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tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-3850000-3900000

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[ "Leighton Meester\n\nBorn Leighton Marissa Claire Meester on April 9, 1986, she spent her earliest years on Marco Island, FL, and at age 11 moved with her mother to New York City. ", "In just three years in the Big Apple, she signed on with Wilhelmina Models, was shot by famed photographer Bruce Webber for a Ralph Lauren ad campaign, and, at just age 13, earned a guest role on NBC's hit New York-set crime drama \"Law & Order\" (1990- ). ", "With her career burgeoning, the family moved to Beverly Hills, CA, where Meester attended Beverly High School as so many stars-in-training had before her. ", "In October 2002, the Meesters found themselves unexpectedly mired in scandal when Leighton's brother Douglas was accused of raping ... Continue Bio >>" ]

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[ "Get breaking news alerts and special reports. ", "The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.", "\n\nSan Francisco police on Thursday arrested a man who they said recorded last week's attack on an older Asian man and posted it to social media.", "\n\nDwayne Grayson, 20, was arrested Thursday morning outside his home on charges of robbery, elder abuse, a probation violation for a prior robbery conviction and a hate crime enhancement in Saturday's attack on a 68-year-old man who was collecting recyclables, police said. ", "SFPD\n\nDwayne Grayson, 20, is facing charges including robbery and elder abuse as well as a hate crime enhancement in Saturday’s attack on a 68-year-old man collecting recyclables, police said. ", "He's also accused of probation violation for a prior robbery conviction.", "\n\nThe police department said in a statement that Grayson recorded and posted video of the attack that went viral and has been viewed millions of times.", "\n\nGrayson was being held without bail Thursday night. ", "It was not immediately clear Thursday night if he had an attorney.", "\n\nThe Morning Rundown Get a head start on the morning's top stories. ", "This site is protected by recaptcha\n\nPolice are searching for another suspect, and the chief said a second arrest is expected soon.", "\n\nThe video shows a man wearing a dark jacket, black pants and black sneakers threatening and brandishing an object at an Asian man. ", "Bystanders watched the attack and hurled racially charged taunts at the man as well.", "\n\n\"I hate Asians, n—,\" one person can be heard yelling in the video.", "\n\nThe victim can be seen crying as onlookers imitate him and laugh and hold phones up to his face as he is visibly distressed.", "\n\nThe victim was struck on the back of the head and complained of pain but had no visible injury, police said.", "\n\nCommunity groups called for action after the attack. ", "San Francisco has a large Asian-American population, making up around 34 percent of the city’s population, according to 2017 census estimates.", "\n\nPolice said in Thursday's statement that officers had been working tirelessly to identify those responsible.", "\n\n\"We don't tolerate this type of behavior in our city,\" Police Chief William Scott said Thursday.", "\n\nMayor London Breed said at a community gathering Thursday that the video sparked widespread outrage, and not just in the Asian community. ", "She said many black residents also said called for action, according to video from NBC Bay Area.", "\n\n\"I would never want anyone to treat my grandmother the way that I saw an elderly person treated here,\" Breed said in the Bayview District. \"", "We are better than that.\"", "\n\nSan Francisco’s Bayview community is in the eastern section of the city, southeast of the Mission District." ]

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[ "Welcome to our community\n\nBe apart of something great, join today!", "\n\nCheesemonger\n\nAustralia is now the first Western nation to ban security, following a decision by its parliament to pass a bill forcing companies to hand over encrypted data to police upon demand. ", "The government will be allowed to demand this without judicial review or oversight of any kind, beyond the requirement to get a warrant in the first place. ", "Furthermore, the law requires corporations to build tools to give them the ability to intercept data sought by police when such tools do not already exist." ]

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[ "Glaucoma is a progressive disease of the optic nerve that left untreated can lead to irreversible loss of vision. ", "Glaucoma results in apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), including their axon and cell body. ", "The loss of the RGC axonal bundle within the optic nerve head (ONH) leads to characteristic cupping and corresponding visual field (VF) loss. ", "It is important to detect the disease early, as well as to monitor changes in glaucomatous damage. ", "The clinical standard for detection of disease and its progression has been the automated perimetry and clinical assessment of the optic nerve cup. ", "However, once moderate visual field loss occurs (in the range of −15 dB mean deviation (MD) loss or more), retest variability rises substantially and limits a reliable determination of visual field change. ", "The population 95% confidence limits extend to nearly the entire operating range of the Humphrey Field Analyzer perimetric device.", "\nMuch effort has been devoted to studying the structural-functional (S-F) correlation in glaucoma with the hope that a good S-F correlation can help diagnose and monitor disease progression by providing complementary information. ", "For example, a good S-F correlation would allow the objective structural assessment by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to predict the level of subjective functional damage in glaucoma. ", "However, increased dynamic range and tighter S-F correlation is desired.", "\nIncreased dynamic range and tighter (less variable) S-F correlation can lead to the following clinical benefits: 1) Improved ability to stage the disease over the entire spectrum, not only by function, but also by structure; 2) Improved ability to confirm functional changes with corresponding structural changes, leading to improved ability to detect change; 3) Increased ease and patient tolerance of frequent testing for glaucoma progression to detect those who are progressing faster. ", "If within individual variability (WIV) of OCT is reduced, improved clinical care can be achieved with frequent structural testing, which would be much easier for the average glaucoma patient, rather than frequent functional testing; and 4) Objective assessment of glaucoma damage becoming feasible for those patients who cannot perform VF tests (very young children, elderly with mental or physical limitations, etc.)." ]

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[ "Quote:\n\nUncle Fishbits Originally Posted by\n\nYeaaaaahhhh.... But,\n\n\n\nGot my first ticket today.", "\n\n\n\nDel Norte county, CA. ", "CHP coming at me on other side of freeway clocked me at 105. ", "He wrote 75 in 65, because he said he loves cars and going fast, and that is why he got the job. ", "He loved the car, lectured me that it isn't about my car or my skills, but the skills of other drivers. ", "I mean.... He must have torn off the freeway and approached 140 to catch up to me. ", "Lol. ", "I was opened up on an empty road with one semi half mile back.", "\n\n\n\nI almost thought to duck off an exit, when I knew he was coming. ", "Glad I didn't play that game. ", "This is non point traffic school for me. ", "In the noted he did write 100mph, but that isn't what the speed box says. ", "75mph!!! ", "🤣🤣🤣😃😄😅\n\n\n\nLucky. ", "I will call it another life off the cat.", "\n\n\n\nI knew he was coming and slowed down for him. ", "He was so amped and adrenalin fuelled, he was happy. ", "If I had been some jerk, he would have arrested me for wreckless driving. ", "But he wasnt mad, seemed out of breath but happy. ", "Amazing." ]

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[ "LIAR OF GOLGOTHA\n\nThe Long Forgotten Wastelands Lyrics\n\nThe closer I came the sweeter the smell. ", "I could feel powers of the\nAncient domain. ", "I travelled for years in search of this place: a place\nbeyond dreams, a place with no name.", "\nLost between pages of an old manuscript, scattered through ages as\nunholy relics. ", "Their powers were sleeping in hands of the fools, waiting\nto be woken by those who knew. ", "Unsure what to find in these unholy\ngrounds, the gateway to past opened to now.", "\nI will be Queen, for I opened the door. ", "I will be Legend after the\nAncient Ones return. ", "I have taken them out of their shells into my\ndeserts of the long forgotten wastelands." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to identify ionic compounds\n\nI have a Chemistry lab in which I must design and carry out an experiment to determine the compound in each of eight numbered vials. ", "Each vial contains one of these ionic compounds:\n\nBaCl2\nCaCO3\nCa(OH)2\nKI\nNaCl\nNaHCO3\nNa2SO4\nPb(NO3)2\n\nMaterials:\n\nDistilled water\nSeveral microwell reaction plates\nTooth picks (to stir)\n8x 1mL Beral style pipets\nThe contents of the lab drawer (beakers, test tubes, etc.)", "\n\nIn addition to the materials above, one of the following four additional reagents may be used:\n\n6M H2SO4\n6M HCl\n6M NaOH\nphenolphthalein indicator solution\n\nI know how to identify a couple of them. ", "For instance, CaCO3 can be identified by its insolubility in water, but as for the rest, I'm not completely sure. ", "I know some can be identified by how and if they react with other compounds, but I don't know exactly how to go about that. ", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst, you can use phenolphthalein indicator solution, $\\ce{Ca(OH)2}$ and $\\ce{NaHCO3}$ will turn red. ", "Then use 6M $\\ce{HCl}$ and the $\\ce{NaHCO3}$ bubbles. ", "\n$\\ce{NaOH}$ to identify $\\ce{Pb(NO3)2}$: it generates precipitations. ", "Use $\\ce{Pb(NO3)2}$ to identify $\\ce{KI}$: generate golden precipitations. ", "\n$\\ce{H2SO4}$ with $\\ce{BaCl2}$ gives white precipitations, $\\ce{Na2SO4}$ with $\\ce{BaCl2}$ likewise. ", "So the rest is $\\ce{NaCl}$. \n\n" ]

