.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"pattern\">The pattern.</param>\n /// <param name=\"settings\">The settings.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// var buildOutputDirectory = Directory(\"./.build\");\n /// var resharperReportsDirectory = buildOutputDirectory + Directory(\"_ReSharperReports\");\n ///\n /// DupFinder(\"*.cs\", new DupFinderSettings {\n /// OutputFile = resharperReportsDirectory + File(\"dupfinder-output.xml\"),\n /// });\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinder(this ICakeContext context, string pattern, DupFinderSettings settings)\n {\n if (context == null)\n {\n throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));\n }\n\n if (pattern == null)\n {\n throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pattern));\n }\n\n var sourceFiles = context.", "Globber.", "GetFiles(pattern).ToArray();\n if (sourceFiles.", "Length == 0)\n {\n context.", "Log.", "Verbose(\"The provided pattern did not match any files.\");", "\n return;\n }\n\n var runner = new DupFinderRunner(context.", "FileSystem, context.", "Environment, context.", "ProcessRunner, context.", "Tools, context.", "Log);\n runner.", "Run(sourceFiles, settings);\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Runs ReSharper's DupFinder using the provided config file.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"context\">The context.</param>\n /// <param name=\"configFile\">The config file.</param>\n /// <example>\n /// <code>\n /// DupFinderFromConfig(\"./src/dupfinder.config\");\n /// </code>\n /// </example>\n [CakeMethodAlias]\n [CakeAliasCategory(\"DupFinder\")]\n public static void DupFinderFromConfig(this ICakeContext context, FilePath configFile)\n {\n if (context == null)\n {\n throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));\n }\n\n var runner = new DupFinderRunner(context.", "FileSystem, context.", "Environment, context.", "ProcessRunner, context.", "Tools, context.", "Log);\n runner.", "RunFromConfig(configFile);\n }\n }\n}" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nDuring neurogenesis post-mitotic neurons of distinct types are generated from neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPs), both in the developing brain and in the adult brain niches of the hippocampus dentate gyrus and subventricular zone (SVZ), through progressive steps of cell cycle exit, differentiation, and migration (Gage, [@B21]; Ming and Song, [@B44]; Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, [@B33]). ", "Cell cycle arrest and neurogenesis are highly coordinated and interactive processes, governed by cell cycle genes and neural transcription factors. ", "The expression of proneural genes, which convert undifferentiated precursors into neurons, is also linked to a negative control of the cell cycle (Farah et al., [", "@B15]). ", "One molecule coordinating cell cycle exit with differentiation in neural progenitor cells is the transcriptional coregulator PC3/*Tis21* (also referred to as *Btg2*), whose ablation enhances the proliferation of adult hippocampal granule progenitor cells and also impairs their terminal differentiation (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B16]). ", "Conversely, overexpression of *PC3*/*Tis21* in hippocampal progenitor cells accelerates their differentiation (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B17]).", "\n\nAdult hippocampal neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus from putative neural stem cells with radial glial-like morphology, identified by the expression of GFAP in their processes or also of nestin and Sox2, and defined as type-1 cells (Seri et al., [", "@B56]; Filippov et al., [", "@B18]; Fukuda et al., [", "@B20]; Graham et al., [", "@B23]; Kempermann et al., [", "@B30]; Komitova and Eriksson, [@B32]). ", "Type-1 cells evolve into proliferating progenitor cells, namely type-2, which exist in two subtypes 2a and 2b, both nestin-positive, one negative and one positive for the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX; Fukuda et al., [", "@B20]; Kronenberg et al., [", "@B34]) and type-3, which then become post-mitotic granule neurons, attaining stage 5 and 6 (Kempermann et al., [", "@B30]). ", "This stage is denoted by the expression of the mature, post-mitotic neuronal marker NeuN, which coexists initially with DCX (Kempermann et al., [", "@B30]). ", "On the other hand, SVZ, the other adult neurogenic brain region (Alvarez-Buylla and Lim, [@B2]), comprises type B stem astrocytic-like cells, type C transit amplifying cells and type A migrating neuroblasts (Lagace et al., [", "@B36]; Zhao et al., [", "@B63]).", "\n\nThe hippocampus is known to be required in the formation of spatial and associative memories, a process in which a specific role appears to be played by the new neurons continuously generated during adulthood from progenitor cells (Frankland and Bontempi, [@B19]; Bird and Burgess, [@B6]; Deng et al., [", "@B12]). ", "In fact, impairment of differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells in *PC3*/*Tis21*-null mice profoundly affects their function in hippocampus-dependent contextual memory circuits and tasks (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B17], [@B16]). ", "Notwithstanding the pan-neural expression of *PC3*/*Tis21* and these profound cognitive effects following its ablation, no lethal phenotype is observed, suggesting that other related genes may produce a redundant control of differentiation.", "\n\nIn this regard, B-cell translocation 1 gene (*Btg1*) belongs to the gene family comprising *PC3*/*Tis21*, *BTG3*, *TOB*, and *TOB2*. ", "It was originally identified as a sequence associated to a chromosomal translocation in a lymphoid malignancy (Rouault et al., [", "@B52]). *", "Btg1* shares with *PC3*/*Tis21* 65% protein identity and the antiproliferative properties (Rouault et al., [", "@B52]; Tirone, [@B59]). ", "Moreover, *Btg1* induces avian myoblast differentiation (Marchal et al., [", "@B40]; Rodier et al., [", "@B51]) and the development of endothelial cells (Iwai et al., [", "@B25]) and is also likely involved in the differentiation of sperm cells (Raburn et al., [", "@B48]). *", "Btg1* is expressed in the developing and adult brain (Su et al., [", "@B58]; Kamaid and Giráldez, [@B28]), but no information on its function in neural tissues is available. ", "Thus, we generated *Btg1* knock out mice and analyzed the functional contribution by *Btg1* to the adult neurogenic niches of the hippocampus and SVZ (Zhao et al., [", "@B63]). ", "It turned out that *Btg1* is necessary for the maintenance and generation of progenitor cells and new neurons of both regions, because its ablation was associated with a massive apoptosis of stem and progenitor cells, probably a result of the loss in the control by *Btg1* of the cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. ", "Consequently, the number of new dentate gyrus neurons generated was largely reduced in mice lacking *Btg1*. ", "This decrease of new neurons had a selective effect on hippocampus-dependent memory, as it specifically affected the ability to discriminate between similar contexts (pattern separation).", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nConstruction of m*Btg1* targeting vector\n----------------------------------------\n\nA mouse genomic clone was isolated from 129/Sv mouse library of phage lambda by standard techniques. ", "A fragment of 6 kB encompassing the mouse *Btg1* gene was cloned in pBluescript II. ", "A phosphoglycerate kinase-neomycin resistance cassette was inserted in the *Sac*II restriction site located in mouse *Btg1* exon 1 (49 bp after ATG). ", "A Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene cassette (negative selection) was cloned adjacent to the 3′ end of the genomic region.", "\n\nGeneration of targeted ES cells and of *Btg1*-null mice; genotyping\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe proceeded as described previously (Berthet et al., [", "@B5]), by electroporating embryonic stem cells (ES) with the linearized targeting vector and selecting them with G418 (250 μg/ml) and ganciclovir (0.5 μg/ml). ", "A resistant ES cells clone was injected into 3.5-day C57BL/6 blastocysts to obtain male chimeras.", "\n\nThe genotype of resistant ES cells and of agouti pups was determined, following digestion of DNA with *Acc*I, by Southern blotting using as probes a genomic fragment of about 0.5 kb comprising the *Eco*RI-*Bgl*II region at 5′ of the gene or a fragment of the neomycin sequence (wild-type or knockout alleles generated 5 or 6.1 kb fragments, respectively). ", "Genotyping of mice was routinely performed by PCR, using genomic DNA from tail tips. ", "Three primers were used to identify mice carrying the different genotypes *Btg1*^−/−^, *Btg1*^+/−^ or *Btg1*^+/+^, one complementary to the neo cassette (m*Btg1*-Neo-R 5′-CGGAGAACCTGCGTGCAATC-3′) and the other two complementary to the targeted exon I (m*Btg1*-F 5′-CCATGCATCCCTTCTACACCC-3′; m*Btg1*-R 5′-TGCAGGCTCTGGCTGAAAGT-3′) and were amplified together in the PCR reaction to obtain patterns of amplification specific for each of the three combinations of alleles (knockout, 388 bp amplification by m*Btg1*-F and m*Btg1*-Neo-R primers; wild-type, 136 bp amplification of exon I by m*Btg1*-F and m*Btg1*-R primers). ", "Mice were maintained under standard specific-pathogen-free conditions, and underwent behavioral testing during the second half of the light period (between 2:00 and 5:00 p.m.) in sound insulated rooms.", "\n\nAll animal procedures were completed in accordance with the Istituto Superiore di Sanita' (Italian Ministry of Health) and current European (directive 2010/63/EU) Ethical Committee guidelines. ", "Btg1 knockout mice are available upon request to J.-P. Rouault.", "\n\nBrdU treatment of mice and sample preparation for immunohistochemistry\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn post-natal day 60 (P60) *Btg1*^+/+^ and *Btg1*^−/−^ mice, 1- to 5-day-old neurons in the dentate gyrus and SVZ were detected by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, after treatment with five daily injections of BrdU (95 mg/kg i.p.), ", "from P55 to P59, followed by perfusion at P60 (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B17]; see Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, and [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Similarly, 28-day-old neurons in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb were detected in *Btg1*^+/+^ and *Btg1*^−/−^ mice after treatment with five daily injections of BrdU (95 mg/kg i.p.) ", "from P55 to P59, followed by perfusion at P83 (see Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}D and [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C); 28-day-old neurons in the olfactory bulb were also analyzed at an earlier age: treatment with BrdU from P5 to P9, followed by perfusion at P33 (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "To detect progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus entering the S phase, P60 or P7 mice were perfused 2 h after treatment with BrdU (a single injection), according to previous protocols (Arguello et al., [", "@B3]; Figures [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,C). ", "To detect progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus that have entered the S phase within the 20- or 48-h preceding analysis, P60 mice underwent a single injection of BrdU 20 or 48 h before perfusion (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "Brains were collected after transcardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS -- DEPC and kept overnight in PFA. ", "Afterward, brains were equilibrated in sucrose 30% and cryopreserved at −80°C.", "\n\nImmunohistochemistry\n--------------------\n\nImmunohistochemistry was performed on serial freefloating sections cut at 40 μm thickness for hippocampus as well as for the SVZ and olfactory bulb, at −25°C in a cryostat from brains embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT (Sakura, Torrence, CA, USA). ", "Sections were then stained for multiple labeling using fluorescent methods. ", "BrdU incorporation was detected following pretreatment of sections to denature the DNA, with 2N HCl 45 min at 37°C and then with 0.1 M sodium borate buffer pH 8.5 for 10 min.", "\n\nPrimary antibodies used were a rat monoclonal antibody against BrdU (AbD Serotech, Raleigh, NC, USA; MCA2060; 1:400), mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against Nestin (Chemicon International; MAB353; 1:50), NeuN (Chemicon International; MAB377; 1:300), PH3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA; 9706; 1:100), or against p53 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK; ab26; 1:100), a rabbit monoclonal antibody against Ki67 (LabVision Corporation, Fremont, CA, USA; SP6; 1:200), rabbit polyclonal antibodies against cleaved (activated) Caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA; 9661; 1:100), p21 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Sc-397, 1:100), or against goat polyclonal antibodies raised against GFAP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Sc-6170, 1:300) or DCX (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Sc-8066, 1:300). ", "Secondary antibodies used to visualize the antigen were either a donkey anti-rat monoclonal antiserum conjugated to Cy2 or TRITC (tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA; BrdU), or a donkey anti-mouse antiserum conjugated to Cy2, TRITC, or Alexa 647 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA; Nestin, NeuN, PH3, p53), or a donkey anti-rabbit antiserum conjugated to TRITC or to Cy2 (Jackson ImmunoResearch; Ki67, Caspase-3, p21), or a donkey anti-goat antiserum conjugated to Cy2, TRITC, or Alexa 647 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA; GFAP, DCX, p21).", "\n\nImages of the immunostained sections were obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy using a TCS SP5 microscope (Leica Microsystem). ", "Analyses were performed in sequential scanning mode to rule out cross-bleeding between channels.", "\n\nQuantification of cell numbers and volumes\n------------------------------------------\n\nStereological analysis of the number of cells was performed by analyzing with confocal microscopy one-in-six series of 40-μm freefloating coronal sections (240 μm apart), to count cells expressing the indicated marker throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the dentate gyrus. ", "The total estimated number of cells within the dentate gyrus, positive for each of the indicated markers, was obtained multiplying the average number of positive cells per section by the total number of 40-μm sections comprising the entire dentate gyrus (about 50--60 sections), as described (Gould et al., [", "@B22]; Jessberger et al., [", "@B26]; Kee et al., [", "@B29]; Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B17]). ", "Three animals per group were analyzed. ", "Cell numbers in the SVZ and in the olfactory bulb were obtained similarly, by counting cells visualized with confocal microscopy throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of these structures in one-in-six series of 40-μm freefloating coronal sections (240 μm apart). ", "Cell number obtained for each SVZ and olfactory bulb section was divided for the corresponding area of the section, as described (Colak et al., [", "@B11]), in order to obtain the average number of SVZ or olfactory bulb cells per square millimeter. ", "Areas were obtained by tracing the outline of the whole SVZ, or olfactory bulb, identified by the presence of cell nuclei stained by Hoechst 33258 on a digital picture captured and measured using the I.A.S. software (Delta Sistemi, Rome, Italy). ", "Three animals per group were analyzed. ", "The I.A.S. software was also used to count labeled cells. ", "The volume of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus was calculated multiplying the average dentate gyrus area by section thickness and by number of sections (one-in-six series of 40-μm coronal sections).", "\n\n*In situ* hybridization\n-----------------------\n\nPreparation of sections and hybridization were performed as reported previously (Canzoniere et al., [", "@B9]). ", "An antisense riboprobe detecting *Btg1* mRNA was synthesized by SP6 polymerase from the pcDNA3-m*Btg1* vector, in whose *Hin*dIII5′-*Eco*RI3′ sites we cloned the 3′ UTR region of mouse *Btg1* mRNA (nt 1210--1730). ", "The cloned *Btg1* 540 bp long sequence, which is part of the second exon of *Btg1* and is devoid of cross-homologies, was amplified using genomic mouse DNA as template and was checked by sequencing. ", "Riboprobes were labeled with digoxigenin-UTP (Transcription kit; Roche Products), following the protocol of the manufacturer. ", "No signal was detected by the sense probe.", "\n\nDetection of senescent progenitor cells and neurons by β-Galactosidase staining\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSenescent progenitor cells were identified by detecting β-Galactosidase activity at pH 6 as described (Dimri et al., [", "@B13]) by means of Senescence staining kit (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), following the protocol of the manufacturer.", "\n\nNeural stem cell cultures\n-------------------------\n\nNeural stem cells cultures were performed as described by Gritti et al. ([", "@B24]). ", "Two-month-old mice (wild-type or *Btg1*-null) were euthanized by cervical dislocation and the brains were removed. ", "SVZ were dissected out and cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion (1.33 mg/ml trypsin, 0.7 mg/ml hyaluronidase, and 0.2 mg/ml kynurenic acid) for 30 min at 37°C and mechanical dissociation with small-bore Pasteur pipette. ", "Neurospheres were grown in a humidified incubator at 37°C in 5% CO~2~ and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with B27 and EGF and bFGF (20 and 10 ng/ml, respectively). ", "Cells were passaged every 4th day by mechanically dissociating neurospheres into single cells.", "\n\n### Neurosphere assay\n\nCells isolated from SVZ were cultured under clonal conditions, in which it has been reported that neurospheres are generated from single cells and serve as an index of the number of *in vivo* neural stem cells (Morshead et al., [", "@B45]; Kippin et al., [", "@B31]). ", "Cells were plated at 10 cells/μl in 24-well (0.5 ml/well) uncoated plates in growth medium. ", "The total number of neurospheres was counted after 7 days *in vitro* (7 DIV).", "\n\n### Expansion capacity\n\nPrimary neurospheres were dissociated into single cells and plated at the same clonal density. ", "Then, secondary neurospheres were dissociated and the number of cells was determined and expressed as average expansion from the initial starting population (number of cells from secondary neurospheres at 7 DIV/number of seeded cells). ", "The size of neurospheres was expressed as a volume calculated after measuring their diameter in phase contrast pictures (assuming a spherical shape).", "\n\nFor the growth curve, 8000 cells from wild-type and knockout neurospheres at passage 5 were seeded in 24-well plates. ", "At each subculture passage (every 7 days) the viable cells were counted and totally re-plated under the same conditions.", "\n\n### Pair cell assay\n\nThe Pair cell assay was performed as described by Bultje et al. ([", "@B8]). ", "Single cells isolated from SVZ of P7 or 2-month-old mice (wild-type and *Btg1*-null) were plated at clonal density on poly-[d]{.smallcaps}-lysine (Sigma Aldrich; St. Louis, MO, USA) coated coverslips in 24-well plates. ", "After 24 h the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and immunostained with goat polyclonal anti-GFAP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Sc-6170, 1:200) and mouse monoclonal anti-TuJ1 (Covance, USA; 1:250) antibodies. ", "Secondary antibodies used were donkey anti-mouse TRITC and donkey anti-goat Cy2 (Jackson ImmunoResearch). ", "Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst. ", "Coverslips were mounted on slides and imaged at confocal microscopy (Leica, TSP). ", "The number of progenitor pairs was determined by counting at least 60 pair cells per mice (at least three mice per genotype).", "\n\n### Immunofluorescence on neurospheres and microscopy\n\nFor active caspase-3 (Ser-15) immunostaining, neurospheres were plated on matrigel-coated coverslips and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at RT. ", "After fixation, neurospheres were permeabilized in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and then incubated with the antibody against active caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology).", "\n\nImmunostained neurospheres were mounted in Aquapolymount and analyzed at confocal microscopy (Leica, TSP). ", "Z-stacks images were captured at 1 mm intervals with a 40× objective and a pinhole of 1.0 Airy unit. ", "The numbers of caspase positive cells were counted as a percentage of Hoechst positive-nuclei in four non-adjacent Z-stacks images per neurosphere.", "\n\nReverse transcription-PCR; genomic DNA southern analysis\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal mRNA from neurospheres was extracted and analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT-PCR) as described previously, with minor modifications (Canzoniere et al., [", "@B9]). ", "Briefly, 10 μg of total RNA were treated with DNase (RQ1; Promega, Madison, WI, USA), denatured at 75°C for 5 min, and added to a final reaction volume of 50 μl. ", "Half of the reaction volume was then incubated for 2 h at 37°C with Moloney murine leukemia virus-RT (Promega). ", "The remaining half of the volume without RT was used as negative control in PCR amplifications for possible contamination by genomic DNA. ", "Two microliters of each RT reaction were then used for PCR amplification, using primers amplifying the region between the end of the first exon and beginning of the second exon of *Btg1*. ", "The 18S RNA was coamplified to measure the efficiency of the reaction and the RNA amount in each sample. ", "The amplified products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis.", "\n\nTo define the structure of the recombined *Btg1* locus, Southern blot analysis was performed using genomic DNA extracted from tail tips. ", "Twenty micrograms of genomic DNA was restricted with *Acc*I, gel separated, blotted to a nylon filter, and hybridized with a \\[^32^P\\]-labeled probe, whose sequence encompasses the 5′ region of the *Btg1* gene external to the targeting vector.", "\n\nBehavioral tests\n----------------\n\n*Btg1*-null (*n* = 30) and wild-type (*n* = 30) male mice aged between 2 and 4 months were used for behavioral evaluation. ", "All of them were preliminarily tested in an open field, to assess locomotion and anxiety-related behaviors. ", "Mouse activity was recorded for 15 min and the distance traveled, moving speed, rearing events and relative occupancy of external vs. central sectors of the arena were analyzed. ", "No significant differences between genotypes were observed in any of these variables (data not shown). ", "Additionally, a plus maze test was performed, in which the animals were allowed to explore the apparatus (a cross-shaped maze placed 60 cm from the ground, with four arms 30 cm long) for 5 min and the relative occupancy of closed vs. open arms was evaluated. ", "Again, no significant differences between genotypes were observed (data not shown).", "\n\n### Water maze\n\nA delayed-matching-to-place version of the task was conducted as previously described (Chen et al., [", "@B10]), with minor modifications. ", "In a pool measuring 130 cm in diameter, mice were trained to navigate to a hidden platform (10 cm in diameter) until reaching a rigorous performance criterion of three consecutive trials with an average escape latency of less than 20 s, or completing a maximum of 24 trials. ", "This was repeated until a total of four different platform locations were learned. ", "The behavior of mice was analyzed by EthoVision software (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, NL, USA).", "\n\n### One-trial contextual fear conditioning\n\nConditioning was performed in a training chamber (A) with a single footshock (2 s; 0.7 mA) delivered 180 s after placement of a mouse into the chamber. ", "Mice were left in the chamber for a further period of 20 s and then returned to their home cage. ", "Contextual test (5 min) was performed 24 h after training, in the same chamber. ", "Forty-eight hours after training, mice were tested in a different context (C). ", "The amount of freezing was assessed off-line by an experimenter blind to the genotypes of the animals.", "\n\nContextual fear-discrimination learning\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe test was conducted as previously described (Sahay et al., [", "@B53]), with minor modifications. ", "Conditioning was performed in the training chamber (A). ", "Starting from the next day, mice were exposed, on a daily basis, to both the training context, in which they continued to receive a single footshock, and a similar context (B), in which they were never shocked. ", "Freezing was measured each day in both the contexts, to evaluate continuously the discrimination level.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nIn adult mouse brain *Btg1* is expressed in the dentate gyrus, SVZ, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs we were interested in investigating a possible role of *Btg1* in adult neurogenesis, we analyzed the expression of *Btg1* mRNA in the brain of 2-month-old mice by *in situ* hybridization. ", "As shown in Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, high levels of *Btg1* are detectable in the adult neurogenic niches, i.e., in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the SVZ, and also in the olfactory bulb, where neurons from the SVZ migrate along the rostral migratory stream (Zhao et al., [", "@B63]); moreover, a high expression was detectable in cerebellum, in the internal granular cell layer. ", "The high expression of *Btg1* in adult brain neuroepithelia, i.e., where adult progenitor cells are generated, suggested that this gene may have a role in adult neurogenesis. ", "To study this possibility we generated *Btg1*-null mice, with deletion of the first exon of the gene (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\nIn the absence of *Btg1*, adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is impaired\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThen, we sought to assess whether the generation of new neurons in the neurogenic adult niches of the hippocampus and SVZ is dependent on *Btg1* expression. ", "We first analyzed the maturation of progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus in the adult hippocampus (P60) of *Btg1* knockout mice.", "\n\nWe identified new 1- to 5-day-old dentate gyrus progenitors and neurons by treating mice at P55 with five daily injections of BrdU, and analyzing them in the different cell populations of the dentate gyrus (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C). ", "In *Btg1*-null mice we observed a significant decrease, with respect to control mice, in the number of 1- to 5-day-old type-1 stem and type-2a progenitor cells (BrdU^+^/nestin^+^/DCX^−^; *p* = 0.004; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,C), while type-2b progenitor cells decreased but not significantly (BrdU^+^/nestin^+^/DCX^+^; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,C). ", "A significant decrease was evident also for 1- to 5-day-old type-3 progenitor cells (BrdU^+^/nestin^−^/DCX^+^; 22% decrease, *p* = 0.006; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,C), that still express DCX but not nestin (Kronenberg et al., [", "@B34]), as well as for 1- to 5-day-old stage 5 terminally differentiated neurons expressing the late differentiation marker NeuN (BrdU^+^/DCX^+^/NeuN^+^; 20% decrease, *p* = 0.01; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,C). ", "In parallel, in *Btg1*-null mice a large and significant reduction of the whole population of 1- to 5-day-old new neurons occurred (total BrdU^+^; *p* = 0.001; Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}C), as well as of nestin^+^ (33% decrease, *p* = 0.001; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,C) and DCX^+^ (34% decrease, *p* = 0.009; Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C) stem/progenitor cells; the highest decrease, however, was observed for 28-day-old stage 5--6 terminally differentiated neurons (BrdU^+^/NeuN^+^, 42% decrease, *p* = 0.000; Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}D), indicating, as a whole, that a major decrease in the generation of new neurons occurred after ablation of *Btg1*. ", "Furthermore, we tested whether the reduced number of new neurons was the result of non-specific changes, such as a reduced dentate gyrus volume. ", "No significant difference was observed between *Btg1*^+/+^ and *Btg1*^−/−^ mice at P60 in the volumes of the dentate gyrus (0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.32 ± 0.03 mm^3^, respectively; *p* = 0.21, *n* = 3) or of the whole hippocampus (5.07 ± 0.19 and 5.60 ± 0.87 mm^3^, respectively; *p* = 0.52, *n* = 3).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nNext we sought to ascertain whether the impairment of neurogenesis was dependent on a reduced ability of the pool of progenitor cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus to proliferate or to survive and generate new neurons.", "\n\nAblation of *Btg1* reduces the pool of dividing adult progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus and induces their exit from the cell cycle within a few hours after completing the S phase\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFirst, in the dentate gyrus of P60 mice, we measured the number of proliferating progenitor cells entering in S phase, identified by incorporation of a short BrdU pulse of 2 h (Arguello et al., [", "@B3]), and observed a non-significant decrease in *Btg1*-null mice (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "Moreover, no change was observed in the number of progenitor cells in G2/M-phase, identified by the mitotic marker antiphospho-histone H3, PH3 (99.9 ± 22.5 and 95.3 ± 24.9 average cells ± SEM in whole dentate gyrus of *Btg1*^+/+^ and *Btg1*^−/−^ mice, respectively; Kaitna et al., [", "@B27]). ", "This normal rate of BrdU incorporation was an unexpected result, as *Btg1* is a known antiproliferative gene (Rouault et al., [", "@B52]) whose ablation would be expected to increase the number of dividing cells. ", "Therefore, we verified whether the BrdU incorporation did not change also at an earlier post-natal age, P7, when the proliferation rate is higher, and found that BrdU incorporation increased highly (34%, *p* = 0.002; Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B). ", "We further analyzed the total number of cycling progenitor cells by means of the proliferation marker Ki67 (Scholzen and Gerdes, [@B55]) and observed that at P60 Ki67^+^ cells, quite surprisingly, decreased significantly by 15%, whereas at P7 they increased significantly by about 55% (*p* = 0.0005 and *p* = 0.0000, respectively; Figures [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "By analyzing each population of dividing progenitor cells at P60, we found that type-1 stem (Ki67^+^/GFAP^+^/nestin^+^) and type-2ab progenitor cells (Ki67^+^/GFAP^−^/nestin^+^, identified by the presence of nestin and absence of GFAP expression), decreased significantly in *Btg1* knockout mice (28% decrease, *p* = 0.014, and 40% decrease, *p* = 0.007, respectively; Figures [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "Consistently, type-2b progenitor cells at P60 decreased significantly by 27% in *Btg1*-null mice with respect to *Btg1* wild-type mice (Ki67^+^/nestin^+^/DCX^+^; *p* = 0.049, Figures [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B), while no difference was observed in the number of dividing type-3 progenitor cells (Ki67^+^/nestin^−^/DCX^+^; Figures [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "As shown in Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, the dentate gyrus of *Btg1*-null mice at P60 presents not only a decrease of Ki67-positive cells, but also an evident reduction of the nestin-positive and GFAP-positive arborization. ", "As a whole, these data indicate that ablation of *Btg1*, while at an early post-natal age (P7) induced an increase of cycling dentate gyrus progenitor cells, in adult mice at P60 resulted in a stable, strong decrease of their number, suggesting the occurrence of a reduction of the pool of progenitor cells.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nWe reasoned that the normal rate of progression through the S phase of BrdU^+^ progenitor cells, as well as the parallel strong decrease of cycling Ki67^+^ progenitor cells observed in *Btg1*-null mice at P60, could also reflect a higher frequency of exit from the cell cycle after the S phase. ", "We analyzed this possibility and found that in P60 mice the percentage of progenitor cells that exited cell cycle within either 2 or 20 h after the S phase -- calculated as the number of BrdU-positive/Ki67-negative progenitor cells, divided by total number of BrdU-positive cells (Siegenthaler and Miller, [@B57]) -- increased about 6.7-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively, in the *Btg1*-null dentate gyrus (BrdU^+^Ki67^−^/BrdU^+^ total cells; 2 h after BrdU pulse, *p* = 0.003; 20 h after BrdU pulse, *p* = 0.0008; Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "In contrast, at P7 a lower percentage of *Btg1*-null dentate gyrus progenitor cells exited the cell cycle (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "The highly increased exit from cell cycle at P60 could in part explain the decreased number observed in adult *Btg1*-null mice of dividing progenitor cells and, consequently, of new 1- to 5-day-old neurons, but did not clarify the fate of the cells that exited the cell cycle.", "\n\nAblation of *Btg1* drives the dentate gyrus pool of adult progenitor cells into apoptosis\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe thus analyzed the survival of dentate gyrus cells. ", "We observed that in P60 *Btg1*-null mice the total number of apoptotic cells underwent a striking 2.4-fold increase with respect to those in wild-type, as detected by positivity to activated Caspase-3, marker of apoptosis (Nicholson et al., [", "@B46]; *p* = 0.001; Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "An analysis of the dentate gyrus progenitor populations showed that type-1 and type-2a progenitor cells of *Btg1*-null mice underwent apoptosis 3.2-fold more frequently (Caspase-3^+^/nestin^+^/DCX^−^; Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B) than in wild-type mice, while a non-significant decrease appeared in type-2b (Caspase-3^+^/nestin^+^/DCX^+^; Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B) and in type-3 progenitor cells (Caspase-3^+^/nestin^−^/DCX^+^).