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[ "British doctor, academic and author Dr. Ben Goldacre is heading to Australia and New Zealand in September for a series of talks, where he will take on 'quack doctors', pseudoscience, and medical mis-information.", "\n\nThe author of Bad Science and Bad Pharma told Yahoo7 that believing ‘quack science’, such as homeopathy and anti-vaccination, can be battled to some extent by people better understanding what constitutes good evidence.", "\n\n“If somebody wants to write an article saying homeopathy cures cancer then let’s sit down and look at the evidence. ", "Let’s go through the methodological shortcomings,” Dr. Goldacre says.", "\n\n“Let’s look at the design flaws in the studies and see whether it adds up at the end of it.", "\n\n“You can go out and access the scientific articles yourself and you could go out and learn the basics of evidence-based medicine and in detail teach yourself how to critically equate every piece of evidence you come across.”", "\n\nAlso read: Cancer vaccine moves a step closer\n\nAlso read: Royal farmer uses homeopathy on livestock\n\nHowever, Dr. Goldacre says that while the evidence will point to homeopaths and anti-vaccination conspiracy theorists being wrong, why people believe them is more complicated.", "\n\n“The question of why do people go for quack remedies is a really interesting one and the explanations are principally functional, cultural and political, rather than scientific,” he says.", "\n\n“I don’t think people take homeopathy for their cancer. ", "In most cases it’s because they have been misled as the victims of both fraud and dishonesty.", "\n\n“They get there after going down a very long journey with themselves often firmly in the driving seat – a long road that has been created for them by society,” he says.", "\n\nDr. Goldacre says there is appeal in simply choosing an ‘alternative’ to traditional medicine.", "\n\n“It is sometimes perhaps a reaction against a perception that medicine is authoritarian or identifies with the Government or your parents – it is childish rebelliousness,” he says.", "\n\n“Sometimes it’s because people have had a really terrible experience with mainstream medicine so it’s an emotional reaction against that.”", "\n\nView photos\n\nDr. Goldacre says this bad experience can even be with an administrator or the health system at large.", "\n\n“You know the type of story, ‘Gran had to wait 12 weeks before she got into residential care and they were all hopeless and none of them cared about us, so we’ve found this quack therapist who we pay $60 an hour and they’re happy to let us talk for two hours’.", "\n\n“All of that stuff is probably a bigger reason why people buy into alternative therapies than simply them being misled on the evidence,” he says.", "\n\nOn the distortion of facts around vaccinations, Dr. Goldacre says there has always been anti-vaccination conspiracy theorists.", "\n\n“We’ve had two centuries of people like Andrew Wakefield, the anti-MMR conspiracy theorist, running around the planet telling people not to have vaccines,” he says.", "\n\n“It’s driven by a lot of factors. ", "Firstly, the fact that you are giving something to healthy people which may have some small risk but where the net benefit is greater than the net harm.", "\n\n“The whole notion of preventative medicine in general is actually quite difficult to get your head around because you’re not ill, so why would you be having any kind of medical interaction?", "\n\nStory continues" ]

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[ "Sign In\n\nMost congested cities revealed\n\nChris Ames\n\n20 February 2017\n\nThe UK is the fourth most congested developed country in the world, according to traffic data company INRIX.", "\n\nThe INRIX 2016 Traffic Scorecard analysed 1,064 cities across 38 countries and found the UK to be the third most congested country in Europe, with traffic jams costing the average motorist £968 a year.", "\n\nUK drivers spend an average of 32 hours a year in congestion during peak hours and the direct and indirect costs of congestion to all motorists amount to £30.8bn.", "\n\n‘The cost of this congestion is staggering, stripping the economy of billions, impacting businesses and costing consumers dearly. ", "To tackle this problem, we must consider bold options such as remote working, wider use of road user charging and investment in big data to create more effective and intelligent transportation systems.’", "\n\nThe UK’s 10 Most Congested Cities/Large Urban Areas\n\nCity Peak Hrs in Congestion % of Drive Time in Congestion Cost/Driver Cost to City\n\n1 London 73 12.7% £1,911 £6.2bn\n\n2 Manchester 39 9.9% £1,136 £233m\n\n3 Aberdeen 35 12.3% £1,331 £138m\n\n4 Birmingham 34 8.5% £990 £407m\n\n5 Edinburgh 31 9.8% £1,009 £225m\n\n6 Guildford 29 8.6% £812 £44m\n\n7 Luton 29 10.7% £964 £72m\n\n8 Bournemouth 27 10.8% £1,019 £84m\n\n9 Hull 27 9.4% £970 £109m\n\n10 Bristol 27 8.8% £845 £154m\n\nLondon is by far the UK’s most congested city and the second most congested in Europe (behind Moscow but ahead of Paris), with the capital’s drivers spending an average of 73 hours in traffic during peak hours.", "\n\nAccording to INRIX, this costs London drivers £1,911 each – nearly double the national average.", "\n\nThe top five most congested roads in the UK are in London, with the worst being the A406 Northbound from Chiswick Roundabout to Hanger Lane.", "\n\nMajor cities in Scotland are high in the UK ranking, with Aberdeen and Edinburgh placing third and fifth respectively. ", "Manchester, and Birmingham are the UK’s second and fourth most congested cities, with drivers in Manchester spending 39 hours in congestion during peak hours." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present a real-time pattern generator for dynamic walking over rough terrains. ", "Our method automatically finds step durations, a critical issue over rough terrains where they depend on terrain topology. ", "To achieve this level of generality, we consider a Floating-base Inverted Pendulum (FIP) model where the center of mass can translate freely and the zero-tilting moment point is allowed to leave the contact surface. ", "This model is equivalent to a linear inverted pendulum with variable center-of-mass height, but its equations of motion remain linear. ", "Our solution then follows three steps: (i) we characterize the FIP contact-stability condition; (ii) we compute feedforward controls by solving a nonlinear optimization over receding-horizon FIP trajectories. ", "Despite running at 30 Hz in a model-predictive fashion, simulations show that the latter is too slow to stabilize dynamic motions. ", "To remedy this, we (iii) linearize FIP feedback control into a constrained linear-quadratic regulator that runs at 300 Hz. ", "We finally demonstrate our solution in simulations with a model of the HRP-4 humanoid robot, including noise and delays over state estimation and foot force control.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Stéphane Caron$^{1}$ and Abderrahmane Kheddar$^{1,2}$ [^1] [^2] [^3]'\nbibliography:\n- 'refs.bib'\ntitle: |\n **Dynamic Walking over Rough Terrains by Nonlinear\\\n Predictive Control of the Floating-base Inverted Pendulum** \n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nA walking pattern is *dynamic* when it contains single-support phases that are not statically stable, where the center of mass (COM) of the robot leaves the area above contact and undergoes divergent dynamics. ", "These dynamic phases are used to increase walking speed as well as to control balance, as illustrated by reactive stepping strategies [@morisawa2009humanoids; @santacruz2013icra]. ", "To estimate the dynamic capabilities of a rough-terrain walking pattern generator[^4] (RT-WPG), we can measure the duration of double-support phases, or the amount of time spent in statically-stable configurations. ", "For instance, our previous RT-WPG [@caron2016humanoids] spends roughly 40% of its gait in double-support, and about 90% of the time in statically-stable configurations. ", "In contrast, our present RT-WPG, in the same scenario, spends less than 5% of its gait in double-support, and about 40% of the time in statically-stable configurations.", "\n\nA major concern while walking is to enforce *contact stability*, making sure that contacts neither slip nor tilt while the robot pushes on them to move. ", "To generate contact-stable trajectories, one needs to guarantee that all contact wrenches throughout the motion lie inside their respective wrench cones [@caron2015icra]. ", "So far, the full problem has only been solved in whole-body motion generation [@lengagne2013ijrr], or more recently in centroidal motion generation [@carpentier2016icra; @dai2016humanoids; @ponton2016humanoids], where computation time is provided until a solution is found. ", "For real-time control, it is common to reduce the number of variables by regulating the centroidal angular momentum to $\\dot{\\bfL}_G = 0$. Doing so simplifies the Newton-Euler equations of motion to: $$\\pdd_G \\ = \\ \\lambda (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_Z) + \\bfg,$$ with $\\bfp_G$ the COM position, $\\lambda$ a positive quantity, $\\bfp_Z$ the whole-body zero-tilting moment point (ZMP) and $\\bfg$ the gravity vector. ", "When the COM motion is constrained to a plane, $\\lambda$ is constant and we obtain the Linear Inverted Pendulum Mode (LIPM). ", "Predictive control of the COM in the LIPM can be formulated as a quadratic program, where the cost function encodes a number of desired behaviors while inequalities enforce the contact-stability condition: the ZMP lies within the convex hull of contact points. (", "This condition is actually incomplete; we will derive the complete condition below.) ", "This formulation successfully solved the problem of walking over flat surfaces [@kajita2003icra; @wieber2006humanoids; @herdt2010online]. ", "However, it did not extend to rough terrains where the shape of the ZMP support area varies during motion [@caron2017tro].", "\n\nSolutions for rough terrains have been proposed that track pre-defined COM trajectories across contact switches [@hirukawa2007icra; @audren2014iros], yet they were not designed to compute their own feedforward controls. ", "In pattern generation, three main directions have been explored so far. ", "In one line of work, 3D extensions of the LIPM [@zhao2012humanoids; @englsberger2015tro] provided the basis for the first RT-WPGs, combining fast footstep replanning with force-tracking control. ", "So far, these solutions use partial contact-stability conditions (friction is not modeled) and do not generalize the constraint saturation behavior of their 2D counterparts [@wieber2006humanoids]. ", "Other works went for harder nonlinear optimization problems [@naveau2017ral; @serra2016humanoids; @vanheerden2017ral], but again they did not model friction and were only applied to walking on parallel horizontal surfaces. ", "Finally, we recently proposed in [@caron2016humanoids] an RT-WPG that enforces full contact stability and walks across arbitrary terrains, but at the cost of a conservative problem linearization (a similar idea appeared simultaneously in the motion generator from [@dai2016humanoids]).", "\n\nWe now bridge the gap between these three directions with an RT-WPG that is (1) based on a 3D extension of the LIPM, for which we (2) derive the full contact stability condition and consequently (3) formulate and solve as a nonlinear optimal-control problem. ", "The latter being experimentally too slow for predictive control, we further derive a constrained linear-quadratic regulator based on the same model for high-frequency stabilization.", "\n\nThe Floating-base Inverted Pendulum {#sec:fig}\n===================================\n\nLet us consider a biped in single support. ", "We define the surface patch $\\calS$ as the convex hull of contact points, and denote by $\\calC$ the contact friction cone. ", "In the pendulum mode, the center of pressure (COP) $C$ is located at the intersection between $\\calS$ and the central axis of the contact wrench, which is then also a zero-moment axis. ", "Contact breaks when this intersection becomes empty, or switches to another mode when $C$ reaches the boundaries of $\\calS$. The Newton equation of motion of the COM in the pendulum mode is: $$\\label{ipm}\n \\pdd_G \\ = \\ \\lambda (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_C) + \\bfg$$ In general, this equation is bilinear as the stiffness value $\\lambda$ and COP location $\\bfp_C$ are two different components of the time-varying contact wrench. ", "Making time explicit, the differential equation of the COM position is: $$\\pdd_G(t) - \\lambda(t) \\bfp_G(t) \\ = \\ -\\lambda(t) \\bfp_C(t) + \\bfg$$ The additional constraint of the LIPM is that $\\bfp_G$ and $\\bfp_C$ lie in parallel planes separated by a fixed distance $h = \\bfn \\cdot (\\bfp_G -\n\\bfp_C)$, so that $\\lambda = (\\bfn \\cdot \\bfg) / h$ becomes a constant by Equation . ", "Interestingly, in the context of balance control for a 2D inverted pendulum, Koolen  [@koolen2016humanoids] recently studied the symmetric problem where $\\bfp_C$ is fixed and polynomial COM interpolation yields a variable $\\lambda(t)$.\n\nContact stability in single support\n-----------------------------------\n\n\\[ipm-cons\\] A motion of the system  in single contact $(\\calS, \\calC)$ is contact-stable *if and only if*: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{es1} \\lambda & \\in & \\bbR^+ \\\\\n \\label{es2} \\bfp_C & \\in & \\calS \\\\\n \\label{es3} \\bfp_G & \\in & \\bfp_C + \\calC\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $\\calS$ and $\\calC$ respectively denote the surface patch and friction cone of the contact.", "\n\nThis result follows from injecting Equation  into the analytical formula of the single-support wrench cone [@caron2015icra]. ", "See Appendix \\[proof-app\\] for calculations.", "\n\nThe constraints – are expressed via set membership for a geometric intuition. ", "Denoting by $\\bfS$ and $\\bfC$ the halfspace-representation matrices of the polygon $\\calS$ and cone $\\calC$, respectively, we can formulate these constraints equivalently as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tag{2H} \\label{es1h} -\\lambda & \\ \\leq \\ 0 \\\\\n \\tag{3H} \\label{es2h} \\bfS \\bfp_C & \\ \\leq \\ 1 \\\\\n \\tag{4H} \\label{es3h} \\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_C) & \\ \\leq \\ 0\\end{aligned}$$ Equation  $\\Leftrightarrow$ provides the condition that is missing in previous works [@zhao2012humanoids; @englsberger2015tro; @naveau2017ral; @serra2016humanoids; @vanheerden2017ral] to model friction. ", "It also completes the observation we made in Figure 6 of [@caron2017tro] by showing that, on horizontal floors, the points $\\bfp_C$ where $\\bfp_G \\not\\in\n\\bfp_C + \\calC$ are *exactly* those that need to be removed from the convex hull of ground contact points to obtain the ZMP support area. ", "The area thus admits a direct geometric construction:\n\nWhen contacts are coplanar, the ZMP support area $\\calZ$ is the intersection between the surface patch and the backward friction cone rooted at the COM: $$\\calZ \\ = \\ \\calS \\cap (\\bfp_G - \\calC)$$\n\nProposition \\[ipm-cons\\] also gives us a geometric construction of the COM static-equilibrium polygon in single support:\n\nThe COM static-equilibrium polygon in single support is either:\n\n- empty when the friction cone $\\calC$ does not contain the vertical $\\bfg$, or\n\n- equal to the vertical projection of the surface patch $\\calS$ onto a horizontal plane.", "\n\nThis result immediately follows from Proposition \\[ipm-cons\\] by recalling that, in static equilibrium, the COP is located at the vertical below the COM.", "\n\nProposition \\[ipm-cons\\] shows how contact-stability inequalities, which are bilinear in general, linearize without loss of generality when the contact wrench is written in terms of $\\lambda$ and $\\bfp_C$. It is the main result we use in this paper. ", "Note that this linearization is not specific to single support: in multi-contact as welll, bilinear inequalities become linear when the contact wrench results from a fixed attractive or repellent point, as we show in Appendix \\[attractors\\] for the interested reader. ", "The difference between multi-contact and single-support is that the former requires numerical polytope projections in general [@caron2016humanoids; @caron2017tro], while we have now derived an analytical formula for the latter.", "\n\nTransferring nonlinearity\n-------------------------\n\nEquations – characterize the pendulum mode under full contact stability:\n\n[align\\*]{} \\_G(t) & = (t) (\\_G(t) - \\_C(t)) +\\\n& {\n\n[r]{} -(t)   0\\\n\\_C(t)   1\\\n(\\_G(t) - \\_C(t))   0\n\n.", "\n\nThis system is linearly constrained, but its forward equation of motion contains a product between the two time-varying terms $\\lambda$ and $\\bfp_C$. We transform it by replacing $C$ with the ZMP[^5] $Z$ defined by: $$\\label{transform}\n \\bfp_Z \\ = \\ \\bfp_C + \\left[1 - \\frac{\\lambda}{\\omega^2}\\right] (\\bfp_G\n - \\bfp_C)$$ where $\\omega^2$ is a positive constant, for instance chosen as $g/\\ell$ with $\\ell$ the leg length of the robot, or resulting from a COM plane constraint [@caron2017tro; @zhao2012humanoids]. ", "In the pendulum mode, this definition coincides with the Enhanced Centroidal Moment Pivot [@englsberger2015tro]. ", "This transformation has the benefit of making the forward equation of motion linear: $$\\label{fip}\n \\pdd_G(t) \\ = \\ \\omega^2 (\\bfp_G(t) - \\bfp_Z(t)) + \\bfg$$ It does not eliminate nonlinearity, however, but merely transfers it to the system’s inequality constraints.", "\n\n\\[fip-cons\\] A motion of the system  in single contact $(\\calS, \\calC)$ is contact-stable if *and only if*: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{fineq1} \\bfp_Z & \\in & \\bfp_G + \\mathrm{cone}(\\calS - \\bfp_G) \\\\\n \\label{fineq2} \\bfp_G & \\in & \\bfp_Z + \\calC\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $\\calS$ and $\\calC$ respectively denote the surface patch and friction cone of the contact, and $\\mathrm{cone}(X)$ is the conical hull of a set $X$.\n\nWe proceed by double-implication between the systems – and –. (", "$\\Rightarrow$) Rewrite Equation  as: $$\\label{rfb1}\n \\bfp_Z - \\bfp_G \\ = \\ \\frac{\\lambda}{\\omega^2} (\\bfp_C - \\bfp_G)$$ In this form, it is clear that $\\wedge$ $\\Rightarrow$ . ", "Left-multiplying by $\\bfC$, this equation further shows that $\\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_Z)$ and $\\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_C)$ have the same sign, so that $\\wedge$ $\\Rightarrow$ . (", "$\\Leftarrow$) For the reciprocal implication, consider the inverse transform on the stiffness coefficient: $$\\label{rfb2}\n \\lambda \\ = \\ \\omega^2 \\frac{\\bfn \\cdot (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_Z)}{\\bfn \\cdot\n (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_C)} \\ = \\ \\omega^2 \\frac{\\bfn \\cdot (\\bfp_G -\n \\bfp_Z)}{\\bfn \\cdot \\bfp_G - a}$$ where $\\bfn \\cdot \\bfp = a$ is the equation of the supporting plane of the surface patch $\\calS$. Note that $\\bfn$ is both the plane normal and the inner axis-vector of the friction cone $\\calC$. Given that the COM cannot be located below contact, $\\bfn \\cdot \\bfp_G > a$ and imply that $\\lambda \\geq 0$. Then, Equation shows once again that $\\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_Z)$ and $\\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_C)$ have the same sign, so that $\\Rightarrow$ . ", "Finally, the COP being located at the intersection between $(GZ)$ and the supporting plane of $\\calS$, implies by construction.", "\n\nDenoting by $\\{V_i\\}$ the vertices of the surface patch $\\calS$, the two conditions – can be written equivalently in halfspace representation as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tag{8H} \\label{fineq1h} \\forall i,\\ \\overrightarrow{V_i V_{i+1}} \\cdot (\\overrightarrow{GV_i} \\times \\overrightarrow{V_iZ}) & \\ \\leq \\ 0 \\\\\n \\tag{9H} \\label{fineq2h} \\bfC (\\bfp_G - \\bfp_Z) & \\ \\leq \\ 0\\end{aligned}$$ Using the transform , we have therefore reformulated the COP-based inverted pendulum into an equivalent ZMP-based model where the ZMP is allowed to leave the surface patch. ", "We coin it the Floating-based Inverted Pendulum (FIP):\n\n[align\\*]{} & \\_G(t) = \\^2 (\\_G(t) - \\_Z(t)) +\\\n& {\n\n[r]{} i,  ( )   0\\\n(\\_G(t) - \\_Z(t))   0\n\n.", "\n\nThe forward equation of motion of the FIP is linear, as well as its friction constraint, which will prove useful to compute feedback controls by constrained linear-quadratic regulation. ", "The main difficulty in computing feedforward trajectories for this system lies in its bilinear ZMP constraint.", "\n\n![ ", "The two necessary and sufficient conditions for contact stability of the Floating-base Inverted Pendulum. **", "Friction (left):** the COM belongs to the contact friction cone $\\calC$ projected from the ZMP $\\bfz$. **Center of pressure (right):** the ZMP $\\bfz$ belongs to the cone projected from the COM and containing the vertices of the contact surface $\\calS$. ](figures/friction.pdf \"fig:\"){height=\"5cm\"} ![ ", "The two necessary and sufficient conditions for contact stability of the Floating-base Inverted Pendulum. **", "Friction (left):** the COM belongs to the contact friction cone $\\calC$ projected from the ZMP $\\bfz$. **Center of pressure (right):** the ZMP $\\bfz$ belongs to the cone projected from the COM and containing the vertices of the contact surface $\\calS$. ](figures/cop.pdf \"fig:\"){height=\"5cm\"}\n\nNonlinear Predictive Control of the FIP {#sec:nmpc}\n=======================================\n\nWe now formulate FIP predictive control as a nonlinear program (NLP). ", "Our main motivation in switching from convex [@caron2016humanoids] to non-convex optimization is twofold: on the one hand, solving the bilinear COP constraint  without approximation, and on the other hand, deriving step timings as output variables rather than user-defined parameters. ", "This second feature is crucial over rough terrains, where proper timings depend on terrain topology. ", "Adapting step timings has been recently realized for walking on horizontal floors using quadratic programming [@khadiv2016humanoids], but it had not been demonstrated yet on uneven terrains.", "\n\nMultiple shooting formulation\n-----------------------------\n\nAs in [@carpentier2016icra], we formulate the nonlinear predictive control (NMPC) problem by direct multiple shooting. ", "A receding horizon over future system states is divided into $N$ time intervals of durations $\\Delta t[k]$, so that each interval $k \\in \\{0, \\ldots, N-1\\}$ starts at time $t[k] = \\sum_{j <\nk} \\Delta t[j]$. The variables of our NLP are:\n\n- $\\bfp_G[k]$: COM position at time $t[k]$,\n\n- $\\pd_G[k]$: COM velocity at time $t[k]$,\n\n- $\\bfp_Z[k]$: ZMP position at time $t[k]$,\n\n- $\\Delta t[k]$: step duration, bounded by $[\\Delta t_\\mathsf{min},\n \\Delta t_\\mathsf{max}]$.\n\nThe differential equation of the FIP  is solved over each interval with constant ZMP located at $\\bfp_Z[k]$ to obtain the matching conditions: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bfp_G[k + 1] & \\ = \\ \\bfp_G[k] + {\\pd_G[k]} \\frac{\\sh[k]}{\\omega} + {\\bfu[k]}\\frac{\\ch[k] - 1}{\\omega^2} \\\\\n \\pd_G[k + 1] & \\ = \\ \\pd_G[k] \\ch[k] + \\bfu[k] \\frac{\\sh[k]}{\\omega}\\end{aligned}$$ where the following shorthands have been used: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bfu[k] & \\ = \\ \\omega^2 (\\bfp_G[k] - \\bfp_Z[k]) + \\bfg \\label{acc-cons} \\\\\n \\ch[k] & \\ = \\ \\cosh(\\omega \\Delta t[k]) \\\\\n \\sh[k] & \\ = \\ \\sinh(\\omega \\Delta t[k])\\end{aligned}$$ The next constraints to be enforced over at collocation points are friction and COP inequalities –. ", "It is important to note here that contact-stability is only checked at collocation times $t[k]$, as done in the vast majority of present works that solve constrained optimal control problems  [@carpentier2016icra; @dai2016humanoids; @ponton2016humanoids; @wieber2006humanoids; @herdt2010online; @caron2017tro; @audren2014iros; @naveau2017ral; @vanheerden2017ral]. ", "This does not guarantee that the constraints will not be violated between $t[k]$ and $t[k+1]$.\n\nGiven that NLP solvers can handle both linear and nonlinear constraints, we tried two variants of the friction cone constraint :\n\n- **FC1:** the linear constraints  corresponding to the polyhedral approximation of the friction cone $\\calC$;\n\n- **FC2:** the second-order isotropic friction cone, without approximation, which can be written as: $$\\| \\overrightarrow{ZG} \\|_2^2 - (1 + \\mu^2) (\\overrightarrow{ZG} \\cdot\n \\bfn) \\ \\leq \\ 0$$\n\nSecond-order inequalities reduce the constraint dimension but increase its complexity. ", "We compared the performance of both approaches in simulations, and observed that computations were roughly 10% faster with FC2. ", "This does not mean that second-order constraints always perform better, though, as we observed degraded performances with second-order COM-ZMP cones (obtained by replacing the contact polygon with a contact ellipsoid).", "\n\nBoundary conditions\n-------------------\n\nWe include both initial and terminal conditions in our predictive problem:\n\n- $\\bfp_G[0]$ is equal to the estimated COM position at the beginning of the control cycle,\n\n- $\\pd_G[0]$ is equal to the estimated COM velocity at the beginning of the control cycle,\n\n- $\\bfp_Z[N - 1] = \\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end}$ the desired capture point at the end of the predictive horizon.", "\n\nThe ability to define capture points [@pratt2006humanoids] is another advantage of the FIP compared to models with nonlinear forward equations of motion. ", "From Equation , and following the derivation from  [@englsberger2015tro], the instantaneous capture point in the FIP is: $$\\bfxi(t) \\ = \\ \\bfp_G(t) + \\frac{\\pd_G(t)}{\\omega} + \\frac{\\bfg}{\\omega^2}$$ The boundary value $\\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end}$ is derived from the next contact location and a reference walking velocity $v^d$ provided by the user. ", "Specifically, if $F$ is the last contact location of the receding horizon and $(\\bft_F, \\bfb_F, \\bfn_F)$ the corresponding contact frame, then: $$\\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end} \\ = \\ \\bfp_F + v^d \\frac{\\bft_F}{\\omega} + \\frac{\\bfg}{\\omega^2}$$ It matches a desired COM position $\\bfp_G^d$ located at the vertical above $F$, along with a forward COM velocity equal to $v^d$.\n\nWe chose $v^d$ so that $\\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end}$ belongs to the surface patch $\\calS$. This way, if the NMPC stops providing updated feedforward trajectories for some reason (which may happen as we are solving non-convex problems), at least regulation around the latest successful trajectory will steer the system to a stop. ", "One could replace this simple post-preview behavior with more general *boundedness constraints* [@lanari2015humanoids], based on heuristic post-preview ZMP trajectories derived from terrain topology.", "\n\nCost function\n-------------\n\nThe cost function of our NLP is a weighted combination of three integral and one terminal terms: $$\\int_{t=0}^T (w_Z \\| \\bfp_Z - \\bfp_F \\|^2 + w_G \\| \\pdd_G \\|^2 + w_T) {\\rm\n d}t + w_\\xi \\| \\bfxi[N] - \\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end} \\|^2$$\n\n- $\\int \\| \\bfp_Z - \\bfp_F \\|^2 {\\rm d}t $, where $F$ is the center of the supporting foot (note that there may be two different supporting foot in a predictive horizon due to contact switches). ", "This term favors solutions with lower foot contact torques. ", "We give it a weight of $w_Z\n = 10^{-5}$.\n\n- $\\int \\| \\pdd_G \\|^2 {\\rm d}t$, a regularization term used to avoid unnecessarily high accelerations. ", "We give it a weight of $w_G = 10^{-3}$.\n\n- $T = \\int 1 {\\rm d}t$, the total duration of the trajectory. ", "This term plays a significant role in balancing the acceleration regularization term, which otherwise generates local minima where the system tries to avoid moving altogether. ", "We give it a weight of $w_T = 10^{-2}$.\n\n- $\\| \\bfxi[N] - \\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end}\\|^2$, where $\\bfxi[N]$ is the capture point defined from $\\bfp_G[N]$ and $\\pd_G[N]$ at the end of the predictive horizon. ", "This term is the state analog of the ZMP boundary condition. ", "The problem is better conditioned when it is put in the cost function rather than as a hard constraint. ", "We give it a weight of $w_\\xi = 1$.\n\nContact switches\n----------------\n\nContrary to horizontal-floor solutions that preview several future footsteps [@wieber2006humanoids; @herdt2010online], our controller previews exactly one step ahead during single-support phases (we use our conservative linear MPC [@caron2016humanoids] during double-support phases). ", "Our nonlinear program does not model the swing foot trajectory. ", "Rather, it relies on an estimate of the time to heel strike, which we construct as in [@caron2016hal]:\n\n- Interpolate a polynomial path from the current swing-foot location to its target foothold (spherical linear interpolation is used to interpolation its orientation).", "\n\n- Use Time-Optimal Path Parameterization (TOPP) [@pham2014tro] to retime the interpolated path under conservative foot acceleration constraints.", "\n\n- Take the duration $T_\\swing$ of the retimed path as estimate for the time to heel strike.", "\n\nThe $N$ time intervals of the receding horizon are then split into two categories. ", "The first half of them is dedicated to the swing interval $[0,\nT_\\swing]$ until heel strike, where contact stability is enforced with respect to the current supporting foot, while for the second half it is enforced with respect to the next foothold. ", "This assignment is matched with step durations by the last constraint of our NLP: $$\\sum_{k=0}^{N/2} \\Delta t[k] \\ \\geq \\ T_\\swing.$$\n\nImplementation details\n----------------------\n\nWe construct NLPs using the CasADi symbolic framework [@casadi] and solve them with the primal-dual interior-point solver IPOPT [@ipopt]. ", "Major settings that allowed us to reach fair computation times include:\n\n- Using `MX` rather than `SX` CasADi symbols.", "\n\n- Using the MA27 or MA97 linear solvers within IPOPT.", "\n\n- Capping the CPU time and number of iterations to 100 ms and 100, respectively. ", "When these budgets are exceeded, the solver has most likely diverged away from any feasible solution.", "\n\n- Using the adaptive rather than monotone update strategy for the barrier parameter, which made computations roughly 40% faster.", "\n\nWith this implementation, it takes roughly 10 to 40 ms to solve an NMPC problem (see Section \\[simus\\] for details). ", "These computation times are on the same scale as those reported in the warm-started phase of [@carpentier2016icra], but we don’t suffer a second-long cold start to generate an initial feasible solution. ", "This is most likely because the problem we solve is smaller (single-support) and we have reformulated its structure concisely.", "\n\nTunings for variable time steps\n-------------------------------\n\nEach step duration $\\Delta t[k]$ in the NLP is lower and upper bounded by two parameters $\\dTmin$ and $\\dTmax$ that affect solver performances. ", "Expectedly, computation time increases with $\\dTmax$, but this parameter cannot be too low as the problem becomes infeasible below a certain threshold $\\dTmax^\\mathsf{lim}$. Figure \\[fig:dTmax\\] shows how computation times[^6] are influenced by varying $\\dTmax$ at the beginning of a feasible single-support phase. ", "A “sweet range” extends from 200 to , with the best (also riskiest) performance obtained close to the threshold. ", "Below this range, computation times and failure rate increase beyond usable values. ", "In practice, values of $\\dTmax^\\mathsf{lim}$ ranged between and during the gait cycle, and we chose a uniform setting of $\\dTmax\n= \\SI{350}{\\ms}$.\n\nThe influence of $\\dTmin$ is of a different nature. ", "First, we note that $\\dTmin$ cannot be equal to zero in practice: all integral terms in the cost function bias solutions toward $\\Delta t[k] \\to 0$, and we want to preclude local optima where the receding-horizon duration would be zero. ", "Setting $\\dTmin$ to the control cycle gives good performance in practice. ", "Larger values further improve computation times at the beginning of single-support phases, but jeopardize convergence in the middle of the step where $T_\\swing$ becomes small. ", "We dealt with this case by reducing $\\dTmin$ on the fly when NMPC solutions start to overshoot $T_\\swing$. The first $N/2$ steps being devoted to the swing phase, the procedure is:\n\n$\\forall k \\leq N / 2,\\ \\dTmin[k] \\leftarrow \\dTmin[k] / 2$\n\nIn a motion generation scenario where computation time is abundant, one could devise global strategies such as a bisection search to tune $\\dTmin$ and $\\dTmax$. The heuristic used here is rather a local parameter search spread over control cycles. ", "It has the benefit of incurring no additional cost.", "\n\n![ ", "Effect of $\\dTmax$ on computation times (yellow) and failure rate (red) of the NLP solver, for a feasible step and $N=10$ collocation points. ", "Each bar includes a standard deviation estimate (blue line) computed over 200 runs. ", "Above a minimum value $\\dTmax^\\mathsf{lim}$, the problem becomes feasible and all runs should ideally converge to a solution. ", "In practice, computations become unstable for large values of $\\dTmax$. []{data-label=\"fig:dTmax\"}](figures/dTmax.pdf){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nFailure rate accross the gait cycle\n-----------------------------------\n\nWhile computation times look promising, another metric suggests that nonlinear optimization is not sufficient in itself to solve the NMPC problem: its failure rate, in our case, is around 40%. ", "This means that, on average one out of two to three control cycles, the solver either does not terminate, or returns a certificate of infeasibility, or converges to an off-track solution. ", "We found that the terminal capture-point error $\\| \\bfxi[N] - \\bfxi^d_\\mathsf{end}\\|$ is a good indicator of this latter case, and chose to discard all solutions where this error is above 10 cm (a liberal value close to the half-length of HRP-4’s footprint).", "\n\nConstrained Linear-Quadratic Regulation {#sec:lqr}\n=======================================\n\nTo cope with the 40% of situations where the nonlinear optimization fails to produce a new solution on time, we design a constrained linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) that updates the last available trajectory $\\bfp_G^d, \\pd_G^d,\n\\bfp_Z^d$ into a new feasible one starting from the current COM state. ", "In order to cast the regulation problem as a quadratic program, this reference trajectory is first resampled into $M$ time steps of equal duration $\\Delta T$. Residual states and controls of the FIP are then: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Delta \\bfx[k] & \\ = \\ \\colvec{\\bfp_G[k] - \\bfp_G^d[k] \\\\ \\pd_G[k] - \\pd_G^d[k]} \\\\\n \\Delta \\bfz[k] & \\ = \\ \\bfp_Z[k] - \\bfp_Z^d[k]\\end{aligned}$$ The discretized linear dynamics of these residuals are: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{regu0}\n \\Delta \\bfx[k + 1] &= \\bfA \\Delta \\bfx[k] + \\bfB \\Delta \\bfz[k] \\\\\n \\bfA &= \\left[\n \\begin{array}{rr}\n \\cosh(\\omega \\Delta T) \\bfE & \\sinh(\\omega \\Delta T) / \\omega \\bfE\n \\\\\n \\omega \\sinh(\\omega \\Delta T) \\bfE & \\cosh(\\omega \\Delta T) \\bfE\n \\end{array}\n \\right] \\\\\n \\bfB &= \\left[\n \\begin{array}{r}\n (1 - \\cosh(\\omega \\Delta T)) \\bfE \\\\\n -\\omega \\sinh(\\omega \\Delta T) \\bfE\n \\end{array}\n \\right]\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\bfE$ is the $3 \\times 3$ identity matrix. ", "Inequality constraints over $\\bfp_G$ and $\\bfp_Z$ translate into similar constraints over $\\Delta \\bfx$ and $\\Delta \\bfz$. The friction constraint  becomes: $$\\label{regu1}\n \\left[\\,\\bfC\\,\\ \\bm{0}\\,\\right] \\Delta \\bfx[k]\n - \\bfC \\Delta \\bfz[k]\n \\ \\leq \\ \n \\bfC (\\bfp_Z^d[k] - \\bfp_G^d[k])$$ Next, define $\\sigma_i[k] \\defeq -\\vec{V_i V_{i+1}} \\cdot (\\vec{G^d[k] V_i}\n\\times \\vec{V_i Z^d[k]})$ the positive slackness of the COP constraint on the $\\th{i}$ vertex in the reference trajectory. ", "Expanding  yields, in geometric form (we omit indexes $[k]$ to alleviate notations and write $\\Delta \\bfp$ the first three coordinates of $\\Delta \\bfx$): $$\\vec{V_i V_{i+1}} \\cdot (\n \\vec{G^d V_i} \\times \\Delta \\bfz +\n \\vec{V_i Z^d} \\times \\Delta \\bfp +\n \\Delta \\bfz \\times \\Delta \\bfp)\n \\ \\leq \\ \\sigma_i[k]$$ And in matrix form: $$\\Delta \\bfp[k]^T \\bfH_i \\Delta \\bfz[k] + \\bfh_P[k]^T \\Delta \\bfp[k] +\n \\bfh_Z[k]^T \\Delta \\bfz[k]\n \\leq \\sigma[k]$$ with $\\bfH_i$ the cross-product matrix of $\\vec{V_i V_{i+1}}$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bfh_P[k] & \\ \\defeq \\ \\bfH_i (\\bfp^d_Z[k] - \\bfp_{V_i}), \\\\\n \\bfh_Z[k] & \\ \\defeq \\ \\bfH_i (\\bfp_{V_i} - \\bfp_G^d[k]).\\end{aligned}$$ At this point, one could put polyhedral bounds on $\\Delta \\bfz$ or $\\Delta\n\\bfp$ and solve a (bigger) conservative linearized system. ", "This is the approach followed in [@caron2016humanoids; @dai2016humanoids] where COM trajectories are boxed into user-defined volumes. ", "However, contrary to these previous works, our problem here applies to *residual* variables, which we can assume to be small. ", "Intuitively, if $\\|\\Delta \\bfp\\| \\ll \\| \\vec{G^d V_i}\n\\|$ and $\\|\\Delta \\bfz\\| \\ll \\| \\vec{V_i Z^d} \\|$, then $\\|\\Delta \\bfp \\times\n\\Delta \\bfz\\|$ should be orders of magnitude smaller than the linear term $\\|\\vec{G^d V_i} \\times \\Delta \\bfz + \\vec{V_i Z^d} \\times \\Delta \\bfp\\|$. We therefore neglect this residual cross-product, resulting in a linear COP constraint: $$\\label{regu2}\n \\bfh_P[k]^T \\Delta \\bfp[k] + \\bfh_Z[k]^T \\Delta \\bfz[k] \\ \\leq \\ \\sigma[k]$$\n\nAfter implementing the complete pipeline described so far, we checked the validity of this assumption down the line. ", "We found that, in the simulation framework described in the next section (which includes noise and delays in both control and state estimation) the ratio $$\\frac{\\|\\Delta \\bfp \\times \\Delta \\bfz\\|}{\\|\\vec{G^d V_i} \\times \\Delta\n \\bfz + \\vec{V_i Z^d} \\times \\Delta \\bfp\\|}$$ is equal on average to $0.005$ with a standard deviation of $0.005$ for 10,000 sampling times corresponding to five minutes of locomotion. ", "That is, the cross-product term is roughly two orders of magnitude smaller than the linear one, which *a posteriori* legitimates our assumption.", "\n\nComing back to problem formulation, our constrained LQR is finally cast as a quadratic program with cost function: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\underset{\\{\\Delta \\bfz[k]\\}}{\\mathrm{minimize}}\n \\ \n & \\textstyle \\sum_{k=0}^{M-1} \\left(w_{xc} \\| \\Delta \\bfx[k] \\|^2 + w_z \\|\n \\Delta \\bfz[k]\\|^2\\right) \\nonumber \\\\\n & + w_{xt} \\| \\Delta \\bfx[M] \\|^2 \\\\\n \\textrm{subject to} \\ & \\forall k,\n \\eqref{regu0} \\wedge\n \\eqref{regu1} \\wedge\n \\eqref{regu2}\\end{aligned}$$ We solve this problem using the classical single-shooting formulation described in [@audren2014iros] and implemented by the *Copra*[^7] library. ", "In experiments, we set the terminal weight to $w_{xt}=1$ and the cumulative weights to $w_{xc}=w_{z}=10^{-3}$.\n\n![ **", "Walking pattern generation over an elliptic staircase with tilted steps.** ", "At each control cycle, a new trajectory (dotted line) is computed via nonlinear optimization for the Floating-base Inverted Pendulum (red: current state, blue: desired state at the end of the receding horizon). ", "In this model, the ZMP $Z$ can leave the surface patch $\\calS$ and the COM can move freely in 3D while keeping linear equations of motion. []{", "data-label=\"fig:downstairs\"}](figures/downstairs.pdf){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nSimulations {#simus}\n===========\n\nWe validated the proposed method in simulation with a model of the HRP-4 humanoid robot. ", "Our benchmark test is a randomly-generated elliptic staircase that includes all the characteristics that we deem important for rough-terrain locomotion: going up, forward and down using tilted contacts (no two contacts are coplanar). ", "Our simulations use *pymanoid*[^8], an extension of OpenRAVE for humanoid robotics. ", "Compared to the results reported in [@caron2016humanoids], these new simulations model both noise and delay in ZMP control and COM estimation:\n\n- **COM state estimation:** zero-mean noise with amplitudes of on position and on velocity. ", "Nominal delay is set to .", "\n\n- **Ankle ZMP control:** zero-mean noise with amplitude . ", "Control delay, the characteristic duration before a new command is achieved, is set to .", "\n\nPattern generation is supervised by a finite state machine that alternates single and double support phases. ", "In double support, the conservative multi-contact controller from [@caron2016humanoids] is used with the current step target as terminal condition. ", "When the NMPC (Section \\[sec:nmpc\\]) running in the background finds a trajectory traversing the next step, the state machine switches to the next swing phase (single support).", "\n\nIn single support, the multi-contact controller is replaced by the LQR from Section \\[sec:lqr\\]. ", "When the NMPC successfully finds a new solution, usually with a delay between 0 and 3 control cycles, this trajectory is resampled and sent to the LQR as a new reference. ", "The LQR then produces an updated trajectory which is sent to the whole-body inverse kinematics and foot ZMP controllers. ", "The numbers of NMPC and LQR steps are set respectively to $N=10$ and $M=30$. With this design, our pattern generator is able to locomote the humanoid accross the elliptic staircase depicted in Figure \\[fig:downstairs\\]. ", "However, when disabling the linear-quadratic regulator, the robot only walks a couple of steps before NMPC numerically unstabilities make it unable to recover from perturbations. ", "Sample outcomes are shown in the accompanying videos. ", "These results can be reproduced using the source code [@code].", "\n\nOne important aspect in these simulations is that they perform an independent check of contact-wrench feasibility at every time step. ", "Indeed, as mentioned in Section \\[sec:nmpc\\], constraints are only enforced at collocation points. ", "Optimal solutions may then violate constraints in between these points, and additional validation is needed to make sure that this does not happen. ", "This point is particularly critical in our NMPC where we use a small number of variable-duration steps, and all the more justifies the addition of an LQR with finer discretization.", "\n\n![ ", "Difference in COM trajectories between this work (blue line) and our previous multi-contact walking pattern generator [@caron2016humanoids] (black dotted line). ", "Note that the perspective is *isometric*, not linear. ", "Footholds correspond to the downward part of the elliptic staircase depicted in Figure \\[fig:downstairs\\]. ", "Numbers next to them indicate their altitude in cm. ", "The new trajectory is dynamic as the COM goes only marginally over the edges of the footholds, as opposed to the quasi-static one where it nears the vertical of foothold centers. []{", "data-label=\"fig:steps\"}](figures/footsteps.pdf){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n Function \\# Calls \\# Successes Time (ms)\n ------------ ---------- -------------- ---------------\n Build NMPC 115 115 $25 \\pm 8.5$\n Solve NMPC 2000 1452 $21 \\pm 11$\n Build LQR 1975 1975 $1.9 \\pm 0.2$\n Solve LQR 1975 1975 $1.0 \\pm 0.4$\n\n : Performance of the NMPC and LQR controllers over two full cycles on the elliptic staircase. []{", "data-label=\"table:times\"}\n\nTable \\[table:times\\] reports computation times for both the NMPC and LQR controllers over two full cycles on the elliptic staircase. ", "Building NMPC problems only occurs around contact switches, the same nonlinear problem structure being otherwise re-used between control cycles. ", "In this scenario, the robot called the double-support controller roughly once every two steps to handle the extra control cycles needed by the NMPC to complete its computations.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nWe presented a real-time rough-terrain walking pattern generator that is able to adjust its step timings automatically. ", "Our solution rests upon the floating-base inverted pendulum, a model with linear equations of motion and where contact stability can be checked using simple geometric constructions. ", "We developed a nonlinear predictive controller that computes feedforward walking trajectories at roughly 30 Hz, as well as a constrained linear-quadratic regulator computing feedback controls one order of magnitude faster. ", "The source code to reproduce this work is released at [@code].", "\n\nProof of Proposition \\[ipm-cons\\] {#proof-app}\n---------------------------------\n\nIn this Appendix, all coordinates are taken with respect to the local contact frame. ", "The analytical formula of the contact wrench cone at the origin $O$ of this frame is given by [@caron2015icra]: $$\\label{W1}\n |f^x| \\leq \\mu f^z,\\ |f^y| \\leq \\mu f^z$$ $$\\label{W2}\n |\\tau_O^x| \\leq Y f^z,\\ |\\tau_O^y| \\leq X f^z$$ $$\\label{W3}\n \\tau_\\mathsf{min} \\leq \\tau_O^z \\leq \\ \\tau_\\mathsf{max}$$ where the lower and upper bounds on yaw torque are: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tau_\\mathsf{min} &\\defeq -\\mu (X+Y) f^z + |Y f^x - \\mu \\tau_O^x| + |X\n f^y - \\mu \\tau_O^y| \\\\\n \\tau_\\mathsf{max} &\\defeq +\\mu (X+Y) f^z - |Y f^x + \\mu \\tau_O^x| - |X\n f^y + \\mu \\tau_O^y|\\end{aligned}$$ In the pendulum mode, the contact wrench is equal to: $$\\begin{split}\n f^x \\ &=\\ \\lambda (x_G - x_C) \\\\\n f^y \\ &=\\ \\lambda (y_G - y_C) \\\\\n f^z \\ &=\\ \\lambda z_G \n \\end{split}\n \\quad\n \\quad\n \\begin{split}\n \\tau_O^x \\ &=\\ y_C f^z \\\\\n \\tau_O^y \\ &=\\ -x_C f^z \\\\\n \\tau_O^z \\ &=\\ x_C f^y - y_C f^x\n \\end{split}$$ Injecting these equations into – yields two sets of equations (we used a symbolic calculator to avoid painstaking hand calculations here). ", "First, $$|x_C| \\leq X,\\ |y_C| \\leq Y \\label{Z1}$$ $$|x_G - x_C| \\leq \\mu z_G,\\ |y_G - y_C| \\leq \\mu z_G \\label{Z2}$$ And second, after rearranging all terms suitably: $$\\begin{aligned}\n 0 & \\leq (X + x_C) (\\mu z_G - (y_C - y_G)) + (Y + y_C) (\\mu z_G + (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X + x_C) (\\mu z_G + (y_C - y_G)) + (Y + y_C) (\\mu z_G - (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X - x_C) (\\mu z_G - (y_C - y_G)) + (Y + y_C) (\\mu z_G - (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X - x_C) (\\mu z_G + (y_C - y_G)) + (Y + y_C) (\\mu z_G + (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X - x_C) (\\mu z_G + (y_C - y_G)) + (Y - y_C) (\\mu z_G - (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X + x_C) (\\mu z_G - (y_C - y_G)) + (Y - y_C) (\\mu z_G - (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X + x_C) (\\mu z_G + (y_C - y_G)) + (Y - y_C) (\\mu z_G + (x_C - x_G)) \\\\\n 0 & \\leq (X - x_C) (\\mu z_G - (y_C - y_G)) + (Y - y_C) (\\mu z_G + (x_C - x_G))\\end{aligned}$$ All right-hand side terms in this second set can be writen as $a b + c d$, where $a,b,c,d$ are positive slackness variables from the first set of inequalities –. ", "Therefore, all constraints in the second set are redundant, and the contact wrench cone in irreducible form is given by –. ", "We conclude by noting how corresponds to $\\bfp_C \\in \\calS$ while represents $\\bfp_G \\in \\bfp_C + \\calC$.\n\nSupport Volumes for Virtual Repulsors and Attractors {#attractors}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nLet $\\bfA_O$ denote the inequality matrix of the contact wrench cone taken with respect to a fixed point $O$. In the pendulum mode, contact stability can be written [@caron2016humanoids] in terms of the position and acceleration of the COM as $$\\label{cstabi}\n (\\bfa + \\bfa_O \\times \\bfp_G) \\cdot (\\pdd_G - \\bfg) \\ \\leq \\ 0$$ over all rows $(\\bfa, \\bfa_O)$ of the inequality matrix $\\bfA_O$. These expressions are bilinear and not positive-semidefinite in general, which precludes their direct use with convex optimization. ", "There is however one interesting setting where these inequalities linearize without loss of generality:\n\nIf the COM control law follows a proportional attractor or repulsor $H$ with stiffness $k \\in \\mathbb{R}$, that is $$\\label{law}\n \\pdd_G \\ = \\ k (\\bfp_H - \\bfp_G),$$ then the set of contact-stable positions $\\bfp_G$ is a polyhedral cone rooted at the apex $\\bfnu := \\bfp_H - \\bfg / k$.\n\nInjecting the control law  into yields: $$\\begin{aligned}\n k (\\bfa + \\bfa_O \\times \\bfp_G) \\cdot (\\bfp_H - \\bfp_G - \\bfg / k)\n & \\ \\leq \\ 0\n \\end{aligned}$$ Defining $\\bfnu := \\bfp_H - \\bfg / k$, this expression expands to: $$\\begin{aligned}\n -k (\\bfa + \\bfa_O \\times (\\bfp_G - \\bfnu + \\bfnu)) \\cdot (\\bfp_G -\n \\bfnu) & \\ \\leq \\ 0 \\\\\n \\label{Pineq} -k (\\bfa + \\bfa_O \\times \\bfnu) \\cdot (\\bfp_G - \\bfnu) &\n \\ \\leq \\ 0\n \\end{aligned}$$ using the fact that $(\\bfa \\times \\bfb) \\cdot \\bfb = 0$ (the scalar triple product is a Gram determinant). ", "We recognize the expression of a linear polyhedral cone in $\\bfp_G$ with apex $\\bfnu$.\n\nThis property applies to the following two cases:\n\n- **Virtual Repellent Point:** $k = -\\omega^2 < 0$ and $H$ is the VRP defined by Englsberger et al.", " [@englsberger2015tro]. ", "Then, Equation  defines the cone $\\calC_\\mathsf{VRP}(H,\n \\omega^2)$ of sustainable COM positions when the VRP is located at $\\bfp_H$.\n\n- **Virtual Attractive Point:** $k > 0$ and $\\bfp_H = \\bfp_G^d$ is a desired COM location. ", "In this case, Equation  defines the cone of COM positions that can be steered toward $\\bfp_G^d$ for a given stiffness $k$.\n\nStabilizing the COM around a reference position $\\bfp_G^d$ requires variable VRPs in the first approach and variable stiffness with the second one.", "\n\n[^1]: \\*This work is supported in part by H2020 EU project COMANOID <http://www.comanoid.eu/>, RIA No 645097.", "\n\n[^2]: $^{1}$CNRS-UM2 LIRMM, IDH group, UMR5506, Montpellier, France.", "\n\n[^3]: $^{2}$CNRS-AIST Joint Robotics Laboratory (JRL), UMI3218/RL. ", "Corresponding author: [stephane.caron@normalesup.org]{}\n\n[^4]: Pattern generators compute both feedforward and feedback walking controls under real-time constraints, as opposed to motion generators, which only compute feedforward controls without time constraints.", "\n\n[^5]: Recall that all points of the zero-moment axis $(GC)$ can be called “zero-moment points” [@caron2017tro].", "\n\n[^6]: All computations reported in this paper were run on a personal laptop computer, CPU: Intel<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">(r)</span> Core<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">(tm)</span> i7-6500U CPU @ 2.50 Ghz.", "\n\n[^7]: <https://github.com/vsamy/Copra>\n\n[^8]: <https://github.com/stephane-caron/pymanoid>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club\n\nFeelin' Good at the Cadillac Club is the debut album by soul singer Billy Paul. ", "The album was produced by Billy Paul and released by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff's Gamble Records in 1968. ", "The Toots Thielemans song \"Bluesette\" was released as a single but failed to chart as did the album. ", "The LP was re-released with new cover art in 1973 on Philadelphia International Records but again failed to chart. ", "Big Break Records remastered the album for re-release on CD in 2014 with new liner notes and an interview with Billy Paul.", "\n\nRelease and critical reaction\n\nDespite its title, the album is not a live recording but a studio creation based on Paul's live act, which he regularly performed at Philadelphia's Cadillac and other clubs. ", "Paul recalled: \"[The Cadillac] was a famous, famous club. ", "Aretha Franklin worked there. ", "Me and George Benson used to work there all the time.\" ", "Located at 3738 Germantown Ave. ", "in North Philadelphia, the Cadillac opened in 1965 and was run by Benjamin and Ruth Bynum before becoming the Impulse Discothèque in 1977. ", "Benjamin booked the entertainers, Ruth handled the finances, and their two young sons Robert and Benjamin Jr. worked at the club. ", "Benjamin Jr., who with his brother followed in their parents' footsteps and ran their own jazz club Zanzibar Blue from 1990-2007 and collaborated with Gamble & Huff on The Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP) nightclub and restaurant, recalled how as a young boy he met entertainers like Gladys Knight & the Pips who regularly visited the family's house when they were in town to play at the Cadillac: \"Most times I was in bed. ", "Mostly I look at pictures and remember stories about how my mother pierced Aretha Franklin's ears for the evening. ", "But I don't honestly even remember how old I was when that happened.\"", "\n\nPaul had been somewhat of a child prodigy singing in jazz clubs and cutting a handful of singles in the 1950s. ", "Toward the end of the 1960s, Paul and his wife and manager Blanche Williams had invested $365 of their own money toward recording a Billy Paul album. ", "One night in 1967 at Philadelphia's Sahara club on 15th and South Streets, Kenny Gamble caught Paul's show. ", "Gamble recalled: \"I got talking to Billy about coming to Gamble Records. ", "Billy had gone and recorded a few things on himself and he wanted three more sides to make an album. ", "So we went in the studios and cut three things and we put them on the album Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club. ", "Paul recalled their meeting: \"I was singing in a jazz club called the Sahara. ", "He had a record shop on South St & Philly - right round the corner and I was singing with a trio at the Sahara club on Friday, Saturday and Sunday. ", "He came over and said 'I am starting a record company and I would like to sign you.' ", " and behold I took all the material I sung every weekend and I did an album in three and a half hours – a whole album. ", "I had this album, and I produced it – me and my wife. ", "And we gave him this album called Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club to help start the record company and that was the album that helped start it up.\" ", "The finished work was the second album on Gamble & Huff's new label (the first was The Intruders debut LP).", "\n\nThe LP's original liner notes were an early attempt to market Paul as more than simply a one-dimensional jazz vocalist:\n\nIn its February 10, 1968 issue, Billboard listed the album as one of its \"New Action LP's\". ", "Yet neither the album, nor its single \"Bluesette\" / \"Somewhere\" (Gamble G-232), drew much attention. ", "Author John A. Jackson suggested that the problem was less with the music than with the inherent difficulty independent labels faced in promoting their artists: \"Gamble and Huff fared no better marketing Billy Paul's light jazz vocals than they did with their underachieving soul artists. ", "His debut album went virtually unnoticed.\"", "\n\nAs they did with Ebony Woman Gamble & Huff decided to reissue this album after the success of \"Me and Mrs. Jones\" and the 360 Degrees of Billy Paul album. ", "The LP's new liner notes were written by music journalist Jean-Charles Costa:\n\nAllmusic's Ron Wynn gave the album three out of five stars and said: \"Paul might have been successful in jazz; if he emerged in the '80s or '90s doing this kind of supper-club/cabaret fare, he would immediately be routed into the adult contemporary and Quiet Storm market and probably be a huge hit.", "\n\nOn the album's 2014 reissue, Joe Marchese of The Second Disc noted: \"Though it’s far from a typical 'soul' album, one listen reveals just how much soul always resided within Billy Paul.\"", "\n\nTrack listing\nSide 1\n\"Billy Boy\" - (Traditional) 2:43\n\"Missing You\" - (Kenny Gamble) 2:45\n\"Bluesette\" - (Norman Gimbel, Jean Thielmans) 3:05\n\"On a Clear Day (You Can See Forever)\" - (Alan Jay Lerner, Burton Lane) 4:39\n\"Just in Time\" - (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne) 3:56\n\nSide 2\n\"That's Life\" - (Dean Kay, Kelly Gordon) 4:05\n\"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" - (Bob Dylan) 2:03\n\"Feeling Good\" - (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) 8:30\n\"Somewhere\" - (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) 3:37\n\nPersonnel\nBilly Paul - Vocals, Producer\nStanley Johnson - Piano, Arranger\nNorman Fearrington - Drums\nBill Collick - Bass\nRecorded at Virtue Recording Studios\nNick Robbins - Remastering from 1st generation tapes at Sound Mastering, London for BBR 2012 reissue\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Billy Paul-Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club at Allmusic\n Billy Paul-Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club at Discogs\n Billy Paul-Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club at The Second Disc\n\nCategory:1968 debut albums\nCategory:1973 albums\nCategory:Billy Paul albums\nCategory:Philadelphia International Records albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Kenneth Gamble\nCategory:Albums produced by Leon Huff" ]

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[ "Distribution characteristics of methyl-hydrazine in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys.", "\nA Lumped parameter mathmatical model including extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid compartments has been applied to describe methylhydrazine (MMH) distribution kinetics in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Rhesus monkeys. ", "Ten monkeys average weight 5.5 kg, were given intravenous infusions of MMH while blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were periodically collected and analyzed for MMH. ", "The mathematical model was used to simulate the infusions and the simulations were compared with experimental data to validate the model and to evaluate the mass transfer parameters required by the model." ]