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[ "2-phosphonomethyl-pentanedioic acid (glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitor) increases threshold for electroconvulsions and enhances the antiseizure action of valproate against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice.", "\nThis study examined the effect of 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent and selective inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II), an enzyme releasing glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate from synaptical terminals, on the electroconvulsive threshold in mice. ", "Moreover, the influence of 2-PMPA on the anticonvulsant activities of four conventional antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate) was evaluated in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test in mice. ", "Results indicated that 2-PMPA (at a dose range of 50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) ", "raised the electroconvulsive threshold in mice dose-dependently. ", "Linear regression analysis of dose-response relationship between the doses of 2-PMPA and their corresponding threshold values allowed the calculation of threshold increasing dose by 20% (TID20), which was 109.2 mg/kg. ", "Moreover, 2-PMPA administered i.p. ", "at a constant dose of 150 mg/kg (the dose increasing the threshold for electroconvulsions) enhanced significantly the anticonvulsant action of valproate, by reducing its median effective dose (ED50) from 281.4 to 230.1 mg/kg (P<0.05). ", "In contrast, 2-PMPA at the lower dose of 100 mg/kg (i.p.) ", "had no impact on the antiseizure activity of valproate in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure test. ", "Likewise, 2-PMPA at 100 and 150 mg/kg did not affect the antiseizure action of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ", "Additionally, none of the combinations investigated between 2-PMPA (150 mg/kg, i.p.) ", "and carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate (at their ED50 values) produced motor coordination impairment in the chimney test. ", "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of interaction between 2-PMPA and valproate revealed that 2-PMPA at 150 mg/kg selectively increased total brain concentrations of valproate, remaining simultaneously without any effect on free plasma concentrations of valproate, indicating a pharmacokinetic nature of observed interaction in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ", "Based on our preclinical data, it may be concluded that 2-PMPA possesses a seizure modulating property by increasing the electroconvulsive threshold. ", "The reduction of glutamate neurotransmission in the brain, as a consequence of inhibition of GCP II activity by 2-PMPA, was however insufficient to enhance the anticonvulsant activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs, except for valproate, whose antiseizure action against maximal electroconvulsions was potentiated by 2-PMPA. ", "Unfortunately, the favourable interaction between 2-PMPA and valproate was associated with a pharmacokinetic increase in total brain valproate concentrations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This study focuses on three categories of materials, namely, semi-conductors, heat transfer fluids, and stainless steel that are used in solar renewable energy projects. ", "The aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of technological developments within these three categories of materials and opportunities for their use in South Africa. ", "An overview of South Africa's renewable energy targets, projects, and challenges in these fields are also provided." ]

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[ "But as a designer, he understood technology, and that was his way in: he got himself a drum machine. ", "He thought, “At least I can just approach this from a technical perspective, and just learn this machine. ", "And there isn’t some attached meaning to it, like, oh, you have to think you’re an artist.”", "\n\nBetween clips of isolated synthesizer parts from the song “Awake,” Scott explained that his approach to music and his approach to design are congruous. “", "There’s a precision and a textural element to it that are common to each. ", "My design always has a very analog, noisy, textured yellowed, aged layer to it, even though the things below it are very digital, very modern, and clean.” ", "And with music, “even though it might be a modern synthesizer, I’ll spend a lot more time working on the filtering and the processing of it to make it feel like this memory, through a yellowed lens.”", "\n\nHear Scott’s full story of the process behind Awake below:\n\nYou can subscribe to Song Exploder and listen to past episodes with guests like The Postal Service, Spoon, and more via: iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, RSS, or at maximumfun.org." ]

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[ "「Apple Music」を使っていたら自分で作曲したオリジナル曲を含む122GB分の楽曲がHDDから削除され、米Appleのサポートに相談したところ、サービスを使わないのが最善の方法だと言われた──。米アトランタ在住のジェームズ・ピンクストーン氏（リンク先は同氏のLinkedIn）が5月4日（現地時間）、このようなブログを投稿した。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏によると、Apple Musicにサインアップした際、iTunesが同氏のノートPCに保存してある大量のMP3やWAVフォーマットの楽曲コレクションをチェックしてクラウド上の（Appleが）マッチすると判断した楽曲と照合し、ノートPC上のオリジナルを削除したという。同氏が作曲したオリジナル曲もiCloudにコピーされた後、ノートPCから削除されたという。", "\n\nさらに、Appleがマッチするとして置き換えた多数の楽曲は実際には同じものではなく、例えば希少なライブ音源がスタジオ録音の楽曲になってしまったり、オリジナル曲がカバー曲に変わってしまったりしたという。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏はこの“事故”の1週間前に楽曲のバックアップをとっていたため、永久に失われることはなかったが、「私の言うことを理解する担当者にいきつくまでに3人にたらいまわしにされ、理解した担当者のアドバイスが“製品を使うな”だった」と憤慨している。", "\n\nこうした苦情は以前からあり、原因は「Apple Music ライブラリ」の分かりにくさにあるようだ。", "\n\nピンクストーン氏に対応したAppleのサポート担当は、同氏の「Apple Musicは私の許可なしに、私のHDD内の個人的なファイルを削除したということですか？」という問い掛けに「はい」と答えたというが、実際にはバグがない限り、勝手に削除するようなことはないはずだ（同氏はApple Music ライブラリの設定で「結合」ではなく「置き換え」を選択した可能性がある）。", "\n\nまた、ピンクストーン氏は、WAVで保存したオリジナル曲がクラウド上ではAACに変換されており（これは正しい）、WAVはなくなってしまったとしているが、サポートページによると、オリジナルのWAVファイルは削除されないことになっている。", "\n\nいずれにしても、Appleがサポートページに「Apple Musicにはバックアップサービスがありません。デバイスを交換、紛失、損傷した場合に備えて、音楽やほかの情報のコピーをとっておけるように、必ずiOSデバイス、MacまたはWindowsパソコンをバックアップしてください。」と明記している通り、Apple Musicを使う際には楽曲のバックアップをとっておいた方が良さそうだ。" ]