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\n*Btg1*-null adult dentate gyrus progenitor cells exit the cell cycle expressing p53 and p21 and undergo apoptosis within 5 days after completing the S phase\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe further asked whether the striking increase of apoptosis observed for type-1 and type-2a progenitor cells in *Btg1*-null mice was correlated to the cell cycle progression. ", "Hence, after a 5-day BrdU pulse in P60 mice, we analyzed 1- to 5-day-old BrdU^+^/Caspase-3^+^ and BrdU^+^/Caspase-3^+^/nestin^+^ (type-1 and type-2ab) cells, and observed a very large increase (15-fold) of them in *Btg1*-null mice (*p* = 0.005 and *p* = 0.001, respectively; Figures [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B). ", "No BrdU^+^/Caspase-3^+^ cells were detected with BrdU pulses of shorter duration (data not shown). ", "This demonstrates that *Btg1*-null type-1 and type-2ab progenitor cells undergo apoptosis within 1--5 days after completing the S phase, and -- together with the observed increase of progenitor cells exiting the cell cycle -- it raises the question as to whether apoptosis was caused by a defect in cell cycle control consequent to *Btg1* deletion. ", "Thus, we analyzed the expression of *p53* and *p21*. *", "p53* is a key regulator of the cell cycle that inhibits cell cycle progression when a cellular stress occurs, such as a misregulation of the cell cycle, acting either directly or through its effector *p21*, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that arrests proliferation and leads the cell into a condition of senescence (Brady and Attardi, [@B7]; Qian and Chen, [@B47]; Erol, [@B14]). ", "We observed in the dentate gyrus of P60 *Btg1*-null mice a major increase of BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p53^+^ and BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p21^+^ progenitor cells (analyzed after a 20- or 48-h BrdU pulse, respectively; *p* = 0.001 for p53^+^ and *p* = 0.004, for p21^+^ cells; Figures [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,D), i.e., of progenitor cells that after the entrance in S phase (BrdU-positive) have then become quiescent or senescent, as indicated by the exit from the cell cycle (being Ki67-negative) concomitant with the expression of p53 or p21. ", "No BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p21^+^ progenitor cells were detected after a BrdU pulse shorter than 48 h (data not shown), consistently with the notion that p21 upregulation is effected by p53. ", "We further sought to check which type of progenitor cells expressed p21, and found in *Btg1*-null mice a significant increase of p21^+^ type-1 (nestin^+^/GFAP^+^/p21^+^; *p* = 0.002; Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}E) but not of type-2ab progenitor cells (nestin^+^/GFAP^−^/p21^+^; *p* = 0.53; Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}E). ", "We also verified whether the increase of BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p21^+^ corresponded to an increase of senescent cells in *Btg1*-null dentate gyrus, however no difference was found by visualizing β-galactosidase that specifically marks senescent cells (Dimri et al., [", "@B13]; data not shown). ", "This indicates that the p21^+^ (and p53^+^) progenitor cells entered quiescence without attaining a stable exit from the cell cycle (i.e., a senescent state). ", "As a whole, this indicates that in P60 *Btg1*-null mice: (i) progenitor cells within 2--20 h after the entrance in S phase undergo a process of transient quiescence (see also Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}C), followed by apoptosis; (ii) the ablation of *Btg1* impairs neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus probably as a result of the massive apoptosis occurring in type-1/type-2a progenitor cells, which reduces the pool of quiescent and dividing progenitor cells downstream.", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nIn the SVZ ablation of *Btg1* reduces the generation of new adult neurons and increases the number of adult progenitor cells undergoing apoptosis\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe were further interested in evaluating whether the ablation of *Btg1* affected the generation of the neurons also in the SVZ, the other adult neurogenic niche (Alvarez-Buylla and Lim, [@B2]). ", "We analyzed the number of dividing stem cells and neuroblasts by the proliferation marker Ki67, and observed that in P60 *Btg1*-null mice cycling type B astrocytic-like stem cells and type A neuroblasts, identified respectively by GFAP and DCX (Zhao et al., [", "@B63]), decreased significantly (about 28% decrease, *p* **=** 0.03, for B-cells; 21% decrease, *p* = 0.02, for A cells; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,A'). ", "Consistently, the total numbers of dividing cells (Ki67^+^) as well as of type B progenitor cells (GFAP^+^) and of type A neuroblasts (DCX^+^) decreased significantly (*p* = 0.006 for Ki67^+^ cells; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,A'). ", "Thus, the whole population of type B and A cells appeared strongly reduced in Btg1-null P60 mice. ", "Conversely, the total number of cycling cells (Ki67^+^) in the SVZ of P7 *Btg1*-null mice increased significantly (*p* = 0.0001; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,A'). ", "In parallel, in SVZ of P60 *Btg1*-null mice the total number of apoptotic cells increased (2.1-fold; total Caspase-3^+^, *p* = 0.0002; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,B'), more specifically type B apoptotic cells, within 5 days after birth (2.2-fold; Caspase-3^+^/GFAP^+^, *p* = 0.0001; BrdU^+^/Caspase-3^+^/GFAP^+^, *p* = 0.03 Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,B'). ", "Moreover, the 28-day-old SVZ neurons at their final migratory destination in olfactory bulb, birth-dated by BrdU with five daily injection from age P55 and identified by the terminal differentiation marker NeuN, were highly reduced in adult *Btg1*-null mice, by about 40% in the granule cell layer (GCL, *p* = 0.000; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,C', see graph on the left and the scheme of BrdU treatment); in the glomerular layer (GL) no significant difference of BrdU^+^/NeuN^+^ neurons relative to wild-type was observed (*p* = 0.49; Figures [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,C'**)**. ", "On the contrary, the 28-day-old SVZ neurons that migrated in the olfactory bulb at an early post-natal age (identified by BrdU labeling from P5), increased significantly in *Btg1*-null mice (GCL, *p* \\< 0.0001; Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}C', graph on the right and BrdU treatment scheme above). ", "No significant difference of 28-day-old SVZ neurons labeled from P5 was observed in the GL, relative to controls (data not shown).", "\n\n![**", "Higher apoptosis frequency and decreased number of cycling stem/progenitor cells of the adult SVZ and of 28-day-old neurons of the adult olfactory bulb**. **(", "A)** Representative confocal images of coronal sections showing dividing B stem cells in the SVZ of P60 *Btg1*^+/+^ and *Btg1*^−/−^ mice, identified as double-labeled Ki67^+^/GFAP^+^ cells (green and red, respectively) and indicated by white arrowheads in the white box area at higher magnification. ", "Scale bars, 100 and 50 μm (enlargement). **(", "A')** Analysis in P60 mice (or in P7 mice where indicated) of the number per SVZ area of dividing B stem cells (Ki67^+^/GFAP^+^), of A neuroblast cells (Ki67^+^/DCX^+^) and total dividing cells (Ki67^+^), as well as of total B (GFAP^+^) and A (DCX^+^) cells. ", "At P60 B and A cells decrease strongly, relative to wild-type. **(", "B)** Representative confocal images from P60 mice of apoptotic B stem cells (Caspase-3^+^/GFAP^+^; red and green, respectively; indicated by white arrowheads). ", "Scale bars, 50 μm. **(", "B')** Quantification of the number per area in P60 mice of apoptotic total cells and B stem cells, which decrease strongly in *Btg1*-null mice, and of A neuroblast cells. ", "On the right: greater accumulation in the SVZ of *Btg1*-null mice of apoptotic 1- to 5-day-old B cells that have progressed into S phase (BrdU^+^/Caspase-3^+^/GFAP^+^). **(", "C)** Representative images (coronal sections) of 28-day-old terminally differentiated neurons in the adult olfactory bulb, after migration from the SVZ, identified as BrdU^+^/NeuN^+^ cells (red and green, respectively). ", "BrdU^+^/NeuN^+^ neurons are detectable in the granule cells layer (GCL) and, in lower number, in the glomerular layer (GL); the higher magnification of the ventral GCL (white box) shows a lower number in *Btg1*-null mice of newly generated 28-day-old neurons, as indicated also \\[**(C')**, graph on the left\\] by their quantification per area throughout the whole GCL (shown above is the scheme of treatment with five daily injection of BrdU performed from P55, 28 days before the analysis of the olfactory bulb). ", "BrdU^+^/NeuN^+^ neurons in the GL did not significantly differ in number, relative to wild-type. ", "\\[**(C')**, graph on the right\\] On the contrary, 28-day-old SVZ neurons, analyzed in the GCL of olfactory bulb at an earlier postnatal age (see scheme above), are present in greater number in *Btg1*-null mice. ", "Scale bars, 300 and 50 μm (enlargement). **(", "A'--C')** Cell numbers are mean ± SEM of the analysis of three animals per group. ", "\\**p* \\< 0.05, \\*\\**p* \\< 0.01, or \\*\\*\\**p* \\< 0.001 vs. *Btg1*^+/+^; Student's *t*-test.](fnins-06-00124-g007){#F7}\n\nAs a whole, this suggests that ablation of *Btg1* causes a transient increase in the generation of new neurons at an early post-natal age (P7), and then impairs neurogenesis in the adult SVZ, similarly to what we observed in the dentate gyrus, probably as a consequence of the massive apoptosis which the SVZ stem B astrocytic-like cells undergo.", "\n\nLoss of *Btg1* impairs proliferation and survival of SVZ neural stem cells\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo examine if the effect of the *Btg1* loss on NSPs proliferation and survival observed *in vivo* in this report is an intrinsic property of the cells, we performed proliferation studies on primary NSPs isolated from SVZ and grown in culture as neurospheres. ", "NSPs, derived either from 7-day-old or 2-month-old *Btg1* wild-type and knockout mice, were plated at low density in order to perform a clonal neurosphere assay as a measure of the percentage of NSPs in the brain (Kippin et al., [", "@B31]). ", "By counting the total number of neurospheres formed after 7 days in culture, we observed a significant increase in the neurosphere-forming cell population derived from *Btg1*-null P7 mice, and a decrease in neurosphere-forming cell population from P60 mice, relative to wild-type (*p* = 0.01 at P7, *p* = 0.04 at P60; Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "This result could either reflect or recapitulate *in vitro* what we had already observed *in vivo*, i.e., an age-dependent reduction in the number of NSP cells in *Btg1* knockout vs. wild-type mice, and/or suggest that knockout cells from P60 mice proliferate less than their wild-type counterpart. ", "To better investigate this aspect, we analyzed the frequency of symmetric and asymmetric cell division occurring within NSP in both mice, by performing secondary neurosphere assays (Reynolds and Weiss, [@B50]; Reynolds and Rietze, [@B49]). ", "Under normal circumstances, asymmetric division maintains the population of NSPs at the same size; alternatively, symmetric division occurs when NSP generate two NSPs progeny, thereby expanding the population of NSPs. ", "We therefore dissociated primary neurospheres, seeded them at low density, and measured the size (indicative of asymmetric division) of secondary spheres formed after 7 days *in vitro*. ", "We found that in the absence of *Btg1* secondary neurospheres from P7 *Btg1*-null mice were larger, while neurospheres from adult (P60) *Btg1*-null mice were smaller (reflecting fewer asymmetric divisions), compared to their wild-type counterpart (*p* = 0.000 at P7 and P60; Figures [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,C). ", "In addition, we observed that the amplification capacity of *Btg1*-null neurospheres increased in neurospheres from P7 mice, whereas it decreased in neurospheres from P60 mice (*p* = 0.02 at P7, *p* = 0.04 at P60; Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "Similarly, a decrease was observed in the long term expansion of neurospheres from P60 *Btg1*-null mice, measured by growth curves (Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}E). ", "These data suggest that the loss of *Btg1* affects both the self-renewal and the proliferative capacity of NSPs, causing a severe depletion of the stem cell compartment in adult mice.", "\n\n{#F8}\n\nTo further analyze the influence of *Btg1* ablation on the mode of division of NSPs, we used the clonal pair cell assay that allows one to distinguish the relative changes in symmetric vs. asymmetric division of primary NSPs isolated from SVZ (Bultje et al., [", "@B8]). ", "We observed that the fraction of NSPs that divided asymmetrically (giving one proliferating GFAP^+^ cell and one differentiated TuJ1^+^ neuron) significantly increased (threefold) in cultures from *Btg1*-null P7 mice relative to wild-type, whereas it significantly decreased (60%) in cultures from *Btg1*-null P60 mice (*p* = 0.04 at P7 and at P60; Figures [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}F--H). ", "No significant difference was observed in symmetric divisions in primary NSPs from P7 or P60 mice. ", "This indicated an age-dependent decrease of asymmetric divisions.", "\n\nSince stem cells exhaustion could also depend on apoptosis, we also wanted to measure apoptotic cell death in *Btg1*-null neurospheres by looking at the expression of the apoptotic-specific marker activated caspase-3. ", "We found significantly more active caspase-3-positive cells in *Btg1*-null neurospheres from 2-month-old mice compared to the wild-type ones (56% increase, *p* = 0.005; Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}I). ", "Taken together, our results demonstrate that *Btg1* is required for the proper self-renewal of the neural stem cells, since in the absence of *Btg1* we observed a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cell death.", "\n\nDefective hippocampus-dependent learning in *Btg1*-null mice\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLearning and memory of *Btg1*-null mice were firstly assessed by a delayed matching-to-place water maze protocol, which has been used by Chen et al. ([", "@B10]) and Zeng et al. ([", "@B62]) to assess rodents' ability to perform one-trial learning and episodic-like memory. ", "As training progressed, both *Btg1*-null (*n* = 12) and control (wild-type; *n* = 12) mice retained their ability to locate the hidden platform at each of the four positions it was sequentially moved to \\[Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, left to right; effect of trial, for all positions: *F*(4, 88) \\> 5.75, *p* \\< 0.001; trial × genotype interaction, for all position: *F*(4, 88) \\< 1.10, *p* \\> 0.361; two-way repeated measures ANOVA\\]. ", "However, while no effect of genotype was observed for the first and the second platform positions \\[Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, positions \\#1 and \\#2; effect of genotype, for both positions: *F*(1, 22) \\< 2.49, *p* \\> 0.129\\], a statistically significant difference between genotypes emerged for the third and fourth positions, with *Btg1*-null mice reducing their escape latencies at a slower rate compared to wild-type mice \\[Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, positions \\#3 and \\#4; effect of genotype, for both positions: *F*(1, 22) \\> 10.99, *p* \\< 0.003\\]. ", "Consistently, a statistically significant difference between genotypes was observed in the reduction of escape latencies animals achieved as they passed from the first to the second trial of the last two training sessions (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}B; *p* = 0.039; Student's *t*-test), while maintaining comparable swimming speed (*p* = 0.617) and thigmotaxis (*p* = 0.566). ", "Furthermore, *Btg1*-null mice needed a significantly higher number of trials to reach the performance criterion over the last two training sessions, compared to wild-type mice (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}C; *p* = 0.003; Student's *t*-test).", "\n\n{#F9}\n\nThe ability of *Btg1*-null mice to differentiate between overlapping contextual representations was further assessed by a contextual fear-discrimination learning task (McHugh et al., [", "@B41]; Sahay et al., [", "@B53]). *", "Btg1*-null (*n* = 8) and control (*n* = 8) mice were preliminarily submitted to a single-trial footshock-context pairing procedure (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}D). ", "Upon re-exposure to the conditioning chamber (A), 24 h after being trained, both groups showed equally increased levels of freezing behavior; conversely, negligible freezing was detected in a distinct context (C), 48 h after training \\[Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}E; effect of genotype: *F*(1, 14) = 0.50, *p* = 0.490; effect of context: *F*(1, 14) = 94.16, *p* \\< 0.001; context × genotype interaction: *F*(1, 14) = 0.01, *p* = 0.91; two-way repeated measures ANOVA\\]. ", "Independent groups of mice were subsequently tested for contextual fear-discrimination learning by prolonged training in two similar contexts (A and B), with footshock delivered only in one (Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}F). ", "Both *Btg1*-null (*n* = 10) and wild-type (*n* = 10) mice showed generalization between the two contexts during the early days of training, and were able to discriminate at the end; however, while wild-type mice gained effective discrimination on day 4, which was stably maintained until day 7 (*p* \\< 0.010), *Btg1*-null mice started discriminating by day 6 (*p* = 0.074), with difference in freezing behavior evoked by the two contexts reaching statistical significance only by day 7 (*p* = 0.013) \\[Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}G; training × context interaction: *F*(6, 108) = 4.90, *p* \\< 0.001; Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}H; training × context interaction: *F*(6, 108) = 3.62, *p* = 0.003; two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by analysis of simple effects\\].", "\n\nOverall, these data indicate that the basic ability to encode contextual features is preserved in Btg1 knockout mice, which makes them able to differentiate among markedly dissimilar contexts; by contrast, their finer mnemonic discrimination appears to be impaired, when challenged by subtle differences in contextual details to be promptly distinguished.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nUnderstanding the molecular pathways controlling neural stem cells self-renewal and maintenance may shed light on tissue homeostasis in the neurogenic niches during adult neurogenesis. ", "This study addresses the role of the antiproliferative gene *Btg1* in modulating neurogenesis in the adult brain. ", "Our data clearly indicate that *Btg1* plays a specific role in regulating neural stem cells proliferation and subsequently their quiescent state as well as their survival. ", "We report that the loss of *Btg1* causes an increased proliferation of newborn neurons in an early post-natal age, followed by a decline of neurogenesis in the adult, associated with death by apoptosis. ", "In particular, we observe in the neurogenic niches (subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and SVZ) of P7 knockout mice that the number of stem cells and progenitors positive for the two proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU is significantly higher relative to control, whereas in the adult mice the rate of proliferation strongly decreases, especially in the dividing type-1 stem and type-2 progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus.", "\n\nControl of cell cycle in dentate gyrus stem cells by *Btg1*: Its ablation impacts on quiescence, survival, and proliferative capacity\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThese effects can be primarily originated by the loss of the antiproliferative action of *Btg1*, whose deprivation is sufficient to induce an initial expansion of neural stem cells, followed by reduced proliferative capacity and depletion of the population of stem cells, and by the decline of the adult neurogenesis with age.", "\n\nGiven that the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase is enhanced at P7 in *Btg1*-null progenitor cells, while the G2/M transition appears not altered (as PH3 labeled cells do not change in *Btg1*-null mice at either age; data not shown), our findings suggest that stem and progenitor cells lacking *Btg1* are defective in the control of the progression from G1 to S phase. ", "This possibility is consistent with the known ability of *Btg1* to arrest the cell cycle in G1 phase (Li et al., [", "@B38]). ", "It is well known that the inactivation of molecules regulating the transition from G1 to S phase, for instance pRb, can raise a conflict between ongoing proliferative and proliferation-inhibitory stimuli, leading to cell death (Lee et al., [", "@B37]).", "\n\nThus, the massive apoptotis of the pool of stem type-1 cells and of transit amplifying progenitor type-2a cells, likely triggered by the absence of the negative control of cell cycle exerted by *Btg1*, appears to be one cause of the decrease of adult neurogenesis. ", "Apoptosis can in fact account, at least in part, for the reduction observed in the number of dividing (Ki67-positive) type-1 and type-2ab progenitor cells and can plausibly contribute in the long period to deplete the pool in the adult mice. ", "Stem type-1 cells are mainly quiescent and divide only slowly, as they account for only 5% of the total number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus (Filippov et al., [", "@B18]; Kronenberg et al., [", "@B34]). ", "Consistently, we show that in P60 mice type-1 stem and type-2ab progenitor cells (nestin-positive cells) undergo apoptosis 1--5 days after completing the S phase, as observed after a BrdU pulse of 5 days (BrdU^+^/caspase-3^+^/nestin^+^ cells). ", "No apoptosis is detectable at earlier periods, such as after a 20-h pulse of BrdU (data not shown), indicating the occurrence of a progressive and slow accumulation of apoptotic progenitor cells. ", "However, progenitor cells in *Btg1*-null adult dentate gyrus exit the cell cycle as early as 2 h after the completion of the S phase (BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^ cells) and within 20 h express p53 and within 48 h p21 (BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p53^+^ or BrdU^+^/Ki67^−^/p21^+^ cells). ", "Thus, considering that the length of cell cycle in dentate gyrus progenitor cells is about 14 h (Mandyam et al., [", "@B39]), we hypothesize that dividing progenitor cells, chiefly type-1 stem and type-2a progenitor cells, enter a quiescent state soon after completing the S phase, followed, within a few days, by apoptosis.", "\n\nIndeed, the observed increase of cell cycle exit, i.e., the entrance into quiescence, and the increase of apoptosis occurring in progenitor cells within a few days after birth, can be accounted for by the induction in *Btg1*-null newborn cells of the key negative regulator of cell cycle *p53* and its effector *p21*. ", "In fact, any cellular stress signal, such as a misregulation of cell cycle, activates *p53* in a specific manner by post-translational modifications (Qian and Chen, [@B47]). *", "p53* activation leads to either cell cycle arrest and senescence -- through *p21*, its major effector of growth arrest and senescence -- or to apoptosis (Kruse and Gu, [@B35]; Qian and Chen, [@B47]). ", "It has been shown that mice lacking *p53* display an elevated proliferation rate in the adult neurogenic niches associated with an increase in self-renewal and apoptosis (Meletis et al., [", "@B43]), while an overexpression of *p53* affects the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells in adult neurogenesis (Medrano et al., [", "@B42]). *", "p21* plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of quiescence in adult neural stem cells, a mechanism ensuring a fine regulation of the turnover of the stem cell niche throughout the lifespan (Kippin et al., [", "@B31]). ", "This is consistent with our data indicating that *Btg1*-null progenitor cells attain a quiescent, likely transient state of exit from cell cycle.", "\n\nNotably, not less critical than apoptosis, an age-dependent intrinsic decrease of the replicative potential of stem and progenitor cells may be involved in the observed decrease of the number of proliferating progenitor cells. ", "In fact, the absolute number of proliferating *Btg1*-null progenitor cells that undergo apoptosis in the dentate gyrus at P60 is only a fraction of the cells that have ceased proliferating (total BrdU^+^); furthermore, the percentage of *Btg1*-null progenitor cells exiting the cycle is low at P7 but very high at P60, relative to controls. ", "A decrease of the replicative potential has also been implicated in the knockout of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor *p21* (Kippin et al., [", "@B31]).", "\n\nIn summary, our findings are compatible with a model where the lack of the negative control of cell cycle by *Btg1* triggers in the pool of nestin^+^ stem-like type-1 cells and in type-2a progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus an accelerated division rate with reduced exit from cell cycle, as observed at P7, and the counteracting activation of the cell cycle inhibitors *p53* and *p21*. ", "Consequently, in the long period (at P60) dividing type-1 cells -- i.e., the self-renewal pool -- and transit amplifying type-2ab progenitor cells become less numerous and partially depleted, possibly because of the concomitant progressive reduction of replicative potential and increased apoptosis. ", "Altogether, such a decrease of the self-renewal pool results in a strong reduction of 1- to 5-day-old type-3 (BrdU^+^/nestin^−^/DCX^+^) progenitor cells and of the whole population of mature neurons stage 5 and 6 (DCX^+^ and DCX^+^/NeuN^+^).", "\n\n*Btg1* ablation reduces the self-renewal and proliferative capacity also of SVZ stem cells\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA very similar situation is observed also in the SVZ of adult *Btg1*-null mice, where the dividing type B GFAP^+^ stem-like cells (Ki67^+^/GFAP^+^ cells) decrease in number and undergo apoptosis; a lower number of terminally differentiated 28-day-old neurons is also detected in their final migratory destination, the olfactory bulb. ", "As observed in the dentate gyrus, this decrease of neurogenesis in adult SVZ is preceded in the early post-natal SVZ of *Btg1*-null mice by a transient increase of proliferating cells and of terminally differentiated neurons (28-day-old) detected in the olfactory bulb.", "\n\nMoreover, neurospheres generated from neural stem and progenitor cells isolated from SVZ of *Btg1*-null mice show an age-dependent decrease of proliferative capacity, with a reduction of the ability to replicate by asymmetric division, responsible for self-renewal. ", "Thus, the emerging profile of *Btg1* appears to be that of a gene responsible for the control of the self-renewal and quiescence of the pool of stem and progenitor cells, acting primarily by regulating cell cycle progression and, in consequence, survival. ", "This control by *Btg1* impacts on the generation and differentiation of dentate gyrus and SVZ progenitor cells and neurons. ", "We cannot exclude that the observed decrease of the number of stage 5 and 6 dentate gyrus post-mitotic neurons might in part depend on a requirement of *Btg1* not only for maintenance and survival of the pool of progenitor cells, but also for differentiation, as already observed in knockout mice of the family related gene *PC3*/*Tis21* (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B16]). ", "It appears, however, that unlike *Btg1*, the main requirement of *PC3*/*Tis21* in the adult hippocampus is for terminal differentiation of stage 6 neurons, where *PC3*/*Tis21* is expressed (Attardo et al., [", "@B4]), rather than for cell cycle progression. ", "In fact, after ablation of *PC3*/*Tis21* the pool remains intact, given that only type-3 progenitor cells show a moderate enhancement of proliferation, probably connected to the control of the asymmetric division preceding terminal differentiation (Farioli-Vecchioli et al., [", "@B16]).", "\n\nReduced neurogenesis following *Btg1* ablation impairs pattern separation\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe loss of progenitor cells and terminally differentiated neurons in the dentate gyrus of *Btg1*-null mice was associated to impairment in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, namely, a failure in delayed matching-to-place version of the Morris water maze, designed to assess episodic-like components of memory (Chen et al., [", "@B10]; Zeng et al., [", "@B62]), and a failure to rapidly distinguish between similar settings when trained in a contextual fear-discrimination learning task (McHugh et al., [", "@B41]).", "\n\nThis is consistent with the knowledge that adult neurogenesis could ultimately contribute to enhance the extent of information encoded by the dentate gyrus and improve pattern separation, which refers to the ability to discriminate among potentially overlapping experiences (Aimone et al., [", "@B1]; Sahay et al., [", "@B54]), identified as intrinsic to episodic memory (Tulving, [@B60]; Yassa and Stark, [@B61]).", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nWe are grateful to Christiane Samarut for the help given in the production of *Btg1* knockout mice. ", "This work has been supported from the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance to CNR (Project FaReBio; to Felice Tirone), from Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro project \\#9251 to Felice Tirone, and from MIUR to Vincenzo Cestari and M.Co. (", "PRIN 2009, 2009KP83CR). ", "Laura Micheli has been supported by FILAS (Finanziaria Laziale di Sviluppo, and Daniele Saraulli had been supported by Guardia di Finanza -- Italian Ministry of Economy).", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Jack M. Parent, University of Michigan, USA\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Valerie Coronas, Université de Poitiers, France; Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado, University of Heidelberg, Germany\n\n[^3]: ^†^Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli and Laura Micheli and Daniele Saraulli and Manuela Ceccarelli have contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^4]: This article was submitted to Frontiers in Neurogenesis, a specialty of Frontiers in Neuroscience.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Spicy chicken sandwich\n\nA spicy chicken sandwich is a sandwich made of a boneless white breast of chicken whose breading is seasoned with a spicy blend of peppers and spices. ", "Common seasonings include garlic powder, onion powder, oregano, smoked paprika, cayenne, salt, cracked pepper, jalapeno juice, and crushed red pepper flakes, which are stirred into the bread crumbs. ", "The chicken can be brined if desired and then dipped in hot sauce and/or buttermilk and egg, breaded with the flour, cornstarch, bread crumbs, spices, etc.; ", "and then either baked, pressure cooked, or fried in such oils as peanut oil or canola oil. ", "A smoky, chili pepper sauce or sriracha mayo or a spread with such ingredients as mayonnaise, Dijon sauce, lemon juice, celery seeds, pickle juice, hot sauce, and freshly ground black pepper, may be used. ", "Commonly the chicken sandwich is served on a kaiser roll with such toppings as mayo, iceberg lettuce, tomato, shredded cabbage, bread and butter pickle slices, coleslaw, or Monterey Jack cheese.", "\n\nSpicy chicken sandwiches have been offered by many American fast food restaurant chains, including Roy Rogers, Chick-fil-A, Wendy's, and Popeyes.", "\n\nSee also\n List of chicken dishes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American chicken dishes\nCategory:Fast food\nCategory:American sandwiches" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Tissue factor: molecular recognition and cofactor function.", "\nOne aspect of the inflammatory response is the activation of the coagulation protease cascade resulting from the expression of tissue factor (TF) on vascular cells. ", "TF is the cell-surface receptor for the coagulation serine protease factor VIIa, providing cofactor function by \"switching on\" the catalytic site of the bound enzyme and by contributing to the assembly with macromolecular substrate. ", "The recently determined crystal structure of the TF extracellular domain shows two beta-strand modules of C2 immunoglobulin-like topology that align at a 125 degrees angle with an extensive intermodule interface. ", "Mutagenesis studies have identified residues in both modules that are important for the binding of ligand. ", "The deduced ligand interface extends from the convex side of the molecule into the concave side of the elbow angle. ", "Specific binding residues control the catalytic activity of the bound protease. ", "At the lower end of the carboxyl-terminal module, basic residues form part of a region that is important for both recognition and activation of macromolecular substrate and, potentially, for modulation of proteolytic function. ", "After combining the biochemical data with the crystal structure, a model of TF function can be proposed in which the catalytic activity of the active site of the protease and the extended recognition of macromolecular substrates are separately controlled by distinct structural sites of the cofactor." ]

