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tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-3850000-3900000

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[ "Leighton Meester\n\nBorn Leighton Marissa Claire Meester on April 9, 1986, she spent her earliest years on Marco Island, FL, and at age 11 moved with her mother to New York City. ", "In just three years in the Big Apple, she signed on with Wilhelmina Models, was shot by famed photographer Bruce Webber for a Ralph Lauren ad campaign, and, at just age 13, earned a guest role on NBC's hit New York-set crime drama \"Law & Order\" (1990- ). ", "With her career burgeoning, the family moved to Beverly Hills, CA, where Meester attended Beverly High School as so many stars-in-training had before her. ", "In October 2002, the Meesters found themselves unexpectedly mired in scandal when Leighton's brother Douglas was accused of raping ... Continue Bio >>" ]

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[ "Get breaking news alerts and special reports. ", "The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.", "\n\nSan Francisco police on Thursday arrested a man who they said recorded last week's attack on an older Asian man and posted it to social media.", "\n\nDwayne Grayson, 20, was arrested Thursday morning outside his home on charges of robbery, elder abuse, a probation violation for a prior robbery conviction and a hate crime enhancement in Saturday's attack on a 68-year-old man who was collecting recyclables, police said. ", "SFPD\n\nDwayne Grayson, 20, is facing charges including robbery and elder abuse as well as a hate crime enhancement in Saturday’s attack on a 68-year-old man collecting recyclables, police said. ", "He's also accused of probation violation for a prior robbery conviction.", "\n\nThe police department said in a statement that Grayson recorded and posted video of the attack that went viral and has been viewed millions of times.", "\n\nGrayson was being held without bail Thursday night. ", "It was not immediately clear Thursday night if he had an attorney.", "\n\nThe Morning Rundown Get a head start on the morning's top stories. ", "This site is protected by recaptcha\n\nPolice are searching for another suspect, and the chief said a second arrest is expected soon.", "\n\nThe video shows a man wearing a dark jacket, black pants and black sneakers threatening and brandishing an object at an Asian man. ", "Bystanders watched the attack and hurled racially charged taunts at the man as well.", "\n\n\"I hate Asians, n—,\" one person can be heard yelling in the video.", "\n\nThe victim can be seen crying as onlookers imitate him and laugh and hold phones up to his face as he is visibly distressed.", "\n\nThe victim was struck on the back of the head and complained of pain but had no visible injury, police said.", "\n\nCommunity groups called for action after the attack. ", "San Francisco has a large Asian-American population, making up around 34 percent of the city’s population, according to 2017 census estimates.", "\n\nPolice said in Thursday's statement that officers had been working tirelessly to identify those responsible.", "\n\n\"We don't tolerate this type of behavior in our city,\" Police Chief William Scott said Thursday.", "\n\nMayor London Breed said at a community gathering Thursday that the video sparked widespread outrage, and not just in the Asian community. ", "She said many black residents also said called for action, according to video from NBC Bay Area.", "\n\n\"I would never want anyone to treat my grandmother the way that I saw an elderly person treated here,\" Breed said in the Bayview District. \"", "We are better than that.\"", "\n\nSan Francisco’s Bayview community is in the eastern section of the city, southeast of the Mission District." ]

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[ "Welcome to our community\n\nBe apart of something great, join today!", "\n\nCheesemonger\n\nAustralia is now the first Western nation to ban security, following a decision by its parliament to pass a bill forcing companies to hand over encrypted data to police upon demand. ", "The government will be allowed to demand this without judicial review or oversight of any kind, beyond the requirement to get a warrant in the first place. ", "Furthermore, the law requires corporations to build tools to give them the ability to intercept data sought by police when such tools do not already exist." ]

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[ "Glaucoma is a progressive disease of the optic nerve that left untreated can lead to irreversible loss of vision. ", "Glaucoma results in apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), including their axon and cell body. ", "The loss of the RGC axonal bundle within the optic nerve head (ONH) leads to characteristic cupping and corresponding visual field (VF) loss. ", "It is important to detect the disease early, as well as to monitor changes in glaucomatous damage. ", "The clinical standard for detection of disease and its progression has been the automated perimetry and clinical assessment of the optic nerve cup. ", "However, once moderate visual field loss occurs (in the range of −15 dB mean deviation (MD) loss or more), retest variability rises substantially and limits a reliable determination of visual field change. ", "The population 95% confidence limits extend to nearly the entire operating range of the Humphrey Field Analyzer perimetric device.", "\nMuch effort has been devoted to studying the structural-functional (S-F) correlation in glaucoma with the hope that a good S-F correlation can help diagnose and monitor disease progression by providing complementary information. ", "For example, a good S-F correlation would allow the objective structural assessment by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to predict the level of subjective functional damage in glaucoma. ", "However, increased dynamic range and tighter S-F correlation is desired.", "\nIncreased dynamic range and tighter (less variable) S-F correlation can lead to the following clinical benefits: 1) Improved ability to stage the disease over the entire spectrum, not only by function, but also by structure; 2) Improved ability to confirm functional changes with corresponding structural changes, leading to improved ability to detect change; 3) Increased ease and patient tolerance of frequent testing for glaucoma progression to detect those who are progressing faster. ", "If within individual variability (WIV) of OCT is reduced, improved clinical care can be achieved with frequent structural testing, which would be much easier for the average glaucoma patient, rather than frequent functional testing; and 4) Objective assessment of glaucoma damage becoming feasible for those patients who cannot perform VF tests (very young children, elderly with mental or physical limitations, etc.)." ]

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[ "Quote:\n\nUncle Fishbits Originally Posted by\n\nYeaaaaahhhh.... But,\n\n\n\nGot my first ticket today.", "\n\n\n\nDel Norte county, CA. ", "CHP coming at me on other side of freeway clocked me at 105. ", "He wrote 75 in 65, because he said he loves cars and going fast, and that is why he got the job. ", "He loved the car, lectured me that it isn't about my car or my skills, but the skills of other drivers. ", "I mean.... He must have torn off the freeway and approached 140 to catch up to me. ", "Lol. ", "I was opened up on an empty road with one semi half mile back.", "\n\n\n\nI almost thought to duck off an exit, when I knew he was coming. ", "Glad I didn't play that game. ", "This is non point traffic school for me. ", "In the noted he did write 100mph, but that isn't what the speed box says. ", "75mph!!! ", "🤣🤣🤣😃😄😅\n\n\n\nLucky. ", "I will call it another life off the cat.", "\n\n\n\nI knew he was coming and slowed down for him. ", "He was so amped and adrenalin fuelled, he was happy. ", "If I had been some jerk, he would have arrested me for wreckless driving. ", "But he wasnt mad, seemed out of breath but happy. ", "Amazing." ]

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[ "LIAR OF GOLGOTHA\n\nThe Long Forgotten Wastelands Lyrics\n\nThe closer I came the sweeter the smell. ", "I could feel powers of the\nAncient domain. ", "I travelled for years in search of this place: a place\nbeyond dreams, a place with no name.", "\nLost between pages of an old manuscript, scattered through ages as\nunholy relics. ", "Their powers were sleeping in hands of the fools, waiting\nto be woken by those who knew. ", "Unsure what to find in these unholy\ngrounds, the gateway to past opened to now.", "\nI will be Queen, for I opened the door. ", "I will be Legend after the\nAncient Ones return. ", "I have taken them out of their shells into my\ndeserts of the long forgotten wastelands." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to identify ionic compounds\n\nI have a Chemistry lab in which I must design and carry out an experiment to determine the compound in each of eight numbered vials. ", "Each vial contains one of these ionic compounds:\n\nBaCl2\nCaCO3\nCa(OH)2\nKI\nNaCl\nNaHCO3\nNa2SO4\nPb(NO3)2\n\nMaterials:\n\nDistilled water\nSeveral microwell reaction plates\nTooth picks (to stir)\n8x 1mL Beral style pipets\nThe contents of the lab drawer (beakers, test tubes, etc.)", "\n\nIn addition to the materials above, one of the following four additional reagents may be used:\n\n6M H2SO4\n6M HCl\n6M NaOH\nphenolphthalein indicator solution\n\nI know how to identify a couple of them. ", "For instance, CaCO3 can be identified by its insolubility in water, but as for the rest, I'm not completely sure. ", "I know some can be identified by how and if they react with other compounds, but I don't know exactly how to go about that. ", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst, you can use phenolphthalein indicator solution, $\\ce{Ca(OH)2}$ and $\\ce{NaHCO3}$ will turn red. ", "Then use 6M $\\ce{HCl}$ and the $\\ce{NaHCO3}$ bubbles. ", "\n$\\ce{NaOH}$ to identify $\\ce{Pb(NO3)2}$: it generates precipitations. ", "Use $\\ce{Pb(NO3)2}$ to identify $\\ce{KI}$: generate golden precipitations. ", "\n$\\ce{H2SO4}$ with $\\ce{BaCl2}$ gives white precipitations, $\\ce{Na2SO4}$ with $\\ce{BaCl2}$ likewise. ", "So the rest is $\\ce{NaCl}$. \n\n" ]

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[ "2-phosphonomethyl-pentanedioic acid (glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitor) increases threshold for electroconvulsions and enhances the antiseizure action of valproate against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice.", "\nThis study examined the effect of 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II), an enzyme releasing glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate from synaptical terminals, on the electroconvulsive threshold in mice. ", "Moreover, the influence of 2-PMPA on the anticonvulsant activities of four conventional antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate) was evaluated in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test in mice. ", "Results indicated that 2-PMPA (at a dose range of 50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) ", "raised the electroconvulsive threshold in mice dose-dependently. ", "Linear regression analysis of dose-response relationship between the doses of 2-PMPA and their corresponding threshold values allowed the calculation of threshold increasing dose by 20% (TID20), which was 109.2 mg/kg. ", "Moreover, 2-PMPA administered i.p. ", "at a constant dose of 150 mg/kg (the dose increasing the threshold for electroconvulsions) enhanced significantly the anticonvulsant action of valproate, by reducing its median effective dose (ED50) from 281.4 to 230.1 mg/kg (P<0.05). ", "In contrast, 2-PMPA at the lower dose of 100 mg/kg (i.p.) ", "had no impact on the antiseizure activity of valproate in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test. ", "Likewise, 2-PMPA at 100 and 150 mg/kg did not affect the antiseizure action of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ", "Additionally, none of the combinations investigated between 2-PMPA (150 mg/kg, i.p.) ", "and carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate (at their ED50 values) produced motor coordination impairment in the chimney test. ", "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of interaction between 2-PMPA and valproate revealed that 2-PMPA at 150 mg/kg selectively increased total brain concentrations of valproate, remaining simultaneously without any effect on free plasma concentrations of valproate, indicating a pharmacokinetic nature of observed interaction in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ", "Based on our preclinical data, it may be concluded that 2-PMPA possesses a seizure modulating property by increasing the electroconvulsive threshold. ", "The reduction of glutamate neurotransmission in the brain, as a consequence of inhibition of GCP II activity by 2-PMPA, was however insufficient to enhance the anticonvulsant activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs, except for valproate, whose antiseizure action against maximal electroconvulsions was potentiated by 2-PMPA. ", "Unfortunately, the favourable interaction between 2-PMPA and valproate was associated with a pharmacokinetic increase in total brain valproate concentrations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This study focuses on three categories of materials, namely, semi-conductors, heat transfer fluids, and stainless steel that are used in solar renewable energy projects. ", "The aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of technological developments within these three categories of materials and opportunities for their use in South Africa. ", "An overview of South Africa's renewable energy targets, projects, and challenges in these fields are also provided." ]

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[ "But as a designer, he understood technology, and that was his way in: he got himself a drum machine. ", "He thought, “At least I can just approach this from a technical perspective, and just learn this machine. ", "And there isn’t some attached meaning to it, like, oh, you have to think you’re an artist.”", "\n\nBetween clips of isolated synthesizer parts from the song “Awake,” Scott explained that his approach to music and his approach to design are congruous. “", "There’s a precision and a textural element to it that are common to each. ", "My design always has a very analog, noisy, textured yellowed, aged layer to it, even though the things below it are very digital, very modern, and clean.” ", "And with music, “even though it might be a modern synthesizer, I’ll spend a lot more time working on the filtering and the processing of it to make it feel like this memory, through a yellowed lens.”", "\n\nHear Scott’s full story of the process behind Awake below:\n\nYou can subscribe to Song Exploder and listen to past episodes with guests like The Postal Service, Spoon, and more via: iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, RSS, or at maximumfun.org." ]

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[ "「Apple Music」を使っていたら自分で作曲したオリジナル曲を含む122GB分の楽曲がHDDから削除され、米Appleのサポートに相談したところ、サービスを使わないのが最善の方法だと言われた──。米アトランタ在住のジェームズ・ピンクストーン氏（リンク先は同氏のLinkedIn）が5月4日（現地時間）、このようなブログを投稿した。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏によると、Apple Musicにサインアップした際、iTunesが同氏のノートPCに保存してある大量のMP3やWAVフォーマットの楽曲コレクションをチェックしてクラウド上の（Appleが）マッチすると判断した楽曲と照合し、ノートPC上のオリジナルを削除したという。同氏が作曲したオリジナル曲もiCloudにコピーされた後、ノートPCから削除されたという。", "\n\nさらに、Appleがマッチするとして置き換えた多数の楽曲は実際には同じものではなく、例えば希少なライブ音源がスタジオ録音の楽曲になってしまったり、オリジナル曲がカバー曲に変わってしまったりしたという。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏はこの“事故”の1週間前に楽曲のバックアップをとっていたため、永久に失われることはなかったが、「私の言うことを理解する担当者にいきつくまでに3人にたらいまわしにされ、理解した担当者のアドバイスが“製品を使うな”だった」と憤慨している。", "\n\nこうした苦情は以前からあり、原因は「Apple Music ライブラリ」の分かりにくさにあるようだ。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏に対応したAppleのサポート担当は、同氏の「Apple Musicは私の許可なしに、私のHDD内の個人的なファイルを削除したということですか？」という問い掛けに「はい」と答えたというが、実際にはバグがない限り、勝手に削除するようなことはないはずだ（同氏はApple Music ライブラリの設定で「結合」ではなく「置き換え」を選択した可能性がある）。", "\n\nまた、ピンクストーン氏は、WAVで保存したオリジナル曲がクラウド上ではAACに変換されており（これは正しい）、WAVはなくなってしまったとしているが、サポートページによると、オリジナルのWAVファイルは削除されないことになっている。", "\n\nいずれにしても、Appleがサポートページに「Apple Musicにはバックアップサービスがありません。デバイスを交換、紛失、損傷した場合に備えて、音楽やほかの情報のコピーをとっておけるように、必ずiOSデバイス、MacまたはWindowsパソコンをバックアップしてください。」と明記している通り、Apple Musicを使う際には楽曲のバックアップをとっておいた方が良さそうだ。" ]