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[ "#ifndef DDEBUG\n#define DDEBUG 0\n#endif\n#include \"ddebug.h\"\n\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_filter.h\"\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_util.h\"\n#include \"ngx_http_echo_echo.h\"\n\n#include <ngx_log.h>\n\n\n\nngx_http_output_header_filter_pt ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter;\n\nngx_http_output_body_filter_pt ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter;\n\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r);\n\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_chain_t *in);\n\n/* filter handlers */\nstatic ngx_int_t ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx, ngx_array_t *cmds, ngx_uint_t *iterator);\n\n\nstatic volatile ngx_cycle_t *ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle = NULL;\n\n\nngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_filter_init(ngx_conf_t *cf)\n{\n int multi_http_blocks;\n ngx_http_echo_main_conf_t *emcf;\n\n emcf = ngx_http_conf_get_module_main_conf(cf, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle !", "= ngx_cycle) {\n ngx_http_echo_prev_cycle = ngx_cycle;\n multi_http_blocks = 0;\n\n } else {\n multi_http_blocks = 1;\n }\n\n if (multi_http_blocks || emcf->requires_filter) {\n dd(\"top header filter: %ld\",\n (unsigned long) ngx_http_top_header_filter);\n\n ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter = ngx_http_top_header_filter;\n ngx_http_top_header_filter = ngx_http_echo_header_filter;\n\n dd(\"top body filter: %ld\", (unsigned long) ngx_http_top_body_filter);\n\n ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter = ngx_http_top_body_filter;\n ngx_http_top_body_filter = ngx_http_echo_body_filter;\n }\n\n return NGX_OK;\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_header_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r)\n{\n ngx_http_echo_loc_conf_t *conf;\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx;\n\n ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"echo header filter, uri \\\"%V?%V\\\"\", &r->uri, &r->args);\n\n ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n /* XXX we should add option to insert contents for responses\n * of non-200 status code here... */\n /*\n if (r->headers_out.status !", "= NGX_HTTP_OK) {\n if (ctx !", "= NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n }\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n }\n */\n\n conf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n if (conf->before_body_cmds == NULL && conf->after_body_cmds == NULL) {\n if (ctx !", "= NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n }\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n }\n\n if (ctx == NULL) {\n ctx = ngx_http_echo_create_ctx(r);\n if (ctx == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n ngx_http_set_ctx(r, ctx, ngx_http_echo_module);\n }\n\n /* enable streaming here (use chunked encoding) */\n ngx_http_clear_content_length(r);\n ngx_http_clear_accept_ranges(r);\n\n return ngx_http_echo_next_header_filter(r);\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_body_filter(ngx_http_request_t *r, ngx_chain_t *in)\n{\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx;\n ngx_int_t rc;\n ngx_http_echo_loc_conf_t *conf;\n unsigned last;\n ngx_chain_t *cl;\n ngx_buf_t *b;\n\n ngx_log_debug2(NGX_LOG_DEBUG_HTTP, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"echo body filter, uri \\\"%V?%V\\\"\", &r->uri, &r->args);\n\n if (in == NULL || r->header_only) {\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n ctx = ngx_http_get_module_ctx(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (ctx == NULL || ctx->skip_filter) {\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n conf = ngx_http_get_module_loc_conf(r, ngx_http_echo_module);\n\n if (!", "ctx->before_body_sent) {\n ctx->before_body_sent = 1;\n\n if (conf->before_body_cmds !", "= NULL) {\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(r, ctx, conf->before_body_cmds,\n &ctx->next_before_body_cmd);\n if (rc !", "= NGX_OK) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (conf->after_body_cmds == NULL) {\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n }\n\n last = 0;\n\n for (cl = in; cl; cl = cl->next) {\n dd(\"cl %p, special %d\", cl, ngx_buf_special(cl->buf));\n\n if (cl->buf->last_buf || cl->buf->last_in_chain) {\n cl->buf->last_buf = 0;\n cl->buf->last_in_chain = 0;\n cl->buf->sync = 1;\n last = 1;\n }\n }\n\n dd(\"in %p, last %d\", in, (int) last);\n\n if (in) {\n rc = ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, in);\n\n#if 0\n if (rc == NGX_AGAIN) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n#endif\n\n dd(\"next filter returns %d, last %d\", (int) rc, (int) last);\n\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK || !", "last) {\n return rc;\n }\n }\n\n dd(\"exec filter cmds for after body cmds\");\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(r, ctx, conf->after_body_cmds,\n &ctx->next_after_body_cmd);\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK) {\n dd(\"FAILED: exec filter cmds for after body cmds\");\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n ctx->skip_filter = 1;\n\n dd(\"after body cmds executed...terminating...