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[ "GUI vs CLI: Operation vs Expression\n\nConsider this user interface for a car:\n\nThe goal of these interfaces is to make you operate something, and operate it efficiently and safely. ", "The grooves and clicks and limits constrain the range of motion and the number of choices. ", "The visual look heavily hints at how to actively use it. ", "They are usually not hard to learn. ", "More importantly, the learning curve plateaus. ", "Once you learn how to drive a car, there’s not much progression after that. ", "Boundedness is an important property of these interfaces, by design.", "\n\nNow look at this “user interface” for playing music:\n\nOr this one for, among other things, manipulating words:\n\nThe goal of these interfaces is to express and create. ", "Note the almost total lack of constraints. ", "There are no hints in the interface as to how to “correctly” use these. ", "To a newbie, a first look offers no hints for how to operate them. ", "You have to go through a steep learning process to even begin to use these. ", "More importantly, the learning curve never flattens. ", "You could be playing a guitar for decades and still learn new things. ", "Unboundedness is an important property of these interfaces, by design.", "\n\nWhat makes one type of interface bounded and the other one unbounded? ", "It’s the ability to combine. ", "Physical interfaces (and by extension, GUIs) cannot combine at will to create new behavior. ", "You can’t make changes to the way your odometer behaves, without ripping it out and putting in a new one. ", "You can’t “pipe” the reading from it to an alarm that beeps when you go over a certain limit.", "\n\nGUIs are modeled on physical metaphors and ultimately are grounded in the same motivations. ", "They are intended to make you operate something, to get the job done. ", "They want to narrow your set of choices at each juncture, towards the “right” choice.", "\n\nThe “right” choices are baked into the design, through a deliberate thought process. ", "How will this be used? ", "What are its users trying to accomplish? ", "Which actions are more common than others? ", "Which actions have the potential for confusion? ", "Which actions are likely to be mistakes and should be discouraged? ", "All these decisions are made by the designers and encoded in the user interface.", "\n\nCLIs, on the other hand, are modeled on more abstract, non-physical models. ", "GUIs continuously offer cues to the user about what to do. ", "They strive for an externalization of knowledge. ", "CLIs are for users with internalized knowledge. ", "This fundamental cognitive difference is important. ", "Internalization is critical for power use.", "\n\nThis explains why programmers of tool-heavy languages like Java often complain about IDEs being a necessary evil. ", "Yes, they help you get the job done faster, but IDEs tilt the mode of thinking from expression towards operation. ", "That’s why they feel stifling. ", "How often have you felt like an IDE-operator rather than a programmer?", "\n\nThere is a time for operation, and a time for expression. ", "Most interface debates are misinformed because they are about creators complaining about operation interfaces, or operators complaining about creation interfaces. ", "We need both. ", "But we also need to understand when." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat to do if I know that I won't get enough sleep\n\nIt is around 3am and I've been fruitlessly trying to fall asleep for almost three hours now. ", "The ferry I take to the office departs at 0730. ", "No matter what happens, there is no way I can make it and get enough sleep to be fully productive tomorrow.", "\nFrom a work perspective, how should I address this situation? ", "This happens once, sometimes twice a month. ", "I'm not willing to take a day off because of things that are out of my control. ", "\n(Please focus on the professional aspect and not on fixing my sleeping issue, this is an independent ongoing investigation.)", "\n\nA:\n\nYou must not be a parent because parents with young children have to fight through this situation routinely.", "\nIn any event, the correct answer to your question is:\n\nWake up at your regularly scheduled time to make your final decision.", "\nIf indeed you won't be able to make it into the office today, then either send your boss an email or leave him/her a voicemail, explaining the situation. ", "Honesty is the best policy.", "\n\nDepending upon your specific circumstances, it will be necessary for you to either work from home or take a sick day.", "\n\nAnd if they have a sense of humor and they're younger than 45, include this music video.", "\n\nLong term, you will need to either fix this situation or learn to adapt and fight through it because absenteeism will diminish your reputation. ", "If this happens more than a few times, people will regard you as someone who can't be depended upon.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nFour decades after its introduction for joint arthroplasties, UHMWPE still represents the gold standard as an articulating counterface for arthroplasties, since it combines superior wear resistance along with high fracture toughness and biocompatibility compared to other polymers.", "\n\nIt has been demonstrated that the main factor responsible for the failure of UHMWPE in joint replacements is oxidative degradation, which decreases its mechanical properties \\[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\\]. ", "Decreased abrasive wear resistance, due to oxidation, leads to the formation of wear debris and consequently to osteolysis, which has been recognized as being the main cause of failure in orthopaedic implants \\[[@CR1]--[@CR4]\\].", "\n\nThe mechanical properties are of great relevance when the UHMWPE inserts are subjected to high contact stresses that can exceed the yield stress of the UHMWPE, leading to permanent deformation and to the catastrophic rupture and failure of the implant \\[[@CR5]\\].", "\n\nOxidation is strictly correlated with the sterilization method: UHMWPE components sterilized with ethylene oxide (EtO) do not oxidize, while those sterilized using high-energy radiation in air (γ radiation or an electron beam with a dose of 25--40 kGy) are known to show high levels of oxidation \\[[@CR3], [@CR6]--[@CR9]\\]. ", "Immediate oxidation following the high-energy treatment results in chain scission in the UHMWPE, thus immediately decreasing its molecular mass and therefore its mechanical properties. ", "Moreover, the oxidative degradation proceeds during storage and in vivo, thus further exacerbating the problem \\[[@CR8]--[@CR10]\\]. ", "Several methods have been applied to reduce the impact of the oxidation on the duration of the implant: thicker inserts have been recommended, the designs of the implants have been improved, and the use of ionizing radiations in air for sterilization has been avoided.", "\n\nIn 1998, in the Safety Notice 9816--1998 (*UHMWPE Components of Joint Replacement Implants*), the British Medical Devices Agency established that UHMWPE components should not be used if they are over five years old and if they have passed their indicated expiry date. ", "In 2005, the Italian Ministero della Salute (see DGFDM/III/7101/P/I.1.c.r. ", "8/3/2005) recommended that the use of implants sterilized in the presence of oxygen should be avoided.", "\n\nRecently, radiation crosslinking of the UHMWPE has been applied as answer to the main problem, wear debris related osteolysis \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "Alternative bearing materials, such as ceramics and metals, are associated with concerns about biocompatibility, duration, carcinogenicity, revision difficulties and costs, which explains why joint replacements using polyethylene inserts are still the ones mostly commonly used in orthopaedics.", "\n\nThis review discusses the \"historical\" issues associated with polyethylene, such as oxidation, sterilization method and storage, as well as \"new\" topics, such as crosslinking and stabilization. ", "The final aim is to aid the orthopaedic surgeons in the selection of the implant and polyethylene insert, the information given to the patient, and when signing contracts.", "\n\nUHMWPE: the material and its properties {#Sec2}\n=======================================\n\nMedical-grade polyethylene (UHMWPE with an average molecular mass of \\>2,000,000 a.m.u.) ", "is a semicrystalline polymer that can be depicted as a set of ordered regions (crystalline lamellae) embedded in a disordered amorphous phase \\[[@CR12]\\]. ", "The degree of crystallinity is an important parameter: higher crystallinity gives a larger modulus of elasticity, superior yield strength, improved resistance to creep deformation and enhanced fatigue strength, all of which are desirable properties for joint components. ", "The degree of crystallinity, within the range commonly used for medical-grade UHMWPE, does not substantially affect the wear resistance, which is related to the molecular mass \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "The resistance to creep deformation of the UHMWPE is important to evaluations of the relative contribution of deformation or wear to the penetration of the femoral head into the insert. ", "The fatigue strength is also very important, since it relates to the ability of UHMWPE to resist cyclic damage modes, which are very common in knee components and also in hip components, although prevalent in the rims of malpositioned cups.", "\n\nMedical-grade UHMWPE orthopaedic implants are machined from stocks and sheets made from UHMWPE powders by compression moulding or ram extrusion and subsequent annealing \\[[@CR1]\\]; the ASTM F 648-07 designation (standard specification for UHMWPE powder and fabricated form for surgical implants) defines the characteristics required for medical-grade orthopaedic UHMWPE: density excluded, there are no upper limits on any of the starting parameters, and the characteristics of the material are determined before processing and sterilization. ", "It is clear that commercially available UHMWPE inserts can be very different from each other after processing, sterilization and packaging, which is very relevant to their clinical applications.", "\n\nOxidative degradation {#Sec3}\n=====================\n\nWhen a polymeric material is exposed to a stronger energy than that of the chemical bonds, the consequence is bond scission and the formation of free radicals; this chain fragmentation modifies the mechanical properties of the polymer \\[[@CR13]\\]. ", "High-energy radiation (γ-rays, X-rays and electron beams), heat and strong mechanical stress are all examples of energies that can break chemical bonds. ", "Even if only a single C--C bond of the polymer chain in UHMWPE is broken and two^.^CH~2~-- radicals are formed, the molecular mass decreases; as a consequence, many of the chemical and physical properties of the polymer begin to worsen.", "\n\nIn orthopaedics, this issue is mainly associated with the γ radiation and electron beams commonly used during sterilization, and the process is known as degradation. ", "If oxygen is present when the degradation process occurs, it is called oxidative degradation (oxidation). ", "Once the oxidation process (which is also a function of the temperature) has been initiated, it cannot be interrupted, and its rate increases continuously with a series of reactions that involve free radicals and oxygen. ", "The extent of the oxidative process depends on the number of radicals formed during sterilization and on the amount of oxygen, which can be either atmospheric, present at the sterilization, or it can be oxygen that penetrated by diffusion into the polymer during processing and storage or while the joint is being used in vivo. ", "Therefore, the oxidative degradation can continue during storage and in vivo implantation \\[[@CR14], [@CR15]\\].", "\n\nSterilization and packaging issues {#Sec4}\n==================================\n\nSterilization of UHMWPE components deserves a special mention since, as described above, it is known that this process can modify the mechanical and wear properties of UHMWPE \\[[@CR1], [@CR6]--[@CR9], [@CR16]\\].", "\n\nObviously, finished UHMWPE orthopaedic components must undergo sterilization before clinical use. ", "High-energy radiation represents the most common sterilization technique: the source of γ radiation is the decay of an unstable ^60^Co nucleus, while electron beams are generated from the electrons emitted by a thermally excited tungsten filament, which are accelerated by electric fields. ", "The dose absorbed by the material during sterilization depends on the geometry of the sample and its position in relation to the source. ", "The electron beam is easier to control and requires a shorter period of treatment (seconds).", "\n\nUHMWPE components are usually stored on the shelf for long durations prior to implantation (periods of six months or longer); in addition, UHMWPE inserts of total joint replacements have historically been packaged in air and thereafter sterilized by γ radiation. ", "It is well established that such irradiation, as well as electron beam irradiation, causes crosslinking, chain scission and long-term oxidative degradation of polyethylene, and that long-term post-irradiation aging can have detrimental effects on the morphology and mechanical properties of UHMWPE \\[[@CR1], [@CR14], [@CR16], [@CR17]\\].", "\n\nMacroscopic evidence for the oxidative degradation caused by γ-sterilization in air can be seen on a UHMWPE section, where it looks like a white halo and is called the \"crown effect\" or white band; this is a zone where a critical molecular mass decrease has occurred, and which therefore has very low mechanical properties, resulting in the well-known effects of delamination and fracture that are typical of such components \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "It was previously erroneously believed that oxidation was associated with fatigue damage mechanisms; however, it has since been established that there is a correlation between the rate of abrasive wear and the post-oxidative reduction in molecular weight \\[[@CR2], [@CR3]\\].", "\n\nIn response to these oxidation issues, some manufacturers now sterilize UHMWPE using non-radiation-based methods, such as ethylene oxide (EtO) or (more recently) gas plasma sterilization (GP); sterilization by steam is not feasible because the temperatures required---about 135°C---could result in modifications to the material.", "\n\nEtO is used to sterilize UHMWPE components sealed in gas permeable packages. ", "The treatment is continued for as long as needed for the gas to diffuse inside the containers; the packages are then left under vacuum for enough time to allow the complete elimination of EtO. Prosthetic UHMWPE sterilized with EtO does not undergo any variation in chemical and physical structure.", "\n\nGas plasma is a surface sterilization method based on the action of ionized gas (i.e., hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid), which deactivates biological organisms. ", "Commercially available GP sterilization methods are usually carried out at low temperatures (below 50°C) and do not significantly affect the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of UHMWPE.", "\n\nA detailed mechanism for the oxidation for orthopaedic implants has been described, and it has been demonstrated that oxidation can also occur under certain conditions in ethylene oxide sterilized UHMWPE, albeit to a much smaller extent than for γ-radiation-sterilized UHMWPE. ", "However, this phenomenon has been related to the presence in the pristine resin of calcium stearate, which is no longer used in contemporary medical-grade UHMWPE \\[[@CR7]--[@CR9]\\].", "\n\nAs another response to long-term post-irradiation ageing and oxidation, some manufacturers have recently shifted to sterilization with high-energy radiation performed in vacuum or under inert gases (nitrogen or argon).", "\n\nThe material used for the envelope or packaging itself---which can classified into the following categories: (a) gas-permeable packaging; (b) polymer barrier packaging, and; (c) aluminium barrier packaging---is clearly important.", "\n\nThe gas-permeable packaging used is usually a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) blister with a Tyvek^®^ cover, which allows the diffusion of gases (oxygen included); it is therefore indicated for EtO or gas plasma sterilization, but it does not prevent oxidative degradation when used for radiation sterilization.", "\n\nPolymer barrier packaging is based on a series of multilayer plastic bags with gas-barrier properties, and therefore has a limited but measurable permeability to oxygen; it does not exclude the presence of oxygen during and after the radiation sterilization.", "\n\nAluminium barrier packaging is virtually impermeable to gases, and so only oxygen already dissolved in the UHMWPE prior to irradiation can be present.", "\n\nA complete absence of sterilization-induced oxidation can only be guaranteed by gas sterilization, particularly because the extent to which in vivo oxidation rates affect the clinical performance of conventional UHMWPE packaged in low-oxygen environments and then sterilized using γ radiation is still unclear.", "\n\nWear and debris {#Sec5}\n===============\n\nAbrasion wear is the process of removing parts of a material from the surface during reciprocal movement along another surface with greater hardness. ", "In orthopaedic joint components, the UHMWPE is removed because the interactions of its chains are weak compared to those between the metal or ceramic atoms in femoral head and femoral knee components.", "\n\nThe particles of polyethylene removed induce aseptic loosening, through a mechanism involving the formation of reactive tissue and consequently osteolysis, which has been recognized as being the main cause of implant failure \\[[@CR4], [@CR19]\\]. ", "The exact immune reaction that occurs in periprosthetic osteolysis of joint replacements is still unclear: it is known that several types of immune processes appear to be relevant. ", "A foreign-body, granulomatous response to UHMWPE particles denotes a nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction involving activated mononucleated macrophages and fibroblasts but few T lymphocytes \\[[@CR20]\\].", "\n\nThe activation of macrophages has been related to the size, shape, volume and number of radiation-sterilized UHMWPE debris particles: those 0.3--10 µm in size are phagocytable and are therefore the most biologically active \\[[@CR21], [@CR22]\\]. ", "An influence of the chemical composition of the UHMWPE particles has recently been suggested: the reactivity might be related to the composition of the surfaces of the particles themselves (superficial reactivity), and in particular to the level of oxidation of the UHMWPE itself \\[[@CR23], [@CR24]\\]. ", "Oxidized particles from γ-irradiated UHMWPE inserts would be more effective at activating the macrophages than the unoxidized particles from EtO-sterilized UHMWPE. ", "The surface reactivity of the particles also depends on the properties of the absorbed molecules, their hydrophilic/phobic character, and the release of radicals which can react with human tissues \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "Many modifications can occur: freshly detached particles are different from particles that have been in contact with biological tissues for some time \\[[@CR23]\\], and the debris may be not only fragments of UHMWPE but fragments of an oxidized, lower molecular mass polyethylene \\[[@CR24]\\].", "\n\nActually, catastrophic failures due to extreme wear and heavy oxidation are quite uncommon; nevertheless, wear is also a function of time, and therefore abrasion and the production of abraded particles remains a problem in young, active patients with long life expectancies. ", "Crosslinked UHMWPE appears to be the answer to the wear issue.", "\n\nCrosslinked UHMWPE {#Sec6}\n==================\n\nPolymer \"crosslinking\" is a well-known process in chemistry: it involves the linking of two or more molecular chains through chemical covalent bonds. ", "Amongst the several methods that can be employed to achieve this, crosslinking is obtained in orthopaedics by high-energy irradiation, which leads to the formation of radical species that react with chain imperfections and other radicals. ", "Such reactions result in polymer chains with stable C--C chemical bonds, theoretically increasing the molecular mass to infinity \\[[@CR13], [@CR25]\\]. ", "Basically, crosslinked UHMWPE (XPE) has much better wear resistance and decreased mechanical properties compared to conventional UHMWPE \\[[@CR26]\\].", "\n\nThe potential benefits of reduced particulate wear generation led to the introduction of crosslinked UHMWPE in orthopaedics during the late 1970s \\[[@CR27]\\]. ", "Following laboratory wear tests that confirmed the theoretical decrease in the wear rate, XPE has been widely used since the late 1990s as a bearing surface for orthopaedic implants \\[[@CR28], [@CR29]\\].", "\n\nMedical-grade crosslinked polyethylenes for orthopaedics are processed with radiation doses of 60--100 kGy at different temperatures and are then thermally treated to remove residual radicals. ", "These processes vary depending on the manufacturer. ", "The thermal treatment involves ''remelting'' when the temperature is above the melting point (150°C) and ''annealing'' when below. ", "One of the major advantages of post-irradiation thermal treatment is that it also imparts oxidation resistance to the material, due to the removal of detectable amounts of residual free radicals and hydroperoxides. ", "Nevertheless, only melting is completely effective at eliminating the residual free radicals and the hydroperoxides formed during radiation sterilization, and therefore at preserving UHMWPE from radiation-related oxidative degradation \\[[@CR30], [@CR31]\\]. ", "In contrast, the problem with complete melting is the resulting deterioration in mechanical properties like elongation-to-break, tensile modulus, tensile strength \\[[@CR28], [@CR32]\\] and J-integral fracture toughness \\[[@CR32]\\], and resistance to fatigue crack propagation \\[[@CR33]--[@CR37]\\].", "\n\nUHMWPE melting erases the thermal history induced by ram extrusion and compression moulding; since cooling or recrystallization after melting are carried out without applying any pressure, the process decreases the overall degree of crystallinity of radiation-crosslinked UHMWPE. ", "In theory, one possible method of restoring crystallinity in crosslinked UHMWPE would be to utilize high-pressure crystallization, but this is not possible using current processing technology.", "\n\nSeveral new methods are now currently used in order to resolve the crystallization issue and to impart higher mechanical properties to the crosslinked polyethylene, like annealing close to but below the melting temperature of crosslinked UHMWPE \\[[@CR37]\\], solid-state deformation followed by annealing \\[[@CR38]\\], and repetitive subsequent annealings. ", "All of these processes have the advantage of substantially decreasing the free radical concentration. ", "However, detectable levels of free radicals still persist in the material, and so it still has a lower resistance to oxidation than remelted crosslinked UHMWPE; this is undesirable, since it would expose the material to degradative oxidation, which can also be very effective at causing dramatic insert failures for crosslinked materials.", "\n\nIn conclusion, crosslinked polyethylenes can have very different mechanical properties due to the different crosslinking processes that are possible, while UHMWPE, if processed and sterilized correctly, always has the mechanical property values required by the ASTM. ", "Despite the variability, it should be noted that crosslinked UHMWPE inserts have better mechanical properties than the standard required. ", "The mechanical properties, and the resistance to fatigue crack propagation in particular, are important in joint component applications, and so it is still unclear whether the benefits of wear resistance due to crosslinking would outweigh the risk of fatigue failure over the long term; to our knowledge, there are no reports of fatigue failures of crosslinked implants. ", "Concerns remain about the oxidation rate of the nonremelted crosslinked inserts.", "\n\nIt has been demonstrated that wear particles generated by crosslinked polyethylenes play a different role in biological reactions than those generated by conventional polymers, although why this is so is not clearly understood. ", "Crosslinking would generate a larger percentage of small particles \\[[@CR39], [@CR40]\\], which would lead to a higher release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and therefore to a higher reactivity \\[[@CR41]\\]. ", "However, crosslinked and conventional polyethylenes would cause similar levels of cytokines, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α \\[[@CR42]\\], and the degree of crosslinking-related osteolysis would be reduced compared to conventional osteolysis \\[[@CR43]\\]. ", "Regardless, radiation-crosslinked UHMWPE acetabular cups and tibial plateaus are now in clinical use, and it is still to be determined whether they will lead to a higher survivorship over the long term compared to conventional noncrosslinked UHMWPE, as expected.", "\n\nAnother advantage of using crosslinked polyethylene is the possibility, thanks to its resistance to abrasion, of reducing the thickness of the insert and consequently using larger femoral heads in THA, which reduce the dislocation rate and improve range of motion \\[[@CR44]\\]. ", "In contrast, fractures of the superior rim of the cup have been correlated to excessive thinness of the polyethylene \\[[@CR45]\\].", "\n\nActually, assessments of the clinical behaviour of crosslinked UHMWPE depend on radiographic measurement analyses: these demonstrate an initial penetration of the femoral head into the crosslinked insert, followed by a decreased penetration after the first year compared to conventional inserts. ", "The initial penetration observed in crosslinked inserts, in vivo and not in laboratory wear tests, has been explained as creep deformation and not as wear. ", "The results indicate decreased wear for crosslinked UHMWPE compared to conventional UHMWPE. ", "To our knowledge, most studies have reported good crosslinked insert performance regardless of the manufacturer \\[[@CR11], [@CR46]--[@CR51]\\]; moreover, there is no evidence of large-scale failures of knee or hip implants with crosslinked components due to particle-induced osteolysis, only sporadic case reports \\[[@CR52]\\] of fatigue failure \\[[@CR45], [@CR53]\\].", "\n\nSurface cracking, abrasion, scratching and pitting have been reported on the articular surfaces of retrieved crosslinked acetabular liners, and these features have been explained as being due to the decreased ductility and fatigue resistance associated with extensive crosslinking \\[[@CR53]\\]. ", "In contrast, some studies state that the abovementioned microscopic damage to the surfaces of retrieved crosslinked inserts is a sign of load-induced plastic deformation of the surface, not an early sign of a future failure \\[[@CR54]--[@CR57]\\].", "\n\nOne final unclear issue regarding crosslinked polyethylene is its third-body wear resistance: it has been supposed that XPE, due to its micromorphology, could be less resistant to such wear than UHMWPE, which may be a problem when third bodies like bone fragments are present in revisions or microparticles of PMMA are present in cemented implants. ", "Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there are no laboratory wear tests that report such a problem, and there are no reports of failures related to the presence of third bodies, so more studies are needed to clearly understand this issue.", "\n\nFuture directions and stabilization against oxidation {#Sec7}\n=====================================================\n\nIn the near future, we can expect radiation crosslinking processes to be optimized to improve the resistance to particulate wear without significantly decreasing mechanical properties \\[[@CR58]\\]; these developments are of particular importance for knee arthroplasties, where high cyclic stresses can lead to fatigue wear mechanisms.", "\n\nDespite the several thermal treatments proposed, as discussed above, oxidation can be a problem for crosslinked UHMWPE inserts, although to a degree that depends on the processing procedure \\[[@CR38], [@CR49]\\].", "\n\nIn several applications, such as food packaging and preservation, polyethylene is currently stabilized against oxidative degradation by adding a suitable biocompatible stabilizer: vitamin E or (better) its synthetic derivative, alpha-tocopherol \\[[@CR59], [@CR60]\\]. ", "Therefore, in order to combat oxidation in irradiated crosslinked UHMWPE, the use of a biocompatible and nontoxic antioxidant such as vitamin E has also been proposed \\[[@CR61]\\]. ", "This would lead to the double advantage of preventing the long-term oxidation associated with the presence of free radicals and preserving mechanical properties \\[[@CR62]--[@CR65]\\]; nevertheless, the use of any additive, including antioxidants, in medical-grade UHMWPE (ASTM F648) is prohibited, which has hindered the use of vitamin E in joint replacements for a long time.", "\n\nA new standard related to the conditions required for the addition of vitamin E has been approved (ASTM Standard F 2695 2007:*Standard Specification for Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Powder Blended With Alpha-Tocopherol \\[Vitamin E\\] and Fabricated Forms for Surgical Implant Applications*, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, see <http://www.astm.org>), even though the old regulation has not yet been cancelled.", "\n\nRecently, given the efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in stabilizing UHMWPE against oxidative degradation, and due to its proven biocompatibility, vitamin E has been introduced at an experimental level by the FDA (regulation 510K) in order to develop orthopaedic implants that are resistant to oxidation \\[[@CR60], [@CR66]\\].", "\n\nMany manufacturers are now developing crosslinked UHMWPE inserts containing vitamin E; however, some new concerns have arisen, in particular about the method by which the antioxidant is introduced into the polymer: it can be added before the irradiation \\[[@CR63], [@CR67]\\], during moulding or extrusion; or by diffusion after irradiation \\[[@CR62]\\]. ", "The disadvantages of these two methods are that, in the former, crosslinking is suppressed to a minor degree during irradiation, and in the latter, it is difficult to control the concentration and the distribution of the antioxidant. ", "In both cases, the hypothesized advantage is that the vitamin E protects the crosslinked polyethylene against oxidation \\[[@CR68], [@CR69]\\]. ", "At the moment, the elimination of post-irradiation melting in order to optimize the mechanical properties is just a fascinating hypothesis.", "\n\nHowever, it must be noted that the use of vitamin E does not completely suppress oxidation during sterilization with high-energy radiation; it only retards the process. ", "It should also be underlined that, even though the safety and biocompatibility of vitamin E is well known, this is still an additive with no clinical history in joint replacement components.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec8}\n===========\n\nUHMWPE liners can serve well as bearing surfaces for joint replacements. ", "In particular, if the sterilization and packaging processes are carried out correctly, the material has tribological and mechanical properties that can ensure long in vivo service as an articulation, greatly reduced wear, and particle biocompatibility, all without causing catastrophic ruptures and tissue reactions. ", "In fact, to our knowledge, there are no reports of failures related to the mechanical properties of components made of EtO-sterilized UHMWPE and used for arthroplasties. ", "Since the processing techniques play a fundamental role in the durability of implants, the manufacturer could be considered to be the main agent responsible implant durability.", "\n\nFor the same reasons, orthopaedic surgeons must pay careful attention to the processes to which the insert have been subjected: for example, γ and electron beam irradiation can further produce oxidation, even when conducted in the absence of oxygen. ", "The full processing history (sterilization, packaging, time of storage) of the implant, an indication of its integrity, must be present by law on the labels accompanying it, and must be considered when selecting the joint prosthesis, both before and during surgery. ", "In fact, in cases where the surgeon is called upon to explain his choice of implant, a complete knowledge of the materials involved and the reasons for choosing the particular implant selected can be helpful.", "\n\nNew and promising materials, like crosslinked and vitamin E charged polyethylenes, are now considered safe but innovative and are therefore handled cautiously: many in vitro tests and several in vivo demonstrations have confirmed the validity of these materials, but it is important to remember that they do not yet have long-term clinical histories.", "\n\nOpen issues include: the role of debris of crosslinked polyethylene, the quantity and reactivity of which are still to be elucidated, the long-term behaviour of crosslinked material under the kinds of mechanical stresses encountered in knee arthroplasties, and the interaction of vitamin E with the surrounding tissues as well as its long-term effects on crosslinked and noncrosslinked polyethylene.", "\n\nIn conclusion, surgeons can use the innovative and promising products available on the market, but they should also be aware that some products have been tested over the long term and are safe for clinical use while others have short clinical histories and require caution.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "/**********************************************************************\n\n object_tracing.c - Object Tracing mechanism/ObjectSpace extender for MRI.", "\n\n $Author$\n created at: Mon May 27 16:27:44 2013\n\n NOTE: This extension library is not expected to exist except C Ruby.", "\n NOTE: This feature is an example usage of internal event tracing APIs.", "\n\n All the files in this distribution are covered under the Ruby's\n license (see the file COPYING).", "\n\n**********************************************************************/\n\n#include \"internal.h\"\n#include \"ruby/debug.h\"\n#include \"objspace.h\"\n\nstruct traceobj_arg {\n int running;\n int keep_remains;\n VALUE newobj_trace;\n VALUE freeobj_trace;\n st_table *object_table; /* obj (VALUE) -> allocation_info */\n st_table *str_table; /* cstr -> refcount */\n struct traceobj_arg *prev_traceobj_arg;\n};\n\nstatic const char *\nmake_unique_str(st_table *tbl, const char *str, long len)\n{\n if (!", "str) {\n\treturn NULL;\n }\n else {\n\tst_data_t n;\n\tchar *result;\n\n\tif (st_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n)) {\n\t st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)str, n+1);\n\t st_get_key(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n);\n\t result = (char *)n;\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t result = (char *)ruby_xmalloc(len+1);\n\t strncpy(result, str, len);\n\t result[len] = 0;\n\t st_add_direct(tbl, (st_data_t)result, 1);\n\t}\n\treturn result;\n }\n}\n\nstatic void\ndelete_unique_str(st_table *tbl, const char *str)\n{\n if (str) {\n\tst_data_t n;\n\n\tst_lookup(tbl, (st_data_t)str, &n);\n\tif (n == 1) {\n\t n = (st_data_t)str;\n\t st_delete(tbl, &n, 0);\n\t ruby_xfree((char *)n);\n\t}\n\telse {\n\t st_insert(tbl, (st_data_t)str, n-1);\n\t}\n }\n}\n\nstatic void\nnewobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)\n{\n struct traceobj_arg *arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)data;\n rb_trace_arg_t *tparg = rb_tracearg_from_tracepoint(tpval);\n VALUE obj = rb_tracearg_object(tparg);\n VALUE path = rb_tracearg_path(tparg);\n VALUE line = rb_tracearg_lineno(tparg);\n VALUE mid = rb_tracearg_method_id(tparg);\n VALUE klass = rb_tracearg_defined_class(tparg);\n struct allocation_info *info;\n const char *path_cstr = RTEST(path) ? ", "make_unique_str(arg->str_table, RSTRING_PTR(path), RSTRING_LEN(path)) : 0;\n VALUE class_path = (RTEST(klass) && !", "OBJ_FROZEN(klass)) ? ", "rb_class_path_cached(klass) : Qnil;\n const char *class_path_cstr = RTEST(class_path) ? ", "make_unique_str(arg->str_table, RSTRING_PTR(class_path), RSTRING_LEN(class_path)) : 0;\n st_data_t v;\n\n if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, (st_data_t)obj, &v)) {\n\tinfo = (struct allocation_info *)v;\n\tif (arg->keep_remains) {\n\t if (info->living) {\n\t\t/* do nothing. ", "there is possibility to keep living if FREEOBJ events while suppressing tracing */\n\t }\n\t}\n\t/* reuse info */\n\tdelete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->path);\n\tdelete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->class_path);\n }\n else {\n\tinfo = (struct allocation_info *)ruby_xmalloc(sizeof(struct allocation_info));\n }\n info->living = 1;\n info->flags = RBASIC(obj)->flags;\n info->klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);\n\n info->path = path_cstr;\n info->line = NUM2INT(line);\n info->mid = mid;\n info->class_path = class_path_cstr;\n info->generation = rb_gc_count();\n st_insert(arg->object_table, (st_data_t)obj, (st_data_t)info);\n}\n\nstatic void\nfreeobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)\n{\n struct traceobj_arg *arg = (struct traceobj_arg *)data;\n rb_trace_arg_t *tparg = rb_tracearg_from_tracepoint(tpval);\n st_data_t obj = (st_data_t)rb_tracearg_object(tparg);\n st_data_t v;\n struct allocation_info *info;\n\n if (arg->keep_remains) {\n\tif (st_lookup(arg->object_table, obj, &v)) {\n\t info = (struct allocation_info *)v;\n\t info->living = 0;\n\t}\n }\n else {\n\tif (st_delete(arg->object_table, &obj, &v)) {\n\t info = (struct allocation_info *)v;\n\t delete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->path);\n\t delete_unique_str(arg->str_table, info->class_path);\n\t ruby_xfree(info);\n\t}\n }\n}\n\nstatic int\nfree_keys_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, void *data)\n{\n ruby_xfree((void *)key);\n return ST_CONTINUE;\n}\n\nstatic int\nfree_values_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, void *data)\n{\n ruby_xfree((void *)value);\n return ST_CONTINUE;\n}\n\nstatic struct traceobj_arg *tmp_trace_arg; /* TODO: Do not use global variables */\nstatic int tmp_keep_remains; /* TODO: Do not use global variables */\n\nstatic struct traceobj_arg *\nget_traceobj_arg(void)\n{\n if (tmp_trace_arg == 0) {\n\ttmp_trace_arg = ALLOC_N(struct traceobj_arg, 1);\n\ttmp_trace_arg->running = 0;\n\ttmp_trace_arg->keep_remains = tmp_keep_remains;\n\ttmp_trace_arg->newobj_trace = 0;\n\ttmp_trace_arg->freeobj_trace = 0;\n\ttmp_trace_arg->object_table = st_init_numtable();\n\ttmp_trace_arg->str_table = st_init_strtable();\n }\n return tmp_trace_arg;\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: trace_object_allocations_start\n *\n * Starts tracing object allocations.", "\n *\n */\nstatic VALUE\ntrace_object_allocations_start(VALUE self)\n{\n struct traceobj_arg *arg = get_traceobj_arg();\n\n if (arg->running++ > 0) {\n\t/* do nothing */\n }\n else {\n\tif (arg->newobj_trace == 0) {\n\t arg->newobj_trace = rb_tracepoint_new(0, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, newobj_i, arg);\n\t rb_gc_register_mark_object(arg->newobj_trace);\n\t arg->freeobj_trace = rb_tracepoint_new(0, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_FREEOBJ, freeobj_i, arg);\n\t rb_gc_register_mark_object(arg->freeobj_trace);\n\t}\n\trb_tracepoint_enable(arg->newobj_trace);\n\trb_tracepoint_enable(arg->freeobj_trace);\n }\n\n return Qnil;\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: trace_object_allocations_stop\n *\n * Stop tracing object allocations.", "\n *\n * Note that if ::trace_object_allocations_start is called n-times, then\n * tracing will stop after calling ::trace_object_allocations_stop n-times.", "\n *\n */\nstatic VALUE\ntrace_object_allocations_stop(VALUE self)\n{\n struct traceobj_arg *arg = get_traceobj_arg();\n\n if (arg->running > 0) {\n\targ->running--;\n }\n\n if (arg->running == 0) {\n\trb_tracepoint_disable(arg->newobj_trace);\n\trb_tracepoint_disable(arg->freeobj_trace);\n }\n\n return Qnil;\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: trace_object_allocations_clear\n *\n * Clear recorded tracing information.", "\n *\n */\nstatic VALUE\ntrace_object_allocations_clear(VALUE self)\n{\n struct traceobj_arg *arg = get_traceobj_arg();\n\n /* clear tables */\n st_foreach(arg->object_table, free_values_i, 0);\n st_clear(arg->object_table);\n st_foreach(arg->str_table, free_keys_i, 0);\n st_clear(arg->str_table);\n\n /* do not touch TracePoints */\n\n return Qnil;\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: trace_object_allocations { block }\n *\n * Starts tracing object allocations from the ObjectSpace extension module.", "\n *\n * For example:\n *\n *\trequire 'objspace'\n *\n *\tclass C\n *\t include ObjectSpace\n *\n *\t def foo\n *\t trace_object_allocations do\n *\t obj = Object.new\n *\t p \"#{allocation_sourcefile(obj)}:#{allocation_sourceline(obj)}\"\n *\t end\n *\t end\n *\tend\n *\n *\tC.new.foo #=> \"objtrace.rb:8\"\n *\n * This example has included the ObjectSpace module to make it easier to read,\n * but you can also use the ::trace_object_allocations notation (recommended).", "\n *\n * Note that this feature introduces a huge performance decrease and huge\n * memory consumption.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\ntrace_object_allocations(VALUE self)\n{\n trace_object_allocations_start(self);\n return rb_ensure(rb_yield, Qnil, trace_object_allocations_stop, self);\n}\n\nint rb_bug_reporter_add(void (*func)(FILE *, void *), void *data);\nstatic int object_allocations_reporter_registered = 0;\n\nstatic int\nobject_allocations_reporter_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t ptr)\n{\n FILE *out = (FILE *)ptr;\n VALUE obj = (VALUE)key;\n struct allocation_info *info = (struct allocation_info *)val;\n\n fprintf(out, \"-- %p (%s F: %p, \", (void *)obj, info->living ? \"", "live\" : \"dead\", (void *)info->flags);\n if (info->class_path) fprintf(out, \"C: %s\", info->class_path);\n else fprintf(out, \"C: %p\", (void *)info->klass);\n fprintf(out, \"@%s:%lu\", info->path ? ", "info->path : \"\", info->line);\n if (!", "NIL_P(info->mid)) {\n\tVALUE m = rb_sym2str(info->mid);\n\tfprintf(out, \" (%s)\", RSTRING_PTR(m));\n }\n fprintf(out, \")\\n\");\n\n return ST_CONTINUE;\n}\n\nstatic void\nobject_allocations_reporter(FILE *out, void *ptr)\n{\n fprintf(out, \"== object_allocations_reporter: START\\n\");\n if (tmp_trace_arg) {\n\tst_foreach(tmp_trace_arg->object_table, object_allocations_reporter_i, (st_data_t)out);\n }\n fprintf(out, \"== object_allocations_reporter: END\\n\");\n}\n\nstatic VALUE\ntrace_object_allocations_debug_start(VALUE self)\n{\n tmp_keep_remains = 1;\n if (object_allocations_reporter_registered == 0) {\n\tobject_allocations_reporter_registered = 1;\n\trb_bug_reporter_add(object_allocations_reporter, 0);\n }\n\n return trace_object_allocations_start(self);\n}\n\nstatic struct allocation_info *\nlookup_allocation_info(VALUE obj)\n{\n if (tmp_trace_arg) {\n\tst_data_t info;\n\tif (st_lookup(tmp_trace_arg->object_table, obj, &info)) {\n\t return (struct allocation_info *)info;\n\t}\n }\n return NULL;\n}\n\nstruct allocation_info *\nobjspace_lookup_allocation_info(VALUE obj)\n{\n return lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: allocation_sourcefile(object) -> string\n *\n * Returns the source file origin from the given +object+.", "\n *\n * See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\nallocation_sourcefile(VALUE self, VALUE obj)\n{\n struct allocation_info *info = lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n\n if (info && info->path) {\n\treturn rb_str_new2(info->path);\n }\n else {\n\treturn Qnil;\n }\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: allocation_sourceline(object) -> integer\n *\n * Returns the original line from source for from the given +object+.", "\n *\n * See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\nallocation_sourceline(VALUE self, VALUE obj)\n{\n struct allocation_info *info = lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n\n if (info) {\n\treturn INT2FIX(info->line);\n }\n else {\n\treturn Qnil;\n }\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: allocation_class_path(object) -> string\n *\n * Returns the class for the given +object+.", "\n *\n *\tclass A\n *\t def foo\n *\t ObjectSpace::trace_object_allocations do\n *\t obj = Object.new\n *\t p \"#{ObjectSpace::allocation_class_path(obj)}\"\n *\t end\n *\t end\n *\tend\n *\n *\tA.new.foo #=> \"Class\"\n *\n * See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\nallocation_class_path(VALUE self, VALUE obj)\n{\n struct allocation_info *info = lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n\n if (info && info->class_path) {\n\treturn rb_str_new2(info->class_path);\n }\n else {\n\treturn Qnil;\n }\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: allocation_method_id(object) -> string\n *\n * Returns the method identifier for the given +object+.", "\n *\n *\tclass A\n *\t include ObjectSpace\n *\n *\t def foo\n *\t trace_object_allocations do\n *\t obj = Object.new\n *\t p \"#{allocation_class_path(obj)}##{allocation_method_id(obj)}\"\n *\t end\n *\t end\n *\tend\n *\n *\tA.new.foo #=> \"Class#new\"\n *\n * See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\nallocation_method_id(VALUE self, VALUE obj)\n{\n struct allocation_info *info = lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n if (info) {\n\treturn info->mid;\n }\n else {\n\treturn Qnil;\n }\n}\n\n/*\n * call-seq: allocation_generation(object) -> integer or nil\n *\n * Returns garbage collector generation for the given +object+.", "\n *\n *\tclass B\n *\t include ObjectSpace\n *\n *\t def foo\n *\t trace_object_allocations do\n *\t obj = Object.new\n *\t p \"Generation is #{allocation_generation(obj)}\"\n *\t end\n *\t end\n *\tend\n *\n *\tB.new.foo #=> \"Generation is 3\"\n *\n * See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.", "\n */\nstatic VALUE\nallocation_generation(VALUE self, VALUE obj)\n{\n struct allocation_info *info = lookup_allocation_info(obj);\n if (info) {\n\treturn SIZET2NUM(info->generation);\n }\n else {\n\treturn Qnil;\n }\n}\n\nvoid\nInit_object_tracing(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)\n{\n#if 0\n rb_mObjSpace = rb_define_module(\"ObjectSpace\"); /* let rdoc know */\n#endif\n\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"trace_object_allocations\", trace_object_allocations, 0);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"trace_object_allocations_start\", trace_object_allocations_start, 0);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"trace_object_allocations_stop\", trace_object_allocations_stop, 0);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"trace_object_allocations_clear\", trace_object_allocations_clear, 0);\n\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"trace_object_allocations_debug_start\", trace_object_allocations_debug_start, 0);\n\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"allocation_sourcefile\", allocation_sourcefile, 1);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"allocation_sourceline\", allocation_sourceline, 1);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"allocation_class_path\", allocation_class_path, 1);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"allocation_method_id\", allocation_method_id, 1);\n rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, \"allocation_generation\", allocation_generation, 1);\n}\n" ]