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[ "#ifndef DDEBUG\n#define DDEBUG 0\n#endif\n#include \"ddebug.h\"\n\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_filter.h\"\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_util.h\"\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_echo.h\"\n\n#include <ngx_log.h>\n\n\n\nngx_http_output_header_filter_pt ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter;\n\nngx_http_output_body_filter_pt ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter;\n\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r);\n\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_chain_t *in);\n\n/* filter handlers */\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx, ngx_array_t *cmds, ngx_uint_t *iterator);\n\n\nstatic volatile ngx_cycle_t *ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle = NULL;\n\n\nngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)\n{\n int multi_http_blocks;\n ngx_http_echo_main_conf_t *emcf;\n\n emcf = ngx_http_conf_get_module_main_conf(cf, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle !", "= ngx_cycle) {\n ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle = ngx_cycle;\n multi_http_blocks = 0;\n\n } else {\n multi_http_blocks = 1;\n }\n\n if (multi_http_blocks || emcf->requires_filter) {\n dd(\"top header filter: %ld\",\n (unsigned long) ngx_http_top_header_filter);\n\n ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter = ngx_http_top_header_filter;\n ngx_http_top_header_filter = ngx_http_echo_header_filter;\n\n dd(\"top body filter: %ld\", (unsigned long) ngx_http_top_body_filter);\n\n ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter = ngx_http_top_body_filter;\n ngx_http_top_body_filter = ngx_http_echo_body_filter;\n }\n\n return NGX_OK;\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r)\n{\n ngx_http_echo_loc_conf_t *conf;\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx;\n\n ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"echo header filter, uri \\\"%V?%V\\\"\", &r->uri, &r->args);\n\n ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n /* XXX we should add option to insert contents for responses\n * of non-200 status code here... */\n /*\n if (r->headers_out.status !", "= NGX_HTTP_OK) {\n if (ctx !", "= NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n }\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n }\n */\n\n conf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n if (conf->before_body_cmds == NULL && conf->after_body_cmds == NULL) {\n if (ctx !", "= NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n }\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n }\n\n if (ctx == NULL) {\n ctx = ngx_http_echo_create_ctx(r);\n if (ctx == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_echo_module);\n }\n\n /* enable streaming here (use chunked encoding) */\n ngx_http_clear_content_length(r);\n ngx_http_clear_accept_ranges(r);\n\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)\n{\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx;\n ngx_int_t rc;\n ngx_http_echo_loc_conf_t *conf;\n unsigned last;\n ngx_chain_t *cl;\n ngx_buf_t *b;\n\n ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"echo body filter, uri \\\"%V?%V\\\"\", &r->uri, &r->args);\n\n if (in == NULL || r->header_only) {\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (ctx == NULL || ctx->skip_filter) {\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n conf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (!", "ctx->before_body_sent) {\n ctx->before_body_sent = 1;\n\n if (conf->before_body_cmds !", "= NULL) {\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(r, ctx, conf->before_body_cmds,\n &ctx->next_before_body_cmd);\n if (rc !", "= NGX_OK) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (conf->after_body_cmds == NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n last = 0;\n\n for (cl = in; cl; cl = cl->next) {\n dd(\"cl %p, special %d\", cl, ngx_buf_special(cl->buf));\n\n if (cl->buf->last_buf || cl->buf->last_in_chain) {\n cl->buf->last_buf = 0;\n cl->buf->last_in_chain = 0;\n cl->buf->sync = 1;\n last = 1;\n }\n }\n\n dd(\"in %p, last %d\", in, (int) last);\n\n if (in) {\n rc = ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n\n#if 0\n if (rc == NGX_AGAIN) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n#endif\n\n dd(\"next filter returns %d, last %d\", (int) rc, (int) last);\n\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK || !", "last) {\n return rc;\n }\n }\n\n dd(\"exec filter cmds for after body cmds\");\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(r, ctx, conf->after_body_cmds,\n &ctx->next_after_body_cmd);\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK) {\n dd(\"FAILED: exec filter cmds for after body cmds\");\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n\n dd(\"after body cmds executed...terminating...\");\n\n /* XXX we can NOT use\n * ngx_http_send_special(r, NGX_HTTP_LAST) here\n * because we should bypass the upstream filters. */", "\n\n b = ngx_calloc_buf(r->pool);\n if (b == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n if (r == r->main && !", "r->post_action) {\n b->last_buf = 1;\n\n } else {\n b->sync = 1;\n b->last_in_chain = 1;\n }\n\n cl = ngx_alloc_chain_link(r->pool);\n if (cl == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n cl->next = NULL;\n cl->buf = b;\n\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, cl);\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx, ngx_array_t *cmds, ngx_uint_t *iterator)\n{\n ngx_int_t rc;\n ngx_array_t *opts = NULL;\n ngx_array_t *computed_args = NULL;\n ngx_http_echo_cmd_t *cmd;\n ngx_http_echo_cmd_t *cmd_elts;\n\n for (cmd_elts = cmds->elts; *iterator < cmds->nelts; (*iterator)++) {\n cmd = &cmd_elts[*iterator];\n\n /* evaluate arguments for the current cmd (if any) */\n if (cmd->args) {\n computed_args = ngx_array_create(r->pool, cmd->args->nelts,\n sizeof(ngx_str_t));\n if (computed_args == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n opts = ngx_array_create(r->pool, 1, sizeof(ngx_str_t));\n if (opts == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_eval_cmd_args(r, cmd, computed_args, opts);\n\n if (rc !", "= NGX_OK) {\n ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ERR, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"Failed to evaluate arguments for \"\n \"the directive.\");", "\n return rc;\n }\n }\n\n /* do command dispatch based on the opcode */\n switch (cmd->opcode) {\n case echo_opcode_echo_before_body:\n case echo_opcode_echo_after_body:\n dd(\"exec echo_before_body or echo_after_body...\");\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_echo(r, ctx, computed_args,\n 1 /* in filter */, opts);\n\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK) {\n return rc;\n }\n\n break;\n default:\n break;\n }\n }\n\n return NGX_OK;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention provides versatile vectors for efficient production of animal viral vectors carrying a nucleic acid of interest. ", "Thus the vectors can be used to produce viral vectors for use in expression of nucleic acids, including production of RNA, antisense nucleic acids and polypeptides of interest.", "\n2. ", "Background\nAdenoviruses (Ad) are 36 kb, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses that have been widely used for gene therapy, functional genetics, vaccines, and protein production (1-5). ", "Most adenoviral vectors are based on the Ad type 5 (Ad5) viral backbone in which an expression cassette replaces the El and/or E3 region. ", "Such E1.sup.-, E3.sup.- viruses are attractive vectors because they: i) can accept about 8 kb of exogenous DNA, ii) can be produced at very high titer in E1 complementing cells, and iii) are replication defective. ", "Other attractive features of Ad vectors include infection of a wide range of both dividing and quiescent cell types at high efficiency, expression of genes at very high levels, and association with mild, self-limiting pathologies in humans (1-6). ", "The increasing numbers of genes discovered by the human genome project, and the expanding field of gene therapy are driving a need for more efficient systems to generate recombinant Ad vectors to facilitate rapid, high throughput functional and therapeutic analysis.", "\nBecause of their complex genome, manipulation of Ad vectors to produce recombinant viruses has been difficult. ", "Traditional methods of making recombinant adenoviruses use homologous recombination between two transfected DNAs in adenoviral-producing cell lines (6). ", "The homologous recombination method is inefficient, time-consuming, and subject to contamination with replication-competent virus. ", "Some newer methods of generating recombinant adenoviral vectors in yeast and E. coli have been reported (7-10). ", "These methods shift the homologous recombination step from eukaryotic packaging cells into either yeast or E. coli. ", "These newer methods allow the true cloning of the recombinant viral genome and thereby remove the need for clonal selection via repeated rounds of plaque purification. ", "Although homologous recombination is quite efficient in yeast, it is desirable (because of the faster doubling time and ease of manipulation) to be able to do these steps in E. coli. ", "However, homologous recombination in E. coli is not very efficient. ", "Furthermore, homologous recombination with adenoviral sequences necessitates cloning each gene of interest into a vector that can only be used for adenoviral expression.", "\nA method that has been used to construct recombinant baculoviruses in E. coli by Tn7-mediated site-specific transposition (11) has proven to be very efficient at generating recombinant baculoviruses. ", "However, this system has several limitations.", "\nThe present invention overcomes many limitations on previous systems. ", "Specifically, the present invention provides a Tn7-based transposition system for generating recombinant viruses, such as adenovirus, in E. coli. ", "A low copy E. coli homing plasmid, containing a full length viral genome with lacZattTn7 inserted in a manner that does not interfere with later production of recombinant virus, has been constructed. ", "The inventive system moves all sequences necessary for replication and selection in E. coli outside of the viral genome, allowing application to small animal viruses (Ad, AAV and retroviruses); there is no need for a selectable marker within the transposon allowing additional space for exogenous nucleic acid of interest; it allows construction of a variety of homing vectors for different viruses comprising different promoters such that one transfer vector can be used to express an exogenous DNA from numerous promoters in numerous viruses. ", "Thus the system is very easy, rapid, and efficient, accommodates sizable DNA inserts, and generates truly clonal viruses. ", "The homing vector system is easily adapted to allow subcloning into a single universal transfer vector that can be used to transpose genes into any of several different expression systems, thus facilitating cost-effective subcloning into a variety of vectors, including adenoviral, retroviral, adeno-associated viral, baculoviral and E. coli vectors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nReplicate Stratified Random Sampling without Replacement in R\n\nI'm struggling to create a vectorized functional solution that will allow me to replicate stratified random sampling without replacement over many iterations. ", " I'm able to sample without replacement once, then remove those rows from the dataset and then repeat the process from the unsampled observations. ", " Unfortunately I'm needing to do this many times which makes this manual option impossible.", "\nI've tried using the replicate() function, however I'm only able to have it sample without replacement for each pass. ", " It puts the chosen samples back into the dataset for the next sampling pull.", "\nUsing the code below, I'd like the function to create 30 new datasets composed of 3 unique (previously unsampled) rows each from the \"one\" and \"zero\" sets. ", " So each new dataset would have 6 total observations (3-1's and 3-0's) and be named something unique (i.e. \"new_dat1\", \"new_dat2\"...\"new_dat30\"). ", " \nIf possible, I'm looking to achieve all of this without using for loops, so something in the \"apply\" family is preferred.", "\nset.seed(123)\ndat <- data.frame(Outcome = round(runif(160, 0, 1)))\ncust <- data.frame(Cust = rep(c(\"ABC\", \"DEF\", \"GHI\"), c(45, 80, 35)))\ndat <- cbind(cust, dat)\n\none <- subset(dat, Outcome == 1)\nzero <- subset(dat, Outcome == 0)\n\n# Manual option which is not sufficient \n################################################\n# sample 1's and remove choosen obs from \"one\" dataset\nset.seed(123)\nindex <- sample(1:nrow(one), 3, replace = FALSE)\nnew_dat1 <- one[index, ]\nunused_one <- one[-index, ]\n\n# sample 0's and remove choosen obs from \"zero\" dataset\nset.seed(123)\nindex <- sample(1:nrow(zero), 3, replace = FALSE)\nunused_zero <- zero[-index, ]\n\n# combine the 3-1 and 3-0 samples into the first of 30 \"new_datn\" sets\nnew_dat1 <- rbind(new_dat1, zero[index, ])\n\n# repeat, now sampling from \"unused_one\" and \"unused_zero\" to create \"new_dat2\" - \"new_dat30\"\n################################################\n\n# Failed attempt using the replicate() function\n################################################\nset.seed(123)\none_sample <- replicate(30, one[sample(nrow(one), 3, replace = FALSE), ], simplify = FALSE)\nzero_sample <- replicate(30, zero[sample(nrow(zero), 3, replace = FALSE), ], simplify = FALSE)\n\nMaking this even more complicated is the fact that my total number of 0 and 1 observations in the \"dat\" set will vary from time to time so I'll likely always have remainders to deal with. ", " So the function must be able to sample 3 for each \"new_dat\" until it runs into a remainder for the final set, which can go into the final \"new_dat\" regardless of the value.", "\nEven if I could figure out how to solve the sampling issue in a vectorized function, I would really be at a loss to have the function create new datasets and name them appropriately. ", " \nI would be very grateful if anyone could provide me with some assistance. ", " Thank you for taking the time to read through my post. ", "\n\nA:\n\nIf I understood what you want correctly, here is one solution.", "\nFirst just sample the whole vector, that is, you are just going to randomly sort the row numbers:\nsample_rows <- sample(nrow(one))\n\nThen assign a sample group for each of the randomly distributed rows (3 elements by group). ", "Since the number of elements may not be divisible by 3, extend the length of the vector so it has the same length as the number of rows. ", "Now fill the NA's with the next group (I think that is what you meant by \"remainder for the final set\"):\nsample_group <- rep(1:(length(sample_rows)%/% 3), each = 3)\nlength(sample_group) <- length(sample_rows)\nsample_group[is.na(sample_group)] <- max(sample_group, na.rm = TRUE) + 1\n\nSo now you have 24 samples of 3 and 1 sample of two, without replacement:\nsamples <- data.frame(sample_rows, sample_group)\n\nhead(samples)\n sample_rows sample_group\n1 12 1\n2 6 1\n3 41 1\n4 35 2\n5 71 2\n6 62 2\n\ntail(samples)\n sample_rows sample_group\n69 69 23\n70 53 24\n71 32 24\n72 27 24\n73 18 25\n74 65 25\n\nI did this for the vector of \"one\"s but you can easily replicate that for the vector of zeros and combine them.", "\nPS: You can extract the rows from the data.frame using split() and lapply(). ", "For example:\nnew_dat <- lapply(split(samples$sample_rows, samples$sample_group), function(x) one[x,])\n\nSo new_dat is a list with all 25 data.frames. ", "For example:\nnew_dat[[8]] # gives you the eigth data.frame\n\nOr:\nnew_dat[[25]] # gives you the last data.frame\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Moers station\n\nMoers station is located on the Lower Rhine Railway, which was built in 1904 by the Prussian state railways. ", "It lies on the eastern edge of central Moers in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on the road to Duisburg-Homberg. ", "The station is now a stop for the Regionalbahn service RB 31. ", "It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.", "\n\nBehind the station building of 1904 there are the four platform tracks at a 230-metre-long platform and a 239-metre-long platform, both 38 cm high. ", "Opposite the station building on the other side of the station forecourt is the platform of the station of the former Moers District Railway (), now owned by the Niederrheinische Verkehrsbetriebe (Lower Rhine Transport Operations, NIAG). ", "It is still used for special excursions.", "\n\nSidings branch at Moers station to NIAG’s workshop and the Vossloh service center in Moers.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe first station of Moers was east of the present station on the line from the Ruhrort–Homberg train ferry to Moers, which opened in 1883. ", "The station was moved to its present location between 1904 and 1908. ", "The line to Homberg was closed in 1908 and replaced by a tram line.", "\n\nIn 1882, the station of the Krefeld Railway Company (Krefelder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) was built on the other side of the station forecourt. ", "From there, trains ran via Niep and Hüls to Krefeld. ", "A transfer track was built north of the station to the state railway in 1886. ", "Passenger services were closed temporarily from 1932 to 1939 and permanently from 3 October 1949. ", "Freight operations to Moers were closed on 15 February 1974 and the track was dismantled afterwards.", "\n\nWest of this station on the station forecourt, the terminal station of the Moerser Kreisbahn (Moers District Railway) operated from 1909 on the lines to Hörstgen-Sevelen and to Rheinberg via Orsoy. ", "Regularly scheduled passenger service were abandoned on 28 September 1968. ", "Again, there was a transfer track to the state railway north of the station, which is also still used today.", "\n\nRail services\n\nThe station is served by the Regionalbahn service RB 31, Der Niederrheiner. ", "It is also called the Hippeland-Express, after the original name of the Lower Rhine Railway. ", "The RB 31 runs from Duisburg via Moers to Xanten. ", "The entire line is operated every hour. ", "Between Duisburg and Moers an additional service runs hourly, with the two services jointly providing a service every 30 minutes. ", "The RB 31 service was operated by Deutsche Bahn until December 2009. ", "Since then, NordWestBahn has operated it. ", "In addition, freight traffic operates through Moers station on a route from Duisburg-Beeck to Duisburg-Rheinhausen.", "\n\nBus services\nThe Moers Bahnhof bus stop is located next to the station. ", "The stop is served by the buses of the NIAG, which has an administration building east of the station, and the buses of SWK MOBIL, Regionalverkehr Niederrhein and Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft (DVG). ", "Buses run to central Moers and to Duisburg, Kamp-Lintfort, Krefeld, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Rheinberg, Rheurdt and Wesel.", "\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1883" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\ninitial_data for django running with MongoDB\n\nAfter much hardship, I have managed to convert my django project, that previously ran with sqlite, to run with MongoDB.", "\nThis is great, beside from the fact that my old version had a massive initial_data.json file, which now fails to work with the new db when running django's syncdb command.", "\nEDIT:\nthis is an example of the initial_data.json file : \n [{\"pk\":1, \n\"model\": \"vcb.dishtype\", \n\"fields\": {\n \"photo\": \"images/dishes/breakfast.jpg\", \n \"name\": \"Breakfast\"\n }\n}, \n{\"pk\":2, \n\"model\": \"vcb.dishtype\", \n\"fields\": {\n \"photo\": \"images/dishes/bread_and_pastry.jpg\", \n \"name\": \"Bread and pastry\"\n }\n }]\n\nand after running the syncdb I get:\n\nDeserializationError: Problem installing fixture\n 'C:\\Users..\\initial_data.json' : u'pk'\n\nIt seems to be a problem with the MongoDB objectId and how I defined the initial_data file.", "\nI tried to remove all the pks fields from the file, but still the same error.", "\nEDIT\nI tried putting just two fixtures, if I don't set the pk, I get the same error as above. ", "If I do set it, I get : \n\n\"DatabaseErroe: Problem installing fixture 'C:..\\initial_data.json':\n could not load vcb.dishtype(pk=1): AutoField (default primary key)\n values must be strings representing an ObjectId on MongoDB (got u'1'\n instead)\".", "\n\nwhich is a similar problem I had with the django Site, that was solved with the help of this thread: Django MongoDB Engine error when running tellsiteid\nThis raises my suspicion that there's a different way to set the fixtures in this infrastructure. ", "Maybe syncdb isn't the way to go, and there should be a sort of dump maybe? ", "\nI've searched google, and nothing seems to tackle this problem. ", "I'm obviously asking the wrong questions.", "\nwhat should I do, to create fixtures in my altered project? ", "\nthanks a lot,\nNitzan\n\nA:\n\nFrom your error message, I assume you are using Django MongoDB Engine?", "\nYour pk values must be valid ObjectIds, try using values like:\n\n'000000000000000000000001'\n'000000000000000000000002'\netc\n\nYou can get ObjectIds or check that you have correct values:\n>>> from bson.objectid import ObjectId\n>>> ObjectId()\n > ObjectId('52af59bac38f8420734d064d')\n>>> ObjectId('000000000000000000000001')\n > ObjectId('000000000000000000000001')\n>>> ObjectId('bad')\n*error*\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Joe Mac’s Market Viewpoint: Beyond the Housing Headwinds\n\nThe housing sector of the U.S. economy has reached an important inflection point. ", "Bolstered by strong industry fundamentals, housing related stocks have nicely outperformed the broad indexes. ", "Indeed, Long Housing is MRP’s longest running theme going back some six years. ", "There are clearly possible headwinds on the horizon; nonetheless, the best may be yet to come. ", "But the boom will not go on forever..." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nIt is known that air can, in principle, be transported with the aid of a so-called electric ion-wind or corona-wind. ", "An electric ion-wind is created when a corona electrode and a target electrode are placed at a distance from one another and each connected to a respective terminal of a d.c. ", "voltage source, the corona electrode and the d.c. ", "voltage source being such as to cause a corona discharge at the corona electrode. ", "This corona discharge results in ionization of the air, with the air ions having the same polarity as the polarity of the corona electrode, and possibly also in the production of electrically charged aerosols, i.e. air-suspended solid particles or liquid droplets which are electrically charged as a result of collisions with the electrically charged air ions. ", "The air ions move rapidly from the corona electrode to the target electrode, under the influence of the electric field, where they relinquish their electric charge and return to electrically neutral air molecules. ", "During their movement from the corona electrode to the target electrode, the air ions are in constant collision with the electrically neutral air molecules, therewith transferring electrostatic forces to the neutral air molecules, so as to draw these molecules from the corona electrode to the target electrode, resulting in the transportation of air in the form of a so-called ion wind or corona wind.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nEarlier proposed arrangements for transporting air with the aid of ion-wind are found described, for example, in DE-OS-2854716, DE-OS-2538959, GB-A-2112582, EP-A1-29421, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,374,941 and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,380,720. ", "These prior art arrangements have been found extremely ineffective, however, and have not achieved any significance in practice. ", "Air transporting arrangements which utilize the ion-wind principle and which display marked improvements over the aforesaid known arrangements, both with regard to efficiency and to practical utility, are described in our international patent application PCT/SE85/00538." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Efficient bridging of 20 mm rat sciatic nerve lesions with a longitudinally micro-structured collagen scaffold.", "\nAn increasing number of biomaterial nerve guides has been developed that await direct comparative testing with the 'gold-standard' autologous nerve graft in functional repair of peripheral nerve defects. ", "In the present study, 20 mm rat sciatic nerve defects were bridged with either a collagen-based micro-structured nerve guide (Perimaix) or an autologous nerve graft. ", "Axons regenerated well into the Perimaix scaffold and, the majority of these axons grew across the 20 mm defect into the distal nerve segment. ", "In fact, both the total axon number and the number of retrogradely traced somatosensory and motor neurons extending their axons across the implant was similar between Perimaix and autologous nerve graft groups. ", "Implantation of Schwann cell-seeded Perimaix scaffolds provided only a beneficial effect on myelination within the scaffold. ", "Functional recovery supported by the implanted, non-seeded Perimaix scaffold was as good as that observed after the autologous nerve graft, despite the presence of thinner myelin sheaths in the Perimaix implanted nerves. ", "These findings support the potential of the Perimaix collagen scaffold as a future off-the-shelf device for clinical applications in selected cases of traumatic peripheral nerve injury." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "lootera says \"Lootera : The director of Lootera, Vikramaditya Motwane believes in perfection. ", "Lootera is based in 50s and therefore he bought a bike that was made in 50s and suits the film story line.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "« Back\n\nHirving Lozano approached by AS Monaco\n\nFrance Football report that AS Monaco have approached 24-year-old Mexican international winger Hirving Lozano.", "\n\nThe PSV man is represented by Mino Raiola, who is also in talks with Napoli about a possible deal.", "\n\nThe Principality side have spoken directly with the player’s entourage, telling them that Lozano’s desired salary, €4m a year net, is within their means.", "\n\nTalks with Napoli are being held up because of image rights – the Serie A side want to acquire them outright, whereas Monaco have told the player that they don’t require them in order for a deal to happen.", "\n\nNapoli in pole, but watch out…" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nADLA/U-SQL Error: Vertex user code error\n\nI just have a simple U-SQL that extracts a csv using Extractors.", "Csv(encoding:Encoding.[Unicode]); and outputs into a lake store table. ", "The file size is small around 600MB and is unicode type. ", "The number of rows is 700K+\nThese are the columns:\nUserId int,\nEmail string,\nAltEmail string,\nCreatedOn DateTime,\nIsDeleted bool,\nUserGuid Guid,\nIFulfillmentContact bool,\nIsBillingContact bool,\nLastUpdateDate DateTime,\nIsTermsOfUse string,\nUserTypeId string\n\nWhen I submit this job to my local, it works great without any issues. ", "Once I submit it to ADLA, I get the following error:\nVertex failure triggered quick job abort. ", "Vertex failed: SV1_Extract_Partition[0][0] with error: Vertex user code error.", "\nVertex failed with a fail-fast error\nVertex SV1_Extract_Partition[0][0].v1 {BA7B2378-597C-4679-AD69-07413A143E47} failed \n\nError:\nVertex user code error\n\nexitcode=CsExitCode_StillActive Errorsnippet=An error occurred while processing adl://lakestore.azuredatalakestore.net/Data/User.csv\n\nAny help is appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nSince the file is larger than 250MB, you need to make sure that you upload it as a row-oriented file and not a binary file. ", "\nAlso, please check the reply for the following question to see how you currently can find more details on the error: Debugging u-sql Jobs \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Republicans Respond To Donald Trump: Ted Rall Cartoon\n\nRepublicans respond to Donald Trump and his incendiary remarks about Mexican immigrants to the U.S. Ted Rall cartoon.", "\n\naNewDomain — The Republican Party is trying to rein in Donald Trump in light of his remarks that many Mexican immigrants to the United States are rapists and criminals. ", "The republicans don’t want anyone to think the GOP is a racist party. ", "But history — and the fact that Trump is now running second in republican polls — indicate otherwise." ]