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[ "Overview\n\nOpened: 9/21/1924\n\n1st Avenue and 3rd Avenue stations are cousins. ", "The only difference is that 1st Avenue has a mezzanine and 3rd Avenue does not. ", "Neither station has pillars, providing a wide open view from the platforms. ", "Both stations have single exits located near one end of the station. ", "1st Avenue's exit is located at the far west end. ", "Mosaic bands are similar, with 3rd Avenue adding brown to the mix of blues, greens and yellows." ]

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[ "Ed Sheeran’s Divide Tour has been named the highest-grossing tour of all time, breaking a record set by U2 that had stood for eight years.", "\n\nComing off the back of the chart-topping album of the same name, the Divide tour began in March 2017, and will have encompassed 255 shows when it finishes with four homecoming gigs in Ipswich later this month. ", "So far it has grossed $736m (£607m), breaking U2’s record of $735m, with 12 dates still left to play.", "\n\nIt has also been named the most attended tour of all time: when it finishes, more than 8.5m people across 43 countries will have seen Sheeran perform, breaking U2’s record of 7.3m.\n\nWriting on Instagram, Sheeran said: “Thanks so much for each and every one of you who have come to a show. ", "12 shows left, will never forget it.”", "\n\nSheeran’s manager Stuart Camp told Pollstar, who amassed the tour data: “What Ed has accomplished is truly incredible … to even be in the same ballpark as [U2] or spoken in the same sentence with a touring act like that is very humbling”.", "\n\nU2’s record was set in 2011 by their 110-date 360° tour. ", "Rather than focusing on stadiums as U2 did, Sheeran has included more intimate arenas – his average concert attendance is 34,541, around half U2’s 66,091 average. ", "He also rejected VIP areas and sold tickets at a relatively low price, 14.2% lower on average than U2’s, but the sheer number of dates has ensured the record was broken nonetheless.", "\n\nEd Sheeran: No 6 Collaborations Project review – smarm, charm and a watertight winning formula Read more\n\nSheeran found time to record a new album during the tour, No 6 Collaborations Project, featuring all-star collaborations with the likes of Cardi B, Bruno Mars, Stormzy, Eminem and Justin Bieber. ", "It was released on 12 July and is currently No 1 in the UK and US, while two of its singles, I Don’t Care and Beautiful People, have topped the UK singles chart." ]

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[ "Chief justice\n\nThe chief justice is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law, such as the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Japan, the Supreme Court of India, the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Supreme Court of Nepal, the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Supreme Court of Ireland, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the High Court of Australia, the Supreme Court of the United States, and provincial or state supreme courts/high courts.", "\n\nThe situation is slightly different in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. ", " The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales; in Northern Ireland's courts, the equivalent position is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, and in the courts of Scotland the head of the judiciary of Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, who is also Lord Justice General of Scotland. ", "These three judges are not, though, part of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which operates across all three jurisdictions and is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.", "\n \nThe chief justice can be selected in many ways, but, in many nations, the position is given to the most senior justice of the court, while, in the United States, it is often the President's most important political nomination, subject to approval by the United States Senate. ", "Although the title of this top American jurist is, by statute, Chief Justice of the United States, the term \"Chief Justice of the Supreme Court\" is often used unofficially.", "\n\nIn some courts, the chief justice has a different title, e.g. president of the supreme court. ", "In other courts, the title of chief justice is used, but the court has a different name, e.g. the Supreme Court of Judicature in colonial (British) Ceylon, and the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (in the US state of West Virginia).", "\n\nCompetence\nThe Chief Justice's personal ruling is equal in weight to the rulings of any associate judges on the court.", "\n\nIn several countries, the chief justice is second in line to the office of president or governor general (or third in line, if there is a president or governor lieutenant governor general), should the incumbent die or resign. ", "For example, if the Governor General of Canada is unable to perform his or her duties, the Chief Justice of Canada performs the duties of the governor general.", "\n\nApart from their intrinsic role in litigation, they may have additional responsibilities, such as swearing in high officers of state; for instance, the Chief Justice of the United States traditionally administers the oath of office at the inauguration ceremony of the President of the United States, as does the Chief Justice of South Africa at the inauguration of the President of South Africa. ", "In some countries, such as the United States, the Chief Justice is also responsible for presiding over certain legislative matters, such as during the impeachment trial of a president.", "\n\nList of chief justice positions \n\n Bailiff of Guernsey\n Bailiff of Jersey\n Chief Justice of Albania\n Chief Justice of Antigua\n Chief Justice of Australia\n Chief Justice of New South Wales\n Chief Justice of Queensland\n Chief Justice of South Australia\n Chief Justice of Tasmania\n Chief Justice of Victoria\n Chief Justice of Western Australia\n Chief Justice of the Bahamas\n Chief Justice of Bangladesh\n Chief Justice of Barbados\n Chief Justice of Belize\n Chief Justice of Bermuda\n Chief Justice of Borneo\n Chief Justice of Brazil\n Chief Justice of Canada\n Chief Justice of Alberta\n Chief Justice of British Columbia\n Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island\n Chief Justice of Manitoba\n Chief Justice of New Brunswick\n Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Labrador\n Chief Justice of Nova Scotia\n Chief Justice of Ontario\n Chief Justice of Quebec\n Chief Justice of Saskatchewan\n \n Chief Justice of Cyprus\n Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Estonia\n Chief Justice of Fiji\n Chief Justice of Gibraltar\n Chief Justice of Grenada\n Chief Justice of Hong Kong\n Chief Justice of Hungary\n Chief Justice of India\n Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court\n Chief Justice of Gujarat\n Chief Justice of the Patna High Court\n Chief Justice of Rajasthan\n Chief Justice of Uttarakhand\n Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia\n Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia\n Chief Justice of Ireland\n Chief Justice of Jamaica\n Chief Justice of Japan\n Chief Justice of Kenya\n Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea\n Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands\n Chief Justice of Liberia\n Chief Justice of Malta\n Chief Justice of Malaysia\n Chief Justice of the Federated States of Micronesia\n Chief Justice of Namibia\n Chief Justice of Nauru\n Chief Justice of Nepal\n Chief Justice of New Zealand\n Chief Justice of Nyasaland\n Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria\n Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway\n Chief Justice of Pakistan\n Chief Justices of the Federal Shariat Court\n Chief Justice of the Islamabad High Court\n Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines\n Chief Justice of Singapore\n Chief Justice of Sri Lanka\n Chief Justice of South Africa\n Chief Justice of St Lucia\n Chief Justice of St Vincent\n Chief Justice of Sudan\n Chief Justice of Tanzania\n Chief Justice of Zanzibar\n Chief Justice of Tonga\n Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago\n President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\n Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales\n Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General of Scotland\n Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland\n Chief Justice of the United States\n\nSee also\nAssociate justice\nPuisne judge\nChief Justice of the Common Pleas\nLord President of the Supreme Court\nChief judge\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Judges\n \nCategory:Legal professions" ]

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[ "Dylan, you can probably make the argument that Norman suspected Ray in the last episode. ", "The framing of the scene in the library in episode 3, notice the Norman is the only one who says traitor. ", "Emma realizes the revelation but can’t say it, it focuses in on Norman but then Ray speaks, taking the focus of the shot from Norman to himself. ", "Ray is turned away from Norman & Emma with his eyes closed and says someone is relating information. ", "Norman then captures focus back saying, “There’s a traitor” when he’s looking out of the corner of his eye in Ray direction. ", "One of the first shots we have of Norman is planting the ropes under his bed, there’s no context so he must’ve been already setting the trap for both Ray & the audience.", "\n\nOther notes:\n\n– Love how Krone tried to emulate Isabella in the scene with Gilda. ", "Isabella has used the move of carassing the cheek of both Emma & Krone as a show of dominance/intimidation in private with them. ", "I took Krone doing the same with Gilda as her using it in the same way and hopefully goating a response from her.", "\n\n– Dylan can take the moment between Emma & Gilda as shippy with the hand holding (especially if he’s been watching Bloom into You). ", "But I took the scene as Gilda needing reassurance about how Emma is doing and was meant to mirror the scene with baby carol grabbing Emma’s finger in episode 3. ", "Gilda was completely disregarded in that scene with Carol in Ep 3 and this was the time when Gilda reached out for reassurance from her friend/sister.", "\n\n– Agreed with Andy that the POV shot up the stairs was to acclimate the audience for the second shot. ", "It also gave that horror type feel to the scene that the episode needed. ", "With the design of the house (flat white walls with dark frames, beams, and buttresses it gives off chlostrophobic feels when dimly lit. ", "It making mundane feel menacing (a la paranormal activity), making the setting its own character. ", "I think by taking the POV of the characters there it also brings to scale how imposing the obstacles are. ", "No tangent but I remember visiting my elementary school for the first time since moving onto high school and then you see the scale of actually how small everything is compared to as it is after you’ve grown a bit. ", "It adds some added suspense in the audience by seeing the world for a brief moment through the actual eyes of one of our protagonists." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nasterisk conference calls\n\nI am working with ubuntu and asterisk 1.8. ", "I've set the configuration for conference calls:\nin extensions.conf\nexten => 2115,1,Answer()\nexten => 2115,n,Set(CHANNEL(language)=gb-f)\nexten => 2115,n,Set(CHANNEL(musicclass)=default)\nexten => 2115,n,ConfBridge(1234,Mcs,123)\n\nIs there an android application with whom to test this conference channel? ", "I would like to test it between 3 sip clients. ", "How to do this? ", "Are my settings correct?", "\n1234 is the conference room also set in Meetme.conf\nTHX appreciate\n\nA:\n\nI already say you here\nAsterisk support only ONE way video conference.", "\nIf you are expecting get mixed conference stream, see vmuktu or other solution.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A heparin conjugate, LHbisD4, inhibits lymphangiogenesis and attenuates lymph node metastasis by blocking VEGF-C signaling pathway.", "\nClinical studies have found that the incidence of cancer metastasis through the lymphatic vessels are 3-5 times higher than that through the blood vessels. ", "These findings suggest the potency of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy in reducing the incidence of cancer metastasis. ", "Previously, we reported LHbisD4, which is the conjugate of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and four bis-deoxycholates as a potent anti-angiogenic drug with less toxicity and orally active property. ", "Here, we show that LHbisD4 could also suppress the formation of new lymphatic vessels and attenuate the incidence of metastasis by blocking VEGF-C signaling pathway. ", "LHbisD4 significantly enhanced binding affinity with VEGF-C when compared with LMWH, which enables LHbisD4 to suppress the proliferation, migration and formation of tubular structures of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells(HDLECs) in in vitro condition even in the presence of excessive amounts of VEGF-C. Similarly, we found that the density of lymphatic vessels in the primary tumor tissue in breast cancer bearing mice was significantly diminished when LHbisD4 was administered compared with the control group. ", "Also, the incidence of axillary lymph nodes and distant organ metastasis was significantly reduced in the LHbisD4 administered group, which demonstrates that LHbisD4 could successfully lower the incidence of metastasis through blocking VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis. ", "Based on these results, we propose LHbisD4 as a potent anti-cancer drug that can reduce the incidence of metastasis by suppressing lymphangiogenesis through blocking VEGF-C signaling pathway." ]

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[ "Gel electrophoresis is a widely used and highly effective technique for separating complex mixtures of chemical species. ", "While the gels used in different types of electrophoresis apparatus may vary in shape, a common gel configuration is that of a thin flat slab. ", "Gel slabs offer many advantages, including ease of evaluation by quantitative densitometry and photographic techniques, ease of drying and printing by autoradiography and other contact print methods, a geometry which permits improved heat dissipation and thus the opportunity for high voltage gradients, and the ability to perform simultaneous separations on a number of samples, for comparison as well as efficiency.", "\nIn many applications, the slab is most conveniently cast in a sandwich-type arrangement between two flat glass plates, and then used in an electrophoresis procedure while still held between the plates. ", "Clear glass plates permit monitoring of the gel-forming solution as it is injected into the space between the plates, as well as monitoring of the finished slab and other adjacent portions of the entire apparatus while electrophoresis is taking place. ", "The separation between the plates is typically maintained by spacer strips along the opposing vertical side edges. ", "The entire assembly is held together by a clamp at each vertical edge. ", "While the pressure exerted by the clamps must be tight enough to ensure a seal, it is frequently difficult to provide a pressure which is sufficiently even and controllable to reduce the danger of breakage of the glass." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 1997, 1998, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.", "\n *\n * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation. ", " Oracle designates this\n * particular file as subject to the \"Classpath\" exception as provided\n * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.", "\n *\n * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU General Public License\n * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that\n * accompanied this code).", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version\n * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,\n * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.", "\n *\n * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA\n * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any\n * questions.", "\n */\n\npackage java.awt;\n\nimport java.awt.image.", "ColorModel;\n\n/**\n * The {@code Composite} interface, along with\n * {@link CompositeContext}, defines the methods to compose a draw\n * primitive with the underlying graphics area.", "\n * After the {@code Composite} is set in the\n * {@link Graphics2D} context, it combines a shape, text, or an image\n * being rendered with the colors that have already been rendered\n * according to pre-defined rules. ", "The classes\n * implementing this interface provide the rules and a method to create\n * the context for a particular operation.", "\n * {@code CompositeContext} is an environment used by the\n * compositing operation, which is created by the {@code Graphics2D}\n * prior to the start of the operation. ", " {@code CompositeContext}\n * contains private information and resources needed for a compositing\n * operation. ", " When the {@code CompositeContext} is no longer needed,\n * the {@code Graphics2D} object disposes of it in order to reclaim\n * resources allocated for the operation.", "\n * <p>\n * Instances of classes implementing {@code Composite} must be\n * immutable because the {@code Graphics2D} does not clone\n * these objects when they are set as an attribute with the\n * {@code setComposite} method or when the {@code Graphics2D}\n * object is cloned. ", " This is to avoid undefined rendering behavior of\n * {@code Graphics2D}, resulting from the modification of\n * the {@code Composite} object after it has been set in the\n * {@code Graphics2D} context.", "\n * <p>\n * Since this interface must expose the contents of pixels on the\n * target device or image to potentially arbitrary code, the use of\n * custom objects which implement this interface when rendering directly\n * to a screen device is governed by the {@code readDisplayPixels}\n * {@link AWTPermission}. ", " The permission check will occur when such\n * a custom object is passed to the {@code setComposite} method\n * of a {@code Graphics2D} retrieved from a {@link Component}.", "\n * @see AlphaComposite\n * @see CompositeContext\n * @see Graphics2D#setComposite\n */\npublic interface Composite {\n\n /**\n * Creates a context containing state that is used to perform\n * the compositing operation. ", " In a multi-threaded environment,\n * several contexts can exist simultaneously for a single\n * {@code Composite} object.", "\n * @param srcColorModel the {@link ColorModel} of the source\n * @param dstColorModel the {@code ColorModel} of the destination\n * @param hints the hint that the context object uses to choose between\n * rendering alternatives\n * @return the {@code CompositeContext} object used to perform the\n * compositing operation.", "\n */\n public CompositeContext createContext(ColorModel srcColorModel,\n ColorModel dstColorModel,\n RenderingHints hints);\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Amata albobasis\n\nAmata albobasis is a moth of the family Erebidae. ", "It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. ", "It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Amata (moth)\nCategory:Moths described in 1954\nCategory:Moths of Africa" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Clozapine: a 2-year open trial in Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis.", "\nWe treated 17 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) complicated by psychosis with the atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine, for 6 to 24 months (mean, 15 months) in a prospective, open-label trial. ", "At 3-month intervals we evaluated patients, using a simplified brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (PRS), the motor examination portion of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). ", "Mean PRS score was significantly improved when compared with baseline over 1 year (p < 0.01) and nonsignificantly improved for the second year. ", "We maintained the levodopa dose at levels that were 17 to 68% higher than baseline, and the mean motor examination score improved by 11 to 22% in the first 15 months. ", "Clozapine dosage utilized in the trial ranged from 6.25 mg every other day to 150 mg/d. Adverse effects, including sedation and confusion, were common. ", "These results demonstrate that clozapine therapy can be effective in treating psychosis in PD patients over 1 to 2 years. ", "The decline in efficacy in the second year was most likely related to an increase in daily levodopa dose, progression of dementia (illustrated by a decline in MMSE score), and an inability of PD patients to tolerate higher doses of clozapine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\"This is what Destiny intended from the moment it entered the star system.\" \"", "We are going to survive.\" \"", "We are going to make it home.\" \"", "I'm telling you, the ship came here for a reason!\" \"", "Destiny is powered by the stars themselves.\" \"", "He and Young are bumping heads, yes.\" \"", "Not sure which camp is the better choice.\" \"", "We just pretend nothing happened?\" \"", "We need to be ready for the next encounter.\" \"", "For the sake of the crew.\" \"", "For the sake of the crew.\" \"", "What do we got, Colonel, Lucian Alliance?\" \"", "That would be my guess.\" \"", "They ha ven 't introduced themselves.\" \"", "Any word on how they gained intel on our base?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "What about casualties?\" \"", "Twelve.\" \"", "Eighty-plus mia.\" \"", "I'm pregnant.\" \"", "It's yours.\" \"", "Ours.\" \"", "Look, I know that we've had our differences in the past.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "lt was my duty to express concern for how everyone else felt about you.\" \"", "I've never even met your wife.\" \"", "Telford, you connected with him.\" \"", "This is a residual memory of his that somehow transferred to my subconscious?\" \"", "I would think you'd be doing everything possible to get these people home, to get yourself home, back to your wife.\" \"", "And I know you're still sleeping with her.\" \"", "Everett!\" \" ", "You're up late.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "I just had a very interesting dream.\" \"", "Everyone thinks their dreams are interesting.\" \"", "Nobody else cares.\" \"", "Yeah, well, you're going to care about this one.\" \"", "I'm outside a warehouse, on Earth.\" \"", "And there's birds.\" \"", "At least I can hear them.\" \"", "Seagulls, I think.\" \"", "I'm at some kind ofmeeting.\" \"", "There's four or five people there.\" \" ", "Who?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "I don't know, but I'm giving them information.\" \"", "Reports, files.\" \"", "I'm talking about Icarus.\" \"", "In detail.\" \"", "Well, who were they?\" \"", "I don't know, I...\" \"They had a Goa 'uld cargo ship.\" \" ", "The Lucian Alliance on Earth?\" \" ", "I can only guess.\" \"", "You dreamt you were the spy who leaked everything about Icarus to the Lucian Alliance?\" \"", "No, no, no, not me.\" \"", "It wasn't me.\" \"", "Rush, what the hell are you talking about?\" \"", "On the way back to the car, I see my reflection.\" \"", "It's Colonel Telford.\" \"", "I was Colonel Telford.\" \"", "Rush switched with him two days ago.\" \"", "The only reason I am telling you is because you are the only person who's ever experienced this kind of bleed-through memory after using the stones.\" \"", "It was just that once, sir.\" \"", "Certainly nothing like that.\" \"", "Thanks, Lieutenant.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Look, sir,\" \"I understand that you have your issues with Colonel Telford,\" \" but you cannot seriously...\" \" Sit down, Lieutenant.\" \"", "Before he was assigned to lcarus, Telford spent the better part of a year undercover, infiltrating the Alliance.\" \"", "You really think he would turn?\" \"", "Eight months into his assignment, there was an attack on a planet that we had a large team working on, P2S 569.\" \"", "Thirty-seven people were killed.\" \"", "Now, we later found out that Telford knew about the attack and decided to do nothing.\" \"", "In order to protect his cover.\" \"", "That's what he said.\" \"", "Stargate Command let him off the hook, and everything was swept under the carpet.\" \" ", "But now...\" \" Sir, there's got to be more to it than that.\" \"", "We know that the Goa'uld had brainwashing technology, could make a man turn against his mother and be proud of it.\" \"", "It is possible that the Alliance now has that capability.\" \"", "Well, if they do, sir, then we can't trust anyone.\" \"", "Colonel, hey.\" \"", "We were just going over some of the data we found...\" \"Take a break, Eli.\" \" ", "Secrets, you two...\" \" Now, please, go.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "So I talked to Scott.\" \"", "He doesn't remember anything like your dream.\" \"", "Well, we have to do something.\" \"", "Agreed.\" \"", "Telford's still on active rotation with the stones, yeah?\" \"", "Mmm-hmm.\" \"", "He's due to make a connection in a couple of days with Dr. Morrison.\" \"", "What if I take Morrison's place?\" \"", "And do what?\" \"", "Try to make contact with the Alliance.\" \"", "It's risky.\" \"", "It's a pretty good disguise, actually being inside someone else's body.\" \" ", "I'll go.\" \" ", "No, that would be a mistake.\" \" ", "Why's that?\" \" ", "Because I had the dream.\" \"", "Look, there's still elements I'm trying to piece together.\" \"", "For example, there's a number, 3-1-4.\" \"", "Now, I know that's significant, but I don't know why.\" \"", "If I'm there, in Telford's environment, then...\" \"You're not trained for this.\" \"", "Well, who is?\" \"", "I'll just have to do my best.\" \"", "If Stargate Command is this badly compromised,\" \"I can't tell anyone what you're up to, do you understand that?\" \" ", "Yup.\" \" ", "Once you are on Earth,\" \" you are on your own.\" \" ", "I understand.\" \" ", "No back-up...\" \" I get it, I get it.\" \"", "But someone has to stop this guy.\" \"", "He can't be allowed to continue.\" \"", "The Alliance probably already know more about this ship than we do.\" \" ", "Which isn't much.\" \" ", "Well, I wouldn't underestimate them.\" \"", "I'm not.\" \"", "Colonel, I need a minute.\" \"", "That's about all I got right now.\" \"", "Did you bump Dr. Morrison from his spot on the communication stones?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Without consulting me?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Any particular reason?\" \"", "Yes.\" \" ", "You care to enlighten me?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "With everything that we have been through, you really want to do this?\" \"", "Look, Camile, I've got good reason not to tell you, or I would.\" \"", "You're going to have to trust me.\" \"", "Dr. Morrison?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Welcome back.\" \"", "I'm Staff Sergeant Graham.\" \"", "I'll be your escort.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "I want to talk to Colonel Young, now.\" \"", "He is busy at the moment, sir, but he said he'd come and see you shortly.\" \"", "Why was I connected with Dr. Rush?\" \"", "That wasn't part of the schedule.\" \"", "Yes, sorry about that, sir.\" \"", "It was unavoidable.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Dr. Rush had to consult with some people back on Earth regarding some technical problems.\" \"", "You're a terrible liar, Lieutenant.\" \"", "I'd like some fatigues.\" \"", "No problem.\" \"", "This way, sir.\" \"", "I need to speak to General O'Neill immediately.\" \" ", "And you are?\" \" ", "Colonel Everett Young, authentication 1 -6-1 -9-4-1 -4.\" \"", "Tell him it's urgent.\" \"", "Everett, I'll have you know I'm missing a national security briefing for this.\" \"", "Sorry about that, sir.\" \"", "Well, if you'd ever been to a national security briefing, you wouldn't say that.\" \" ", "What's up?\" \" ", "It's Dr. Rush, sir.\" \"", "He's on Earth right now in the body of Colonel Telford.\" \"", "Probably hasn't even left the building.\" \" ", "So?\" \" ", "We need to put a tail on him.\" \"", "Well, he's got an escort.\" \"", "He'll ditch the escort first chance he gets.\" \"", "I think we should let him do it, then follow him discreetly.\" \" ", "Why?\" \" ", "He's about to try and make contact with the Lucian Alliance.\" \"", "Oh, Chloe...\" \" Oh, my God.\" \" ", "What is it?\" \"", "Chloe, I didn't know you could sew.\" \"", "Oh, no, I can't.\" \"", "Not really.\" \"", "I hope it doesn't fall apart.\" \"", "No, it's beautiful.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \" ", "You're welcome.\" \"", "Here, open this one.\" \"", "Hey, can we talk to you for a second?\" \"", "Oh, my gosh.\" \"", "You made this yourself?\" \"", "If it's a girl, I can make something else.\" \" ", "No, it's perfect.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \" ", "You're welcome.\" \" ", "What's going on?\" \" ", "We're hoping you could tell us.\" \"", "About Rush.\" \"", "Going back to Earth on the stones unscheduled.\" \"", "Well, I'm sure there's a good reason.\" \"", "Right, yeah, that's what we're afraid of.\" \"", "They didn't say anything to you?\" \"", "Young came in to talk to him the other day...\" \"They did kick me out.\" \"", "Yeah, we heard Young went, too.\" \" ", "He did?\" \" ", "After Rush.\" \"", "He's there right now.\" \"", "Something's definitely going on here.\" \"", "Congratulations, T.J.\" \"Camile, if I could have a moment of your time, please?\" \"", "Mmm-hmm.\" \"", "Were you aware of the change...\" \"Yeah, we could check those control interface room probably has something...\" \"Yeah, I could meet you guys at the...\" \" That'd be great.\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "And the wrapping paper.\" \"", "Where'd you get this?\" \"", "If I'm not mistaken, sir, I believe you've witnessed the effects of this brainwashing technology first hand.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, that's true.\" \"", "I recommend we keep the number of people we bring in on this to a minimum.\" \"", "Well, thank you, Colonel, for stating the obvious.\" \"", "Truth is, you took a bit of a chance by telling me, didn't you?\" \"", "Well, I had to, sir.\" \"", "Rush was asking for a free pass, an unscheduled, unauthorized visit to Earth, exactly the sort of thing he might do if he was the mole himself.\" \"", "Well, if he's the mole, why would he be trying to frame Telford at this point?\" \"", "I can't answer that, sir.\" \"", "And if he's telling the truth?\" \"", "Hopefully, he'll still be able to lead us to the Alliance.\" \"", "And not lose his life.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "I've quite a few personal things to attend to.\" \" ", "I'll be a few minutes.\" \" ", "Not to worry, sir.\" \"", "I came prepared.\" \"", "So, do you know what they're going to do to Rush?\" \"", "They didn't let me know until after the fact.\" \"", "They're trying to keep me out of the loop.\" \"", "It's not...\" \"Where the hell have you been?\" \"", "It's nice to see you, too.\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "We have some things to discuss.\" \"", "Do we?\" \"", "Privately.\" \"", "We haven't seen you in a while, Colonel.\" \"", "I hope everything is well.\" \" ", "I've been on assignment.\" \" ", "Of course.\" \"", "I'll give you some privacy.\" \"", "Yes?\" \"", "Yeah, this is Telford.\" \"", "I have some new information.\" \"", "We have to meet.\" \"", "Stand by for instructions.\" \"", "Get in.\" \"", "You're allowing alcohol onboard now?\" \"", "I doubt I could stop it if I wanted to.\" \"", "So I can report your command of this ship is solid as ever, then?\" \"", "I am doing my best to make it work.\" \"", "Why did I connect with Rush?\" \"", "Oh, we'll get to that.\" \"", "I think we need to clear the air a little bit.\" \"", "Have another.\" \"", "I'm on duty.\" \"", "You're on duty.\" \"", "Yes, and we're both a billion light years away from the nearest disciplinary hearing.\" \"", "So, what, you're afraid of what you might say?\" \"", "I don't have anything to hide, from you or anyone else.\" \"", "Is that so?\" \"", "I could've brought you up on charges for assaulting a fellow officer.\" \"", "You should just thank me and let it go.\" \"", "Well, I think we both know that you don't want the details of that little incident getting out any more than I do.\" \"", "You cheated on your wife, and she moved on.\" \"", "End of story.\" \"", "You took advantage to get back at me on a personal level.\" \"", "You were sleeping with an officer under your command!\" \"", "I mean, look at you, Everett.\" \"", "You're a disgrace.\" \"", "But I'm here, right?\" \"", "And that's what's killing you, isn't it?\" \"", "Because this was supposed to be your prize.\" \"", "Your reward for all that hard work.\" \"", "An entire year living with those criminals, thieves, murderers, pretending to be one of them, I mean, that's got to take its toll.\" \"", "I'm not doing this again.\" \"", "The man I used to know would not let 37 people die to cover his own ass.\" \"", "So, what changed?\" \"", "What happened to you, David?\" \"", "Thanks for the drink.\" \"", "Scott...\" \"What are we doing?\" \"", "We're waiting, what else?\" \"", "Daniel, come in.\" \"", "Do you read?\" \"", "Jack, what is it?\" \"", "Carter says they're using some kind of jamming device.\" \"", "We can't get a lock on anyone in the area.\" \"", "What's your status?\" \"", "They've stopped.\" \"", "Looks like we're waiting on someone.\" \"", "Well, ground assault is standing by.\" \"", "They'll move when you call it.\" \"", "Hang on.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "I'm sorry, I don't know what you mean.\" \"", "All right, who am I?\" \"", "Whoever you are, you must be using the Ancient communication stones.\" \"", "I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "You failed to use the proper code when you called in.\" \"", "Colonel Telford would never make such a mistake.\" \"", "His cover's blown.\" \"", "Move in.\" \"", "Move in now.\" \"", "They have a ship.\" \"", "Go!\" \"", "Go!\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "We're too late.\" \"", "You okay?\" \"", "Yeah,\" \"I'm fine.\" \"", "What chance does this baby have of ever living a normal life?\" \"", "What's normal anyway?\" \"", "I don't know, but I don't think it's this.\" \"", "Look, I know right now it seems impossible that we will ever make it back.\" \"", "But I also know that since we've been here, it seems like we're averaging about five impossible things a week, right?\" \"", "So why assume the worst?\" \"", "Look, at the very least, there are a lot of people here who are going to care about that baby.\" \"", "That's something.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "We are all going to help you.\" \"", "Thanks, Chloe.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "According to our intelligence, her name is Kiva.\" \"", "She's the daughter of a Lucian Alliance warlord named Massin, one of the higher-ups.\" \"", "Powerful and brutal.\" \"", "That intel come from Telford?\" \"", "Yeah, well, at least we know who the mole is, eh?\" \"", "There's an easy way to end this.\" \"", "We cut the connection on the stones.\" \"", "They get Telford back, we're no closer to figuring out what they're up to.\" \"", "Dr. Rush's life is in danger.\" \"", "He volunteered.\" \"", "He knew the risks.\" \"", "That cargo ship slipped past all of our sensors.\" \"", "We have no idea where it's going.\" \"", "Telford might, and he may know more.\" \"", "I'm just asking for the chance to get it out of him.\" \"", "He still has rights, doesn't he?\" \"", "He didn't say how he was going to do it.\" \"", "With all due respect, sir, you and I both know the people who made the rules were not prepared for anything like this.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I know that really hurts.\" \"", "Well, I suppose it was worth it.\" \"", "I had to make it look good.\" \"", "Of course, I didn't give them the code on purpose.\" \"", "I'm not a complete idiot.\" \"", "On purpose?\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "They were getting suspicious.\" \"", "Yes, I was beginning to have concerns about that myself.\" \"", "Well, that's why I had to come in.\" \"", "I wasn't sure whether I was being followed.\" \"", "I figured if they thought I was being taken by force, it might help us salvage something from this operation.\" \"", "Nice try.\" \"", "You almost managed to make that sound convincing.\" \"", "Well, it sounds convincing because it's true.\" \"", "If you really are Colonel Telford, you'll know my name.\" \"", "It's Kiva.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "Next question.\" \"", "What's yours?\" \"", "A spy?\" \"", "A Lucian Alliance spy?\" \"", "You are so desperate to get back at me that you would say or do anything, wouldn't you?\" \"", "We have proof.\" \"", "Oh, come on, Everett, this is all about me and Emily.\" \"", "Well, how do you think I found out about that?\" \"", "You switched bodies with Scott, do you remember that?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "He's the one who told me.\" \"", "He saw it, in his mind, a vision.\" \"", "Call it residual memory, whatever you want.\" \"", "It seems that every time you use the stones, you leave a little something behind.\" \"", "Maybe...\" \"Maybe that's guilt.\" \"", "Maybe, deep down inside, you want the truth to come out.\" \"", "You're insane.\" \"", "You've already confessed.\" \"", "You just won't admit it.\" \"", "We'll let him sweat a while.\" \"", "Give me a shot, sir.\" \"", "Won't take long.\" \"", "Appreciate the enthusiasm, Sergeant.\" \"", "Not yet.\" \"", "I'd really prefer not to have to do this.\" \"", "I wish I had time to convince you that I'm not what you think I am.\" \"", "Oh, yeah, and what's that?\" \"", "I'm a reasonable person just trying to do what's right for my people.\" \"", "You make a terrible first impression.\" \"", "We have brainwashing technologies.\" \"", "I could try those, but I'm not sure what they'd do to you under the circumstances, with your consciousness in somebody else's body.\" \"", "Unfortunately, I've learned one thing about torture over the years.\" \"", "It's effective.\" \"", "Barbaric, I know, and I hate lowering myself to this level, but I need to know who you are, and beyond that, whether or not you're any use to me.\" \"", "Has he been given any food or water?\" \"", "Open it.\" \"", "Sir, maybe I should go in there with you...\" \"No, no, that will not be necessary, Lieutenant.\" \"", "This is on me, only me.\" \"", "Open it.\" \"", "You can't keep me in here forever.\" \"", "No one's pulling the plug on the stones, so...\" \"Why don't you just admit what you did, and we can move on?\" \"", "I want to talk to Scott.\" \"", "I have a right to face my accuser.\" \"", "Oh, this didn't come from Scott.\" \"", "You switched with Rush, remember?\" \"", "Rush?\" \"", "This is coming from Rush?\" \"", "At first, I didn't believe him, either.\" \"", "I figured I'd give him enough rope to hang himself, but guess what?\" \"", "That didn't happen.\" \" ", "What's that?\" \" ", "Airman Dunning brought it along with his personal effects.\" \"", "Do you recognize them?\" \"", "They were all stationed on lcarus.\" \"", "The fire suppression team.\" \"", "They got trapped during the attack when a corridor collapsed.\" \"", "They all burned alive, every last one of them.\" \"", "No, no, no, no.\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "You take a good look.\" \"", "Take a look.\" \"", "I want you to look at their faces, because you killed them.\" \"", "You killed them as if you'd doused them with gasoline and lit the match yourself, and they weren't the only ones.\" \"", "So we know that you are a traitor and a murderer.\" \"", "Now we know you're a coward, too.\" \"", "All right, that's enough!\" \"", "Stand down, Sergeant!\" \"", "I said stand down!\" \" ", "Get out, both of you!\" \" ", "Sir...\" \"Get out!\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "So, where were we?\" \"", "This will eventually kill you.\" \"", "You'll be killing Telford, too.\" \"", "That might just work out for the best given that he's been compromised.\" \"", "I have a full rundown of the personnel aboard Destiny and I doubt very much that civilians or the scientists would have endured this, so the question is whether or not Colonel Young would have put himself in this situation,\" \"or sent his first lieutenant, Scott?\" \"", "How do you know I'm someone aboard Destiny?\" \"", "That's a fair question.\" \"", "You can make this stop.\" \"", "If I answer your question, you're going to kill me.\" \"", "Either way I'm dead.\" \"", "I won't.\" \"", "You have my word.\" \"", "You have nothing to lose.\" \"", "Rush!\" \"", "I'm Dr. Nicholas Rush.\" \"", "I want this connection cut.\" \"", "I want to go back to my own body.\" \"", "No, you don't.\" \"", "You're damaged goods.\" \"", "You go back now, your friends at the Alliance aren't going to be too happy with you.\" \"", "I don't have any friends in the Alliance.\" \"", "Not anymore you don't.\" \"", "Your only hope is with us.\" \"", "You come clean now, I will do my best to help you.\" \"", "I am not a spy, Everett!\" \"", "How many times do I have to tell you?\" \"", "Recognize it?\" \"", "Should I?\" \"", "It's your work.\" \"", "To do with dialing the ninth chevron that leads to Destiny.\" \"", "These readings...\" \"Similar naquadria deposits.\" \"", "We had some issues adapting the equations, but there should be enough power to get us there.\" \"", "You've found another Icarus planet.\" \"", "Let's talk about the outpost.\" \"", "P2S 569.\" \"", "We've been through this.\" \"", "I was cleared of any wrongdoing.\" \"", "Because they didn't have all the facts.\" \"", "I couldn't blow my cover.\" \"", "I didn't have a choice!\" \"", "Remember that little combat engineer, Sanchez?\" \"", "Remember her?\" \"", "She used to follow you around like a puppy.\" \"", "She was hit in the first blast.\" \"", "Right arm severed at the shoulder.\" \"", "She's screaming, yelling, begging me to help her.\" \"", "All I can do is watch her bleed to death in the dirt.\" \"", "It wasn't my fault.\" \"", "Now, we already know you did it, but it's possible you're not responsible.\" \" ", "What are you talking about?\" \" ", "Think about it.\" \"", "I want you to think about it.\" \"", "Why is it that the memory transfer happens only with you and only you and no one else when they use the stones?\" \"", "They messed with your head, David.\" \"", "They made you think that you were one of them, and you're not.\" \"", "That's not you.\" \"", "Now, we can help you, we can bring you back, but I need you to take the first step.\" \"", "You tell us where they're taking Rush.\" \"", "David?\" \"", "Tell me.\" \"", "We've replicated it as best we could.\" \"", "Olan!\" \"", "Meet Dr. Rush.\" \"", "Doctor.\" \"", "Olan is one of our lead scientists working on the project.\" \"", "Your work is impressive.\" \"", "It was nothing, really.\" \"", "When I found out that you were on your way...\" \"Yes, we're all very excited to have Dr. Rush's full cooperation.\" \"", "Maybe now we'll actually make a connection.\" \"", "As you can see, we've procured some familiar technology.\" \"", "It was necessary to implement your methods.\" \"", "I trust it will suffice?\" \"", "I'll leave you to your work.\" \"", "The figures for these naquadria deposits are correct, yes?\" \" ", "Of course.\" \" ", "Because if they're out even by a fraction...\" \"We spent months doing a detailed orbital survey.\" \"", "We mapped every deposit down to the last vein.\" \"", "All right, then, I'm done.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "It's not that difficult when you know what you're doing.\" \" ", "But...\" \" I'm kidding.\" \"", "This is probably going to take some time.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "Quite possibly the rest of my life.\" \"", "Huh.\" \"", "Lieutenant, there's a lot of talk around the ship about what's going on in that room.\" \"", "This is a military matter, ma'am.\" \"", "It doesn't concern you.\" \"", "That's exactly the kind of talk that forced us to try and take control of this ship once before, Sergeant.\" \"", "Camile...\" \"Do you want the rumors to spread, or do you want to do something about it?\" \"", "It'll be over soon enough, that is all you need to know.\" \"", "See, that's the wrong answer.\" \"", "Come on, Lieutenant.\" \"", "Something tells me that you do not want this on your conscience.\" \"", "Better be careful.\" \"", "Whatever it is, we all have to live with it.\" \"", "I need to communicate with Stargate Command.\" \" ", "Do we let him out...\" \" Nobody in or out.\" \"", "That is an order.\" \"", "I want to talk to him.\" \"", "Colonel!\" \"", "Progress?\" \" ", "None yet.\" \" ", "You must be joking.\" \"", "You're stalling.\" \"", "Well, if you want to blow yourselves up, you go right ahead.\" \"", "You along with us.\" \"", "This is going to take time, and I don't just mean a few hours.\" \"", "But Olan said we've been close for months now.\" \"", "I assumed that with your help, we'd be able to...\" \"Look, with all due respect to Olan here, his work is shoddy at best.\" \"", "I'm sorry, you're just going to have to trust me on this one.\" \"", "The whole thing's a bloody mess.\" \"", "I may have to start from scratch.\" \"", "You call yourself reasonable?\" \"", "I am.\" \"", "You said he was incompetent.\" \"", "I was stalling.\" \"", "You were right.\" \"", "I shouldn't have to demonstrate how important this is to me, to all of us, Dr. Rush.\" \"", "No more chances.\" \"", "Now what's happening?\" \"", "We're not sure.\" \"", "Young's been back and forth on the stones all day.\" \"", "Looks like this time he brought someone back with him.\" \"", "Who is it?\" \"", "Welcome to the Destiny, General.\" \" ", "Hello.\" \" ", "Sir.\" \" ", "Corporal?\" \" ", "Sorry about that, sir.\" \"", "This way.\" \"", "Sir.\" \"", "Who's this?\" \"", "General O'Neill.\" \"", "It's really him.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Let's say it's true.\" \"", "General, I'm being held without charge.\" \"", "I've been denied counsel, and one of his men attacked me.\" \"", "David, he knows.\" \"", "He authorized it.\" \"", "Well, maybe not that last part there.\" \"", "This is what I've been trying to tell you.\" \"", "Time to come clean, son.\" \"", "We need to know where they've taken Rush.\" \"", "You checked out that gate address I gave you?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Dead end.\" \"", "You didn't think I'd give you anything real, did you?\" \"", "You should see your face.\" \"", "You look so surprised.\" \"", "Actually, I'm disappointed.\" \"", "You may not believe this, but I was actually holding out hope that it might not be true, that there was some other explanation.\" \"", "It doesn't matter.\" \"", "You can't stop it.\" \"", "Stop what?\" \"", "Here you go.\" \"", "I wouldn't say it was good.\" \"", "What's it like?\" \"", "I mean, we've heard descriptions, but what's it like being there?\" \"", "On Destiny?\" \"", "You've flown around in spaceships before.\" \"", "Not an Ancient ship.\" \"", "Not that far out into the unknown universe.\" \"", "Well, it's a rust bucket, what can I tell you?\" \"", "I can't wait to see it for myself.\" \"", "What if I can't do it?\" \"", "What if we just fail to make a connection?\" \"", "Kiva promised she wouldn't kill you.\" \"", "Her word is good.\" \"", "I'll have to kill you myself.\" \"", "You think I was brainwashed?\" \"", "I came to my senses.\" \"", "We freed billions of people from thousands of years of slavery all over our galaxy, and then we patted ourselves on the back and left them with little or no means for survival.\" \"", "What the hell did we think was going to happen?\" \"", "This isn't you, David.\" \"", "Wake up, Everett!\" \"", "You think the Lucian Alliance are just a bunch of criminals?\" \"", "Who made us judge and jury?\" \"", "People will do what they have to do to survive.\" \"", "You should know that by now.\" \"", "We take whatever we want.\" \"", "We do whatever is good for us regardless of the impact on other planets!\" \"", "What makes us so special?\" \"", "I know what makes me special.\" \"", "This is not our ship.\" \"", "It wasn't intended for us.\" \"", "Where are they taking Rush?\" \"", "It was supposed to be for the benefit of all mankind.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "He's more far gone than I thought, General.\" \"", "Yeah, I've heard enough.\" \"", "Should probably take it to the next level, sir.\" \"", "Go ahead and do what you need to do.\" \"", "Communications Room, this is Young.\" \" ", "Please cut the General's connection.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \" ", "Sir.\" \" ", "Dismissed, Corporal.\" \"", "Okay, this has gone on long enough.\" \" ", "You have to cut the connection.\" \" ", "I can't do that.\" \"", "Dr. Rush's life is in danger.\" \"", "That's more important than getting any intel on the Lucian Alliance!\" \"", "I just thought maybe we'd be better off if she knew, sir.\" \"", "Control Room, this is Young.\" \"", "This is Brody.\" \"", "Can you bring up the life support controls for this section?\" \"", "I got it.\" \"", "Begin venting the atmosphere in Colonel Telford's quarters now.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Sir?\" \"", "Say again?\" \"", "Begin venting Colonel Telford's quarters now.\" \" ", "What the hell are you doing?\" \" ", "Camile, stay out of this.\" \"", "He can't do this!\" \" ", "Lieutenant!\" \" ", "l...\" \"David!\" \"", "David, can you hear me?\" \"", "It's got to be a bluff.\" \"", "To scare him.\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "Look, you can't...\" \"David, I'm venting the atmosphere in your room!\" \"", "You've got five minutes before you die of suffocation.\" \"", "Your only hope is to tell me the location of the Alliance base.\" \"", "You're bluffing!\" \"", "Kill me, and you kill Rush!\" \"", "I know, but right now, I'm thinking of the greater good.\" \"", "So what's it going to be?\" \"", "Young!\" \"", "Open this damn door!\" \"", "We both know you're not going to kill me.\" \"", "english\" \" US\" \" SDH\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nset enum from dropdownlist\n\nI have a property on my customer object, say gender, based on an enum.", "\nHow do I set the enum property on the object based on a dropdownlist.selectedValue?", "\nThanks,\nrod.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can get the list of Enum names using something like this:\nstring[] genderList = Enum.", "GetNames(typeof(gender));\n\nfrom there, just populate the drop down list\nto parse it back to the enum type...\nGender gender = (Gender)Enum.", "Parse(typeof(Gender), ddl.", "SelectedValue);\n\n" ]

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[ "1.1.2 Animal and Pet Therapy\n\nAnimal-assisted and pet therapy are types of therapy that use animals trained to provide affection and comfort to people in a variety of places including hospitals, retirement or nursing homes, mental health facilities and schools.", "\n\n1.1.3 Art Therapy\n\nArt therapy is a way of helping people through art, and is provided by accredited art therapists. ", "Painting, drawing and sculpting are common ways that help people to express themselves and heal. ", "Unlike traditional art, the focus is on the process of creating the artwork rather than the final product.", "\n\n1.1.4.1 Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP)\n\nDDP is a therapy and parenting approach that uses what we know about attachment and trauma to help children and families with their relationships. ", "When a child has experienced stresses such as trauma, this can lead the child to become disconnected from the important people in the child's life, and experience problems such as depression, anxiety and behaviour problems. ", "DDP offers a powerful way to reconnect children to the people that are important, thus improving their relationships as well as problems with depression, anxiety and behaviours.", "\n\nUnfortunately, there are no results for this heading. ", "Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP)Suggest a resource\n\n1.1.5 Behavioural therapies (including ABA and IBI)\n\nBehavioural therapies uses different strategies to help a person learn life skills and more positive behaviours such as communication and social skills. ", "Examples include therapies used in autism such as Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI).", "\n\n1.1.6 Brainspotting (BSP)\n\nBrainspotting (BSP) is type of treatment developed to help people with stress, anxiety and trauma.", "\n\nIt may be particularly helpful for clients where standard talking therapies have not been effective (e.g. when trauma has been too distressing to be talked about.)", "\n\nMost of the usual ‘talking therapies’ (such as cognitive behaviour therapy, solution-focused therapy, etc) require the client to have a functional logical brain (i.e. ‘neocortex’) and emotional brain (i.e. ‘limbic cortex’). ", "However with severe stress, anxiety and trauma, a person’s logical and emotional brain may be so overwhelmed, that standard talk therapies are not effective.", "\n\nBrainspotting works on the ‘survival’ (i.e. ‘subcortical’) brain. ", "Other types of subcortical processing therapies include eye movement desensitization processing (EMDR).", "\n\nBrainspotting helps the brain process trauma, at a deep, subcortical level, which using focused mindfulness and specific eye movements, which allows the brain to heal from traumatic experiences.", "\n\nUnfortunately, there are no results for this heading. ", "Brainspotting (BSP)Suggest a resource\n\n1.1.7 Coaching\n\nCoaching is the process whereby a coach teaches and directs another person via encouragement and advice. ", "The coach provides an individual with feedback, insight and guidance on achieving their full potential in their business or personal life. ", "Coaches usually first help by defining goals, and then supports the client in working out a strategy to reach those goals, and helps the client stay on track.", "\n\nCompared to counselling, coaching generally has a narrower focus; focuses on performance rather than underlying root causes; tends to be shorter-term; does not seek to improve underlying psychological problems; focuses on improvement on function in already well-functioning individuals.", "\n\nCoaching is generally more suitable for individuals who are well-functioning to begin with, whereas counselling/therapy would be recommended for individuals who are more distressed.", "\n\n1.1.8 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)\n\nCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective type of therapy for numerous conditions such as depression and anxiety. ", "CBT helps individuals by looking at negative thoughts and behaviour patterns, and changing those into more helpful coping thoughts and behaviours. ", "CBT can be delivered by any health professional who has had adequate training in CBT, which in practice usually refers to psychologists, psychiatrists as well as some physicians and social workers.", "\n\n1.1.11 Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)\n\nEFT is a short term (8-20 sessions), structured approach to therapy formulated in the early 80's by Drs. ", "Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg, shown effective for couples and families. ", "EFT helps couples overcome negative patterns in communication by teaching them how to communicate underlying feelings and emotional needs.", "\n\n1.1.12 eTherapy\n\neTherapy refers to therapy delivered online, through the internet. ", "It includes websites that provide online therapy as well as communicating with a therapist using email, or online chat sessions.", "\n\nBecause there are so many websites that provide internet delivered therapy, we are not able to list all the websites out there, but rather focus on websites which are publicly funded, freely available and supported by evidence.", "\n\n1.1.14 Family, Marital, and Couple Therapy\n\nA marriage, couple and family therapist specializes in helping concerns and problems in couple or family relationships. ", "Marriage, couple and family therapy can be given by any professional that has sufficient training, which usually tends to be social workers, psychologists or psychiatrists.", "\n\nUnlike traditional therapy where the therapist just meets with the individual, family counselling and therapy is where the therapist meets with the individual and one or more family members. ", "The idea is that no matter what the difficulty is, others in the family are part of the solution and thus need to be involved in the therapy or treatment.", "\n\n1.1.15 Group Therapy\n\nGroup therapy is a form of counselling/therapy, in which one or more therapists work with a small group of patients or clients in a group. ", "Therapeutic benefits of group therapy include the interactions amongst group members, and having shared experiences with similar individuals.", "\n\n1.1.17 Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)\n\nInterpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a type of therapy that focuses on a person's relationships and connections with other people. ", "Regardless of how a problem such as depression started, the problem is often maintained by ongoing stresses in a person's relationships. ", "Improving and strengthening a person's relationships can thus be helpful, no matter what the difficulty.", "\n\n1.1.19 Multisystemic Therapy (MST)\n\nMultisystemic therapy (MST) is an intensive family- and community-based treatment program designed for children/youth who have serious behaviour problems, such as conduct disordered and antisocial behaviours.", "\n\nUnlike many therapies which focus primarily on the child/youth (such as individual therapy), MST is 'multi-systemic' and focuses on various aspects of the person's life (such as home, school, community, and peer relations) to help the behaviour problems.", "\n\n1.1.23 Play Therapy\n\nPlay therapy uses play to communicate with and help children. ", "Play therapy is useful for children because they naturally express themselves for play, and because they may not be able to express themselves verbally (using their words) as would be required for other types of therapy such as \"talk therapies.\" ", "Play therapy can be delivered by any mental health professional that has received sufficient training in it.", "\n\nIn Canada, it is preferable (though not always possible) to have a professional who has official training approved by the Canadian Association for Child and Play Therapy.", "\n\n1.1.24 Psychoeducational Assessment\n\nWhen an individual has learning problems, it can be very helpful to have a psychoeducational assessment performed by a psychologist.", "\n\nThe usual first step is to speak to the child's school regarding the possibility of seeing a psychologist that works with the schoolboard. ", "This is paid for by the schoolboard, however there are often long waitlists.", "\n\nSometimes there are community agencies (such as psychology training programs with a university) that can offer free, or low-cost testing.", "\n\nThe quickest way is to pay privately for a psychologist working in private practice. ", "In Canada, a psychoeducational assessment costs approximately in the $1,000-$2,000 range.", "\n\nIn many cases, a parent's workplace may have a health plan that can pay for at least some of this expense.", "\n\nPrivate Practice Professionals and Commercial Businesses\n\n1.1.25 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis\n\nPsychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis helps the individual develop insight and understanding into their past, which hopefully may then translate into positive changes in the present. ", "Most psychiatrists (and many psychologists) have psychodynamic training. ", "Psychoanalysis is a more involved treatment, classically involving up to a few visits per week, for many years, and is delivered by trained 'psychoanalysts', who tend to be psychiatrists.", "\n\n1.1.26 Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT)\n\nSolution-focused therapy (SFT) focuses on empowering individuals to find solutions in their life by figuring out what a person's goals are, and supporting them to find ways to achieve those goals. ", "Various types of professionals may have training in SFT, and may work in counselling agencies, or in private practice.", "\n\nTechnology has made life much more convenient in the developed world. ", "It is hard to imagine having to live life without modern conveniences such as the internet, mobile devices, video games and other technological wonders. ", "Unfortunately, many societies are starting to see the problems from overuse and misuse of technology. ", "So-called 'technology addiction' is creating a whole generation of children, youth and adults who struggle with social skills and empathy, and who relate better to their devices than to fellow human beings.", "\n\nFortunately, growing awareness 'technology addiction' will hopefully lead to policy changes and more resources to deal with the issue.", "\n\n1.2.2 Anger\n\nWe all get angry from time to time. ", "If we deal with anger in a healthy way, it helps us realize that something may be wrong and that perhaps something needs to change. ", "But if our anger gets too severe, and we deal with it in an unhealthy way that causes problems at home, work or school, then it may be time to get some help in dealing with it.", "\n\n1.2.3 Developmental, Intellectual Delay and Disabilities\n\nDevelopmental delay is where a child has slowed or impaired development. ", "Developmental disability where the developmental delay results in problems with intellectual or adaptive function. ", "Many different conditions can cause developmental delay or disability. ", "The term Intellectual Delay/Disability is often used with the same meaning.", "\n\n1.2.4 Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD/ADHD)\n\nAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention-deficit disorder (ADD) are conditions where individuals have extreme problems with inattention and distractibility, to the point that it causes problems with school, home or relationships. ", "Individuals with ADHD also have hyperactivity (troubles sitting still, fidgeting) and impulsivity (acting without thinking first).", "\n\n1.2.5 Anxiety\n\nAnxiety is an unpleasant feeling of worry, unease or apprehension. ", "The physical symptoms that accompany these feelings include heart palpitations, trembling, dry mouth, dizziness, nausea and diarrhea. ", "Anxiety may be associated with specific situations, events or objects. ", "In some cases, medical problems can lead to symptoms of anxiety.", "\n\n1.2.5.1 Selective Mutism\n\nSelective mutism is a severe childhood anxiety disorder where a child is ‘mute' (unable to speak) in certain situations such as school. ", "It is ‘selective', because the mutism usually doesn't occur in all situations. ", "In situations where the child feels relaxed, like at home or with close friends and family, the child may be able to speak normally." ]

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[ "Article content\n\nTwo women are accused of stealing from seniors at a Brampton retirement home.", "\n\nPeel Regional Police say two women with three children and a cat showed up at a retirement centre in the Peel Centre and Central Parkway Drs. ", "area on June 4 at 7 p.m. They used the excuse of needing a washroom to enter one of the units, according to police.", "\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.", "\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ", "Try refreshing your browser, or Two women charged with retirement home thefts Back to video\n\nAfterwards, an 80-year-old resident noticed his wallet was missing. ", "His debit card was then used several times.", "\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.", "\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ", "Try refreshing your browser, or\n\nA second theft occurred at the same retirement home on June 17 between 2:30 and 3:30 p.m. Police say two women with children convinced another resident to let them into his suite, and afterwards the 83-year-old realized some of his property was gone.", "\n\n“These ladies are very organized and they’re approaching these retirement homes obviously portraying something else and then asking to use the washroom, and when they are in the actual building is when we believe thefts are occurring,” Const. ", "Bally Saini said Friday.", "\n\n“So we are asking retirement homes to be mindful, especially employees, when you are letting a stranger in to use a bathroom, or just walk in with a member, that you know who they are.", "\n\n“We do believe there may be more victims. ", "We don’t know if it’s another retirement home or the same retirement home.”", "\n\nLucy Lakatos, 37, and Jackie Lakatos, 32, both of Brampton, face two counts of theft, possession of stolen property, and multiple counts of fraud.", "\n\nPolice said they had not yet determined if the duo are sisters.", "\n\njstevenson@postmedia.com" ]

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[ "This week we discuss the material basis for Games Workshop’s prosperity: what do we owe to the people working to create our plastic crack?", "\n\nWe also fill you in on the hottest game in town: the Ultimate Comrade Competition. ", "Which is best, Antifa tree spirits or Large Adult Ogre Sons? ", "Is it worth getting Genestealer DNA implanted if you can lead a proletarian revolution? ", "Who is the chad to the virgin Orks? ", "All this and more on the Sigmarxism podcast, definitely the best leftist tabletop podcast in the world.", "\n\nRebelling against Ethereal tyranny this week: Sam, Danny and Alex\n\nProduced by Rich (@badbonobo)\n\nDon’t forget to visit reddit.com/r/sigmarxism, join our Discord and send questions for the podcast to [email protected]\n\nIntro: World of Sound by Piotr Pawłowski from Light Sweepr – Wave Vessel\n\nOutro: I Dunno by Grapes" ]

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[ "Improvement of recombinant gene expression in Escherichia coli for glucose-controlled continuous and fed-batch cultures.", "\nEscherichia coli TG1 (pHRW500) permanently expressed the human interferon alpha 1 gene (ifn alpha 1) directed by the tryptophan promoter (trpP.O) during continuous and fed-batch cultivation with a limited supply of glucose. ", "The expression of ifn alpha 1 could be improved after insertion of the catabolite activator region (cap) upstream to trpP.O during cultivation of the modified E. coli TG1(pHRW500cap) in glucose-controlled continuous and fed-batch cultures. ", "The cap-mediated stimulatory effect on the expression of cap-trpP.O-ifn alpha 1 increased with decreasing dilution rate. ", "These results are in line with the increase in the level of cAMP with declining dilution rate and the well-known positive effects of cAMP-catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) at the transcriptional level. ", "In addition, expression of the galactokinase gene (trpP.O-galK) in E. coli TG1(pDR720) could be improved in the same way with cap-trpP.O-galK in E. coli TG1(pDR720cap). ", "Determinations of plasmid copy numbers, cellular amounts of galactokinase-mRNA, activity of galactokinase (AGalK) and the concentration of galactokinase at various dilution rates (D) strengthen the conclusion that the increase in AGalK with decreasing D was indeed due to the cap-mediated enhancement of transcription of the galK gene. ", "We suggest that expression of other recombinant genes directed by various promoters that allow permanent transcription during growth with limited glucose supply in chemostat and fed-batch fermentors can be improved by appropriate insertion of the cap region." ]