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[ "Although hospice (H) care represents one of the fastest growing end-of-life services, its use in nursing homes (NH) is, overall, at a very low level. ", "Many factors have been proposed as influential (e.g., psycho-social, socio-economic, regulatory, philosophical, geographical), but the context of use for H services in NHs is dense, multi-layered and poorly understood. ", "Interestingly, little attention in the literature has been paid to the relationship between front line H and NH staff as they collaborate to provide end-of-life care for NH residents on the unit. ", "Both NH and H staff are critical \"gatekeepers\" in the flow of H services to residents who may benefit from them, yet the literature on the role of these staff in facilitating or inhibiting the use of such services is virtually non-existent. ", "The purpose of the proposed pilot research project is to learn about the relationship between H and NH front-line staff, and how the interaction between them shapes and influences the delivery of H services to residents. ", "Drawing on theory and method in cultural anthropology, the research seeks to learn the experience of providing H care from the perspective of both H and NH staff, and to explore the meaning this experience holds for both segments. ", "Specifically, the research seeks: 1) to identify and define the circumstances and conditions that the two segments regard as meaningful in the delivery of hospice services in a LTC facility; 2) to identify and explore both segments' needs and wants in providing such care; 3) to explore the two segments' perceptions and understandings of the other segment; and 4) to learn what the two segments believe to be the critical pathways and barriers to providing quality end-of-life care to dying nursing home residents. ", "Based on the information gained through this research, the aim of the proposed project is to advance our understanding of H delivery in the NH setting by developing a theoretical model of the relationship between the H provider and the NHs it serves. ", "If we can understand how front line staff experience and interpret the meaning of providing H services in this context, we are in a better position to develop care delivery models that most accurately reflect the needs and aspirations of the participants involved. ", "Such experienced-based models can help improve the quality of end of life care for nursing homes residents and their access to it." ]