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[ "Today President Trump is participating in the formal establishment of US Space Command as a unified combatant command, ie. “", "space force”.", "\n\nThe President is expected to deliver public remarks for the first time since returning from the G-7 Summit in France and since the Justice Department Inspector General released the report on former FBI Director James Comey’s handling of the Russia investigation. ", "Anticipated Start time 4:15pm EST\n\nWH Livestream Link – Fox News Livestream Link – Fox Business Livestream" ]

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[ "The preparation of catalytically active human cathepsin B from its precursor expressed in Escherichia coli in the form of inclusion bodies.", "\nA cDNA clone encoding human procathepsin B was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli using a T7 polymerase expression system, resulting in the formation of insoluble cytoplasmic protein aggregates (inclusion bodies). ", "The recombinant product was solubilized and renatured by refolding and reoxidation. ", "The proenzyme was subsequently processed with pepsin to produce an enzymically active enzyme. ", "By systematic variation of the parameters influencing the folding, formation of disulphide bonds, and processing of procathepsin B to the catalytically active mature form, a simple renaturation procedure was designed, allowing the production of about 3 mg purified active cathepsin B/l E. coli culture broth. ", "The enzyme obtained in this way consists of a single chain and, as a consequence of pepsin treatment, possesses a three-amino-acid extension at its N-terminus. ", "The enzyme has similar kinetic and immunological properties to native human cathepsin B." ]

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[ "Angry Advice Mallard\n\nif you crash your drone\n\nits not because of a faulty product" ]

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[ "While the Hue lights from Philips are capable of producing more than 16 million shades of colored light, flipping between functional white light and playful colored light can be a bit of a pain. ", "And while the native app's scene selections feature can help to partially alleviate this issue, Philips has just unveiled another option: two bulbs, one fixture. ", "Dubbed the Philips Hue Beyond, this dual function light incorporates a pair of bulbs—one as an uplight, the other facing downwards—both of which are controlled independently via the native app. ", "This may initially seem a bit redundant—I mean, why blow your hard-earned cash on an entirely new light fixture when you can just as easily swap between light palettes using the Hue Tap—but that's only if you plan on using a single light source for multiple functions." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nClassNotFoundException: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory when trying to load InitialContext\n\nI'm testing (with JUnit) an rest service and to make shure everything goes as intended i need to use some EJB methods. ", "Say, i have:\n\nthe class under test, wich is of no interest here;\ntesting class\n\npublic class UploadServiceTest {\n private final String RemoteBeanLookupKey = \"/project/dao/TaskManager!ru.project.dao.", "TaskManager\";\n @EJB private TaskManager taskManager;\n\n @Before\n public void startEverythingNeeded() throws Exception {\n InitialContext ctx = null;\n Properties jndiProp = new Properties();\n\n InputStream testConfStream = getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(\"jndi.properties\");\n jndiProp.load(testConfStream);\n\n ctx = new InitialContext(jndiProp);\n\n taskManager = ((TaskManager) ctx.lookup(RemoteBeanLookupKey));\n }\n @Test \n public void blablabla(){\n }\n} \n\njndi.properties\njava.naming.factory.initial=org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory\njava.naming.provider.url=http-remoting://localhost:8080\nremote.connection.default.connect.options.org.xnio.", "Options.", "SASL_POLICY_NOANONYMOUS=false\njboss.naming.client.ejb.context=true\nremote.connection.default.username=admin\nremote.connection.default.password=admin\ngradle dependencies: testCompile group: 'org.wildfly', name: 'wildfly-ejb-client-bom', version: '8.2.0.Final', ext: 'pom', testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.11' and provided project(path: ':dao') (this is the module i want to get EJB from).", "\n\nBut when i try to run test, it fails with javax.naming.", "NoInitialContextException: Cannot instantiate class: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory\n [Root exception is java.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory]\nOther similar questions on here and on the net suggest to add jboss-client to CLASSPATH, but i've looked into README near jboss-client in my distribution and it sayed not to act like this and to make a gradle dependency instead. ", "So I did.", "\nAnother strange thing about this: I got code and properties from tests to another module in same project (written by another coder). ", "I tried to run those tests and they work as intended. ", "I copied everything and even more (gradle depency), but get this exception.", "\nI've tried to simplify the code in order to illustrate, I may have something important missing. ", "If needed, I can copy some more parts of setup and code.", "\n\nA:\n\nI changed the dependency on ejb-client from testCompile group: 'org.wildfly', name: 'wildfly-ejb-client-bom', version: '8.2.0.Final', ext: 'pom' to testCompile 'org.wildfly:wildfly-ejb-client-bom:10.0.0.Final' and it started working. ", "Not sure if it is helpfull.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Regulation by heme of the synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase subunits V and VII in yeast.", "\nThe effects of heme on the synthesis of subunits V and VII of cytochrome c oxidase were examined in the heme-deficient yeast mutant, GL1. ", "In vitro translation and immunodetection with subunit-specific antisera indicated a 50% decrease in both proteins, with RNA obtained from hemeless cells. ", "Unsupplemented, pulse-labeled cells contained both V and VII polypeptides, but at extremely low levels as compared with those found in delta-aminolevulinic acid-supplemented cells. ", "The data suggest that heme controls the formation of mRNAs for the two subunits, and may also have a regulatory role in translation and in the stability of the polypeptides." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nMultiple Find & Replace in TexStudio using Script Macros\n\nI am using TexStudio with MikTex. ", "I am using at least two packages regularly to create certain lists. ", "Let us say, in one package I have to use \\begin{exam} and \\end{exam} to start and end list and \\item to create list items. ", "In another package, \\begin{test} and \\end{test} along with \\choice to do the same. ", "There are some other similar commands which are different. ", "The subject matter (contents of items) in both is exactly the same. ", "\nI am using Find and Replace to convert one to another. ", "It takes time to do it carefully, some replacements need to be done whole word some case sensitive and so on.", "\nQuestion: Is there a way to use Macros with Script in TexStudio to create a Macro which can work for the whole document and do all replacements in one go? ", "\nAttempts: In TexStudio user manual at TexStudio Manual it mentions \n\nI have tried using editor.replace(\"\\item\",\"\\choice\") but didn't work. ", "I don't know if I am following syntax correctly or not, and what to put in Abbreviation and Trigger. ", "\n\nAny help would be gratefully appreciated. ", "\n\nA:\n\nPaste this under \"LaTeX content\":\n%SCRIPT\noptions = \"g\"\nscope = editor.document().cursor(0, 0, -1);\neditor.replace(\"\\\\item\",options,scope,\"\\\\choice\")\n\nNote that the backslash \\ needs to be escaped (i.e., typed twice), if not, the script searches for the word item instead, and not \\item. ", "This then has the undesired effect of changing items in your normal paragraphs to \\choices, and also, \\begin{itemize} to \\begin{choiceize}, for example.", "\nThe g stands for global, omit it if you want the macro to only search and replace one \\item at every call of the macro.", "\nI should note that this is a very crude way of searching and replacing (are you sure you want to change all \\items to \\choice?) ", "More sophisticated replacements are possible (e.g. by limiting the scope with the scope variable: currently it searches the entire document), but then you would have to describe your use case more precisely (and provide an example for me to test with).", "\nAbbreviations and Trigger can be left empty in your case.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\ndocker is using the v1 registry api when it should use v2\n\nI'm trying to use a self hosted docker registry v2. ", " I should be able to push a docker image, which does work locally on the host server (coreos) running the registry v2 container. ", " However, on a separate machine (also coreos, same version) when I try to push to the registry, it's try to push to v1, giving this error:\nError response from daemon: v1 ping attempt failed with error: Get \nhttps://172.22.22.11:5000/v1/_ping: dial tcp 172.22.22.11:5000: i/o timeout. ", "\nIf this private registry supports only HTTP or HTTPS with an unknown CA \ncertificate, please add `--insecure-registry 172.22.22.11:5000` to the \ndaemon's arguments. ", "In the case of HTTPS, if you have access to the registry's \nCA certificate, no need for the flag; simply place the CA certificate at \n/etc/docker/certs.d/172.22.22.11:5000/ca.crt \n\nboth machine's docker executable is v1.6.2. ", " Why is it that one works and is pushing to v2 but the other is v1?", "\nHere's the repo for the registry: https://github.com/docker/distribution\n\nA:\n\nYou need to secure the registry before you can access it remotely, or explicitly allow all your Docker daemons to access insecure registries. ", "\nTo secure the registry the easiest choice is to buy an SSL certificate for your server, but you can also self-sign the certificate and distribute to clients.", "\nTo allow insecure access add the argument --insecure-registry myregistrydomain.com:5000 to all the daemons who need to access the registry. (", "Obviously replace the domain name and port with yours). ", "\nThe full instructions (including an example of your error message) are available at: https://github.com/docker/distribution/blob/master/docs/deploying.md\nRegarding the error message, I guess Docker tries to use v2 first, fails because of the security issue then tries v1 and fails again.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Jeff Wilson (politician)\n\nJeff Wilson (born c. 1978) is a Canadian politician who was an elected member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta formerly representing the electoral district of Calgary-Shaw. ", "He was first elected in the 2012 provincial election as a member of the Wildrose Party, and currently remains a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta.", "\n\nWilson graduated from Harry Collinge high school in Hinton, Alberta. ", "He completed a broadcasting diploma at Mount Royal College in Calgary in 2000. ", "He worked in the communications field as an employee with AVW-TELAV, a North American audiovisual solutions company. ", "Wilson served as president of the Broadcasting Society from 1999 to 2000 while attending Mount Royal college. ", "An active member of his community, he has volunteered at Calgary's Ronald McDonald House and with the Calgary Women's Emergency Shelter. ", "He is a member of the Standing Committee on Legislative Offices and the Standing Committee on Families and Communities. ", "He also serves as a member of the Select Special Conflicts of Interest Act Review Committee.", "\n\nAs a politician, Wilson has been known for his good humour after asking two government ministers \"Why are you so awesome?\" ", "and the deputy premier, \"Why is your hair so awesome?\" ", "during Question Period on the last day of the 2012 fall session. ", "In the 2013 spring sitting, Wilson furthered his reputation for good humour when he gained access to the government whip's notepad and sent notes to Progressive Conservative MLAs while in the Legislative Assembly, some of which advised MLAs to more enthusiastically applaud their government colleagues.", "\n\nWilson was an outspoken critic of changes to the funding model for persons with developmental disabilities in the 2013-2014 provincial budget, and called on the government to reduce administrative costs.", "\n\nOn December 17, 2014, he was one of nine Wildrose MLAs who crossed the floor to join the Progressive Conservative caucus but lost his reelection campaign in 2015 to the NDP's Graham Sucha.", "\n\nElectoral history\n\n2012 general election\n\n2015 general election\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1970s births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Politicians from Calgary\nCategory:Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs\nCategory:Wildrose Party MLAs\nCategory:21st-century Canadian politicians" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The US federal government has just authorized its staff to shoot down any drone they consider a threat.", "\n\nThe provision was added to the routine reauthorization act for the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) – the watchdog that deals with America's skies – and has invited the ire of civil liberties groups who are unhappy at the blanket nature of the shoot-down authorization.", "\n\nUnder the proposed law's \"preventing emerging threats\" section, a new part has been added that allows a wide range of federal departments to \"disable, disrupt, or seize control of\" any drone that is thought to pose a \"credible threat… to the safety or security of a covered facility or asset.\" ", "The key thing here is a wide range of departments – not just the military.", "\n\nThe act [PDF] lists a range of increasingly harsh measures that can be taken against an unauthorized drone, ending with \"use reasonable force, if necessary, to disable, damage, or destroy the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.\"", "\n\nThe provision is, of course, entirely understandable: the explosion in the use and sale of advanced drones does pose a potential threat to government facilities, especially with idiots doing things like mounting guns on them. ", "At a meeting earlier this year, the FAA showed a video of an ISIS drone dropping a grenade to make its point.", "\n\nBut critics point out that the FAA keeps taking an aggressive approach to drones, introducing strict rules – such as a requirement to register them and pay a registration fee – rather than softer rules that it can then tighten up if necessary.", "\n\nYee-haw\n\nThere are basically no safeguards written into the law so pretty much anyone in the Justice Department, or Homeland Security, or Department of Transportation, or a whole slew of government departments can shoot down a drone, claim they felt it posed a risk, and get the full backing of the federal government.", "\n\nWhite House: Is it OK to hijack, shoot down, or snoop on drones? ", "Er ... asking for a friend READ MORE\n\nAn earlier version of the bill included privacy protections, added after various group lobbied their Congressional representatives and privacy watchdog EPIC sued the FAA but they were pulled out in the final bill, and now the FAA is only required to file a report on drone surveillance risks.", "\n\nIn the majority of cases, the law will likely be applied logically – if a drone flies into controlled airspace or into secure facilities or hovers over a congressional press conference. ", "But currently it also gives the authorities carte blanche to take down a drone if they just don't want it there – which could have significant implications for journalism, film-making and activism.", "\n\nThe Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) acknowledge the concern behind the law but argue it is the wrong approach.", "\n\n\"If lawmakers want to give the government the power to hack or destroy private drones, then Congress and the public should have the opportunity to debate how best to provide adequate oversight and limit those powers to protect our right to use drones for journalism, activism, and recreation,\" argued the EFF.", "\n\nIt's not clear what limits and oversight would work best – certainly a requirement to get a warrant is unlikely to work given the fact that drones can appear at any time and unexpectedly – but limiting the grounds for which a drone can be disrupted or destroyed would be one start point, or granting protections to legitimate drone usage.", "\n\nAs it stands, as soon as President Trump signs the bill, your flying machine can be taken down by a huge number of federal government employees and there will be pretty much no recourse. ", "®" ]