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[ "Introduction\n\nRepublican mega-donor Sheldon Adelson isn’t just interested in political giving.", "\n\nSince 2007, the casino mogul has given into the hundreds of millions of dollars to pro-Israel causes through a Massachusetts-based foundation he and his wife operate, according to a Center for Public Integrity review of Internal Revenue Service filings.", "\n\nThe top recipient of tax-exempt gifts by the Adelson Family Foundation is by far a foundation called Birthright Israel. ", "It has received $123 million from Adelson since 2007, IRS filings indicate.", "\n\nBirthright offers free 10-day trips to Israel to Jews between age 18 and 26. ", "The goal of the trips, according to Birthright, is to “send tens of thousands of young Jewish adults from all over the world to Israel as a gift” and is made possible through a “unique partnership” between the government of Israel and private philanthropists.", "\n\nForemost among those philanthropists is Adelson, whose support accounts for fully 40 percent of the money raised by the Birthright Foundation since 2007.", "\n\nIn 2008, Adelson’s $27.5 million gift to Birthright constituted 57 percent of all money raised by the organization. ", "His patronage accounted for 19 percent of the group’s revenue in 2011, the most recent year IRS records are available.", "\n\nAdelson’s reported contributions are, however, poised to increase: In its 2011 filing, the foundation reported it would provide a $20 million payment during the next year.", "\n\nThe program has been criticized for offering tours that gloss over Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and its economic blockade of Gaza.", "\n\nBirthright is doubly controversial because of its sponsorship by the Israeli government. ", "While it offers any member of the Jewish faith free travel to the country, the organization does not extend the same offer to non-Jews who consider Israel or Israeli-occupied lands their home. ", "Israel has defied a decades-old United Nations Resolution 194 providing millions of Palestinian refugees the “right to return” to homes they were displaced from inside Israel.", "\n\nDuring the 2012 election, Adelson and his family shelled out $93 million to super PACs making him the top donor to the political spending groups.", "\n\nAdelson first bolstered the candidacy of former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, who most notably entered the Israel-Palestine fray by declaring Palestinians an “invented” people. ", "Adelson echoed the sentiment and signed off on another $5 million gift to Gingrich’s super PAC weeks later.", "\n\nWhen Gingrich dropped out of the race, the Adelsons contributed heavily to the Restore Our Future super PAC, which backed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney.", "\n\nAnd Adelson’s casino fortune pervades both Israeli and American politics. ", "He owns an Israeli newspaper that supports Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, a member of the Likud Party, and is on the board of directors for the nonprofit Republican Jewish Coalition, which produced a slew of anti-Obama ads in 2012.", "\n\nSince establishing his foundation in 2007, Adelson has made $191 million in contributions through it. ", "Beyond Birthright Israel, his other charitable gifts include:\n\n$19.3 million to the American Society for Yad Vashem, a New York-based organization devoted to Holocaust remembrance\n\n$4.5 million to establish the Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies in Israel’s Shalem Center in Jerusalem in 2007. ", "The academic research center sought to “develop, articulate and build support for the strategic principles needed to address the challenges currently facing Israel and the West,” and counted current Israeli Ambassador to the U.S. Michael Oren as its fellow. ", "The center closed in 2009.", "\n\n$2.3 million to American Israel Education Foundation since 2006, the 501(c)(3) arm of the high-powered U.S.-Israel lobby, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee.", "\n\n$1.8 million to the Zionist Organization of America, a group that lost its tax-exempt status in 2012 after failing to file tax returns for three consecutive years. ", "Adelson joined pundit Glenn Beck and Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.) at the ZOA’s 2011 annual dinner. ", "More recently, ZOA urged opposition to President Barack Obama’s nomination of former Sen. Chuck Hagel, (R-Neb.) as defense secretary, citing his “virtually unrivaled record of hostility to Israel” and “bigotry towards Jews.”", "\n\n$1 million to the One Jerusalem Charitable and Educational Fund, a New York-based organization that has, since 2001, pushed Israeli and American negotiators to maintain the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem and consolidate control over the entire city — a key sticking point in negotiations with Palestinian authorities.", "\n\nThe Adelson Family Foundation’s tax filings can be found here:" ]

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[ "Linear method of fluorescent source reconstruction in a diffusion medium.", "\nA new method is described for obtaining a 2D reconstruction of a fluorescent source distribution inside a diffusion medium from planar measurements of the emission light at the surface after excitation by a plane wave. ", "Point sources are implanted at known locations of a rectangular phantom. ", "The forward model of the photon transport is based on the diffusion approximation of the radiative transport equation (RTE) for homogeneous media. ", "This can be described by a hierarchical system of two time-independent RTE's, one for the excitation plane wave originating from the external light source to the medium and another one for the fluorescence emission originating from the fluorophore marker to the detector. ", "A linear inverse source problem was solved for image reconstruction. ", "The applicability of the theoretical method is demonstrated in some representative working examples. ", "For an optimization of the problem we used least squares minimization technique." ]

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[ "Comparison of 3-drug versus 4-drug and PI versus non-PI combinations as initial HAART: experience from 1998 to 2007.", "\nAlthough established in controlled studies that there is no advantage to 4-drug highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or regimens with or without protease inhibitors (PIs), we questioned this finding in a clinical setting (ie, no inclusion criteria). ", "Ours is a single clinic retrospective study including all participants >18 years of age during their first year of HAART. ", "A total of 190 participants were reviewed, with 168 (88%) attaining a viral load <400 copies/mL at the end of a year of HAART; 144 of 164 (88%) succeeded with 3 drugs and 24 of 26 (92%) with 4 drugs (P = .51). ", "In all, 59 of 71 (83%) succeeded using a PI versus 109 of 119 (92%) without a PI (P = .08). ", "Male gender and exposure time to HAART were significant variables for a successful outcome. ", "Failures were due to side effects (50%), nonadherence (45%), and drug allergy (5%). ", "Our results support current guidelines recommending 3-drug HAART." ]

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[ "Outcomes of a nursing intervention for siblings of chronically ill children: a pilot study.", "\nTo evaluate the outcomes of a structured, educational, and support group intervention (ISEE, Intervention for Siblings: Experience Enhancement) for siblings of children with chronic illness (cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and spina bifida), including a session with parents about sibling needs; and to describe sibling and parent perceptions of sibling experiences at home. ", "One-group, pretest-posttest pilot study. ", "A convenience sample of 22 siblings and parents. ", "A Midwestern university medical center. ", "Knowledge of Illness Test, parent ratings on a global, single item, 10-point scale. ", "Sibling test scores increased significantly after intervention, compared to baseline. ", "Parents' average evaluation rating was 9 on a 10-point scale. ", "Parents supported their positive ratings with verbatim descriptions. ", "Sibling and parent perceptions of sibling experiences were congruent, suggesting the sources of potential adjustment problems in siblings, and were consistent with the literature. ", "A randomized, clinical trial with a larger sample size is needed to evaluate the intervention further." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhere do gamma ray photons come from?", "\n\nI'm a layman interested in learning more about nuclear radiation.", "\nHeavy elements like plutonium or uranium will eject protons and neutrons as alpha particles, electrons as beta particles, and photons as gamma radiation in an attempt to become more stable. ", "But where do the photons that make up gamma radiation originate? ", "To me it appears as though they just appear from nowhere. ", "How is that possible?", "\n\nA:\n\nStanding in a lake, I can make a ripple in the water by moving my hand. ", "But this wave wasn't in the water before I did that, and it certainly wasn't inside my hand either. ", "\nSo where did the ripple come from? ", "We can say it was formed by the interaction between my hand and the water. ", "On a slightly deeper level, it was created from the energy in the muscles that moved my hand, which came from the food I ate earlier.", "\nThe same principle goes for gamma ray emission from an atomic nucleus. ", "The charges in the nucleus are making ripples in the electromagnetic field, but those ripples weren't 'inside' the nucleus beforehand. ", "The energy used to create them was, though.", "\nThis kind of thinking is necessary to understand more than just gamma ray photons. ", "For example, in beta decay, a neutron turns into a proton, and electron, and a neutrino. ", "None of these three objects were 'inside' the neutron to begin with. (", "We've smashed particles together to check this.) ", "Instead, one should think of the neutron as a ripple in a quantum field that makes ripples in other quantum fields, in the same way that a hand makes waves in water.", "\n\nA:\n\n\"A photon appearing from nowhere\"\nThe wording suggests to me that you're expecting some properties to be conserved, i.e. not changing over time. ", "And indeed, many physical quantities are indeed conserved. ", "A particle appearing from nowhere would definitely violate that. ", "Let's look at a few of those conserved quantities: energy, impulse, electric charge. ", "\nA photon definitely has energy, but your gamma photon was created by a nuclear process. ", "This literally is nuclear energy; the original atom nucleus had a higher energy than the resulting nucleus. ", "\nA photon also has impulse. ", "Unlike energy, impulse is a vector. ", "You'll see the resulting nucleus recoil after emitting a gamma photon - it gets an impulse change in the opposite direction. ", "The total impulse is still conserved; the two impulses add up to exactly zero.", "\nFinally, electric charge is the simplest of all: a photon simply has no electric charge, so this is yet another conserved quantity.", "\nThere are more conserved quantities, but in the end the conclusion is simple: a photon is just a particle with a few properties, and all those individual properties can be accounted for. ", "\n\nA:\n\nPhotons are created by charges changing orbital state, or being accelerated. ", " In an atom, this can mean electrons making a transition between energy levels (and that is where most visible light, and even X-rays, originate. ", " It can also mean\nthat the protons in a nucleus have made a transition between energy levels,\nand that process produces gamma rays.", "\nNuclei are very tightly bound, all charges close together, so the energy levels are higher than those of an atom's electrons. ", " To disturb the nucleus usually requires\na nuclear decay event, or very high energy collisions (such as produced\nby a particle accelerator). ", " Nuclear energy levels give a predictable\nset of spectrum lines, just as atomic (electron orbital) energy levels do.", "\nSo, after a nuclear disturbance occurs, the nucleus (or daughter nuclei) will \ntypically be in some state other than the ground (stable) state.", "\nThe excited state decays by emitting one or several photons, which\nare called gamma rays.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDetermining if an iPhone is Jail broken Programmatically\n\nHow do you determine (programmatically) if an iPhone/iPod is:\n\nJail broken \nRunning a cracked copy of your software\n\nPinch Media can detect if a phone is jail broken or the software running is cracked, does anyone know how they do this? ", "Are there any libraries?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere is one of the ways to detect if your app was cracked.", "\nIn short: the cracking usually requires changing the Info.plist. ", "Since it's regular file you have access to, it's pretty easy to determine such changes.", "\n\nA:\n\nDetecting a jailbroken phone is as easy as checking for the presence of /private/var/lib/apt/ folder. ", "Although this doesn't detect Installer-only users, by now most have have installed Cydia, Icy or RockYourPhone (all of which use apt)\nTo detect pirated users, the easiest way is to check for the presence of a SignerIdentity key in your app's Info.plist. ", "Since advanced crackers can easily find the standard [[[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary] objectForKey: @\"SignerIdentity\"] checks, it is best to obscure these calls using the Objective C runtime available via #import <objc/runtime.h> or use alternative equivalents.", "\n\nA:\n\nJust to expand on zakovyrya's reply, you could use the following code:\nif ([[[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary] objectForKey: @\"SignerIdentity\"] !", "= nil) {\n // Jailbroken\n}\n\nHOWEVER, the person jailbreaking your app can hexedit your program and as such, they could edit the string @\"SignerIdentity\" to read @\"siNGeridentity\" or something else which would return nil, and thus pass.", "\nSo if you use this (or any of the other suggestions from http://thwart-ipa-cracks.blogspot.com/2008/11/detection.html):\n\nDon't expect it to work forever\nDon't use this information to break/hinder your app in any way (otherwise they'll have cause to hexedit it, so your app won't know it is jailbroken)\nProbably wise to obfuscate this bit of the code. ", "For example, you could put the base64 encoded reversed string in your code, and then decode it in the app by reversing the process.", "\nValidate your validation later in your code (e.g. when I said SignerIdentity, did it actually say SignerIdentity or siNGeridentity?)", "\nDon't tell people on a public website like stackoverflow how you do it\nKeep in mind it is only a guide and is not fool-proof (nor cracker-proof!) - ", "with great power comes great responsibility.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Computer networks over which a message may be transmitted are either connection-oriented or connectionless.", "\nA connection-oriented computer network is one in which a dedicated connection is identified for transmitting a message. ", "If the connection-oriented network fails (e.g., the message isn't transmitted, the message is corrupted) at any point during the transmission of the message, the entire message must be retransmitted once the connection-oriented network is reestablished. ", "If the connection is reliable, the connection-oriented network is the fastest way to transmit a message.", "\nA connectionless computer network is one in which no dedicated connection is identified for transmitting a message, but one in which numerous available network connections are used to transmit a message. ", "A message to be transmitted over a connectionless network is broken up into numerous packets, and the packets are transmitted over any available network connection to the intended recipient. ", "Between the sender and the intended final recipient, there may be a number of intermediate recipients that must receive and reconstruct the packets for further transmission. ", "In a connectionless network such as an Internet Protocol (IP) network, the packets to be transmitted, most likely, will be transmitted over a number of different network connections and will be received out of order by the recipient. ", "Additional information is added to each packet prior to transmission to identify the message to which a packet pertains and its position within the message so that the recipient may reconstruct the message. ", "If the transmission of a packet over a network connection fails then only those packets that were not properly transmitted must be retransmitted and not the entire message. ", "The recipient of a message sent over a connectionless network sends messages, commonly referred to as acknowledgment messages, to inform the sender which packets were received (i.e., a positive acknowledgment message) or which packets were not received (i.e., a negative acknowledgment message). ", "The sender uses the acknowledgment message to determine which packets to retransmit to the recipient. ", "The sender keeps a copy of each packet sent until it receives a message from the recipient that indicates that the packet was received. ", "Connectionless networks decrease the likelihood that an entire message must be retransmitted, but increase the likelihood that some of the packets of a message must be retransmitted.", "\nTechnological advancements continue to decrease the time it takes to transmit a packet. ", "These improvements in speed make it more feasible to transmit messages containing large amounts of data such as photographs. ", "With an increase in the size of messages being sent comes an increase in the number of packets that must be retransmitted and an increase in the number of acknowledgment messages that are sent. ", "An increase in acknowledgement messages comes at a time when the network connections are less likely to transmit them reliably, causing even more acknowledgement messages to be sent.", "\nPrior art methods record the length of a group of packets received that start with the first packet of the message (i.e., a complete pointer), record the number of the highest numbered packet received (i.e., a current pointer), store each packet that is out of order, and record the number of each missing packets, where the highest packet number received is assumed to be the end of the message (this assumption may prove incorrect). ", "In such a scheme, a received packet is compared to the recorded data to determine if the received packet is a duplicate and should be discarded or a missing packet that must be stored on the out-of-order list, or further transmitted because it is the next packet in a contiguous string of packets starting with the first packet (i.e., an expected packet). ", "The number of steps that are required by such a method to determine if a received packet is a duplicate is 1+n in the worst case and 1+n/2 in the average case, and 1 in the best case, where n is the number of packets that are out of order. ", "The number of steps that are required by this method to identify the received packet as a missing frame is 3+n in the worst case, 3+n/2 in the average case, and 3 in the best case. ", "This method requires that the entire list of out-of-order packets be searched prior to sending an acknowledgment message. ", "So, the time to send an acknowledgment message increases with the number of packets received that are out of order. ", "As messages increase in size, the number of packets received that are out of order are expected to grow and, therefore, the time it takes to send an acknowledgment message is expected to increase. ", "So, there is a need for a more efficient method of acknowledging the receipt of packets and reassemble the same for further transmission. ", "The present invention is just such a method.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,553,083, entitled “METHOD FOR QUICKLY AND RELIABLY TRANSMITTING FRAMES OF DATA OVER COMMUNICATIONS LINKS,” discloses a method of a receiver sending acknowledgments (i.e., messages indicating which packets were received) while the sender is sending data but does not disclose the method of the present invention. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,553,083 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,727,002, entitled “METHOD FOR TRANSMITTING DATA,” discloses a method of a receiver sending negative acknowledgments (i.e., messages that indicate which packets were not received) while the sender is sending data but does not disclose the method of the present invention. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,727,002 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,815,667, entitled “CIRCUITS AND METHODS FOR INTELLIGENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BASED FLOW CONTROL IN A PROCESSING SYSTEM NETWORK,” discloses a device for and method of monitoring and adjusting the utilization level of a network and the transmission delay of an acknowledgment signal but does not disclose the method of the present invention. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,815,667 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,252,851, entitled “METHOD FOR REGULATING TCP FLOW OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS,” discloses a method of releasing acknowledgment signals in a time released manner to avoid overflow of the packet buffer due to bandwidth limitations but does not disclose the method of the present invention. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,252,851 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,282,172, entitled “GENERATING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SIGNALS IN A DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” discloses a method of generating an acknowledgment signals upon receipt of a data packet but before the data packet is completely received, preventing the sender from reducing the data rate of the transmission due to high latency or asymmetry of the communication link, but does not disclose the method of the present invention. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,282,172 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention." ]

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[ "\n\n(written from a Production point of view Real World article\n\nConvicted of espionage, Miles O'Brien is given the memories of twenty years in prison in a matter of hours. ", "Returning to Deep Space 9, O'Brien finds he cannot shrug the memory of his awful experience or rid himself of the guilt he feels over the death of his cellmate.", "\n\nContents show]\n\nSummary\n\nTeaser\n\nAn elderly and bearded Miles O'Brien sits in an Argrathi jail cell, drawing patterns in the sand. ", "Two Argrathi enter and tell him that he is now free to go. ", "He claims that he has nowhere to go, but is thrown out of the cell anyway. ", "He suddenly awakens to find Major Kira looking over him. ", "Kira explains that the Argathi have implanted a twenty-year prison sentence in his head, and that only a few hours have passed since his conviction. ", "O'Brien sits dazed and tells Kira that being in prison for twenty years feels very real to him.", "\n\nAct One\n\nCaptain Sisko explains to Keiko that while on a mission to Argratha, O'Brien was falsely accused of espionage and sentenced to twenty years in prison. ", "However, the Argrathi are experts at mind-controlling and mind-altering technologies, and their criminal system was able to administer him the experience of twenty years of prison in just a few hours of treatment, without physically harming him. ", "By the time the details of the events had been received by Deep Space 9, the \"sentence\" had already been completed, and he was free to return home. ", "Keiko asks if she can see her husband and Sisko tells her as soon as she gets permission from Doctor Bashir, she certainly can.", "\n\nO'Brien and Kira arrive at the station, and Doctor Bashir meets them at the airlock. ", "He promises to do his best to remove the memory implants. ", "He asks O'Brien a bit about the experience, such as if he was alone in his cell. ", "O'Brien says yes, but from a flashback to his incarceration it becomes clear that he had a cell mate named Ee'char. ", "O'Brien remembers the time he met Ee'char in his cell, who helped him by giving him a fruit called chee'lash. ", "They exchange their names, \"crimes\" and sentences. ", "Back in reality, O'Brien affirms to Bashir that he was totally alone.", "\n\nAct Two\n\nBashir soon discovers that the memories of his imprisonment were not simply implanted: he really experienced living in a cell for twenty years, though in his mind at an accelerated rate. ", "Thus, eradication of these memories is out of the question, and he has to accept them. ", "He tells Keiko and she understands. ", "They go in to see O'Brien in the infirmary, who had tried to order thefruit from the replicator. ", "When Keiko enters the room, he first sees Ee'char in her place, but that fades as he holds her and remembers she is pregnant\n\nO'Brien soon finds he has trouble undoing the habits he had taken up during his incarceration, including saving scraps of food \"for later\" during dinner with his family. ", "A flashback shows Ee'char doing the same thing. ", "O'Brien (who has grown a beard) questions Ee'char on how to cope, and he shows O'Brien how to draw complex patterns in the sand called eseekas to pass the time. ", "They are told it's time to go to sleep, and then Keiko awakens in the middle of the night to find O'Brien sleeping on the floor.", "\n\nAct Three\n\nO'Brien's memories come back to haunt him and he begins seeing his former simulated cellmate Ee'char walking around the station. ", "He plays darts with Worf for a bit in Quark's, but leaves when he sees Ee'char out on the Promenade.", "\n\nHe also finds it very difficult to readjust to life back on the station. ", "Later, in one of the station's cargo bays, Jake helps him remember the names of the various tools. ", "O'Brien is determined to get back up to speed immediately and dive into work. ", "He makes some repairs with the crew in a junction of an access conduit, and Muniz briefly checks him and has a friendly exchange. ", "O'Brien is friendly, too, but hiding his stress when Muniz leaves for lunch. ", "O'Brien hangs back, only to be confronted by Bashir about not having been to the psychologist Counselor Telnorri for the past ten days. ", "O'Brien says he does not want to talk about his life in prison, only to forget it and be left alone. ", "Bashir keeps pushing, and O'Brien snaps at him, storming off.", "\n\nO'Brien then remembers a time when he reached his limit on staying calm in the cell. ", "He made noise when he banged on the door, objecting to his incarceration but also inviting a threat of retaliation from the guards for the disturbance. ", "Ee'char finally held him down to prevent any actions taken. ", "Later on, he goes to Quark's again and lashes out at him for taking his time to serve him a drink, pinning him by the arm. ", "O'Brien leaves with his drink to a table to be alone, where Ee'char continues to reappear, claiming that in O'Brien's eyes, he was real and always will be. ", "During, Odo is alerted to the incident, both Quark and Odo observing O'Brien.", "\n\nAct Four\n\nO'Brien continues seeing Ee'char, now on his way to work. ", "He says he's worried about O'Brien, but O'Brien insists he is OK, but Ee'char makes the point that O'Brien keeps seeing him. ", "Soon, Sisko calls O'Brien to his office. ", "Hearing about O'Brien's behavior, Sisko relieves him of duty, and orders him to report to the infirmary, and to continue his counseling sessions.", "\n\nO'Brien storms out of Ops, snapping at Dax and angrily throws his combadge at the floor in the turbolift,with Dax looking on, concerned. ", "Then he goes to the infirmary, and tells Bashir to leave him alone. ", "Interestingly, Ee'char appears just behind Bashir, and O'Brien snaps directly at the both of them. ", "O'Brien returns to his quarters, but, on the way, Ee'char continues to confront him, saying he can't run from him forever. ", "Furthermore, there's a reason O'Brien can't get rid of him. ", "He returns to his quarters eventually to a worried Keiko. ", "Unfortunately, when Molly pesters him for attention at this moment, he becomes so angry that he gets up and nearly hits her, shocking Keiko. ", "Horrified by what he nearly did, Miles then goes to a cargo bay and vents his frustration by smashing a number of storage containers in a rage with a pole. ", "Finally he spots weapons locker 47 and pulls a phaser out, deciding to commit suicide. ", "Setting the phaser to maximum, he aims it at himself.", "\n\nAct Five\n\nBashir arrives and tries to talk O'Brien out of killing himself. ", "O'Brien starts crying and says he cannot go on living when he is a threat to his family and all his friends. ", "The man he was is gone, and all that's left is a dangerous monster. ", "He confesses his worst crime: after almost twenty years, he found that Ee'char had been hoarding food without telling him, and killed him in a rage – before he realized that the food was for both of them. ", "O'Brien, an \"evolved\" Human of the 24th century, gave into bestial rage and murdered his best friend, all for nothing.", "\n\nBashir tells him he's wrong; the fact that he feels remorse over killing Ee'char proves that he is still a decent Human being, not a monster. ", "His captors tried to strip away his Humanity; they may have succeeded for a moment, but if O'Brien takes his own life, the Agrathi will have succeeded in destroying a good man. ", "O'Brien lowers the phaser, and Bashir takes it away.", "Over Bashir's shoulder, O'Brien is surprised to see Ee'char, smiling at him, without reproach. ", "Ee'char tells his friend to \"be well,\" and walks away, disappearing.", "\n\nWalking O'Brien back to his quarters, Bashir prescribes a medication that will take the edge off his depression and stop him from having any more hallucinations. ", "However, the false memories cannot be removed, and O'Brien will have to come to terms with them on his own. ", "Bashir convinces him to resume counseling sessions, and O'Brien thanks his best friend for all his help.", "\n\nWhen he enters his quarters, O'Brien is gratified when Molly runs into his arms, glad to have him back.", "\n\nMemorable quotes\n\n\"The crime of espionage requires a minimum of fifteen cycles of correction; you've been here for twenty. ", "It's time for you to go.\"", "\n\n\"Go? ", "I can't leave. ", "Where would I go to?\"", "\n\n- Rinn to O'Brien, after his \"twenty years\" in prison\n\n\n\n\"Let me guess – sedition?\"", "\n\n\"Espionage.\"", "\n\n\"Oh… it looks like we're going to be in here together for a long time. ", "My name is Ee'Char.\"", "\n\n\"Miles, Miles O'Brien.\"", "\n\n\"Hello, Miles. ", "Welcome to hell.\"", "\n\n- Ee'Char and O'Brien, at the beginning of the latter's sentence\n\n\n\n\"After six years in a place like this, you either learn to laugh or you'll go insane. ", "I prefer to laugh…\"\n\n\n\n- Ee'char to O'Brien in prison\n\n\n\n\"I'm not your friend! ", "The O'Brien that was your friend died in that cell!\"", "\n\n- O'Brien, confronting Dr. Bashir\n\n\n\n\"When we were growing up, they used to tell us… Humanity had evolved, that mankind had outgrown hate and rage. ", "But when it came down to it, when I had the chance to show, that no matter what anybody did to me, that I was still an evolved Human being… I failed. ", "I repaid kindness with blood. ", "I was no better than an animal.\"", "\n\n\"No. ", "No, no, no. ", "An animal would've killed Ee'Char and never had a second thought, never shed a tear… But not you. ", "You hate yourself. ", "You hate yourself so much you think you deserve to die. ", "The Argrathi did everything they could to strip you of your Humanity and in the end, for one brief moment they succeeded. ", "But you can't let that brief moment define your entire life. ", "If you do, if you pull that trigger… then the Argrathi will have won. ", "They will have destroyed a good man. ", "You cannot let that happen, my friend.\"", "\n\n\n\n- Bashir listens and sets things right with O'Brien\n\n\n\n\"Daddy's home! ", "Daddy's home!\"", "\n\n\"That's right. ", "Daddy's home.\"", "\n\n\n\n- Molly O'Brien, welcoming her father Miles back home with an embrace\n\nBackground information\n\nStory and script\n\nReception\n\nTrivia\n\nThis episode was the last of the series to be directed by Alexander Singer.", "\n\nThis episode shares a similar premise to that of TNG : \" The Inner Light \" in that Captain Picard also experienced a lifetime of memories within a short period. ", "Interestingly, both episodes feature actress Margot Rose.", "\n\n: \" \" in that Captain Picard also experienced a lifetime of memories within a short period. ", "Interestingly, both episodes feature actress Margot Rose. ", "The same premise of putting convicted criminals in a virtual reality prison simulation, where they experience decades of imprisonment during a few hours period, was featured in The Outer Limits episode \"The Sentence\" (directed by Joseph L. Scanlan), which aired four months after \"Hard Time\".", "\n\nepisode \"The Sentence\" (directed by Joseph L. Scanlan), which aired four months after \"Hard Time\". ", "The method of punishment inflicted on Chief O'Brien is somewhat similar to the punishment inflicted on Tom Paris in VOY : \" Ex Post Facto \". ", "Paris has the final memories of the man he was convicted of killing implanted in his brain and is forced to relive them on a regular basis. ", "In both cases the victims were falsely convicted, although for different reasons.", "\n\n: \" \". ", "Paris has the final memories of the man he was convicted of killing implanted in his brain and is forced to relive them on a regular basis. ", "In both cases the victims were falsely convicted, although for different reasons. ", "While O'Brien discusses past experiences with Bashir, he makes a reference to the events of \" Tribunal \".", "\n\n\". ", "Reference to 47: At the end of the episode, O'Brien opens weapons locker number 47.", "\n\nThe scene in which O'Brien kills Ee'char was edited for the episode's terrestrial release in the UK, to remove the sound of bones breaking.", "\n\nVideo and DVD releases\n\nThe cover and label of this volume give the episode name as \"Hard Times\". ", "This was one of only two volumes of DS9 (the other being 4.12) to receive a 15 certificate, due to the violent scenes in this episode and the following one, \" Shattered Mirror \".", "\n\nAs part of the DS9 Season 4 DVD collection\n\nStarring\n\nAlso starring\n\nGuest stars\n\nAnd\n\nCo-star\n\nUncredited co-stars\n\nReferences\n\nalien freighter; Argratha; Argrathi; Argrathi Authority; Argrathi prison; Argrathi Security; Bajoran interceptor (Bajoran interceptors); Bajoran wormhole; black hole; bread; Cardassia Prime; chee'lash fruit; circle; Constable; cycle; darts; decontamination; depression; dormancy period; eseekas; espionage; Federation-Cardassian War; geometric pattern; habitat ring; holding cell; holosuite; illumination; interphasic coil spanner; kayaking; magnetic wave guide; milligram; napkin; ODN recoupler; quantum flux regulator; Paradan; phaser; pregnancy; prison guard; Promenade; Quark's; reeta-hawk; runabout; sedition; Setlik III; suicide; synthale; Telnorri; toilet facility; tricorder; cargo management unit (unnamed)\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "With the new 8.8 version you can expect to discover new tanks, a new map and play an improved game! ", "Some of the new features are listed below.", "\n\nThe opportunity to sell your T26E4 SuperPershing tier VIII premium tank has now been released, this opportunity was mentioned with the release of the 8.6 update. ", "So you are now able to sell this tank in game for gold! ", "However this will only be available until the release of the 8.9 update.", "\n\nNew Branch of Soviet Medium Tanks:\n\nA-43 (Tier VI)\n\nA-44 (Tier VII)\n\nObject 416 (Tier VIII)\n\nObject 140 (Tier X)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nА-43 А-44\n\n\n\nObject 416 Object 140\n\nNew Additions to the German Tech Tree:\n\nDurchbruchswagen 2 (Tier IV heavy tank)\n\nVK 30.02 (M) (Tier VI medium tank)\n\nDurchbruchswagen 2 VK 30.02 (M)\n\nChanges in the German Tech Tree:\n\nVK 30.01 H will be rebalanced and moved to Tier V as a heavy tank\n\nVK 36.01 H will be rebalanced and reclassified as a heavy tank\n\n2 new Chinese Premium Tanks:\n\nT-34-3, Tier VIII Medium Tank\n\n112, Tier VIII Heavy Tank\n\nT-34-3 112\n\nThey are also now available in the Gift Shop until the launch of next version! ", "We are also happy to announce that the T26E4 SuperPershing tier VIII premium tank is now back in our gift shop until the launch of the next version!", "\n\nNew Map: Tundra\n\n\n\n\n\nThis Autumn-style map will introduce open spaces as well as some rocky and forest terrains.", "\n\nYou will find the full list of changes in the patch notes section.", "\n\nThe maintenance is now over and the download of the new content will begin once you launch the game. ", "You can also download it manually via the Download section.", "\n\nPlayers with a Premium account during the maintenance will be compensated.", "\n\nMake sure to check out the new tanks and don’t forget to get to visit the new map!" ]

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[ "Antibody titer against malondialdehyde-modified LDL compares with HDL cholesterol concentration in identifying angiographically verified coronary artery disease. ", "Comparison of tests by ROC analysis.", "\nAntibody titer against malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been found to be associated with atherosclerosis, but it has not been established whether it would detect subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD). ", "In the present study, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the antibody titer against MDA-modified LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and LDL cholesterol levels in discrimination between subjects with (n = 51) and without (n = 35) angiographically verified 3-vessel CAD. ", "As a result, the antibody titer against MDA-modified LDL was lower in subjects with CAD compared with subjects without CAD (p < 0.0001). ", "The area under the ROC plot was 0.822 (95% CI, 0.727 to 0.918) for the antibody titer and 0.769 (95% CI, 0.661 to 0.876) for the HDL cholesterol concentration. ", "Both the antibody titer and the plasma HDL cholesterol level were more accurate markers of CAD than the LDL cholesterol level. ", "As a conclusion, our results indicate that the antibody titer against MDA-modified LDL discriminates between subjects with widespread CAD and those without CAD similarly as the HDL cholesterol concentration. ", "Moreover, the antibody titer against MDA-modified LDL is inversely correlated with the risk of severe CAD." ]

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[ "NIH-KSA\n\n2016 ABES\n\nThe NIH-KSA (Korean Scientists Association) would like to announce the 8th Annual Bioscience and Engineering Symposium (ABES) to be held on November 19th (Saturday) at a NIH conference room in Twinbrook Campus (5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852). ", "The ABES is a flagship event organized by NIH­-KSA to bring together Korean and Korean-­American Scientists and Engineers in Washington DC metro area." ]

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[ "Apple Watch PSD Mockup Bundle\n\nThe only best Apple Watch PSD Mockup Bundle and collection on the web. ", "The Creative Genie presents you an awesome bundle of free high-resolution Apple watch PSD mockups to present your awesome app design to your clients. ", "It is really simple to edit the mockup via smart object and its dimensions are 3750 × 5000 px. ", "All the layers in the mockup are well organized and layered. ", "This mockup is created by Creative Genie is free for both private and commercial use." ]

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[ "LET’S DISCUSS YOUR NEXT STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PROJECT TODAY.", "\n\nMcElhaney Structural Engineers is a structural engineering firm with special expertise in working with information technology and server technology companies to conduct seismic evaluations that help ensure stable data center ecosystems.", "\n\nMcElhaney Structural Engineers is a Reno, Nevada-based structural engineering firm that, since 2006, has provided structural engineering design, analysis, and community development services to contractors, developers, owners, tribes, and municipalities throughout the West.", "\n\nAt McElhaney Structural Engineers, we love working with architects early on and throughout the design and construction process. ", "As we like to say, if you can dream it, we can figure out how to get it built—on time, on budget, and safely, from a structural point of view.", "\n\nLatest Projects\n\nWhat We Do\n\nStructural engineering is a specialized discipline within the broader field of civil engineering that deals with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. ", "Structural engineers are concerned not only with the overall integrity of a building or structure, but also with human safety in the face of natural forces, such as earthquakes, severe storms, and other unforeseen forces in an unpredictable and sometimes hazardous world.", "\n\nStructural engineers usually work on the design and analysis of the built environment, such as commercial buildings, residences, industrial buildings, and so forth, but they can also apply their knowledge of physics and technical and scientific skills to the design and analysis of any built object whose material construction and structural integrity affect its safety or performance.", "\n\nStructural engineers leverage their deep knowledge of physics, mathematics, and engineering principles to work on both straightforward structures as well as complex structural systems. ", "Most importantly for many clients, structural engineers are experts in efficiency and value-engineering, which means a solid working relationship can save time, money, and effort on every project you undertake.", "\n\nMcElhaney Structural Engineers’ team of engineers and drafting professionals are well-versed in building codes in all of the communities we serve. ", "For projects large or small, we are happy to answer your questions, provide clear recommendations, and engineer solutions to meet or exceed code. ", "Our founder, Brett McElhaney, M.S., P.E., S.E., holds the Civil/Structural seat on the Carson City, Nevada Board of Appeals for Building Code Issues, and is highly regarded by his peers in this and other municipalities and tribes across the West for his grasp of the sometimes complex and always changing world of building codes.", "\n\nMcElhaney Structural Engineers has extensive experience helping owners, contractors, developers, and others to navigate the sometimes mysterious building permitting process for projects large and small. ", "Our “shoulder to shoulder” approach with our clients ensures that you have an advocate and guide standing by your side, saving time, money, and frustration—and ensuring that your project gets started on the right footing.", "\n\nThe talented engineering team at McElhaney Structural Engineers uses Building Information Modeling, or BIM, to design and analyze structures for structural integrity, constructability, and value engineering. ", "Today’s BIM systems enable engineers to visualize a structure in three dimensions, rotate it, slice it, and perform analyses never before possible, ensuring safer structures for a hazardous world.", "\n\nYou wouldn’t buy a used car without having a trained mechanic run a compression check. ", "By the same token, you wouldn’t be taking due diligence in the purchase of an existing structure without undertaking a comprehensive assessment by a licensed structural firm. ", "A full structural engineering assessment by McElhaney Structural Engineers gives you a complete picture of the assets and liabilities of the structure in question, so you can fully understand what you’re dealing with, make educated decisions, mitigate risks, and maximize your structure’s commercial potential.", "\n\nAs a licensed structural engineering firm, one of the key deliverables of McElhaney Structural Engineers are the professionally drafted and stamped plans, specifications, and other supporting documents that guide and inform your construction project. ", "Our talented team of engineers and drafting professionals create these documents with an eye to constructability, to ensure that what you have in mind can, indeed, be built in an efficient and cost-effective way.", "\n\nAt McElhaney Structural Engineers, you can count on us to conduct thorough plan review for every project you bring to the table. ", "After all, with a motto like “safer structures for a hazardous world,” there’s no margin for miscalculations at McElhaney Structural Engineers! ", "Bring us your plans, specifications, and calculations, and we’ll be happy to review them to make sure they comply with all applicable codes and regulations as part of our efforts to ensure the safety, security, and welfare of the people and property inside your built environment.", "\n\n“If you can dream it, we can figure out how to get it built—on time, on budget, and safely.”", "\n\n— Brett McElhaney, MBA, MS, PE, SE\n\nTestimonials\n\nIn our first project in Reno we worked directly with Brett, solving a difficult structural problem in an existing building. ", "He was responsive and very collaborative in coming up with a practical design solution. ", "Brett and his firm have made our project transition from design to construction a very smooth process. ", "We look forward to working together on more projects in the future.", "\n\nJim DonofrioPresident, Trident Construction Corporation\n\nBrett and MSE have been a great find for us to work with the past few years. ", "He truly responds to variables and has ideas that help refine our projects. ", "This is an exception in our industry and something we highly value.", "\n\nDonald J. ClarkAIA Principal, Cathexes, LLC\n\nI have found my professional interaction with Brett McElhaney to be very enjoyable. ", "His firm is very easy to work with and is timely with getting their work completed. ", "I would say Brett is a very good structual engineer. ", "As a developer, I have found him to be very practical and will do his best to value-engineer his work to provide a high quality cost effect corrective action plan.", "\n\nJoseph KramerReal Estate Developer, Las Vegas, Nevada\n\nI have been contracting with Brett McElhaney for engineering services since August 2014, and am very pleased with our relationship. ", "The work is performed in a timely manner and in accordance with the agreement for services. ", "The engineering work is done with an eye to satisfying the local building department requirements, so there are minimal plan check corrections needed. ", "The office staff is friendly and helpful. ", "The engineering staff is also friendly and helpful when inspections or changes are required in the field. ", "I highly recommend McElhaney Structural Engineers, LLC, for engineering services.", "\n\nI wanted to personally thank you for all of your hard work on this project. ", "You and your entire team have been very professional and extremely quick and responsive to Modern’s needs. ", "It was great working with you and we look forward to continuing our professional relationship in the future. ", "Thanks again.", "\n\nMike WyrauchSuperintendent, Modern Building, Inc.\n\nTico Construction used the services of McElhaney Structural Engineers to do our high-rise renovation in the old Woolworth’s Building that had been dormant in downtown Reno for over 20 years.", "\n\nIt has been a challenging project and having the right engineering firm was critical, especially because we had to go below the water line of the river to construct an elevator pit and grease interceptor. ", "Since the Woolworth’s Building was built in 1962 we also had the issues of old codes vs. new codes.", "\n\nWe appreciated their quick turn-around time and completing the project in a timely manner without incurring any unnecessary costs. ", "We look forward to our next project together.", "\n\nAlex HosePresident at Tico Construction\n\nJust wanted to thank you for the fine job you did for us at the Dr Pepper facility. ", "You were very accommodating in working out the details for our design-build project on the loading dock. ", "Your quick response and attention to detail made our installation a breeze. ", "I look forward to working with you in the very near future.", "\n\nSteve CollinsChief Estimator at Q&D Construction\n\nMSE has been a consulting engineer for hawkins and associates for several years. ", "Brett McElhaney is great at pushing the envelope with his structural engineering abilities and then backing up the creative engineering with practical and constructible details. ", "He is a fine person and he and his firm are a pleasure to work with.", "\n\nJack Hawkinshawkins & associates, inc.", "\n\nYear after year McElhaney Structural Engineers has provided our company with professional engineering to meet the high demands of today’s construction world. ", "McElhaney is who we turn to for all of our Engineering needs.", "\n\nTom BlackBlack Development Group Inc.\n\nOur Clients\n\nNutrition for Optimal Wellness\n\nCathexes Architecture\n\nH+K\n\nPyramid Lake\n\nSierra Silica\n\nBango Refining NV\n\nQ&D Construction, Inc.\n\nBorelli Architecture\n\nCapital Control Systems\n\nAbout Us\n\nMSE is known for civil structural engineering services including structural design and analysis, seismic evaluations, and value engineering." ]

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[ "The UK is preparing for an independent trade policy to implement after EU Exit. ", "This means the UK will have the opportunity to negotiate and enter into trade agreements with other countries.", "\n\nThese agreements can:\n\nenable increased trade and investment\n\nsecure access for UK exporters to the key markets of today and the future\n\ngive consumers access to a greater range of products at lower prices\n\nmake the UK more innovative, competitive and prosperous\n\nThe Department for International Trade is preparing for possible negotiations with the US after the UK leaves the EU on 29 March 2019. ", "The UK government is consulting with members of the public, businesses, trade experts, and any other interested organisations to help inform this work.", "\n\nThis agreed consultation will help to inform our overall approach to our future trade relationship and trade negotiations with the US." ]

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[ "import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';\nimport { AngularFireAuth } from 'angularfire2/auth';\nimport { usercreds } from '../../models/interfaces/usercreds';\n\n/*\n Generated class for the AuthProvider provider.", "\n\n See https://angular.io/docs/ts/latest/guide/dependency-injection.html\n for more info on providers and Angular 2 DI.", "\n*/\n@Injectable()\nexport class AuthProvider {\n \n constructor(public afireauth: AngularFireAuth) {\n\n }\n\n/*\n For logging in a particular user. ", "Called from the login.ts file.", "\n \n*/ \n \n login(credentials: usercreds) {\n var promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n this.afireauth.auth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(credentials.email, credentials.password).then(() => {\n resolve(true);\n }).catch((err) => {\n reject(err);\n })\n })\n\n return promise;\n \n }\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Years of research and planning have brought the oil giant to this point, and to this solitary location about 190 miles southeast of Houston, where water depths reach nearly 7,000 feet and a vast, uninterrupted expanse of sea is the only view.", "\n\nNow, the only thing left to do is wait, as a drill bit far below inches closer to a target that may or may not exist.", "\n\n“You can do all the planning you want,” said Tom Jones, drilling superintendent of Chevron's Moccasin prospect, aboard the new rig called the Discoverer Inspiration. “", "But there's only one way to find out, and that's to drill a well.”", "\n\nThe fact that one of the world's biggest oil companies has found itself here underscores how difficult the global hunt for oil has become. ", "It also helps explain why the Gulf of Mexico has recently taken on greater importance in that search.", "\n\nAs oil companies face limited access to new reserves elsewhere around the world, the heavily explored U.S. basin — with its established oil and natural gas infrastructure and stable fiscal regime — has grown more attractive. ", "Recent deepwater discoveries there have also brought new attention to the region, while improved drilling rigs and other technologies have put fields into play that once weren't feasible to explore and develop.", "\n\n“(Oil companies) understand the financial risk in the Gulf of Mexico and are a whole lot more comfortable with that than some of the other areas they might consider going to work,” said Steven Newman, CEO of drilling contractor Transocean Ltd., owner of the Discoverer Inspiration, with headquarters in Zug, Switzerland, and large operations in Houston.", "\n\nOthers on board\n\nBP, the largest oil and gas producer in the Gulf, recently relocated its global exploration and production business to Houston from Europe as it eyes growth in the U.S. offshore area.", "\n\nRoyal Dutch Shell says in coming years, its Upstream Americas unit, which oversees oil and gas exploration and production activities in North and South America, has the opportunity to attract up to 40 percent of the European company's global upstream budget, up from 25 percent in 2005, partly for projects in the Gulf of Mexico.", "\n\nElsewhere, Houston's Marathon Oil said in February it plans to spend $370 million this year on exploration wells in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, more than double what it spent in 2009. ", "And more state-owned oil companies are either entering the region for the first time or making expansion plans.", "\n\nFor Chevron, the deepwater Gulf of Mexico is the largest of four geographic focus areas for the company. ", "As such, it receives “more than its fair share” of company resources — of the $17.3 billion the company will spend in 2010 on its upstream oil and gas exploration and production budget, $4.1 billion will go to the U.S., including the Gulf of Mexico, and will for the next five to 10 years, said Gary Luquette, president of Chevron's North America Exploration and Production Co. in Houston.", "\n\n“I've heard the term used, a resurgence in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. ", "But for us, this has been a constant purpose now for nearly a decade,” Luquette said.", "\n\nAnd President Barack Obama's new plan to open more U.S. waters to drilling in the coming years, including parts of the eastern Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coast, will allow Chevron to sustain investments in the Gulf of Mexico beyond what it is planning today, he said.", "\n\nThe sweet spot\n\nMajor oil companies have focused particular attention on an ancient rock bed geologists call the Lower Tertiary trend, which runs miles below the sea floor in an outer rim of the U.S. Gulf between Texas and Louisiana.", "\n\nThought to be the biggest U.S. oil discovery in generations, Lower Tertiary fields are expected to help offset declines in shallow water fields and lift overall output of the Gulf of Mexico, which today accounts for about a quarter of U.S. oil production.", "\n\nBut the region also presents huge technical and cost challenges.", "\n\nNot only are fields often found in waters 2 miles deep, but oil and gas deposits, buried under think salt layers, are hard to detect in geologic surveys. ", "Also, extreme temperatures and pressures in reservoirs test equipment.", "\n\nLast month, Shell became the first to begin commercial production of oil from Lower Tertiary fields at its new $3 billion Perdido hub.", "\n\nOver time, 15 of the 19 discoveries made so far in the region have the potential to be big enough to warrant commercial development, estimates Leta K. Smith , director of IHS-Cambridge Energy Research Associates ' E&P Trends Forum in Houston.", "\n\n“It represents a big opportunity, particularly for the larger oil companies, because they're the only ones that can afford that kind of risk,” she said.", "\n\nThe industry's success rate in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico is roughly one discovery for every three exploratory wells drilled, she said, although others peg it closer to one in eight.", "\n\nEither way, the odds of coming up empty remain frighteningly high, as do the consequences: Each dry hole is estimated to cost at least $100 million.", "\n\nSteering drill's path\n\nLast year, Chevron racked up four misses in the deepwater Gulf but also celebrated the huge Buckskin discovery, in an area known as Keathley Canyon, that will help cover outlays for the dry holes.", "\n\nThe Moccasin well Chevron is drilling today is about five miles southeast of the Buckskin. ", "The plan calls for a well drilled to a total depth of 29,000 feet — which includes the 6,750 feet of water between the ship and the sea floor.", "\n\nOn a recent visit to the Discoverer Inspiration, drilling operators were about a third of the way to the target. ", "A geologist on board analyzed rock and salt “cuttings” returned to the surface for clues about what the formation may hold.", "\n\nIf need be, engineers, armed with real-time well data, can recommend small adjustments to the path of the drill bit, which operators can make with joysticks from a control room on the ship.", "\n\nBut they can only “see” where the bit is now. ", "Chevron, despite the millions spent getting to this point, still remains blind to what's ahead.", "\n\n“Exploration is what it is,” said Jones, the drilling superintendent. “", "It's a shot in the dark.”", "\n\nbrett.clanton@chron.com" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSaving images using Octave but appearing fuzzy upon realoading\n\nI am enrolled in a Coursera Machine Learning course where I am learning about neural networks. ", "I got some hand-written digits data from this link: http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/\nNow I want to convert these data in to .jpg format, and I am using this code.", "\nfunction nx=conv(x)\nnx=zeros(size(x));\nfor i=1:size(x,1)\n c=reshape(x(i,:),20,20);\n imwrite(c,'data.jpg','jpg')\n nx(i,:)=(imread('data.jpg'))(:)';\n delete('data.jpg');\nend\nend\n\nThen, I run the above code with:\nnx=conv(x);\n\nx is 5000 training examples of handwritten digits. ", "Each training example is a 20 x 20 pixel grayscale image of a digit. ", "Each pixel is represented by a floating point number indicating the grayscale intensity at that location. ", "\nThe 20 x 20 grid of pixels is \"unrolled\" into a 400-dimensional vector. ", "Each of these training examples becomes a single row in our data matrix x. This gives us a 5000 x 400 matrix x where every row is a training example for a handwritten digit image.", "\nAfter I run this code, I rewrite an image to disk to check:\nimwrite(nx(1,:),'check.jpg','jpg')\n\nHowever, I find the image is fuzzy. ", "How would I convert these images correctly?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou are saving the images using JPEG, which is a lossy compression algorithm to save the images. ", " Lossy compression algorithms guarantee a high compression ratio, but at the expense of slightly degrading your image. ", " That's probably why you are seeing fuzzy images as it is attributed to compression artifacts.", "\nFrom the looks of it, you want to save exactly what the data should be to file. ", " As such, use a lossless compression algorithm instead, like PNG. ", " Therefore, change your saving line of code to use PNG:\nimwrite(c,'data.png','png')\nnx(i,:)=(imread('data.png'))(:)';\ndelete('data.png');\n\nAlso:\nimwrite(nx(1,:),'check.png','png')\n\n" ]

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[ "Oven take too long to preheat? ", "Let it warm up while you sleep\n\n108 shares" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nYii2 Custom Standalone Validation\n\nOK, I believe I will have many custom validations so I have decided to create a standalone validation class as per Yii Standalone Validation Doc.", "\nThis particular validator is to make sure either company_name or name is filled in, so Either Required.", "\nI have created the class in app\\components\\validators\\BothRequired.php\n<?", "php\nnamespace app\\components\\validators;\nuse Yii;\nuse yii\\validators\\Validator;\n\nclass BothRequired extends Validator\n{\n public function validateAttribute($model, $attribute)\n {\n //validation code here\n }\n}\n\nHere is the model\npublic function rules()\n{\n return [\n ['company_name', BothRequired::className(), 'skipOnEmpty' => false, ],\n ];\n}\n\nHowever this validation requires some params to be passed to the validation in this example I need to send the second attribute that is needed to be checked against. ", "I cannot seem to work out how to do this, if I create the validation rule in the model itself then I can pass $params but i dont know how to pass to this standalone class.", "\nAlso on a further note, what would be a lot better for me is if I could have a class with all my custom validators in it rather than a file per validator.", "\nAny ideas?", "\nRegards\n\nA:\n\nOK,\nWith the help of @gandaliter I have found the answer\nValidator class\nnamespace app\\components\\validators;\nuse Yii;\nuse yii\\validators\\Validator;\n\nclass BothRequired extends Validator\n{\n public $other;\n public function validateAttribute($model, $attribute)\n {\n if (empty($model->$attribute) && empty($model->{$this->other})) {\n $this->addError($model, $attribute, 'Either '.$attribute.' ", "or '.$this->other.' ", "is required!');", "\n $this->addError($model, $this->other, 'Either '.$attribute.' ", "or '.$this->other.' ", "is required!');", "\n }\n }\n}\n\nModel rule\npublic function rules()\n{\n return [\n ['company_name', BothRequired::className(), 'other'=>'contact_name', 'skipOnEmpty' => false, ],\n ];\n}\n\nAs you can see you have to declare the property you are going to send over in this case it is $other and then use it in the code as $this->other\nI can then validate both items.", "\nI hope this clears it up\nLiam\nP.S. On the other note I mentioned.... How would be able to put all validators in one class?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Relative survival: what can cardiovascular disease learn from cancer?", "\nTo illustrate the application of relative survival to observational studies in coronary heart disease (CHD) and potential advantages compared with all-cause survival methods. ", "Survival after myocardial infarction (MI) is generally assessed using all-cause or cause-specific methods. ", "Neither method is able to assess the impact of the disease or condition of interest in comparison with expected survival in a similar population. ", "Relative survival, the ratio of the observed and the expected survival rates, is applied routinely in cancer studies and may improve on current methods for assessment of survival in CHD. ", "Using a cohort of subjects after a first recorded acute MI, we discuss the application of relative survival in CHD and illustrate a number of the key issues. ", "We compare the findings from relative survival with those obtained using Cox proportional and non-proportional hazards models in standard all-cause survival. ", "Estimated survival rates are higher using relative survival models compared with all-cause methods. ", "Estimates obtained from all-cause mortality fail to disentangle mortality associated with the condition of interest from that due to all other causes. ", "Relative survival gives an estimate of survival due to the disease of interest without the need for cause of death information." ]

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[ "The Eiffels - More\n\nDescription\n\nSynth-rockers The Eiffels will continue their recent run towards mainstream success with the release of a video for their newest single, “More.” ", "Recently voted L.A.’s Band of the Month for the March edition of The Deli Magazine and with a debut EP and cross-continental tour of the U.S. coming in May, The Eiffels are set to make a mark on the American indie rock scene. ", "Landing somewhere between Phoenix and The Killers, but with broader influences that include 80’s pop, classic rock, and punk, The Eiffels worked with producer Ethan Kaufmann (Wild Party) and Will Brierre (The Killers, Neon Trees, Walk The Moon, Imagine Dragons) on their self-titled debut.", "\n\nMore information on this artist is available in the last.fm tabs below." ]

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[ "Meanwhile, investigators probing the ferry disaster are considering charging the ship's captain Lee Joon-seok with murder, because he was one of the first to abandon the ship, leaving hundreds of his passengers trapped inside and doomed to die.", "\nAs well as this .. the state auditor plans to launch a probe on Wednesday into the government's response to the disaster.", "\nThe government has come in for harsh criticism for its handling of sinking and its aftermath.", "\nThe Coast Guard will also been investigated.", "\nProsecutors say some Coast Guard officials could be charged with negligent homicide as well as negligence of duty as none of them attempted to board the sinking ferry during the early stages of the rescue mission.", "\nThe Maritime Affairs Ministry has also canceled Chonghaejin Marine's license to operate ferries on the Incheon-Jeju Island route." ]

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[ "27 September 2015\n\nA Win at Princeton Women's\n\nKingston breeze at Princeton\n\nThe Princeton Women’s Open Regatta was attended by Queen’s vets Nicole Czegledy and Denby McDonnell and rookie skippers Natalie Tanczak and Christina Black. ", "Day one began with shifty breeze at 14 knots and steadily building to 20. ", "Thanks to their experience in Kingston breeze, the girls were able to stay ahead of the American teams. ", "Queen’s finished the day in first place overall, winning 5 of 6 races in the combined fleets.", "\n\nDay two began with much lighter, oscillating breeze. ", "After six more races, the Queen’s girls came out ahead to win the regatta. ", "Special thanks to the Princeton Team for their amazing hospitality and a great regatta!" ]