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[ "[The porphyrin content of the erythrocytes in cancer patients].", "\nLevels of copro- and protoporphyrin in red blood cells obtained from patients with tumors of the stomach, large bowel and thyroid are discussed. ", "The levels of both porphyrins proved markedly increased in patients with gastric and intestinal cancer but were nearly normal in cases of benign tumor of various sites and thyroid cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "ANALYSIS/OPINION:\n\nBreaking news: Democrats will crush Republicans in the 2018 midterm elections.", "\n\nThat’s what all the political pundits say — and the pollsters. ", "Sure, these are the same pollsters who gave Hillary Clinton a 99.9 percent chance of winning the White House in 2016, but now they insist they’re right this time.", "\n\nBut they’re not. ", "Not even close.", "\n\nFor the past few months, the mainstream media has run story after story selling the idea that Democrats are poised for big gains in the House and Senate come November. ", "Their premise: Everybody hates President Trump (well, everybody they know, so that means everybody, right?) ", "so Democrats just need to show up, have a pulse, and whoosh, they’ll be elected to Congress.", "\n\nBut here’s the thing: Just like in 2016, the pundits and pollsters are missing the forest for the trees. ", "Yes, even diehard Republicans were skeptical about Mr. Trump as president, with many voting for him simply to keep Mrs. Clinton out of the White House. ", "But then the reality TV star turned politician showed he could be pretty good at being president.", "\n\nHere are a few facts that have changed the dynamics in the last few months:\n\n• Mr. Trump’s favorability numbers have been rising steadily, and he’s been doing the kinds of things that make voters happy. ", "An across-the-board tax cut — the benefits of which Americans have begun to reap — is always a crowd pleaser.", "\n\n• Skeptics were most worried that Mr. Trump couldn’t handle foreign policy, then he kicked China in the derriere over trade and, poof, a whole new amiable China. ", "His tough talk on North Korea has also paid off — the rogue nation is now prepared to put away its nuclear ambitions and possibly even agree to an end of the Korean War.", "\n\n• The economy is growing by leaps and bounds and unemployment has plunged to 3.9 percent, the lowest it’s been in decades. ", "Companies are hiring, wages are rising and optimism is spreading across America.", "\n\n“More than 8 in 10 voters (84 percent) say the economy will be ‘extremely’ or ‘very’ important to their votes,” a new CNN poll found. ", "Sadly, the network that supported Mrs. Clinton throughout the 2016 election had to admit: “the less that people see the 2018 election as a straight referendum on Trump, the better for Republican chances.”", "\n\nMeanwhile, the same poll said Republicans “are getting more interested in the 2018 election. ", "In March, just 1 in 3 GOPers (and GOP-leaning independents) said they were ‘very enthusiastic’ about the midterms. ", "That number is up to 44 percent in the new CNN survey.” ", "Look for that to rise by Election Day.", "\n\nPlus, the task is tough for Democrats. ", "Terry Schilling, executive director at American Principles Project, points out that Democrats need to flip a net 24 seats to take over the House. ", "That’s possible, say the liberal pundits and pollsters, as there are 23 Republican-held districts that voted for Mrs. Clinton in 2016. ", "But Mr. Schilling doesn’t think it’ll happen.", "\n\n“Even if the Democrats performed incredibly well in these 23 districts — let’s say they win 17 of them — they would need to flip an additional 13 seats in Trump-won districts, while also protecting every Democratic incumbent,” he wrote in The Hill.", "\n\nOn the other side of the ledger, support for Democrats is flagging, a poll by Zogby Analytics finds.", "\n\n“Support for Democrats is down among millennials, blacks, and so-called Walmart and NASCAR voters,” Zogby reports. ", "Democrats have “lost more than 10 percent of support among voters aged 18-50, 14 percent among millennials aged 18-29” and more than 20 percent of support among black voters. ", "Overall, support for Democrats has dropped from 44 percent to 40 percent over the course of several months.", "\n\nTo make matters worse, 78-year-old Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi is out there saying she plans to be the next speaker when the Democrats take over. ", "Oh, and she wants everyone to know that she’ll push for the repeal of the tax cuts Mr. Trump signed into law.", "\n\nSo it’s not all gravy for Democrats come November. ", "One political pundit even predicts Republicans will have a good night on Election Day. ", "Former Bill Clinton adviser Dick Morris said Democrats are “overplaying their hand” by going after Mr. Trump over lawyer Michael Cohen and porn actress Stormy Daniels.", "\n\n“I think that they see fool’s gold in these scandals,” Mr. Morris said. “", "They’re putting everything behind the Stormy Daniels scandal and Michael Cohen and the country doesn’t give a damn.”", "\n\nAnd Mr. Morris adds: “There is no blue wave coming. ", "There is a red wave. ", "And what makes it red is the blood of the Democratic Party.”", "\n\nBut that means all those pundits and pollsters are wrong.", "\n\nYup, sounds about right.", "\n\n• Joseph Curl covered the White House and politics for a decade for The Washington Times. ", "He can be reached at josephcurl@gmail.com and on Twitter @josephcurl." ]