\");\n\n /* XXX we can NOT use\n * ngx_http_send_special(r, NGX_HTTP_LAST) here\n * because we should bypass the upstream filters. */", "\n\n b = ngx_calloc_buf(r->pool);\n if (b == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n if (r == r->main && !", "r->post_action) {\n b->last_buf = 1;\n\n } else {\n b->sync = 1;\n b->last_in_chain = 1;\n }\n\n cl = ngx_alloc_chain_link(r->pool);\n if (cl == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n cl->next = NULL;\n cl->buf = b;\n\n return ngx_http_echo_next_body_filter(r, cl);\n}\n\n\nstatic ngx_int_t\nngx_http_echo_exec_filter_cmds(ngx_http_request_t *r,\n ngx_http_echo_ctx_t *ctx, ngx_array_t *cmds, ngx_uint_t *iterator)\n{\n ngx_int_t rc;\n ngx_array_t *opts = NULL;\n ngx_array_t *computed_args = NULL;\n ngx_http_echo_cmd_t *cmd;\n ngx_http_echo_cmd_t *cmd_elts;\n\n for (cmd_elts = cmds->elts; *iterator < cmds->nelts; (*iterator)++) {\n cmd = &cmd_elts[*iterator];\n\n /* evaluate arguments for the current cmd (if any) */\n if (cmd->args) {\n computed_args = ngx_array_create(r->pool, cmd->args->nelts,\n sizeof(ngx_str_t));\n if (computed_args == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n opts = ngx_array_create(r->pool, 1, sizeof(ngx_str_t));\n if (opts == NULL) {\n return NGX_ERROR;\n }\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_eval_cmd_args(r, cmd, computed_args, opts);\n\n if (rc !", "= NGX_OK) {\n ngx_log_error(NGX_LOG_ERR, r->connection->log, 0,\n \"Failed to evaluate arguments for \"\n \"the directive.\");", "\n return rc;\n }\n }\n\n /* do command dispatch based on the opcode */\n switch (cmd->opcode) {\n case echo_opcode_echo_before_body:\n case echo_opcode_echo_after_body:\n dd(\"exec echo_before_body or echo_after_body...\");\n\n rc = ngx_http_echo_exec_echo(r, ctx, computed_args,\n 1 /* in filter */, opts);\n\n if (rc == NGX_ERROR || rc > NGX_OK) {\n return rc;\n }\n\n break;\n default:\n break;\n }\n }\n\n return NGX_OK;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention provides versatile vectors for efficient production of animal viral vectors carrying a nucleic acid of interest. ", "Thus the vectors can be used to produce viral vectors for use in expression of nucleic acids, including production of RNA, antisense nucleic acids and polypeptides of interest.", "\n2. ", "Background\nAdenoviruses (Ad) are 36 kb, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses that have been widely used for gene therapy, functional genetics, vaccines, and protein production (1-5). ", "Most adenoviral vectors are based on the Ad type 5 (Ad5) viral backbone in which an expression cassette replaces the El and/or E3 region. ", "Such E1.sup.-, E3.sup.- viruses are attractive vectors because they: i) can accept about 8 kb of exogenous DNA, ii) can be produced at very high titer in E1 complementing cells, and iii) are replication defective. ", "Other attractive features of Ad vectors include infection of a wide range of both dividing and quiescent cell types at high efficiency, expression of genes at very high levels, and association with mild, self-limiting pathologies in humans (1-6). ", "The increasing numbers of genes discovered by the human genome project, and the expanding field of gene therapy are driving a need for more efficient systems to generate recombinant Ad vectors to facilitate rapid, high throughput functional and therapeutic analysis.", "\nBecause of their complex genome, manipulation of Ad vectors to produce recombinant viruses has been difficult. ", "Traditional methods of making recombinant adenoviruses use homologous recombination between two transfected DNAs in adenoviral-producing cell lines (6). ", "The homologous recombination method is inefficient, time-consuming, and subject to contamination with replication-competent virus. ", "Some newer methods of generating recombinant adenoviral vectors in yeast and E. coli have been reported (7-10). ", "These methods shift the homologous recombination step from eukaryotic packaging cells into either yeast or E. coli. ", "These newer methods allow the true cloning of the recombinant viral genome and thereby remove the need for clonal selection via repeated rounds of plaque purification. ", "Although homologous recombination is quite efficient in yeast, it is desirable (because of the faster doubling time and ease of manipulation) to be able to do these steps in E. coli. ", "However, homologous recombination in E. coli is not very efficient. ", "Furthermore, homologous recombination with adenoviral sequences necessitates cloning each gene of interest into a vector that can only be used for adenoviral expression.", "\nA method that has been used to construct recombinant baculoviruses in E. coli by Tn7-mediated site-specific transposition (11) has proven to be very efficient at generating recombinant baculoviruses. ", "However, this system has several limitations.", "\nThe present invention overcomes many limitations on previous systems. ", "Specifically, the present invention provides a Tn7-based transposition system for generating recombinant viruses, such as adenovirus, in E. coli. ", "A low copy E. coli homing plasmid, containing a full length viral genome with lacZattTn7 inserted in a manner that does not interfere with later production of recombinant virus, has been constructed. ", "The inventive system moves all sequences necessary for replication and selection in E. coli outside of the viral genome, allowing application to small animal viruses (Ad, AAV and retroviruses); there is no need for a selectable marker within the transposon allowing additional space for exogenous nucleic acid of interest; it allows construction of a variety of homing vectors for different viruses comprising different promoters such that one transfer vector can be used to express an exogenous DNA from numerous promoters in numerous viruses. ", "Thus the system is very easy, rapid, and efficient, accommodates sizable DNA inserts, and