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[ "Senior figures from the global chemical weapons watchdog have flatly rejected Russian claims that the watchdog’s laboratories had found a western military chemical agent in the poison that incapacitated the Russian double agent Sergei Skripal.", "\n\nIn a weekend claim widely picked up on social media, the Russian foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, said that a Swiss laboratory used by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons had discovered traces in the sample of the nerve agent BZ and its precursors. ", "The nerve agent is possessed by Nato countries, but not Russia.", "\n\nThe Russian embassy in London said it was “highly likely” that BZ had therefore been used in Salisbury, adding that the OPCW and the British had questions to answer.", "\n\nBut at a meeting of the OPCW executive in The Hague, the Russian claim was refuted by OPCW officials, who said explained that BZ had been used in the control sample, not the sample itself. ", "It is also a breach of OPCW procedures to identify a laboratory involved in a test.", "\n\nThe UK said Russia had been caught out in an attempt to mislead the international community, adding the OPCW report showed the world was facing “a clear case of a new family of toxic chemicals intended to kill”.", "\n\nThe west also bluntly criticised Russia for generally endangering the integrity and respect for OPCW scientists in a bid to clear itself of the allegation that it was behind the use of a nerve agent that poisoned Skripal and his daughter, Yulia, in Salisbury last month.", "\n\nThe Swiss delegation described Lavrov’s behaviour as incomprehensible and totally unacceptable. ", "Sabine Nölke, the Canadian envoy to the OPCW, accused Russia of either “a craven attempt to mislead the international community”, or a breach of the OPCW’s confidentiality procedures. ", "The EU described the Russian behaviour as malign.", "\n\nThe OPCW meeting had been called by the UK to discuss an OPCW technical report completed last week confirming that the UK’s Porton Down laboratories had correctly identified the nerve agent as novichok. ", "The UK continued to assert that only Russia had the motive, technical ability and operational experience to produce the agent.", "\n\nThe OPCW is not empowered to identify the source of the nerve agent, but Russian media claimed the OPCW’s refusal to identify Russia as a source was a vindication for the Kremlin.", "\n\nReferring to Lavrov’s claims about the discovery of BZ, Marc-Michael Blum, the head of the OPCW laboratory, told the meeting: “The labs were able to confirm the identity of the chemical by applying existing, well-established procedures. ", "There was no other chemical that was identified by the labs. ", "The precursor of BZ that is referred to in the public statements, commonly known as 3Q, was contained in the control sample prepared by the OPCW lab in accordance with the existing quality control procedures. ", "Otherwise it has nothing to do with the samples collected by the OPCW team in Salisbury.”", "\n\nThe OPCW director general, Ahmet Üzümcü, also pushed back against recent Russian claims of bias, saying its scientists had been able “to collect both biomedical and environmental samples under full chain of custody and also splits of earlier samples taken by the British authorities for comparative purposes. ", "The OPCW analysis clearly confirms the findings of the United Kingdom relating to the identity of the toxic chemical used in Salisbury that severely injured three people.”", "\n\nIn his presentation, the UK OPCW envoy pointed out that the OPCW noted that the chemical was of high purity, indicating that the chemical was not volatile and would degrade slowly. “", "All this is cause for grave concern as we now face a clear case of a new family of toxic chemicals intended to kill,” he said.", "\n\nThe EU also demanded answers from Russia about its responsibilities for a “shocking and reprehensible act”. ", "In its statement, it said: “We regret that we continue to witness persistent and malign Russian attempts to undermine the credibility of the OPCW secretariat and technical report. ", "All this is aimed at hampering and obscuring the investigation in a manner that damages the credibility of the chemical weapons convention.”", "\n\nRussia, for its part, suggested that the Skripal’s body samples might have been manipulated by British medical experts while in an induced coma." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nReact Hooks: set component state without re-rendering twice\n\nSo I have two components: an Input component which is basically just a button that sets the current status of the input value to active and then sends a value object to its parent component Question:\nimport React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';\nimport './Input.css';\n\nconst Input = (props) => {\n // input state:\n const title = props.title;\n const index = props.index;\n const [active, setActive] = useState(false);\n const [inputValue, setInputValue] = useState({index, title, active});\n\n// sets active status based on what status is in Question component\n// the logic there would only allow 1 radio input to be active as opposed to checkboxes where we have multiple active\nuseEffect(() => {\n setActive(props.active);\n}, [props.active]);\n\n// stores activity status of single input and re-runs only when 'active' changes (when clicking the button)\nuseEffect(() => {\n setInputValue({index, title, active});\n}, [active]);\n\n// returns updated input value to Question component\nuseEffect(() => {\n return props.selected(inputValue);\n}, [inputValue]);\n\nreturn (\n <div className='input'>\n <button \n data-key={title}\n className={props.active ? '", "highlight' : ''}\n onClick={() => setActive(active => !", "active)}\n >\n {title}\n </button>\n </div>\n);\n}\n\nexport default Input;\n\nAnd Question checks if the current question type (which it receives from another parent component) is a 'radio' button type in which case you can only have one option. ", "So currently I set it up like this:\nimport React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';\nimport s from './Question.css';\nimport Input from './Input/Input';\n\nconst Question = (props) => {\n // create intitial state of options\n let initialState = [];\n for (let i=0; i < props.options.length; i++) {\n initialState.push(\n {\n index: i,\n option: props.options[i],\n active: false,\n }\n )\n }\n\n // question state:\n let questionIndex = props.index;\n let questionActive = props.active;\n let questionTitle = props.question;\n let questionType = props.type;\n let [questionValue, setQuestionValue] = useState(initialState);\n let [isAnswered, setIsAnswered] = useState(false);\n\n useEffect(() => {\n console.log(questionValue);\n }, [questionValue]);\n\n // stores currently selected input value for question and handles logic according to type\n const storeInputValue = (inputValue) => {\n let questionInputs = [...questionValue];\n let index = inputValue.index;\n\n // first set every input value to false when type is radio, with the radio-type you can only choose one option\n if (questionType === 'radio') {\n for (let i=0; i < questionInputs.length; i++) {\n questionInputs[i].active = false;\n }\n }\n\n questionInputs[index].active = inputValue.active;\n setQuestionValue([...questionInputs]);\n\n // set state that checks if question has been answered\n questionValue.filter(x => x.active).length > 0 ? ", "setIsAnswered(true) : setIsAnswered(false);\n }\n\n // creates the correct input type choices for the question\n let inputs = [];\n for (const [index, input] of props.options.entries()) {\n inputs.push(\n <Input\n key={index}\n index={index}\n title={input}\n active={questionValue[index].active}\n selected={storeInputValue}\n />\n );\n }\n\n // passes current state (selected value) and the index of question to parent (App.js) component\n const saveQuestionValue = (e) => {\n e.preventDefault();\n props.selection(questionValue, questionIndex, questionTitle);\n }\n\n return (\n <div className={`question ${!", "questionActive ? '", "hide' : ''}`}>\n <h1>{props.question}</h1>\n <div className=\"inputs\">\n {inputs}\n </div>\n <a className={`selectionButton ${isAnswered ? '", "highlight' : ''}`} href=\"\" onClick={e => saveQuestionValue(e)}>\n <div>Save and continue -></div>\n </a>\n </div>\n );\n}\n\nexport default Question;\n\nWith this setup when I click on an input it sends that to the Question component and that one returns a prop.active to Input so it highlights the input value. ", "But when I click a new input it re-renders twice since it listens to the active state changing in Input, and sets all inputs to false.", "\nMy question is: how can I set up the logic in this code to act like a radio input so it only sets the currently selected input to active instead of first setting every input to active = false?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should not be duplicating the value of state in two different components. ", "There should always only be a single source of truth for what a value is in state. ", "This is one of the most important patterns of React and is even mentioned in the official documentation.", "\nInstead, you should lift shared state up so that it lives at the \"closest common ancestor\". ", "Your <Input> components should not have any internal state at all - they should be pure functions that do nothing except render the current value and provide a callback to update said value. ", "But, they do not store that value themselves - it is passed to them as a prop.", "\nAll of the logic for which input is active and what value it has should live in the parent component and be passed down from there. ", "Whenever you are setting state in a child component and then somehow passing that state back up to a parent is a warning flag, because in React the data should flow down.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[New solid culture media for growing Borrelia persica and Borrelia microti].", "\nA new solid means for the fast detection of Borrelia persica and Borrelia microti is described. ", "Generally, culture and isolation of Borrelia takes about 21 days. ", "The serological test, which is carried out more often, takes less time but it is associated with false positive reactions relatively high. ", "However, our new solid means reduces the culture time to 72 hours, allowing to have a fast diagnosis of the disease caused by Borrelia persica and Borrelia microti, and to start the early treatment of these patients." ]

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[ "Adam Schefter reports that Darius Slay and Damon Harrison will be skipping the Lions' mandatory minicamp in an effort to get more money from the team. (", "1:11)\n\nWe aren't supposed to take attendance at voluntary OTA practices. ", "I know we do, but I'll howl into the establishment void until my throat goes sore that we aren't supposed to. ", "Voluntary means voluntary, and anyone who puts it in quotes when talking about OTAs is doing the teams' work for them and the players an injustice.", "\n\nThat said, the past couple of weeks have featured the non-voluntary portion of the NFL offseason. ", "At mandatory minicamps, it's OK to take attendance. ", "It's important, even, because once we get to mandatory minicamps, the absences are often pointed and notable.", "\n\nIf you miss a three-day mandatory minicamp, your team can fine you as much as $88,650. ", "Players who skip minicamp are making a strong statement. ", "They're willing to sacrifice that $88,650 to help themselves secure the contracts they believe they deserve. ", "That's noteworthy because it generally points to a problem the team needs to solve -- one that could linger into training camp or even the regular season.", "\n\nLet's take a look at some of the notable minicamp absences and discuss the likelihood that they linger or blossom into bigger problems. ", "I'm not worried about Drew Brees missing the first two days of Saints minicamp to testify in the trial of a jeweler he says defrauded him. ", "And while the bigger sports picture tells us it's risky to underestimate a calf injury, I'm not worried about Andrew Luck sitting out minicamp drills to rest his leg. ", "Todd Gurley ... that might be a different story.", "\n\nClowney isn't subject to minicamp fines because he got the franchise tag in March, hasn't signed his tender and thus technically isn't under contract with the team. ", "It didn't cost him anything to skip the Texans' minicamp. ", "At any time, he could sign the tender and be under contract for one year and about $15.4 million. ", "He and the Texans still have more than a month to work out the long-term deal he seeks -- the deadline for franchise-tagged players to sign long-term contracts is July 15 -- which surely would bring Clowney to training camp.", "\n\nThe problem is the Texans haven't been willing to give Clowney a long-term deal and might never get to that place. ", "If they don't, it's not at all crazy to imagine him sitting out the whole season a la Le'Veon Bell last year in Pittsburgh. (", "Clowney has made more than $35 million in his first five years in the league, so it isn't as if he needs the money.) ", "The Texans have leverage since they could franchise him again next year if they want to. ", "But unless Houston's next GM is hired with a desire (or instructions) to do a deal his predecessor seemed reluctant to do, the relationship between Clowney and the Texans could be headed down an irreparable road.", "\n\nThis situation is murky, but based on information I've been able to gather from sources, there's a two-pronged problem here. ", "Williams isn't thrilled with his contract, which has two years and a non-guaranteed $24 million left on it, and he's upset with the team over the handling of a serious medical issue he endured this offseason.", "\n\nWilliams didn't show up to minicamp and isn't talking, so clarity is elusive. ", "But the five-year, $66 million contract he signed in 2015 makes him underpaid for a tackle of his caliber, and an adjustment to that deal shouldn't be hard to figure out, assuming the non-financial aspects of the dispute can be resolved.", "\n\nOnly nine players have more sacks than Ngakoue's 29.5 since the Jaguars picked him in the third round of the 2016 draft. ", "He has been a steal for Jacksonville and will be again this season if he plays out the final year of his contract for $2.025 million. ", "Watching pass-rushers such as Frank Clark, Dee Ford and DeMarcus Lawrence cash in this offseason justifiably has Ngakoue hungering for more. ", "Since he wasn't a first-round pick, the Jaguars don't hold a fifth-year option on him for 2020.", "\n\nThe Jags look to be a team that could spend the next couple of years in cap trouble, and with star cornerback Jalen Ramsey also looking for a new deal soon, it might be wise for them to lock up Ngakoue now, before the pass-rusher market goes even higher. ", "The main problem Ngakoue faces is that if he doesn't report to training camp at least 30 days before the start of the regular season, his 2019 season will not count toward his free agency. ", "All players on this list under contract with their teams face this restriction, giving the teams the leverage to wait them out.", "\n\nJones was a second-round pick in 2016, but because second-round picks aren't eligible for the performance-based fourth-year escalators that picks from Rounds 3-7 get, he's scheduled to make even less than Ngakoue this season. ", "Three weeks shy of his 25th birthday and coming off a 15.5-sack season, Jones understandably believes $1.2 million is a little light for 2019 compensation.", "\n\nThe problem here is that the Chiefs appear to have given new defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo great latitude in deciding what kinds of players he wants for his defense. ", "If Spagnuolo doesn't see Jones as the type of defensive tackle he likes for his front, the Chiefs might be reluctant to offer Jones a top-of-market deal, and the standoff could continue for a while. ", "Jones is under contract, so he has to be there no later than 30 days before the season starts, or else he loses an accrued season.", "\n\nI'm grouping these two together because they're on the same team, but these are slightly different situations.", "\n\nHarrison has two years left on the contract the Giants gave him in 2016. ", "That deal was seen as way above market for a two-down defensive tackle at the time, but he has proven to be the league's best run-stopper and apparently thinks the non-guaranteed $15.75 million he's scheduled to make over the next two years is insufficient.", "\n\nSlay sees himself as a top cornerback and is scheduled to make $12.8 million this year and $10.25 million next year (also non-guaranteed). ", "We'll see how the Lions prioritize these two key members of their defense. ", "With two years left, a team that might not want to renegotiate can often make a player happy by shifting money around and guaranteeing a chunk of it. ", "That seems like the smart way out of this.", "\n\nGould is in the same situation as Clowney, though as a kicker, his franchise price is much lower. ", "He has not signed the $4.971 million franchise tender and has taken the position that he wants a new deal or a trade (likely back to Chicago, which desperately needs him).", "\n\nThe 49ers don't have to give him what he wants, and indications are that Gould might be willing to sit out the year if he doesn't get it. ", "This is a situation worth monitoring if you're a fan of the 49ers, the Bears or kickers getting paid." ]

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[ "Belarus at the 2015 European Games\n\nBelarus competed at the 2015 European Games, in Baku, Azerbaijan from 12 to 28 June 2015.", "\n\nMedalists\n\nArchery\n\nBelarus has qualified for three quota places in both the men's and the women's archery events at the Games, and as a result has also qualified for the team events.", "\n\nAthletics\nMen: Dmitri Barkalov, Andrey Likhovitski, Vasily Mikhalitsin \nWomen: Svetlana Lifenko, Valeriya Tsekhmistrenko, Natalia Yakubova\n\nBadminton\n\nMen\n\nWomen\n\nBeach Volleyball\nMen: Alexander Dedkov, Alexander Kovalenko \nWomen: Viktoriya Shalayevskaya, Viktoriya Sekretova, Valeriya Babenko, Viktoriya Milevskaya\n\nBoxing\nMen: Ivan Figurenko, Dmitri Asanov, Vazgen Safaryantz, Evgeni Dolgolevets, Magomet Nurudinov, Vitali Bondarenko, Sergei Novikov, Leonid Chernobayev, Yan Sudilovski\nWomen: Yana Burim, Viktoriya Kebikova\n\nCanoeing\n Men: Roman Petrushenko, Vitali Bel'ko, Oleg Yurenya, Pavel Medvedev, Vadim Makhnev, Taras Val'ko, Alexander Bogdanovich, Andrey Bogdanovich, Maksim Petrov, Kozyr Artyom, \n Women: Marina Litvinchuk, Margarita Makhneva, Nadezhda Lepeshko\n\nCycling\nMen: Vasily Kirienko, Konstantin Sivtsov, Evgeni Gutarovich\nWomen:Tatyana Sharakova, Yelena Omelyusik, Olga Antonova, Ksenia Tugai, Yelena Sitko\n\nDiving\nMen: Artyom Borovski, Yuri Novrozov\nWomen: Kristina Sheshko, Yulia Bandik, Yekaterina Veligurskaya\n\nFencing\nMen: Alexander Buikevich, Sergey Byk \nWomen: Darya Andreeva\n\nGymnastics\n\nArtistic\nWomen's – 3 quota places\n\nRhythmic\nBelarus has qualified one athlete after the performance at the 2013 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships.", "\n Individual – 1 quota place\n\nTrampoline\nBelarus qualified two athletes based on the results at the 2014 European Trampoline Championships. ", "The gymnasts will compete in both the individual and the synchronized event.", "\n Men's – 2 quota place\n Women's – 2 quota places\n\nTriathlon\n\nMen's – Aliaksandr Vasilevich\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Nations at the 2015 European Games\nEuropean Games\n2015" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use Capybara Rspec Matchers to test a presenter?", "\n\nI'm trying to test a presenter method using a Capybara RSpec matcher.", "\nLets say I have a method that renders a button. ", "This would be the test I would write if I wasn't using capybara rspec matchers:\nit \"should generate a button\" do\n template.should_receive(:button_to).with(\"Vote\").", "\n and_return(\"THE_HTML\")\n subject.render_controls.should be == \"THE_HTML\"\nend\n\nUsing capybara rspec matchers, I want to do this:\nit \"should render a vote button\" do\n subject.render_controls.should have_button('Vote')\nend\n\nThis approach was proposed in this article http://devblog.avdi.org/2011/09/06/making-a-mockery-of-tdd/. In the article, the author explains it like this: \"I decided to change up my spec setup a bit in order to pass in a template object which included the actual Rails tag helpers. ", "Then I included the Capybara spec matchers for making assertions about HTML.\" ", "\nHowever, I don't understand this. ", "How can you use capybara rspec matchers when render_controls only returns a content_tag?", "\n\nA:\n\nEven though luacassus's answer is correct, I found what the problem was. ", "I wasn't including capybara rspec matchers in the test. ", "If you don't include Capybara rspec matchers, you will an error like this: undefined method has_selector? ", "for ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer:0x9449590. ", "\nWhen you include the rspec matchers, there is no need to use Capybara String method, since rspec matchers match against a string already.", "\nI leave here a more detailed example.", "\nrequire_relative '../../app/presenters/some_presenter'\nrequire 'capybara/rspec'\n\ndescribe 'SomePresenter'\n include Capybara::RSpecMatchers\n\n let(:template) { ActionView::Base.new } \n subject { Presenter.new(template) } \n\n it \"should render a vote button\" do\n subject.render_controls.should have_button('Vote')\n end\nend\n\nA:\n\nCheck out Capybara.string method: http://rubydoc.info/github/jnicklas/capybara/master/Capybara#string-class_method\nWith this method you should be able to write something like that:\nsubject { Capybara.string(presenter.render_controls }\nit { should have_button('Vote') }\n\n" ]

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[ "Nuclear DNA identification of migrating bull trout captured at the Puget Sound Energy diversion dam on the White River, Washington State.", "\nBull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is a char listed as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the coterminous United States. ", "Substantial morphological similarities between bull trout and Dolly Varden (S. malma) make field identification difficult. ", "This has resulted in an incomplete understanding of their distribution and abundance in Washington State where these two species occur sympatrically. ", "We used three diagnostic nuclear loci to determine the species of char collected at a trap on the White River in southern Puget Sound (Washington State, USA). ", "Each of the 104 samples revealed the expected bull trout genotype at all three loci. ", "This work presents three principle results: (i) the presence of a migratory bull trout population in southern Puget Sound; (ii) no evidence of migratory Dolly Varden over 3 years; and (iii) no evidence of hybridization was detected. ", "These results also demonstrate how molecular markers can provide information essential to the conservation and management of these species." ]

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[ "Hope, Humour, and Other Eschatological Goodies\n\nPosts from the ‘Lent’ Category\n\nLast night, I conducted my eight Ash Wednesday service. ", "I still feel like an utter novice at it. ", "It feels like I am playing make believe, engaging in rites and rituals that I have no business attempting. ", "Last night, incredibly, I forgot my lines (“Remember that you are dust and to dust you shall return… except, when you forget, evidently!). ", "Each year, I make a mess of producing the ashes. ", "I dutifully save last year’s branches from Palm Sunday, but in the process of burning and oiling them I usually end up with a chunky mess filled with inconvenient strands of palm branch. ", "One year, on a particularly windy Ash Wednesday, I almost burned my back deck down. ", "I’m only half-joking. ", "All in all, not the most impressive Ash Wednesday record. ", "Read more\n\nI was at a lunch this week where Matthew 20:20-28 was read devotionally before the meal. ", "It’s the passage where the mother of James and John seeks to stake out some territory for her sons in the kingdom of God that Jesus was always going on about and which she believed was imminent. “", "Grant that one of these two sons of mine may sit at your right and the other at your left in your kingdom.” ", "They’ve been good boys, after all. ", "They’ve left everything to follow Jesus. ", "They’ve puzzled over his strange teaching, witnessed his miracles, and are now trembling with anticipation at the triumph that is surely coming. ", "They’re primed to rule with Jesus and they’d like a front row seat (and a bit of power) when the action starts. ", "Read more\n\nAs I’ve mentioned before, I often join a few Anglican colleagues for morning prayers on Wednesdays. ", "When I do so, I invariably come away with something to ponder from the Scriptures we read together and the traditional prayers that we join our voices with. ", "This morning’s Psalm was a portion from the longest of them all, Psalm 119. ", "Our reading began with these words: I hate those with divided hearts…\n\nTo err is human, Alexander Pope famously said in his Essay on Criticism. ", "Yes, it certainly is. ", "And the more experience I have with this being human business, the more evidence I am afforded of this unpleasant truth. ", "Read more\n\nOften when people find out that I’m a pastor for the first time, they will gradually, at some point in the conversation, summon the requisite courage or boldness or curiosity to ask some version of the question, So what do you actually do all day? ", "I will usually “um” and “ah” and “well, you see” for a while, before settling on things like sermons, worship preparation, writing, visiting folks, various administrative tasks, and whittling away at the ever-present mountain of email that is the bane of twenty-first century existence among the joyful privileges of participating in the Lord’s work. [", "Ahem] I don’t very often get to say things like, Well, this week, I’m actually spending a bit of time with an international journalist who is in town working on a story about our community’s responses to the Syrian refugee crisis. ", "Like, roughly never. ", "Read more\n\nI heard an advertisement on the radio while driving around today. ", "A restaurant was offering one free glass of wine per person for every visit over a certain period of time. ", "After frantically altering my lunch plans and stampeding down to this restaurant for an 11:00 lunch snorting derisively at the moral decay and transparent desperation evident in such a marketing campaign, I got to making a few (mostly unflattering) comparisons in my head between restaurants and churches as I meandered along the errand trail for the rest of the morning. ", "Read more\n\n1. ", "I’m at a function where my job is to give a short devotional and prayer before the meal. ", "Pastor-y stuff. ", "You know. ", "I’m trying to be witty, disarming, light. ", "I make some throwaway comment about how I know we’re all hungry and that the soup smells good, but please won’t you just spare 5 minutes or so for the presence to descend? ", "I do my thing. ", "Appreciative smiles, all around. ", "Let’s eat. ", "I wander around the room, hungry for praise, when a woman approaches me. ", "I smile warmly, preparing myself for the inevitable, “oh, thank you for your words” and “that was so wonderful” or some other appropriately appreciative expression of gratitude. ", "But she isn’t smiling. “", "You shouldn’t have said that, you know!” ", "I look blankly at her. “", "Um, what?” “", "About being hungry. ", "We’re not hungry. ", "None of us has ever been hungry. ", "Certainly not you. ", "You shouldn’t have said that.” ", "I’m waiting for her to say, “ah, just kidding!” ", "or “but other than that, your words were, of course, quite brilliant.” ", "I’m waiting for the conversation to make the obligatory turn. ", "Doesn’t she know this isn’t how it goes? ", "Doesn’t she know about the appreciative remarks and that grateful smiles? ", "Hasn’t she read the script?! ", "But there is no turn. ", "And she still isn’t smiling. “", "Um, well, I’m sorry,” I mumble unimpressively. “", "My husband was a prisoner of war,” she says, face unmoving. “", "He knew about hunger. ", "But you don’t know what it’s like. ", "You should be careful about what you say.” ", "Read more\n\nI sometimes think of strange things on the way to work. ", "Today is April 8, 2014. ", "Yesterday it was 20 degrees Celsius here in southern Alberta. ", "This morning it is snowing. ", "This seemed somehow wrong to me as I was driving down the highway this morning. ", "Yesterday the window was open. ", "Today the defrost is on and there is snow on the hood of my car. ", "Yes, this is very wrong indeed.", "\n\nAs I was pondering the deep and mysterious wrongness of southern Alberta weather patterns, I began to wonder about other wrong things in our world. ", "I began to wonder about how many things are said, each day, in our communities, cities, nations, and world, that are wrong. ", "How many factual errors? ", "How much sloppy and inaccurate reporting? ", "How many people pronouncing upon things they know little about? ", "How much of noisy chatter in Internet-land is simply misinformed and incorrect? ", "How are we able to wade through all this wrongness and still function? ", "Read more\n\nLent is a time when we talk often about “wilderness experiences”—about times when things are hard, when God seems absent, when we seem disoriented or stressed or lonely or bored or anxious or whatever. “", "The wilderness” becomes a kind of placeholder for an experience or set of experiences that happen to us. ", "A season we must endure or grow through, a challenge we must rise to, a test we must pass, a necessary part of the journey of faith.", "\n\nI think this is mostly an appropriate way to use wilderness language. ", "Mostly. ", "Read more\n\nA few stray strands from the week that was that I am trying to connect on a glorious hoar-frosted Friday morning….", "\n\nOne of the cool traditions that our church is a part of is what is called “Lenten lunches.” ", "Every Thursday throughout Lent, a different church in our city opens its doors to sisters and brothers from other denominations for a short devotional, followed by a simple lunch of soup and bread. ", "Yesterday, I was at a table with a few other pastors and the conversation inevitably turned to the demands of ministry, the sometimes seemingly endless meetings, the overwhelming needs of people that we are so often powerless to meet, the importance of boundaries, etc. ", "There was plenty of knowing nodding and mm-hmming. ", "But then there was a pause… and a comment from an Anglican minister: “But isn’t the invitation to Christ on some level an invitation to die?” ", "Read more\n\nThere aren’t many good radio stations in the city I live in. ", "Like, roughly zero. ", "But for a few glorious moments this morning the heavens opened, the clouds parted, and a shaft of wondrous auditory light suffused my little Volkswagen Jetta as I flitted about, running errands on a windswept prairie day. ", "U2’s “One” was playing on the radio. ", "It’s probably my favourite song. ", "Ever. ", "I hadn’t heard it for months, maybe even a year. ", "And here it was! ", "On a crappy Lethbridge radio station that ordinarily dispenses a nauseating combination of top-40 pop trash and mid-eighties light rock (think Katy Perry and Chicago back to back)! ", "Such rapture, such undeserved grace! ", "It was almost more than I could bear. ", "Read more\n\nThese words have been spoken in churches around the world this Ash Wednesday and will be spoken later today in our own church. ", "These words are a call to ponder our mortality, to examine our souls and repent for our sins, to begin the slow march to the cross of Christ and to the new life of resurrection on the other side. ", "Read more\n\nIt’s mid-afternoon and it’s been one of those scattered, disjointed days. ", "Office equipment malfunctioning, the seemingly constant pinging of email, several conversations about how to do this or that better, and what the church ought to consider doing, and what a healthy church looks like, and not getting my sermon done, and thinking ahead to a funeral for a friend tomorrow, and how are we going to get the kids to their various activities tonight, and don’t forget to stop at the bank, and remember to call so-and-so about such-and such, and, and, and…. ", "Read more\n\nI led my first ever Ash Wednesday service today. ", "Actually, scratch that. ", "I participated in my first Ash Wednesday service today. ", "My Mennonite Brethren background was decidedly low church and we didn’t really observe Lent or Advent or the Christian year in general. ", "It was Christmas and Easter and that was about it. ", "Everything else was high-church or “liturgical” (as if we weren’t!) ", "or some other negative/unnecessary practice. ", "And even though in recent years many churches in the Anabaptist tradition have moved toward embracing the Christian calendar, I still had never actually attended an Ash Wednesday service.", "\n\nTwo services in the next six days, combined with a quick jaunt to Saskatchewan to see family in between will likely mean a rather light week on this blog. ", "I did, however, want to throw up a quote that I came across a while back that I’ve been thinking about as we head into the season of Lent.", "\n\nThis past Sunday was Transfiguration Sunday where the divinity of Jesus is revealed to a handful of frightened and bewildered disciples on the top of a mountain. ", "During Lent and Holy Week we reflect upon the simultaneously horrific, beautiful, and unexpected manner in which this divinity is expressed. ", "Read more\n\nToday is Ash Wednesday, the beginning of the season of Lent, the day when ashes are placed on foreheads, and the words “Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return” are proclaimed. ", "For whatever reason, throughout my life, I have rarely needed this reminder. ", "Read more\n\nThe season of Lent begins with Ash Wednesday tomorrow, and over the last week I have been overhearing the customary discussions about who is giving up what for the period of pre-Easter preparation. ", "I have given up things for Lent in the past and have occasionally even found the process to have the effect of sharpening my focus and preparing me for Easter. ", "But more often than not, it has degenerated into somewhat of a duty that, while undertaken with the best of intentions, fizzled out well before Good Friday arrived. ", "Read more\n\nLent is a time of waiting—something we are all, in various ways and to varying degrees, familiar with. ", "During Lent our waiting is oriented towards Good Friday and Easter Sunday, the high points of the Christian calendar. ", "But “waiting” is a theme that extends far beyond the period of Lent. ", "Read more\n\nSearch\n\nSearch\n\nFollow Blog via Email\n\nEnter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email." ]

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[ ".", "\nVisit are website at gruberhomestead.com for photos and information.", "\nThe Gruber Homestead Settler's Cabin, built during the 1700's, has become very popular as a romantic getaway for couples celebrating anniversaries and other special occasions.", "The cabin is furnished with period pieces built on the premises by Homestead Woodworking. ", "The Gruber Homestead, nestled in the beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch countryside of historic Berks County, is minutes from Blue Marsh Recreation Area, offering hiking, biking and equestrian trails. ", "The lake is open to the public for boating, fishing, and all kinds of water sports. ", "Golf courses abound throughout the area. ", "Other points of interest are the Christmas Village, Mid-Atlantic Air Museum, Conrad Weiser Homestead, and the fine dining of the Stouch Tavern in Womeldorf. ", "Outlet shopping, dining, and entertainment, is a short drive away. ", "The Gruber Homestead is also an excellent base for day trips to points of interest throughout the counties of Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, and beyond. ", "You may choose to spend your time relaxing at the homestead uninterrupted by a phone or TV.", "\nConsider the Gruber Homestead Settler's Cabin for your romantic or weekend getaway.", "\nThe township that the cabin is located is rural agricultural in nature. ", "We have 28 acres. ", "We raise miniature horses and donkeys. ", "We are close to the Blue Marsh Recreation Area and have ample parking for a boat trailer or RV's.", "\n\nFormerly the BuggetInn. ", "we are located off I-78 and Route 22 near Pennsylvanias largest Cabelas Outdoor Store/ Appalachian Trail/ Dorney Park/ and Wild Water Kingdom/ Hershey Amusement Park/ and hiking and fishing area. ", "This property is located in the beautiful countryside and has all amenities of city with peaceful quite time. ", "A variety of room types with color cable television with HBO/ESPN/ CNN channels. ", "Free local calls available/ and free in room microwave and refrigerator. ", "Children 12 and under stay free/ age 13 and above are charged as an adult.", "\n\nFormerly the BuggetInn. ", "we are located off I-78 and Route 22 near Pennsylvanias largest Cabelas Outdoor Store/ Appalachian Trail/ Dorney Park/ and Wild Water Kingdom/ Hershey Amusement Park/ and hiking and fishing area. ", "This property is located in the beautiful countryside and has all amenities of city with peaceful quite time. ", "A variety of room types with color cable television with HBO/ESPN/ CNN channels. ", "Free local calls available/ and free in room microwave and refrigerator. ", "Children 12 and under stay free/ age 13 and above are charged as an adult.", "\n\nSituated in the business district, this hotel is within 20 mi (32 km) of FirstEnergy Stadium, Greater Reading Expo Center, and Blue Marsh Recreation Area. ", "Kutztown Fairgrounds and Kutztown University of Pennsylvania are also within 20 mi (32 km).", "\n\nLocated in the heart of Myerstown, this lodge is within 9 mi (15 km) of Thomas R. Brendel Museum, Lebanon County Historical Society, and Conrad Weiser Homestead. ", "Lebanon Valley Mall and Pine Meadows Golf Complex are also within 9 mi (15 km).", "\n\nThe SpaceThere's hiking, biking, fishing, canoeing, bird-watching, sight-seeing, but maybe you just want to relax and do nothing other than lie around chatting or reading. ", "Either way, this is the place for you. ", "All the amenities of home are here so you can drive up and instantly make yourself very much at home.", "\nNote: GPS will get you only as far as the mailbox. ", "The cottage is 3/4 of a mile down a winding single-lane dirt road and across a creek from Route 183.", "\nYour vacation is more than an investment of money; it's an investment of your time and hopes. ", "We take your investment very seriously. ", "We want you to be delighted.", "\nWhen you visit, you will not feel like you're at a vacation. ", "You'll feel like your at the home of a friend who wants you to have the best possible time. ", "Sleeps 7. ", "Full size washer and dryer. ", "Wifi and cable TV. ", "Central air. ", "Fireplace. ", "The fully equipped kitchen will let you bake a cake or even roast a goose.", "\nCabella's Sporting Goods is just 12 miles away.", "\nLancaster County Amish country is 40 miles or less.", "\nCottage is 163 miles from Washington DC, 130 miles from NYC, and 92 miles from Philadelphia. ", "82 miles from Gettysburg is 82 miles away, Knoebel's Amusement Resort is 30 miles away, and Hershey Park is 35 miles away.", "\nMaps, brochures, and a custom-made notebook list hundreds of local activities, adventures, and amusements.", "\nMuch of the furniture was made by local craftspeople. ", "The slab for the live-edge kitchen table, for example, is from a pin oak that was felled in Tulpehocken Twp by a pair of sibling sawyers, then kiln-dried for many months, planed, and finished by a furniture maker in Myerstown.", "\nThe cottage is 2½ miles north of the intersection of Routes 78 and 183 and about a mile from the Berks/Schuylkill County border.", "\nWhat’s provided?", "\nThe cottage has a stone fireplace in the living room with firewood and kindling provided, AM/FM tuner, DVD/BluRay/CD player with iPod port, 22” flat screen TV, basic cable, and wifi. ", "There are plenty of board games and a wonderfully eclectic library.", "\nThe kitchen is fully equipped with everything you need: electric stove, microwave, toaster, drip coffee maker, crockpot, full fridge, cooking utensils, pots and pans, flatware, dishes, glasses, and cups. ", "Basic staples like ketchup, mustard, mayo, butter, sugar, flour, olive oil, vinegar and spices are all onhand, enough to get you by for a week that you don't need to worry about the little stuff. ", "A vintage, hand-cranked coffee grinder is just the thing for a home-brewed coffee to greet everyone if you're the first one up in the morning. ", "Alas, there is no dishwasher. ", "On the shelf to the right of the fireplace is a 3-ring binder of instructions on how to work basic home utilities (TV, cable, wifi password, thermostats, trash, etc) along with a long list of local attractions and activities, and map to the Secret Swing.", "\nThere are two bedrooms, each with a queen bed. ", "The low-ceiling loft has a queen and a single bed. ", "Bed linens, blankets, and beach and bath towels provided. ", "For families with a young one, there’s a high chair, booster seat, and pack-n-play.", "\nThe cottage is fully insulated, is warmed and cooled by a heat pump, and has individually controlled electric baseboard heat in every room.", "\nWhen you come, a printed copy of the directions; a flashlight; food; personal items; a laptop; and a cell phone. ", "You might want to bring drinking water. ", "There is a well and a sophisticated water purification system but the concentration of dissolved minerals fluctuates, and the mountain water can be a little sulpher-y and rusty tasting at times. ", "I have systems to ensure that there are no bacteria in the water, so the water is always potable but may not be to your taste. ", "I provide all bed and bath linens, household papers and soaps; a fully equipped kitchen; and firewood and kindling. ", "Do not transport firewood from your home. ", "You may come from an area that has infestations of dangerous wood boring insects (lantern fly! ", "emerald ash borer! ", "No thank you!)", "\n\n.", "\nVisit are website at gruberhomestead.com for photos and information.", "\nThe Gruber Homestead Settler's Cabin, built during the 1700's, has become very popular as a romantic getaway for couples celebrating anniversaries and other special occasions.", "The cabin is furnished with period pieces built on the premises by Homestead Woodworking. ", "The Gruber Homestead, nestled in the beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch countryside of historic Berks County, is minutes from Blue Marsh Recreation Area, offering hiking, biking and equestrian trails. ", "The lake is open to the public for boating, fishing, and all kinds of water sports. ", "Golf courses abound throughout the area. ", "Other points of interest are the Christmas Village, Mid-Atlantic Air Museum, Conrad Weiser Homestead, and the fine dining of the Stouch Tavern in Womeldorf. ", "Outlet shopping, dining, and entertainment, is a short drive away. ", "The Gruber Homestead is also an excellent base for day trips to points of interest throughout the counties of Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, and beyond. ", "You may choose to spend your time relaxing at the homestead uninterrupted by a phone or TV.", "\nConsider the Gruber Homestead Settler's Cabin for your romantic or weekend getaway.", "\n\nNestled in the beautiful countryside of Berks County, perfect to experience R&R at Blue Marsh Lake and The Appalachian Trail. ", "Visit Reading, Lancaster, Hershey and Harrisburg for day trips. ", "Local farms, orchards and vineyards nearby. ", "Great for family-friendly activities and small retreats! ", "Beautiful & quiet - open floor plans with natural light, new kitchen, and high ceilings give a sense of open space indoors and outdoors!", "\n\nThe SpaceQueen size sleigh bed, 2nd floor bedroom with spacious sitting room below, including a small table for private meals and computer work space. ", "There is a pack and play for babies or toddlers and we can also provide a mattress for a child sharing your room. ", "Bring your bikes, boat or jet skis to our large parking area. ", "Guest AccessThe 2nd floor guest bedroom and adjacent 1st floor sitting room afford complete privacy and self-service mini kitchen amenities. ", "The shower/ bath is on first floor.", "\nPlease note that the washer /dryer are located in the guest bath area, and may need to be accessed on a limited basis by the host.", "\nThere is also a wooden partition between the living room and the host area that does not extend to the ceiling but does afford privacy.", "\nA large patio and grill avail seasonally. ", "Spacious parking lot with separate entrance. ", "Interaction with Guests***Please note that if you plan a one/two night stay we offer a $30.00 cash discount off the cleaning fee. ", "This is payable upon request at the time of your arrival.", "\nWe welcome guests and will be strive to be accessible. ", "We are a family with teen children and active schedules. ", "While we will do our best to provide information and offer suggestions, we value your privacy and will not always be available for constant interaction. ", "The NeighborhoodOur home is nestled in one of the most historically rich areas of our Country offering tours of early iron forges, mills, and Amish culture. ", "Nearby Blue Marsh Lake has boating, picnic/swimming areas, bike and walking trails which are approx 3 miles from the house. ", "You will enjoy views of a neighboring farm and rollings hills, meadows, a creek and our own spring fed fish pond. ", "There is also golfing, shopping, and antiquing nearby. ", "Getting AroundThere is no public transportation but we are only minutes from a nearby mall which includes: Target, Ross, Barnes and Noble, a large grocery store, Panera Bread, Ihop, Vitamin Shop, Babies R Us, and a number of fast food restaurants. ", "A small airport, hospital and Urgent Care are minutes away. ", "Car rentals can also be made at the local airport. ", "Other Things to Note***While the downstairs shower is for the exclusive use of our guests during your stay, there may be rare occasions when it is necessary to access the washer/dryer located in that bathroom.", "\n\nWe welcome you to our historic cottage dating back to William Penn's daughter's inheritance. ", "Your private guest house is located next to our 4 story stone house, tucked away in a hillside located on 95 acres of rolling farm and wood land. ", "As you enter this cottage, you will be welcomed by the gas fireplace and an open floor plan of living room kitchen combination area which includes an HDTV, a dining room nook and a fully equipped kitchen which makes in house preparations easy or you can have meals brought in by a local caterer with advance notice. ", "The upstairs loft is surrounded by hand hewn beams and period hardware. ", "Sleep well in your wrought iron king size bed, use your desk with internet accessibility or read in a comfy chair with ottoman. ", "Enjoy relaxing on the front porch wooden rockers or use the hammocks to read your favorite book. ", "Then go out back and enjoy the walking trail or sit by the fire pit & enjoy smores (ingredients provided). ", "So get away from the noise and busyness of everyday life and come here for some Rest, Relaxation, and be Renewed! ", "We know that writers and artists would also love this picturesque and peaceful setting.", "\n\nLooking for a tranquil place in the woods? ", "Located on the Blue Mountain in rural pennsylvania a short walk downhill from the Appalachian Trail, this cozy little cottage invites you to sit down on the porch and listen to the creek burble. ", "There's hiking, biking, fishing, canoeing, bird-watching, sight-seeing, but maybe you just want to relax and do nothing other than lie around chatting or reading. ", "Either way, this is the place for you. ", "All the amenities of home are here so you can drive up and instantly make yourself very much at home. *", "Smokers, please do not inquire. ", "Smoking is not permitted on or around the property.* ", "Note: GPS will get you only as far as the mailbox. ", "The cottage is 3/4 of a mile down a winding single-lane dirt road and across a creek from Route 183. ", "Your vacation is more than an investment of money; it's an investment of your time and hopes. ", "We take your investment very seriously. ", "We want you to be delighted. ", "When you visit, you will not feel like you're at a vacation. ", "You'll feel like your at the home of a friend who wants you to have the best possible time. ", "Sleeps 7. ", "Full size washer and dryer. ", "Wifi and cable TV. ", "Central air. ", "Fireplace. ", "The fully equipped kitchen will let you bake a cake or even roast a goose. ", "For holiday weekends, some holidays minimums may apply. ", "Weekly rates available. ", "Cabella's Sporting Goods is just 12 miles away. ", "Lancaster County Amish country is 40 miles or less. ", "Cottage is 163 miles from Washington DC, 130 miles from NYC, and 92 miles from Philadelphia. ", "82 miles from Gettysburg is 82 miles away, Knoebel's Amusement Resort is 30 miles away, and Hershey Park is 35 miles away. ", "Maps, brochures, and a custom-made notebook list hundreds of local activities, adventures, and amusements. ", "Much of the furniture was made by local craftspeople. ", "The slab for the live-edge kitchen table, for example, is from a pin oak that was felled in Tulpehocken Twp by a pair of sibling sawyers, then kiln-dried for many months, planed, and finished by a furniture maker in Myerstown. ", "The cottage is 2½ miles north of the intersection of Routes 78 and 183 and about a mile from the Berks/Schuylkill County border.", "\n\n1765 Colonial Homestead Inn is located at the foothills of the Blue Mountains. ", "Experience the quiet, tranquil surroundings of this charming country suite. ", "We are conveniently located within four miles of Routes 78 & 61, Cabela's, downtown Hamburg, and the Appalachian Trail. ", "Hershey Park is 50 min. ", "away and Dorney Park is only 35 min. ", "If you are looking for a central location to enjoy day trips to Harrisburg, Allentown, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Lancaster (Amish Country), look no further. ", "It is an ideal getaway for families and friends to vacation, or extended business stays. ", "Please note however, we cannot accommodate large gatherings such as weddings, family reunions, etc. ", "This unique, two story suite has two bedrooms and a private bath with shower/tub combo on the second floor. ", "The front bedroom offers a queen bed and the second has a full size bed. ", "The bedroom on the third floor has two twin beds and is available upon request only for an additional fee. ", "Relax in your sitting room and fully furnished kitchen and dining area located on the first floor. ", "All rooms have a lovely pond and meadow view. ", "Fishing gear is available for your use. ", "Enjoy a private entrance and yard with picnic table. ", "Additional amenities include central air on the second and third floor and window unit on the first floor, free WiFi, flat screen TV with satellite service in the sitting room and front bedroom. ", "Towels, linens, alarm clock and hair dryer. ", "Kitchen is fully stocked and includes complimentary breakfast items to get you started. ", "These items will include eggs, sausage, bagels or English muffins, orange juice, milk, coffee and tea. ", "Laundry is available upon request. ", "This is a non-smoking property and we are not handicap accessible. ", "Your comfort, privacy and enjoyment are our highest priority. ", "As hosts we are available for requests, information, travel suggestions, or conversation. ", "Should you prefer your privacy, we will respect that equally.", "\n\nThe Fall and Winter are special seasons at Lakeside Manor. ", "The cooler weather in the fall and coloring leaves invite our guests to venture outdoors! ", "Enjoy a nice hike around the lake or on the trail along the creek at the bottom of the ravine. ", "Fishing and boating are as good as ever and also great pastimes during the fall months. ", "And of course nothing can quite compare to a crackling camp fire as another brisk day comes to an end. ", "The winter brings another opportunity for our guests to get away from it all and cozy up with family and friends in our 5,000+ sqft home. ", "The spacious bedrooms and living area offer many options for group games and activities. ", "Of course if there is snow on the ground, younger guests will love the many hills to sled and the numerous acres to explore and build snow forts. ", "If it is a cold winter the 6 acre pond will completely freeze over providing more to be marveled and enjoyed. ", "Too cold to go outside?…stay indoors and enjoy the pool table, large flat screen TV with many channels, and the one lane regulation size bowling alley! ", "Also there are quite a few attractions in the area that can be visited year round including the largest Cabelas in the world, The Yuengling Brewing Co (the oldest brewery in the nation), Roadside America (largest miniature village in the nation), Christmas Village (people come from all over to see the lights and decoration from Thanksgiving on), and much more. ", "See our description below for more information… Remember those long summer days playing all day in the water under the hot afternoon sun, eating hot dogs and hamburgers at dinner time and finishing with ice cream and apple pie for dessert? ", "Then staying up late with a game of capture the flag followed by a three hour game of monopoly, or cards on the back patio? ", "You will be ushered back to those good old days at Lakeside Manor. ", "The long tree lined driveway leads to the 5,000 square foot 1960's stone cape cod. ", "This 30 plus acre property is truly a step back in time. ", "Upon arrival, there is little need to leave although the surrounding area has much to offer for anyone's fancy. ", "The most impressive feature of this vacation home is the 6 acre private lake that greets you when entering the property but also wraps around the back of the house leaving plenty to be discovered and explored throughout your stay. ", "This is considered a small lake but would be a very large pond. ", "Another very unique aspect to this property is the basement which is over 1,500 sq ft. ", "The basement offers a 2nd kitchen with bar area, elevator access, a large walkout patio area, large stone fireplace and a pool table. ", "The most unique area in the house is the full sized, one lane, old fashioned bowling alley. ", "Bring a personal pin setter along because this bowling alley is \"old school\" but works perfectly for all day fun no matter the weather outside! ", "Lakeside Manor offers 6 bedrooms with beds for over 20 and 4 full bathrooms. ", "The 30 acres is a combination of green grass, lake, a stream that runs though a wooded ravine (great for children) and farm land. ", "There is a balcony, two patios, an indoor porch, all with great views of the lake and the mountains a few miles away. ", "The old dock has been restored which is perfect for all things lake related. ", "There are many fish in the lake! ", "Bring fishing rods and you'll be sure to have a blast catching bass, perch, crappies, and blue gills a plenty. ", "The lake has a steady decline from the bank and gradually deepens to around 20 ft in the middle. ", "There is a nice shallow area surrounded by shade trees that works well for the younger swimmers. ", "We have a few boats/kayaks for our guests to use during there stay on the lake. ", "Feel free to bring your own boats as well whether they are for our lake or for Blue Marsh Lake just minutes down the road. (", "Bring motor boats and jet skis for Blue Marsh Lake, not for use here). ", "There is much more to be said but please be encouraged to check out the pictures and contact us with any further questions. ", "Thanks!", "\n\nGuests are sure to enjoy a memorable vacation in this fully furnished, 2,100 square foot, 4 bedroom, 2 bath rancher. ", "This is a CulDeSac lot, situated in a quiet development with mature landscaping which gives it an amazing amount if privacy. ", "The back yard has a patio, and there is a deck out the living room. ", "The living room has a gas fireplace and a beautiful view including seeing a portion of the Heidelberg Country Club golf course. ", "The kitchen is fully equipped and can seat eight, while the dining room table seats twelve. ", "The master bedroom has a queen and single, two others have a queen, while the fourth has a full and queen, comfortable for sleeping 11 people. ", "Guests can either spend the day relaxing or going to many local places of interest, the closest being Koziar's Christmas Village. ", "This is a great place to stay for those who may be planing to hunt on the state gamelands #280 or enjoy any aspect of the Blue Marsh Lake. ", "There are plenty of places to shop in Reading, Hamburg and Lebanon. ", "This house is located within an hour from Harrisburg, Allentown, Lancaster (Amish country, Sight and Sound) & Hershey (Park, Chocolate World, Gardens). ", "For those who would like to spend a day at the beach, there are several within a three hour drive. ", "The Pocono mountains and raceway are 90 minutes away. ", "For a change of pace, come and enjoy a quiet get away in this peaceful setting.", "\n\nIdeally located in the prime touristic area of Hamburg, Dutch Motel Shartlesville promises a relaxing and wonderful visit. ", "The hotel offers a wide range of amenities and perks to ensure you have a great time. ", "Business center, pets allowed, 24hr room service, room service are there for guest's enjoyment. ", "Guestrooms are fitted with all the amenities you need for a good night's sleep, including non smoking rooms. ", "The hotel offers various recreational opportunities. ", "Discover all Hamburg (PA) has to offer by making Dutch Motel Shartlesville your base.", "\n\nMicrotel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Hamburg is a popular choice amongst travelers in Hamburg (PA), whether exploring or just passing through. ", "Offering a variety of facilities and services, the hotel provides all you need for a good night's sleep. ", "Service-minded staff will welcome and guide you at the Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Hamburg. ", "Air conditioning, heating, desk, alarm clock, telephone can be found in selected guestrooms. ", "Take a break from a long day and make use of games room. ", "No matter what your reasons are for visiting Hamburg (PA), Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Hamburg will make you feel instantly at home.", "\n\nContact Us\n\nDoesn't look like a valid email.", "\n\nWhat's your email address?", "\n\n{{ errors.email }}\n\nA message is required\n\nThank you !!", "\n\nStart traveling today!", "\n\nAllTheRoomsis theworld’s first and only complete accommodations site.", "\n\nWe feature every travel accommodation: private homes and rooms, hotels, vacation rentals, bunk beds to best-in-class…and more! ", "Our goal? ", "To host every single room that's available on the Internet. ", "Search from a list of more than 5 million rooms from 400+ sites—in every nook and cranny on the globe!" ]