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[ "Type 2 transglutaminase in neurodegenerative diseases: the mitochondrial connection.", "\n\"Tissue\" or type 2 Transglutaminase (TG2) is a peculiar multifunctional enzyme able to catalyse Ca(2+)-dependent post-translational modification of proteins, by establishing covalent bonds between peptide-bound glutamine residues and either lysine residues or mono- and poly-amines. ", "In addition, it may act also as a G protein in transmembrane signalling, as a kinase, as a protein disulphide isomerase and as a cell surface adhesion mediator. ", "The vast array of biochemical functions exerted by TG2 characterises and distinguishes it from all the other members of the transglutaminase family. ", "Multiple lines of evidence suggest an involvement of the enzyme in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson (PD), and that its inhibition, either via drug treatments or genetic approaches, might be beneficial for the treatment of these syndromes. ", "This review will exploit the recent developments in the comprehension of the role played by type 2 transglutaminase in eukaryotic cells, focusing on the role exerted by TG2 on mitochondrial physiology and on the regulation of cell death pathways at the basis of neurodegenerative diseases." ]

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[ "Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)\n\nDavid Pogue has written the book on Macs, and Palm Pilots, and opera music.", "\n\nThe prolific author and current New York Times personal technology columnist will speak at Illinois State University at 7 p.m. Thursday, April 25, at Braden Auditorium. ", "Pogue will be the keynote speaker for Illinois State’s Science and Technology Week 2013.", "\n\nThe talk is sponsored by the College of Applied Science and Technology and the ISU Credit Union. ", "Part of the University’s 2013 Speaker Series of Illinois State University, the event is free and open to the public.", "\n\nPogue brings a sense of humor to his technology lessons. ", "Each week, he contributes a print column, an online column, an online video and a popular daily blog, “Pogue’s Posts,” to the New York Times. ", "He is also the original author of Macs for Dummies, which has been printed in 17 languages and six editions.", "\n\nIDG Books asked Pogue to write Mac for Dummies when he was still writing is award-winning column “The Desktop Critic” for Macworld Magazine. ", "He continued to write or co-write seven books in the “for Dummies” series, including Opera for Dummies, Classical Music for Dummies and Magic for Dummies. ", "He also co-authored six editions of the 1,300-page bestseller Macworld Mac Secrets with former Yale roommate Joe Schorr and a novel, Hard Drive, a New York Times “notable book of the year.” ", "His PalmPilot: The Ultimate Guide became the bestselling Palm book.", "\n\nPogue is also an Emmy award-winning tech correspondent for CBS News, and he appears each week on CNBC with his trademark comic tech videos.", "\n\nThe Speaker Series of Illinois State University seeks to bring innovative and enlightening speakers to the campus with the aim of providing the community with a platform to foster dialogue, cultivate enriching ideas and continue an appreciation of learning as an active and lifelong process.", "\n\nIf you need special accommodations to fully participate in these programs/events, please contact Julie Barnhill, Presidential and Trustee Events, at (309) 438-8790. ", "Please allow sufficient time to arrange accommodations." ]

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[ "Photochemically Switching Diamidocarbene Spin States Leads to Reversible Büchner Ring Expansions.", "\nThe discovery of thermal and photochemical control by Woodward and Hoffmann revolutionized how we understand chemical reactivity. ", "Similarly, we now describe the first example of a carbene that exhibits differing thermal and photochemical reactivity. ", "When a singlet ground-state N,N'-diamidocarbene 1 was photolyzed at 380 nm, excitation to a triplet state was observed. ", "The triplet-state electronic structure was characteristic of the expected biradical σ1pπ1 spin configuration according to a combination of spectroscopic and computational methods. ", "Surprisingly, the triplet state of 1 was found to engage a series of arenes in thermally reversible Büchner ring expansion reactions, marking the first examples where both cyclopropanation and ring expansion of arenes were rendered reversible. ", "Not only are these photochemical reactions different from the known thermal chemistry of 1, but the reversibility enabled us to perform the first examples of photochemically induced arene exchange/expansion reactions at a single carbon center." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMySQL Slow query: count articles, group by category, any way to optimize?", "\n\nIs there any way to optimize this query? ", "It takes more than 2.5 secs.", "\nSELECT articles.categories_id,\n COUNT(articles.id) AS count\nFROM articles\nWHERE articles.created >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 48 HOUR)\nGROUP BY articles.categories_id\nORDER BY count DESC\n\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `articles` (\n `id` int(11) NOT NULL,\n `categories_id` int(11) NOT NULL,\n `feeds_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',\n `users_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1',\n `title` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,\n `sefriendly` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,\n `body` text CHARACTER SET utf8,\n `source` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT NULL,\n `created` datetime NOT NULL,\n `edited` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\n `fingerprint` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL,\n `type` int(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '1 => Feed fetched article\\n2 => User submitted article',\n `description` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT NULL,\n `keywords` text CHARACTER SET utf8,\n `status` int(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0 => Passive\\n1 => Active\\n2 => Pending',\n PRIMARY KEY (`id`),\n KEY `categories_id` (`categories_id`) USING BTREE,\n KEY `feeds_id` (`feeds_id`) USING BTREE,\n KEY `users_id` (`users_id`) USING BTREE,\n KEY `fingerprint` (`fingerprint`) USING BTREE,\n KEY `title` (`title`)\n) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_turkish_ci ROW_FORMAT=COMPACT;\n\nI already use caching, so there is no problem in terms of code. ", "\nThis is the explain sql result:\nid select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra\n1 SIMPLE articles index NULL categories_id 4 NULL 120411 Using where; Using temporary; Using file sort\n\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can improve things by adding an index on created. ", "This will help serve your WHERE clause:\nWHERE articles.created >= DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 48 HOUR)\n\nIt will probably be advantageous to instead create a covering index on (created, categories_id) so that all the data required for the query is available in the index.", "\nNote that the value of id is not needed for this query because COUNT only cares if the value is NULL or NOT NULL, but id is defined to be NOT NULL in your table definition. ", "It would probably be a good idea to make this explicit by using COUNT(*) or COUNT(1) instead of COUNT(id) as this is guaranteed to give the same result. ", "But I would expect that MySQL is intelligent enough to make this optimization for you automatically.", "\nI don't think that you can avoid the file sort because you are sorting on the result of an aggregation, and this cannot be indexed.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Mitte\n\n15Jun2015\n\nHave you ever sat down in a restaurant, perused the menu and then decided to walk out before giving it a chance? ", "We were very close to doing exactly that last weekend at Mitte on Upper Station Street, but thankfully gave it the benefit of the doubt and stayed for what turned out to be a tasty, albeit rather interesting dinner.", "\n\nWe wanted a chilled out, quick bite as a brief respite from an afternoon spent packing up boxes ready to move flat. ", "Firstly, there were no tables set up, so we were told to sit at the bar, where the girls behind it gave us a curious look as if we were either intruding on something or weren’t quite edgy enough to be there. ", "We asked for a food menu and were told there were only certain dishes available, since there was a special event – hence the lack of tables. ", "On top of all this, there were some really strange sounds, not too dissimilar to whale song, coming from the DJ table at the back of the room. ", "This was, apparently, the special event…\n\nWe were hungry, thirsty and had heard that Mitte makes the best Negroni in Hong Kong, so we ignored the whales, chose three dishes from the limited options available and ordered a Negroni Sbagliato and an Aperol Spritz respectively. ", "They were indeed very good drinks.", "\n\nMitte is owned by three friends – an Italian, a German and an American – who all met in Berlin. ", "It is classed as an ‘osteria berlinese,’ i.e. a German-Italian wine bar…? ", "The staff are mostly all Italian, and the clientele too, so where the German fits in I am not so sure – but I love a good Italian wine bar, so no complaints here.", "\n\nAll the food is prepared behind the bar, fresh to order. ", "Our first dish was the Buff – a generous portion of thickly sliced DOP buffalo mozzarella and sliced strawberries, drizzled in a balsamic vinegar reduction. ", "This was an absolutely beautiful dish, both in presentation and taste, as the tart strawberries seriously complemented the creamy, fresh mozzarella.", "\n\nOur filetto di manzo alla griglia was more rare than the medium-rare we had asked for, but was nonetheless wonderfully tender and flavoursome. ", "This usually comes served with chips, but since the fryer was being used for our next dish, we were offered a slice of melanzane alla parmigiana instead – a much better option in my opinion.", "\n\nWhen our selection of grilled calamari was not available, we were offered some fritti misti – deep-fried prawns, calamari and white fish served in a paper cone with a side salad. ", "These were also absolutely delicious and needed no sauce nor dip to bring out their flavour.", "\n\nAfter indulging in 10 tiramisu over 10 days in Italy earlier this year, we consider ourselves to be quite the experts in tiramisu! ", "Mitte’s version is unlike any we’ve had before and came served with a shot of a rich, creamy digestif similar to Bailey’s. ", "The chef rather sheepishly told us that the tiramisu had been frozen, so begged us to wait a little while before eating it. ", "When the dessert was sitting right in front of us and seconds were ticking by painfully slowly, we were unable to endure the torture of waiting any longer than a couple of minutes, meaning our dessert was a cross between a tiramisu and a semi-freddo, which, bizarrely, actually worked.", "\n\nThroughout the course of the evening, the music did temporarily get better, (albeit also louder) and we began to understand the funny looks we’d been given to start with, since it seemed the staff knew most of their guests by name, and obviously didn’t recognise us . ", "One thing about Mitte is that it isn’t exactly a cheap night out; drinks are fairly reasonable, coming in at around $100 for a cocktail, but food can easily cost $200 or more per dish. ", "If you’re into your alternative music and aren’t fussed about having a conversation with whoever you’re dining with, it’s worth checking out Mitte on a weekend for the buzz that goes on until late; if not, it might be best to visit on a weeknight, when it’s more of an actual restaurant and you don’t need to pretend to be edgy." ]

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[ "I dont always check my google+ account but when I do, its to make sure i didnt +1 porn\n\n1,582 shares" ]

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[ "When programming graphics applications, one of the more frustrating aspects of development is that you can end up writing thousands of lines of code and when you run it, all you get is a blank screen. ", "Or maybe a blue screen. ", "Or a crash. ", "But often, not actually a useful image. ", "Errors in state setting, transformation math, and other coding problems can mean your application is completely valid just not useful. ", "Other kinds of coding problems are due to misuse or abuse of the Direct3D API itself. ", "In those cases, enabling the 'debug' device can quickly help identify the problems.--- End quote ---" ]

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[ "Description\n\nNo, this hasn't got anything to do with the 3rd movie. ", "This is just a fan/hypebuild. ", "Also, who disliked this?" ]

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[ "\nTechnological Books you should read in 2020 - pchojecki\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l566l7ufRVI\n======\nsmrk007\nPosting a video of an article, but not the actual article?", "\n\n~~~\n5bolts\nits in his summary right at the top.", "\n\npretty bad list for books to read next year.. some are several years old\nothers are really poorly reviewed.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Baby born to Romanian girl, 10, in Spain Published duration 3 November 2010\n\nimage caption According to official statistics, a total of 177 girls under 15 gave birth to children in 2008\n\nA 10-year-old girl from Romania has given birth in southern Spain, officials in the region have said.", "\n\nThe girl gave birth to a daughter last week in the city of Jerez de la Frontera, said Andalucia's social affairs minister Micaela Navarro.", "\n\nOfficials are deciding whether the mother and her family can keep custody, Ms Navarro said.", "\n\nThe father of the baby is also believed to be a minor, aged 13, who is still in Romania, Spanish media have said.", "\n\n\"What we have to ensure is that both the mother, who in this case is a minor as well, and the baby are absolutely taken care of,\" said Ms Navarro.", "\n\n\"If they can be well cared for, they can stay with the family,\" she said.", "\n\nThe baby's grandmother, who is a Roma gypsy, was photographed in Spanish newspapers smiling outside the family's modest block of flats in the town of Lebrija, AFP reports.", "\n\nHer 10-year-old daughter is reported to have moved to Spain from Romania just three weeks ago.", "\n\nThe woman, identified only as Olimpia, was quoted as saying that the mother was \"very well, like the daughter, who is very well and very pretty\".", "\n\nAccording to the Andalucia daily, Diario de Jerez, which first reported the story, the grandmother could not understand the wide level of interest in the case as \"this is the age we get married in Romania\"." ]