generates truly clonal viruses. ", "The homing vector system is easily adapted to allow subcloning into a single universal transfer vector that can be used to transpose genes into any of several different expression systems, thus facilitating cost-effective subcloning into a variety of vectors, including adenoviral, retroviral, adeno-associated viral, baculoviral and E. coli vectors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nReplicate Stratified Random Sampling without Replacement in R\n\nI'm struggling to create a vectorized functional solution that will allow me to replicate stratified random sampling without replacement over many iterations. ", " I'm able to sample without replacement once, then remove those rows from the dataset and then repeat the process from the unsampled observations. ", " Unfortunately I'm needing to do this many times which makes this manual option impossible.", "\nI've tried using the replicate() function, however I'm only able to have it sample without replacement for each pass. ", " It puts the chosen samples back into the dataset for the next sampling pull.", "\nUsing the code below, I'd like the function to create 30 new datasets composed of 3 unique (previously unsampled) rows each from the \"one\" and \"zero\" sets. ", " So each new dataset would have 6 total observations (3-1's and 3-0's) and be named something unique (i.e. \"new_dat1\", \"new_dat2\"...\"new_dat30\"). ", " \nIf possible, I'm looking to achieve all of this without using for loops, so something in the \"apply\" family is preferred.", "\nset.seed(123)\ndat <- data.frame(Outcome = round(runif(160, 0, 1)))\ncust <- data.frame(Cust = rep(c(\"ABC\", \"DEF\", \"GHI\"), c(45, 80, 35)))\ndat <- cbind(cust, dat)\n\none <- subset(dat, Outcome == 1)\nzero <- subset(dat, Outcome == 0)\n\n# Manual option which is not sufficient \n################################################\n# sample 1's and remove choosen obs from \"one\" dataset\nset.seed(123)\nindex <- sample(1:nrow(one), 3, replace = FALSE)\nnew_dat1 <- one[index, ]\nunused_one <- one[-index, ]\n\n# sample 0's and remove choosen obs from \"zero\" dataset\nset.seed(123)\nindex <- sample(1:nrow(zero), 3, replace = FALSE)\nunused_zero <- zero[-index, ]\n\n# combine the 3-1 and 3-0 samples into the first of 30 \"new_datn\" sets\nnew_dat1 <- rbind(new_dat1, zero[index, ])\n\n# repeat, now sampling from \"unused_one\" and \"unused_zero\" to create \"new_dat2\" - \"new_dat30\"\n################################################\n\n# Failed attempt using the replicate() function\n################################################\nset.seed(123)\none_sample <- replicate(30, one[sample(nrow(one), 3, replace = FALSE), ], simplify = FALSE)\nzero_sample <- replicate(30, zero[sample(nrow(zero), 3, replace = FALSE), ], simplify = FALSE)\n\nMaking this even more complicated is the fact that my total number of 0 and 1 observations in the \"dat\" set will vary from time to time so I'll likely always have remainders to deal with. ", " So the function must be able to sample 3 for each \"new_dat\" until it runs into a remainder for the final set, which can go into the final \"new_dat\" regardless of the value.", "\nEven if I could figure out how to solve the sampling issue in a vectorized function, I would really be at a loss to have the function create new datasets and name them appropriately. ", " \nI would be very grateful if anyone could provide me with some assistance. ", " Thank you for taking the time to read through my post. ", "\n\nA:\n\nIf I understood what you want correctly, here is one solution.", "\nFirst just sample the whole vector, that is, you are just going to randomly sort the row numbers:\nsample_rows <- sample(nrow(one))\n\nThen assign a sample group for each of the randomly distributed rows (3 elements by group). ", "Since the number of elements may not be divisible by 3, extend the length of the vector so it has the same length as the number of rows. ", "Now fill the NA's with the next group (I think that is what you meant by \"remainder for the final set\"):\nsample_group <- rep(1:(length(sample_rows)%/% 3), each = 3)\nlength(sample_group) <- length(sample_rows)\nsample_group[is.na(sample_group)] <- max(sample_group, na.rm = TRUE) + 1\n\nSo now you have 24 samples of 3 and 1 sample of two, without replacement:\nsamples <- data.frame(sample_rows, sample_group)\n\nhead(samples)\n sample_rows sample_group\n1 12 1\n2 6 1\n3 41 1\n4 35 2\n5 71 2\n6 62 2\n\ntail(samples)\n sample_rows sample_group\n69 69 23\n70 53 24\n71 32 24\n72 27 24\n73 18 25\n74 65 25\n\nI did this for the vector of \"one\"s but you can easily replicate that for the vector of zeros and combine them.", "\nPS: You can extract the rows from the data.frame using split() and lapply(). ", "For example:\nnew_dat <- lapply(split(samples$sample_rows, samples$sample_group), function(x) one[x,])\n\nSo new_dat is a list with all 25 data.frames. ", "For example:\nnew_dat[[8]] # gives you the eigth data.frame\n\nOr:\nnew_dat[[25]] # gives you the last data.frame\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Moers station\n\nMoers station is located on the Lower Rhine Railway, which was built in 1904 by the Prussian state railways. ", "It lies on the eastern edge of central Moers in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on the road to Duisburg-Homberg. ", "The station is now a stop for the Regionalbahn service RB 31. ", "It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.", "\n\nBehind the station building of 1904 there are the four platform tracks at a 230-metre-long platform and a 239-metre-long platform, both 38 cm high. ", "Opposite the station building on the other side of the station forecourt is the platform of the station of the former Moers District Railway (), now owned by the Niederrheinische Verkehrsbetriebe (Lower Rhine Transport Operations, NIAG). ", "It is still used for special excursions.", "\n\nSidings branch at Moers station to NIAG’s workshop and the Vossloh service center in Moers.