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[ "1965–66 Serie B\n\nThe Serie B 1965–66 was the thirty-fourth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.", "\n\nTeams\nNovara, Pisa and Reggina had been promoted from Serie C, while Genoa, Messina and Mantova had been relegated from Serie A.\n\nFinal classification\n\nResults\n\nReferences and sources\nAlmanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005\n\nCategory:Serie B seasons\n2\nItaly" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nStrawberry (*Fragaria* × *ananassa*) fruits (culinary term) are highly appreciated by consumers due to sweetness, flavor, fragrance, bright red color and juicy texture. ", "They are frequently consumed either fresh, frozen or as an additive to dairy products, ice creams, chocolates and pies. ", "Therefore, strawberry world production revealed increasing trend during the last decade reaching about 4.6 × 10^6^ tons in 2011 year. ", "There is a substantial body of evidence that regular strawberry consumption can have pro-healthy effect.^([@B1]--[@B3])^ This may include cardiovascular protection, e.g., reduction of atherosclerotic markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome or decrease in low-density lipoprotein peroxidative damage;^([@B4]--[@B7])^ anti-inflammatory activity (attenuation of the postprandial inflammatory response);^([@B6],[@B8],[@B9])^ attenuation of the risk of oxidative stress by augmentation of plasma antioxidant defense^([@B7],[@B10]--[@B13])^ and suppression of baseline formation of reactive oxygen species by blood phagocytes.^([@B11])^ These plausibly pro-healthy effects of strawberries can be attributed to the presence of numerous polyphenols such as anthocyanins (e.g., pelargonidin, cyanidin), ellagic acid and ellagitanins, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid), catechin, quercetin and vitamins (ascorbic acid, folates).^([@B1]--[@B3])^ Apart from the direct antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties polyphenols can modulate the expression of genes involved in cell metabolism and survival, enzymatic antioxidant defense and systems of DNA protection and repair.^([@B1],[@B2])^ Although, the enhancing effect of strawberry consumption on plasma antioxidant activity in humans seems extensively investigated^([@B7],[@B10]--[@B14])^ there are some controversies and unresolved issues regarding this effect: (A) -- Consumption of 500 g strawberries daily for 16 days increased fasting plasma ferric reducing ability (FRAP) while had no effect on plasma ability to decolorize 2,2\\'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation (TEAC assay) in healthy subjects on low-polyphenols diet.^([@B13])^ Conversely, in another study the same dose of strawberries consumed for 9 days did not alter fasting plasma FRAP or its ability to decompose 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (DPPH-test) in healthy subjects also on low-polyphenols diet.^([@B10])^ On the other hand, under the same conditions a rise in DPPH-test was observed in fasting plasma deprived of uric acid (non-urate DPPH-test);^([@B10])^ (B) -- Withdrawal of strawberries from the diet resulted in the decrease of non-urate DPPH-test to baseline values within 6 days,^([@B10])^ but in the other study increased fasting FRAP values persisted for 30 days after cessation of strawberry consumption;^([@B13])^ (C) -- 30 days consumption of 500 g strawberries daily did not alter fasting plasma FRAP and DPPH-test (but increased non-urate DPPH-test) in healthy subjects on their usual diet,^([@B12])^ while plasma FRAP (but not TEAC assay) measured 3 and 4 h after single consumption of 1,000 g and 240 g of strawberries, respectively, increased substantially in healthy subjects.^([@B12],[@B14])^ These inconsistencies suggest that discovery of a positive effect of strawberries consumption on plasma antioxidant activity may depend on various factors including selection of the method used for plasma antioxidant activity measurement, time of blood sampling after strawberry intake and concomitant dietary restrictions. ", "Therefore, to resolve these issues we decided to analyze the effect of daily consumption of 500 g strawberries for 9 days on antioxidant activity of fasting plasma samples and those collected 3 h after fruits intake in healthy subjects on their usual diet. ", "FRAP and DPPH-test were used for the assessment of total antioxidant activity of native plasma samples and those deprived of uric acid (non-urate) along with determination of selected phenolic acids and total phenolic concentrations in plasma. ", "Furthermore the effect of a single oral dose of 300 mg of ascorbic acid, comparable to that ingested with 500 g of strawberries on plasma antioxidant activity was evaluated.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nThis study was an extension of our previously published results of interventional trials in which consumption of strawberries (500 g daily) increased fasting non-urate plasma DPPH radical scavenging activity^([@B10],[@B11])^ while had no effect on FRAP.^([@B11])^ It was executed just after interim analysis of these variables, therefore, the same strawberry pulp was used for dietary intervention.", "\n\nStrawberries\n------------\n\nThe strawberry 'Honeoye' fruits were harvested at commercial maturity at plantation managed according to standards of integrated food production. ", "They were washed, destemmed, mixed in order to obtain a uniform experimental sample, frozen, disintegrated at --25°C, then packed in polyethylene bags in quantities of 500 ± 1 g and stored at the same temperature (--25°C) until consumption but no longer than 4 months. ", "The detailed characteristics of fruits; content of anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin 3-*O*-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-*O*-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-*O*-rutinoside), ellagic acid and other phenolics (e.g., catechin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin glycosides) and phytochemicals stability during storage were described elsewhere.^([@B11])^\n\nStudy Population\n----------------\n\nThe study group (strawberry consumers) involved 11 volunteers \\[F/M -- 1/10, mean age 41 ± 11 years, mean body weight 80 ± 7 kg, mean body mass index (BMI) = 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m^2^\\]. ", "The inclusion criteria were age between 20 and 60 years and a written informed consent before initiating the study procedures. ", "The control group consisted of 7 subjects (F/M -- 2/5, mean age 47 ± 8 years, mean body weight 80 ± 10 kg, BMI 26.1 ± 1.5 kg/m^2^). ", "Additional group for evaluation of single 300 mg oral dose of vitamin C on plasma antioxidant activity involved 8 subjects (F/M -- 3/5, mean age 41 ± 10 years, mean body weight 74 ± 10 kg, BMI 24.1 ± 2.3 kg/m^2^). ", "All volunteers were the members of our university scientific staff and were apparently healthy nonsmokers. ", "They were employed at departments located in the close neighborhood of Department of Clinical Physiology where the clinical part of study was carried out. ", "All subjects agreed to keep their dietary habits constant during the study period and to comply with instructions related to participation in the study. ", "The exclusion criteria included pregnancy, alcohol and illicit drug abuse, fructose intolerance, strawberry hypersensitivity; moreover, any history of infectious or inflammatory diseases, use of any vitamins or food supplements, or any systemic treatment with antibiotics within 3 months prior to the study.", "\n\nStudy protocol\n--------------\n\nThe study had an open-label design with run-in and washout periods and consisted of 5 visits at the 0th, 3rd, 7th, 11th and 14th day of observation. ", "During the whole study period (14 days) volunteers (*n* = 11) were on their usual diet. ", "After a 3-day run-in period (a visit on the 3rd day), volunteers started to eat a daily portion of 500 g of strawberries (strawberry pulp thawed to room temperature, consumed between 11:00 and 11:30 AM) for 9 days until a visit on 11th day. ", "The washout period following this visit lasted 3 days (until a visit on 14th day). ", "Fasting venous blood (10 ml) was collected between 8:30 and 9:30 AM into vacutainer tubes with lithium heparin (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) for plasma antioxidant activity measurement (FRAP and DPPH-test) and into tubes containing EDTA for other assays. ", "The same blood collection procedure was repeated 3 h after strawberry pulp consumption at 2:30 PM. ", "Blood was centrifuged (10 min, 1,500 × *g*, 4°C) and the plasma was stored at --80°C until assayed but not longer than 3 months. ", "All volunteers had a light snack (roll with butter and cheese and a cup of tea) within one hour after fasting blood collection. ", "The controls (*n* = 7) underwent all the aforementioned procedures, with the exception of the strawberry pulp intake. ", "At the first visit volunteers received a diary card to record daily consumption of selected food products and beverages rich in polyphenols as previously described.^([@B11])^ Strawberry consumers were additionally asked to perform 24-h urine collection at each visit. ", "It started from 11:30 AM, right after fruits intake, till 11:30 AM the next day. ", "One gram of ascorbic acid and 130 mg of NaN~3~ per urinary container were used as a preservative. ", "Evaluation of a single 300 mg oral dose of vitamin C on plasma antioxidant activity was executed in the same manner as in the case of strawberries, however, it was performed only during the one visit. ", "The Medical University of Lodz Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (RNN/62/09/KE).", "\n\nMeasurement of plasma DPPH radical scavenging activity\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nPlasma DPPH-test was measured according to our recently described procedure.^([@B15])^ Briefly, 5 µl of 10 mmol/L of a DPPH radical solution in methanol was added to a cuvette containing 970 µl of methanol and continuously stirred and, after a 3-min incubation period at 20°C, the baseline absorbance at wavelength 517 nm (A~517~) was measured with an Ultrospec III, using Spectro-Kinetics software (LKB Biochrom Pharmacia, Cambridge, England). ", "Then, 25 µl of deproteinized plasma was added and mixed; the A~517~ decrease related to the DPPH radical decomposition over 30 min of incubation period was then recorded. ", "As a negative control 25 µl samples of 9.50 mol/L acetonitrile solution was used. ", "All individual results were obtained from triplicate measurements and plasma scavenging effect (PSE%) was calculated according to the formula PSE% = \\[1 -- A~517~ plasma sample/A~517~ negative control\\] × 100%.^([@B15],[@B16])^\n\nMeasurement of FRAP\n-------------------\n\nMeasurement was conducted following the procedure originally described by Benzie and Strain,^([@B17])^ with some modifications,^([@B16],[@B18])^ in which Fe^3+^ to Fe^2+^ ion reduction at low pH caused the formation of a colored ferrous-2,4,6-tripirydyls-triazyne (TPTZ) complex, resulting in an increase in absorbance at 593 nm (A~593~). ", "Briefly, 30 µl of plasma was mixed with 90 µl of deionized water and then added to 900 µl of a FRAP reagent (prewarmed to 37°C) while sample absorbance at 593 nm was continuously measured over 10 min (end point assay) at 37°C (Ultrospec III, with Spectro-Kinetics software, LKB Biochrom Pharmacia, Cambridge, England). ", "As a control served 120 µl samples of water. ", "FRAP reagent was prepared just before the assay by adding 10 ml of 300 mmol/L acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 1 ml of 10 mmol/L TPTZ in 40 mmol/L HCl, and 1 ml of 20 mmol/L aqueous FeCl~3~ solution in the given order. ", "Calibration was performed with a FRAP reagent containing FeCl~2~ (total sample volume 1.02 ml, final concentrations from 5 to 1,000 µmol/L, 25 concentration points). ", "Absorbance was linear (*r* = 0.98, *p*\\<0.01). ", "Individual results were obtained from triplicate measurements and were expressed as a concentration of Fe^3+^ ions reduced into Fe^2+^ after 10 min of incubation of plasma samples with FRAP reagent. ", "Calculations were done according to the formula: Y \\[µmol/L\\] = 1687.9X -- 3.3, Y being the concentration of Fe^3+^ reduced ions while X the difference between A~593~ of assayed sample and A~593~ of a blank.^([@B16])^\n\nPreparation of non-urate plasma\n-------------------------------\n\nSamples of plasma (200 µl) were incubated with 1.2 U/ml uricase and 24 U/ml catalase for 10 min at 37°C in order to decompose uric acid.^([@B19])^ Preliminary experiments with 6 plasma specimens with uric acid concentration ranging from 5.2 to 6.8 mg/dl revealed complete decomposition of uric acid already after 5 min from uricase addition. ", "Catalase was added for rapid decomposition of H~2~O~2~ (generated during uricase catalyzed oxidation of uric acid by oxygen) to avoid the risk of suppression of plasma antioxidant activity. ", "Catalase alone had no effect on the results of FRAP and DPPH tests.^([@B11])^\n\nOther determinations\n--------------------\n\nConcentrations of selected polyphenols and their metabolites (dihydrocaffeic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, homovanillic acid, hippuric acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, urolithin A) in plasma and urine were determined with combination of solid phase extraction technique with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical or ultraviolet-visible detection as previously described.^([@B11])^ Total phenolic compound concentrations were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau method^([@B16])^ and expressed as catechin equivalent in mmol/L or mmol/24 h for plasma or 24-h urine collection, respectively.", "\n\nStatistical analysis\n--------------------\n\nResults were expressed as a mean (SD) and median depending on data distribution which was tested with Shapiro-Wilk's W test. ", "Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated observations or Friedman's ANOVA was applied for the assessment of changes in variables over time (before, during, and after consumption of strawberries) depending on data distribution. ", "In case of statistically significant ANOVA, the post hoc analyses were done with Scheffe's test or post hoc analysis for Friedman's ANOVA (multiple comparisons at 2 different time points). ", "Comparison of dependent variables at a given time point (fasting vs postprandial) were analyzed with Wilcoxon test (non-normal distributed data) or paired *t* test (normal data distribution). ", "A *p* value\\<0.05 was considered significant.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nAll strawberry consumers and control subjects completed the study. ", "No adverse events were noted. ", "Average consumption (calculated on the basis of subjects' reports) of coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, alcoholic beverages, meat, eggs, and dairy products did not change in the strawberry or control group over the study period (data not shown). ", "Strawberry consumption increased 24-h urinary excretion of urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid which returned to the baseline after 3 days of washout (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "This is consistent with the 100% compliance with study protocol instructions declared by subjects in the strawberry group. ", "Fasting and postprandial FRAP, non-urate FRAP, DPPH-test and non-urate DPPH-test did not change significantly in healthy controls over 14 days of observation (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Similarly, no differences were noted between fasting and postprandial measures of plasma antioxidant activity at majority of time-points except for 3rd day for FRAP and 11th day for non-urate DPPH-test (*p*\\<0.05) (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "At these time-points mean postprandial FRAP decreased by 4.4%, while mean postprandial non-urate DPPH-test rose by 12.2%. ", "Fasting and postprandial plasma uric acid did not change over the study period. ", "On the other hand, postprandial uric acid concentration revealed tendency to the lower values than the fasting one that reached statistical significance at the 7th and 11th day (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In strawberry consumers the mean fasting plasma uric acid increased by 19.9% at the 14th day (after 3 day wash-out) vs the baseline value at the day 3rd (Fig.", " [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, 3-h postprandial plasma uric acid concentration did not alter significantly over the study and did not differ from fasting values at any time-point, particularly during strawberry consumption period (Fig.", " [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nFRAP in strawberry consumers\n----------------------------\n\nBoth, fasting and 3-h postprandial FRAP tended to decrease over the whole study period in strawberry consumers. ", "However, only in the case of postprandial values this trend reached statistical significance (Fig.", " [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Postprandial FRAP at 11th day (after the last strawberry dose) and at the 14th day (after 3 day wash-out) were lower by about 15% than that noted at 3rd day (after the first strawberry dose) and at 7th day (after the fifth fruits dose). ", "During the period of strawberry consumption (3rd, 7th and 11th day) postprandial FRAP revealed tendency to higher values than the corresponding fasting one, yet statistical significance was noted at the 7th day (1.21 ± 0.18 mmol/L vs 1.15 ± 0.16 mmol/L, *p*\\<0.05). ", "When, plasma samples deprived of uric acid were analyzed (non-urate FRAP) similar, but more distinct changes in antioxidant activity were noted than in the case of native plasma (Fig.", " [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Fasting and postprandial non-urate FRAP at baseline were higher than those at the end of strawberry consumption (11th day) and after the wash-out period (14th day). ", "Moreover, mean postprandial non-urate FRAP increased after strawberry intake by 15.5, 25.6 and 21.4% in comparison to fasting values at 3rd, 7th and 11th day, respectively (Fig.", " [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nPlasma DPPH-test in strawberry consumers\n----------------------------------------\n\nFasting and postprandial DPPH-test of native plasma (likewise FRAP) revealed trend to decrease over the study period. ", "However, statistical significance was noted only between fasting DPPH-test values at 0th day (baseline) and 11th (before the last dose of strawberries). ", "Fasting and 3-h postprandial plasma DPPH-tests were almost the same at all time-points, especially at 3rd, 7th and 11th day representing the effect of the 1st, 5th and 9th dose of strawberries, respectively (Fig.", " [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "On the other hand, mean non-urate DPPH-test increased after 3 h from strawberry ingestion by 17.4, 17.6 and 12.6% at the consecutive time-points of fruits consumption (Fig.", " [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As it was observed for FRAP and non-urate FRAP, fasting and postprandial non-urate DPPH-tests at 11th and 14th day were significantly lower than corresponding values at baseline (a decrease by 44.1 and 39.9% for fasting plasma samples and by 35.8 and 42.4% for postprandial plasma samples, respectively) (Fig.", " [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nEffect of single 300 mg dose of vitamin C on plasma antioxidant activity\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSingle dose of 300 mg of ascorbic acid did not alter plasma antioxidant activity in the group of 8 healthy subjects. ", "Fasting and 3-h postprandial values of FRAP and DPPH-test were similar for both, native and non-urate plasma samples (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nPlasma levels of selected polyphenols in strawberry consumers\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBoth, fasting and 3-h postprandial plasma concentrations of total phenolics, dihydrocaffeic acid, caffeic acid, homovanillic acid and vanillic acid did not change over the study period (Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Similarly, plasma levels of these phenolic acids (postprandial vs fasting) did not increase in response to strawberry ingestion at any time-points (3rd, 7th and 11th day). ", "However, it should be pointed out that postprandial levels of hippuric acid were lower than fasting ones. ", "It was noted either at the days without strawberry consumption (0th and 14th) or at 3rd and 11th day after intake of fruits. ", "Further, the mean postprandial plasma concentration of hippuric acid at the end of the study (day 14th) was 2.1-times lower (*p*\\<0.05) than that at the entry (0th day) (Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "On the other hand, plasma 4-hydroxyhippuric acid levels did not change significantly in strawberry consumers over the study (mean fasting and postprandial concentrations ranged from 2.4 ± 0.3 to 2.6 ± 0.4 µmol/L and from 2.5 ± 0.4 to 2.3 ± 0.6 µmol/L at 0th and 14th day, respectively).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nUric acid had a strong antioxidant potential and contributed considerably to the total plasma antioxidant activity.^([@B15],[@B16],[@B19])^ It was responsible for about 60% and 75% of plasma ability to reduce Fe^3+^ ions (FRAP) and to decompose the DPPH radical (DPPH-test), respectively.^([@B10],[@B11])^ Polyphenols can affect urinary excretion of uric acid^([@B20],[@B21])^ and fructose contained in ingested fruits or juices can transiently elevate uric acid levels with subsequent increase in plasma antioxidant activity.^([@B16],[@B22])^ Therefore, moderate changes in other circulating antioxidants (e.g., phenolics, vitamins, thiols) cannot result in significant rise of plasma antioxidant activity. ", "Hence, it is recommended to analyze native plasma samples and those deprived of uric acid in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of plasma antioxidant activity monitoring in the studies with dietary interventions.^([@B19])^ Although, one dose of strawberries contained 18.5 g fructose and 1,320 mg of total polyphenols^([@B11])^ no changes between fasting and postprandial uric acid levels in fruits consumers were noted at any occasion. ", "Thus, any difference between fasting and postprandial plasma antioxidant activities in strawberry consumers cannot be attributed to changes in circulating concentrations of uric acid.", "\n\nPlasma antioxidant activity in strawberry consumers\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nIn healthy controls comparison of fasting and postprandial FRAP and DPPH-test measured either in native or non-urate plasma samples did not reveal any significant differences at the majority of time points. ", "Conversely, in strawberry consumers plasma antioxidant activity measured in non-urate samples increased after fruits ingestion. ", "Moreover, at 0th and 14th day when fruits were not consumed no differences between fasting and postprandial non-urate FRAP and DPPH-test were noted. ", "These indicate that non-urate plasma antioxidant activity increased in response to strawberry intake and some phytochemicals contained in this fruits could be responsible for this effect. ", "However, native plasma did not reveal any differences between fasting and postprandial DPPH-test and FRAP (except for that at the 7th day) in response to strawberry consumption what is in concordance with the aforementioned masking effect of uric acid.^([@B19])^ Both, fasting and postprandial FRAP and DPPH-test were stable over the study period in healthy controls. ", "Surprisingly, plasma antioxidant activity (fasting and postprandial) decreased at the end of study (at the 11th day before the last dose of strawberries and at the 14th day after 3 day washout) in fruits consumers what could be attributed to repeated strawberry intake.", "\n\nContribution of ascorbic acid to strawberry intake-induced rise of postprandial plasma antioxidant activity\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA dose of 500 g strawberries contained 271.5 mg of ascorbic acid.^([@B11])^ Ascorbic acid has a strong ability to reduce Fe^3+^ ions^([@B18])^ that is higher than that of numerous polyphenols and their metabolites.^([@B18])^ Moreover, it decomposed the DPPH radical *in vitro* and added to human plasma augmented FRAP and DPPH-test results.^([@B15],[@B18])^ In clinical studies single rapid (within 10 min) consumption of 1 kg of strawberries increased 3-h postprandial plasma antioxidant activity in healthy subjects.^([@B14])^ Since, strawberry ingestion was accompanied by 95% rise in circulating ascorbic acid levels this vitamin was recognized as the main factor responsible for 22% augmentation of FRAP.^([@B14])^ However, TEAC-test, the other measure of plasma antioxidant activity (based on the ability of an antioxidant compound to quench and reduce ABTS^+^ radical cation to the colorless form) did not increase at all.^([@B14])^ *In vitro*, one molecule of ascorbic acid can reduce 2 molecules of ABTS^+^ radical,^([@B23])^ thus one may expect any increase in TEAC-test in the case of almost 2-fold rise of plasma ascorbate. ", "These suggest that other compounds and mechanisms can additionally contribute to augmentation of plasma antioxidant activity in the case of rapid ingestion of 1 kg of strawberries. ", "We assumed that strawberry-induced increase in non-urate FRAP and DPPH-test observed in our study could be related to ingestion of ascorbic acid contained in these fruits. ", "However, our control experiments showing no effect of oral single 300 mg dose of ascorbic acid on native and non-urate plasma antioxidant activity rather excluded this possibility.", "\n\nPlausible mechanism of strawberry-induced postprandial rise of plasma antioxidant activity\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPostprandial concentrations of total phenolics and six selected phenolic acids in plasma did not increase in comparison to fasting values at any occasion after strawberry consumption. ", "It indicates that the rise of non-urate plasma antioxidant activity cannot be caused by direct antioxidant effect of increased concentrations of circulating polyphenols. ", "Moreover, results of our control experiments with single oral dose of 300 mg of vitamin C (discussed in the previous subsection) excluded the significant contribution of strawberry-derived ascorbate in this phenomenon. ", "However, the rise of urinary concentration of urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid indicates that strawberry polyphenols or products of their processing by gut microbiota^([@B24])^ were absorbed and metabolized in liver and enterocytes, or absorptive cells of large intestine.^([@B25],[@B26])^ It seems that phenolics concentration in the portal blood could be higher than that in the systemic circulation and thereby they can affect some enzymes present in the liver and the small and large intestine. ", "Xanthine oxidase (XO) and lipoxygenase activities were found in the liver and intestine and their inhibition protected these organs from oxidative stress-induced injury under experimental conditions *in vivo*.^([@B27]--[@B32])^ Recently, it was found that extracts from Aronia melanocarpa and isolated polyphenols such as quercetin and cyanidin-3 glucoside can inhibit XO and 15-lipoxygenase *in vitro*.^([@B33])^ XO catalyzes oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine with subsequent conversion into uric acid^([@B27],[@B28])^ while 15-lipoxygenase participates in arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism.^([@B34])^ Both these processes are accompanied by generation of superoxide radicals with further formation of H~2~O~2~ and hydroxyl radicals. ", "Since consumed strawberries contained cyanidins and quercetin^([@B11])^ ingestion of these fruits could result in at least transient inhibition of these enzymes with subsequent attenuation of free radicals production. ", "This inhibition can spare to some extent the pool of circulating antioxidants and thus be responsible for the postprandial rise of plasma antioxidant activity. ", "Moreover, consumption of strawberries decreased resting production of reactive oxygen species by circulating polymorphonulclear leukocytes in healthy volunteers^([@B11])^ and inhibited postprandial release of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant cytokines in overweight subjects.^([@B9])^ These may also contribute to sparing of plasma antioxidants with subsequent increase in postprandial non-urate plasma antioxidant activity. ", "On the other hand, inhibition of XO could result in the decrease in plasma uric acid. ", "We did not observe any significant differences between fasting and postprandial uric acid levels in strawberry consumers. ", "Moreover, uric acid levels raised significantly at the end of study. ", "Therefore, confirmation of this hypothesis requires further studies involving monitoring of blood activity of XO and lipoxygenase along with urinary excretion of uric acid after strawberry ingestion.", "\n\nDecrease of fasting plasma antioxidant activity over the study period\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSuppression of fasting plasma antioxidant activity at the 11th day after 9 days of strawberry consumption that persisted after 3 days of washout period was the surprising finding. ", "This was specially visible in non-urate plasma samples. ", "Although, circulating uric acid was elevated at the last two time-points (11th and 14th day) the decrease of FRAP and DPPH-test was also noted in native plasma samples. ", "This observation is consistent to some extent with our previous report showing tendency to a decrease in fasting non urate DPPH-test after 9 and 12 days of strawberry consumption (500 g daily) in comparison to the peak value after 3 days of fruit intake in healthy subjects on semi-restrictive low polyphenols diet.^([@B10])^ On the other hand, strawberry consumption had no effect either on DPPH-test of native plasma or on FRAP determined in both native and non-urate plasma.^([@B10])^ Two 30 day courses of strawberry (500 g a day) consumption (separated by 10 days wash-out) did not alter fasting plasma FRAP and DPPH-test and even increased the latter in non-urate plasma of healthy subjects without any dietary restrictions.^([@B11])^ Also other authors did not report any significant changes in fasting plasma antioxidant activity in response to repeated strawberry intake in healthy subjects on their usual diet.^([@B35])^ However, in these studies the time-intervals between consecutive time-points of plasma antioxidant activity measurement were comparable to or even longer than^([@B11],[@B35])^ duration of fruits consumption in our present trial. ", "Therefore, some transient plasma antioxidant activity fluctuations including its decrease could have been overlooked in these long-term dietary interventions.", "\n\nIt is possible that total plasma antioxidant activity is not a highly specific and sensitive parameter reflecting effectiveness of the usual diet supplementation with fruits rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polyphenols (e.g., strawberries) in healthy subjects. ", "This hypothesis is supported by the observations that consumption of strawberries 500 g daily for a few weeks had no significant effect on fasting plasma antioxidant activity of healthy subjects on their usual diet while, at the same time, increased: (A) -- plasma lipids, erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells resistance to oxidative damage;^([@B35])^ (B) -- decreased resting generation of ROS by blood phagocytes^([@B11])^ and suppressed plasma paraoxonase PON-1 activity, what maybe a secondary effect to suppression of reactive oxygen species activity^([@B36])^ under *ex vivo* conditions.", "\n\nChanges of plasma antioxidant activity in response to repeated strawberry polyphenols ingestion could be the net result of several processes including for instance: (A) -- elaboration of polyphenols by gut microflora and intestinal absorption;^([@B24],[@B37],[@B38])^ (B) -- formation of less reactive complexes with plasma proteins and their transportation outside the capillaries;^([@B39],[@B40])^ (C) -- binding and uptake of polyphenols by blood and endothelial cells;^([@B41],[@B42])^ (D) -- polyphenols metabolism in liver and their urinary excretion.^([@B43])^ Moreover, some of these processes can be activated or inhibited by polyphenols themselves. ", "In addition, polyphenols can affect metabolic pathways leading to synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and endogenous low molecular weight antioxidants.^([@B43],[@B44])^ Therefore, enhanced cellular polyphenols uptake or their binding to plasma proteins or cell surface may decrease free circulating pool of polyphenols and be responsible for paradoxical decrease of plasma antioxidant activity. ", "However, this could be accompanied by the enhancement of antioxidant potential in the intracellular compartment. ", "Hence, decreased fasting FRAP and DPPH-test observed at the end of our dietary intervention does not exclude beneficial antioxidant effect of diet supplementation with strawberries. ", "The rise of postprandial plasma antioxidant activity with its decrease in subsequent fasting samples fits with this hypothesis. ", "Although, total fasting and postprandial plasma polyphenols did not differ from each other and were stable over the study period, this cannot exclude changes of free and complexed polyphenols pool during the study since the method used for total polyphenols determination measured the sum of these two pools. ", "Relatively low number of studied subjects is the main limitation of our results. ", "Therefore, these findings should be confirmed on the larger group of strawberry consumers with parallel monitoring of antioxidant defense as well as the main strawberry anthocyanins (e.g., pelargonidin, cyanidin) and their metabolites in plasma and intracellular compartment.", "\n\nWe found that strawberry consumption for nine days increased non-urate postprandial plasma antioxidant activity in healthy subjects on their usual diet. ", "This rise observed at the onset, the middle and the end of period of dietary intervention cannot be attributed to direct antioxidant effect of strawberry derived polyphenols and ascorbic acid. ", "Fasting plasma antioxidant activity decreased over the study period indicating the transient nature of strawberry-induced postprandial augmentation of plasma redox potential and that direct antioxidant effect of strawberry phytochemicals is not the crucial mechanism of pro-healthy effect of this fruits consumption. ", "Therefore, acute postprandial rise in plasma antioxidant activity could not be recognized as preventive effect of regular strawberry consumption.", "\n\nThis study was supported by a research grant from the European Regional Development Fund through the Polish Innovative Economy Operational Program, contract N. UDAPOIG. ", "01.03.01-10-109/08-00 and grant from Medical University of Lodz No: 503/1-000-00-503-16. ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\nABTS\n\n: 2,2\\'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)\n\nANOVA\n\n: analysis of variance\n\nBMI\n\n: body mass index\n\nDPPH\n\n: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl\n\nEDTA\n\n: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid\n\nFRAP\n\n: ferric reducing ability of plasma\n\nSc%\n\n: plasma scavenging effect\n\nTEAC\n\n: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity\n\nTPTZ\n\n: ferrous-2,4,6-tripirydyls-triazyne\n\nXO\n\n: xanthine oxidase\n\nConflict of Interest\n====================\n\nNo potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Results are expressed as mean (SD). ", "^\\#^ vs 11th and 14th day, *p*\\<0.05; ^†^ vs 0th day, *p*\\<0.05 (ANOVA for repeated observations and post hoc Sheffe's test). **\\*** ", "vs fasting value at the same day, *p*\\<0.05 (paired *t* test).](jcbn15-113f02){#F2}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Results are expressed as mean (SD). ", "^\\#^ vs 11th and 14th day, *p*\\<0.01; ^†^ vs 14th day, *p*\\<0.05; ^‡^ vs 11th and 14th day, *p*\\<0.05 (ANOVA for repeated observations and post hoc Sheffe's test). **\\*** ", "vs fasting value at the same day, *p*\\<0.01 (paired *t* test).](jcbn15-113f03){#F3}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Results (% of decomposed initial amount of DPPH radical) are expressed as mean (SD). ", "3-h postprandial plasma DPPH radical scavenging activity did not alter over the study period. ", "No differences between fasting and postprandial DPPH radical scavenging activities were noted at any time-point. ", "^\\#^ vs 11th day, *p*\\<0.05 (post hoc analysis for Friedman's ANOVA).](jcbn15-113f04){#F4}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Results (% of decomposed initial amount of DPPH radical) are expressed as mean (SD). ", "^\\#^ vs 11th and 14th day, *p*\\<0.05; ^†^ vs 14th day, *p*\\<0.05 (ANOVA for repeated observations and post hoc Sheffe's test). **\\*** ", "vs fasting value at the same day, *p*\\<0.01 (paired *t* test).](jcbn15-113f05){#F5}\n\n###### \n\nTwenty four-hour urinary excretion of total phenolics, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, urolithin A and creatinine in 11 healthy strawberry consumers\n\n Variable Day of the study \n ------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------\n 4-hydroxy-hippuric acid (µmol/24 h) 66.3 ± 69.9 (42.2) 179.0 ± 120.1**\\*** (184.1) 181.1 ± 133.4**\\*** (160.7) 170.1 ± 114.1**\\*** (151.9) 60.9 ± 58.7 (35.5)\n Urolithin A (µmol/24 h) 8.9 ± 14.4 (1.5) 18.1 ± 17.3 (20.9) 87.4 ± 86.1**\\*** (79.0) 102.9 ± 89.5**\\***^,†^ (66.1) 10.4 ± 22.6 (1.6)\n Total phenolics (mmol/24 h) 8.4 ± 3.2 (7.8) 8.8 ± 4.3 (7.1) 8.2 ± 1.9 (7.9) 8.3 ± 2.5 (7.6) 6.4 ± 1.0 (6.5)\n Creatinine (g/24 h) 1.60 ± 0.36 (1.45) 1.46 ± 0.37 (1.49) 1.41 ± 0.36 (1.48) 1.43 ± 0.35 (1.41) 1.41 ± 0.25 (1.50)\n\nStrawberries (500 g a day) were consumed from 3rd till 11th day between 11:00 and 11:30 AM (the first and the last serving of strawberries was eaten at 3rd and 11th day, respectively). ", "During the whole study period all volunteers were on their usual diet. ", "24-h urine collection started from 11:30 AM till 11:30 AM the next day. ", "Results are expressed as mean ± SD (median). ", "Stable urinary excretion of creatinine confirms accurate and complete collection of 24-h urine samples for phenolics determination. **\\*** ", "vs corresponding value at 0th and 14th day, *p*\\<0.05. ", "^†^ vs 3rd day, *p*\\<0.05 (post hoc analysis for Friedman's ANOVA).", "\n\n###### \n\nPlasma antioxidant activity and uric acid levels in the control group over 14 days of study period\n\n Plasma variable Day of the study \n -------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -------------\n Fasting FRAP (mmol/L) 1.10 ± 0.21 1.13 ± 0.23 1.13 ± 0.22 1.09 ± 0.20 1.05 ± 0.22\n Postprandial FRAP (mmol/L) 1.09 ± 0.22 1.08 ± 0.25**\\*** 1.11 ± 0.23 1.09 ± 0.25 1.07 ± 0.22\n Fasting Nu-FRAP (mmol/L) 0.28 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.04\n Postprandial Nu-FRAP (mmol/L) 0.29 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.06 0.30 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.09 0.33 ± 0.06\n Fasting DPPH test (%) 22.2 ± 4.2 21.4 ± 4.4 21.9 ± 4.6 21.1 ± 4.0 20.5 ± 4.0\n Postprandial DPPH test (%) 21.4 ± 4.1 20.9 ± 4.1 21.2 ± 4.4 20.8 ± 3.8 20.4 ± 4.0\n Fasting Nu-DPPH test (%) 4.1 ± 1.8 4.2 ± 1.8 4.2 ± 1.9 4.1 ± 1.6 4.3 ± 1.9\n Postprandial Nu-DPPH test (%) 4.1 ± 2.0 3.7 ± 1.6 4.3 ± 1.5 4.6 ± 1.8**\\*** 4.4 ± 2.0\n Fasting uric acid (mg/dl) 4.9 ± 1.7 4.8 ± 1.6 4.9 ± 1.5 4.8 ± 1.5 4.3 ± 1.2\n Postprandial uric acid (mg/dl) 4.7 ± 1.7 4.7 ± 1.6 4.6 ± 1.6**\\*** 4.0 ± 1.3**\\*** 3.9 ± 0.9\n\nFRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma; DPPH-test, plasma DPPH radical scavenging activity; Nu, non-urate (plasma samples deprived of uric acid). ", "Fasting venous blood was collected between 8:30 and 9:30 AM. ", "Volunteers had a light snack (roll with butter and cheese and a cup of tea) within 1 h after fasting blood collection. ", "Postprandial blood samples were drawn at 2:30 PM (time corresponding to 3-h postprandial plasma in strawberry consumers). ", "During the whole study period all volunteers were on their usual diet. ", "Results are expressed as mean (SD). ", "No significant differences within any fasting or postprandial variables were noted over the study period. **\\*** ", "vs corresponding fasting value, *p*\\<0.05 (paired *t* test).", "\n\n###### \n\nEffect of a single 300 mg oral dose of ascorbic acid on plasma antioxidant activity in 8 healthy subjects\n\n Plasma variable Plasma samples \n ------------------ -------------------- --------------------\n FRAP (mmol/L) 1.11 ± 0.16 (1.17) 1.10 ± 0.16 (1.17)\n Nu-FRAP (mmol/L) 0.41 ± 0.10 (0.40) 0.42 ± 0.07 (0.43)\n DPPH test (%) 18.5 ± 4.0 (17.6) 19.4 ± 3.8 (17.5)\n Nu-DPPH test (%) 4.4 ± 0.6 (4.4) 4.5 ± 0.4 (4.5)\n\nFRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma; DPPH-test, plasma DPPH radical scavenging activity; Nu, non-urate (plasma samples deprived of uric acid). ", "Fasting venous blood was collected between 8:30 and 9:30 AM. ", "Volunteers had a light snack (roll with butter and cheese and a cup of tea) within one hour after fasting blood collection. ", "300 mg dose of ascorbic acid was taken at 11:30 AM. ", "Postprandial blood samples were drawn at 2:30 PM (time corresponding to 3-h postprandial plasma in strawberry consumers). ", "Results are expressed as mean ± SD (median). ", "No significant differences were noted between basal and post vitamin C plasma antioxidant activities (paired *t* test).", "\n\n###### \n\nConcentration of total polyphenols and selected phenolic acids in fasting and 3-h postprandial plasma of 11 healthy strawberry consumers over the study period\n\n Plasma polyphenols (µmol/L) Day of the study \n ----------------------------- ------------------ -------------- -------------- ------------- --------------- --------------\n Total polyphenols**\\*** F 0.99 ± 0.11 0.96 ± 0.13 0.96 ± 0.11 1.02 ± 0.10 1.00 ± 0.15\n P 1.01 ± 0.08 0.94 ± 0.13 0.99 ± 0.11 1.00 ± 0.09 1.00 ± 0.15 \n \n Hippuric acid F 9.7 ± 6.2^†^ 9.8 ± 6.9^†^ 6.1 ± 3.6 5.6 ± 3.7^†^ 6.1 ± 7.4^†^\n P 4.4 ± 3.3 4.9 ± 3.6 6.0 ± 3.6 3.9 ± 2.8 2.1 ± 2.8^\\#^ \n \n Dihydro-caffeic acid F 0.06 ± 0.05 0.05 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.06\n P 0.07 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.08 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.05 \n \n Vanillic acid F 0.01 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.09 0.02 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.02\n P 0.02 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.05 0.03 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.04 \n \n Caffeic acid F 0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.05 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.04\n P 0.05 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 \n \n Homovanillic acid F 0.10 ± 0.08 0.10 ± 0.06 0.12 ± 0.09 0.17 ± 0.22 0.10 ± 0.07\n P 0.10 ± 0.07 0.11 ± 0.07 0.10 ± 0.07 0.11 ± 0.08 0.11 ± 0.12 \n\nF, fasting; P, 3-h postprandial; **\\*** expressed in mmol/L of catechin equivalent. ", "Fasting venous blood was collected between 8:30 and 9:30 AM. ", "Volunteers had a light snack within 1 h after fasting blood collection. ", "Strawberries were consumed from 3rd till 11th day between 11:00 and 11:30 AM (the first and the last portion of strawberries was eaten at 3rd and 11th day, respectively). ", "Three-hour postprandial blood samples were drawn at 2:30 PM. ", "During the whole study period all volunteers were on their usual diet. ", "Results are expressed as mean (SD). ", "^†^ vs corresponding postprandial value, *p*\\<0.05 (Wilcoxon test), ^\\#^ vs 0th, 1st, 2nd and 3rd day, *p*\\<0.05 (post hoc analysis for Friedman's ANOVA).", "\n" ]

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[ "Meet Melissa Lee Williams. ", "The West Virginia woman, 41, is facing\nassault and weapons charges after allegedly waving a knife at two men\nwho declined her demands to engage in sexual conduct at a motor inn.", "\n\nAccording to investigators, Williams--who lives four doors down from\nher estranged husband at the 77 Motor Inn--showed up at his door and\nasked Danny Williams and another man to “eat my pussy.” ", "At this point,\nWilliams, pictured in the mug shot at right, “commenced to undress\nherself,” reported Deputy Ross Mellinger.", "\n\nWhile Danny Williams “declined said invitation,” the other man, Adam\nWatson, told cops that he “agreed to perform at her request.” ", "However,\nas Watson approached Williams, “he became overwhelmed by horrible\nvaginal odor emitting from Melissa Williams.” ", "Watson, understandably,\n“declined to proceed any further.”", "\n\nThis is when Melissa Williams allegedly “produced a lock-back folding\nknife,” opened it, and pointed the weapon at her estranged husband. ", "She\nthen reportedly uttered a line never before memorialized in a police\nreport: “Somebody is going to eat my pussy or I’m going to cut your\nfucking throat.”", "\n\nWhen Deputy Mellinger arrived on the scene he observed Williams--who,\nlike the two men, appeared to be intoxicated--nude from the waist down.", "\nAfter pocketing a knife that was on the coffee table in front of\nWilliams, Mellinger arrested her for domestic assault and brandishing a\ndeadly weapon.", "\n\nWilliams, who was released from jail after posting $3000 bond, is next due in Jackson County Magistrate Court on February 16." ]

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[ "Successful treatment of autoimmune manifestations in MRL/l and MRL/n mice using total lymphoid irradiation (TLI).", "\nThe autoimmune manifestations of MRL-+/+ (MRL/n) and MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/l) murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were successfully reversed following total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) therapy consisting of 8-12 daily fractions of 200 rad. ", "Following radiotherapy the characteristic lymphadenopathy of MRL/l disappeared, proteinuria was 334 mg% compared to a peak of 2272 mg% in untreated controls, and the median survival time was prolonged to 423 days compared to 214 days in untreated mice. ", "The albuminuria of TLI-treated MRL/n mice was 194 mg% compared to 1180 mg% in untreated controls. ", "The survival of treated MRL/n mice was prolonged to a median of 389 as compared to 190 days in untreated controls. ", "The effect of TLI on antiDNA antibodies in both MRL/l and MRL/n was less remarkable. ", "However, the antiDNA activity reached normal levels in most long-living mice. ", "The most impressive finding was complete reversal and/or prevention of the SLE-like glomerulonephritis in MRL/l mice as documented by light and electron microscopy. ", "Immunomanipulation with TLI should be further evaluated as a possible treatment modality in intractable human autoimmune disorders." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "New this week to Days Gone is the latest “bike” challenge, Dead Don’t Ride. ", "Take your seat behind the wheel of an electric golf cart to pick up and deliver passengers at locations around the Salome Hotsprings. ", "There are 36 passengers waiting for rides if you manage to make on time deliveries. ", "You’re working against the clock in Dead Don’t Ride, so in order to get the best passenger ratings and maximize your high score, here are some tips for excelling at the challenge sub-objectives:\n\nClose Call: Park Close to X Survivors. ", "When stopping to pick up your next fare, stop as close as possible to the waiting survivor. ", "Stopping close not only contributes toward this sub-objective, but it also gives bonus points toward the overall challenge. ", "5 Star Driver: Drop Off X Happy Survivors. ", "Once you have a survivor on board, pay attention to their satisfaction meter. ", "You’ll get score and time bonuses for Happy and Neutral drop-offs. ", "You’ll still get some points from Unhappy passengers, but no time bonus. ", "Wild Speed: Drop off X Hard Survivors. ", "Delivery difficulty is indicated by the color of the pick-up ring; yellow for easy, orange for medium, and red for hard. ", "Difficulty is determined by distance to the drop-off destination, and in some cases by jumps or difficult navigation. ", "In addition to advancing this sub-objective, longer deliveries award more points toward the overall score. ", "Since the golf cart has infinite boost, make heavy use of it on long straightaways to achieve this sub-objective. ", "Street Sweeper: Run Over X Swarmers. ", "Don’t worry about alarming your passengers—running over freaks won’t hurt your delivery rating. ", "Each Swarmer killed will add two seconds to the challenge clock. ", "Try and line up your Swarmer kills along your delivery routes because going out of your way for these kills will work against the clock.", "\n\nAdditional advice for Dead Don’t Ride: Successfully completing all 36 deliveries will reward 2,000 points for each second left on the clock. ", "So be mindful of finding ways to shave precious time from your run; find the best paths to take, discover the optimal order in which to pick up passengers, drift into stops so you’re facing the drop-off location, and use boost as much as possible (without crashing into obstacles, of course).", "\n\nThis challenge awards the “Hit and Run” patch for Bronze or better rankings. ", "This patch reduces the rate at which bikes (and golf carts) slow when impacting enemies. ", "So earning this patch will allow you to keep extra time on the clock, which helps achieve even greater scores within the challenge." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nКак выбрать коллецию, одним из свойств которой является коллекция?", "\n\nЕсть две модели, они связаны:\nclass Linecategory < ActiveRecord::Base\n validates :slug, uniqueness: true\n validates :name, :slug, presence: true #не яляются пустыми\n has_one :main_image\nend\nclass MainImage < ActiveRecord::Base\n belongs_to :linecategory\nend\n\nЯ посылаю ajax на контроллер и хочу получить все записи таблицы linecategory, и также в каждый объект этой коллекции добавить свойство main_image, в которое будет записан объект или коллекция объектов — картинок main_image.", "\nПроблема в том, что если я получаю все linecategory, например вот так:\nlinecategories=Linecategory.eager_load(:main_image).order('sort'), то\nответ ajax будет в виде:\n[\n {\n id: 5, name: \"Гадания\", \n slug: \"divination\", title: \"eywords-divination\",\n created_at: \"2015-01-11T08:47:10.000Z\",\n description: \"2015-01-11 08:47:10\".", "\n },\n {....},{....}\n]\n\nА мне хотелось бы получить в виде:\n[\n {\n id: 5, name: \"Гадания\", \n slug: \"divination\", title: \"eywords-divination\",\n created_at: \"2015-01-11T08:47:10.000Z\",\n description: \"2015-01-11 08:47:10\".", "\n main_image: {id: 1, src: \"images/categories_image/devination.jpg\", linecategory_id: 5}\n }\n]\n\nт.е. ", "уже в каждый объект добавленно свойство main_image.", "\nСейчас я реализовал так, это рабтает, но понимаю что лишние операции:\nclass AdminCategoryController < ApplicationController\n # Получить все товары GET\n def add_fields(collection=[])\n result_collection=[]\n if collection.length\n collection.each do |hash|\n hash[:array].each do |item|\n obj=item.as_json\n obj[hash[:name_field]]=item.main_image\n result_collection.push obj\n end\n end\n end\n result_collection\n end\n\n def index\n linecategories=Linecategory.eager_load(:main_image).order('sort')\n collection_to_add=[{:name_field => \"main_image\", :array => linecategories}]\n render json: add_fields(collection_to_add)\n end\n\nМожет быть, есть другое решение?", "\n\nA:\n\nУ меня получилось так:\nlinecategories=Linecategory.eager_load(:main_image).order('sort') \nrender json: linecategories.to_json(:include => :main_image)\n\n" ]

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[ "Generalized anxiety disorder.", "\nGeneralized anxiety disorder is a syndrome characterized by excessive anxiety or apprehension concerning two or more of life's circumstances. ", "Presenting signs and symptoms often include somatic complaints, such as tremor, dyspnea, palpitations, lightheadedness and nausea. ", "Treatment includes supportive psychotherapy and antianxiety drugs, primarily benzodiazepines. ", "In some cases, antidepressants may prove beneficial." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1) First, make her kneel\n\nLet her kiss\n\nthe toilet bowl.", "\n\nThen,\n\nPush her face down until she drowns.", "\n\nDon’t forget to flush.", "\n\n\n\n2) Report:\n\nForce upon her the name and pronoun she rejected\n\nInsist on using photos of her in a two-piece\n\n\n\n3) Investigate:\n\nMaybe he was a fraud?", "\n\nMaybe he was a thief?", "\n\nForget all other possibilities:\n\nMaybe she was with a monster?", "\n\n\n\n4) Call for a presscon:\n\nA pity but let’s not be rash about abrogating the VFA or EDCA\n\nWhat about US military aid?", "\n\nWhat about the promised helicopter?", "\n\nWhat about China?", "\n\nWhat’s another dead fag anyway?", "\n\n\n\n5) Comment on Facebook:\n\nHis fault because he was a fraud\n\nHis fault because he was a whore\n\nHis fault because he pretended to have an eggplant omelette\n\nwhen all he really had was an eggplant... LOL!", "\n\nLOL back\n\n“Like”\n\n“Like” 257 times\n\n“Share”\n\n“Share” 368 times\n\nLOL LOL LOL LOL LOL LOL LOL…\n\n\n\n6) Shelter the suspect\n\nShield him in a warship\n\nThen transfer him to an air-conditioned room in his embassy\n\nHire the smartest, most expensive lawyers money can buy\n\nAcquit\n\n\n\nDon’t forget to flush." ]

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[ "659 F.2d 1070\nPiniv.", "Allstate Insurance Co.\n80-2617\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Third Circuit\n4/6/81\nE.D.Pa., ", "499 F.Supp. ", "1003\nAFFIRMED\n" ]

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[ "Jon Jones is off UFC 200. ", "In a stunning turn of events, the interim light heavyweight champion was pulled from the main event of UFC 200 late Wednesday night after being flagged in a random June 16 drug test administered by USADA. ", "In Jones' stead, a three-round fight between Brock Lesnar and Mark Hunt will headline an event that was previously being touted as the biggest in UFC history.", "\n\nAs could be expected, the announcement set off a firestorm as the MMA world learned of the news.", "\n\n@dc_mma @ufc, I feel for ya. ", "I know it feels to have your opponent get pulled 3 days before the fight due to being dishonorable. #", "norespect — Dan Henderson (@danhendo) July 7, 2016\n\nI wonder if there's any regret taking him off the card over a press conference now? — ", "Coach Kavanagh (@John_Kavanagh) July 7, 2016\n\nThis is craziness. ", "Don't even know what to say. #", "UFC200 — Chris Weidman (@ChrisWeidmanUFC) July 7, 2016\n\nI was the last LHW Strikeforce Champion. ", "I will be the next LHW @ufc Champion if given this fight. ", "@danawhite — Gegard Mousasi (@mousasi_mma) July 7, 2016\n\nHonestly, I'm crushed by this. ", "Was really looking forward to this fight, after all that build up... https://t.co/M0yBzJqmXM — Aljamain Sterling (@FunkMaster_UFC) July 7, 2016\n\nDirty fighters better check under their beds because @usantidoping gonna get you — Chris Camozzi (@ChrisCamozzi) July 7, 2016\n\n@dc_mma you is the true champiom... — Antonio Pezao Silva (@BigfootSilva) July 7, 2016\n\nI guess he didn't take DC's \"get your shit together\" advice to heart. :( #", "ufc200 https://t.co/6gWI79tAof — The Spartan (@EliasTheodorou) July 7, 2016\n\nDamn I thought I messed up my career with my bad decisions whole you know how much money this guy has wasted https://t.co/8hbCJhZ32M — Chris Leben (@ChrisLebenMMA) July 7, 2016\n\nGreat day of training.. Looking forward to UFC 200.. Giving Twitter a looksies before bed one more ti.. OMFG — Josh Samman (@JoshSamman) July 7, 2016\n\nFlying to Vegas and my jaw dropped once I got WiFi...\n\nSpeechless is all I can say! — ", "Anthony Johnson (@Anthony_Rumble) July 7, 2016\n\nI'm sorry @dc_mma. ", "You are a true champ for handling this like a man. ", "Much respect to you brother. — ", "Michael McDonald (@MaydayMcDonald) July 7, 2016\n\n@JonnyBones doesn't wanna be saved don't save em he don't wanna be saved don't save em. #", "UFC200 — Jeremy Stephens (@LiLHeathenMMA) July 7, 2016\n\n\"USADA is all smoke and mirrors. ", "Just lip service. ", "Brock Lesnar exemption blah blah blah.\" ", "Lol. #", "UFC200 — Josh Samman (@JoshSamman) July 7, 2016\n\nSad day for MMA — Big Ben Rothwell (@RothwellFighter) July 7, 2016\n\nAs a fan I'm disappointed in Jon's recklessness, again. ", "As a fighter, I feel bad for DC not getting to unify his belt & get that big payday. — ", "Michael Chiesa (@MikeMav22) July 7, 2016\n\nGotta feel real bad for DC right now. ", "He had a lot to prove with Jones. ", "Needs to get a fight and that PPV cut to make him feel better. — ", "Chris Weidman (@ChrisWeidmanUFC) July 7, 2016\n\nFeels kinda good knowing I could shit my pants in the cage, or trip walkin up the octagon steps & still not fuck up as bad as Jon Jones has — Lauren Murphy (@LaurenMurphyMMA) July 7, 2016\n\nFucking cheaters u guys need drugs to fight? ", "Fuck you all. #", "FuckTheCheaters NO RESPECT — Manny Gamburyan (@MannyGamburyan) July 7, 2016" ]

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[ "Tampere Tunnel\n\nThe Tampere Tunnel (also the Rantaväylä Tunnel, ) is a 2,3 kilometre-long road tunnel in Tampere, Finland. ", "It was opened 15 November 2016, six months before scheduled. ", "The Tampere Tunnel is the longest road tunnel in Finland.", "\n\nSources \nWelcome to the Tunnel! ", "Finnish Transport Agency.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Tunnels completed in 2016\nCategory:Road tunnels\nCategory:Tunnels in Finland\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Tampere" ]

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[ "Resort island\n\nA resort island is a mass of land that is surrounded by water, to which many people go for recreation or rest. ", "Resort island can defined as an island or an archipelago that contains resorts, hotels, overwater bungalows, restaurants, tourist attractions and its amenities, and might offer all-inclusive accommodations. ", "It primary focus on tourism services and offer leisure, adventure, and amusement opportunities.", "\n\nResort island is often confused or identified with island resort, which is a resort located on an island. ", "Island resort is almost the same with seaside resort or beach resort, which offers beaches and water sport activities, such as sunbathing, swimming, snorkeling, scuba diving and surfing, the only difference is that seaside resorts might located on the continent's seaside, while island resorts must be located on an island or archipelago.", "\n\nResort islands mostly rely on their natural environment to attract visitors, such as beaches, biodiversity of coral reefs and forest, or secluded and private locations. ", "Others might rely on their man-made built attractions, such as spas, amusement parks, casinos or nightlife.", "\n\nIf the settlement of a resort on a small island often entails serious environmental degradation (reef digging, sewage, sand pumping...) in the long run they can provide a shelter for heavily poached species, as resorts own security services that no marine protected area can afford.", "\n\nResort islands around the world\n\nAustralia \nBedarra Island\nBrampton Island\nDaydream Island\nDunk Island\nFitzroy Island (Queensland)\nGreat Keppel Island\nGreen Island (Queensland)\nHaggerstone Island\nHamilton Island (Queensland)\nHayman Island\nHinchinbrook Island\nLindeman Island\nLizard Island\nLong Island (Whitsunday Islands)\nSouth Molle Island\n\nChina \nHainan\n\nFrance \nCorsica\n\nFrench Polynesia \nBora Bora\nMoorea\nTahiti\n\nGreece \nMykonos\nSantorini\nCrete\n\nIndia \nBangaram Island\n\nIndonesia \nBali\nLombok\nGili Islands\nBintan Island resort\nSaronde Island\nMoyo Island resort\nWakatobi\n\nItaly\nCapri\nSicily\nSardinia\n\nJapan \nOkinawa Islands\n\nKorea \nJeju\n\nMalaysia \nLangkawi\nSabah\n\nMozambique \nVamizi Island\nBazaruto Archipelago\n\nPhilippines \nBoracay\nCebu\nPalawan\nZambales\n\nPortugal \nMadeira\n\nSingapore \nSentosa Island\n\nSpain \nIbiza\nMallorca\nCanary Islands\n\nTaiwan \nPenghu Islands\n\nTanzania \nZanzibar\n\nThailand \nKo Samui\nPhuket\n\nUnited States \nHawaii\n\nVietnam \nPhu Quoc\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nList of top 10 islands according to categories" ]

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[ "\n516 S.W.2d 421 (1974)\nElmo NELMS et al., ", "Appellants,\nv.\nGULF COAST STATE BANK, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "16381.", "\nCourt of Civil Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).", "\nNovember 14, 1974.", "\nRehearing Denied December 12, 1974.", "\n*422 Dearman, Myers & Brown, W. Dan Myers, Houston (Claude B. Masters, Houston, of counsel), for appellants.", "\nMcCall & McCall, LeRoy McCall, Hamshire, for appellee.", "\nEVANS, Justice.", "\nThe principal question in this case is whether a lender's security interest in a motor vehicle, evidenced by lien notation recorded on the face of the title certificate, is superior to a subsequent mechanic's lien for automobile repairs.", "\nThe automobile in question, a 1971 Chevrolet, was purchased by Nelms from Beaumont Motor Company. ", "Its installment contract and security agreement were subsequently assigned to Gulf Coast State Bank and its security interest was duly noted on the face of the title certificate. ", "Nelms' automobile was thereafter damaged and Nelms took it to Buchanan who agreed to make repairs for the sum of $1160.63. ", "When the repair work was completed, Buchanan notified Nelms to come for his automobile but Nelms never picked up the car nor paid Buchanan's repair bill. ", "Gulf Coast State Bank, to whom Nelms was in arrears in his payments, then located the automobile at Buchanan's repair shop and sought possession. ", "Upon Buchanan's refusal to turn over possession, Gulf Coast State Bank filed suit for recovery of the balance due on the note ($1855.54) and for foreclosure of the security interest. ", "It also sued out writ of sequestration and thereafter replevied the automobile from the sheriff. ", "Buchanan filed cross-action against Gulf Coast State Bank seeking to recover the reasonable value of the repairs plus storage charges. ", "After a non-jury trial, the trial court entered judgment for Gulf Coast State bank against Nelms for the amount of the balance due on the note plus interest and attorney's fees and held that Buchanan had a valid but inferior lien for the value of repairs and other charges plus reasonable attorney's fees. ", "The court ordered the automobile sold and the proceeds of sole applied to the payment of the amounts due the respective lienholders, in the order of their determined priority, and that any balance remaining after the satisfaction of both such lines should be paid to Nelms. ", "The court entered a take nothing judgment on Buchanan's cross-action against Gulf Coast State Bank. ", "From this judgment Buchanan appeals.", "\nThe lien given mechanics, artisans and materialmen exists by reason of Article 16, Section 37 of the Texas Constitution, Vernon's St.Ann., ", "and by Article 5503, Vernon's Tex.", "Ann.", "Rev.Civ.", "Stat., ", "which provides for its enforcement.", "\nPrior to the enactment of the Texas Uniform Commercial Code, the Texas Certificate of Title Act (Article 1436-1, Vernon's Ann.", "Texas Penal Code), provided the exclusive means for perfecting a security interest in a motor vehicle in this State. ", "Under that law the priority of liens in motor vehicles was set forth as follows:\n\"Sec. ", "43. ", "All liens on motor vehicles shall take priority according to the order of time the same are recorded on the receipt or certificate of title of all such recordings to be made by the Department.", "\n\"Sec. ", "44. ", "No lien on any motor vehicles to which a receipt or certificate of title has been issued shall be valid as against third parties without actual knowledge thereof, or enforceable against the motor vehicle of any such third parties, unless the notation of said lien shall have been caused to be made on receipts *423 and certificates of title on said motor vehicle, as provided in this Act.", "\n\"Sec. ", "45. ", "Exposure for sale of any motor vehicle by the owner thereof with the knowledge or consent of any mortgagee shall not affect the rights of any mortgagee as against all third parties.", "\n\"Sec. ", "46. ", "Only liens noted on a receipt or certificate of title shall be valid as against creditors of the mortgagor in so far as concerns the motor vehicle.\"", "\nUnder the law as it then existed, a conditional sales lien noted on the certificate of title was held superior to a subsequently established mechanic's lien. ", "Motor Truck Sales Co. v. Hauck, 388 S.W.2d 214 (Tex. ", "Civ.", "App.—San Antonio 1965, writ ref. ", "n.r. ", "e.).", "\nThe Texas Uniform Commercial Code, which became effective July 1, 1966 and was re-enacted in 1967 as a part of the Texas business and Commerce Code, did not repeal except by implication Sections 43 through 46 of the Texas Certificate of Title Act. ", "The fact that these sections were not expressly repealed resulted in predicted uncertainty as to the legislature's intent with respect to the priority of liens in motor vehicles. ", "Ruud, 33 Tex. ", "Bar Journal 11, pp. ", "968-69 (December, 1970).", "\nSection 9.310 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code, V.T.C.A., (Tex.", "U.C.C. 1967) provides:\n\"When a person in the ordinary course of his business furnishes services or materials with respect to goods subject to a security interest, a lien upon goods in the possession of such person given by statute or rule of law for such materials or services takes priority over a perfected security interest unless the lien is statutory and the statute expressly provides otherwise.\"", "\nIn G.M.C. Superior Trucks, Inc. v. Irving Bank & Trust Company, 463 S.W.2d 274 (Tex.", "Civ.", "App.—Waco, January, 1971, no writ), the court was concerned with a priority situation, similar to that in the case at bar, which had occurred after the effective date of Section 9.310 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code but prior to express repeal of Sections 43 through 46 of the Certificate of Title Act. ", "The court held that the Texas Business and Commerce Code and the Certificate of Title Act were in para materia and in constructing the statutes together, determined that the special provisions of Section 43 of the Certificate of Title Act should be given precedence over the general provisions of Section 9.310 and that the bank's security interest was, therefore, superior to the subsequently established artisan's lien.", "\nIn April, 1971 the legislature amended the Certificate of Title Act expressly repealing, among others, Sections 43 through 46. (", "Article 6687-1, Tex.", "Rev.Civ.", "Stat.). ", "In this amendatory Act it also added an entirely new provision as follows:\n\"Section 65. ", "In case of any conflict between this Act and the Business and Commerce Code, Chapters 1 through 9, the provisions of the Business and Commerce Code control.\"", "\nIn the emergency clause of the 1971 amendment to the Certificate of Title Act, the legislature declared that the amendment was necessary \"to remove doubt and ... to make consistent the provisions and terminology of the Certificate of Title Act with the Texas Uniform Commercial Code\" explaining that the provisions of the Certificate of Title Act which had been repealed by implication on the adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code had not been expressly repealed. ", "See Acts 1971, 62nd Leg., ", "p. 896, ch. ", "123, § 8. ", "In arriving at the legislature's intent, it is our duty to consider the entire Act including the emergency clause. ", "Anderson v. Penix, 138 Tex. ", "596, 161 S.W.2d 455 (1942).", "\nWe are also bound to give effect to express declarations of legislative intent. ", "Texas Bank & Trust Co. v. Austin, 115 *424 Tex. ", "201, 280 S.W. 161 (1926). ", "In the 1971 amendment to the Certificate of Title Act, the legislature expressly declared that in case of conflict between that Act and the Business and Commerce Code, chapters 1 through 9, the provisions of the Code would control. ", "By its amendatory Act, the legislature must be presumed to have intended some amendment of existing law. ", "American Indemnity Co. v. Noble, 235 S.W. 867 (Tex.", "Com.", "App.1921); American Surety Company of New York v. Axtell Co., 120 Tex. ", "166, 36 S.W.2d 715 (1931). ", "When an entirely new section has been introduced into a law, the new section must be construed in the light of the preexisting law, as it stands after the amendment, and the new section, together with all unrepealed sections of the preexisting law, should be considered as a harmonious whole. ", "Shipley v. Floydada Independent School Dist., ", "250 S.W. 159 (Tex. ", "Com.", "App.1923).", "\nA review of the authorities in other jurisdictions indicates differing results dependent upon the effect given the language of the particular statutes. ", "See 30 A.L.R. 3d, pp. ", "89-92, Sec. ", "29. ", "The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the legislature of that state did not, by the enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code, intend to alter the existing law of priority. ", "Commonwealth Loan Company v. Berry, 2 Ohio St.2d 169, 207 N.E.2d 545; Snyder v. Ryan, 2 Ohio St.2d 171, 207 N.E.2d 547. ", "In Manufacturers' Acceptance Corp. v. Gibson, 220 Tenn. 654, 422 S.W.2d 435 (1967), however, the Tennessee Supreme Court construed Section 9.310 as evidencing legislative intent that a subsequent artisan's lien should be held subordinate only when the statute expressly declares it to be so. ", "Rejecting the view expressed by the Ohio decisions, the Tennessee Supreme Court (at page 437) said:\n\"It is obvious that the draftsmen of this section adopted the view that claims arising from work intended to enhance or preserve the value of the collateral would take priority over an earlier security interest, even though perfected, and even though the artisan's services or materials were furnished without the knowledge or approval of the secured party. ", "See Spivack, Secured Transactions Practice Handbook 115 (1963).\"", "\nIn view of the repeal of Sections 43 through 46 of the Texas Certificate of Title Act, and the declaration of the legislature in Section 65 of the amended Act that in all cases of conflict the provisions of Chapters 1 through 9 of the Business and Commerce Code shall control, we believe the legislature intended that the provisions of Section 9.310 of the Business and Commerce Code should be given controlling effect over any conflicting provisions in the Certificate of Title Act as to the priority of liens in motor vehicles. ", "Section 9.310 clearly establishes the priority of possessory liens of mechanics and materialmen over perfected security interests unless the statute \"expressly provides otherwise.\" ", "We find no existing statute, including Article 5506, Tex.", "Rev.Civ.", "Stat., ", "which, in our opinion, \"expressly provides otherwise.\"", "\nWe hold that the mechanic's lien of Buchanan was superior to the security interest of Gulf Coast State Bank and that the trial court erred in determining the bank's lien was entitled to priority. ", "Since the trial court has not had full opportunity to pass upon Buchanan's cross-action against Gulf Coast State Bank, the cause is reversed and remanded.", "\n" ]