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[ "Antonio, Nikky THorne, and Cathy get together to spend some quality time together. ", "But Antonio and Nikky have a secret agenda. ", "They want to make Cathy cum as never before and for that they will use all the kinky tools which is at their disposal. ", "After some lube up, they use their fists, a baseball bat, a speculum, mega sized toys and a lot more, until Cathy barly even able to breathe from the numerous orgasms\n\nYear: 2011Genre: Lesbo, Toys, Anal Fisting, Monster GapeLength: 00:24:20Description: Isabella Clark is a girl who likes to try out new things, let it be new food, a new hairstyle, or even a new sexual passion. ", "So when Nikki offered her the chance to guide her into the sensual world of pussy fisting, Isabella instantly agreed. ", "After all, a healthy, satisfying orgasm is not something any girl would refuse, now would it be?", "\n\nToilet sex is always fun because it gives you the excitement of fucking in a public place with less chance of getting caught. ", "Here Tommy towels off Michala's wet pussy with a wad of toilet-paper so it will be nice and dry when he attaches the suction-cup vibrator to her clit. ", "Getting that pink toy on her clit with the proper amount of suction is important." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I make a different join table for the same type of relationship?", "\n\nI have posts that can be voted on by a polymorphic association. ", "Now I am making comments votable as well. ", "Can I share the same models and logic for this for my comments? ", "Or do I have to make a new model relationship ?", "\n#post.rb\nhas_many :votes, :as => :votable \nhas_many :voting_users, \n :through => :votes, \n :source => :user \n#vote.rb\nbelongs_to :votable, :polymorphic => true\n\nA:\n\nYes, you should be able to copy the two has_many relationships from your post model and drop them in comment.rb without a problem. ", " Since your vote model is polymorphic, as long as you have votable_id:integer and votable_type:string in the votes table, everything should work normally.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Cart\n\nHow to Make an Americano – Hot or Iced\n\nNot everyone is a fan of the strong coffee shots known as espresso. ", "The Americano offers a solution. ", "It is an espresso and water mixed together, creating a lighter drink. ", "Here are our tips on how to make an Americano and how to make an iced Americano.", "\n\nHistory of the Americano\n\nThere are many ideas about the creation of the Americano. ", "However, one theory is more popular than others. ", "Even if it is not certain, the history of the Americano starts a long time ago. ", "American soldiers created the Americano during WWII. ", "When they were in Italy, they did not like the Italian espresso. ", "They wanted coffee that was closer to what they were used to. ", "So, they mixed the espresso with water. ", "Simply, this is how to make an Americano coffee.", "\n\nHow to Make an Espresso\n\nThe first step to make any Americano is the espresso. ", "One way to make espresso is with a stovetop espresso maker. ", "Our product is the GROSCHE Milano Stovetop Espresso Maker. ", "Also called Moka pot, this stovetop espresso maker is the safest on the market.", "\n\nStep 1: Remove the filter funnel and upper part of the coffee maker.", "\n\nStep 2: Fill the lower part of the machine with fresh cold water. ", "Make sure not to fill it past the safety valve.", "\n\nStep 4: With your stove on a low flame setting, place your stovetop espresso maker on the heated element.", "\n\nStep 5: When the coffee begins to bubble from the filter section into the upper part of the machine, turn the stove down.", "\n\nStep 6: Once the gurgling sound has stopped, the coffee is ready. ", "Remove your espresso maker from the stove.", "\n\nThe espresso is done when all the steps are finished. ", "This means that you have finished the first, and harder, half of the Americano. ", "There are other ways to make espresso but using the Milano Stovetop Espresso Maker will give the perfect espresso experience every time.", "\n\nHow to Make an Americano\n\nWith the espresso made, you should move on to the second half of the Americano. ", "Use a regular sized coffee mug. ", "Fill the mug with just under boiling hot water. ", "The water should not be too cold because you do not want to cool down the espresso.", "\n\nThe amount of hot water is a little bit tricky. ", "The standard for an Americano is a 1:1 ratio between the hot water and the espresso. ", "This means that if a single shot of espresso (3 oz.) ", "was made, the same amount of water, 3 oz., ", "should be placed in the mug. ", "This pattern will continue for more espresso. ", "For example, a triple shot of espresso will need at least 9 ounces of hot water.", "\n\nHow to Make an Iced Americano\n\nFor an iced Americano, the same espresso is made as the hot Americano. ", "With the espresso completed, you can now move on to the second half of the iced Americano. ", "There are different ways to make this iced coffee. ", "The first, make a hot Americano. ", "Chill the drink and then pour it over a cup filled with ice. ", "The second, fill a cup with ice and instead of hot water, use cold water. ", "Add the fresh cold water to the ice and pour the espresso over it.", "\n\nThe amount of water is a little bit different than the hot Americano. ", "Typically, the iced Americano will be a lighter drink. ", "This means that the ratio will be more water to less espresso. ", "Overall, the same idea as the hot Americano can be used. ", "More cold water will make the coffee lighter. ", "Less cold water will make the coffee stronger. ", "If you wish, you can even add in any sweetener or dairy.", "\n\nEspresso to Water Ratio in an Americano\n\nThere is a standard 1:1 ratio for the espresso and water in an Americano. ", "This goes for either hot or iced drinks. ", "However, sometimes the coffee drinker will want a stronger drink. ", "Other times they may want a lighter coffee. ", "Hence, the number of water changes. ", "For example, some people prefer a 2:1 ratio for hot water to espresso. ", "This makes the coffee a little bit lighter.", "\n\nThe most common ratios for an Americano are 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 0.5:1 for water to espresso. ", "All these mixtures are valid and will change depending on the coffee drinker. ", "Remember, more water will make the Americano lighter, and less will make it stronger. ", "This is always true, regardless if it is iced or hot.", "\n\nSo, this is how to make a hot Americano coffee and how to make an iced Americano coffee. ", "Even if your mood changes, you can adjust the Americano to be as strong, or light, as you want. ", "In all, this article should help you find out how to make an Americano. ", "To finish, if you’re looking for the best Americano, use clean fresh water and the Milano Stovetop Espresso Maker. ", "Enjoy!" ]

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[ "Watchung Outliers\n\nThe Watchung Outliers include six areas of isolated low hills and rock outcrops of volcanic and sedimentary origin in the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. ", " These geologic outliers are primarily diminutive and detached remnants of the Triassic/Jurassic age Watchung Mountain basalt flows with intervening layers of sedimentary rock. ", " All six of the outliers are found along the western edge of the Newark Basin, occupying small synclines adjacent to the Ramapo fault system. ", " The outliers, from north to south, are known as: Ladentown, Union Hill, New Germantown/Oldwick (including Round Top), Prospect Hill, Sand Brook, and Jacksonwald.", "\n\nLadentown Outlier\nThe Ladentown Outlier is the most northern of the Watchung Outliers, located along the border of the Town of Haverstraw and Ramapo, New York, approximately seven miles north of the maximum extent of the Watchung Mountains at Campgaw Mountain. ", " The outlier is completely composed of volcanic trap rock, the Ladentown basalt, which covers a considerable area, running at or beneath the surface for a length of about two miles with a width of about a mile. ", " Originally, because of its close proximity to the Palisades, the Ladentown basalt was thought to be an extension of the intrusive sill. ", " It is now known from magnetic and gravity measurements that the Ladentown basalt is linked to the Palisades by a significant subsurface volcanic dike, but it is definitely an extrusive feature, displaying Orange Mountain Basalt characteristic of First Watchung Mountain. ", " This makes the Ladentown basalt unique among the Watchung basalts in that it appears to be rooted to an intrusive feature. ", " In this respect, the Ladentown basalt can be thought of as the remains of a fissure volcano, owing to the extrusion's slab-like character and ramping profile. ", " New research indicates that the vicinity of Ladentown may have served as the primary vent from which the magma of the Palisades Sill erupted to the surface to form the Watchung flood basalts.", "\n\nUnion Hill\nUnion Hill is located near the village of Suffern in Ramapo, New York, about three and a half miles north of the Watchung Mountains, or about halfway between the Ladentown Outlier and Campgaw Mountain. ", " The hill, primarily composed of trap rock, originally rose 150 feet above the surrounding terrain, but extensive quarrying has since obliterated most of the hill except for the slopes of its perimeter. ", " Like the Ladentown Outlier, Union Hill was once considered to be an extension of the Palisades. ", " It was determined later in the 20th century that the hill was composed of extrusive basalt with a minimum thickness of 125 ft (38 m). ", " However, by 2011 it was known that the outlier, once considered to consist only of a single type of basalt, is more complex than originally thought. ", " The outermost part of the outlier is composed of an elongated arc of Orange Mountain Basalt. ", " Lying within this arc and stratigraphically above it is a band of sedimentary rock from the Feltville Formation. ", " Finally, lying within and above the band of sedimentary rock is a central area of Preakness Mountain Basalt which constitutes the portion of the outlier reduced by quarrying.", "\n\nNew Germantown Outlier\nThe New Germantown Outlier (also known as the Oldwick Outlier) is the most northern of the outliers south of the Watchung Mountains. ", " The hills of the New Germantown Outlier are located along the border of Tewksbury Township and Readington Township, New Jersey, approximately seven miles southwest of the southern extent of the Watchungs and about three miles north of Cushetunk Mountain.", "\n\tThe structure of the New Germantown Outlier appears to mirror the construction of the Watchung Mountains on a tiny scale. ", " The eastern side of the feature consists of a horseshoe shaped ridge with prongs facing to the west. ", " This ridge is composed of Orange Mountain (First Watchung Mountain) basalt which is actively quarried. ", " West of this First Watchung-like ridge is a valley occupied by sedimentary layers of the Feltville Formation, characteristic of the valley between the First and Second ridges of the Watchungs. ", " Finally, at the center of the horseshoe is a dome of volcanic rock forming a hill known as Round Top. ", " The hill is composed of Preakness Mountain Basalt, making it the equivalent of Second Watchung Mountain in the New Germantown complex. ", " The thickness of basalt in this outlier is estimated at close to 425 ft (~130 m).", "\n\nProspect Hill\n\nLocated along the border of western Flemington and Raritan Township, New Jersey, Prospect Hill constitutes the smallest of the Watchung Outliers, being approximately one fourth of a mile wide and extending north to south for less than half a mile. ", " The hill is composed of Orange Mountain Basalt, with no overlying Jurassic sediments apparent. ", " Dikes branching south from the vicinity of the outlier appear to be connected to the intrusive igneous Sourland Mountain, an extension of the Palisades Sill. ", " In this respect, Prospect Hill likely marks another location where the Palisades magma found a way to the surface, albeit not as significant as in the Ladentown Outlier.", "\n\nSand Brook Outlier\nThe Sand Brook Outlier, located in the eastern part of Delaware Township, New Jersey, appears nearly identical in construction to the New Germantown Outlier. ", " A low ridge composed of Orange Mountain Basalt forms a horseshoe around the eastern edge of a belt of sedimentary strata from the Feltville Formation. ", " In the middle of the outlier is a dome-like structure of what is likely Preakness Mountain Basalt, not unlike Round Top in the New Germantown complex. ", " The thickness of the basalt in this outlier is estimated at nearly 400 ft (~120 m), similar to New Germantown.", "\n\nJacksonwald Outlier\nThe Jacksonwald Outlier is the only Watchung Outlier in Pennsylvania. ", " It is located over 100 km southwest of the actual Watchung Mountains in Exeter Township. ", " The outlier shares some similarity with the Sand Brook and New Germantown outliers. ", " As in the other two outliers, the Jacksonwald Outlier features a low, horseshoe shaped ridge of Orange Mountain Basalt (sometimes referred to as just the Jacksonwald Basalt) that embraces an area composed of sedimentary strata from the Feltville Formation. ", " However, unlike in the Sand Brook and New Germantown outliers, the Jacksonwald Outlier lacks a central dome of Preakness Mountain Basalt. ", " The thickness of the basalt in this outlier is estimated to be in excess of 325 ft (~100 m).", "\n\nAn interesting trait of the Jacksonwald Outlier is that it is surrounded by a ridge of intrusive diabase on its eastern side. ", " The diabase, which lies stratagraphically below the basalt, is thought to have been intruded into the syncline containing the Jacksonwald Outlier during or after some degree of folding had affected local strata. ", " The diabase is therefore considered to constitute a phacolith.", "\n\nSee also\nWatchung Mountains\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGeocaching.com – Two Hundred Million Year-Old Lava Flow! ", " Earthcache at the base of Prospect Hill described by the New Jersey Geological Survey.", "\n\nCategory:Triassic volcanism\nCategory:Jurassic volcanism\nCategory:Volcanism of New Jersey\nCategory:Volcanism of New York (state)\nCategory:Volcanism of Pennsylvania\nCategory:Watchung Mountains\nCategory:Mountains of New Jersey\nCategory:Ridges of New Jersey\nCategory:Mountain ranges of New Jersey\nCategory:Mountains of Pennsylvania\nCategory:Mountains of New York (state)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTrouble installing package \"OpenStreetMap\" in RStudio\n\nI am trying to install OpenStreetMap in RStudio.", "\nI am under OS 10.11.3.", "\nMy java version is :\n➜ ~ java -version\njava version \"1.8.0_73\"\nJava(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_73-b02)\nJava HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.73-b02, mixed mode)\nWhen I install it I have the following message :\n`\n\ninstall.packages(\"OpenStreetMap\")\n Installing package into ‘/Users/anhnguyen/Library/R/3.2/library’\n (as ‘lib’ is unspecified)\n % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current\n Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed\n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 2 2209k 2 49152 0 0 61339 0 0:00:36 --:--:-- 0:00:36 61286 29 2209k 29 658k 0 0 367k 0 0:00:06 0:00:01 0:00:05 367k 95 2209k 95 2114k 0 0 757k 0 0:00:02 0:00:02 --:--:-- 757k100 2209k 100 2209k 0 0 774k 0 0:00:02 0:00:02 --:--:-- 774k\n The downloaded binary packages are in /var/folders/qm/gj1n93fd7rg8rgz1ldq19gm80000gn/T//Rtmpuwj9O5/downloaded_packages\n `\n\nThen when loading the library I have :\n`\n\nlibrary(OpenStreetMap)\n JavaVM: requested Java version ((null)) not available. ", "Using Java at \"\" instead.", "\n JavaVM: Failed to load JVM: /bundle/Libraries/libserver.dylib\n JavaVM FATAL: Failed to load the jvm library.", "\n Error in .jinit() : JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs returned -1\n Error : .onLoad a échoué dans loadNamespace() pour 'OpenStreetMap', détails :\n appel : fun(libname, pkgname)\n erreur : Java classes could not be loaded. ", "Most likely because Java is not set up with your R installation.", "\n Here are some trouble shooting tips:\n 1. ", "Install Java\n 2. ", "Run \n R CMD javareconf\n in the terminal. ", "If you are using Mac OS X >= 10.7 you may want to try\n R CMD javareconf JAVA_CPPFLAGS=-I/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Headers\n instead.", "\n Erreur : le chargement du package ou de l'espace de noms a échoué pour ‘OpenStreetMap’\n `\n\nI have already installed other packages without problem.", "\nI have read that it might missed rjava and has installed it as well without solving my current problem.", "\nThank you for your help.", "\n\nA:\n\nSo in the end, in spite of having java already installed I did this:\n1) I reinstalled java with this link https://support.apple.com/kb/DL1572?locale=en_US without removing my already installed java\n2) I ran in my terminal R CMD javareconf though my MacOS was >= 10.7\nI have to say that months ago I did solve this problem and even though today the same error appeared again.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "If you’ve followed this space for the past few months, it shouldn’t surprise you to learn I think the city should evaluate its 5,000 miles of sidewalks next year.", "\n\nNearly everyone I’ve spoken to while writing about San Diego’s sidewalks think the city should fix its illogical policies. ", "Homeowners are responsible for repairing busted sidewalks outside their property, but the city is responsible if someone trips and falls over the same stretch of sidewalk. ", "That’s silly and nothing gets done.", "\n\nWe’re left with dangerous pedestrian paths, like this one in Carmel Valley, which we documented on The Stumblr, our broken sidewalks photoblog.", "\n\nA first-ever citywide evaluation would uniformly identify broken and missing sidewalks, rank the blocks needing the most help and put a dollar amount on the cost to fix them and build new ones. ", "All this information would help city leaders make better decisions about smarter sidewalk policies, but it appears the city is letting its fears get the best of it.", "\n\nLet’s be clear. ", "Here’s what we’re talking about with the assessment:\n\nAnd:\n\nAnd it’s supposed to be cost-effective:\n\nMayor Bob Filner ran on a platform of making San Diego more walkable and bikeable, and has said he backs the sidewalk evaluation. ", "So does the City Council, Independent Budget Analyst and numerous neighborhood and disabled advocates. ", "The $1 million price tag for the evaluation compares favorably to a similar idea in Los Angeles and could be paid for with money saved through the recent labor contract.", "\n\nBut Filner hasn’t included the evaluation in his 2014 budget, and it’s unclear at best whether it’ll make into in the final version when the council votes later this month.", "\n\nSo why not? ", "Well, it could wind up costing a lot more than $1 million.", "\n\nRemember that the city generally is legally responsible if someone trips and falls over a busted sidewalk. ", "Right now, it only pays out about $355,000 a year in sidewalk claims. ", "The amount’s so low because people who trip have to prove the city knew about problems with the offending sidewalk previously, something attorneys say is hard to do. ", "That’s likely a big reason the city has thrown asphalt over many of the sidewalks we’ve featured on The Stumblr. ", "The asphalt is ugly, but cheap, and it cuts the chances someone will fall over a busted sidewalk that had just been publicized.", "\n\nIf the city examines all its sidewalks, it could be handing trippers a big payday. ", "In New York City, attorneys used to hire teams of people to map that city’s busted sidewalks each year. ", "New York paid out hundreds of millions of dollars in sidewalk claims until it changed its policy.", "\n\nNo one wants the same thing to happen here. ", "But there’s a way around it.", "\n\nIt’s supposed to take a year to complete the sidewalk evaluation. ", "That gives city leaders plenty of time to figure out a policy that works, including dealing with liabilities.", "\n\nThis legal problem also points to the larger issue with sidewalks: The policy is so screwed up that there’s no easy way to deal with it. ", "If you turn the screws on homeowners, who also happen to be voters, to pay for sidewalk fixes, they’ll be mad. ", "If you switch the responsibility to repair sidewalks to the city, it adds to the nearly $1 billion backlog of delayed street, building and storm drain repairs.", "\n\n“As a citizen, I know which way I’d like it to go,” Council President Todd Gloria told me in January. “", "As a city leader, without knowing the size of the obligation, it’s hard to accept.”", "\n\nPart of that has an easy remedy. ", "Right now, there’s plenty of momentum to deal with the city’s tattered sidewalks. ", "Answering Gloria’s question about the size of the sidewalk problem seems like a good way to start fixing them.", "\n\nVoice of San Diego is a nonprofit that depends on you, our readers. ", "Please donate to keep the service strong. ", "Click here to find out more about our supporters and how we operate independently." ]

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[ "Q:\n\njQuery each and change combined\n\nI want to combine each and change with jQuery.", "\nThis is my code:\n$( document ).ready(function() {\n $('.doetmee').each(function() {\n var thisval = $(this).val()\n\n if(thisval == 'ja')\n {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',false);\n }\n else\n {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',true);\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').val('');\n }\n\n $('.doetmee').change(function(){\n if(thisval == 'ja')\n {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',false);\n }\n\n if(thisval == 'nee' || thisval == 'leeg')\n {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',true);\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').val('');\n } \n });\n });\n});\n\nIt only changes 1 time and after that it doesn't work.", "\nHow can I make sure it works everytime I make a change?", "\nI have tried many things that I could find on stackoverflow or google but without success.", "\n\nIf the value is leeg or nee the select on facebook must be disabled.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to make each and change register the same function.", "\n$( document ).ready(function() {\n\n var updateFields = function() {\n var thisval = $(this).val()\n\n if(thisval == 'ja')\n {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',false);\n } else {\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').attr('disabled',true);\n $(this).parent().parent().find('.facebookadv').val('');\n }\n };\n\n $('.doetmee').each(updateFields);\n $('.doetmee').change(updateFields);\n\n});\n\nIn the above example, the function is stored in the variable updateFields (so the code is only written once) and is then registered to both each and change.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Ladies and Gentlemen,\n\nIn celebration of Jamie Ginsberg's new job and to say farewell prior to her \nimpending departure, we are going to have one mother of a happy hour. ", " Save \nthe evening of July 6th (Thursday) to meet for a drink or so and to see Jamie \noff to NYC. ", " The Timberwolf on Bissonnet will be the place, and the event \nwill start at 5:30PM. ", " It will peak at around midnight, and go downhill from \nthere. ", " \n\nPlease join me on the 6th so that we can give Jamie the royal send-off that \nshe deserves. ", " No need to RSVP, just show up when you can. ", " \n\nOnce again, the location is:\nTHE TIMBERWOLF on Bissonnet just east of Kirby\n\nThe time and date are:\n5:30 PM on July 6, 2000\n\n\n\nBryan Garrett\nGlobal Bandwidth Trading\nEnron Broadband Services\n\nPhone - (713) 853-7993\nMobile - (713) 256-6668\n\nbryan_garrett@enron.net\n\nwww.enron.net" ]