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[ "Mandrake is rooted in his deep affinity with nature\n\nNot poppy, nor mandragora : Drawings also become metaphors when an artwork is used to represent something like an idea that is not visible. ", "A potentially toxic blend of influences that can create an opportunity to understand the relationship between mandragora and mandrakes.", "\n\nAs a would-be drawing, I have to make a theory of bad art confront with practice. ", "Art gave humanity the power over symbols.", "\n\nHowever the proposed pictures are downright silly and do little to get at the root cause." ]

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[ "[Therapeutic effectiveness of zuzhongping on patients with arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction].", "\nForty-six patients with acute arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups: control group and treatment group. ", "Each of them included 23 patients respectively. ", "The patients in the control group were given Dextran-40 but the ones in the treatment group were given the mixture of Zuzhongping. ", "The course of treatment was 3 weeks. ", "It was found that there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) in the score percentage, before and after treatment of neurological defects, between the control group and the treatment group, and the former (29.70 +/- 33.52) was much lower than the latter (45.40 +/- 27.60). ", "The total curative rate of the treatment group (87.0%, 20/23) was significantly higher than that of the control group (60.9%, 14/23). ", "There was an obviously prolonged KPTT (kaolin partial thromboplastin time) value and a decreased Fb (fibrinogen) level in the treatment group. ", "Before treatment they were 32.43 +/- 4.03 sec and 6.18 +/- 1.77 g/L respectively, but after treatment, 52.96 +/- 10.50 sec and 4.5 +/- 0.95 g/L respectively. ", "The authors suggest that the significant therapeutic efficacy of Zuzhongping in the patients with acute arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction is related to its action of anticoagulation, modification of PGI2 and TXA2 level in the body, decreased blood Fb level, hyperglycemia, etc." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\n(Title Image: Welsh Government via BBC Wales)\n\nThe Issue\n\nWith the projected costs of the proposed M4 Newport bypass rapidly approaching £1.5billion – and perhaps not stopping there – the issue has once again loomed large over the Welsh Government and Welsh politics with the project’s timescales slipping and a public inquiry yet to conclude.", "\n\nThe likelihood is the road will be given the go-ahead later this year, but Plaid Cymru used their time yesterday afternoon to argue that AMs should give the final approval in a vote.", "\n\nThe Motion\n\nThe Senedd:\n\nBelieves the Welsh Government shouldn’t commit to funding the proposed M4 Newport bypass without a vote in the Assembly after the conclusion of the current public inquiry.", "\n\nKey Points\n\nAdam Price AM (Plaid, Carms. ", "E & Dinefwr)\n\nFor (the motion): It’s standard practice for major projects.", "\n\nThere’s a range of opinion on the issue, but Plaid want to ensure the views of elected members are heard and they have the final say.", "\n\nThree years ago the First Minister said the cost would be under £1billion, now it’s estimated to cost around £1.4billion once VAT is included; Friends of the Earth estimate £1.8billion.", "\n\nYou could complete the South Wales Metro, Swansea Bay Metro and possibly re-open the Carmarthen-Aberystwyth railway with the same money and possibly have change left over.", "\n\nThe government ignore opposition motions so it’s right that if AMs are to have their say it should be in a binding vote. ", "It’s standard practice for major infrastructure projects and can’t be tacked on to a supplementary budget where AMs could be forced to vote against funding a number of things they support.", "\n\nAndrew RT Davies AM (Con, South Wales Central)\n\nFor: AMs need their say on such a massive project.", "\n\nThe Tories agree that the institution should have a vote on the largest infrastructure project it’s ever considered.", "\n\nIf the government are confident in their position, they should be able to carry the house with them.", "\n\nThere needs to be an explanation as to why costs have risen so dramatically; how far will costs have to rise before the Welsh Government considers the project unviable?", "\n\nRhun ap Iorwerth AM (Plaid, Ynys Môn)\n\nFor: What about the rest of Wales?", "\n\nTransport solutions need to be future-proofed (i.e. take into account driverless vehicles).", "\n\nHow can the Senedd or Welsh Government justify spending £1.5billion+ without proving that it’s part of a wider strategy that would spread infrastructure spending around Wales?", "\n\nThe Welsh Government have already undermined the public inquiry by investing £135million at Newport Docks so Associated British Ports would drop their opposition to the bypass.", "\n\nJenny Rathbone AM (Lab, Cardiff Central)\n\nFor (in principle): We need modal shift (and a debate after the inquiry)\n\nThere’s a danger the project will “gobble up” the Welsh Government’s borrowing limit and encourage more road traffic.", "\n\nWill vote against the motion, but hopes there’s a commitment to a “substantive debate” after the public inquiry has finished and an opportunity to look at alternatives.", "\n\nDavid Rowlands AM (UKIP, South Wales East)\n\nFor: Keep the government in check.", "\n\nConcerned that if AMs aren’t allowed to have their say the Welsh Government will plough ahead with the “Black Route” regardless of the inquiry’s findings.", "\n\nSimon Thomas AM (Plaid, Mid & West Wales)\n\nFor: Remember the Future Generations Act.", "\n\nAll AMs need to have a say in any major investment that would potentially bind the hands of a future government in terms of the environment, infrastructure and anti-poverty measures.", "\n\nMick Antoniw AM (Lab, Pontypridd)\n\nFor (in principle): There needs to be a debate, but not now.", "\n\nThere was anger after the Welsh Government opted for the “Black Route” prior to a committee report being published.", "\n\nThe bypass is becoming an “economic juggernaut that’s out of control” and he doesn’t want it to come at the expense of the Metro.", "\n\nWanted assurances there will be a debate in the future.", "\n\nLee Waters AM (Lab, Llanelli)\n\nFor (in principle): I support the force of the motion, but won’t vote with the opposition.", "\n\nWhen Labour fought the 2016 elections their manifesto mentioned a £1billion project; it’s easily going to be closer to £2billion.", "\n\nHe wants to “kill this road”, but he didn’t want to take part in opposition game-playing so wouldn’t back the motion.", "\n\nDecisions on finance – as mentioned in the motion – are decided during the budget and Plaid Cymru have had an opportunity to kill the project but didn’t.", "\n\nAny future vote should be on the principle of a bypass, as he wouldn’t vote against a Labour budget.", "\n\nWelsh Government Response\n\nEconomy & Infrastructure Secretary, Ken Skates (Lab, Clwyd South)\n\nEveryone in the chamber will accept that something needs to be done in Newport despite disagreements on the “what”.", "\n\nEvery AM and person affected by the project has had an opportunity to have their say during the inquiry; the Welsh Government will respect this process and won’t take a decision without considering the findings.", "\n\nA project can’t be considered in isolation, but any budgetary changes that require a vote will get a vote.", "\n\nVote\n\nUpdate (15/02/2018): It seems the Welsh Government will hold a vote on this after all, though whether it’ll be binding and when it will be held is unclear at the moment.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "1.. INTRODUCTION\n================\n\nIn eukaryotes, the genomic DNA is packed with histone proteins to form structures known as nucleosomes, which in turn form higher-order structures of chromatin. ", "The nucleosomes are evolutionarily well conserved among eukaryotic species \\[[@R1]\\]. ", "Each nucleosome consists of two copies of the core histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, assembled into an octamer by protein-protein interactions and a single linker protein, H1. ", "Almost two turns of DNA (approximately 146--147 bp) are wrapped around the histone octamer \\[[@R2]-[@R4]\\]. ", "The H1 histone as a linking structure stabilizes the octameric core \\[[@R3]\\].", "\n\nThe nucleosome is not only a mean of packaging large amounts of DNA into the nucleus. ", "Nucleosome positioning on the chromatin strand plays a critical role in modulation of gene expression because it regulates accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. ", "It can also repress transcription *in vivo*and *in vitro*\\[[@R5]\\]. ", "Nucleosomal DNA represents a mechanical barrier to multiple protein factors (general transcription factors, sequence-specific DNA-binding activators and non-DNA-binding transcription co-activators (or adaptors) that must be bound to DNA for transcriptional activation. ", "Two different mechanisms contribute to the relief of nucleosomal repression: the use of chromatin remodeling factors and the accomplishment of post-translational modifications of chromatin components, in particular histone acetylation. ", "The amino termini of histones extend from the nucleosomal core and are modified by acetyltransferases and deacetylases during the cell cycle. ", "These acetylation patterns may direct histone assembly and help regulate the unfolding and activity of genes. ", "Gene activity is associated with histone acetylation that plays a major role in maintaining chromatin structure and function \\[[@R6]\\]. ", "The highly acetylated histones are preferentially associated with the active genes, whereas the hypoacetylated histones are responsible for the inactive genes \\[[@R7]-[@R9]\\].", "\n\nThe amino-terminal tails of histones extending from the nucleosomal structure have positively charged lysine (lys+) and arginine (arg+) amino acids \\[[@R10]\\], as the high binding affinity between histones and DNA is based on their opposite charge. ", "The histone tails represent approximately 25-30% of the mass of isolated histones \\[[@R11],[@R12]\\], thus ensuring sufficiently large surface for interactions with regulating factors. ", "The acetyl group (CH3COO-) is negatively charged and therefore neutralizes the positive charge of histones. ", "Consequently, it decreases the total positive charge of histones, reducing their affinity for negatively charged DNA, which facilitates the access of transcription factors to genomic sequence. ", "The \"histone code\" hypothesis suggests that the existence of different chemical modifications of N-terminal histone tails provides binding sites for transcription factors that alter chromatin structure actively or promote transcription \\[[@R13],[@R14]\\].", "\n\nWhat are the effects of histone acetylation on chromatin structure? ", "Lusser *et al.* ", "\\[[@R15]\\] suggest three hypotheses concerning the acetylation-dependent modulation of chromatin structure. ", "First, acetylation introduces negative charge in positive histones by acetyl groups (CH3COO-), neutralizing them. ", "This process destabilizes the nucleosomal core, allowing transcriptional regulators to bind the regulatory promoter regions of DNA. ", "Second, acetylation affects the packing of the chromatin and therefore could alter the accessibility of regulatory proteins to DNA regulatory regions. ", "Third, acetylation is a specific signal that influences histone-protein interactions \\[[@R15]\\].", "\n\nThe basic mechanisms of histone acetylation and histone deacetylation are elucidated by detailed studies on the specialized enzymes-histone acetyltransferases (**HATs**) and histone deacetylases (**HDs**) \\[[@R16]-[@R18]\\]. ", "Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) transfer acetyl (CH3COO-) groups to the NH3+ groups of lysine residues, while the opposing reactions of histone deacetylases (HDs) remove the acetyl groups.", "\n\n2.. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs)\n===============================================================\n\nBased on their subcellular distribution, HATs have been divided into two classes: **HAT-A**and **HAT-B** \\[[@R17],[@R18]\\]. ", "Type A HATs are located in cell nucleus and acetylate nucleosomal core histones. ", "They function as transcriptional co-activators and therefore play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. ", "Type A HATs are divided into five families that include the GCN5-related N-terminal acetyltransferases (GNATs), the MYST (MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2 and Tip60)-related HATs, p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) HATs and transcription initiation factor TAFII-250 \\[for TATA-d factor\\].", "\n\nType B HATs are located in the cytoplasm and catalyze acetylation of free histones (not DNA associated), selectively acetylating lysine 5 and lysine 12 of histone H4 \\[[@R19],[@R20]\\]. ", "They are found in maize \\[[@R21]\\] and show high specificity to the acetylation of histone H~4~ \\[[@R22]\\]. ", "They function as a heterodimeric complex \\[[@R21]\\] and are related to the chromatin synthesis and assembly of nascent histones into chromosomes. ", "A sequence analysis prognosticates a type B HAT homolog in *Arabidopsis thaliana*\\[[@R23]\\]. ", "Newly identified genes by Pandey *et al.* ", "\\[[@R23]\\] specify the homology group to which the gene belongs: HAG from GNAT and MYST families, HAC from CBP family, and HAF from TAFII250 family. ", "These members have homologs in many eukaryotes including plants, particularly in *A. thaliana*\\[[@R23]-[@R25]\\].", "\n\nIn higher eukaryotes, the **GNAT**family is divided into three subfamilies: **GCN5**(General Control Nonderepressible protein 5), **ELP3**(Elongator complex Protein 3) and **HAT1**. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, there are homologs corresponding to each of the subfamilies: **AtGCN5/HAG1**, **HAG3**and **HAG2**\\[[@R23]\\] and there are two **MYST**genes, named ***HAG4*** (HAM1) \\[[@R26]\\] and ***HAG5*** (HAM2) \\[[@R26]\\]. ", "The *Arabidopsis*genome contains **five p300/CBP**(p300/CREB-binding protein) genes: ***AtHAC1***(or *PCAT2*), ***AtHAC2***(or *PCAT1*), ***AtHAC4***(or *PCAT3*), ***AtHAC5***(or *PCAT4*) and ***AtHAC12***, and two **TAFII250**genes: ***HAF1***and ***HAF2*** \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nStructural and functional studies on HAT proteins (Gcn5/PCAF, Esa1 and Hat1) have revealed a fundamental mechanism of histone binding and histone acetylation \\[[@R30]\\]. ", "Sequence analysis of these proteins demonstrates that they contain a structurally conserved core domain and are part of different families, showing high sequence similarity within the families \\[[@R31]\\]. ", "The Gcn5/PCAF family contains an N-terminal HAT-domain and a C-terminal bromodomain that is considered to be a targeting motif \\[[@R32]-[@R34]\\]. ", "These proteins function as transcriptional co-activators or adaptors that assist the connection between components of the transcriptional machinery.", "\n\nIdentification of the four components of the Elongator complex, named ELO1, ELO2, ELO3, and DRL1/ELO4 shows the influence of histone acetylation on plant growth and development. ", "The ELO3 is a histone acetyltransferase from the GCN5 class. ", "The Arabidopsis *elo*mutants have decreased leaf and primary root growth due to reduced cell proliferation \\[[@R35]-[@R37]\\].", "\n\nThe CBP/p300 family also includes HAT- and bromodomains, as well as three cystine-histidine-rich domains (cys/his-1, cys/his-2 and cys/his-3) that mediate protein-protein interaction. ", "While CBP/p300 proteins are transcriptional regulators, the TAFII250 proteins are believed to contain TBP (TATA-binding proteins), supporting transcriptional process \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "This family is represented by one HAT-domain, two kinase domains and two bromodomains that have affinity to highly acetylated H~4~ histone \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "In the structure of MYST proteins, besides a HAT-domain, there is a small zinc-domain, located within the HAT-domain and a chromodomain that can bind to RNA \\[(Fig. **[", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) (Fig. **[", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) ,[@R39]\\].", "\n\nThe genes *AtHAC1*, *AtHAC2*, *AtHAC4*, *AtHAC5* and *AtHAC12* have ZZ-type zinc finger domains, TAZ-type zinc finger domains, Cys-rich HAT domain, KIX, and bromodomains \\[[@R40]\\]. ", "The zinc finger domains (ZZ and TAZ) participate in the protein-protein interactions with transcription factors \\[[@R41]\\], whereas Cys-rich HAT domain at the C-terminal determines the HAT activity *in vitro*\\[[@R27]\\]. ", "The HAT-proteins with bromodomains are distinguished with respect to the numbers of bromodomains and their presence \\[[@R23]\\].", "\n\nHistone acetyltransferases play a crucial role in the control of cell fate and influence cell cycle progression, plant responses to environmental conditions, and gene interactions.", "\n\nThe nature of the mutations (T-DNA insertion and point mutation) identified in the *Arabidopsis* HAT gene *AtGCN5/HAG1* suggests that this gene participates in plant development pathways (meristem function, cell differentiation, leaf and floral organogenesis) and the responses to environmental stimuli, like light and cold \\[[@R42]\\]. ", "The *atgcn5* mutants show pleiotropic defects as dwarfism, loss of apical dominance, smaller, upward, curled leaves, serrated leaves, abnormal root, aberrant meristem function, short petals and stamens, floral organ identity and reduced expression of light- and cold-inducible genes \\[[@R43]-[@R46]\\].", "\n\nThe p300/CBP family is involved in early development \\[[@R47]\\], probably due to the participation in apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. ", "Little is known about the effect of AtHAC1 on *Arabidopsis*development. ", "The p300/CBP plays a crucial role in gene expression and activation, in particular as this family can acetylate histones and non-histone proteins \\[[@R25],[@R48]\\]. ", "Furthermore, p300/CBP is not only HAT but also acts as a factor acetyltransferase, affecting multiple cellular processes \\[[@R25]\\]. ", "p300/CBP can interact with DNA-binding transcription factors and can be part of activation complexes \\[[@R49]-[@R51]\\]. ", "Deng *et al.* ", "\\[[@R52]\\] show that the *AtHAC1* gene affects the vegetative and reproductive development of *Arabidopsis*. ", "Mutations in *AtHAC1* lead to a late-flowering phenotype and pleiotropic developmental defects, such as short primary roots and partially reduced fertility. ", "Likewise, mutations in the *Arabidopsis HAF2* gene could affect the photoperiod pathway and leaf greening \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nIn *Arabidopsis*, acetylation of N-terminal lysine residues (K9, K14, K18, K23 and K27) of H3 histone (H3K9, H3K14, H3K18, H3K23 and H3K27) and lysine residues (K5, K8, K12, K16 and K20) of H4 histone (H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, H4K16 and H4K20) has been related to the regulation of plant cell cycle and epigenetic processes \\[[@R53]\\]. ", "Particularly, H3K9 acetylation is highly correlated with actively transcribed genes \\[[@R54]-[@R56]\\]. ", "Numerous reports suggest that histone hyperacetylation is equivalent to actively transcribed genes, whereas hypoacetylated histones correspond to inert state of genes \\[[@R8],[@R25],[@R57]\\]. ", "Using mass spectrometry analysis, Earley *et al.* ", "\\[[@R26]\\] show that mono- (K16Ac), di- (K12Ac; K16Ac), tri- (K8Ac; K12Ac; K16Ac), and tetra- (K5Ac; K8Ac; K12Ac; K16Ac) acetylated isoforms of H~4~ histone are related to H4 hyperacetylation that occurs in the following order K16→K12→ K8→K5.", "\n\nTo avoid confusion and inaccuracy with the characterized members of the families of lysine demethylases, acetyltransferases, and lysine methyltrans- ferases, Allis *et al.* ", "\\[[@R58]\\] proposed a new nomenclature, where HATs (histone acetyltransferases) have been renamed KATs (lysine acetyltransferases). ", "The authors aim to rationalize the nomenclature and facilitate the next generations scientists working in this research field.", "\n\n3.. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDS) FOR MODULATION OF EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES\n================================================================================================================\n\nThe major histone deacetylase groups include RPD3, HDA1, SIR2 (Silent Information Regulator 2), and HD2 families \\[[@R59]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the RPD3 family is represented by AtHD1 (AtHDA19), AtHDA6, AtHDA7, and AtHDA9 \\[[@R60]\\]. ", "Phylogenetic analyses show that the RPD3/HDA1 family is found in all genomes of higher eukaryotes \\[[@R23]\\]. ", "Similarly, homologous proteins have also been found in organisms that lack histones (bacteria and Archaea) \\[[@R61]\\]. ", "The SIR2 family has no structural similarity to histone deacetylases of the other families, but is presented in all kingdoms, including bacteria \\[[@R62]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, two SIR2 homologs, whose functions are not very clear, are identified; this family requires NAD as a co-factor \\[[@R63]\\] because SIR2 proteins are NAD-dependent histone deacetylases. ", "The HD2 family is first discovered in maize \\[[@R64]\\] and considered to play a unique role in plants, as the HD2 class is found only in plants \\[[@R64],[@R65]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*are identified four HD2 homologs: AtHD2A, AtHD2B, AtHD2C and AtHD2D \\[[@R65],[@R66]\\]. ", "The first three are highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM), primary leaves and embryos, whereas the fourth homolog is expressed in flowers, young siliques and stems \\[[@R67]\\].", "\n\nDisruption of AtHD1 by a T-DNA insertion, resulting in a null allele mutant (*athd1-t1*) induces a number of developmental abnormalities, site-specific and reversible acetylation changes in H3 histone lysine 9 (lys9/H3), H4 histone lysine 12 (lys12/H4), and H4 histone tetra- lysines 5, 8, 12 and 16. ", "Microarray analysis of *Arabidopsis*shows that the transcriptome is up or downregulated in *athd1*mutants, manifesting positive and negative control of transcriptional regulation \\[[@R68]\\].", "\n\nThus, histone acetylation and deacetylation play a unique and distinct role in transcriptional regulation tied to the developmental programs, where gene interactions are essential.", "\n\n4.. HATs TARGET GENES WITH A ROLE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT\n======================================================\n\nOne of the fundamental developmental pathways in plants is the floral organogenesis. ", "Flowering is controlled by multiple regulatory mechanisms, including histone modifications. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the flowering time is regulated by several fundamental pathways: the autonomous, vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellins (GA) \\[[@R69],[@R70]\\]. ", "During vernalization, plants acquire competence to flower, whereas the long-day conditions promote flowering.", "\n\nFlowering Locus C (FLC) is a key regulator of flowering time that is involved in all four pathways. ", "When the MADS-box transcription factor (FLC) is highly expressed, flowering is delayed, whereas its low expression induces flowering \\[[@R71]\\]. ", "The combination of phenotypic, genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses indicate that the expression level of FLC is regulated by modifications of histone proteins \\[[@R55],[@R68]\\]. ", "The two members of the autonomous pathway, Flowering Locus D (FLD) and Flowering Locus VE, are involved in the inhibition of the expression levels of FLC by chromatin deacetylation. ", "Other key players that are highly related to FLC are five MADS-box genes: *MAF1*, *MAF2*, *MAF3*, *MAF4*, and *MAF5* \\[[@R72],[@R73]\\]. ", "MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAFs) genes are basic regulators of floral transition in *Arabidopsis*\\[[@R74],[@R75]\\]. ", "A number of genes involved in the autonomous pathway (*FCA*, *FPA*, *FLK*, *LD*, *FY* and *REF6*) have been shown to promote flowering by repressing FLC \\[[@R52]\\]. ", "In addition to the repressed FLC expression, vernalization is another pathway sharing the same function \\[[@R76]\\]. ", "The gene responsible for this inactivation is *Vernalization Insensitive 3* (*VIN3*) gene that participates in histone H3 deacetylation \\[[@R76]\\].", "\n\nConsistent with the studies by Servet *et al.* ", "\\[[@R42]\\], AtGCN5 is related to the regulatory function of key genes, controlling flower meristem activity. ", "Knock-out mutants (*Atgcn5*) mentioned above, show terminal flowers that are characterized by homeotic transformations of petals into stamens, sepals into filamentous structures, formation of ectopic carpels \\[[@R44]\\], over-proliferation of young buds, and development of abnormal structures around the inflorescence meristem \\[[@R77]\\]. ", "Up-regulation of the meristem regulatory genes, *WUSCHEL* (*WUS*), *AGAMOUS*(*AG*), *LEAFY*, and *UFO* (*UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS*), is detected in the *gcn5*mutant phenotype, which suggests that AtGCN5 is involved in the regulation of the floral meristem activity through the WUS/AG pathway \\[[@R44]\\].", "\n\nIn *Arabidopsis*, the plant shoot derives from a small group of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells, which are defined by WUS. ", "The studies by Gallois *et al.* ", "\\[[@R78]\\] show that WUS expression induces shoot stem cell identity, leaf development, floral development and embryogenesis. ", "Developmental functions of AtGCN5 involve direct repression of WUS transcription (by the association of the repressor in the *WUS* promoter region) and the up-regulation of *PLETHORA* (*PLT1* and *PLT*2). ", "The *WUS* gene controls shoot and floral meristem stem cells, whereas *PLT1/PLT2* is required for the root meristem development \\[[@R79]\\].", "\n\nIn plants, the growing tips of the shoot axis and axillary buds represent a population of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells, which form SAM \\[[@R80]\\]. ", "This group of dividing stem cells consists of two zones: the central meristem zone and the peripheral meristem zone. ", "The first zone provides new cells, needed for the peripheral zone, whereas new organs originate from the second zone \\[[@R81]\\]. ", "The *WUS* expression is an important determinant for the cell maintenance in the central zone \\[[@R82]\\]. ", "The expression level of *WUS* is regulated by *CLAVATA3* (*CLV3*), as its antagonistic function controls the size of the stem cell population \\[[@R83],[@R84]\\]. *", "WUS* activates *CLV3* in the shoot apex \\[[@R85]\\].", "\n\nAnother key gene responsible for the regulation of floral development is *LEAFY* (*LFY*) \\[[@R86]\\]. ", "Lohmann *et al.