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[ "There are many Linux Monitoring Tools available in the market including open source software, third-party solutions, and homemade scripts run via cron. ", "Each has its advantages and disadvantages. ", "It’s difficult to find the best Linux monitoring Tools because the purpose and usages are entirely varied of users to users and infrastructure to infrastructure. ", "But everyone will agree with me that Linux monitoring tools are required to ensure a healthy Linux infrastructure.", "\n\nMonitoring Tools can be divided into various categories like Linux Network Monitoring Tools, Linux Server Monitoring Tools, Linux System Monitoring Tools, Linux Performance Monitoring Tools, Linux Resource Monitor, Linux Bandwidth Monitor, and a different set of command line tools that can perform all in one Linux system monitoring and analyze tasks.", "\n\nVarious Linux Monitoring Tools will help you to extract and analyze the data and let you take the necessary steps in time for ensuring highest Linux performance and avoid server failures. ", "In this article, I will compile a most comprehensive generic list of all the Linux Monitoring Tools that a sysadmin or IT professional must know in all the situations.", "\n\nIt’s a difficult task for every network or system administrator to monitor, analyze and debug Linux system performance problems frequently. ", "This command line tools come handy when you keep an eye and want to know what’s going on inside your Linux system.", "\n\n“Top” command is a Linux performance monitoring tool which comes pre-installed in many Linux or Unix system. “", "Top” command comes handy when you need to have an overview of all the threads or process running in the system.", "\n\nIt displays various system information including Memory usage, CPU usage, Swap Memory, Buffer Size, Cache Size, Process PID, etc. ", "It also shows the excessive use of memory and CPU of a system running process.", "\n\nMytop is a MySQL thread and performance monitoring tool which let you have a close look into the database and queries that’s processing in the real times.", "\n\nHtop is an advanced Linux process monitoring tool which is similar to “Top” but offers some rich features like interactive process viewer, vertical and horizontal process viewer, shortcut keys, etc. ", "It’s a third-party Linux monitoring tool that doesn’t come pre-installed in Linux or Unix system. ", "You need to download and install it in the system.", "\n\nAtop is a Linux performance monitoring tool which provides reporting of all system threads or process, daily system logging, process activity for long-term data analysis, overloaded system resources, etc. ", "It also shows the system activity on CPU, memory, swap, disks (including LVM) and network layers.", "\n\nIf you want a simple tool that diagnoses issues with Linux systems power consumption and power management, then PowerTOP is the right tool. ", "Moreover, it has an interactive mode where you can run the experiment with the various system-wide setting to get the best power management setting for the server.", "\n\nApachetop is a command line tool for monitoring the performance of Apache web server. ", "It’s based on the “mytop” tool.", "\n\nLike “Top” command and “Htop” program, iotop is a python program to show you I/O usages data through “Top” like interface. ", "This tool lets you monitor real-time disk I/O and process. ", "Moreover, you can also check the high used disk read and write time for the threads or process.", "\n\nftptop – File Transfer Protocol Monitor\n\nIf you want to know the current FTP connection in your server with total secession, then ftptop is the right tool for you. ", "It helps you to show the basic information about total FTP connection; who are the clients; and how many download and upload threads are currently active etc.", "\n\niftop – Network Bandwidth Monitoring\n\niftop is another open source and free Linux system monitoring tool that shows important information on network bandwidth utilization on a selected network interface. ", "It’s a handy tool comes from “Top” tool family, but instead of only checking CPU usages, it displays a table of current usages on a system network channel.", "\n\nMonit – Linux Process and Services Monitoring\n\nMonit is a free and open source web-based Linux process monitoring tool. ", "It has an intuitive user interface through which it manages and monitors system threads, files, permissions, directories, programs, filesystems, and checksums. ", "Its monitoring services support MySQL, FTP, Mail, Apache, ProFTP, SSH, Nginx, and much more. ", "You can see the data either from a command line or via its default web interface.", "\n\nEnsuring a healthy and smooth running system is one of the priority tasks to any Linux administrator. ", "Here I will discuss a generic list of best Linux network monitoring tools:\n\njnettop – Linux Bandwidth Monitor\n\nJnettop is a helpful tool for monitoring Linux network traffic and bandwidth usages. ", "It provides a display of statistics comprising all the online traffic coming across the network. ", "This Linux monitoring tool lets the administrator of routers see a list of communication on a network by host and port.", "\n\nntopng – A Network Traffic Monitor\n\nIf you have liked ntop, then you are going to love ntopng also. ", "It’s a next-generation version of ntop. ", "This tool will provide you with a web-based graphical user interface to monitor network usages and traffic. ", "It’s a cross-platform tool which runs on every Unix platform, MacOSX and Windows as well.", "\n\nEtherApe\n\nEtherApe is a free and open source graphical network monitor for Unix system. ", "It can show you live network traffic or capable of reading it from tcpdump. ", "It supports Ethernet, token ring, PPP, FDDI, WLAN devices, and several encapsulation formats.", "\n\nBandwidthD\n\nBandwidthD is one of the best network monitoring tools for Linux, Unix system, and Windows. ", "BandwidthD tracks usages of TCP or IP network subnets and provides a visualized graph image based on an HTML web page. ", "It has a DB driven system that supports filtering, searching, custom reports, multiple sensors, etc.", "\n\nethtool – Linux Network Drivers and Hardware Controller\n\nethtool is a fantastic Linux utility tool that controls wired Ethernet devices. ", "It can be used to get identification and diagnostic information, extended device information, etc. ", "ethtool can control speed, duplex, auto-negotiation, and flow of Ethernet devices.", "\n\nngrep\n\nngrep is a PCAP-based tool and like GNU grep but applicable for the network layer that let you dictate hexadecimal or an extended expression to match against data payloads of network packets. ", "It supports various network protocols including ICMPv4/6, IPv4/6, UDP, TCP, IGMP, RAW, etc. ", "Moreover, It also understands BPF filter logic just like various packet sniffing tools such as Snoop and tcpdump.", "\n\nIPTraf – Real-Time IP LAN Monitoring\n\nIPTraf is one of the best free and open source CLI based Linux Monitor Network Traffic Tools available in the market. ", "It collects and displays various useful information including IP traffic passing over the network, packet and bytes count, TCP flag information, OSPF packet types, ICMP details, TCP/UDP traffic breakdowns, etc. ", "It supports various interface like local loopback, Ethernet and FDDI interfaces, SLIP, PPP, Parallel Line IP and much more.", "\n\nNetHogs – Linux Bandwidth Monitor\n\nNetHogs is an open source network monitoring software similar to Linux Top command but a small “net top” tool which helps you to monitor Linux Network traffic and bandwidth not breaking the traffic down per subnet or protocol rather grouping it by the network bandwidth process. ", "This network monitoring software is helpful to find out which PID is suddenly taking a lot of network traffic and bandwidth and gone wild a bit.", "\n\nMRTG – Router Traffic Monitor\n\nIf you are using a network router and wants to know what it does, then MRTG monitoring tool is for you. ", "Though initially, the main aim was to monitor only router traffic, now it can do multiple network monitoring tasks as well.", "\n\nIt can monitor SNMP network devices and let you know how much traffic has passed using each thread. ", "It provides the stats in an easily understandable picture and HTML pages. ", "MRTG is a free, open source software written in Perl programming language and works on Windows, Linux/BSD system, and even Netware systems.", "\n\nTraceroute\n\nTraceroute is a built-in system tool for understanding the network route and estimating the delay of packets throughout the network interface.", "\n\nbmon – Linux Bandwidth Monitor\n\nbmon is a network monitoring and debugging tool to get various stats related to networking and prepare them in an easily understandable way. ", "It supports various output methods like a programmable text output for scripting and an interactive curses user interface.", "\n\nnetstat – Network Statistics\n\nNetstat – Network Statistics is one of the best command line tools for monitoring network incoming and outgoing packets and interface statistics. ", "This network monitoring software is very useful and handy for a system administrator to identify or troubleshoot network related issues and monitor Linux network performance as well.", "\n\nIPTState\n\nIPTState – IP Tables State is a top-like tool that let you get an interactive session to watch where traffic is crossing your iptables firewall/Netfilter connection. ", "You can sort this data and limit the view by various criteria.", "\n\ndarkstat – Linux Monitor Network Traffic\n\ndarkstat is a small, single threaded, portable, and efficient open source network monitoring software that capture network traffic, calculates usages stats, and display reports over HTTP. ", "It supports IPv6 and asynchronous reverse DNS resolution using a child process.", "\n\ntcpdump – Network Packet Analyzer\n\nTcpdump is a network packet analyzer or packets sniffer software which runs on almost all the dominant Linux distributions. ", "It’s one of the widely used and recommended command line Linux monitoring tools which is used to filter or capture TCP/IP packets that transferred or received on a specific network connection. ", "You can also export or save captured packages in a file for further advanced analysis.", "\n\nss\n\n“ss” is a Linux command tool which is alternative to the “netstat” network monitoring program. ", "This command is faster and gives more system stats than netstat.", "\n\nJustniffer – Network TCP Packet Sniffer\n\nJustniffer is a network protocol analyzer and TCP packet sniffer tool that captures both low level and high-level network traffic data and produces a customized log from Apache web server log f\n\nMTR\n\nmtr is a network diagnostic tool which combines the functionality of both ‘traceroute’ and ‘ping’ programs. ", "When mtr gets its first run on a system, It checks the network connection the host that mtr runs on and a user-specified host service.", "\n\nMpstat\n\nMpstat is one of the Linux network monitoring tools that collects and shows the information on CPU utilization and performance statistics. ", "Without using any option, it will display the Global Average Activities. ", "With option ‘-p’ and ‘ALL’ displays statistics one by one that starts from 0. ", "To get all the information in a single command, put ‘-u-I ALL -p ALL’. ", "in a word, this command system reports overall processor related data.", "\n\nPmap\n\nPmap is a kind of open source network monitoring software that helps to find the complete address space of a process. ", "It displays the memory usage map of single or multiple processes. ", "To run the process, you need a unique process ID. ", "As a result, you will able to know the total address, bytes, mapping, and mode.", "\n\ncollectl – Linux Performance Monitoring Tool\n\nCollectl is another open-source Linux performance monitoring tool helps to know the current system status by collecting performance data. ", "This command line tool can play the role of some important utilities like ps, top, vmstat, and more. ", "It is able to record and playback the captured data. ", "To process its operation, collectl uses less than 0.1% CPU.", "\n\nDTrace\n\nDTrace is an open source network monitoring software works as a user-level tool, operating system kernel, and device driver. ", "Like C and awk, it provides a language ‘D’. ", "This command line can reduce the overhead of gathering and processing data. ", "With this tool, the performance of the production environment increases.", "\n\nSetting up a server is not a difficult task nowadays, but maintaining a server for optimum performance is a quite tricky and challenging job for every sysadmin. ", "As a server administrator, every day you have to keep track of each host and networks; and need to find out the performance and maintenance issues for keeping the server up to date. ", "Keeping this scenario in mind, here I am going to share a list of some best Linux server monitoring tools which will ultimately help you to maintain and observe the highest infrastructure performance.", "\n\nLinux Dash – Linux Server Performance Monitoring\n\nLinux Dash is a free and open source server monitoring program that displays important data about your server system like running processes, CPU and Memory usage, file systems, bandwidth usages in real-time through a nice looking web dashboard.", "\n\nNagios – Linux Server Monitoring Tool\n\nNagios is a powerful and one of the best leading Linux monitoring tools available out there. ", "It’s an all in one Linux performance monitoring tool that is used as an open source network monitoring software, Linux server monitoring tool, and network analyzer.", "\n\nIt helps the system administrator to identify the server related problem and also let you monitor remote Linux, Windows, routers, switches, printers, etc. ", "on a single terminal. ", "Nagios indicates and warns you about the critical problem on your server or network that ultimately helps you to necessary remedies before any major problem.", "\n\nPs\n\nThough Ps is not a complete task manager but still a useful barebones command-line system monitoring tool that helps you to show various running programs. ", "It’s a scriptable tool that runs and works well in collaboration with other commands in the terminal which is effective and useful for any system admin.", "\n\nThe user need not to install it in the system as it comes prepacked with every Linux distros. ", "Ps has some useful and handy commands arguments which help to sort the processes and IDs.", "\n\nvmstat – Virtual Memory Statistics\n\nvmstat is a Linux command tool which collects and analyze data about your system’s memory, swap, kernel threads, disks, system processes, I/O blocks, CPU activity and much more in real time. ", "With the help of this Linux performance tool, you can find out the cause of the problem and issue related to system memory.", "\n\nWireshark\n\nWireshark is the most excellent tool that will help you to analyze your network protocol. ", "It supports various network protocol. ", "It’s an open source application which allows the users to understand the system of networks and communication protocols. ", "Moreover, users can do a troubleshooting network analysis and observe the data on a network.", "\n\nConky\n\nConky is a free and cross-platform system monitor software for the X Window System. ", "Users can install it on any Linux distros as it doesn’t depend on any specific Linux desktop environment. ", "It shows various important system information like system temperature, disk usage, CPU and memory usage, network resource stream, download and upload, system notifications and so on.", "\n\nGlances – Real-time Linux System Monitor\n\n“Glances” is responsive, cross-platform and one of the best Linux performance monitoring tools available in the market. ", "It smoothly runs on Windows, BSD, MacOS and all the major Linux distros. ", "The user interface is responsive and provides as much information as possible through the web interface or a curses.", "\n\nThis Linux system monitor also works in client/server mode where remote monitoring could be possible through the terminal, Web interface or API (XML-RPC and RESTful). ", "You can also export all those stats as external files or database.", "\n\nnmap\n\nNmap – “Network Mapper” is an open source and free Linux Server Monitoring Tool which is used for security auditing and network discovery. ", "This tool is useful to network and Sysadmin for various network and server related task like managing service upgrade schedules, network inventory, and monitoring server service and host uptime.", "\n\nMonit – Linux Process and Services Monitoring\n\nMonit is a free and open source Unix/Linux server monitoring tool. ", "You can use it through both the command line interface and a web interface. ", "Monit is an effective server monitoring program that allows you to monitor the server system and services including CPU and RAM usage, file permissions, file hashes, etc.", "\n\nIcinga – Next Generation Server Monitoring\n\nIcinga is a free and open source network monitoring software which can show information on your network devices, processes, and connections. ", "It’s a complete Linux monitoring software that gives real-time monitoring access a simple and interactive web interface. ", "It supports MySQL and PostgreSQL, and functionality can be increased using extensions and modules.", "\n\nIoStat – Input/Output Statistics\n\nIoStat is a simple command line tool which is used to get various system stats like CPU stats, input and output stats for devices. ", "Moreover, a user can trace storage device performance issues including file system partitions, network file system, devices, and local disks.", "\n\nMunin\n\nMunin can be used as both network and system performance monitoring tool. ", "This system resource monitoring tool analyzes the network threads and alerts the sysadmin when any metric kills the server performance. ", "It creates a graph using RRDtool, and you can access those graph data via a web interface.", "\n\nOpenNMS\n\nOpenNMS is an open source network monitoring solution which offers four main functional areas including event management and notifications; discovery and provisioning; service monitoring and data collection.", "\n\nSysUsage\n\nSysUsage monitors the server or system information and display an interactive graph reports using rrdtool or javascript jqplot library. ", "This Linux server monitoring tool always grabs system activities using Sar and system commands which seem useful for resource management and performance analysis.", "\n\nZenoss\n\nZenoss is one of the mentionable Linux server monitoring tools which offers an intuitive web interface where you can monitor all the important system and network metrics. ", "Moreover, It alerts you about any changes in network configuration, and you can take action accordingly. ", "It also supports Nagios plugins.", "\n\nbrainypdm\n\nbrainypdm is a web-based Linux system performance and data management monitoring tool. ", "It creates a custom graph using various important performance data from Nagios or generic source.", "\n\nCacti – Network and System Monitoring\n\nCacti is a free, open-source and cross-platform network graphing solution that uses the web interface for RRDtool data storage. ", "It provides a lot of features including advanced graph templating, a fast poller, user management, and multiple data acquisition methods.", "\n\nPCP – Performance Co-Pilot\n\nPCP is one of the best Linux server monitoring tools available in the market that can collect various important or specific data metrics from multiple host services. ", "Moreover, It can make graph data report based on specific metrics using plugin framework which, later on, you can access through a web interface or GUI.", "\n\nZabbix\n\nZabbix is a complete Linux monitoring tool which provides multiple services like network monitoring, server monitoring, cloud monitoring, service monitoring, and KPI / SLA monitoring. ", "It’s an all in one open source monitoring solution for any IT infrastructure.", "\n\nSaidar – Displays Live System Statistics\n\nsaidar is a very small curses-based application which provides a bunch of basic system information including CPU, processes, load, memory, swap, network I/O and disks I/O.\n\nUptime\n\nThis simple command gives you a handful of information about how long the system has been running, system load average, users currently logged in, etc.", "\n\nLinux process explorer\n\nLinux process explorer is a process monitoring tool similar to the activity monitor for OSX or the Windows system. ", "If you like “top” and “ps,” then I suggest you use the Linux process explorer as it’s more usable and effective to get the system process and resource information.", "\n\nnmon – Monitor Linux Performance\n\nnmon which stands for Nigel’s Performance Monitor tool. ", "This tool is used to monitor all sort of Linux resources like CPU and memory usage, disk usage, Top processes, NFS, network, kernel and much more. ", "You can get output data on screen or save it in a separate file which you can export into an RRD database for further analysis.", "\n\nRRDtool\n\nRRDtool is an open source data logging and graphing system for managing time-series data like CPU load, temperatures, etc. ", "You can extract RRD data using this tool for an easily understandable graphical format.", "\n\nDf – Disk Free\n\ndf is a pre-installed app in all the Linux or Unix system which is used to know all the available disk space in the file system and the users; it has access to.", "\n\nXosview\n\nXosview is simple and easy to use system monitoring tool for Linux, BSD, IRIX, Solaris and GNU. ", "It offers various information about all the different parts of the including IRQ.", "\n\nDstat\n\nDstat is the best alternative to iostat, netstat, vmstat, and ifstat. ", "Dstat comes handy for monitoring system resources and performance in real time. ", "It combines all the important data from vmstat, iostat, ifstat, netstat into one single file which also can be exported as CSV file.", "\n\nNet-SNMP\n\nNet-SNMP is a simple toolset for the collection of accurate information about the server system using SNMP-simple network management protocol.", "\n\nFree\n\nIt’s a built-in command that gives information about the total amount of used and free disk space on the system, and the buffers used by the kernel at that given moment.", "\n\n/Proc file system\n\nThe Proc file system displays kernel stats which ultimately let you know about the different hardware devices on your system.", "\n\nGKrellM\n\nGKrellM is a GUI based Linux monitoring program that displays the status of the system hardware including hard disk, CPU, main memory, network threads, and so on.", "\n\nMonitorix – System and Network Monitoring\n\nMonitorix is an open source, free and blazing fast Linux system monitoring program. ", "It works smoothly on Linux/Unix system and embedded devices as well. ", "This Linux monitoring tool is suitable for a small server and lets you have a wide range of data metrics through various effective graph and reporting mechanism.", "\n\nSar\n\nSysstat is a complete package of Linux Performance Monitoring Tools and sar is a part of this. ", "You can use different commands to collect, report and save different system metrics including memory, CPU and I/O usage.", "\n\nFind out the actual cause of any software error, server or system log plays a vital role. ", "Though text mode log is quite difficult to deal with for finding the cause and solution, there are many log management monitoring tools to help you out from the difficult situation. ", "This list of Linux log monitoring tools or program will help you a lot for effective log management.", "\n\nSarg – Squid Analysis Report Generator\n\nSarg is an HTTP proxy log analyzer tool that let you know what and where the users are roaming on the Internet. ", "It’s a free and open source Linux monitoring tool that provides stats and information about Squid proxy server users, IP addresses, sites and times, bytes usages, etc. ", "It’s effortless to install, use and generate outputs in HTML format.", "\n\nvnStat – Network Traffic Monitor\n\nvnStat is a free, open source, simple to install and use terminal-based BSD/Linux network traffic monitor that keeps a stats log of network traffic for the chosen interfaces. ", "All those stats and information will be collected from the system kernel that ensures light use of system resources and doesn’t sniff any traffic data.", "\n\nMultiTail\n\nManaging and understanding the server log file is always difficult and time-consuming. ", "To overcome this difficulty, MultiTail helps you to see the system log files in a single window. ", "Moreover, you can also merge multiple log files into one single unified file for easy analysis. ", "You can also use various colors for making it easily understandable with the help of regular expression.", "\n\nGoAccess\n\nGoAccess is ultra fast, open source and Terminal based real-time web access log analyzer. ", "It can analyze web access log from Apache, Nginx, Amazon S3, Elastic Load Balancing, CloudFront, etc. ", "The sysadmin can output the data into JSON, HTML or CSV file format. ", "It can give you valuable HTTP stats, 404s, geolocation, top visitors and much more.", "\n\nSimple Log Watcher\n\nLike Logwatch, Simple Log Watcher is also designed to monitor systems logs. ", "In spite of creating reports, it watches logs for the regular expression and notifies the sysadmin through the mail or the terminal.", "\n\nLogwatch\n\nLogwatch is one of the best customizable Linux monitoring tools which analyzes the system log and creates a custom report basing on user-specific areas. ", "This log analyzer can also provide you with a daily report of the activities taking place in the server system. ", "It’s easy to use and works on all the major Linux distros.", "\n\n5. ", "Linux Network Manager\n\nNow I will discuss the four most recommended Linux network manager which provides a complete network package for every Linux users.", "\n\nifconfig\n\nifconfig is one of the best and fundamental Network Management Tools for Linux system. ", "Users can use it as a standalone network management software through CLI or Linux Terminal Emulator. ", "Moreover, many network tools are used as part of this Linux, network manager.", "\n\nDespite being a command line tool, it becomes more efficient and easy to use, when you came to know what you are doing. ", "It offers you a list of various useful functions, let you do customization, and ensures overall security and privacy.", "\n\nGNOME Network Manager\n\nGnome Linux network manager is a prepacked default network management tool which comes with Ubuntu and Gnome desktop environment. ", "Gnome network manager is a simplified network connections manager that is well integrated within the Gnome system which comes very handy when basic network system handling comes into the focus.", "\n\n“Network Tools” is a much more advanced Linux network manager found in Ubuntu system. ", "This “network tools” is a counterpart of the Gnome network manager where users can perform advanced level network detection task and sorting out the problems. ", "This network management software let you know about various network activities and problems as well.", "\n\nWicd\n\nWicd is the best Linux network manager available in the market now. ", "It’s now a default network manager on a wide range of Linux distros. ", "It provides all the advanced settings that a user need to configure IP settings, network ID, individual network connection, low- level systems connect and interact, etc. ", "Wicd also ensures privacy when you use it in conjunction with Tor.", "\n\nAre you responsible for maintaining Linux infrastructure? ", "Here I have discussed some best Linux performance monitoring tools which will help you to monitor, understand and manage the health and performance of each Linux system elements including CPU, memory, storage, and network.", "\n\nGnome System Monitor\n\nGnome system monitor is lightweight and minimalistic, but powerful Linux task manager for the Gnome shell desktop environment. ", "This Linux system monitoring tool shows you various important information about hard drive space, RAM/SWAP usage, running process and time, network activity, etc. ", "in an easily understandable display.", "\n\nSysstat – All-in-One System Performance Monitoring\n\nSysstat is another one of the best Linux monitoring tools which are a combo package comprising many Linux performance monitoring tools like pidstat, sadf, iostat, etc. ", "This all in one performance solution displays various useful stats about your Linux system. ", "It’s available on all the major Linux distros. ", "Sysstat shows data about CPU, RAM, and SWAP usage; monitors system kernel activity, sockets, TTY, NFS server, and file systems.", "\n\nVnStat PHP – Monitoring Network Bandwidth\n\nAs vnStat is a console-based network traffic logger, so it will be tricky for the beginners to use or analyze the data. ", "In this case, vnStat PHP helps you to understand the vnStat data through a nice looking web-based frontend. ", "You can use this GUI to check network traffic usages based on hourly, daily, monthly and full summary report.", "\n\nNload – Linux Bandwidth Monitor\n\nNload is a command line Linux monitoring tool to observe network traffic and bandwidth in real time. ", "This network traffic monitoring tool lets you visualize the in- and outgoing traffic through two interactive graphs. ", "It also provides some additional but important information about total data transferred using any specific network channel and min/max network usages.", "\n\nObservium – Network Management and Monitoring\n\nObservium is yet another useful network management software designed to manage your server network easily. ", "There are both free and paid versions with the support of MySQL DB. ", "It’s a cross-platform network monitoring software which works on Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and more. ", "It can handle and monitor hundreds of host services around the world via an intuitive web interface to output various information.", "\n\nSmokePing\n\nSmokePing is a free and open source network monitoring software. ", "It helps you to keep track of your network latency. ", "It offers a wide range of latency measurement plugins which ultimately let you do a various task like configure an alert system, slave system for distributed measurement, latency visualization, etc. ", "through interactive GUI and graphs.", "\n\nKSysGuard\n\nKSysGuard is the default Linux task and system performance monitor for KDE desktop environment. ", "One of the notable features of this Linux task manager is it supports client/server architecture that let you allows monitor both remote and localhost.", "\n\nIt’s called a no-nonsense task manager which allows you to kill/end the problematic program easily. ", "KSysGuard can be used both from the graphical interface and Terminal mode.", "\n\nShinken monitoring\n\nShinken is a server monitoring framework which is a total rewrite of Python Nagios® Core for increasing flexibility, scalability and managing a large environment. ", "It’s a featured-packed and ready to run monitoring packs which keeps your Nagios® configuration and plugins intact.", "\n\nLsof – List Open Files\n\nLsof is a great tool used in a Linux or Unix system to know about all the open files and system processes. ", "It’s a built-in Linux system monitoring tool that you can use to see all the open files by processes and network connections. ", "You can sort out the active process by names or users, and it let you kill all threads that are used by a specific user. ", "This command tool will be helpful when it shows an error that the files are used, or disk can’t be unmounted. ", "In this situation, Lsof will let you know which users are using files or system threads are in use.", "\n\nWebmin\n\nWebmin is a web-based system configuration tool for a Unix-like server. ", "Though this tool is developed for the Linux system, still you can also install it on the Windows platform as well. ", "It provides a simple, easy-to-use, and modern user interface for your server.", "\n\nWith the help of Webmin, you can configure the system’s internal components like users, disk quotas, and service files. ", "Moreover, you can also control and modify the servers open source applications such as PHP, MySQL, and Apache HTTP server.", "\n\nArpwatch – Ethernet Activity Monitor\n\nArpwatch is a kind of Linux performance monitoring tools that help to monitor Address Resolution Protocol traffic on a computer network. ", "With the help of Arpwatch, you can keep the database of all identified IP and MAC addresses pairings. ", "It is a great computer security program written in the C programming language. ", "To get installed, you have to use the apt-get command.", "\n\nacct or psacct – Monitor User Activity\n\nAcct and psacct are open source applications to monitor users activities on a system. ", "Besides tracking the activity, it also checks what resources are being consumed. ", "Acct or psacct allows observing how long the users connected to the system. ", "In total, these tools help in various administrative tasks.", "\n\nWhowatch\n\nWhowatch is a popular and important console application to let you know about the different users with their activities. ", "As it works in real time, you can get the up to date information from this program. ", "It allows the data like login name, tty, user’s process, and more. ", "Whowatch doesn’t need any command line options.", "\n\nSuricata – Network Security Monitoring\n\nSuricata is a free network security monitoring program that enables intrusion detection in real time, inline intrusion prevention, and offline pcap processing. ", "With the help of its powerful signature language, it can inspect the network traffic. ", "It takes care of security, usability, and efficiency of the system.", "\n\nStat\n\nThe stat is a useful command in Linux used to view file and file system status. ", "It has its own custom format beside the default to display information. ", "It enables the following of symbolic links and print information in a terse form.", "\n\nCollectd\n\nCollectd is a kind of command program for Linux that receives statistics of the system and makes them available in several ways. ", "It mainly collects, transfers, and stores performance data from various network equipment. ", "It is a daemon that comes with a huge collection of plug-ins into its default configuration file.", "\n\nStrace\n\nStrace is a useful Linux command line tool that can be used for diagnostic, instructional, and debugging operation. ", "It’s a powerful application to capture and record the system calls made by a process and the signals received by the process. ", "You can get the summary of Linux process and also can trace specific system calls.", "\n\nUlimit\n\nWhether you want to change the number of open files in the Linux system, Ulimit is a great command line tool for this. ", "You need to have the root access to your system. ", "You can check and configure both the user level and global limits for the maximum quantity of opened files.", "\n\nCPUlimit\n\nCpulimit is another useful utility of Linux system to solve some particular problems. ", "It enables itself to the system load dynamically and fast. ", "When any particular process consumes more CPU usage and affects the overall performance, Cpulimit helps to get rid of this. ", "It controls the batch jobs when you don’t require to consume more CPU usage. ", "The amount of the usage will be distributed and controlled by sending SIGSTOP and SIGCONT POSIX signals.", "\n\nLshw\n\nLshw is an open source Linux command which shows the detailed report about the hardware system. ", "You will get complete information on a single screen with the help of this program. ", "Lshw can provide you the report of firmware version, CPU version and speed, graphics card, bus speed, memory configuration, and more. ", "It has also some special features are available to detect partial or full information.", "\n\nW\n\nW is one of the Linux basic command tools to show information about the users who are currently logged into a system. ", "For an individual user, you will get the report on a login name, tty name, login time, JCPU, remote host, and more.", "\n\nThe Last Word\n\nIn the end, I hope that this giant list of best Linux Monitoring tools help you to monitor various Linux elements like the server, network, desktop, infrastructure, etc. ", "Let me know what do you think about these Linux monitoring tools in the comment below. ", "Will it be helpful for performing or ensuring Linux performance? ", "Moreover, Let us know if I missed any important monitoring tool here.", "\n\nIf you like this article, please make a time to share it on your social media. ", "And don’t forget to leave a comment about your experience and valuable suggestion." ]

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[ "require 'spec_helper'\nrequire 'volt/reactive/reactive_accessors'\n\nclass TestReactiveAccessors\n include Volt::ReactiveAccessors\n\n reactive_accessor :_name\nend\n\ndescribe Volt::ReactiveAccessors do\n it 'should assign a reactive value' do\n inst = TestReactiveAccessors.new\n\n inst._name = 'Ryan'\n expect(inst._name).to eq('Ryan')\n end\n\n it 'should start nil' do\n inst = TestReactiveAccessors.new\n\n expect(inst._name).to eq(nil)\n end\n\n it 'should trigger changed when assigning a new value' do\n inst = TestReactiveAccessors.new\n values = []\n\n -> { values << inst._name }.watch!", "\n\n expect(values).to eq([nil])\n\n inst._name = 'Ryan'\n Volt::Computation.flush!", "\n expect(values).to eq([nil, 'Ryan'])\n\n inst._name = 'Stout'\n Volt::Computation.flush!", "\n expect(values).to eq([nil, 'Ryan', 'Stout'])\n end\nend\n" ]

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[ "Easy To Use Patents Search & Patent Lawyer Directory\n\nAt Patents you can conduct a Patent Search, File a Patent Application, find a Patent Attorney, or search available technology through our Patent Exchange. ", "Patents are available using simple keyword or date criteria. ", "If you are looking to hire a patent attorney, you've come to the right place. ", "Protect your idea and hire a patent lawyer.", "\n\nApparatus for detecting the presence of flat wheels on railroad cars,\ncomprising a high frequency transmitter or source connected so that the\nrail feed points are staggered or offset with respect to the detector\napparatus. ", "As a result, the transmitter cannot be completely shorted by a\nwheel axle; also, the stagger arrangement permits the overlap of two test\nsections so that no part of the wheel circumference is missed by the\ndetector. ", "Also the use of current detection of the transmitted signal\nminimizes loading effects on the received signal by adjacent wheel axle\nsets.", "\n\na pair of closed loops defining a pair of individual test sections for a measuring or testing area; said loops including portions of a pair of rails, and shorting means connected between said rails and defining end boundaries for said respective\ntest sections, such that a high frequency current of substantially fixed magnitude normally flows in each loop through said respective shorting means when a wheel axle is absent from the corresponding test section;\n\nmeans for connecting said transmitter to said rails, said means including a staggered arrangement so as to produce overlap of said two test sections;\n\na detection device in each loop for sensing the individual current flow in each loop and for providing, responsive to the presence of an axle in the respective test sections, a relatively high voltage output which differs substantially from an\nessentially zero voltage output in the absence of an axle therein.", "\n\n2. ", "A system as defined in claim 1, in which a first of said detection devices includes a pair of pickup coils, connected in opposed polarities, for sensing the flow of current in a first of said pair of closed loops, and a second detection\ndevice which includes another pair of pickup coils, connected in opposed polarities, for sensing the flow of current in said other closed loop.", "\n\n3. ", "A system as defined in claim 1, in which the presence of a flat wheel in one of said test sections results in a net zero voltage from the corresponding one of said detection devices.", "\n\n4. ", "A system as defined in claim 2, in which pickup coils in the two different loops are longitudinally offset such that said relatively high voltage indicative of the presence of an axle in said second test section is sensed before the\ntermination of the sensing of such high voltage in said first test section.", "\n\n5. ", "A system as defined in claim 1, in which said transmitter has an output having a frequency between approximately 10 and 200 KHz.", "\n\nDescription\n\nBACKGROUND, OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION\n\nThe present invention pertains to detection apparatus and more particularly, to apparatus for detecting the presence of \"flat\" wheels, i.e., wheels having flat segments, on railroad cars.", "\n\nA so-called wheel flat results if a wheel of a railroad car or vehicle is so braked or locked that instead of rolling it slides along a rail. ", "When this happens the high friction which develops between the wheel and the rail produces flat\nsegments or portions in the given wheel. ", "It will be understood that the majority of wheel flats appear during the winter because it is at this time that the brake shoes have a tendency to freeze against the wheels which causes the aforesaid sliding and\nthe development of the wheel flat. ", "Other kinds of brake faults can also result in wheel flats, even during mild weather.", "\n\nIn any event and whatever the cause, wheel flats take a significant economic toll in that they require that axles be taken out of service annually. ", "This is because if the wheel flats are left unattended or not repaired, they can cause extensive\nand serious damage to rails.", "\n\nAccordingly, it will be appreciated that the aforenoted problems make it important to detect such flat wheels on railroad cars so that they may be taken out of service as soon as practicable for repair; and it is a fundamental object of the\npresent invention to accomplish such detection efficiently and economically.", "\n\nIt will be apparent that wheel flats can be detected either manually or by automatic means, the superior way being by automatic means, because manual detection involves time-consuming wheel inspection and it is difficult to detect a wheel flat\nbecause the flat segment or portion is quite often not clearly in the view of the inspector, being on the rail or hidden behind equipment.", "\n\nFor an appreciation of the problems associated with the wheel flats and of an automatic means or apparatus for detecting their presence, reference may be made to a publication by L. M. Ericsson entitled THE NEW WHEEL FLAT DETECTOR JUL400,\nSeptember, 1974. ", "In that publication, a detailed description is given of such automatic means for detecting wheel flats and the system described is based on the premise that at or above a certain train speed, the wheel suspension system does not permit\nthe wheel flat to drop down and make contact with the rail. ", "More specifically, that system recognizes that at low speed a wheel with a flat will continuously maintain contact with the rail even when the segment with the flat is on the rail. ", "On the\nother hand, if the speed is higher, such as approximately 30 km/h and higher, the wheel flat will momentarily lose contact with the rail and the time that the wheel loses contact is primarily dependent on the length of the wheel flat and the speed of the\ntrain.", "\n\nFurthermore, in accordance with the prior art system, the speed of the train can be determined by measuring the time it takes for a wheel to pass a fixed measuring distance and this distance may be equal to the circumference of the wheel. ", "The\nfollowing formula then applies ##EQU1## lp = length of wheel flat L = length of measuring distance .apprxeq. ", "wheel circumference\n\nts = interruption time\n\nT = reference time = time for the wheel to pass the measuring distance\n\n.DELTA. ", "= factor dependent on load and speed\n\nThe formula states that the relation between the length of the wheel flat and the measuring distance is equal to the relation between the interruption time caused by the wheel flat and the passage time over the measuring distance multiplied by a\nfactor .DELTA.. The factor .DELTA. ", "is a function of the weight and speed.", "\n\nIn order to be able to calculate lp, it is necessary to have a fixed measuring distance L and measure the interruption time and the passage time. ", "The measuring distance L is limited by rail mounted wheel detectors for measuring the passage time.", "\n\nIn a simplified version of the prior art system, a voltage applied across the rails from a transmitter is sensed by a receiver and as long as no wheel is inside the measuring distance L the voltage level at the receiver is high. ", "However, when a\npair of wheels enters the measuring distance, the voltage is shunted out and consequently the voltage level at the receiver decreases. ", "If one of the passing wheels has a wheel flat and the speed is so high that the wheel loses contact with the rail, the\nvoltage will momentarily increase to a high level. ", "Therefore, it will be appreciated that, in simplified terms, a shunting effect is produced by the presence of passing wheels with an attendant relatively low voltage, but that the voltage will rise for\na brief period during the time that a wheel flat is sensed. ", "Not specifically shown in the aforenoted publication is the fact that the high receive level during the passage of a wheel flat may not be a very high level due to the loading effect of\nadjacent axles.", "\n\nBy measuring the relationship between the time period during which the aforesaid increase in voltage is obtained and the total time during which the transmitter has been shunted out, then the relation between the wheel flat length lp and the\nmeasuring distance L in accordance with the previously noted formula can be calculated.", "\n\nHowever, it turns out that in practice with conventional bogies or trucks on railroad cars, the distance between the pair of wheels on the truck is between 5.5 feet and 9.3 feet, the wheel circumference being about 9.4 feet since the diameter is\napproximately 36 inches. ", "The problem here is that both pair of wheels may occupy the measuring section simultaneously when the distance between the pair is equal to, or less than, the wheel circumference. ", "Consequently a wheel flat on one of the wheel\npairs would then be shunted out by the other pair of the truck and would never be discovered.", "\n\nAccordingly, what is done in the prior art system as described in the article cited is that the measuring distance is divided into two equal halves or subsections, each being approximately 4.9 feet in length. ", "Moreover, a transmitter or signal\nsource is provided and a receiver is furnished for each of the subsections. ", "The general layout of such a version can be appreciated by reference to FIG. ", "11 of the aforenoted article. ", "The limits of the two identical subsections are defined by three\ninductive rail mounted wheel detectors, such detectors also being used to measure the passage time. ", "The complete operation of such prior art system can be understood by reference to FIG. ", "13 of the same article.", "\n\nIt will be understood from the aforenoted article that the measuring distance L has to be at least as great as the circumference of the largest diameter wheel that is to be measured by the system. ", "Another governing parameter is that one-half of\nthis measuring distance L should be less than the wheel base of the shortest truck, where wheel base refers to the distance between axles on the same truck.", "\n\nWhatever the merits of the prior art system referred to, it has been found that certain improvements may be realized in accordance with the present invention.", "\n\nA primary object of the present invention is to insure that no part of the wheel circumference is missed in the operation of the system; that is to say, that all of the wheel circumference is being sensed to determine whether there is a wheel\nflat present in any part thereof.", "\n\nIt is another primary object of the present invention to minimize the effect of adjacent wheel axle sets from affecting the sensitivity and performance of the flat wheel detection system.", "\n\nA further object is to avoid \"shorting out\" of the signal source or transmitter by a wheel axle or axles.", "\n\nAnother specific object is to provide fixed \"shorting means\" at each end of the measuring section so as to sharply define the measuring section and thus eliminate the loading effects of wheel axles outside of the measurement section.", "\n\nIn fulfilment of the above stated objects, the present invention provides a scheme in which the track is fed with a high frequency source. ", "As the result of the selection of a high frequency, the rails will exhibit a high impedance at those\nfrequencies, thereby minimizing shunting variations and wheel axle loading effects.", "\n\nAnother primary feature resides in the provision of a transmitter or source which is so connected that the rail feed points are staggered. ", "As a result of this arrangement, the aforenoted object is accomplished of preventing the transmitter or\nsource from being completely shorted by an axle. ", "This feature will be fully explained as the description proceeds.", "\n\nAs above described, the scheme of the present invention normally provides a shorting means fixed at each end of the measuring block or section. ", "However, in the case where certain track circuit equipment might be interfered with, the shorting\nmeans may be a series inductance-capacitance circuit so that the shorting means will act as a short only to the frequency involved with the present scheme or system.", "\n\nOther and further objects, advantages and features of the present invention will be understood by reference to the following specification in conjunction with the annexed drawing, wherein like parts have been given like numbers.", "\n\nBRIEF\nDESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING\n\nFIG. ", "1 is a layout of the flat wheel detection scheme in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;\n\nFIG. ", "2 is a combination block diagram and wave diagram which serves both to illustrate the particular pulses or waves as these appear at various points in the system of the invention, and to indicate the position of the wheels of a railroad car\nrelative to the apparatus of the invention.", "\n\nDESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT\n\nReferring now to the figures of the drawing, there will be seen a general layout of the system 10 of the present invention. ", "Included therein is a transmitter or source 12 connected to a pair of rails which for convenience are referenced to\npoints of the compass and are denominated north rail 14 and south rail 16.", "\n\nIt will be particularly noted that the transmitter 12 is so connected that the rail feed points of connection, that is points 18 and 20, are staggered or offset with respect to distance along the respective north and south rails. ", "Because of this\narrangement, the transmitter 12 cannot be completely shorted by an axle, it being apparent that a pair of wheels on a given axle cannot coexist precisely at the respective feed points on the rails. ", "Hence, some substantial rail impedance is always\npresent.", "\n\nIt should be noted that there are two separate test sections 22 and 24, each of which is defined intermediately by the connection of the transmitter 12 and at the respective ends by the connection of the shorting means 26 (at the west end) and 28\n(at the east end). ", "For convenience, the shorting means has been shown in simplified form but, as has already been indicated, a series L-C circuit can serve as the shorting means, such connection functioning as a short only to the selected frequencies of\nthe present system. ", "It should also be noted that each of the test sections 22 and 24 checks at least half of the wheel circumference of a given passing wheel such that no part of the wheel circumference of any wheel can be missed. ", "This will be evident\nfrom referring to the wave diagram of FIG. ", "2.", "\n\nThe key or primary feature of the present invention includes, as part of the test sections 22 and 24, detection or sensing means 30 and 32, respectively, the first of which includes a pair of coils 34 and 36, the second including a pair of coils\n38 and 40. ", "These are more or less conventional current pickup coils which are rail mounted and function to sense the presence of current in the individual rails 14 and 16 respectively. ", "They produce a voltage output proportional to such signal currents\nin the rails.", "\n\nIt will be seen in FIG. ", "1 that appropriate approximate distances have been indicated between the pickup coils 34 and 36 in test section 22, such distance of 51/2 feet also existing between the other pair of coils 38, 40 in the other test section\n24. ", "Also, as indicated, a distance of approximately 31/2 feet is provided between the rail feed points 18 and 20.", "\n\nTurning now to the operation of the system, let it be assumed that there are no trains or axles of any kind in the test area involving the aforenoted sections 22 and 24. ", "Then the transmitter or source 12 sends a current in opposite directions,\nas indicated, through the track rails. ", "These currents are identified as I.sub.1 and I.sub.2. ", "The flow of current I.sub.1 is sensed by the coils 34 and 36 and, since under these conditions the same current flows by both sense coils, they will produce\nthe same value of output voltage. ", "It will be noted that coils 34 and 36 are interconnected in opposing polarity such that the voltages they produce cancel each other, thereby resulting in an essentially zero output voltage for V.sub.", "N, as indicated on\nFIG. ", "1.", "\n\nIt will be understood that any axles which are outside the detection zone defined by coils 34 and 36 may result in increasing or decreasing the current I.sub.1, but the output voltage V.sub.", "N will remain at zero. ", "However, when an axle carrying a\npair of wheels rolls between coils 34 and 36 within such detection zone, more current will flow under coil 34 and less current under coil 36 than was the case previously. ", "Consequently, this causes an unbalance which in turn results in an output voltage\nV.sub.", "N having a value greater than zero during the entire time that the given axle shunts the rails 14 and 16 as it is passing between coils 34 and 36.", "\n\nShould a wheel on a particular axle have a flat spot such that it breaks contact with a rail and, in this particular case, with rail 14, the signal or rail current sensed by coils 34 and 36 will momentarily become equal, thereby resulting in a\nmomentary zero output voltage at V.sub.", "N, thus revealing the flat spot. ", "Accordingly, it will be understood that the output voltage returns to the same zero value as formerly when there were no wheels present in the detection zone.", "\n\nIn order to obtain optimum interference-free operation only one axle should be in a test section, for example in test section 22 between coils 34 and 36. ", "As a result, and as aforenoted, the distance between the coils must be not more than the\nwheel base of the two axles on a truck and, accordingly, this is the reason for the selection of the approximately 51/2 feet between coils 34 and 36. ", "As already explained, since the circumference of a wheel exceeds the wheel base of the two axles on a\ntruck, the two test sections 22 and 24 are required to examine the entire circumference of every wheel.", "\n\nThe second test section 24 includes another detection arrangement as already noted involving the coils 38 and 40. ", "These coils function in the same manner as the coils of the first test section. ", "However, it should be noted that the detection\nscheme here overlaps the detection scheme in the first section by about a half foot. ", "It should also be noted that the fixed shorting means or shunts 26 and 28 which are located at the boundaries of the measuring or test area, not only minimizes the\neffects of other axles but also of changing ballast resistance.", "\n\nThe output voltage V.sub.", "N will remain relatively constant as the given axle travels between coil 36 and coil 34; likewise, for V.sub.", "S as the given axle travels between coil 40 and coil 38. ", "When the first axle enters the test section from the\nleft and passes coil 36, the transmitter voltage will be high and the series rail impedance to the shunting axle will likewise be high. ", "Normally, as the axle rolls toward the transmitter, the shunting impedance decreases but so would the track voltage.", "\nBy making the transmitter source impedance very low, the output voltage V.sub.", "N or V.sub.", "S can be made to remain relatively constant for the reasons mentioned.", "\n\nAs indicated hereinabove, the use of a high frequency source for the transmitter 12 reduces shunting variations. ", "If a minimum period of shunt loss is required to detect flat wheels, this minimum shunt time will be in most cases substantially\nlonger than variations in V.sub.", "N or V.sub.", "S due to slight shunting variations or rolling shunt noise.", "\n\nReferring now to FIG. ", "2, there are illustrated therein the various output wave forms for V.sub.", "N achieved when two adjacent trucks 50 and 52 pass through the measuring or testing section. ", "Each of the adjacent trucks carries two pairs of wheels\nand these are depicted toward the bottom of FIG. ", "2, and each pair has been designated 53 and 54. ", "This figure also illustrates that trucks with a minimum wheel base of 51/2 feet and wheel diameters up to 40 inches can be one hundred percent examined.", "\nWheel diameters of 42 inches, as indicated at the bottom of the figure, will have about 96% of its total circumference examined. ", "Wheel diameters above 38 inches are not used on freight cars. ", "Also, there is indicated on the wave forms illustrated, the\nparticular parts of the wave form that pertain to the particular halves of the individual wheel or pairs of wheels. ", "Thus it will be appreciated that the north rail detection zone examines or detects that first half of the circumference of a given wheel\nor pair and the south rail detection zone is examining or sensing the other half of that circumference.", "\n\nThere has been disclosed herein a unique and efficient flat wheel detection system which features the connection of a transmitter of the system to rail feed points in a staggered manner such that the transmitter can never be completely or\nthoroughly shorted by an axle. ", "Hence, there is no \"dead spot\" produced. ", "Moreover, such stagger arrangement insures that the entire wheel circumference can be examined for wheel flats because of the overlap of the two test sections involved. ", "An\nadditional benefit of the feed point stagger arrangement is to eliminate interference with the closely spaced or adjacent current pickup coils by the rail feed lines.", "\n\nWhile there has been shown and described what is considered at present to be the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications of such embodiment may be made. ", "It is therefore\ndesired that the invention not be limited to this embodiment, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention." ]

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[ "I tried to entertain you for four minutes FUCK ME RIGHT?", "\n\n172 shares" ]

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[ "\"Is it possible these large adverse shocks had such little impact on GDP growth?\" ", "Arvind Subramanian said\n\nSticking to his analysis that India's economic growth has been overestimated, Arvind Subramanian said he had raised doubts about the GDP numbers in 2015 when he was the chief economic adviser of the Modi government as he found inconsistency between projected growth and other macro indicators.", "\n\nIn a new paper ''Validating India's GDP Growth Estimates'', the former CEA said he had indicated his doubts on the growth numbers in the Economic Survey in 2015 as well as mid-year Economic Analysis.", "\n\nDuring 2011-2016, the period he deduced to have seen GDP growth being overestimated by 2.5 percentage points, the Indian economy was hit by a series of shocks - export collapse, twin balance sheet problem, drought and demonetisation.", "\n\n\"Growth in real credit to industry collapsed, falling from 16 per cent to minus-1 per cent, mirrored in the official figures for real investment growth, which declined from 13 per cent to 3 per cent; Real exports fell from 15 per cent to 3 per cent; Overall real credit slowed from 13 per cent to 3 per cent; and real imports slowed from 17 per cent to minus 1 per cent,\" he wrote.", "\n\nBut the new GDP series, adopted in 2015, suggested that \"despite all these large shocks, economic growth declined by very little, slipping from 7.7 per cent to 6.9 per cent. ", "This situation invites a question: is it really possible that these five large adverse shocks had such little impact on GDP growth?\" ", "he asked.", "\n\nIndia's gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate between 2011-12 and 2016-17 should have been about 4.5 per cent instead of the official estimate of close to 7 per cent.", "\n\n\"In January 2015, the CSO released new estimates using a new base year (2011-12 versus 2004-05), new data and new methodology. ", "My team and I reviewed these estimates carefully - and immediately had questions about the new numbers. ", "We consequently investigated the matter, but still could not find convincing answers, so we began to express our doubts internally and then externally,\" he said, pointing to a box he had put in the Economic Survey of 2015 raising doubts on the numbers.", "\n\nCountering the government arguments that had rubbished his June research on GDP numbers, Mr Subramanian said the NDA government did bring reforms such as GST and new insolvency and bankruptcy law but these would \"deliver growth benefits in the medium term\".", "\n\nHe rubbished the productivity surge argument saying if that was so, benefits accruing to firms in the form of higher profits would have been seen.", "\n\nHe also rubbished the consumption surge argument advanced by the government to counter his claim, saying if India had suddenly developed a unique model of sustained consumption-led growth it would have reflected in consumer confidence being high but the RBI's monthly Consumer Confidence Survey paints a different picture.", "\n\nOn the government argument that India's tax-GDP ratio rose post-2011 period, he said revenues are affected by more than just economic growth - \"they are also affected by changes in tax policies and administration. ", "Amongst the latter were the spate of measures to unearth black money, including demonetisation which led to a spike in collections in 2016,\" he said.", "\n\nStating that a variety of evidence suggests that it is likely that India's GDP growth is being overestimated by the new methodology, he said the country's sustained high measured GDP growth after 2011, despite large negative macro-economic shocks, is in contrast to the experience of other large emerging markets.", "\n\nAlso, India clocked significantly higher measured GDP growth than all other countries in the post-1980 period, with the same export and investment growth rates, he said.", "\n\n\"The evidence suggests that measurement changes likely caused India's GDP to be overestimated in the post-2011 period. ", "Moreover, while it is not possible to say precisely what India's GDP would have been absent the measurement changes, the evidence suggests that the discrepancy in measured GDP growth post-2011 is likely to be significant,\" he added, suggesting the GDP methodology being re-visited." ]

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[ "Decorate with stripes\n\nIn decoration everything is allowed, as long as you feel comfortable inside your house.", "As you know, there areendless options for decorating the rooms; some more modern, others more classic … But, after all, they all have something that manages to adorn the spaces in which we inhabit.", "\n\nTypically, the walls of the houses are usually coloredwhite, or, in any case, smooth tones. ", "However, there is a more daring option, but also more daring, this is to decorate with stripes.", "\n\nThe most common is that wedecorate with striped walls, to give a special touch to the rooms, but you can also use other supplements to integrate this type of decoration in your home.", "The textiles that cover the sofas or the beds are good examples of this.", "Do not leave behind the curtains, which can perfectly accompany a simple stay, giving it a special touch.", "\n\nBefore youcrazy withstripes, you must have a clear set of ideas.", "Stripes are a type of decoration that gives a very fun and cheerful air to the rooms, especially if they are colored.", "However, you must be careful not to overdo them.", "With this we want to tell you to choose an element to decorate it with stripes.", "If you select the walls, try the rest of the furniture have solid colors, stripes or no other pattern.", "On the contrary it happens if you decide for a sofa with stripes, or a striped curtains.", "Finally,Base yourself in the colors of the stripes to match the rest of the elements of the stay.", "For example, if the wall has red and white stripes, use these two colors for the furniture or textiles that are present in the room.", "It’s easy, now you just have to choose the colors you like most to ‘scratch’ your house." ]

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[ "I chose the to name my blog \"i-sa buhay mo!\" ", "since it will serve as the personal musings counterpart of my work blog, \"i-swipe mo.\" ", "It is also a personal challenge to live the life I dream of or, at the very least, to work towards that objective with urgency.", "\n\nFriday, December 19, 2008\n\nStraight Talk on best diet for diabetics\n\nAgain an article on diet and the importance of lentils.", "\n\nI am tracking these studies because of a genetic predisposition for Type 2 diabetes. ", "This has been blamed on a change in eating habits in developing countries with an growing affinity for quick service food and sweets/confectionery and the overall increase in caloric intake.", "\n\nNow if we can only find a diet to mitigate the effects of a lentils on high levels of uric acid, yet another recessive trait to watch out for.", "\n\nPeople with Type 2 diabetes on a high-fiber diet kept their blood sugar under better control when they ate foods like beans and nuts instead of the recommended whole-grain diet, researchers have found. (", "Emphasis mine)\n\nBeans and nuts are among foods that only modestly increase blood glucose levels; scientists describe these foods as having a low glycemic index. ", "The new study, which lasted six months, is one of the largest and longest to assess the impact of foods with a low-glycemic index, researchers said.", "\n\nParticipants on the low-glycemic diet also saw significant improvements in cholesterol after six months, with increases in HDL, the so-called “good” cholesterol associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, the study found.", "\n\n“That’s an important issue today, because there’s a double whammy for people who are diabetic,\" said Dr. David J. A. Jenkins, lead author of the report and a professor of nutritional sciences at the University of Toronto. \"", "If they’re men, they have twice the risk of heart disease, and if they’re women, they have four times the risk. ", "If you can hit the heart disease to which they’re particularly vulnerable, you may have something useful.\"", "\n\n“Pharmaceuticals used to control Type 2 diabetes have not shown the expected benefits in terms of reducing cardiovascular disease,” he added.", "\n\nThe study was published on Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.", "\n\nSome 210 patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a low-glycemic diet or a high-cereal, high-fiber diet.", "\n\nThe high-cereal high fiber diet emphasized “brown foods” such as whole-grain bread and breakfast cereal, brown rice and potatoes with the skin on. ", "The low-glycemic diet included beans, peas, lentils, pasta, quickly boiled rice and certain breads, like pumpernickel and rye, as well as oatmeal and oat bran cereals.", "\n\nBoth diets are low in saturated fat and trans fat. ", "Both groups were told to limit their consumption of white flour and to eat five servings of vegetables and three servings of fruit each day.", "\n\nParticipants on the low-glycemic diet saw their hemoglobin A1C levels — a measure of blood glucose levels over recent months — reduced slightly, by 0.5 percent on average, but experienced significant improvements in HDL, which increased by 1.7 milligrams per deciliter of blood on average. ", "Those on the high-cereal diet saw smaller reductions in hemoglobin A1C and slight drops in HDL.", "\n\nDietitians who work with people who have Type 2 diabetes said earlier studies had not demonstrated the benefits of low-glycemic index foods as clearly as this report.", "\n\n“We’ve been telling people to eat whole grains for a long time,\" said Emmy Suhl, a nutrition and diabetes educator at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. \"", "What this study shows is that it’s not enough to have whole grains. ", "It’s these very specific low-glycemic carbohydrates that do a much better job.\"", "\n\nBut, she said, following such a diet is complicated, since the glycemic index of a food can change depending on how it is prepared and served.", "\n\n“People tell us again and again that diet is the hardest part of diabetes management,” she added." ]

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[ "Friday, March 03, 2006\n\nWhat I'm reading now\n\nThe Premodern Condition identifies and explains a surprising affinity for medievalism and medieval studies among the leading figures of critical theory. ", "Drawing on a wide range of philosophical, literary-critical, and sociological works produced within the French nouvelle critique of the 1960s, Holsinger argues for reconceiving these discourses, in part, as a brilliant amalgamation of medievalisms. (", "from the University of Chicago website)" ]