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[ "My guess is it is more likely because they are seeing a run on magazines, and less because they want to limit indivisuals\n\nPowderMonkey\n\nDecember 15, 2012, 10:09 PM\n\nOh yea I agree it's not a shot at MUSA - just trying to give a heads up...\n\nHOOfan_1\n\nDecember 15, 2012, 10:11 PM\n\nRecently I have ordered 2 Pmags every time I order something from Midway. ", "I have five 30 rounders and two 20 rounders now. ", "I think I will quit buying when I have ten 30 rounders.", "\n\nMachIVshooter\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 12:15 AM\n\nInteresting. ", "They must not have had much stock.", "\n\nNot long ago, a member here was looking into PMag stocks at various distibutors. ", "Many had tens of thousands, some had HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS. ", "Methinks there's no national shortage of PMags, just a Midway shortage.", "\n\nI have about 30 PMags and another 30 AR mags of 20-100 round capacity. ", "I'm not really inclined to order any more right now.", "\n\nM2 Carbine\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:06 AM\n\nI've ordered stuff, including mags from CDNN. ", "Good service. ", "$10 shipping no matter the size of the order. ", "I don't know what, if anything is going on there now.", "\nhttp://www.cdnninvestments.com/car22330blal.html\n\nsmalls\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:18 AM\n\nCDNN is awesome, I've ordered a few things from there. ", "They just always seem to have \"runs\" of stuff they'll get a deal on an item and pass the savings on to you, but when they're out they're out.", "\n\nreggie_love\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 05:39 AM\n\nPeople see the writing on the wall. ", "The odds are pretty good that some politician is going to do something dumb, and say banning magazines is the answer to madmen. ", "Given the horrible nature of these recent murders, they will have the emotional capital to railroad anything they want through congress. ", "They will probably name the law after a little girl, so that anyone who argues against it will be accused of supporting the mass-murder of children.", "\n\nSo... yeah. ", "We will see a run on these things, as the tens of millions of lawful gun owners feel the government boot coming down on their necks.", "\n\nCraigC\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 11:55 AM\n\nIt's a good idea to protect the rest of us from the hoarders.", "\n\nKevininPa\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 12:04 PM\n\n........blurb during the debate about the AWB, I've been grabbing ten rounders. ", "They're going to go sky high if another AWB is enacted.", "\n\nbuck460XVR\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 12:23 PM\n\nStopped at my LGS for powder and primers yesterday and there was a continuous stream of mostly young men coming in and asking for Hi-cap Mags and AR type rifles. ", "They had been sold out of most of the popular ones since Friday night. ", "Owner told me the prices had already jumped from his wholesaler on the ones he ordered that morning. ", "Said it was just like after the election in '08. ", "He also told me the only reason they had the powder and primers I wanted is cause I had called them the week before and said I would be in for them. ", "Said prices there had jumped again also. :", "banghead:\n\nMachIVshooter\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 12:25 PM\n\nI've been grabbing ten rounders. ", "They're going to go sky high if another AWB is enacted.", "\n\nUmm, why do you think this?", "\n\nIf a new ban comes to be, it will most likely be similar to the last one, in which ten round magazines were not banned.", "\n\nEven if a new ban were enacted and limited capcity to five, if it had a grandfather provision for pre-ban mags, the standard 30 roudners will be much more sought after.", "\n\nThe simple reality is that there were a lot of pre-ban mags and firearms available during the first ban, and the number out there today is exponentially higher. ", "I came of age in the midst of AWB I, and had no trouble getting 15 round Beretta mags and 20, 30, 40 round mags for 5.56mm rifles.", "\n\nIf a new ban is enacted and prohibits production of \"high capacity magazines\" after the enacted date, well, there are literally tens of millions of such magazines in circulation, so it will be meaningless.", "\n\nIf a new ban is enacted and prohibits possession of high capacity magazines, it would make tens of millions of people criminals overnight. ", "That would be exceedingly unpopular.", "\n\nEven the anti's recognize that the current number of firearms and magazines in circulation render any kind of ban absolutely toothless. ", "They still clamor on, though.", "\n\nKevininPa\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 12:58 PM\n\nSupply and demand. ", "A lot of people don't have ten rounders or just one or two for the range. ", "Now they'll probably want more. ", "And those too, will be priced higher.", "\n\nJorg Nysgerrig\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:04 PM\n\nI've been grabbing ten rounders. ", "They're going to go sky high if another AWB is enacted.", "\nThat's like buying up all the Snickers bars you can find because Hostess's closing will dry up the supply of Twinkies.", "\n\nMachIVshooter\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:09 PM\n\nOwner told me the prices had already jumped from his wholesaler on the ones he ordered that morning.", "\n\nUnless I really, really trusted said dealer, I'd ask him to show me. ", "There is NO reason whatsoever for prices to increase the same day. ", "Someone is capitalizing on tragedy to line their pockets.", "\n\nSupply and demand. ", "A lot of people don't have ten rounders or just one or two for the range. ", "Now they'll probably want more. ", "And those too, will be priced higher.", "\n\nI wouldn't bank on it. ", "People are going to want the standard capacity or higher, no matter if it's for the range or other purposes.", "\n\nThe ONLY way 10 rounders would increase in demand would be if a new ban limited new magazines to 5 rounds and possession of pre-ban mags to 10 rounders. ", "That is exceedingly unlikely; If they're going to set a limit and make it unlawful to own pre-ban that exceeds that limit, they're not going to have different capacity numbers.", "\n\nDo as you wish, it's you're money. ", "But expecting to turn a profit in the wake of a ban by reselling restricted capacity magazines is rather silly.", "\n\nCraigC\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:14 PM\n\nAnd those too, will be priced higher.", "\nI don't think it's going to work out the way you think.", "\n\nbuck460XVR\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:30 PM\n\nUnless I really, really trusted said dealer, I'd ask him to show me.", "\n\nI do \"really, really\" trust said dealer. ", "No need to ask him to show me. ", "We are friends and he has always been straight with me. ", "He too was disgusted with his suppliers. ", "He had not raised his prices, only stated his cost had gone up. ", "Last time after the '08 election he kept his pre-election prices on powders/primers and bullets even after retailers raised theirs thru the roof. ", "While there may not be a legitimate reason for prices to raise in one day, there is a reason, it's called greed. ", "Greed fueled by panic buying. ", "One reason I had called ahead the week before for powder and primers was not because of panic, but only to keep my stash at a comfortable level so that I can ride out these scenarios without bein' raped. ", "Some folks have short memories.", "\n\nCertaindeaf\n\nDecember 16, 2012, 01:49 PM\n\nThis leads us to what to put in those. ", "For the fun of it I was just on Natchez.. six pages of .223 ammo but only two pages of \"in stock\" stock." ]

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[ "Exclusive Details\n\n'Real Housewives of Atlanta' star Kenya Moore says she's had to dodge up to 30 phone calls a day from her ex-BF, Matt Jordan, so she went to court to get protection.", "\n\nIn legal docs, Kenya says Matt threatened her last week, telling a mutual friend ... \"she'd get what she deserves\" after she blocked his harassing calls.", "\n\nThe couple broke up after a nightmare vacation last year in Mexico, which Kenya mentions in her request for a restraining order. ", "She adds Matt kicked in a hotel door and threw her suitcase in the driveway after they got back.", "\n\nLast week, she told us things haven't gotten any better since last summer.", "\n\nPlay video content TMZ.com\n\nThe judge granted her the restraining order which requires Matt to stay 200 yards away from Kenya, and stop all harassing or intimidating behavior toward her or her family." ]

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[ "Under a deal announced in a disclosure to both the Philippine Stock Exchange and Singapore Stock Exchange, Cebu Pacific will buy all of Tiger Airway’s 40% stake in Tigerair Philippines as well as the 60% owned by Filipino businessmen.", "\n\nThe deal, which is subject to approval by Philippine and Singapore regulators, takes the consolidation in the local aviation industry further, leaving Cebu Pacific just two other competitors – flag carrier Philippine Airlines and AirAsia Zest.", "\n\nThe acquisition is part of the strategic alliance both carriers have entered into that calls for collaboration commercially and operationally on international and domestic air routes.", "\n\n“Tigerair and Cebu Pacific share a vision for both airlines to join forces and compete more effectively in the regional market. ", "Through this strategic alliance, we aim to establish a win-win partnership to forge a more competitive Tigerair,” Tigerair Group chief executive officer Koay Peng Yen said in the disclosure.", "\n\n“We also look forward to achieving greater cost savings from the coordinated operations while providing more travel options and greater convenience for our customers,” Yen added.", "\n\nThe alliance will allow both carriers to harness synergies and efficiencies to enhance their network coverage, flight frequencies and customer service, and jointly market their routes using codeshare and interline arrangements, Cebu Pacific said.", "\n\nA codeshare agreement is an aviation business arrangement where two or more airlines share the same flight while an interline agreement allows airline partners to accept each other’s travel tickets.", "\n\nThe alliance will jointly operate common routes to and from Singapore and the Philippines.", "\n\nCebu Pacific clarified that each carrier will brand itself as partner of the other airline while Tigerair Philippines will initially continue to operate under the Tigerair brand, adding that management team and CEO, Olive Ramos, will be retained.", "\n\nThe carriers also expect to collaborate on other common destinations in Asia.", "\n\n“This strategic alliance will allow both Cebu Pacific and Tigerair to leverage on our extensive networks spanning from North Asia, ASEAN, Australia, India, all the way to the Middle East. ", "Our customers can expect an even wider range of travel options, and seamless travel connections while enjoying our trademark low fares,” Cebu Pacific president and chief executive officer Lance Gokongwei said.", "\n\nGokongwei said Cebu Pacific is committed to growing Tigerair as an independent franchise after the takeover, and that the former does not anticipate anti-competition issues with Philippine regulators.", "\n\nTigerair Philippines operates an average of 102 flights per week with five aircraft to 12 domestic and international destinations from its bases in Manila and Clark.", "\n\nCebu Pacific, on the other hand, operates an average of 2,200 flights per week with 48 aircraft to 24 international and 33 Philippine cities in its network.", "\n\nBy combining their resources, Cebu Pacific will be able to provide services to high-growth markets including Australia and India, while Tigerair will be able to fly more passengers to additional cities in Cebu Pacific’s extensive network in the Philippines and North Asia. ", "This arrangement allows both airlines to deploy capital more efficiently.", "\n\nHighlights of strategic alliance are the following:\n\n• Common routes – Both carriers will jointly operate common routes between Singapore and the Philippines.", "\n\n• Connectivity – Both carriers will jointly sell and market their routes using codeshare and interline arrangements, thereby expanding their network coverage and enhancing connectivity.", "\n\n• Corporate identity – Both carriers will brand themselves as partners by endorsing each other’s logo within their own. ", "Accordingly, Cebu Pacific’s logo will carry the tagline: “A network made wider with Tigerair” and vice versa.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Tigerair Philippines is also seeking renewal of its permit to operate domestic flights from the Civil Aeronautics Board. ", "The CAB hearing is scheduled for Jan. 23. ––", "Roumina M. Pablo" ]

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[ "Internal residue loss produced by rearrangement of a novel cationic glycosphingolipid, glyceroplasmalopsychosine, in collision-induced dissociation.", "\nA novel plasmal conjugate of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), Gro1(3)-O-plasmal-O-6Galbeta-sphingosine (glyceroplasmalopsychosine), was analyzed by electrospray ionization and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry with low- or high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). ", "In the product ion spectra of the [M + H](+) ions, [M + H - glycerol](+) ions arising from the loss of a glycerol were predominant. ", "Unexpectedly, CID of the [M + H - glycerol](+) ion produced an outstanding ion, [(M + H - glycerol) - Hex](+), which required the loss of the galactose from inside the molecule. ", "This ion was greatly reduced in the spectra of N,N-dimethyl derivatives, indicating that the [(M + H - glycerol) - Hex](+) ion is formed from an intramolecular rearrangement with migration of the plasmal residue to the free amino group of sphingosine. ", "It would be expected that the rearrangement occurs simultaneously with the elimination of glycerol or a rearranged [M + H](+) ion leads to the elimination of glycerol, to form a Schiff base-type [M + H - glycerol](+) ion, from which the terminal galactose could be removed by the normal mechanism of glycosidic cleavage. ", "On the other hand, the [M + Na - glycerol](+) ion derived from the sodiated molecule did not produce an ion corresponding to the rearrangement reaction, possibly owing to a higher stability of the sodiated ions against conformational changes." ]

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[ "The invention relates to the genetic manipulation of plants, particularly to altering metabolic end products in plants and plant seeds.", "\nA long time goal of scientists has been to improve the fatty acid profile for oils. ", "The oxidative stability of the vegetable oil is related to the number of double bonds in its fatty acids. ", "That is, molecules with several double bonds are recognized to be more unstable. ", "Thus, scientists have attempted to reduce the amount of alpha-linolenic acid in order to improve shelf life and oxidative stability. ", "Unfortunately, the use of naturally occurring germplasm has not proven to be successful by traditional breeding mechanisms.", "\nOther work has concentrated on producing modified oils with specific fatty acid composition, particularly very high oleic acid oils. ", "High-oleic canola, safflower, and sunflower oils as well as low-linolenic canola and soybean oils are on the market, although in limited quantities.", "\nModified oils are needed because of the stability as well as for health concerns. ", "For example, high-oleic sunflower oil has about ⅓ the saturated fat content of cottonseed oil.", "\nA major source of fatty acids is biosynthesis from small-molecule intermediates derived from metabolic breakdown of sugars, some amino acids, and other fatty acids. ", "Acetyl-CoA is the direct source of all carbon atoms for the synthesis of palmitic acid. ", "In a majority of instances the saturated straight-chain C16 acid, palmitic acid, is first synthesized and all other fatty acids are made by modification of palmitic acid. ", "Fatty acids are synthesized by sequential addition of 2-carbon units to the activated carboxyl end of a growing chain.", "\nAcetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and bicarbonate in animal, plant, and bacterial cells. ", "Malonyl-CoA is an essential substrate for (i) de novo fatty acid synthesis, (ii) fatty acid elongation, (iii) synthesis of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and anthocyanins, and (iv) malonylation of some amino acids and secondary metabolites. ", "Synthesis of malonyl-CoA is the first committed step of flavonoid and fatty acid synthesis and current evidence suggests that ACCase catalyzes the primary regulatory or rate-limiting step of fatty acid synthesis. ", "Formation of malonyl-CoA by ACCase occurs via two partial reactions and requires a biotin prosthetic group:\nE-biotin+ATP+HCO3xe2x86x92E-biotin-CO2+ADP+Pi\n(ii) E-biotin-CO2+Acetyl-CoAxe2x86x92E-biotin+malonyl-CoA\n(NET) Acetyl-CoA+ATP+HCO3xe2x86x92malonyl-CoA+ADP+Pi\nIn bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the ACCase has four distinct, separable protein subunit components; a biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a biotin carboxylase and two subunits of carboxyltransferase. ", "In eukaryotes, ACCase is composed of multimers of a single multifunctional polypeptide having a molecular mass typically greater than 200 kDA (Samols et al., ", "J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "263:6461-6464 (1988)). ", "These multimers have molecular masses ranging from 400 kDa to 8 MDa.", "\nDe novo fatty acid synthesis in chloroplasts involves successive 2-carbon additions to acetate, using malonate as the 2-C donor. ", "All intermediates are attached to acyl carrier protein (ACP). ", "Synthesis in plastids resembles that in E. coli in that the fatty acid synthesis complex can be dissociated into separate enzymes: xcex2-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS), xcex2-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, xcex2-hydroxyl-ACP dehydratase, and enoyl-ACP reductase, acetyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, and malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase. ", "A highly active KASIII isozyme catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP. ", "Successive additions of malonyl-CoA to acyl-ACPs catalyzed by KASI form C16 acyl-ACP, some of which is converted to C18 acyl-ACP by KASII and then to C18:1-ACP. ", "Fatty acid metabolism then diverges. ", "De-esterification allows movement to the cytoplasm (eukaryotic path) where fatty acids may be further unsaturated and/or elongated by additions of malonyl-CoA in the ER. ", "Alternatively, fatty acids are linked to glycerol-3 phosphate (prokaryotic path), further unsaturated, and used for synthesis of chloroplast lipids. ", "A portion of cytoplasmic lipids returns to the chloroplast. ", "The relative contributions of these two paths are species-specific but appear to be relatively flexible in mutants blocked in either path. ", "In oil-storing organs such as cotyledons and monocot embryos, the triacylglycerides are stored in cytoplasmic oil bodies surrounded by a single unit membrane.", "\nLipids, particularly triglycerides, have a great deal of commercial value in food and industrial products. ", "Sunflower, safflower, rape, olive, soybean, peanut, flax, castor, oil palm, coconut and cotton are examples of major crops which are grown primarily or secondarily for their lipids. ", "All agricultural animals provide animal sources for commercial fats and oils.", "\nSeeds contain oil, starch, and protein in proportions which depend upon the plant species, cultivar and the stage of development. ", "In the mature seed of oil seed rape, the main storage products are oil and protein, but starch accumulates transiently during the early phase of oil deposition. ", "In non-photosynthetic tissues the synthesis of starch and fatty acids occurs in the plastids and requires the supply of carbon precursors from the cytosol.", "\nThere is needed a method for producing significant levels of fatty acids, carotenoids and other metabolic products in plants, particularly plant seeds. ", "Such altered seeds would be useful nutritionally as well as provide a source for specialty oils and compounds.", "\nCompositions and methods for modulating a metabolic pathway of a cell, particularly those pathways utilizing acetyl-CoA as a starting material, are provided. ", "Such metabolic pathways include fatty acid biosynthesis, synthesis of isoprenoid compounds, and production of amino acids. ", "The compositions comprise nucleotide sequences encoding the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). ", "ACS catalyzes formation of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is a precursor to fatty acids in plastids through a four-step process using the substrate acetate.", "\nThe compositions and methods find use in increasing biosynthesis of fatty acids and/or carotenoids in plants. ", "Thus, utilizing the methods of the invention, seed can be obtained having increased levels of oils, specialty oils, carotenoids, and amino acids genetically altering the content of seed. ", "The methods involve preparing expression constructs with the nucleotide sequences of the invention and the utilization of such constructs to prepare plants having altered metabolic pathways.", "\nThe nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used in combination with other genes and antisense sequences to alter the content of a plant seed. ", "In this manner plant seeds having high oil content, specialty oils, increased essential amino acids, carotenoids and other metabolites can be obtained." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I correctly use enum within a class?", "\n\nI am trying to set the status of an object from a private enum and I'm not sure how to get the private member to the public version in the constructor, and I'm pretty sure I should not be using byte in the constructor when it's an enum.", "\nAlso, I'm not sure if I should even have the values of the enum inside the header at all. ", "Here is my code:\n.h\nclass CandleRack\n{\n public:\n\n CandleRack(byte candleRackStatus);\n ~CandleRack();\n void begin();\n void pushButton();\n void selectRandomCandle();\n void turnOnCandle(byte candlePosition);\n void burnCandlesForMs();\n void fadeOutCandle(byte candlePosition);\n\n private:\n Bounce *_debouncePushButton;\n byte _pushButtonPin; \n enum _candleRackStatus\n {\n inactive = 0,\n candlesOn = 1,\n rewardAnimation = 2,\n tweetArrived = 3,\n partyMode = 4, \n };\n byte _candlePosition;\n byte _candleStatus[NUM_LEDS];\n elapsedMillis _candleTimeElapsed[NUM_LEDS];\n unsigned int _candleOnForMs;\n};\n\n.cpp\nCandleRack::CandleRack(byte candleRackStatus)\n{\n _candleRackStatus = candleRackStatus;\n _debouncePushButton = NULL;\n}\n\nin the sketch\nCandleRack MyCandleRack(0);\n\nerror:\nerror: expected unqualified-id before '=' token\n_candleRackStatus = candleRackStatus;\n\nThanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nI see two separate issues here. ", "\nFirst of all your enum isn't available as a variable. ", "\nBy declaring it as a private type within your class the enum can't be used outside of that class.", "\nThis forces a user of that class to handle unintended calls like (attention, bug):\nCandleRack(255);\n\nwhich can make code harder to read (and debugging more difficult, since it wouldn't be detected by the compiler).", "\nSecond of all you try to directly assign a byte value to an enum type. ", "This will be rejected by the compiler and/or cause runtime errors later (depending on compiler settings).", "\nI recommend that you declare the enum type so that it is accessible directly via the header file:\n.h\nenum CandleRackStatus {\n inactive = 0,\n candlesOn = 1,\n rewardAnimation = 2,\n tweetArrived = 3,\n partyMode = 4, \n};\n\nclass CandleRack\n{\n public:\n\n CandleRack(CandleRackStatus candleRackStatus);\n ~CandleRack();\n void begin();\n void pushButton();\n void selectRandomCandle();\n void turnOnCandle(byte candlePosition);\n void burnCandlesForMs();\n void fadeOutCandle(byte candlePosition);\n\n private:\n Bounce *_debouncePushButton;\n CandleRackStatus _candleRackStatus;\n byte _pushButtonPin; \n byte _candlePosition;\n byte _candleStatus[NUM_LEDS];\n elapsedMillis _candleTimeElapsed[NUM_LEDS];\n unsigned int _candleOnForMs;\n};\n\nNow you can instantiate your class while using the correct enum type as the parameter.", "\n.ino\nCandleRack MyCandleRack(CandleRackStatus::inactive);\n\nWithin your implementation you can now directly store the constructor parameter in the private variable, the compiler will make sure it's always of the correct enum type:\n.cpp\nCandleRack::CandleRack(CandleRackStatus candleRackStatus) {\n _candleRackStatus = candleRackStatus;\n // rest of your initialisiation goes here\n}\n\nAs an added bonus, there's the possibility to use a couple of C++ language features that will make your implementation easier:\n\na default parameter value\nan initializer (list)\n\n.h\nclass \n{\n public:\n CandleRack(CandleRackStatus candleRackStatus = CandleRackStatus::inactive);\n // [...]\n}\n\n.cpp\nCandleRack::CandleRack(CandleRackStatus candleRackStatus) : _candleRackStatus(candleRackStatus) {\n // rest of your initializiation goes here\n}\n\n" ]

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