* ", "\\[[@R87]\\] demonstrate that the floral organ identity gene *AGAMOUS* (*AG*) is activated by *WUS* in combination with *LFY*.", "\n\nThe knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) gene family is important for the differentiation of centrally located, slowly dividing stem cells and peripheral founder cells. ", "These genes are expressed in SAM. ", "During leaf initiation, the KNOX genes are downregulated in the peripheral cells. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the expression of KNOX genes is repressed by *ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1* (*AS1*) gene, showing cell differentiation in leaves \\[[@R88],[@R89]\\]. ", "The histone modifications and histone acetylation and deacetylation in particular, regulate the expression level of *AS1* \\[[@R90]\\] and are involved in leaf-axis specification \\[[@R89]\\], the transition between juvenile and mature leaves \\[[@R90]\\], and leaf morphogenesis. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, a bromodomain protein called GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GROUP E6 (GTE6) is similar to AS1 and its positive regulator, because it is associated with the promoter region of *AS1*. ", "Therefore, GTE6 activates AS1 by mediating acetylation of histones \\[[@R90],[@R91]\\].", "\n\nAs it was already mentioned, the Elongater core enzyme, ELO3, is a conserved histone acetyltransferase from the GCN5 class. ", "Nelissen *et al.* ", "\\[[@R92]\\] confirmed acetylation of H3K14 in coding and 3′-untranslated regions of specific genes \\[the auxin repressor *SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2*(*SHY2*), and the auxin influx carrier*LIKE AUXIN RESISTANT 2* (*LAX2*)\\], that are involved in the distribution of auxin, a plant hormone, which plays a crucial role in *Arabidopsis* growth and development.", "\n\n5.. ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs) IN PLANT RESPONSES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULI\n=================================================================================================\n\nA number of biological processes, such as cell differentiation, growth and development, are affected by internal and external signals, like light \\[[@R60]\\], temperature, osmotic and oxidative stresses \\[[@R92]-[@R94]\\]. ", "An important mechanism in mediating the changes of gene expression under these stimuli is chromatin remodeling. ", "Histone acetylation and deacetylation can activate or repress gene expression. ", "Misexpression of HATs and HDs leads to multiple defects in plant growth and development, which confirm their basic role in modifications related to changes in environmental conditions.", "\n\nIn contrast to animals, plants are sessile organisms that must adapt to their changing surroundings. ", "Part of their adaptation responses are mediated by the modulation of histone acetylation. ", "The light as an environmental stimulus regulates histone acetylation and participates in growth and development of plants through their entire life cycle \\[[@R95],[@R96]\\].", "\n\nLight and nitrogen availability are two factors that control the expression of the C4-specific gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-PEPC). ", "The general role of C4-PEPC is the primary fixation of carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. ", "This gene provokes hyperacetylation of the H3 and H4 histones in maize (*Zea mays*), as the availability of illumination is one of the necessary requirements \\[[@R97]\\]. ", "The same authors suggest that the illumination represses histone deacetylation, resulting in the hyperacetylation of histones. ", "Another gene involved in the hyperacetylation process of the H3 and H4 histones, and controlled by illumination is the*pea plastocyanin* (*PetE*) gene \\[[@R98]\\]. ", "Basic components of the light pathway are the phytochromes (phy) and the cryptochromes (CRY) that are related to regulation of plant response to light. ", "These photoreceptors activate the HY5 transcription factor (ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5), resulting in gene expression accordingly \\[[@R99]\\]. *", "HY5* is defined as a light-responsive gene that represents a fundamental target of AtGCN5 \\[[@R100]\\] and an important participant in the regulation of transcription, controlling photomorphogenesis \\[[@R101]\\]. ", "AtGCN5 and HY5 are elements of the same light-regulatory pathway in the sense that they share genomic targets, such as light-responsive genes \\[[@R100]\\]. ", "Molecular and genetic analyses demonstrate that AtGCN5 has an epistatic attitude towards HY5 \\[[@R54]\\]. ", "As a result of light induction, AtGCN5 interacts with TAF1/HAF2, leading to increased levels of acetylation of H3K9Ac, H3K27Ac and H4K12Ac. ", "This shows that AtGCN5 and TAF1 are important factors in light responses as they affect histone acetylation and gene expression \\[[@R29],[@R54]\\]. ", "TAF1/HAF2 participates in the phytochrome pathway and interacts with HY5 activating light-induced gene expression \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nAs mentioned above, AtGCN5 participates in the light-regulatory pathway but is also involved in the cold response pathway \\[[@R102]\\]. ", "Analyses of the processes of cold acclimation and vernalization have shown that AtGCN5 interplays together with C-repeat/DRE binding factors (CBF1) to regulate cold-regulated (*COR*) gene expression \\[[@R43]\\]. ", "Plants must adapt their growth to low temperature (cold acclimation) and prevent early flowering. ", "Different histone modifications contribute to this specific adaptation \\[[@R103]\\]. ", "Histone acetylation acts antagonistically to histone deacetylation and controls the \"on\" or \"off\" switching of the cold-responsive gene expression.", "\n\nExposure to low temperatures affects two genes: *FLC* (*Flowering Locus C*) and *VIN3* (*Vernalization Insensitive 3*) that induce changes in histone modifications. ", "If MADS-box floral repressor (FLC) is exposed to low temperatures, the *FLC* expression level is reduced contributing to the early flowering \\[[@R104]\\]. ", "The cold acclimation provokes *VIN3* gene activity, which causes *FLC* silencing through histone deacetylation \\[[@R105]\\]. ", "A hypothesis exists that the VRN2 dimethylation of the H3K9 and H3K27 histones (H3K9me2 and H3K27me2) is a result of histone deacetylation, which leads to *FLC* repression \\[(Fig. **[", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**),[@R106],[@R107]\\]. ", "The interaction between the key regulator of the vernalization pathway (*FLC*) and the PHD-finger protein encoding gene (*VIN3*) correlates with the period of cold treatment. ", "Therefore, the increasing period of cultivation leads to low *FLC* expression levels and high *VIN3* levels \\[[@R105]\\].", "\n\n6.. ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs) IN CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION\n=======================================================================\n\nDuring the interphase, the chromosomes are despiralized, whereas during mitosis they become highly compacted. ", "The precise delivery of genetic information during cell division depends on the high condensation of chromosomes, occurring during cell cycle transition from interphase to mitosis. ", "The highly dynamic balance of the histone acetylation and deacetylation contributes to the modulation of chromatin conformation and compactization \\[[@R5],[@R108]\\]. ", "Acetylated histones are observed both in the transcriptionally active euchromatin and transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. ", "In gene-rich regions, during early S phase and mid-S phase, an increased histone acetylation is observed, whereas in late S phase, M phase, and G1 phase, the acetylation is reduced to a much lower level \\[[@R109],[@R110]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the late S phase and G2 phase are associated with highly acetylated histones that deacetylate in the heterohromatic regions during the late G2 phase. ", "In *A. thaliana,*Cools *et al.* ", "\\[[@R111]\\] develop a synchronized root tip system under hydroxyurea treatment to study the genes involved in cell cycle progression. ", "The addition of this genotoxic drug has dramatic impact on the transcription of various histone genes. ", "The level of histone transcripts peaks at different times under hydroxyurea treatment. ", "During this synchronization experiment appearance of various histones confirms results of Morales *et al.* ", "\\[[@R112]\\], regarding the incorporation of histone proteins into nucleosomes. ", "First, H3 and H4 associate to form tetramer followed by two H2A-H2B dimers, thus completing the nucleosome assembly. ", "Finally, the H1 linker protects the nucleosome structure. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the acetylation of K5, K8 and K12 of the H4 histone is always immutable during G1, S and G2 phases, as H4K16 leads to a cell-dependent modulation. ", "Interestingly, the histone H3K18 has a similar function as H4K16 in the acetylation process \\[[@R113]\\].", "\n\nIt has been shown that ElO3 is required for shoot meristem cell cycle progression in *A. thaliana* seedlings. ", "The main process during seed germination is DNA replication when new histone molecules are synthesized. ", "The expression level of histone genes is a marker for DNA synthesis. ", "In the *elo3* mutants almost no signal of H~4~ are detected, suggesting that DNA replication is not observed in the mutants background \\[[@R114]\\].", "\n\nIn the centromeric regions of the chromosomes which are gene-poor, the H4K5, H4K8 and H4K12 histones are highly acetylated during the interphase and rapidly deacetylate during mitosis, while the gene-rich regions are represented by highly acetylated levels of H4K8 and H4K16. ", "The selectively acetylated lysine 5 and lysine 12 of the type B HATs H4 histones (H4K5 and H4K12) quickly deacetylate during the telophase and interphase \\[[@R113]-[@R115]\\]. ", "In plants, treatment with the DNA synthesis inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) causes acetylation of lysine 5, lysine 12 and lysine 16 of the H4 histone \\[[@R116]\\]. ", "Germination of wheat seeds in the presence of TSA changes significantly the architecture of the interphase chromosome arms, suggesting that specific chromosome segments are remodeled by this treatment, but there is a tethering of both centromeres and telomeres to the nuclear envelope \\[[@R117]\\]. ", "In lines carrying multiple transgene integrations that are usually colocalized during interphase, the TSA treatment leads to their dispersion and an increase in transgene activity. ", "This suggests that the colocalisation/dispersion of the transgenes may be a function of specific interphase chromosome organization.", "\n\nHistone acetylation and transcriptional activation are associated with changes in chromatin organization and chromatin remodeling, as the active genes in higher eukaryotes are positioned in potentionally mobile regions \\[[@R118]\\]. ", "Also, the active genes that are undermethylated and with an increased acetylation, have a remarkable relation to the regulation of gene expression \\[[@R119]\\].", "\n\nJasencakova *et al.* ", "\\[[@R120]\\] study the extent of H4 histone and H3 histone acetylation within euchromatin and heterochromatin during the cell cycle. ", "They use a new approach, based on specific immunolabeling with antibodies for acetylated isoforms of H4 histone \\[[@R121]\\]. ", "DNA content into G1-, S- and G2-fractions of the histone isoforms manifests chromatin domains of isolated chromosomes. ", "The identification of these specific chromatin domains is achieved through an *in situ* fluorescence hybridization or DAPI (4\\`,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. ", "The results show that the extent of H4 histone acetylation is linked to the replication process rather than to the transcription activity. ", "Experiments conducted with field bean demonstrate high H4 acetylation levels during or shortly after replication \\[[@R120]\\].", "\n\nMaintaining genome integrity is critical for the survival of a species. ", "UV radiation, genotoxic chemicals, ionizing radiation and the products of cell metabolism, such as reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, constantly damage cells and are potential mutagens. ", "The cellular DNA damage response system continuously surveys the genome, ready to propagate a number of signals based on the damage detected and its potential to repair. ", "Many of the proteins involved in macromolecular complexes in the diverse cellular processes are acetylated: DNA replication, DNA damage and repair, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle, splicing, nuclear transport, and cytoskeleton reorganization \\[[@R122]\\].", "\n\n7.. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HAC1 IN THE MODEL PLANTS *MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA, LOTUS JAPONICUS*AND *ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA*\n=====================================================================================================================================\n\nIn the project 'IFCOSMO': Integrated functional and comparative genomics studies on the model legumes *Medicago truncatula* and *Lotus japonicus* (supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science, Bulgaria) are used forward and reverse genetic approaches in order to study the functions of unknown legume genes \\[[@R123],[@R124]\\]. ", "One of the genes of particular interest is *M. truncatula* HAC1 (histone acetyltransferase, MT0G02960, PLAZA 2.5), which is an ortholog of the *Arabidopsis HAC1* (At1g79000, PLAZA 2.5), belonging to p300/CBP (p300/CREB-binding protein). *", "Agrobacterium tumefaciens*-mediated transformation approach was applied to obtain stable HAC1 transformants of the model species *M. truncatula*, *L. japonicus* and *A. thaliana*. ", "Positive plants with *HAC1*overexpression and RNAi knockdown, and plants carrying transcriptional reporter (endogenous promoter of *HAC1* fused to GUS and GFP marker genes) are currently the subject of intensive investigation and phenotyping, focusing on the processes of lateral root formation, nodulation and somatic embryogenesis.", "\n\n*M. truncatula* and *L. japonicus* plants with overexpression of *HAC1* had a better developed root system, in comparison with wild-type plants. ", "The*M. truncatula* root system consisted of roots forming a rosette around base of the stem and many secondary branches that were much longer than the primary roots. ", "The plants were larger and more vigorous with shoots, bearing more side branches than the wild-type plants. ", "In *L. japonicus*overexpressing *HAC1*, the root system consisted of a primary root and secondary branches that were shorter and thicker than these in the wild-type plants. ", "RNAi-mediated knockdown of *HAC1* in *L. japonicus* led to polyploid giant cells, which are associated with enlarged cell volume. ", "Microscopic examination of *A. thaliana* with *HAC1* knockdown showed numerous giant leaf cells. ", "Overexpression of *HAC1-GFP* in *A. thaliana*and *L. japonicus* revealed its distinct localization in the nuclei. ", "Taken together, these data confirmed involvement of the studied *HAC1* gene in the cell cycle progression and development of both model legume plants.", "\n\nThis study was supported by a grant from the National Science Found at the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria, project Do 02-268 (Integrated functional and comparative genomics studies on the model legumes *Medicago truncatula*and *Lotus japonicus*, acronym IFCOSMO).", "\n\nFUTURE PERSPECTIVE\n==================\n\nHistone acetylation/deacetylation is a conserved mechanism for epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure during plant development and stress conditions, modulating the cell cycle and maintaining genome stability. ", "Although histone modifications are thoroughly researched in yeast and mammals, there have been very few studies in plants. ", "Until now, most of the reports are limited to *A. thaliana*and tomato, and reveal histone modifications at sites that are unique to plant species. ", "It has been shown that histone variants and modifications in the legume soybean are different from *A. thaliana.*", "\n\nPlants are ideal model systems to study the effect of diverse exogenous and endogenous cues on acetylation patterns, in order to understand chromatin-mediated control of gene expression, and decipher the biological significance of the changes in histone modifications. ", "These rapid modifications may underlie the higher developmental plasticity of plants, allowing them to respond rapidly to environmental stress. ", "More comprehensive studies on the legume genomes, like *M. truncatula*and *L. japonicus*, will provide further insights into modifications of histone proteins and their functional significance in higher plants. ", "The combined genome-wide analysis of histone acetylation patterns with the phenotypic data from the model legumes will allow identification of candidate genes involved in genetic traits of specific interest. ", "Future efforts will focus on transferring the obtained knowledge for histone acetylation from model species to commercially viable legume crops.", "\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST\n====================\n\nThe author(s) confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nABBREVIATIONS\n=============\n\nHACs\n\n:  =  Histone Acetyltransferases\n\nHATs\n\n:  =  Histone Acetyltransferases\n\nHDs\n\n:  =  Histone Deacetylases\n\nGNATs\n\n:  =  GCN5-related N-terminal Acetyltransferases\n\nCBP\n\n:  =  p300/CREB-Binding Protein\n\nTBP\n\n:  =  TATA-Binding Protein\n\nGCN5\n\n:  =  General Control Nonderepressible protein 5 MAFs 5 MAFs = MADS Affecting Flowering\n\nSAM\n\n:  =  Shoot Apical Meristem\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nMinimal technical requierements\n\nI'm looking for technical requirements asked for running in the same time on a web hosting service (if it's even possible) or a personnal set of computers :\n\na federation server\na custom-clone of StellarTerm client (if licence is ok ?)", "\na custom-clone of Pricey (stellar-price.com)(if licence is ok ?)", "\n\nI have a very little test-project in mind, and as an administrator of a little private web-community (+/- 100 members), i think i can learn a lot about technical aspects of Stellar using my members as volunteer guinea pigs.", "\n\nA:\n\nI cannot speak to the specifics, but I have been able to get all this running on the smallest DigitalOcean droplet. ", "The specs of this server are:\n\nSo I would guess a personal set of computers is also capable.", "\nBest of luck!", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Environment & Fertility\n\nAccording to several recent studies, each of us carries approximately 250 chemical contaminants in our bodies throughout our life cycle. ", "Artificial chemicals can overwhelm our bodies’ detoxification pathways and our bodies’ processing systems and accumulate in our tissues, particularly body fat. ", "The good news is that research in the fields of human genomics, nutrition, and lifestyle choices provides new and intriguing information about how to prevent further exposures and keep the potential toxins from creating havoc on our immune systems and overall health.", "\n\nGlobal Research: Global Concerns\n\nEvery species on earth — including humans — is now exposed to chemicals in the environment that can reduce sperm counts, disrupt female reproductive cycles, cause endometriosis, induce spontaneous abortion, alter sexual behavior, cause birth defects, impair the development and function of the brain, reduce cognitive ability, interfere with the controlled development and growth of body tissues, cause cancer, and compromise immunity.", "\n\nIn the general population it is very hard to determine the effect of the chemicals to which we are exposed because we are exposed to so many during our lifetime.", "\n\nOne example of the correlation between chemicals and cancer has been seen in farmers. ", "Farmers are generally healthier than the average person. ", "They have low rates of heart disease and other ailments. ", "However, for the last thirty years or so, they have experienced high rates of leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cancers of the brain and prostate. ", "Animal and epidemiological studies have linked these types of cancer to pesticides and solvent exposure.", "\n\nThe Precautionary Principle\n\nIn simple terms, the precautionary principle says “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”. ", "It’s common sense.", "\n\nThe precautionary principle guides us to take action now, as individuals and as a society, to prevent harm to human health and the environment before it happens.", "\n\nThere are over 100,000 synthetic chemicals approved for market use today, from preservatives in our lipstick to flame retardants in our sofas, from plasticizers in our water bottles to pesticides on our fruit and vegetables. ", "Less than 10% of these chemicals have been tested for their effects on human health. ", "Cancer, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease, birth defects and developmental disabilities are becoming increasingly common and there is a growing body of evidence linking these serious health problems to the chemicals we’re exposed to in our air, water and food. ", "It’s time to put prevention first.", "\n\nToday, the environmental laws and regulations that guide the decisions we make about public health and the environment focus on managing risks rather than preventing harm.", "\n\nThe Precautionary Principle shifts this kind of decision-making to a more comprehensive approach that looks at alternatives. ", "Taking precautions means acting now to protect our health. ", "It means putting human health and the environment at the center of our local, state, national, and global decisions so that all individuals and communities, especially those who are most affected, can be protected before harm is done.", "\n\nEnvironmental Effects on Fertility\n\nA report of the CDC’s National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG), the fastest-growing segment of U.S. women with impaired fecundity (the capacity to conceive and carry a child to term) is women under 25.", "\n\nAt a time when at least 80 million people worldwide are estimated to be affected by infertility, scientists are starting to look closely at how exposures to environmental substances may affect the ability of a couple to achieve a healthy pregnancy. ", "Studies of wildlife and laboratory animals are helping to pin down how exposure to chemicals such as endocrine disruptors (foreign chemicals that mimic hormones and cause untoward effects) effects reproductive development. ", "Human studies are looking at genetic effects, effects of multi-compound exposures, the potential contribution of agricultural pesticides and persistent organic pollutants to problems such as low sperm counts and altered sex ratios. ", "However, a thorough exploration of environmental effects on fertility will require the expertise of many different disciplines.", "\n\nWorldwide Concerns\n\nGeographic differences may suggest environmental exposures that need investigation, concluded Shanna Swan, Ph.D., in a paper published back in the February 2006 issue of Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. ", "In the first phase of the EPA-funded Study for Future Families, significant reductions were noted in sperm concentration, motility, and total motile sperm in men from Columbia, Missouri, compared with men in New York City, Minneapolis, and Los Angeles. ", "In an in-depth follow-up study comparing variables between the Columbia and Minneapolis men, the researcher discovered that the Missouri group had had higher exposure to agricultural pesticides. ", "Further, men with low sperm counts were more likely to have higher urine metabolite levels of the pesticides alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon.", "\n\nUnderstanding that a person’s reproductive health can be linked to the very earliest of exposures, possibly even paternal or maternal exposures prior to conception, points up the critical need to uncover the health effects of environmental chemicals.", "\n\nFetal Exposures Lead to Adult Disease.", "\nStudies show that hundreds of industrial chemicals circulate in the blood of a baby in the womb, interacting in ways that are not fully understood. ", "Many more pollutants are likely present in the womb, but test methods have yet to be developed that would allow health officials to comprehensively assess prenatal exposure to chemicals, or to ensure that these exposures are safe. ", "From a regulatory perspective, fetal exposure to industrial chemicals is quite literally out of control.", "\n\nSome chemicals are directly toxic to an exposed child — lead and mercury, for example, which harm a developing brain — while other chemicals induce a chain of events that may culminate in a diagnosed health problem later in life.", "\n\nIn a study spearheaded by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) in collaboration with The American Red Cross, researchers at two major laboratories found an average of 200 industrial chemicals and pollutants in umbilical cord blood from 10 babies born in August and September of 2004 in U.S. hospitals. ", "Tests revealed a total of 287 chemicals in the group. ", "The umbilical cord blood of these 10 children, collected by The Red Cross after the cord was cut, harbored pesticides, consumer product ingredients, and wastes from burning coal, gasoline, and garbage. ", "This study and a strong body of supporting science suggest that fetal exposure to industrial chemicals is contributing to adverse health effects in the human population. ", "This is cause for concern.", "\n\nHowever, experience also shows us that it is never too late to take action. ", "Blood levels of PCBs and pesticides like DDT are lower today than 30 years ago when they were banned.", "\n\nPhthalates Increase Endometriosis\n\nPhthalates are compounds that keep plastic soft and are found in many products from cosmetics, nail polish, medical tubing, to paints and varnishes. ", "Exposure may be through the skin, breathing or ingestion.", "\n\nA study published in the BJOG, An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in May, 2006, found significantly higher levels of phthalate esters in women with endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis.", "\n\nThere was additional correlation between those with higher levels of phthalates and the severity of the endometriosis. ", "Endometriosis has been associated with increased rates of infertility for women. ", "Check out an interesting video from March, 2016 about chemicals, endometriosis, fibroids and health care costs below.", "\n\nSupport Articles\n\nAbout Us\n\nThe EarthRose Institute is a non-profit organization founded in response to the growing need to disseminate information, educate and investigate environmental links to women and children’s health and seeks to prevent toxic exposures in the home, workplace, food chain, and community.", "\nRead More" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Single incision laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty (SIL-TEP): experience of 512 procedures.", "\nReports have been issued recently on single incision laparoscopic hernioplasty, but no large-scale study has been conducted as yet. ", "This study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of the single incision laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty (SIL-TEP) on a large number of cases. ", "512 SIL-TEPs in 471 patients were performed from June 2010 to January 2014 at Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea. ", "SIL-TEP was performed using a glove single port device and standard laparoscopic instruments. ", "Short-term outcomes were reviewed. ", "Of the 512 hernias, 329 (64.3 %) were indirect, 144 (28.1 %) were direct, 9 (1.8 %) were femoral, and 30 (5.9 %) were combined. ", "There were 3 (0.6 %) conversions to single or three-port laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty. ", "Mean operative time was 41.6 min for unilateral hernias and 65.3 min for bilateral hernias. ", "Postoperative complications occurred in 45 cases (9.6 %); 21 were wound seromas, 5 were hematomas, and 18 were urinary retentions. ", "All were successfully treated conservatively. ", "Mean hospital stay was 1.8 days. ", "The SIL-TEP is safe and technically feasible. ", "Additional studies on long-term recurrence rates are needed to confirm the safety of SIL-TEP." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ ".223 Remington and 5.56 NATO ammunition are some of the most produced and consumed cartridges in the United States due in large part to the AR-15 category of rifles. ", "Factory .223 and 5.56 ammunition is also relatively inexpensive when compared to other centerfire rifle cartridges, which helps fuel the consumption of these cartridges.", "\n\nCarbine Course by Falcon Operations Group\n\nWithin the various types of .223 and 5.56 ammunition, bullet weights of 55gr and 62gr are the most popular, thanks to the USGI M193 (55gr) and M855 (62gr) 5.56 NATO rounds. ", "While actual USGI M193 and M855 is technically not available to the commercial market, commercial ammunition manufacturers do produce ammunition to similar specifications of M193 and M855 (at least with regards to muzzle velocity and pressure).", "\n\nI personally use Federal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr ammunition, and have used Federal XM193 for many years because Federal XM193 is actual Lake City factory produced. ", "Plus, Federal XM193 uses Lake City brass, which is in my opinion the best brass for reloading for the AR (longevity), second only to Lapua (accuracy).", "\n\nNote: Back before 2013, I used to handload all of my ammunition, whether for matches or just plinking. ", "But when the panic purchasing started at the beginning of 2013, driving up the costs of all firearms related products, powder prices and supply has not gone back to the levels pre-2013. ", "Thus, I currently buy factory ammunition for general shooting, and handload pure accuracy ammo (e.g. 77gr or 80gr .223).", "\n\nI know a lot of AR owners tend to buy non-Federal / Lake City ammunition because the alternatives out there are slightly cheaper per round. ", "For me, the extra cost per round for Federal / Lake City ammo is justified when it comes to having brass that I will reuse (and is desirable to all .223 reloaders).", "\n\nBut, I did have curiosity regarding the performance of other brands of 55gr 5.56 and .223 variants. ", "So I acquired a few boxes of several different 55gr ammunition to do some comparison testing.", "\n\nWhen I chose the ammo to test, it was based on what I thought were the most commonly purchased 55gr M193 clones.", "\n\nThe ammunition in my comparison testing are:\n\nFederal “American Eagle” AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nFederal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIndependence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nPMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWinchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nYou will probably notice the above list includes two .223 Remington ammunition types. ", "I wanted to include these in the comparison because Federal AE223 and Wolf Gold are very popular, less expensive, and readily available ammo options both locally in stores and online.", "\n\nThe comparison testing I conducted should not be construed as a complete comparison or review of the ammunition above. ", "I make no final and definitive claims as to one ammunition being better than the other. ", "There are other factors that play into the performance of ammunition, including the actual firearm used, shooter skill / error, ammunition lot numbers, etc.", "\n\nThis is merely some basic comparison testing I wanted to do to satisfy my own curiosity.", "\n\nAs far as live fire comparison, I wanted to run 10-shot strings of each ammunition version over a chronograph to get muzzle velocity data.", "\n\nAll ammo was shot using my primary AR defensive rifle build, which utilizes a Bravo Company MFG 16″, 1-7″ twist, mid-length, Cold Hammer Forged, Chrome Lined barrel, chambered in 5.56 NATO, with a BCM Compensator MOD 0.", "\n\nThe Shooting Chrony Alpha Master chronograph was placed 15 feet in front of the rifle muzzle and the targets were at ~65 yards. ", "Points of aim were 2″ Shoot-N-C pasters on IPSC targets.", "\n\nGroup sizes were measure using calipers edge to edge, and subtracting .224″ (to get group sizes from center hole to center hole).", "\n\nNote that the group sizes are not going to be indicative of true accuracy because I used an Aimpoint Micro T-1 with 2MOA dot as opposed to using a fine reticle magnified telescope optic. ", "2MOA is approximately ~1.36″ at ~65 yards, so this is good amount of inaccuracy when it comes to shooting groups. ", "But since I shot all of the groups with the same rifle, the results will still be comparative. ", "In cases where fliers were evident, I took a second group size measurement subtracting at most two fliers.", "\n\nI also measured samples of each ammunition, measuring three random cartridges from each box for base to ogive measurement, cartridge overall length, as well as pulling a bullet off one of one cartridge from each ammunition box to inspect the bullet and powder (weighing powder charge and bullet).", "\n\nI measured base to ogive measurement using a Stoney Point (now Hornady) bullet comparator tool. ", "There are several bullet comparator tools out there, but the Hornady bullet comparator tool attaches to the jaw of a caliper for quick and easy measuring off of the ogive.", "\n\nThe importance of the ogive of a bullet is that this is generally where the bullet initially makes contact with the bore as it begins traveling from the chamber. ", "In some schools of thought, it is believed that a bullet is more accurate if it has to ‘jump’ less of a distance before it makes contact with the rifling. ", "So a shorter base to ogive could theoretically be worse. ", "Of course, there is a level of safety here in that you don’t want too long of a base to ogive measurement otherwise the bullet is jammed into the rifling before it is fired, which could result in an adverse pressure spike.", "\n\nI measured the base to ogive length of samples of the ammunition tested simply for data collection. ", "There is no stressed importance of these values, especially since light bullets in a 5.56 NATO or .223 Remington chamber will have a good amount of jump due to the freebore of the chamber.", "\n\nIf you handload your own rifle ammo, I highly recommend the Hornady Bullet Comparator tool (or any other bullet comparator tool). ", "It will be a valuable gauge for when you start delving into techniques for creating more accurate loads (e.g. seating bullets to the lands, chasing the barrel throat) with heavier weight and/or Very Low Drag (VLD) bullets.", "\n\nI also deprimed a few pieces of brass from each ammo type shot to check for the existence of a primer pocket crimp. ", "I did this by using a primer pocket uniforming tool. ", "This tool will not insert into a primer pocket if a crimp exists. ", "If it is able to insert into the pocket, then I assume there is no crimp or a light crimp depending on how it feels.", "\n\nSummary of conditions:\n\n10-shot strings with muzzle velocities and groups recorded on 2016-03-25.", "\n\nAmbient temperature 65F to 68F, increasing throughout the morning.", "\n\n10-12 mph winds, decreasing throughout the morning.", "\n\nShot using 16″ 1-7″ twist barrel\n\nTarget distance of ~65 yards\n\nPoint of aim was 2″ paster with Aimpoint Micro T-1 2MOA dot.", "\n\nFederal “American Eagle” AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nFederal AE223 is a .223 Remington SAAMI specification round with a 55gr bullet. ", "This is a true commercial offering from Federal which should be safe for any and all .223 Remington and 5.56 chambered rifles.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.5gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a minor boat tail, and the lead base protrudes out beyond the copper jacket. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition does not have bullet or primer sealant, and there is no evident annealing of the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Federal Cartridge (FC) and .223 Remington specification.", "\n\nI was surprised to find that the primer pocket is crimped. ", "I deprimed four pieces and the primer pocket uniforming tool would not insert into the pocket.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3020 1.747 (1.158 w/o fliers) 1.837 2.190 55.5 26.1 2930 1.829 2.187 2969 1.825 2.189 3027 2990 2934 3060 2970 3006 2982 Avg = 2988.8 Std Dev = 40.9 Federal American Eagle AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 2988.8 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 40.8 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Federal AE223 was 1.971″. If you remove two fliers (two high left shots in image below), the group size is 1.382″.\n\nFederal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThis is actually the ammo I purchase, ‘stockpile’, and use on a regular basis for practice, defensive drills, etc. ", "Federal XM193 is supposed to be actually production ammo from the Lake City plant. ", "If you believe what has been stated on the Internet, XM193 is from M193 lots that didn’t pass specific tests to achieve MILSPEC. ", "While still safe to use, it could be things like inconsistent primer sealant. ", "Either way, as I mentioned earlier, I favor this ammo because of the Lake City brass that is used to produce it.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.0gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail, and the lead base is flush with the copper jacket. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Lake City 2015 (LC 15) and bears a NATO cross.", "\n\nThe LC 2015 brass did not have an evident primer pocket crimp. ", "I have actually had some interesting experiences with recent batches of Federal / Lake City American Eagle XM193. ", "Some of them had crimped primer pockets, while others did not. ", "But this is one example of how XM193 is not true M193. ", "True M193 will have crimped primer pockets and if you use once-fired brass from a verified military source like I do, you will need a primer pocket crimp removal tool (e.g. Dillon Super Swage 600).", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3033 1.875 (0.750 w/o fliers) 1.876 2.243 55.0 27.7 3086 1.874 2.245 3137 1.871 2.243 3120 3153 3173 3145 3182 3153 3145 Avg = 3132.7 Std Dev = 44.1 Federal American Eagle XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3132.7 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 44.1 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Federal / Lake City XM193 was 1.875″, but removing two fliers (one definitely called) results in a group size of 0.750″\n\nIMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIMI is also known as Israeli Military Industries. ", "IMI has a good reputation of producing quality product, and their ammunition is considered on par with USGI ammunition.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates IMI 2015 (IMI 15).", "\n\nThere is a very light primer pocket crimp on the IMI brass. ", "You might be able to squeeze a primer into the pocket without swaging or reaming, but it might be a good idea to run through all the primer pockets of an entire batch to be sure (and uniform).", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3147 3.462 1.886 2.251 55.4 26.1 3113 1.892 2.250 3176 1.891 2.248 3145 3166 3158 3186 3124 3143 3193 Avg = 3155.1 Std Dev = 25.8 IMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3155.1 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 25.8 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for IMI M193 was 3.462″.\n\nThis was quite disappointing and I shot a second 10-shot string after I finished shooting the other ammunition to see if the initial test group was a fluke. ", "Unfortunately, the group size of the second string was a sloppy 3.271″.\n\nIndependence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nI have read mixed information regarding Independence brand ammunition. ", "Some claim it is actually IMI ammunition under a different name, but none of the Independence ammo I have seen had an IMI headstamp. ", "The box does state that the ammunition is imported from Israel by Federal Cartridge. ", "What this may indicate is that Federal Cartridge operates a factory in Israel and some of that ammunition makes it back stateside under the Independence label.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a minor boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has no bullet sealant, but has evidence of primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Federal Cartridge 2015 (FC 15).", "\n\nThe FC15 brass did not have a primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3153 1.885 (1.130 w/o fliers) 1.895 2.247 55.4 26.6 3229 1.896 2.249 3228 1.887 2.250 3234 3211 3207 3224 3247 3256 3239 Avg = 3222.8 Std Dev = 28.7 Independence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3222.8 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 28.7 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Independence XM193 was 1.885″. If you remove two fliers (one low, one far right), the group size is 1.130″.\n\nPMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nPMC Ammunition is made in South Korea. ", "I used to buy their 55gr ammunition in the late 1990s / early 2000s in my early days of shooting because it was quite inexpensive (always on sale locally). ", "The quality of PMC ammo is relatively decent and I’ve never had issues with PMC ammo in my years of shooting.", "\n\nPMC X-TAC appears to be marketed as a M193 clone via the XP193 designator.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Poong-San – Dongrae 2015 (PSD 15).", "\n\nThe PSD 15 brass had a definite primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 2988 1.278 1.881 2.249 54.6 25.2 2952 1.869 2.249 2978 1.869 2.245 2966 2972 2980 3017 2982 3005 2957 Avg = 2979.7 Std Dev = 20.1 PMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 2979.7 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 20.1 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for PMC XP193 was 1.278″.\n\nWinchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWinchester Q3131 / Q3131A was actually highly sought after ammo in the early 2000s. ", "It had gained a reputation as being very high quality, and what people liked about it was that Q3131/Q3131A was supposedly made to M193 specification, but also ‘cleaner’ in that it was polished before being boxed and shipped out (unlike XM193 which looks quite rough at times).", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 54.6gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a very distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates what is accepted to mean Winchester Military Ammunition 2015 (WMA 15). ", "The headstamp bears the NATO cross.", "\n\nThe WMA 15 brass did not have an evident primer pocket crimp. ", "I was a bit surprised by this because Q3131/Q3131A has historically had a primer pocket crimp. ", "The last time I bought Q3131/Q3131A was in the mid-2000s and those did indeed have a crimped primer pocket.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3101 1.450 1.854 2.203 54.6 26.3 3109 1.830 2.205 3048 1.841 2.199 3080 3072 3045 3079 3039 3044 3078 Avg = 3069.5 Std Dev = 24.7 Winchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3069.5 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 24.7 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Winchester Q3131 was 1.450″.\n\nWolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nWhile not a 5.56 NATO cartridge, the Wolf Gold .223 Remington ammunition is very popular amongst AR shooters. ", "It is brass cased with a full metal jacket and is one of the least expensive factory ammunition offerings without having to go steel cased ammo. ", "The ammunition is made in and imported from Taiwan.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.6gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail, and the exposed base is recessed from the copper jacket. ", "The powder actually appears to be a blend of spherical and extruded granules.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is minor annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Wolf with no year indicator.", "\n\nThe Wolf brass exhibited a primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3057 2.425 (1.505 w/o fliers) 1.874 2.248 55.6 25.6 3080 1.884 2.251 3110 1.890 2.254 3091 3061 3144 3019 3172 3108 3133 Avg = 3097.5 Std Dev = 45.6 Wolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3097.5 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 45.6 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Wolf Gold was 2.425″, but if you take out two fliers the group size is 1.505″.\n\nSummary\n\nSo what did I observe?", "\n\nAmmo Avg MV (fps) Group Size (inches) Bullet Sealant Primer Sealant Annealing Cannelure Primer Crimp Federal AE223 2988.8 1.747 (1.158 w/o fliers) No No No Yes Yes Federal XM193 3132.7 1.875 (0.750 w/o fliers) Yes Yes Yes Yes No* IMI M193 3155.1 3.462 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (light) Independence XM193 3222.8 1.885 (1.130 w/o fliers) No Yes Yes Yes No PMC XJ193 2979.7 1.278 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Winchester Q3131 3069.5 1.450 Yes Yes Yes Yes No** Wolf Gold 3097.5 2.425 (1.505 w/o fliers) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes * I reluctantly say that the Federal XM193 has no primer pocket crimp. ", "I know that this ammo has crimped primer pockets from lot to lot.", "\n\n\n\n** While the Winchester Q3131 I tested did not have a crimped primer pocket, I know it has in years past. ", "I am not sure if things have changed in recent years.", "\n\nAddendum: I neglected to mention when I originally published this article that all of the ammunition in this comparison are copper full metal jacket, and do NOT attract a magnet. ", "For those that frequent ranges that disallow any sort of steel / bi-metal jacketed/core bullets, all of the ammunition in this comparison will be range compliant.", "\n\nWell, as far as average muzzle velocity, I expected the M193 variants to be within the same range, but it appears that the Independence XM193 went on the high end, averaging over 3200 fps, while the PMC XP193 actually averaged less than 3000fps (and was slower than Federal American Eagle .223. ", "Remington). ", "The slow velocity of the PMC XP193 ammo is not indicative of a 5.56 NATO spec round.", "\n\nWinchester Q3131 averaged over 50fps slower than Federal XM193, which was close to IMI M193.", "\n\nI was surprised that Wolf Gold .223 Remington averaged ~3100fps. ", "This is actually faster than you would expect out of .223 Remington SAAMI spec ammo, which Federal AE223 behaved like.", "\n\nThe one glaring observation is the group size of the Israeli Military Industries M193 55gr 5.56 NATO ammunition. ", "The group sizes at ~65 yards was appalling. ", "Considering the standard deviation was quite low compared to all others tested, I would have expected the elevation deviation on paper to be tight. ", "I honestly don’t know what to make of the performance of the IMI M193. ", "Given the gusty winds on the day of testing, a small amount of windage error is expected, but not the levels observed on paper with IMI M193, not to mention the elevation variances.", "\n\nIf you recall at the beginning of this article, I measured base to ogive lengths and discussed how it has some relevance to accuracy. ", "But if you look at the numbers, the base to ogive length for IMI is ~1.87″ which is on part with Federal / Lake City XM193. ", "So I don’t this is a factor in the inaccuracy observed.", "\n\nI pulled the a bullet from a loaded IMI cartridge hoping to get more insight, but the bullet looks fine as far as design. ", "The only other thing to look at is jacket concentricity or consistency, and that is something I am not sure of how to verify or test.", "\n\nAs far as comparing the relative group sizes, my preferred Federal XM193 actually shot the best (corrected) group size of all the ammo shot. ", "I was surprised by the grouping of all of the other ammunition tested (ignoring IMI) as they all shot relatively acceptable groups given the conditions of the test (unmagnified red dot optic).", "\n\nAgain, it is best to look at the shot groups compared to one another in this test, rather than the group size in inches. ", "Effective group sizes would be better if using a magnified optic.", "\n\nI wish to address the issue of crimped primer pockets. ", "Most people have no preference on this, but shooters that reload have vested interest.", "\n\nWhile some reloaders do not like crimped primer pockets because it adds one extra step in initial brass prep, I actually prefer crimped primer pockets for reloading. ", "This makes for a snug primer pocket and if you swage (as opposed to ream) the primer pocket, you maintain all the brass material in the primer pocket and hopefully have longer lasting primer pockets.", "\n\nI was actually quite surprised that the two .223 Remington cartridges in this test, Federal American Eagle .223 Remington and Wolf Gold .223 Remington, both had crimped primer pockets. ", "In my experience, .223 Remington SAAMI ammunition does not have a crimped primer pocket. ", "But I surmise that both Federal and Wolf expect these specific cartridges are going to be used primarily in AR-15 platforms, hence the crimp.", "\n\nWhile I did not see a primer pocket crimp in the pieces of Federal XM193 I deprimed, I want to recommend that anyone buying Federal XM193 with the intent of reloading the brass, run under the assumption that the primer pockets will be crimped. ", "The lot to lot variance of Federal American Eagle XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO is too inconsistent between crimp and no-crimp that you have to err on the side of caution and assume they will be crimped.", "\n\nAlso, I cannot definitively say that Winchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO ammo will not have a crimped primer pocket, because I know it used to (mid-2000s), but this 2015 run did not.", "\n\nSo what would I recommend? ", "I always recommend Federal / Lake City XM193 5.56 NATO simply because it has always performed for me, plus I am a fan of Lake City brass for reloading. ", "I will get around 8 to 9 reloads before head separations become an issue, but the rims seem to last forever with Lake City brass.", "\n\nBut based on the limited testing I did, I don’t really have a problem with the other ammunition brands/models (EXCEPT IMI M193). ", "Although, more extensive testing such as extended range sessions using exclusively one specific ammunition type would be a more effective test, especially when trying to gauge how ‘dirty’ specific ammunition runs, and rate of malfunction. ", "Not to mention shooting each ammo type using a magnified optic, and in other length barrels (18″, 20″, and different twists).", "\n\nI will admit that before I started, I had the most interest in Wolf Gold 55gr .223 Remington. ", "This ammunition can often be found at a lower cost per round than other brass cased 55gr ammo, so it is an attractive choice for the budget minded shooter. ", "It looks like it has qualities that make it a suitable factory round to use in the AR platform (bullet and primer sealant, primer pocket crimp) and it actually has 5.56 NATO equivalent muzzle velocities. ", "The blended extruded and spherical powder is interesting, and I wonder if that is intended to accomplish a specific burn rate / pressure curve.", "\n\nAgain, this post is not meant to be a review, but merely an experiment or observation while comparing 5.56 NATO and .223 Remington ammunition types that are commonly available to consumers, and are often acquired by AR platform shooters.", "\n\nI am most likely going to acquire some other lot productions of IMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO to see if what I experienced in my testing was a fluke.", "\n\nFor more entertainment, watch my Range Vlog episode #004 for footage of the range session when I conducted the live fire testing.", "\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]