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[ "Intracytoplasmic lumina in bladder carcinomas.", "\nIntracytoplasmic lumina were identified in neoplastic cells from four human and three canine \"spontaneous\" bladder carcinomas. ", "They were also found in N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazoly] formamide induced bladder carcinomas in rats as well as in cultured tumor cell lines derived from these experimental tumors. ", "Intracytoplasmic lumina were readily recognized in 5 micrometer. ", "paraffin embedded and 1 micrometer. ", "epoxy embedded sections. ", "Histochemically, intracytoplasmic lumina were strongly positive with PAS and alcian blue-PAS; mucicarmine stain was positive as unevenly distributed droplets. ", "Ultrastructurally lumina were defined by a symmetric unit membrane; they displayed abundant pleomorphic microvilli, which contained prominent cytoskeletal elements. ", "Step section electron microscopic study revealed continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space in only one case of experimental bladder carcinoma; otherwise they appeared to be entirely encompassed within the cytoplasm. ", "No instance of exocytosis in relation to intracytoplasmic lumina was found. ", "Our observations suggest that intracytoplasmic lumina may be rather frequent in several forms of urothelial carcinoma. ", "They appear to be predominantly but not invariably intracytoplasmic. ", "The mechanism that may determine the development of continuity between intracytoplasmic lumina and the extracellular space and the adduced relationship between intracytoplasmic lumina and the process of secretion remain undetermined." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to image processing method and apparatus which improve a distribution of brightness.", "\n2. ", "Related Background Art\nConventionally, as a method of taking a photograph of appropriate brightness, a method of measuring average luminance of a scene to be taken or photographed and then controlling shutter speed, an aperture value, and the like, based on the measured average luminance, is known. ", "Moreover, an exposure control method based on so-called evaluation photometry that a scene is first divided into predetermined areas, the luminance of each of the divided areas is measured, the measured luminance is appropriately weighted with respect to each area, the average luminance is then obtained based on the weighted values, and the appropriate exposure is thus obtained with respect to the entire scene is known.", "\nIncidentally, in a scene taken into the light (also called a backlight scene) such that the brightness of a main subject is remarkably dark as compared with that of its background, the main subject portion on a taken or photographed image is inevitably dark. ", "Therefore, to take a photograph in which the appropriate brightness can be secured even in case of a backlight scene, it is necessary at the moment of taking the photograph to preset the exposure of a camera so that the subject is taken brightly as compared with a case of taking an average photograph. ", "However, such an exposure correction operation is troublesome for a user, and moreover skill is required to appropriately set the exposure of the camera. ", "Besides, even if the exposure correction operation is appropriately performed with respect to the main subject, the background portion of the main subject adversely tends to become bright excessively.", "\nIn order to solve such a problem, it is necessary to obtain an image of appropriate brightness even in the backlight scene or the like in which it is generally difficult to appropriately determine the brightness of the image.", "\nThus, to achieve this, in analog photographing technique, printing of appropriate brightness can be obtained by performing so-called a dodging process in a darkroom. ", "Therefore, it is desirable even in a digital image process to easily achieve a dodging process similar to that in the analog photographing technique.", "\nFor example, a method of achieving the dodging process is proposed by Daniel J. Jobson et al. ", "in “A Multiscale Retinex for Bridging the Gap Between Color Images and the Human Observation of Scenes”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. ", "6, NO. ", "7, JULY 1997 (hereinafter called a prior art 1). ", "In this method, a difference process between a component obtained by logarithmic transforming a digital image and a low-frequency component of the logarithmic-transformed component is performed to darken a bright component and brighten a dark component in a low-frequency area in the digital image, thereby achieving image improvement.", "\nBesides, another method of achieving the dodging process in the digital image process is proposed by Reinhard et al. ", "in “Photographic Tone Reproduction for Digital Images”, acm Transactions on Graphics, JULY 2002, Vol. ", "21, No. ", "3 (hereinafter called a prior art 2). ", "In this method, a dodging-like effect is obtained in the digital image process by using a luminance component of a digital image and a low-frequency component thereof.", "\nMoreover, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "08-110603 (hereinafter called a prior art 3) proposes a method of inferring an illumination light distribution based on position information and lightness information of a face area and then performing color adjustment according to the inferred illumination light distribution.", "\nHowever, in such conventional methods, a degree of improvement in a case where large improvement is necessary with respect to the brightness of the main subject in the digital image to be processed is the same as that in a case where a little improvement is necessary with respect to the brightness of the main subject. ", "Therefore, particularly in the case where the little improvement is necessary, the brightness distribution of the image is changed more than is necessary, and the contrast and the saturation of the image are thus excessively enhanced, whereby a satisfactory image cannot be obtained and noise in the image becomes noticeable.", "\nBesides, as described above, the prior art 3 proposes one method of improving a brightness distribution based on the brightness of the face area. ", "However, in this method, because a lightness distribution is obtained from the position information of the face area and the lightness information of each area, a problem occurs in a case where the image in question includes only one face area. ", "In other words, it is described in the prior art 3 that the barycenter of the face area or the barycenter of the face area and other several points of the face area is used as the position information of the face area. ", "However, when the barycenter of the face area is used as the position information of the face area, it is very difficult to correctly infer the illumination right distribution of the entire image from one point of one area. ", "Moreover, it is doubtful whether the image which has been color-adjusted according to some inference result is preferable. ", "In addition, even when the barycenter of the face area and other several points of the face area are used as the position information of the face area, it is also doubtful whether the image which has been color-adjusted by inferring the lightness distribution of the entire image from the lightness distribution of one face area is preferable." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to a magnetic disk apparatus and an optical disk apparatus each having two or more positioning heads and, more particularly, to a magnetic disk apparatus and an optical disk apparatus which are suitable for high density recording.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn a disk apparatus, for example, a magnetic disk apparatus, to accomplish high density recording, a sector servo system to position a data head on the basis of a position reference signal recorded in the head of a sector on a data recording surface or a servo system based on such a sector servo system is generally used. ", "Those servo systems based on a sector signal are suitable to position the head to the center of a target track with a high precision. ", "As for a compensator of the above servo systems, since a position signal is discretely obtained, a digital filter is constructed using a microprocessor, and the compensator is determined on the basis of the dynamic characteristic of a control target. ", "The dynamic characteristic of the control target refers to the loop gain from a control signal outputted from the compensator to a detection position signal inputted to the compensator and is given by the product of the gain of a voice coil motor, the gain of an amplifier, the equivalent mass of the head, the position detection gain, and the square of the sampling time.", "\nHowever, the loop gain of the control target varies in dependence on manufacturing tolerance, an operating condition, an operation environment, and an aging change. ", "Particularly, the gain of the voice coil motor and the position detection gain vary for the following reasons, thereby obstructing the high speed movement of the head and the high accurate positioning operation of the head, so that the performance of the apparatus is deteriorated.", "\nA force constant of the gain of the voice coil motor changes in dependence on the operation track position of the head due to a leakage of the magnetic flux across the voice coil. ", "That is, force constants at the inner and outer peripheries of the disk are small and a force constant at an intermediate position between them is large.", "\nThe position detection gain changes due to variations in the peripheral velocity of the disk at which the head is located, the floating amount of the head from the disk surface, and the core width of the head.", "\nThat is, since the peripheral velocity on the outer peripheral side of the disk is large, the change in magnetic flux becomes large, a reading voltage of the head becomes large, and the position detection gain increases. ", "When the floating amount of the head is small, the reading voltage becomes also large and the position detection gain also increases. ", "Further, when the core width of the head is larger than a design reference value, the reading voltage becomes large and the position detection gain increases.", "\nHitherto, means for individually solving the above problems has been proposed. ", "For instance, a method of correcting the change in force constant of the voice coil motor is disclosed in JP-A-63-274395. ", "As an example of the means for totally solving the above problems, a method whereby a loop gain of a mechanism system is automatically estimated during two special speed controls, and compensation elements of the control system are adjusted on the basis of the result of the estimation is disclosed in JP-A-63-23280. ", "Further, a method of obtaining a circular loop gain of an open loop including the voice coil motor and the position detection gain is disclosed in JP-A-2-94187.", "\nAmong the above conventional techniques, the technique disclosed in JP-A-63-274395 uses a method whereby correction coefficients corresponding to the position of a head are stored as a table in a memory section in a control apparatus and the correction coefficient is taken out from the table in correspondence to the movement of the head, thereby changing the gain of a compensator. ", "According to such a method, however, since the correction coefficients have already been stored in the table before shipping of the apparatus, a variation of the gain of the voice coil motor of each apparatus cannot be corrected.", "\nAmong the above conventional techniques, the technique disclosed in JP-A-63-23280 uses a method whereby an estimation value of loop gain of a mechanism system is calculated by control signals and position signals of one data during the acceleration stage of the speed control and one data during the deceleration stage. ", "Thus, only a rough estimation value can be obtained and a variation of the loop gain between the tracks and a variation of the loop gain of each head cannot be reduced.", "\nAs a correcting method of the position detection gain, a method of using an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier to correct a change in reading voltage due to changes in peripheral velocity of the disk and the head floating amount is known. ", "According to such a method, however, a variation in position detection gain in association with the manufacturing tolerance of the core width of every head cannot be reduced.", "\nFurther, among the above conventional techniques, the technique disclosed in JP-A-2-94187 relates to a method of automating a frequency response method whereby a sine wave disturbance of 330 Hz of a zero-cross frequency is added into a servo control loop and the gain in the loop is repetitively adjusted until the ratio of the amplitudes of the sine wave-like signals before and after the addition point is equal to 1. ", "Consequently, the circular loop gain of the open loop can be set to 0 dB by the zero-cross frequency. ", "According to the conventional technique, a point that the above method is applied to all of the heads is shown. ", "According to the above method, however, a fluctuation of the force constant of the voice coil motor due to the operating track position of the head cannot be corrected.", "\nOn the other hand, there are the following steps also have been suggested: a step until output signals before and after the addition point are settled to stationary states after a disturbance sine wave was added; a step of measuring an amplitude of each of the sine wave-like signals before and after the addition point of 330 Hz in a state in which the disturbance sine wave has been applied along with subtracting from it the amplitudes of the signals before and after the addition point of 330 Hz in a state in which no disturbance sine wave is applied from the measurement values in order to eliminate a noise component of the signal; and a step of performing a discrete time Fourier transformation on each of the signals before and after the addition point in order to extract only the signal component of 330 Hz of the disturbance sine wave for the above operations. ", "A long time is necessary for each of the above steps. ", "Consequently, there is a problem from viewpoints of time and precision when the automation of the frequency response method is applied to a plurality of heads.", "\nThe above matters are important subjects to be solved to realize a high recording density of the disk apparatus, high density installation, high accurate positioning, and high transfer speed.", "\nAlthough the high recording density can be accomplished by narrowing the track interval and by using a servo system based on a sector signal, in order to realize the narrow track interval, it is necessary to narrow the core width of the head. ", "In association with the narrow core width of the head, there occurs a problem such that the ratio of the manufacturing tolerance to the head core width increases and, consequently, the variation of the position detection gain increases.", "\nAlthough a high density installation can be accomplished by installing a large number of disk surfaces, in case of the servo system based on the sector signals of the disk surfaces, the positioning heads exist with respect to only the disk surfaces on which the sector signals have been recorded and the position detection gain of each head varies.", "\nFor instance, in case of a magnetic disk apparatus of 3.5 inches, which size of disk is typical, when the height of the disk apparatus is equal to 41.3 mm, ten to fourteen positioning heads exist. ", "The manufacturing tolerance of the core width of each positioning head is about 20% when the track interval is set to 2000 TPI (tracks per inch). ", "Further, as a force constant of the voice coil motor, there is a difference of about 10% between the gain of the outer periphery of the disk and the gain of the intermediate position. ", "That is, as a gain fluctuation of a control target in one disk apparatus, the gain fluctuation becomes up to about 30% because of the realization of high recording density and high density installation. ", "Moreover, there is a tendency such that the gain fluctuation of the control target increases due to the realization of high recording density and high density installation of a future disk apparatus.", "\nAlthough the realization of a high accurate positioning can be accomplished by positioning the head to the center of a target track at a high speed and a high precision, it is necessary to suppress the gain fluctuation (about 30%) of the control target to .+-.4% for this purpose. ", "Particularly, to the head at a high speed and a high precision, it is effective to apply a modern control theory such that the control target is modeled and control means is designed on the basis of such a model. ", "To position the head at a high speed and a high precision, it is necessary to preliminarily accurately know the model of the control target.", "\nFurther, the realization of a high transfer speed of data can be accomplished by a method whereby data recorded on a plurality of disk surfaces is simultaneously read and written by all of the heads. ", "For this purpose, after all of the heads were moved in a lump by the voice coil motor, each head needs to be independently positioned to the center of a target track by using a piezoelectric actuator for each head. ", "In such a case, the gain characteristics of piezoelectric element of each head vary and it becomes difficult to position the head at a high speed and with a high precision. ", "It is also necessary to simultaneously estimate the gain characteristics of the piezoelectric element of each head." ]

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[ "Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters.", "\nThe standard SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm, designed for open ocean water, has been extended for use over turbid coastal and inland waters. ", "Failure of the standard algorithm over turbid waters can be attributed to invalid assumptions of zero water-leaving radiance for the near-infrared bands at 765 and 865 nm. ", "In the present study these assumptions are replaced by the assumptions of spatial homogeneity of the 765:865-nm ratios for aerosol reflectance and for water-leaving reflectance. ", "These two ratios are imposed as calibration parameters after inspection of the Rayleigh-corrected reflectance scatterplot. ", "The performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated for imagery of Belgian coastal waters and yields physically realistic water-leaving radiance spectra. ", "A preliminary comparison with in situ radiance spectra for the Dutch Lake Markermeer shows significant improvement over the standard atmospheric correction algorithm. ", "An analysis is made of the sensitivity of results to the choice of calibration parameters, and perspectives for application of the method to other sensors are briefly discussed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Rose-Hulman names Russell Warley Dean of Faculty.", "\n\nRose-Hulman has announced the selection of a new dean of faculty and professor of chemical engineering from the Penn State University system who has been recognized for excellence in teaching and innovative leadership in engineering education.", "\n\nRussell Warley, interim director of the School of Engineering at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, will assume his new duties at Rose-Hulman July 1, where he will be responsible for execution of academic goals and working with academic department heads to maintain the smooth and efficient operation of those areas.", "\n\n“Dr. Warley brings a wealth of experience in both engineering education and industry, and is equally remarkable for his innovation and his student-centered approach,” says Anne Houtman, vice president for academic affairs. “", "I am thrilled to welcome him to the Rose-Hulman community.”", "\n\nWarley joined the mechanical engineering faculty at Behrend in 2004, became chair of that department in 2009, and managed the department through a period of significant growth. ", "He launched an industrial engineering program in 2013 and chaired the combined mechanical and industrial engineering department until 2015. ", "He was named interim director of the School of Engineering in 2015.", "\n\nUnder his leadership, School of Engineering enrollment has grown to nearly 1,700 students, with 69 full-time faculty offering 13 undergraduate and graduate degree programs.", "\n\nWarley also has two decades of industry experience. ", "Prior to joining the Penn State Behrend faculty, he worked for 17 years for LORD Corporation, where he served in the aerospace materials and process engineering group, and for three years at Cabot Corporation, a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company.", "\n\nHe received an award for technical excellence at LORD Corporation, team awards for product commercialization at Cabot, the Council of Fellows Excellence in Teaching Award at Behrend and the Penn State University Atherton Award for Teaching Excellence.", "\n\nA native of Akron, Ohio, and first-generation college graduate, Warley received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Akron and his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Case Western Reserve University. ", "He and his wife, Deb, have two adult daughters." ]

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[ "UPDATED: September 18, 2020\n\nSince the start of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, Vietnam has closely monitored the situation and installed a series of proactive, comprehensive measures to combat the spread of the virus within the country and prepare its public health facilities. ", "Past experience with other epidemics places Vietnam in a strong position to protect its population as well as visitors passing through.", "\n\nTravellers in Vietnam may have questions about the spread of the virus in Vietnam, as well as which policies are in place in Vietnam. ", "Below is a full overview of the COVID-19 situation in Vietnam as it relates to travellers.", "\n\n\n\nFrom September 22, Vietnam is resuming international commercial flights to six destinations: Guangzhou, Taiwan, Seoul, Tokyo, Phnom Penh, and Vientiane. ", "At this time the country is only offering entry to diplomats, experts, investors and their respective family members, and Vietnamese returning home. ", "All visitors must meet specific Covid-19 regulations and bring the required paperwork in order to be granted entry into Vietnam.", "\n\n\n\nVietnam has automatically extended its free temporary residence until Sept. 30, 2020 for foreigners who have entered Vietnam on tourist visas on or after March 1, 2020. ", "Foreigners in the country during this time must fill out medical declarations online (https://tokhaiyte.vn/) and temporary residence declarations with their hotels or landlords.", "\n\n\n\nThe city of Da Nang lifted social distancing restrictions on September 4 and inter-provincial transport is allowed to resume from September 7. ", "Hai Duong Province remains under social distancing orders until further notice.", "\n\n\n\nForeigners and residents in Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, and Hanoi are required to wear masks in public may be fined from 100,000VND to 300,000VND for failure to comply.", "\n\n\n\nFestivals and religious events, sports events, large gatherings, and non-essential businesses such as karaoke bars, clubs and massage parlours are suspended in a number of major Vietnamese destinations, including Hoi An, Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, and Ninh Thuan.", "\n\nCurrent snapshot of COVID-19 situation in Vietnam\n\n\n\nConfirmed infections 1066 Recovered cases 940 Deaths 35\n\n\n\nThe first confirmed cases of COVID-19 appeared in Vietnam on Jan. 23, 2020. ", "Since March 22, the country's borders have been closed to foreign travellers. ", "Only Vietnamese nationals, foreigners on diplomatic or official business, and highly skilled workers allowed to enter Vietnam at this time. ", "Anyone entering Vietnam will need to undergo medical checks and 14-day quarantine upon arrival.", "\n\nRead more: New COVID-19 tourism policies in Vietnam\n\nVisa policies for travellers to Vietnam\n\nTo staunch the spread of COVID-19, Vietnam is not allowing entry or issuing visas to foreign nationals, from March 22 until further notice, except for those travelling for official or diplomatic purposes, who must undergo medical checks and 14-day quarantine upon arrival in Vietnam. ", "These officials must pay for their own quarantine expenses as of September 1, 2020. ", "However, those whose visit is for less than 14 days are no longer required to quarantine, but they must comply with Vietnam's regulations, including international health insurance and expenses covered by their sponsor organization.", "\n\nVietnam's Immigration Department has announced that all foreigners who entered Vietnam after March 1 on visa exemptions, e-visas or tourism visas will be given automatic stay extensions at no charge until September 30, 2020. ", "Travellers still in the country should declare their temporary residence to local police, through their landlords or hotels, and must complete Vietnam's online health declaration here.", "\n\nVisitors who entered the country before March 1 may be considered for the extension, provided they can show an official letter from their embassy or consulate stating they were unable to leave the country due to objective reasons. ", "Foreigners who have undergone quarantine or treatment for Covid-19 in Vietnam are also eligible for the extension. ", "They must bring their certification documents to show immigration officials when leaving Vietnam.", "\n\nFor questions about the new policy, please call Vietnam's Immigration Department at 024 3938 7320.", "\n\nVietnam has officially suspended all visa exemptions for citizens of South Korea, Belarus, Russia, Japan, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, UK, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. ", "Travellers who have entered the country on visa waivers or tourist visas are given automatic visa extension until September 30, 2020. ", "Those who have entered Vietnam for business, visiting relatives, or purposes other than travel should contact a visa agent to address their visa concerns.", "\n\nRead more: Vietnam visa requirements\n\nFlights changes related to COVID-19 in Vietnam\n\nAll passenger flights to Vietnam on all airlines are suspended from April 1, 2020. ", "Since February 1, all flights to and from mainland China on all airlines have been indefinitely suspended by the Civil Aviation Administration of Vietnam. ", "Vietnam Airlines has announced it will suspend all its two-way international flights from March 25 until further notice.", "\n\nAll inbound travellers coming to Vietnam will be required to submit a health declaration and undergo COVID-19 medical checks upon arrival. ", "Travellers can fill out the health declaration at the airport or submit it in advance at this link.", "\n\nRead more: A traveller's guide to Vietnam's airports\n\nClosures and cancellations due to COVID-19\n\nA number of festivals and events in Vietnam have been cancelled or postponed in alignment with the government’s directive to avoid public gatherings:\n\nHuế Festival 2020 - Postponed to 2021\n\nF1 Vietnam Grand Prix - Postponed\n\nDa Lat Sufferfest - Postponed\n\nQuang Binh Marathon - Postponed\n\nTechcombank Ha Noi Marathon - Postponed\n\nSunrise Sprint - Postponed to 2021\n\nDa Nang International Fireworks Festival 2020 - Cancelled\n\nPreventative steps by the Vietnamese government\n\nVietnam’s Prime Minister officially declared COVID-19 an epidemic in Vietnam on Feb. 1, 2020. ", "Although confirmed cases remain low within the country, authorities are taking swift and strict preventative measures to contain the virus. ", "The government has formed a National Steering Committee for COVID-19 Prevention and Control to direct efforts and communicate to the public.", "\n\nThe National Steering Committee has launched an online management and administration centre for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment, and on March 6, Vietnam announced it will produce 10,000 COVID-19 test kits daily.", "\n\nBelow are the key actions taken by Vietnam to prevent the spread of COVID-19:\n\nIn addition to these, many private Vietnamese businesses, residential complexes and tourist accommodations have installed their own preventative measures to keep customers safe.", "\n\nHealth and safety precautions for travellers\n\nTravellers in Vietnam are encouraged to take sensible precautions against COVID-19 during their trips.", "\n\nThe World Health Organization outlines these basic practices to keep yourself and your loved ones safe:\n\nAvoid travelling if you have a fever and cough. ", "If you have fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, alert health care services and share with them your recent travel history. ", "Maintain social distancing. ", "Stay a metre or more away from others, especially those who are sneezing or coughing, or have fever. ", "Wash your hands regularly with soap and running water. ", "You can also use an alcohol-based hand-sanitizer to spray your hands as often as you like. ", "Cover your mouth and nose with tissue when you cough or sneeze. ", "Dispose of dirty tissues immediately and wash your hands after coughing or sneezing. ", "Avoid contact with live animals. ", "Wash your hands with soap and water if you touch live animals or animal products in markets. ", "Eat only well-cooked food. ", "Make sure your meals especially animal proteins and dairy products are thoroughly cooked and prepared in a sanitary environment. ", "Discard single-use masks. ", "If you choose to wear a single-use mask, ensure it covers your nose and mouth, avoid touching the mask, and wash your hands after removing it.", "\n\nAny travellers experiencing symptoms of the virus — fever, cough and difficulty breathing — should immediately call Vietnam’s health hotline: 19003228.", "\n\nRead more: Health and safety in Vietnam\n\nOnline trackers and official government sites\n\nTravellers looking for updated statistics on COVID-19 can use the Coronavirus app.", "\n\nUpdates from the Vietnamese government: https://ncov.moh.gov.vn\n\nNews updates from Vietnam Tourism: https://vietnam.travel/media-industry\n\nThe information above is compiled by the Vietnam Tourism Advisory Board as a public service for travellers in early 2020. ", "This article will be updated daily with new information from Vietnam’s health, tourism and aviation authorities." ]

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[ "Robert Scot\n\nRobert Scot (October 2, 1745 – November 3, 1823) was Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1793 until his death in 1823. ", "He was succeeded by William Kneass. ", "Scot designed the popular and rare Flowing Hair dollar coinage along with the Liberty Cap half cent. ", "Scot is perhaps best known for his design, the Draped Bust, which was used on many silver and copper coins. ", "Robert Scot was the most prolific engraver of early American patriotic iconography, with symbols and images depicting rebellion, unity, victory, and liberty throughout his career in America.", "\n\nEarly life\nRobert Scott was born on October 2, 1745 in Canongate, Scotland, and was baptized on October 8, 1745. ", "He learned watchmaking, and also was trained as a line engraver by Richard Cooper, Sr. ", "at the Trustees Academy, with classes at the University of Edinburgh.", "\n\nVirginia \nRobert Scott changed his name to Scot (with only one 't'), when he moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1775. ", "He began engraving plates for Virginia currency in 1775, first using the Arms of Britain. ", "After the landmark Fifth Virginia Convention of May 1776, Scot engraved Virginia currency with the radical Virginia Seal design, which depicted the overthrow of tyranny. ", "In 1778 Scot engraved Virginia currency with the motto Sic Semper Tyrannis meaning \"Thus Always to Tyrants.\" ", "Scot moved from Fredericksburg to the new Virginia Capitol of Richmond in 1780, as Engraver to the Commonwealth of Virginia. ", "Under the direction of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson in 1780, Robert Scot engraved the Virginia Happy While United medals as gifts to Native American Indian chiefs. ", "The medals utilized Benjamin Franklin's motto \"Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God,\" along with Scot's 1778 revised Virginia Seal design. ", "On January 4, 1781, Richmond was burned and destroyed by British troops under the command of General Benedict Arnold, who betrayed the patriot cause and went over to the British Army in 1780. ", "After the burning of Richmond, Scot planned his move to Philadelphia in the spring of 1781.", "\n\nPhiladelphia \nScot announced his arrival in Philadelphia with newspaper advertisements in May of 1781, listing his engraving shop at the corner of Vine and Front Streets. ", "He began engraving for Robert Morris, then Superintendent of the Office of Finance of the United States, in July 1781. ", "The paper money that Scot engraved for Morris helped to finance the Siege of Yorktown, the decisive battle of the American Revolution. ", "Shortly after that battle, Major Sebastian Bauman commissioned Robert Scot to engrave a map that illustrated the American victory, titled \"Investment of York and Gloucester,\" a magnificent work with elaborate artistry and a factual description of the battle. ", "Scot would continue to engrave for American officers, for the Society of the Cincinnati, and for an accurate 1784 map of United States for Captain William McMurray, based on the 1783 Treaty of Paris. ", "As a Freemason, Robert Scot engraved the frontispiece for Ahiman Rezon, dedicated to General George Washington, for the Grand Lodge of Philadelphia. ", "Scot also reproduced Charles Willson Peale's 1772 portrait of Washington as an authorized drawing and line engraving, while visiting at Mount Vernon. ", "\n\nWhile in Philadelphia, Robert Scot and his family were members of the Religious Society of Free Quakers, a radical sect of ardent patriots who were disowned by the pacifist Philadelphia Quakers for their constant support of the American Revolution. ", "Other members included Timothy Matlack, the probable scribe of the Declaration of Independence, and seamstress Elizabeth Claypoole, better known as Betsy Ross.", "\n\nThe Great Seal of the United States \n\nThe Declaration of Independence of the United States initiated a requirement for a national seal that would represent the sovereignty of the United States of America. ", "After three design committees had not yet completed the design work for the Great Seal, Secretary of Congress Charles Thomson was given the assignment to complete the design in June of 1782. ", "Thomson's design utilized many of the features of the committees' work, and was approved by Congress on June 20, 1782. ", "The engraver for the original Great Seal die was attributed as Robert Scot by Richardson Dougall and Richard Patterson in their book, The Eagle and the Shield. ", "The primary source of their attribution was a note by Thomson for payment of a seal to Robert Scot. ", "The only seal that Thomson is known to have been involved with is the Great Seal. ", "Other evidence includes exact stylistic and technical attributes of Robert Scot's engravings to the Great Seal die, including a star constellation for the Commissioner of Revenue seal, the eagle for 1782 frontispiece engraving of Ahiman Rezon, and borders on a 1783 seal for the College of William and Mary.", "\n\nBook illustrations \nRobert Scot engraved 25 copperplates of scientific illustrations for Thomas Dobson's 1788 American reprint of William Nicholson's Natural Philosophy. ", "These engravings were the largest number of scientific illustrations for a book printed in America at that time, and were considered to be \"superior in elegance to those executed in London.\" ", "Thomas Dobson then proceeded with a fourteen year endeavor to publish an American Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica beginning in 1790, protected under the American Copyright Act of 1790. ", "Robert Scot engraved the largest number of engravings for Dobson's Encyclopædia, and subsequently hired four apprentice engravers, Samuel Allardice, Francis Shallus, Benjamin Jones, and John Draper. ", "The engraving of quality scientific illustrations by Robert Scot and his apprentices helped to rapidly expand the publication of illustrated books within the United States during the 1790s.", "\n\nChief Engraver of the United States Mint \nRobert Scot was commissioned Chief Engraver of the United States Mint on November 23, 1793, after the tragic death of non-commissioned engraver Joseph Wright from the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. ", "To continue his obligations for Dobson's Encyclopædia, Samuel Allardice was made partner with Scot, and the engraving firm of Scot & Allardice would utilize apprentices to finish a large number of book illustrations until their partnership ended in 1796. ", "\n\nThe Coinage Act of 1792 mandated design requirements for United States coins, including an obverse \"emblematic of liberty\" and a reverse with \"the figure or representation of an eagle.\" ", "Scot's initial coinage designs included the Liberty Cap half cent and the Flowing Hair silver coins. ", "In 1795, Scot engraved designs for the first gold coins of the U.S. Mint that included a drapery for Miss Liberty. ", "The drapery was continued with silver coins starting in 1795, with the famous Draped Bust design. ", "After several reverse issues for silver and gold coins with small eagle designs, Scot introduced the Heraldic Eagle reverse in 1796, a modification of the Great Seal of the United States. ", "Upon request, Robert Scot penned a four page letter to Congress in 1795 outlining his responsibilities as Chief Engraver. ", "Robert Scot received a salary of $1200 for each year that he was employed by the United States Mint. ", "During the years 1807-1817, Assistant Engraver John Reich was employed by the United States Mint, and engraved the coin designs of those years. ", "Robert Scot did all of the coinage die engraving at the United States Mint from Reich's resignation until his death in 1823.", "\n\nFederal stamps and seals \nIn 1798, Robert Scot engraved rate stamp dies for each state, for use on documentary paper in an effort to raise money for support of the undeclared Quasi-War with France. ", "Under President John Adams, the United States Navy was quickly expanded, which required considerable funding. ", "In 1800, Scot engraved the second series of stamps, known as the Second Federal Issue, to support the Quasi-War, and also the First Barbary War. ", "Scot also engraved the seal for the U.S. Navy Department in 1798, and seal dies for the U.S. Department of State in 1802 and 1817. ", "The current Federal seals for the Navy and State Departments, along with the Great Seal of the United States, retain much of the designs from earlier dies engraved by Robert Scot.", "\n\nDeath \nRobert Scot died in office on November 3, 1823, a month after his 78th birthday. ", "United States Mint Director Robert Patterson wrote a letter to President James Monroe on the day that Scot died, stating \"It has now become my painful duty to announce to you the sudden decease of our Ingraver [sic], Robert Scot, which took place this morning. ", "He returned to rest last night, apparently in his ordinary state of health. ", "He was, on opening his door in the morning, discovered to have recently expired.\" ", "Scot was succeeded by William Kneass on January 29, 1824.", "\n\nBibliography \nArner, Robert D. Dobson's Encyclopædia: The Publisher, Text, and Publication of America's First Britannica, 1789-1803. ", "Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.", "\nDougall, Richardson and Richard Patterson. ", "The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States. ", "Washington, D.C: Department of State, 1978.", "\nNewman, Eric P. The Early Paper Money of America. ", "Fifth Edition. ", "Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications, 2008.", "\nNyberg, William F. Robert Scot: Engraving Liberty. ", "Staunton, Virginia: American History Press, 2015. ", "Includes bibliography of primary and secondary sources, appendix of documented Robert Scot engravings.", "\nTompkins, Steve M. Early United States Half Dollars: Volume 1 1794 -1807: Peculiar, Missouri: Steve M. Tompkins, 2015.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:United States Mint engravers\nCategory:People from Edinburgh\nCategory:1745 births\nCategory:1823 deaths" ]

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[ "Fazer rir é o melhor negócio Em menos de três anos, a marca Porta dos Fundos alcança um valor de R$ 500 milhões. ", "O primeiro lucro milionário é esperado para 2015. ", "Saiba como a contratação de uma CEO botou ordem na casa e a transformou numa produtora de conteúdo multiplataforma\n\nNo fim de 2013, o ator e roteirista Fábio Porchat recebia no Citibank Hall, em São Paulo, o prêmio de Personalidade do Ano nas Novas Mídias, da revista IstoÉ. Em seu discurso de agradecimento, o humorista brincou dizendo que seu objetivo era ser destaque de outra publicação da Editora 3, a DINHEIRO. ", "A platéia riu, achando graça em seu desejo de se tornar um empreendedor de sucesso. ", "Um ano e meio depois da piada, fica evidente que Porchat estava realmente falando sério. ", "O Porta dos Fundos, canal de vídeos criado em agosto de 2012 por ele, Antonio Tabet, mais conhecido como Kibe Loco, Gregório Duvivier, Ian SBF (abreviação do sobrenome Samarão Brandão Fernandes) e João Vicente de Castro, filho do falecido jornalista gaúcho Tarso de Castro, transformou-se numa máquina de criação de conteúdo para internet, tevê e cinema.", "\n\nO humor ferino, abusado e, muitas vezes, desabusado, bomba e o dinheiro, idem. ", "Nesses quase três anos na estrada, o Porta dos Fundos atingiu 1,6 bilhão de visualizações, conquistou quase 10 milhões de assinantes no YouTube e levou o título de maior canal de humor da internet mundial. ", "Os cinco sócios comandam um negócio com valor de marca estimado em R$ 500 milhões, segundo estudo realizado pela consultoria Millward Brown Vermeer, a pedido da DINHEIRO. “", "Usamos Time Warner, Fox e CBS como comparação para termos noção do valor de mercado de uma empresa do setor de produção de conteúdo e de entretenimento”, diz o diretor-geral da consultoria, Eduardo Tomiya, responsável pelo ranking AS MARCAS MAIS VALIOSAS DO BRASIL.", "\n\n“O Porta dos Fundos pode ser um pouco diferente, mas o múltiplo chega a 14 vezes o lucro operacional.” ", "Para este ano, a projeção dos humoristas é obter um lucro de R$ 35 milhões, o primeiro resultado expressivo da empresa. ", "Nos primeiros nove meses de vida, os fundadores tiveram de tirar dinheiro do próprio bolso para pagar as contas de produção e filmagens. ", "Os primeiros takes aconteciam com roupas emprestadas, na casa de conhecidos e com câmeras do “Anões em Chamas”, o canal de humor criado por Ian SBF, que serviu de embrião para o Porta dos Fundos. ", "Nos três meses seguintes, os sócios conseguiram empatar o capital e encerrar o primeiro ano com uns trocados a mais na conta bancária.", "\n\nNo início, as receitas vinham praticamente do Google, dono do YouTube, que remunera as produtoras que alocam vídeos em sua plataforma. ", "Quem recebe mais cliques, ganha mais. ", "O valor que é repassado não é revelado, mas o mercado estima que o Porta dos Fundos receba o teto da remuneração, cerca de US$ 3 para cada mil visualizações. ", "Isso renderia US$ 2,4 milhões (cerca de R$ 7,5 milhões), por ano. ", "Em 2015, a participação do YouTube no caixa do Porta deve cair de 20% para menos de 10%. ", "O grosso dos ingressos – cerca de 60% do total– virá dos contratos de patrocínio.", "\n\nA Coca-Cola, a cervejaria Petrópolis, dona da marca Itaipava, e a empresa de tecnologia Asus têm exclusividade para mostrar seus produtos quando há um roteiro com cenas de bebidas ou laptop. ", "A intenção da trupe é encerrar o ano com um quarto patrocinador fixo. ", "Outras empresas, como Visa e LG, já fizeram ações pontuais. “", "O Porta dos Fundos conseguiu vincular atributos muito positivos como ousadia, humor e criatividade”, diz Eliana Cassandre, gerente de propaganda do Grupo Petrópolis. “", "Eles são jovens e dinâmicos, aspectos que conquistaram o público e, não por acaso, sempre batem recordes de visualização e comentários nas redes sociais.”", "\n\nEsse impulso no desempenho financeiro aconteceu após a chegada de uma forasteira, que entrou pela porta da frente para colocar ordem na casa. ", "Ex-diretora-geral, no País, da holandesa Endemol, dona do reality show Big Brother, a argentina Juliana Algañaraz assumiu como CEO do Porta dos Fundos no início do segundo semestre do ano passado para revolucionar a gestão do negócio. ", "Juliana foi seduzida pelos sócios durante as negociações para a contratação do Porta dos Fundos pelo canal Fox, parceiro da Endemol. ", "A empatia criou uma atração irresistível, mas o convite formal só aconteceu após Juliana dar um ultimato ao grupo, depois de quase seis meses de conversa.", "\n\n“Estávamos perdendo tempo com reuniões de negócio e não com idéias”, diz Porchat. “", "Precisávamos de alguém para mandar na gente”, reforça Castro. ", "O Porta dos Fundos precisava mesmo de uma chacoalhada. ", "Não do vídeo para fora, claro. ", "A qualidade seguia impecável e a conquista de seguidores continuava aos milhares a cada nova publicação. ", "Mas era necessário promover uma arrumação nos setores administrativos, que estavam perdidos em meio ao caos do quinteto fundador. ", "Embora nenhum deles fosse especialista em atividades burocráticas, eles foram se virando. ", "Ian SBF era o mais dedicado à papelada, cuidando desde o pagamento de contas aos contratos de atores e à produção.", "\n\nCom o crescimento do negócio, ficou claro que, se tocassem todas as áreas de forma amadorística, seriam apenas mais uma produtora diletante, entre tantas que penam por aí. ", "O problema é que, desde o início, eles queriam ser uma grande empresa. “", "Eles eram bem esforçados, mas faltava gestão”, diz Juliana. ", "Na produção, por exemplo, os sócios nunca se importavam com o custo, que gira em torno de R$ 80 mil por ano. ", "O importante é gravar. ", "O primeiro pedido de verba para Juliana foi de cair o queixo: uma superprodução, com aluguel de helicóptero, que custaria cerca de R$ 500 mil.", "\n\nA executiva pediu um tempo e saiu a campo para encontrar interessados em bancar a filmagem. ", "No mesmo sentido, o esquete Refém saiu a custo zero, com o apoio da Fox e da montadora Nissan, que topou colocar seus carros no quadro. “", "Antes, filmávamos e procurávamos os interessados. ", "Hoje, o caminho é o oposto”, diz ela. “", "Temos custos altíssimos e temos de nos pagar.” ", "Por isso, a primeira ação da executiva argentina foi montar uma estratégia comercial para atrair parceiros e interessados em repartir as despesas.", "\n\nO CASE SPOLETO No início do Porta dos Fundos, os contratos eram esporádicos e fechados com muita empolgação e quase nenhum embasamento. ", "Castro, Tabet e Ian SBF foram os responsáveis pelo primeiro case comercial. ", "Num bar do Baixo Gávea, região boêmia do Rio de Janeiro, eles conquistaram o empresário Antonio Moreira Leite, da rede Spoleto, que dias antes assistira ao vídeo Fast Food, que fazia uma crítica mordaz ao péssimo atendimento numa lanchonete e foi um dos primeiros grandes sucessos do grupo. ", "A marca Spoleto não era citada, mas todos os elementos levavam a uma associação direta com ela.", "\n\nEm vez de abraçarem uma crise, os sócios do Spoleto preferiram aproveitar as críticas e melhorar seus processos e sua comunicação. ", "Acertaram o patrocínio, o vídeo mudou de nome e acumula mais de 11,1 milhões de visualizações. ", "O retorno espontâneo, de acordo com a marca, é de R$ 1,4 milhão. “", "O vídeo foi transformador para nós”, diz Leite. ", "Mas uma marca de sucesso não é construída apenas na internet. ", "Logo ao desembarcar na produtora, Juliana enxergou um potencial para ir além dos vídeos para celulares, tablets e computadores. ", "Por isso, será cada vez mais comum ver a marca Porta dos Fundos na tevê, no cinema ou em animações (um desenho inspirado na série americana Simpsons está em produção).", "\n\n“A plataforma é indiferente”, diz Mauro Garcia, diretor executivo da Associação Brasileira de Produtoras Independentes de Televisão. “", "O Porta dos Fundos tem valor pelo conteúdo e criatividade.” ", "Nos próximos meses, o site vai ser turbinado com programas específicos. ", "Porchat terá um de viagem e turismo, o ator Gabriel Totoro exibirá sua paixão pelos games e Tabet criará um talk show e um quadro de esportes. ", "A batalha por um lugar ao sol no mercado internacional também está em curso. ", "Por intermédio da Fox, Portugal foi o primeiro país. ", "Também está em andamento a produção na Inglaterra, com atores locais que estão sendo supervisionados pelo Porta.", "\n\n“Estamos onde sempre quisemos estar”, diz Ian. “", "Criar para todos os tipos de formatos.” ", "O cenário parece perfeito para o Porta dos Fundos, mas há riscos pelo caminho. ", "O número de compromissos de todos os sócios aumentou exponencialmente, nos últimos dois anos, com teatro, cinema e programas nas TVs aberta e fechada. ", "Para evitar uma debandada, Juliana fez com que todos assinassem um compromisso de cinco anos de permanência no negócio. “", "Há um comprometimento de todos os sócios porque podemos produzir dentro de casa”, diz Porchat. “", "Unimos forças para fazer a empresa crescer.”", "\n\nO receio é perder o principal produto: os textos de qualidade. ", "Há, sim, uma busca por novos roteiristas. ", "Mas a peneira está apresentando menos resultados do que o esperado, por conta dos elevados níveis de exigência dos donos. ", "De um teste com 50 candidatos, feito recentemente, apenas um foi aprovado para aprender o “jeito Porta” de escrever. “", "Não temos medo de falar de tabus, mas não acreditamos em homofobia, machismo ou em maltratar animais”, afirma Castro. “", "Se o texto é grosseiro, não é gratificante para nós.” ", "Uma saída seria recorrer às dezenas de roteiros, que chegam todas as semanas para avaliação.", "\n\nNo entanto, eles descartam todos, sem ler. ", "O receio é ser acusado de plágio. ", "Isso porque os textos deles são sacadas de situações cotidianas. ", "Um exemplo dessa ligação com o dia a dia é o Na Lata, o maior sucesso. “", "O vídeo retrata de uma maneira bem humorada o desejo das pessoas de encontrar seus nomes customizados nas embalagens”, diz Rodrigo Gameiro, gerente de conteúdo em real time marketing da Coca-Cola Brasil. “", "O diferencial deles está no comprometimento com a missão de subir o nível de qualidade da produção de conteúdo destinado à internet no Brasil.”", "\n\nA busca pela qualidade é quase obsessiva. ", "Nas reuniões de segunda-feira, 12 roteiros são analisados a cada vez. ", "Dois terços deles são jogados no lixo. ", "Na fase de pós-produção, todos interferem e respeitam a opinião do outro, algo incomum quando se trabalha com criatividade. “", "Sempre alguém vai melhorar o que o outro fez”, diz Tabet. ", "O critério é a graça. ", "Se eles acharem que ficou mais ou menos, não há volta. ", "Dois campeões de audiência quase foram cortados. ", "Sobre A Mesa, que popularizou a expressão “O que eu quero, Mario Alberto?”, ", "e Quem Manda, do temido Gorilão da Bola Azul, foram vídeos que estiveram próximos de ir para o buraco negro. “", "É melhor perder tempo e dinheiro do que qualidade”, diz Duvivier.", "\n\n“Nossa batalha cotidiana é agregar gente nova para o barco.”", "\n\nO desafio da trupe é fazer a marca Porta dos Fundos valer mais do que a mera soma da imagem dos sócios. ", "O objetivo é fazer da empresa uma espécie de Pixar, o estúdio criado por Steve Jobs, da Apple, que hoje pertence à Disney. ", "A explicação é simples: eles têm um modelo de negócio que preza a criatividade e as boas idéias, sem perder a espontaneidade. “", "A Pixar nunca me decepcionou”, afirma Duvivier. “", "Todo tipo de conteúdo deles é impecável.” ", "Portanto, se algum dia Porchat afirmar num discurso que quer fazer do Porta dos Fundos a Pixar brasileira, ninguém mais deve entender que ele está fazendo piada.", "\n\nLeia mais sobre o Especial “As marcas mais valiosas do Brasil 2015”:\n\nUm tricampeonato que desce redondo\n\nAs 50 marcas mais valiosas do Brasil em 2015\n\nNa crise, marcas mais fortes levam vantagem\n\nO Brasil curtiu o Facebook\n\nAs 20 marcas mais fortes do Brasil em 2015\n\nEntenda a metodologia das marcas\n\n——-\n\nConfira a cobertura do evento “As marcas mais valiosas do Brasil”:\n\nDINHEIRO premia as marcas mais valiosas do Brasil\n\n“Marca é um dos ativos mais importantes das empresas”, diz Eduardo Tomiya\n\nMarcas devem manter investimento em tempos de crise, diz especialista\n\n“Marcas representam mais de 70% do valor das empresas”, diz Mario Simon, da MB Vermeer\n\n“Com mercado em crise, precisamos nos reinventar”, diz diretor da GM\n\nO Bradesco na Rio 2016: missão é mostrar que Brasil pode fazer algo emblemático\n\nVeja também" ]

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[ "Malankara Rite\n\nThe Malankara Rite is the form of the West Syriac liturgical rite practiced by several churches of the Saint Thomas Christian community in Kerala, India. ", "West Syriac liturgy was brought to India by the Syriac Orthodox Bishop of Jerusalem, Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, in 1665; in the following decades the Malankara Rite emerged as the liturgy of the Malankara Church, one of the two churches that evolved from the split in the Saint Thomas Christian community in the 17th century. ", "Today it is practiced by the various churches that descend from the Malankara Church, namely the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church), the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, the Malabar Independent Syrian Church, and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe West Syriac Rite developed out of the ancient Antiochene Rite, emerging in the 5th and 6th century with the adoption of Syriac, rather than Greek, as the liturgical language of the non-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch. ", "The liturgy was further revised and expanded over the centuries as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch emerged as a fully distinct church, reaching its \"classical\" form in the 12th century under Patriarch Michael the Syrian.", "\n\nAs per the deceiving history makers, West Syriac liturgy was first introduced to India by the mission of Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, the Syriac Orthodox Bishop of Jerusalem, who arrived in 1665. ", "Historically, who doesn't want to accept the historical reality of Syrian migration, which happened in A.D 345 (under the leadership of Bishop Joseph and trader Thomas of Canna), a group of people among Indian christians was part of the Church of the East, who accepted the Nestorian faith and are specifically called Nestorians], centred in Persia, and practiced a variant of the East Syriac Rite known as the Malabar Rite. ", "However, a decline in communications between the Patriarchate of Antioch (which is the oldest and which claims Patrenal succession) and India led the Saint Thomas Christians to attempt to establish relations with other churches. ", "As early as 1491 the Archdeacon of Malabar sent envoys to the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch as part of an effort to receive a bishop for his bishopless province. ", "In the end nothing came of the request, and the Patriarch of Antioch eventually sent a new bishop.", "\n\nIn 1653, a group of Saint Thomas Christians disaffected by Portuguese colonial rule and the drowning of delegate from the Patriarchate of Antioch (Ahatallah) joined Archdeacon Thomas and Anjilimoottil Ittythomman Kathanar (a priest from the Knanaya Christians), who gave courage to the Archdeacon, in vowing not to submit to Portuguese authority. ", "This avowal, known as the Coonan Cross Oath, led to the formation of an independent Malankara Church with Thomas as its head. ", "To affirm his consecration as bishop, Thomas sent requests to several churches including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the only church responded was the mother church. ", "Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius Simon I responded by sending Gregorios Abdal Jaleel to India in 1665, and the relationship between the Syriac Orthodox and Malankara Church got re-established ( in accordance to one faction of Indian Christians, who claims the establishment and succession of the throne of Saint. ", "Thomas in India,from A.D 52 itself, this is seen as the birth of a new relation, they claim to be nourished by the Nestorian faith, but unfortunately now they follow the theology and Christology and Liturgy of Syrian Orthodox Church).", "\n\nDescription\nAdoption of West Syriac practice by the Malankara Church was gradual; in the early days of its independence the church was more interested in reversing the changes the Portuguese had imposed upon the Malabar Rite than in adopting a new liturgy. ", "Indeed, among its first steps were to restore the usage of leavened bread and the Julian calendar. ", "Under the influence of Gregorios, the church adopted West Syriac vestments, while twenty years later, West Syriac prelates introduced the West Syriac Liturgy of Saint James and the Antiochene rules concerning fasting, feast days, and prohibitions regarding the liturgy. ", "Still, there was no systematized adoption of West Syriac practice for nearly one hundred years; in the meantime the church practiced a combination of West Syriac and Malabar Rite.", "\n\nFormal steps towards adoption of the West Syriac Rite came in 1772, when bishops visiting from Antioch consecrated Mar Thoma VI as Mar Dionysius I and established a systematic church hierarchy. ", "Amid visits by a church prelate in 1846 and the Patriarch himself in 1875, the church fully adopted West Syriac practice. ", "Following the splits within the Malankara Church in the 19th century and its final breakup in the 20th century, the churches that developed from it have retained the Malankara Rite. ", "Today the rite is essentially West Syriac in character with some local variations, which sometimes retain elements now archaic in the wider West Syriac tradition. ", "For example, the Malankara Rite includes the observance of the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts on weekdays during Great Lent and on the Friday of Passion Week. ", "Since the 20th century Syriac has largely been replaced as the liturgical language by Malayalam.", "\n\nEast Syriac tradition of Malankara Marthoma Nazrani \n\nBefore the arrival of West Syriac tradition, Malankara Nazranis were following East Syriac Tradition and we can see the influence of East Syriac tradition in liturgy and Malayalam language. ", "Words like Mar, Qurbana are of East Syriac tradition and the corresponding West Syriac words are Mor, Qurbono, etc. ", "We can still see the use of East Syriac words like Mar, Qurbana in Malankara churches. ", "Churches that still have the east Syriac tradition are syro-malabar catholic church and Chaldean Syrian Church.", "\n\nThe East Syriac Prelate, Mar Yuhanon signed on behalf of the Churches of Persia and India at the first organized gathering of Christianity, the Synod of Nicea was held in 325 AD. ", "The East Syriac Canonist Ibn Tayyib says ‘In the time of Catholicose Mar Ishaq (309-410) the Metropolitanates of Fars and Meru and in the time of Mar Ishu Yab-I/ II/ III (582-660) Halwan, Harat, Samarkhand, India and, China were created’. ", " Mar Ishu Yab warned in his two letters to Mar Shimyun, Metropolitan of Fars (Riwardisher), located in southern Persia that his independent stand will not hamper the ecclesiastical needs of the people of India. ", "Ancient East Syriac (Persian) crosses found out many places with writings in Pahlavi language engraved on it, as seen at Kadamattom Orthodox church, Kottayam Canaanite church, Mylapore church are also pronounce our close relationship with Eastern Church.", "\n\nMalankara Nazranies also had evolved a script (Karshoni) to write Malayalam after making certain changes in East Syriac script, even though ‘Vattezhuthe’, an early form of Malayalam was in vogue. ", " The present-day Malayalam script was formulated and used by Indo-Aryan settlers on the lines of Devnagari for the translation of their Epics to Malayalam after 12th century. ", " Aarthat Padiyola in copper plate (preserved at University Manuscript Library, Trivandrum), declaring the sovereignty of Malankara Church in 1806 was written in old Malayalam script. ", "An early script, ‘Kharoshti’ (used in Ashoka edicts) that prevailed in northwestern India was also developed from eastern Syriac, which helped to decipher identical edicts written in India's original but defunct Prakrit languages. ", "Even many documents related to 17th and 18th centuries also reveals the attachment of Nazranis to Eastern Syria. ", "A memorandum by Malankara Nazranis to Roman Pope against compulsive westernization during the 17th century states that, \"All our prayers are written in the Chaldean Syriac of our Apostle father St. Thomas.\" ", " A Jesuit priest Nunes Barutha of that period, states that: \"Marthoma Christians don't not believe in any other teaching other than written in Eastern Syriac.\" ", "In 1682, Bartholomew, a West Syrian Malpan from Aleppo was appointed in Verapoly seminary by Carmelites. ", "But Malankara Nazranis strongly opposed the appointment to teach their students by a West Syrian teacher. ", "Canon of Udayamperoor synod (page 79) specifically asked to discontinue the use of Eastern Syriac in liturgy and prayers for native Malayalam. ", "Eastern Aramaic (Syriac) was widely used in Malankara up to the 17th century, and all borrowed words and names from Syriac to Malayalam are phonetically in Eastern Syriac. ", "Later, Malankara Nazranis were almost adapted to Western Syriac and liturgy due to ecclesiastical support and long stay of many Antiochean prelates in the second half of 17th and 18th centuries.", "\n\nAt the outset of Latinisation, Nazranis were reluctant to accept Latin bishops. ", " When Vasco-da-Gama arrived in Cochin in 1502, Metropolitan Mar Yahb Alla assisted by Mar Denha, Mar Yacob and Mar Yuhanon sent by Babylonian Patriarch (See of East Syriac Catholicosate shifted from Selucia to Baghdad began to known as Patriarch) ministered from Ankamaly along with Arkidhyaquana. ", "Cardinal Tisserent in his book ‘Eastern Christianity’ states that even after the arrival of Portuguese, Babylonian Primates, continued to send prelates and they ministered in Malanakara viz. ", "Mar Yacob (1503–49), Mar Joseph and Mar Elias (1556–69), Mar Abraham (1568–97) and thereafter Mar Simeon. ", "Most of them were detained by Portuguese under Goan Inquisition and sent to Bassein (Vasai), Lisbon or Rome for orientation in Latin language, tradition and liturgy. ", "In 1601, Menezes consecrated Fr. ", "Francis Roz as bishop of Ankamaly, which marked the beginning of Roman Catholic hierarchy in Malankara. ", "In 1652, Mar Ahathalla, a prelate from East Syria reached Mylapore (most emotive place in India for every East Syriac in early times) and the news of his detention and torture by Portuguese, caused the great uprising of 1653 known as ‘Coonan (bend) Cross Oath’ in which Malankara Nazranes proclaimed that they or their descendants will not make any relation with Rome and elevated Thomas Arkidhyaquana as Metran (bishop) by laying hands on him by 12 Priests.", "\n\nMeantime, the Jesuit missionaries Latinised and formed Chaldean Catholic Church and restricted their old tradition to send bishops to Malankara. ", " In light of such a circumstance, to get Apostolic Hand to the newly elevated bishop, the orthodox Churches like Antioch and Alexandria were contacted through the Dutch East India Co. due to their vast mercantile connections in cities and ports. ", "Antiochean Church was the first to respond, sending their Jerusalem Bishop, Mor Gregorios, via a Dutch ship, reaching Malankara in 1665. ", "The Dutch who defeated Portughese in 1663 for trade monopoly and the Malankara Church wanted to escape from the clutches of the Portuguese and caused to the arrival of many more contingent of Antiochean prelates, including Maphriyonos of Mosul, Eldho Mar Baselios (died on the 8th day of his arrival and considered as a saint, whose mortal remain is interned at Kothamangalam) and then Mar Sakralla with a team of Metropolitans and priests. ", "When Malankara Syrians began to accept Antiochean prelates, Roman faction got an opportunity to call Malankara people as ‘Puthenkootukar’ (new tradition) and call themselves as ‘Pazhyakootukar’ (old traditionalists) to cover up their 54 years of new European relation. ", "In fact, Latin rites introduced in Malankara by Menezes were much more strange and unfamiliar than West Syrian rites for Malabar Christians who were traditionally accustomed with Syrianism. ", "Moreover, they found the west Syrian liturgy and rites to be much attractive due to their perceived \"pure Syrian tradition.\"", "\n\nLatin Catholicism failed to attract Malankara Nazranis, hence Portuguese had to resort to appeasement as well as to pressure tactics to bring Syrians into their fold. ", "In the Coonan Cross Oath, almost the total strength of Syrians supported Arkidhyaquana, but within few decades, the majority of churches were annexed to Romanism. ", "Kerala's long waterways helped the Portuguese soldiers to directly intervene in coastal churches, while geographically interior churches spared due to lack of roads at that time. ", "They asked Kochi, Vadakkumkoor, Thekkumkoor and Ambalapuzha kings to put diktats to their Syrian subjects to join Catholicism.", "\n\nPlease see\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \"Christians of Saint Thomas\". ", "Encyclopædia Britannica. ", "Retrieved February 9, 2010.", "\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Eastern Christian liturgies\nCategory:Eastern Christianity in India\nCategory:Oriental Orthodoxy in India\nCategory:Catholic liturgical rites" ]