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[ "A.E.Messolonghi F.C.\n\nA.E. Messolonghi F.C. is a Greek football club, based in Messolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania.", "\n\nThe club was founded in 1931. ", "They will play in Football League 2 for the season 2013-14.", "\n\nHonours\n\nDomestic\n Delta Ethniki Champions: 2\n 1993–94, 2012–13\n Aitolia-Acarnania Champions: 12\n 1968-69, 1969-70, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1973-74, 1976-77, 1984-85, 1987-88, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2008-09, 2018-19\n Aitolia-Acarnania Cup Winners: 5\n 1978-79, 1987-88, 1996-97, 2007-08, 2011-12\n\nCategory:Football clubs in Western Greece\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1931\nCategory:1931 establishments in Greece" ]

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[ "A multilamp photoflash array of the all-glass lamp type and having the same general configuration used herein is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,133,023, said patent being assigned to the assignee of the present invention. ", "Said flash lamp array also includes a reflector and barrier member of a one-piece construction, preferably of molded white plastic interspersed with titanium dioxide, shaped to provide the reflector cavities for the plurality of flash lamps positioned therein. ", "The barrier portions of said one-piece member prevents sympathetic flashing by which a lamp adjacent to a flashing lamp could be caused to flash due to heat and/or light radiating from the flash lamp. ", "Said one-piece member further includes aperture openings which permit radiant energy passing from the flashing lamps to switch devices below which form part of the circuitry for sequential firing of the flash lamps connected in the circuitry. ", "A serious problem which has been encountered in the operation of this type flash lamp array now occurs when the underlying switch devices undergo overly vigorous conversion from a high electrical resistant state (\"off\" condition) to a low electrical resistance state (\"on\" condition) which frequently causes the converted switches to blow off the circuit board member. ", "Removal of switch devices in this manner produces an open circuit condition in the electrical circuitry thereby interrupting the electrical circuit path and preventing further unflashed lamps in the circuitry to be flashed. ", "The problem has also become more severe with employment of higher intensity flash lamps than have previously been employed.", "\nIt would be desirable, therefore, to provide a more reliable switch operation in this type flash lamp array without further necessitating a significant departure in the present construction of said array." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck if newer Version of AppxPackage is installed\n\nI wanted to know if can check if a newer Version of a Package is installed in Powershell.", "\nI wanted to install the Package \"Microsoft.VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\" via powershell.", "\nI do that by the command: Add-AppxPackage .\\Microsoft.", "VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\nbut then I get the error: HRESULT: 0x80073D06, The Package could not be installed because a higher version f this package is already installed.", "\nI checked with \nGet-AppxPackage * Microsoft.vclibs.14*\nand yeah there is a higher Version.", "\nSo is there a way to access the version and compare them? ", "and than decide to install the Package or not?", "\nlike a script where I get the installed packages via \"Get-AppxPackage * Microsoft.vclibs.14*\" und foreach the result and access the version? ", "\n\nA:\n\n$FilePath = \".\\Microsoft.", "VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\"\n$FileVersion = (Get-ItemProperty -Path $FilePath).VersionInfo.", "ProductVersion\n$HighestInstalledVersion = Get-AppxPackage -Name Microsoft.", "VCLibs* |\n Sort-Object -Property Version |\n Select-Object -ExpandProperty Version -Last 1\n\nif ( $HighestInstalledVersion -lt $FileVersion ) {\n Add-AppxPackage $FilePath\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Hillards\n\nHillards plc was a small supermarket chain from the North of England, bought out in a hostile takeover by Tesco in May 1987.", "\n\nHistory\nThe company was founded by John Wesley Hillard in 1885, in the West Yorkshire town of Cleckheaton. ", "The first shop was opened in Lion Chambers there, and shortly after 1900, there were twenty shops operating as Lion Stores. ", "By 1951, there were over seventy stores, and by 1968, it had warehouse size stores in Wakefield, Lincoln and York. ", "\n\nIn 1970, the trade name Lion Stores was dropped in favour of Hillards and in 1972, the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange. ", "Peter Hartley, a grandson of the founder, became executive chairman in 1983 and in May 1987, following a hostile bid, the business was acquired by Tesco for £220m.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n List of Hillards Stores\n\nCategory:Companies established in 1885\nCategory:Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange\nCategory:Companies based in Kirklees" ]