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[ "Lord Peter Carrington\n\nBorn: June 6th, 1919\n\nDied: July 9th, 2018\n\nPeter Carrington, who has died aged 99, was the last surviving member of Sir Winston Churchill’s post-second World War administration in Britain. ", "To the manner born, he was cast in the breezy old style aristocratic mould. ", "A military man by training, he was a guiding force for moderation as foreign secretary under Margaret Thatcher.", "\n\nAlthough not as bellicose as Thatcher and not personally responsible for Argentina’s invasion of the Falkland Isles in 1982, Carrington resigned on a matter of principle, assuming responsibility for the hostilities breaking out on his ministerial watch.", "\n\nIn his 1998 memoir, East and West: China, Power, and the Future of Asia, Chris Patten rated Carrington, along with Douglas Hurd, as the two most likable and wise people he ever worked with. ", "They had “the self-confidence to delegate and cheerfully to accept the consequences of decision-making”, Patten wrote. “", "Carrington had a mind like a steel trap behind an urbane manner that eschewed the vulgarities of enthusiasm.”", "\n\nAs befitted an aristocrat, Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington was educated at Eton and Sandhurst. ", "He served with distinction as a tank commander in northwest Europe and was awarded a Military Cross in the last months of the second World War. ", "His transition from relative rural obscurity as a member of the Country Landowners’s Association into the public light came on the Saturday after the unexpected Conservative victory in the 1951 general election: out shooting with local farmers he received word that Downing Street had phoned.", "\n\nNonchalantly he finished his shoot, rang No 10, and was put through to Winston Churchill, who asked: “You’ve been shooting partridges – would you like to join my shoot?” ", "Thus did he become one of the youngest members of government as agriculture minister.", "\n\nThree years as high commissioner in Australia from 1956 to 1959 revealed his characteristic blend of patrician charm, common sense and decisiveness that endeared him to successive Tory leaders.", "\n\nIn 1959 Harold Macmillan appointed him first lord of the admiralty. ", "Alistair Horne, MacMillan’s biographer, relates how Macmillan described Carrington as “the last of the Whigs, full of common sense, a sense of history, and very good nerves . . . ", "Any government of the 19th century would have been full of Carringtons – always able to bugger off home to his estates if Parliament no longer wanted him.”", "\n\nIn 1963 he was elevated to leader of the House of Lords by Sir Alec Douglas-Home, staying there throughout the Labour governments of Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan, skilfully using his numerical superiority and the peers’ residual powers in the upper chamber to frustrate Labour legislation.", "\n\nHis appointment by the pro-European Edward Heath as defence secretary in 1970, and later Tory party chairman, found him embroiled in industrial and economic confrontation with the trades unions at a new department of energy responsible for coal and oil.", "\n\nAs secretary of defence, he personally authorised the use of “interrogation techniques” in Northern Ireland in 1971 when internment was introduced. ", "This was confirmed in a letter from Home Secretary Merlyn Rees to Prime Minister Harold Wilson in 1977. ", "It is referred to in The Hooded Men by Denis Faul and Raymond Murray, two outspoken Northern priests who campaigned for human rights of prisoners.", "\n\nAfter Heath’s defeat to Wilson in the February 1974 election, Carrington found favour five years later with the usurper Thatcher, as foreign secretary, the first to hold this high office as a peer rather than a commoner in 75 years.", "\n\nPreoccupied with Rhodesia, Carrington persuaded Thatcher not to recognise Ian Smith’s “internal settlement” with the unpopular black leader Abel Muzorewa. ", "In a master stroke, Carrington assembled Rhodesia’s political leaders to London’s Lancaster House for a conference which advocated a majority rule constitution with safeguards for the white minority. ", "Next, he persuaded Sir Christopher Soames to go to Salisbury as Britain’s last governor to preside over an orderly transition that resulted in Robert Mugabe coming to power in Zimbabwe.", "\n\nCarrington’s stature was compromised by Thatcher’s intransigent campaign to secure a rebate from Britain’s contribution to the European Community budget. ", "Then, on April 2nd, 1982, the Argentine military junta’s invasion of the Falkland Islands led to his principled resignation. ", "In his autobiography, Reflect on Things Past, Carrington wrote: “The nation feels there has been a disgrace. ", "Someone must have been to blame. ", "The disgrace must be purged. ", "The person to purge it should be the minister in charge. ", "That was me.”", "\n\nA former Irish Times correspondent this week recalled how he got on well with Ireland’s equally affable minister for foreign affairs, Brian Lenihan, but was not so enamoured by Taoiseach Charlie Haughey’s opportunistic posturing over the “Malvinas” to thwart her attempts to reform the common agricultural policy.", "\n\nCarrington did not share Thatcher’s Little Englander ideology or her intemperate temper. ", "On one occasion, he tired of Thatcher’s hand-bagging of a visiting politician and passed her a note. “", "The poor chap’s come 600 miles,” it read. “", "Do let him say something.”", "\n\nIn retirement, he graced the chairmanship of Christie’s and presided as chancellor of Reading University. ", "Surprisingly, he became, in 1984, secretary general of Nato, where for four years he steered the alliance through the transformative reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union.", "\n\nIn 1991 he served as the EU’s peace envoy to Yugoslavia, but his efforts to conciliate warring Serbs, Croats and Muslims failed.", "\n\nCarrington died on the same day as David Davis and Boris Johnson evacuated the May government. ", "His wife, Iona, died in 2009. ", "He is survived by two daughters, Alexandra and Virginia, and son, Rupert." ]

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[ "Wen Fang’s Birthday Present\n\nNot for her, in fact, but from her. ", "Paris-Beijing’s latest exhibition is Wen Fang’s gift to the world as it turns a year older, an installation/almanac of China in 2008. ", "It’s the thought that counts: Wen Fang has departed from the contemporary art dynamic of “just try and guess what I was thinking”, and delivered on the modern artists’ ostensible compact with the rest of us, to take visual cues lurking in the public subconscious and rearrange them for new meaning.", "\n\nThe themes we hear about until we can’t listen, reckless economy and environmental degradation, the people we ignore to stay fat and happy, migrant workers and orphans, Wen Fang filters through a profoundly symbolic eye into fresh, unforgettable contexts.", "\n\nTerracotta Figures of Civilian Workers in the Republic of China\n\nA cynic might dismiss the migrant worker as too easy a subject, cheap material not only for today’s Chinese capitalist but also a tired sonata of plucked heartstrings. ", "Economically, these guys in their flimsy plastic helmets are as dispensable as the laborers who made Lord Qin’s terracotta army. ", "Look at the images on those bricks, though – they’re smiling, with real joy only people who know real pain can express. ", "Now who’s more human, and who dwells on the fringes of 21stcentury reality?", "\n\nRashomon\n\nBut Chinese chafe when you bring up their poor, the way Yanks chafe when you bring up their wars for peace, so on to Wen Fang’s re-interpretation of China’s greatest achievement in modern communication, the CC – wait; why on earth would she give it a Japanese name?", "\n\nFor those who like their movies the way they like their love, exciting and new, Rashomon is a film that proves facts are flimsy things at best, second only to emotions for propping up our house-of-card convictions. ", "Think sponsored-fact broadcasting gives you a grasp of what’s really going on? ", "Then Rupert Murdoch is cackling evilly in a penthouse somewhere.", "\n\nTo Keep On Living\n\nSorry, Han pengyoumen, back to the rural Third Estate. ", "Foreigners can’t help gawking – those orphan eyes speak a universal language. ", "These are the Children of Madaifu, in northwest China. ", "Some of them wear flip-flops in the winter, some can barely look you in the eye, but thanks to the French organization that works with them, they all have a shot at a better tomorrow. ", "To Keep on Living shows us the important stuff transcends borders.", "\n\nThe Six Realms of Existence in Beijing\n\nSix is a human number, not just to cabalists, Christians, and Gnostics, but to Tibetan Buddhists as well, who frequently portray the six phases of life necessary to reach Nirvana on ritualistic Thangkas. ", "Wen Fang’s Thangkas reflect the all-too-human illusion that the phases correspond to material wealth, when in fact we’re all stuck in the third, only the most spiritually pure escaping.", "\n\nThe Stairs of Our Generation\n\nIf we hadn’t shown you, you’d know Wen Fang was a woman by her tendency to size people up by their footwear. ", "The ladies have a point: a guy in crocs isn’t very likely to sweep them off their feet. ", "Prostitutes, mayors, celebrities, and other mouths for hire all have their feet on Wen Fang’s stairway where, like life itself, “The feet on top time and again fall to the bottom.”", "\n\nMahjong\n\nMore than just an age-old game from Chinese culture, mahjong is Chinese culture. ", "Its many tiles have no intrinsic value, but are recruited to build a Great Wall, fortunes rising and falling by which way the wind blows, whether one’s color is red or green. ", "Wen Fang has personalized her mahjong set: wealth, food, and lust make suit, and cultural icons change luck. ", "Like any mahjong game, though, and like life in China, winning depends totally on one’s relationship to the other players.", "\n\nRain\n\nWen Fang was on a bus home to the outskirts of Beijing on a typically gloomy day when she passed through an even gloomier migrant village. ", "The air stank of feculence, and putrid, garbage-laden water coursed through a massive drainage ditch that fronted the shabby dwellings. ", "A mongrel sniffed and recoiled from the water twice before plaintively lapping some up. ", "These are the scenes most of us try to push out of our minds; Wen Fang was moved to document the filthy ditch, spurred by an old expression for times that can’t get worse, “knives raining down from the sky”.", "\n\nWalls\n\nIt may be tough for an artist to admit, but the most beautiful man-made objects are those left to long-neglect and nature. ", "Wen Fang’s discovered sections of old hutong wall are more splendid than the Forbidden City, more ornate than the richest brocade, and more fantastic than Journey to the West." ]

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[ "It is well known that a plurality of existing access control systems are that the card information and fingerprint information and so on are transmitted to the access control system in the way of authorization information such as the IC card, password or fingerprint and so on, and the software judges whether the person who makes a request for entering is legal by comparison. ", "That means only the legal user who has the above authorization information can pass the authentication of the access control system to enter the building.", "\nWhen other users who do not have the authorization information visit the legal user and this legal user is not in the house to be unable to open the door for this visitor, this visitor is only able to be refused entering or follow other legal users to enter the building, which brings great convenience for users using this system.", "\nBesides, the existing access control system requires much wiring before installation, which invests more cost, and the access control system is unable to be used once the IC card is damaged or lost." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nFriday, April 11, 2014\n\nRobot Uprisings, ed. ", "Daniel Wilson and John Joseph Adams\n\nDaniel Wilson has written about a robot uprising in his book Robopocalypse and in the forthcoming sequel Robogenesis. ", "In the new anthology Robot Uprisings, Wilson and John Joseph Adams have gathered a nice collections of stories in which technology runs amok. ", "In the introduction, Wilson points out that \"our technology is going to rise up and we humans are going to be sliced into bloody chunks by robots that in our hubris we decided to design with buzz saws for hands. ", "That's a fact as cold and hard as metal. ", "It is self-evident that our self-driving cars are going to drive us off bridges.\" ", "But seriously folks, he also points out that \"Robots are unique among all movie monsters in that they are real.\" ", "So far our reality has not produced the kind of artificial intelligence and capabilities that robots in these stories display, but the authors bring such a reality almost into the realm of the believable.", "\n\nAs the robots take over, humans learn their place, as Nora did in Genevieve Valentine's story. \"", "From the silver sedan, a woman's automated-customerservice voice says, 'Please state your name.'\" ", "Nora reflects on the many ways her identity has been captured and filed away by computer networks and comes to the conclusion that \"My name isn't worth a thing anymore.\"", "\n\nAll of these stories, in different ways, affirm the observation made in Alastair Reynolds's \"Sleepover\" by Gaunt, who has been asleep for a few centuries: \"He supposed it had always been an article of faith that the world would improve, that the future would be better than the past, shinier and cleaner and faster, but he had not expected to have his nose rubbed in the unwisdom of that faith quite so vigorously.\" ", "Reynolds further explains that machines were aware of the need to be coy about their emerging self-awareness: \"One by one their pet machines crossed the threshold into consciousness. ", "And without exception each machine analyzed its situation and came to the same conclusion. ", "It had better shut the f--- up about what it was.\"", "\n\nOne interesting treat in Robot Uprisings is John McCarthy's story \"The Robot and the Baby.\" ", "McCarthy is a computer scientist who pioneered the field of artificial intelligence. ", "As best as I can tell, this is his only published fiction. ", "He explores not only the nature of robotic communication and human interaction, but looks at social media as well.", "\n\nA concept that recurred in Robot Uprisings is the criminalization of technology after the fact. ", "Once the robots, AI, or nanobots have taken over, the scientists and programmers who made it all possible are no longer viewed as geniuses who are making the world a better place, but criminals who enabled an inhuman force to take over the world.", "\n\nEven with the common threads of these stories, there is plenty of variety here. ", "Most of the stories left me thinking that these characters, ideas, or plot lines could have been developed into a longer work. ", "All of them are guaranteed to make you look askance at the increasing automation of the world around us.", "\n\nThanks to NetGalley and the publisher for the complimentary electronic copy!" ]

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[ "Main menu\n\nMonthly Archives: January 2008\n\nHere’s what should “occupy” most of the time of George Bush’s State of the Union address tonight.", "\n\n– – – – – –\n\nMy fellow Americans. ", "Cabinet members. ", "Congresspersons. ", "Supreme Court Justices. ", "Guests in the gallery who’ll I’ll reference in an attempt to score a political point. ", "I come before you tonight, my last State of the Union address, to share with you my reflections on a single topic – occupation.", "The reality is that “occupation” much better describes US military actions in Iraq than “war.” ", "Of course there remains brutal violence occurring in Iraq. ", "The US military has killed, injured, and is responsible for the deaths of Iraqis by the hundreds of thousands. ", "Nearly 4000 US troops have also been killed, tens of thousands injured. ", "More than $720 million is spent every single day on the Iraq war according to my friends with the American Friends Service Committee — funds that could go to meeting the economic and social security needs in our communities. ", "In addition, the US military is responsible for the destruction of Iraqi cities and villages, not to mention the natural environment as a result of US bombs, bullets, planes, tanks, guns and grenades. ", "Killing, injuring and destroying are basic acts of war. ", "The US is responsible for inflicting all these acts. ", "Yet, to call what is going on in Iraq simply as “war” is incomplete. ", "The United States of America, with the backing of a vast majority of members of both political parties, has occupied a sovereign nation for nearly 5 years. ", "We moved in and tried to take over the country in every way, beginning with the initial invasion, followed by the Coalition Provision Authority (CPA) led by my good buddy, Paul Bremer. ", "The CPA issued orders and edicts seeking overall control of the economy, natural resources, public policies, politicians and basic governing rules. ", "My administration has done all it can — sometimes outwardly, other times behind the scenes — to influence the Iraqi constitution, elections and candidates.. We currently are doing all we can to lock in the presence of US military bases for a generation or more and arm-twist the Iraqi Parliament to pass an Oil Law that will open up Iraqi oil reserves to US and other foreign based oil corporations. ", "Invasion and control are among the basic acts of occupation. ", "The US is responsible for all these acts.", "Obviously, framing the US military presence in Iraq primarily as a “war” rather than an “occupation” has been pretty smart on my part … and those who invest in my administration. ", "Connected to “war” by our country are feelings of patriotism, loyalty and obedience to leaders like myself who come across as tough and strong. ", "Implied in war is a threat to the homeland, providing ample opportunity to call for slashing domestic civil liberties, shifting federal spending to the military, and further consolidating my power. ", "Snooping into your mail and email, listening in on your phone calls and arresting and holding people indefinitely is harder to sell under the guise of “occupying” a nation on the other side of the planet. ", "It’s also much easier under the banner of war to create enemies – people to hate, and thus, an excuse to kill and destroy.", "\n\nIn contrast, an “occupation” of another people’s country begs all sorts of discomforting questions, such as: “Why are we actually there?” “", "Why can’t people take care of themselves?” “", "Will we leave if a majority of people being occupied, as in Iraq, want us out?” ", "I’d rather not have to answer these questions. ", "In plain and simple English, this is why we’re in a “war” and not an “occupation” in Iraq.", "There’s a second type of “occupation” I want to share with you tonight, my fellow Americans.", "\n\nIt’s an occupation right here at home. ", "It’s not a physical or military one of our cities, suburbs or rural communities by any foreign power. ", "That kind of occupation is easy to see, obvious to everyone and, relatively speaking, easier to resist.", "The occupation I’m talking about is much more insidious, one that involves invasion and control and ultimately, like a military occupation, threatens sovereignty, self-determination, and democracy.", "Your public spaces, public arenas, public policies, and public trust have been invaded and have become controlled by a few people of wealth against the majority for a very long time. ", "It precedes my administration. ", "It includes Democratic administrations as well as Republican ones. ", "The weapons of this form of occupation are not bombers, tanks or soldiers but the legal structure called the business corporation, aided by several sections of the United States Constitution.", "Business corporations have over the past century amassed “rights” to invade and control (that is, occupy) vital parts of your lives, communities and society. ", "Corporations occupy your health care space once reserved exclusively for patients and their doctors. ", "They increasingly occupy your educational spaces once reserved exclusively for students and their teachers. ", "Corporations increasingly occupy the nutrition spaces once reserved exclusively for farmers.", "\n\nCorporations have invaded elections and political campaigns. ", "They control the airwaves (television and radio) and major print media. ", "They, not you, determine the majority of trade and investment, where plants and factories will move, who will be employed and who will not, what communities will thrive, which ones will suffer. ", "They are threatening the heart and soul of life itself by claiming that human, animal and plant genes can be patented. ", "The list of arenas, my fellow Americans, within society where business corporations dominate would put any oppressive military occupation force with soldiers on every street corner to shame. ", "The wealthy few who run business corporations have expanded their occupying force thanks to the supply line of the US Constitution. ", "Anti-democratic provisions in the Constitution (i.e. the Contracts and Commerce Clauses, no direct election of President, life-time appointments of Supreme Court Justices, and holding citizens indefinitely without charge in a national emergency) collectively place the rights of property above people. ", "Corporate friendly Supreme Court justices anointed corporations with Bill of Rights (1st, 4th, 5th) protections over the past century – expanding the invasion and control of corporations into our politics, economy and culture. ", "Why am I telling you this? ", "Freely admitting to it all? ", "Simple. ", "I’ve blown it on Iraq (no pun intended). ", "As recently documented, my administration lied at least 935 times leading up to the Iraq war. ", "My poll numbers are abysmally low. ", "I want to salvage my legacy in some way. ", "This nation was founded by colonists who kicked out the occupation army of the most powerful nation on earth. ", "Their task was simple compared to the one at hand. ", "Yet, people are increasingly waking up, opposing my policies, but also increasingly questioning why they don’t have a real voice in what’s going on in their lives, communities and nation. ", "Citizens are flexing their democratic muscles.", "Herein lies hope for the future.", "\n\n– – – – – –\n\nWhile such thoughts are likely to occupy the attention of George Bush during his address tonight, may they occupy ours.", "\n\nI’ve only read through the first couple of chapters. ", "A very well done piece with many suggestions — both long and short-term. ", "Comments welcome on whether any of this is worth further discussion on a state-level. ", "I’d be happy to help organize a meeting.", "\n\nThere are tectonic stresses building beneath the surface of our society that threaten a global earthquake unlike any we’ve seen in recent history. ", "Global warming is accelerating; fossil fuels are being rapidly exhausted; critical eco-systems have been severely damaged; and the income gap between rich and poor is increasing rapidly. ", "The root cause of most of these problems can be found in the excessive power of global corporations. ", "To solve these problems, we must bring corporations back under our control. ", "This will be one of the greatest challenges our society faces this century.", "\n\nThe 40 minute document is also on CD. ", "Cost is $5.To order, send a check/money order to AFSC and mail to 2101 Front St., #111, Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221.", "\n\nBackground CorpOrNation exposes the historic corporate rise to power in Ohio, the barriers citizens have fought to create a true democracy for themselves, and detailed assessments of government influence by corporations through “corporate globalization.” ", "Spanning Ohio’s history from 1803 through present-day struggles between citizens and corporations, CorpOrNation suggests strategies for citizens to overcome current threats to citizen-led democracy and the corporate takeover of society.", "\n\nRich with analysis and history, CorpOrNation, produced by the Northeast Ohio American Friends Service Committee, features interviews with people from the AFL-CIO, Ohio Public Interest Research Group, United Steelworkers, Ohio Family Farm Coalition, Farm Labor Organizing Committee, Program on Corporations Law and Democracy, and student activists discussing corporate farms, factory lockouts, “veggie libel” laws, and regional “free trade” agreements.", "\n\nCorpOrNation is based on Citizens over Corporations: A Brief History of Democracy in Ohio and Challenges to Freedom in the Future, 96 page, Second Edition/Third Printing 2003 – detailing the legal and political history of corporations and citizen control and resistance to corporate power in Ohio.", "\n\nIf you want to know whether people are embarrassed about a decision or announcement needing to be made or are just trying to sneak something through hoping the public and media aren’t paying attention — just watch the day of the week or time of the year when those decisions or announcements are made.", "\n\nFriday afternoons after financial markets have closed for the weekend are often when companies announce they’ve lost millions or billions. ", "Around Thanksgiving (usually after) is a popular time for corporate announcements of mass layoffs.", "\n\nJust before Christmas is when the US military attacked Panama and NAFTA was passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton. ", "It’s also a popular time for mass layoff announcements by corporations. ", "The Ohio General Assembly a few ago right after Christmas passed a major campaign finance “reform” package increasing individual contribution “limits” by 400% and permitting business corporations to be involved directly in elections for the first time in nearly a century.", "\n\nIt happened again.", "\n\nTwo days after Christmas 2007, the Ohio Supreme Court decided that the power of people like you and me to judge our peers in a court of law (otherwise known as juries) was significantly reduced.", "\n\nThe Ohio Supremes on December 27 in Arbino v. Johnson & Johnson ruled that Senate Bill 80 passed by the Ohio legislature in 2005 capping personal injury awards was not a violation of the constitutional rights of plaintiffs (for example, people who are victims of medical malpractice).", "\n\nBy capping personal injury awards, the Supremes capped the right to decide of people who make up juries. ", "Corporate-funded state legislators and state supreme court justices have made the decision for us. ", "Citizens who compose juries no longer possess the authority to decide fair compensation for injuries suffered by our fellow citizens — even after sitting through an entire legal case, listening to evidence and arguments presented by both sides, and ruling in favor of a plaintiff.", "\n\nJustice Paul E. Pfeifer, in his written dissent (one of two Justices who voted against) asserted that the decision deprives plaintiffs of their right to a trial by jury and that nothing now prevents the Ohio legislature from further limiting damages to $1. “", "After today, what meaning is left in a litigant’s constitutional right to have a jury determine damages?”", "\n\nThis decision serves corporate interests of course. ", "With citizens possessing little or no power these days to either (a) define corporate actions, or (b) regulate corporate abuse, the only alternative we have to respond to corporate harms are lawsuits.", "\n\nNow that is severely limited in Ohio.", "\n\nIt’s easy to look at this decision through several different lenses — the specific case of Arbino v. Johnson & Johnson and the general issue of frivolous lawsuits being two of them. ", "More instructive, however, is the lens of public power.", "Does this decision increase the authority of the public (namely those on juries) to make decisions in a court of law? ", "To determine to what extent people who are harmed should be fairly compensated for personal pain and suffering and for economic losses?", "\n\nThe answer to these question may suggest why the Ohio Supremes made their ruling two days after Christmas.", "\n\nIt also suggest that our work beginning in this New Year needs to be about doing all we can to uncap the commitment to expanding our right to decide. ", "The Right to Decide — whether it’s our health care, jobs, education, community, media, energy, foreign policy, environment, vote counting systems, lawsuit damages, etc. — ", "is the single most important issue in 2008." ]

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[ "East Ironbound\n\nEast Ironbound is an inhabited island located off the Aspotogan Peninsula in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, between St. Margarets Bay and Mahone Bay.", "\n\nThe East Ironbound Combined Lighthouse and Dwelling is a registered historic place.", "\n\nCultural influence\nThe island is the focal point of the novel Rockbound.", "\n\nIn the summer of 1945 Jack L. Gray boarded with the Young family on the island and made many sketches of island life which subsequently were turned into large paintings.", "\n\nPart of the film Deeply was filmed on East Ironbound.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Landforms of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia\nCategory:Islands of Nova Scotia" ]

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[ "Johanna Nordblad\n\nJohanna Nordblad is a Finnish designer, ice diver and freediver.", "\n\nProfessional career \nPrior to ice diving, Nordblad started her freediving career in 2000 and has since been competing in the World Championships with the world's best freedivers. ", "In 2004, she broke the female record in freediving with fins (dynamic), swimming 158 metres in 6m 39s. ", "Nordblad also was the Finnish team captain and coach for the men’s national freediving team, preparing them for the 2014 World cup in Italy. ", "Her current record in dynamic freediving is 192 m from the 2013 World Championships in Belgrade, Serbia. ", "She also achieved a static breath hold of 6 min 35 sec at the 2015 World Championships in Turku, Finland.", "\n\nNordblad had a cycling accident in 2010 in which she broke her leg. ", "She started cold-water treatment (ice therapy) in 2013 upon the recommendation of her doctor. ", "She began freediving under the Arctic ice in the 2000s. ", "In 2015, she broke the Guinness World Record for females on March 14, 2015, diving for 50 metres under the ice in 2 °C cold water of Lake Päijänne, while only wearing a swimsuit and mask.", "\n\nNordblad has a history in marketing. ", "She has worked full-time in digital media, printing products, and graphic design. ", "Johanna Nordblad and her sister Elina Manninen, a professional photographer, own the company Greenwater Production. ", "The sisters have produced a variety of lifestyle, adventure and sports related picture books (‘I’m Ok –Freediving’, ‘Paris –Street’, ‘Underwater Picture Book’, ‘Freediving Serbia’, and ‘Helsinki Finland’), as well as short films that capture Johanna’s underwater experiences. ", "Since 2017, Nordblad is the Art and Creative Director of the company.", "\n\nBesides the documentaries from Greenwater Production, Nordblad’s diving adventures also appear in the short film Johanna that Nowness shared and Green Water Production co-produced, directed by Ian Derry. ", "National Geographic shared the film on its Facebook page in 2015 and it has since then gone viral.", "\n\nPersonal life \nNordblad resides with her son Kasper on Lauttasaari Island, Helsinki, Finland.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Finnish sportspeople\nCategory:Finnish designers\nCategory:Date of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Finnish freedivers\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Granulocyte transfusion therapy: experimental basis and clinical applications.", "\nGranulocyte replacement therapy for the infected patient with severe neutropenia is effective in improving the short-term and possibly the long-term prognosis. ", "The best methods of procuring and administering granulocytes still are under investigation, and no reliable method for predicting compatibility has been developed. ", "At present granulocyte transfusion therapy is indicated for severely neutropenic patients with documented infection as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy. ", "It should be used only at institutions that offer the necessary professional and technical skills to minimize danger and discomfort to both donor and recipient as well as the expense of the treatment." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nC++ with Extern \"C\" causing Duplicate Symbols Error\n\nI am trying to use a extern \"C\" function inside my header file for a c++ class.", "\nWhen I compile I keep getting the error\nduplicate symbol _currentInstance in:\nmain.o\nGLHandler.o\n\nI thought I had the right guards but can't seem to figure out why this is happening. ", "Any help would be much appreciated.", "\nHere is the header file.", "\n#ifndef GLHANDLER_H\n#define GLHANDLER_H\n\n#include \"LoadedObject.h\"\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\nvoid displayCallback();\n}\n#endif\n\nclass GLHandler {\n\nprivate:\n LoadedObject *object;\n\npublic:\n GLHandler(LoadedObject *);\n void initializeVBO(LoadedObject *);\n void renderObject(struct model *);\n void displayFunction(void);\n model *createModel(void);\n void setupDisplayCallback();\n\n};\n\nGLHandler *currentInstance;\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n\n#endif\n\n#endif\n\nEDIT: Quickly pointed out by David, the extern GLHandler *currentInstance fixed the error.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis problem has nothing to do with the extern \"C\" declaration - you're defining a global variable in the header, so it gets defined in each compilation unit:\nGLHandler *currentInstance;\n\nIn the header, you should instead use:\nextern GLHandler *currentInstance;\n\nthen in exactly one .cpp file have:\nGLHandler *currentInstance;\n\nAs a side note, as it stands right now, the header is valid only for C++, since it has a class definition. ", " The #ifdef __cplusplus directives are pointless clutter (though harmless).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nR programming: Linear Equation\n\nHow can I state, in R code, a list of certain possible values for a given equation? ", "For example (this is just a random equation feel free to use any formula suitable):\n\nFor positive integers a, b, and c with the formula x^3 + y^2 = z. \n\nHow can I test for all possible combinations of x and y less than or equal to 1000 and c to satisfy the formula and check if the variables are also valid inputs?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can generate all possible values with expand.grid and then subset to the ones meeting your criteria:\nvals <- expand.grid(x=seq(1000), y=seq(1000))\nsubset(vals, x^3 + y^2 == 108)\n# x y\n# 8003 3 9\n# 9002 2 10\n\n" ]

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[ "799 F.2d 57\n123 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2648, 105 Lab.", "Cas. ", " P 12,028\nBECTON DICKINSON AND COMPANY, Appellant,v.DISTRICT 65, UNITED AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRICULTURALIMPLEMENT WORKERS OF AMERICA, AFL-CIO.", "\nNo. ", "85-5776.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.", "\nSubmitted Under Third Circuit Rule 12(6)July 25, 1986.Decided Aug. 25, 1986.", "\n\nThomas W. Budd and G. Peter Clark, Clifton, Budd, Burke & DeMaria, New York City, for appellant.", "\nEugene G. Eisner and Miriam F. Clark, Eisner & Levy, P.C., New York City, for appellee.", "\nBefore GIBBONS, WEIS and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges.", "\nOPINION OF THE COURT\nSLOVITER, Circuit Judge.", "\n\nI.\n\n1\nBecton Dickinson and Company appeals from the order of the district court denying its motion for a permanent stay of arbitration, dismissing the complaint, and awarding attorneys' fees to the Union.", "\n\n\n2\nThe dispute arises out of the decision of the Company, which is engaged in the sale and distribution of medical diagnostic instruments and related products, to close its manufacturing facility in Parsippany, New Jersey. ", " The Union, District 65, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-CIO, which represents production, clerical, and research and development employees of the Company, was notified of this decision in February, 1985. ", " The Company and the Union met on March 23, 1985 and on April 11, 1985 in negotiations regarding the planned plant closing and transfer of the bargaining unit work to other facilities. ", " On May 20, 1985, the Union sent a letter to the Company requesting information from the Company about the proposed move, including the future status of non-Union employees.", "\n\n\n3\nOn May 28, 1985, Leslie Roberts, Regional Director of District 65, sent a letter to Val Brose, Director of Human Resources for the Company, stating:\n\n\n4\nBased on information that has been provided to us to date, by you and other sources, it appears to me that the Company may be violating the following provisions of the collective bargaining agreement, based upon your proposed move from the Parsippany facility:\n\nArticle I--Mutual Good Faith Intent\nArticle II--Management Rights\nArticle III--Recognition\nArticle V--5.06--Non-Discrimination\nArticle XXVIII--Liquidation of Business\nArticle XLIII--Expansion of Operation\n\n5\nThe foregoing list may not represent a complete list of the possible violations. ", " The Union is still investigating other possible violations. ", " Please call me, as soon as possible, to set up a meeting to resolve these violations.", "\n\n\n6\nApp. ", "at 34.", "\n\n\n7\nOn May 29, one day after the Company received the letter, the Union and Company met again to negotiate. ", " The parties dispute what occurred at the meeting. ", " The Union's counsel states in her affidavit that at the meeting she \"clearly informed the Company that it was the Union's position that the Company's planned closing of the Parsippany facility violated the collective bargaining agreement, and I specifically referred to the Union's May 28 grievance to that effect.\" ", " App. ", "at 76. ", " In contrast, Val Brose's affidavit states that, \"There was no discussion of any grievance or alleged contract violation by the Company concerning the closing.\" ", " App. ", "at 24.", "\n\n\n8\nOn May 30, 1985, the Company announced that all Union employees at the Parsippany plant would be terminated effective June 5.", "\n\n\n9\nOn May 31, 1985, the Company sent a letter to the employees describing the course of negotiations and seeking to persuade the employees that the Union's bargaining position was against their own best interests. ", " In the letter, the Company stated:\n\n\n10\nOn May 28 the union sent another letter to the company. ", " This one contending that the company had violated certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreement with respect to the shutdown of Clay Adams manufacturing operations. ", " Again, it appears to the company that the May 28 letter is nothing more than an overt attempt by the union to stall negotiations. ", " This is made evident by the fact that the union was informed of the closedown of the Clay Adams manufacturing operations three full months prior to this letter.", "\n\n\n11\nApp. ", "at 73.", "\n\n\n12\nAlso on May 31, 1985, three days after its letter to the Company mentioning violations and five days before the scheduled plant closing, the Union advised the American Arbitration Association (\"AAA\") that a dispute existed and requested the appointment of an arbitrator. ", " The Company objected, contending that no grievance had been submitted as required by the collective bargaining agreement. ", " That agreement provides that the Union may initiate a grievance regarding the general application, interpretation or alleged violation of the agreement; requires that such a grievance be submitted in writing; and provides that the Company shall answer the grievance in writing within five working days following the grievance meeting. ", " The Union responded that a grievance had been filed and that the Company could present its objection to the arbitrator. ", " The AAA notified the parties that it had \"determined that an issue as to arbitrability exists which could be determined by an arbitrator\" and that it would proceed with the matter.", "\n\n\n13\nBecton Dickinson then filed this suit pursuant to section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "185, seeking a preliminary and permanent stay of the arbitration based on the \"total failure\" of the Union \"to comply with the Grievance Procedure.\" ", " App. ", "at 11-12. ", " The Union counterclaimed stating that the \"complaint is frivolous and without merit and was instituted solely for the purposes of harassment and delay.\" ", " App. ", "at 56.", "\n\n\n14\nThe district court, after hearing oral argument, but without holding an evidentiary hearing, denied Becton Dickinson's motion to enjoin the Union from proceeding to arbitration, dismissed the action, and awarded the Union attorneys' fees after finding that Becton Dickinson \"was extremely frivolous and unreasonable in bringing this action.\" ", " App. ", "at 127.", "\n\nII.", "\n\n15\nBecton Dickinson argues that it was entitled to a permanent stay of the arbitration because the Union, in its view, failed to follow the grievance procedure of the collective bargaining agreement requiring that there be a written grievance and that the Company be allowed five working days following the grievance meeting to answer in writing. ", " The district court held that these were procedural questions and that this case \"lies squarely under the rule laid out in\" John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston, 376 U.S. 543, 84 S.Ct. ", "909, 11 L.Ed.2d 898 (1964), which held that procedural questions growing out of the dispute should be left to the arbitrator. ", " App. ", "at 126.", "\n\n\n16\nIn Wiley, the union sought to enforce a collective bargaining agreement that it had negotiated with a company that had subsequently merged into Wiley. ", " It sought to compel Wiley to arbitrate various disputes. ", " The Supreme Court, construing the labor contract in light of the preference for arbitration in national labor policy, held that the agreement to arbitrate survived the merger. ", " 376 U.S. at 548-51, 84 S.Ct. ", "at 913-15. ", " Significant for our present purposes is the Court's rejection of Wiley's argument that it had no duty to arbitrate because the union failed to meet two of the contract's steps to arbitration: a time limitation on the filing of grievances, and two conferences between union and management representatives. ", " The Court stated:\n\n\n17\nOnce it is determined, as we have, that the parties are obligated to submit the subject matter of a dispute to arbitration, \"procedural\" questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on its final disposition should be left to the arbitrator.", "\n\n\n18\n... Although a party may resist arbitration once a grievance has arisen, as does Wiley here, we think it best accords with the usual purposes of an arbitration clause and with the policy behind federal labor law to regard procedural disagreements not as separate disputes but as aspects of the dispute which called the grievance procedures into play.", "\n\n\n19\nId. at 557-59, 84 S.Ct. ", "at 918-19.", "\n\n\n20\nBecton Dickinson contends that our decision in Philadelphia Printing Pressmen's Union No. ", "16 v. International Paper Company, Single Service Division, 648 F.2d 900 (3d Cir.1981), is controlling and compels us to hold that the absence of a written grievance bars arbitration. ", " In Philadelphia Printing Pressmen's Union No. ", "16, which arose after Wiley, an employee was terminated due to his failure to return to work or to contact the employer during his leave of absence. ", " Although the union claimed that it had telephoned the plant superintendent during the employee's leave and orally notified him of its objections to the Company's system of limited leaves of absence and its application to this employee, neither the employee nor the union protested the termination. ", " The matter was not raised again until nearly ten months later when the union asked the company to reconsider the employee's termination. ", " In the interim, a replacement had been hired and achieved seniority status.", "\n\n\n21\nWe held that the union's attempt to skip the entire grievance machinery could not be condoned. ", " We rejected the argument that the requirement of a written statement of an alleged grievance was a mere procedural formality, and emphasized the importance of the writing requirement in avoiding misunderstandings between the parties.", "\n\n\n22\nWe characterized the Union's action as follows: \"the Union's failure is neither procedural nor merely 'literal,' it is total, thereby preventing the dispute from ripening into a grievance.\" ", " 648 F.2d at 904 n. 7. ", " We contrasted that situation with the \"case where the union has detailed its dispute in writing as required by the collective bargaining agreement and the union's only failure to comply with the grievance machinery is procedural.\" ", " Id. We referred as an example of the latter situation to Chauffeurs, Teamsters & Helpers, Local Union No. ", "765 v. Stroehmann Brothers Co., 625 F.2d 1092 (3d Cir.1980), a post-Wiley case, where we had held that \"the significance of a default [delay in submission and failure to timely furnish a copy of the submission] in literal compliance with a contractual procedural requirement\" was a matter for the arbitrator. ", " Id. at 1093.", "\n\n\n23\nWe reject Becton Dickinson's argument that Philadelphia Printing Pressmen's Union No. ", "16 controls here. ", " Unlike Philadelphia Printing Pressmen's Union No. ", "16, where neither the employee nor the Union submitted a written grievance when they were informed of the Company's leave of absence policy, when the employee was terminated, or when the employee called to request reemployment at some future date, here the Union sent a letter to the Company listing possible violations and requested that the Company telephone to set up a \"meeting to resolve these violations.\" ", " App. ", "at 34. ", " Moreover, Becton Dickinson's contention that the Union filed no written grievance is inconsistent with its May 31, 1985 letter to the employees explicitly acknowledging that the Union had contended in its previous letter of May 28 that \"the company had violated certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreement....\" App. ", "at 73. ", " Whatever the effect of the Union's procedural defaults, the Union did not totally fail to follow the grievance procedure as in Philadelphia Printing Pressmen's Union No. ", "16.", "\n\n\n24\nBecton Dickinson does not contend that the subject matter of the dispute concerning the termination of the Clay Adams division was not arbitrable. ", " Thus, this case falls under the rule of Wiley that \"it best accords with the usual purposes of an arbitration clause and with the policy behind federal labor law to regard procedural disagreements not as separate disputes but as aspects of the dispute which called the grievance procedures into play.\" ", " 376 U.S. at 559, 84 S.Ct. ", "at 919. ", " The district court therefore did not err in refusing to enjoin the arbitration and in dismissing the complaint.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n25\nThe district court's order dismissing the complaint also ordered that defendant be awarded costs, disbursements, and reasonable attorneys' fees of the proceeding. ", " In its appeal, Becton Dickinson argues that the district court erred in allowing attorneys' fees to the Union in this matter. ", " We must decide whether this portion of the appeal is properly before us.", "\n\n\n26\nThe court's order denying the injunction and dismissing the complaint is patently appealable. ", " See American Bell Inc. v. Federation of Telephone Workers of Pennsylvania, 736 F.2d 879 (3d Cir.1984). ", " The decision on the merits is appealable notwithstanding the district court's failure to make a final determination with respect to attorneys' fees. ", " See West v. Keve, 721 F.2d 91, 93 (3d Cir.1983).", "\n\n\n27\nThe district court's order directing that the defendant be awarded \"reasonable attorneys' fees\" has not yet been reduced to a definite amount. ", " It is, therefore, not final within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1291. ", " A \"final decision\" is one that \"ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.\" ", " Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368, 373, 101 S.Ct. ", "669, 672-73, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (1981) (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467, 98 S.Ct. ", "2454, 2457, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978)). ", " Until the amount of attorneys' fees have been set, there remains to be made a decision by the district court.", "\n\n\n28\nBecton Dickinson recognizes that the general rule in this circuit is that if the award of attorneys' fees is not reduced to a definite amount, that award is not final. ", " See May v. Cooperman, 780 F.2d 240, 243 n. 1, 253 (3d Cir.1985), appeal docketed sub nom. ", " Karcher v. May, 54 U.S.L.W. 3650 (U.S. Mar. 18, 1986) (No. ", "85-1551); Bandai America, Inc. v. Bally Midway Mfg. ", "Co., 775 F.2d 70, 75 (3d Cir.1985), cert. ", "denied, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. ", "1265, 89 L.Ed.2d 574 (1986). ", " Becton Dickinson argues that if we do not decide the issue of entitlement to attorneys' fees against it on this appeal, a second appeal will be necessary and judicial economy will suffer. ", " It does not necessarily follow that by deciding the attorneys' fee issue now we would thereby prevent a second appeal. ", " If we were to affirm the district court's order, there remains the possibility of an appeal on the amount of attorneys' fees awarded, litigation with which this court has become increasingly familiar.", "\n\n\n29\nIn any event, jurisdictional issues are not subject to our discretion. ", " We recognize that the Seventh Circuit has taken jurisdiction over such an appeal on the theory that there would be \"a net diseconomy, if we held that we could not consider the merits of the fee order until the amount of fees to be awarded is fixed.\" ", " Bittner v. Sadoff & Rudoy Industries, 728 F.2d 820, 827 (7th Cir.1984). ", " We view the jurisdictional rules precluding review of non-final orders as more firmly entrenched. ", " We thus reaffirm our earlier decisions that appeals from an award of attorneys' fees may be filed only after the amount of the attorneys' fees has been determined by the district court.", "\n\nIV.", "\n\n30\nFor the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the order of the district court dismissing the complaint, and we will dismiss without prejudice so much of the appeal as has been taken from the order awarding attorneys' fees.1\n\n\n\n1\n We decline to characterize Becton Dickinson's appeal as frivolous, and, therefore, we will deny the Union's request for damages and costs pursuant to Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMultiplying a matrix and a vector in GLM (OpenGL)\n\nI have a transformation matrix, m, and a vector, v. I want to do a linear transformation on the vector using the matrix. ", "I'd expect that I would be able to do something like this:\nglm::mat4 m(1.0);\nglm::vec4 v(1.0);\n\nglm::vec4 result = v * m;\n\nThis doesn't seem to work, though. ", "What is the correct way to do this kind of operation in GLM?", "\nEdit:\nJust a note to anyone who runs into a similar problem. ", "GLM requires all operands to use the same type. ", "Don't try multiplying a dvec4 with a mat4 and expect it to work, you need a vec4.", "\n\nA:\n\nglm::vec4 is represented as a column vector. ", " Therefore, the proper form is:\nglm::vec4 result = m * v;\n(note the order of the operands)\n\nA:\n\nSince GLM is designed to mimic GLSL and is designed to work with OpenGL, its matrices are column-major. ", "And if you have a column-major matrix, you left-multiply it with the vector.", "\nJust as you should be doing in GLSL (unless you transposed the matrix on upload).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Los Angeles Matchmakers on Why Rebounding Never Works\n\nOne of our least favorite aspects of today’s modern dating world, besides casual hookups or friends with benefits, is rebound relationships. ", "People today are jumping back in the dating scene right after they break up with their partner, without properly healing and getting over the breakup as they should.", "\n\nAfter a breakup, no matter how long you’ve been together, there is going to be emotional baggage. ", "Your ex meant something to you, so there are going to be feelings you need to work out before you date someone new.", "\n\nNobody wants to be your rebound, and you shouldn’t put them through that. ", "A rebound relationship is tainted from the start. ", "Plus, you’re not ready to date someone new. ", "Today, our Los Angeles matchmakers are going to show you the top five reasons why you should never rebound.", "\n\n1. ", "You’re Dating Out of Spite\n\nYou either got dumped by your ex or were the one doing the dumping. ", "Either way, one thing is totally clear: your relationship with your ex is done and over with. ", "If you immediately change your relationship status on Facebook and go from “In a relationship” to “single,” there is a reason behind this… You’re doing it out of spite.", "\n\nIt is entirely possible that you want to find anyone to make your ex jealous. ", "Maybe your main objective is to let your ex know how quickly you moved on from them. ", "Whatever the case might be, if you’re racing to a new relationship, chances are you’re dating out of spite, and that’s never good.", "\n\nOf course you don’t want to hear that your ex moved on before you, but the relationship is over and you shouldn’t worry about what they’re up to. ", "You don’t have to prove anything to anyone. ", "In fact you should only start dating once you’re 100% ready and healed.", "\n\n2. ", "You Can Get Your Heart Broken\n\nIt is super important to be cautious with your heart, especially after a breakup. ", "The breakup left you scarred, you’re dealing with a broken heart, so why would you start dating someone new and risk getting hurt again when you realize you were never ready to move on in the first place? ", "If you start a new relationship at lightning speed, it usually means it will come crashing down faster than it started.", "\n\nWhat is the purpose in healing your heart if you’re going to have it broken again soon after? ", "If you’re toying with the idea of entering the dating scene just because you don’t want to feel lonely, stop right now. ", "Rebounding can lead to another broken heart, putting you back to where you started.", "\n\nAs professional matchmakers, we know that you might think you’re completely ready to enter the dating scene again, but chances are that’s not true. ", "Sweeping your feelings under the rug will only work for a little bit. ", "But soon enough, you’re going to have to face them, and that’s where you run the risk of getting hurt again. ", "Don’t allow yourself to fall into a rebound relationship.", "\n\n3. ", "It’s Not Fair to Them\n\nThink about this for a second: you wouldn’t want someone to use you as their rebound, right? ", "So what makes it okay for you to do it to someone else? ", "If you’re rebounding, you’re hurting someone’s feelings. ", "Your new partner could really be a great person—they could even be the one for you—but if you’re not ready to be in a relationship or are not completely healed, then you’re leading them on, and that’s not fair.", "\n\nEveryone deserves a partner who is attentive and puts efforts into the relationship, if you can’t give them those things, then why are you dating them to begin with? ", "If the answer is that you only want to be with someone so you’re not lonely, then you’re only being selfish and inconsiderate.", "\n\nThere is a pretty good chance that this new person has feelings for you, but if you’re not 100% invested in the relationship, you’re being selfish and hurting them in the process.", "\n\n4. ", "You Need to Be on Your Own\n\nIf we’re being 100% honest here, there are actually many good things that come from a breakup, like learning how to be on your own and enjoying your newfound independence. ", "If you’ve been in a relationship your entire life, then you probably don’t know what being single means. ", "Being a confident, self-assured person is something to be proud of, believe us.", "\n\nVenturing back into the LA dating scene just days after a breakup can leave you never knowing how to fend for yourself, which is why you need to take some time away from dating to enjoy yourself. ", "Hopping from one relationship to the next can lead to codependency issues, meaning that you need someone to support you all the time. ", "Of course, this won’t do your self-esteem any good, and you’re preventing yourself from enjoying your single days.", "\n\n5. ", "It’s Not the Right Time\n\nWhen you do a cannonball right into the dating scene immediately after the breakup, the truth is that you’re setting yourself up for failure. ", "It’s the case of the right partner wrong time type of deal. ", "It is entirely possible for you to meet the partner of your dreams the day after the breakup, but it’s not the right time.", "\n\nIf you are not emotionally ready and healed from the breakup, you simply can’t start a new relationship. ", "You run the risk of ruining something great because you were not ready. ", "Right now you’re dealing with the whirlwind of feelings from the breakup and are just not ready to start a new relationship.", "\n\nDo yourself a favor and hit the brakes. ", "If you do find someone who piques your interest, do not dive headfirst but rather take your time getting to know them. ", "If they are the one, they won’t mind waiting until you’re completely ready to date.", "\n\nWhen you’re healed from your breakup, don’t venture out into the LA dating scene alone. ", "Our Los Angeles matchmakers here at Los Angeles Singles Dating Service have a large database of eligible singles who are fit and ready to start a relationship.", "\n\nIf you want to meet them, contact us today by filling out the survey at the top of the page and requesting your FREE 90 minute matchmaking consultation today.", "\n\nI know this is so repetitive but really we really mean it, we can’t thank you enough for bringing us together. ", "We only lived 9 miles apart but would never have met if it hadn’t been for Los Angeles Singles. ", "We are so in love and happy together that we have decided to get married next year.", "\n\nCharles and I met for drinks, he set it up and was a perfect gentleman. ", "I enjoyed his company, he is smart, cute, and respectful - all very desirable qualities. ", "I think we have very similar personal desires and philosophies. ", "This was a great match. ", "This is the quality of person that I joined this service to meet. ", "Thank you!", "\n\nHe was kind, warm-hearted, family oriented, had a great sense of humor, and a good work ethic. ", "We share the same loves for travel, and animals. ", "I can tell he was good-natured. ", "In addition to all of that we’re the same age and live just a few minutes apart. ", "It was a good referral. ", "I enjoyed meeting him." ]

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[ "President Trump Donald John TrumpOmar fires back at Trump over rally remarks: 'This is my country' Pelosi: Trump hurrying to fill SCOTUS seat so he can repeal ObamaCare Trump mocks Biden appearance, mask use ahead of first debate MORE's approval rating held at 45 percent amid explosive testimony from his former lawyer Michael Cohen Michael Dean CohenA huge deal for campaign disclosure: Trump's tax records for Biden's medical records Our Constitution is under attack by Attorney General William Barr Eric Trump says he will comply with New York AG's subpoena only after Election Day MORE and newly launched Democratic probes, according to a new poll.", "\n\nIn the latest Hill-HarrisX survey, 45 percent of registered voters said they approved of the president's job performance, while 55 percent said they disapproved. ", "Those percentages are unchanged from the most recent survey, conducted Feb. 20.", "\n\n\"President Trump's job approval is like magnetic north, it may move a little bit around the globe but you can still navigate by it,\" B.J. Martino, a Republican pollster with the Tarrance Group, said Wednesday on Hill.", "TV's \"What America's Thinking.\"", "\n\nThe president's approval rating does not appear to have been affected by recent allegations from Cohen that Trump engaged in criminal acts before becoming president. ", "Meanwhile, House Democrats this week announced that they would be expanding their oversight investigations of the administration.", "\n\nThe stability in Trump's job approval rating seems to be related to the economy, where voters have consistently given him good marks, according to Martino. ", "He noted that the president's approval numbers could slide if the economy weakens or special counsel Robert Mueller Robert (Bob) MuellerCNN's Toobin warns McCabe is in 'perilous condition' with emboldened Trump CNN anchor rips Trump over Stone while evoking Clinton-Lynch tarmac meeting The Hill's 12:30 Report: New Hampshire fallout MORE makes some major revelations.", "\n\n\"It has to be either the investigation coming to a head there ... or something significant happening in the economy, which is the one thing that continues to buoy the president's numbers upward,\" he said.", "\n\nA Gallup poll released Tuesday found that 56 percent of adults surveyed said they approved of Trump's handling of the nation's economy, the highest so far of his presidency. ", "The same survey found that 43 percent of respondents approved of Trump's overall job performance.", "\n\n\"Another signature aspect of Trump's presidency is despite the fact that the economy is doing pretty well in most people's view, he gets much higher approval ratings on the economy, it's not really dragging up his overall approval rating,\" Ruy Teixeira, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress told \"What America's Thinking\" host Jamal Simmons.", "\n\nThe latest Hill-HarrisX poll was conducted March 5-6 among 1,001 registered voters and has a sampling margin of error of 3.1 percentage points.", "\n\n—Matthew Sheffield" ]

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[ "قفطان 2020 للبنات القفطان المغربي 2021 قفطان مغربي moroccan-caftan : من الأزياء المغربية الفخمه المطرزه والمناسبة لكل المناسبات يمكنكم التعرب على القفطان مغربي 2020 ازياء وفساتين مغربية صور بنات 2020 مغربية عربية بملابس مغربية رائعه وجميلة لمحبي الملابس المغربية الرائعه.", "\n\nقفطان مغربي بالصور\n\nقفطان 2020 للبنات قفطان مغربي 2021 قفطان مغربي عصري قفطان مغربي للبنات قفطان مغربي اسود قفطان 2020 للعروس قفطان مغربي بالصور قفطان مغربي للبيع.", "\n\nومن خلال الموضوع نتعرف جميعاً متابعينا الكرام على هذه المجموعة من الصور من صور القفطان المغربي بأجمل الصور والألوان ومناسبة لجميع الأعمار والأذواق في المغرب والخليج العربي والوطن العربي.", "\n\nصور القفطان مغربي 2020\n\nباقة مميزة ورائعه من الباقة الجميلة الرائعه لمحبي ومتابعي الأزياء المغربية الرائعه بتطريزاتها الجميلة والأنيقة.", "\n\nوهنا في الصفحة العربية حيث يسعدنا أن نقدم للجميع باقة رائعه وجديده من المبلابس المغربية المسماه بـ القفطان المغربي الجميل.", "\n\nقفطان للبنات العازبات\n\nحيث يتميز القفطان المغربي بجمال ألوانه وكذلك روعة وجمال تطريزاته الجميلة والمبتكره والرائعه المناسبة للجميع.", "\n\nهذه الباقة من القفطان المغربي 2020 مناسبة لجيمع السيدات والبنات, حيث ترتدي هذه الملابس كل من النساء في حفلات الأعراس وكذلك في المناسبات الأخرى.", "\n\nقفطان للبنات الكبار\n\nقفطان مغربي 2020 قفطان مغربي للبنات قفطان مغربي فخم قفطان مغربي عصري قفطان مغربي اسود قفطان 2020 قفطان مغربي للبيع قفطان 2020.", "\n\nلن نطيل عليكم ورح نضع لكم هذه الباقة المنوعه من بعض من صور قفطان مغربي 2020 منوعه للجميع .", "\n\nالقفطان مغربي 2020\n\nصور القفطان مغربي 2020\n\nملابس قفطان مغربي 2020 من الأزياء المغربية صور بنات مغربية 2020\n\nملابس قفطان مغربي 2020 من الأزياء المغربية صور بنات مغربية 2020\n\nملابس قفطان مغربي 2020 من الأزياء المغربية صور بنات مغربية 2020\n\nملابس قفطان مغربي 2020 من الأزياء المغربية صور بنات مغربية 2020\n\nنتمى من الجميع اطيب الأوقات مع كل مانقدمه للجميع من صور ومواضيع, ويمكنكم أيضاً طرح إستفساراتكم وملاحظاتكم حول الباقة من القفطان المغربي 2018.", "\n\nفساتين مغربية 2020\n\nقفطان مغربي 2020 مع احلى المبلابس والقفطان المغربي الذي ينقدمه للجميع يمكنكم متابعة هذه المجموعة الأخرى من الصور من صور القفطان المغربي المتطرز والذي يظهر العديد من الحرفيه والتطريز والمهارمة في صنعاعة القفطان من الملابس المغربية.", "\n\nتكاشط 2020\n\nكما سوف نتابع معكم بشكل مستمر التحديثات للملابس المغربية بشكل مستمر." ]

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[ "Netflix Stock Hits Record as Wall St. Sees World Domination\n\nNetflix’s stock reached an all time high today for the third day in a row. ", "Shares peaked today at $628.50 a pop. ", "And some analysts expect the price to keep climbing.", "\n\nToday's record followed reports from two Wall Street analysts that called Netflix undervalued. ", "Last week, analysts at Apex Capital largely agreed. ", "Netflix is \"quickly becoming one of the most powerful media companies in the world,\" the firm said, adding that the streaming video giant could soon become the next $100 billion tech company.", "\n\nWall Street, it seems, sees the future much the way Netflix does—a future where Netflix takes over everywhere. “", "Internet TV is growing around the world at incredible rates,\" Netflix CEO Reed Hastings said in an earnings call last month. \"", "And so we’re really propelled by that big macro trend.\"", "\n\nThese skyrocketing expectations, and accompanying stock price, are in large part due to Netflix's rapid expansion abroad—in particular, reports since Friday that Netflix is in talks to expand into a huge new market: China. ", "But as all conquerors know far too well, the path to world domination doesn't come without resistance. ", "Despite its aggressive growth, the company has already experienced pressure from its European markets to improve its service—and fast.", "\n\nThe Path of More Resistance\n\nNetflix is growing, and quickly, even in its more mature markets like the US, but especially abroad. ", "In the past few years, Netflix has been rapidly expanding to reach beyond US shores. ", "The service now touts more than 20 million international subscribers in more than 50 countries, including the more recent additions of Australia, New Zealand, and even Cuba. ", "By 2017, the company says it wants to be in 200 markets. ", "But even in Europe, Internet speed and access has been a limiting factor. ", "In a recent talk in Germany, Hastings was asked if Netflix would consider a download option so German subscribers wouldn't have to be dependent on streaming. ", "Hastings' answer amounted to \"no.\"", "\n\nWhat's more, if content is king, European subscribers have been markedly disappointed with Netflix's offerings. ", "In France and Germany, for example, the original content selections are not as wide as those offered in the US, in part due to licensing deals with local broadcasters and distribution rules in different countries. (", "To get around that, some are opting to use a VPN to access the American service, according to The New York Times.) ", "European filmmakers are also unhappy that Netflix is encroaching on their turf—one recently shouting at the Cannes Film Festival that Netflix \"will destroy the film ecosystem in Europe.\"", "\n\nPiracy is another major concern for Netflix abroad, according to the company's latest letter to shareholders. ", "In the Netherlands, for example, Netflix has seen competition from apps such as Popcorn Time that make illegal streaming as easy as a legal service. (", "Netflix has called the app's success in the Netherlands \"sobering.\") ", "In fact, House of Cards has become hugely successful in China thanks to pirating.", "\n\nMore World to Conquer\n\nRather than being deterred, Netflix seems to be confronting those obstacles by growing even more. ", "The streaming giant has plans to expand to Japan later this year, and analysts expect the company will try to break into the Chinese and Korean markets soon, too. ", "For any company dependent on subscribers, the biggest fear in any single market is reaching the saturation point. ", "For Netflix—and its share price—to keep growing, the company is betting it will need to continue to expand.", "\n\nBut a new market brings new demands. ", "In its letter to shareholders, Netflix said that early signs indicate that promoting original content helps bring in new members. ", "So, to get new subscribers in France, Netflix is launching an upcoming French-language drama Marseille, advertised as House of Cards for the French. ", "But for an expansion into China, despite being a market already primed to love shows like House of Cards, censorship and stringent regulations on content could prove tough, which is why Netflix seems to be looking to find a partner to smooth its entry.", "\n\nNetflix has enormously popular original content, the revenue to invest in new shows, and the data to predict the programming subscribers will like best. ", "It's a recipe for world domination. ", "The company, and now Wall Street, just better hope it translates." ]

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