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[ "tirsdag den 13. ", "marts 2012\n\nA Lizard with a Salamander belly - Artsy Wednesday/Tuesday\n\nIt’s\nonce again Artsy Wednesday in Australia, even if it IS Tuesday in Denmark, those Aussies are so way ahead of themselves ;)The\nchallenge is Animal print, so since I already have done most of the traditional\nanimal prints, some of them even in more variations, click HERE, I wanted to do\nsomething, I never did before.", "\n\nWhen I\nrecently got one of my lemmings, Glitter Gal Lizard Belly, it made me think of\nthe beautiful bellies of a close relative, the salamander. ", "Each\nfall/start winter they leave their water habitat to find somewhere to\nhibernate, and they often end in one of our doors, so I have to be careful when\nopening/ closing that door, and if there is a salamander I take it in my hand\nand carry it to a better place to hide. ", "Their bellies are orange and more or\nless spotted, they are really beautiful and striking in color. ", "Some barely have\nany spots, some have a lot, and some only have spots coming in from the side,\nso they are really quite unique :)\n\nSo the\nbase color is Glitter Gal Lizard Belly and with my striper brush I painted the\nmiddle part of each nail orange, using acrylic color, and when dry I added a\nlayer of Essie As Gold As It Gets over the orange for a little glam. ", "When that\nwas dry I added the spots of Lizard Belly with a dotting tool and, and finally\nI top coated.", "\n\nI don’t\nthink any other nail blogger has been crazy enough to put salamander bellies on\ntheir nails. ", "So feel free to use it, and if you show me and link to me I would\nbe happy :) This pattern can be done with whatever colors you like.", "See the links to the other blogs below...\n\n25 kommentarer:\n\nAhhh! ", "I love this! ", "Lizard Belly has been a lemming of mine for ages :) I used to have a fire bellied newt that looked just like this. ", "He was so beautiful, but he kept escaping and one day I found he'd escaped and had dried up. :( ", "Your nails make me happy thinking about him! ", ":D" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to get count of \"collection set\" from list having specific property\n\nI want to get a count value of set from list having specific property\nThanks in advance\nclass User(val age = 0, val group = \"school\")\n\nfun main(\n val list = listof(User(1, \"school\"), User(2, \"school\"), User(3, \"company\"))\n\n fun getCount() {\n //how to get 2 (the count of set such as (\"school\", \"company\").size)\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nIf I understand your question correct, you want to know how many groups you have (in your example 2: \"school\" and \"company\"\nYou could make a Grouping, eg:\ndata class User(val age: Int = 0, val group: String = \"school\")\n\nfun main() {\n val list = listOf(User(1, \"school\"), User(2, \"school\"), User(3, \"company\"), User(16, \"banana\"))\n println(getCount(list))\n println(getCountOf(list,\"banana\"))\n}\n\n// returns the number of groups\nfun getCount(list: List<User>): Int {\n val grouping = list.groupingBy { it.group }.eachCount()\n return grouping.keys.size\n}\n\n//returns the size of a given group (0 if group not found)\nfun getCountOf(list: List<User>, group: String): Int {\n val grouping = list.groupingBy { it.group }.eachCount()\n return grouping[group] ?: ", "0\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Cocaine use may not make you a better dad, but it may make your son a bit more resistant to addiction, says a new study conducted on rats.", "\n\nCompared with the pups of rats who got no cocaine, the male offspring of rats that were allowed to self-administer cocaine for two months behaved very differently under the influence of the drug. ", "When they got repeated doses of cocaine, rats sired by undrugged fathers responded with an escalating frenzy of movement - in rats, a sign of incipient addiction. ", "The male offspring of fathers who went on a two-month cocaine bender did not show the same increase in motor activity - an indication they were more resistant to the drug’s rewarding effects.", "\n\nThe young rats’ brains told a similar story. ", "In pups born to fathers who were cocaine virgins, the nucleus accumbens - a region that is key to reward-seeking and addictive behaviors - responded quite differently, depending on whether a pup’s father was a cocaine user. ", "A father’s cocaine-taking history determined whether specialized neuroreceptors in the nucleus accumbens passed on an electrical current or did not, making addiction either more or less likely.", "\n\nThe research, presented in San Diego on Monday at the Society for Neuroscience’s annual meeting, may seem like an invitation to would-be fathers to self-medicate at will, secure in the belief their behavior will not harm their eventual offspring. ", "But the study’s findings more likely support a very different conclusion: that even when self-destructive behavior doesn’t actually alter genetic material, one generation’s choices can profoundly - and unpredictably - influence the cerebral (and other) function of subsequent generations.", "\n\n\nThey do so, the researchers showed, not by the dramatic act of altering genes, but by altering the cascade of chemical signals that turn genes on and off - a process called epigenetics. ", "And because different genes have diverse ways of influencing the production of proteins, and behave differently depending on where in the body they are operating, changing the “on-off” switches on them can have a panoply of unanticipated results.", "\n\nIt’s part of a growing science of how nurture - the circumstances in which we live and the behavior we engage in - can actually reprogram nature - the genetic blueprints that once seemed cast in stone.", "\n\nIn this case, the male babies of cocaine-addled fathers may be more impervious to cocaine addiction. ", "But sometimes, when motivation or reward-seeking drives are dialed down, the result is a propensity to depression. ", "And since the rats’ robust response to an addictive drug is a good measure of the brain’s plasticity, or ability to learn and adapt, a tepid reaction may signal other cognitive troubles ahead.", "\n\nSometimes, epigenetic processes are even subtler, not so much turning genes on and off but allowing some genes to be expressed more or less often. ", "A study of long-term heroin users’ post-mortem brains, presented at the Society for Neuroscience meeting Sunday, showed that opiate addiction had altered the way the DNA programmed the production of proteins in the brain’s striatum - again, a part of the organ’s addiction circuitry.", "\n\n\nOther research presented at the Society for Neuroscience - including a talk by Nobel laureate and memory pioneer Eric Kandel - demonstrated that epigenetic processes are central to the production and storage of long-term memories. ", "That research may help explain how a previous generation’s behavior or environmental exposures might increase the rate of developmental and cognitive disorders - including autism and intellectual disabilities - in the next generation.", "\n\n“DNA may shape who we are, but we also shape our own DNA,” said Schahram Akbarian of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York in introducing the studies presented to neuroscientists gathered in San Diego. “", "These findings show how experience or drug exposure change the way that genes are expressed, and could be incredibly important in developing treatments for addiction and for understanding processed like memory.”" ]

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