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe first station of Moers was east of the present station on the line from the Ruhrort–Homberg train ferry to Moers, which opened in 1883. ", "The station was moved to its present location between 1904 and 1908. ", "The line to Homberg was closed in 1908 and replaced by a tram line.", "\n\nIn 1882, the station of the Krefeld Railway Company (Krefelder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) was built on the other side of the station forecourt. ", "From there, trains ran via Niep and Hüls to Krefeld. ", "A transfer track was built north of the station to the state railway in 1886. ", "Passenger services were closed temporarily from 1932 to 1939 and permanently from 3 October 1949. ", "Freight operations to Moers were closed on 15 February 1974 and the track was dismantled afterwards.", "\n\nWest of this station on the station forecourt, the terminal station of the Moerser Kreisbahn (Moers District Railway) operated from 1909 on the lines to Hörstgen-Sevelen and to Rheinberg via Orsoy. ", "Regularly scheduled passenger service were abandoned on 28 September 1968. ", "Again, there was a transfer track to the state railway north of the station, which is also still used today.", "\n\nRail services\n\nThe station is served by the Regionalbahn service RB 31, Der Niederrheiner. ", "It is also called the Hippeland-Express, after the original name of the Lower Rhine Railway. ", "The RB 31 runs from Duisburg via Moers to Xanten. ", "The entire line is operated every hour. ", "Between Duisburg and Moers an additional service runs hourly, with the two services jointly providing a service every 30 minutes. ", "The RB 31 service was operated by Deutsche Bahn until December 2009. ", "Since then, NordWestBahn has operated it. ", "In addition, freight traffic operates through Moers station on a route from Duisburg-Beeck to Duisburg-Rheinhausen.", "\n\nBus services\nThe Moers Bahnhof bus stop is located next to the station. ", "The stop is served by the buses of the NIAG, which has an administration building east of the station, and the buses of SWK MOBIL, Regionalverkehr Niederrhein and Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft (DVG). ", "Buses run to central Moers and to Duisburg, Kamp-Lintfort, Krefeld, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Rheinberg, Rheurdt and Wesel.", "\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1883" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\ninitial_data for django running with MongoDB\n\nAfter much hardship, I have managed to convert my django project, that previously ran with sqlite, to run with MongoDB.", "\nThis is great, beside from the fact that my old version had a massive initial_data.json file, which now fails to work with the new db when running django's syncdb command.", "\nEDIT:\nthis is an example of the initial_data.json file : \n [{\"pk\":1, \n\"model\": \"vcb.dishtype\", \n\"fields\": {\n \"photo\": \"images/dishes/breakfast.jpg\", \n \"name\": \"Breakfast\"\n }\n}, \n{\"pk\":2, \n\"model\": \"vcb.dishtype\", \n\"fields\": {\n \"photo\": \"images/dishes/bread_and_pastry.jpg\", \n \"name\": \"Bread and pastry\"\n }\n }]\n\nand after running the syncdb I get:\n\nDeserializationError: Problem installing fixture\n 'C:\\Users..\\initial_data.json' : u'pk'\n\nIt seems to be a problem with the MongoDB objectId and how I defined the initial_data file.", "\nI tried to remove all the pks fields from the file, but still the same error.", "\nEDIT\nI tried putting just two fixtures, if I don't set the pk, I get the same error as above. ", "If I do set it, I get : \n\n\"DatabaseErroe: Problem installing fixture 'C:..\\initial_data.json':\n could not load vcb.dishtype(pk=1): AutoField (default primary key)\n values must be strings representing an ObjectId on MongoDB (got u'1'\n instead)\".", "\n\nwhich is a similar problem I had with the django Site, that was solved with the help of this thread: Django MongoDB Engine error when running tellsiteid\nThis raises my suspicion that there's a different way to set the fixtures in this infrastructure. ", "Maybe syncdb isn't the way to go, and there should be a sort of dump maybe? ", "\nI've searched google, and nothing seems to tackle this problem. ", "I'm obviously asking the wrong questions.", "\nwhat should I do, to create fixtures in my altered project? ", "\nthanks a lot,\nNitzan\n\nA:\n\nFrom your error message, I assume you are using Django MongoDB Engine?", "\nYour pk values must be valid ObjectIds, try using values like:\n\n'000000000000000000000001'\n'000000000000000000000002'\netc\n\nYou can get ObjectIds or check that you have correct values:\n>>> from bson.objectid import ObjectId\n>>> ObjectId()\n > ObjectId('52af59bac38f8420734d064d')\n>>> ObjectId('000000000000000000000001')\n > ObjectId('000000000000000000000001')\n>>> ObjectId('bad')\n*error*\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Joe Mac’s Market Viewpoint: Beyond the Housing Headwinds\n\nThe housing sector of the U.S. economy has reached an important inflection point. ", "Bolstered by strong industry fundamentals, housing related stocks have nicely outperformed the broad indexes. ", "Indeed, Long Housing is MRP’s longest running theme going back some six years. ", "There are clearly possible headwinds on the horizon; nonetheless, the best may be yet to come. ", "But the boom will not go on forever..." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nIt is known that air can, in principle, be transported with the aid of a so-called electric ion-wind or corona-wind. ", "An electric ion-wind is created when a corona electrode and a target electrode are placed at a distance from one another and each connected to a respective terminal of a d.c. ", "voltage source, the corona electrode and the d.c. ", "voltage source being such as to cause a corona discharge at the corona electrode. ", "This corona discharge results in ionization of the air, with the air ions having the same polarity as the polarity of the corona electrode, and possibly also in the production of electrically charged aerosols, i.e. air-suspended solid particles or liquid droplets which are electrically charged as a result of collisions with the electrically charged air ions. ", "The air ions move rapidly from the corona electrode to the target electrode, under the influence of the electric field, where they relinquish their electric charge and return to electrically neutral air molecules. ", "During their movement from the corona electrode to the target electrode, the air ions are in constant collision with the electrically neutral air molecules, therewith transferring electrostatic forces to the neutral air molecules, so as to draw these molecules from the corona electrode to the target electrode, resulting in the transportation of air in the form of a so-called ion wind or corona wind.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nEarlier proposed arrangements for transporting air with the aid of ion-wind are found described, for example, in DE-OS-2854716, DE-OS-2538959, GB-A-2112582, EP-A1-29421, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,374,941 and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,380,720. ", "These prior art arrangements have been found extremely ineffective, however, and have not achieved any significance in practice. ", "Air transporting arrangements which utilize the ion-wind principle and which display marked improvements over the aforesaid known arrangements, both with regard to efficiency and to practical utility, are described in our international patent application PCT/SE85/00538." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Efficient bridging of 20 mm rat sciatic nerve lesions with a longitudinally micro-structured collagen scaffold.", "\nAn increasing number of biomaterial nerve guides has been developed that await direct comparative testing with the 'gold-standard' autologous nerve graft in functional repair of peripheral nerve defects. ", "In the present study, 20 mm rat sciatic nerve defects were bridged with either a collagen-based micro-structured nerve guide (Perimaix) or an autologous nerve graft. ", "Axons regenerated well into the Perimaix scaffold and, the majority of these axons grew across the 20 mm defect into the distal nerve segment. ", "In fact, both the total axon number and the number of retrogradely traced somatosensory and motor neurons extending their axons across the implant was similar between Perimaix and autologous nerve graft groups. ", "Implantation of Schwann cell-seeded Perimaix scaffolds provided only a beneficial effect on myelination within the scaffold. ", "Functional recovery supported by the implanted, non-seeded Perimaix scaffold was as good as that observed after the autologous nerve graft, despite the presence of thinner myelin sheaths in the Perimaix implanted nerves. ", "These findings support the potential of the Perimaix collagen scaffold as a future off-the-shelf device for clinical applications in selected cases of traumatic peripheral nerve injury." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "lootera says \"Lootera : The director of Lootera, Vikramaditya Motwane believes in perfection. ", "Lootera is based in 50s and therefore he bought a bike that was made in 50s and suits the film story line.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "« Back\n\nHirving Lozano approached by AS Monaco\n\nFrance Football report that AS Monaco have approached 24-year-old Mexican international winger Hirving Lozano.", "\n\nThe PSV man is represented by Mino Raiola, who is also in talks with Napoli about a possible deal.", "\n\nThe Principality side have spoken directly with the player’s entourage, telling them that Lozano’s desired salary, €4m a year net, is within their means.", "\n\nTalks with Napoli are being held up because of image rights – the Serie A side want to acquire them outright, whereas Monaco have told the player that they don’t require them in order for a deal to happen.", "\n\nNapoli in pole, but watch out…" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nADLA/U-SQL Error: Vertex user code error\n\nI just have a simple U-SQL that extracts a csv using Extractors.", "Csv(encoding:Encoding.[Unicode]); and outputs into a lake store table. ", "The file size is small around 600MB and is unicode type. ", "The number of rows is 700K+\nThese are the columns:\nUserId int,\nEmail string,\nAltEmail string,\nCreatedOn DateTime,\nIsDeleted bool,\nUserGuid Guid,\nIFulfillmentContact bool,\nIsBillingContact bool,\nLastUpdateDate DateTime,\nIsTermsOfUse string,\nUserTypeId string\n\nWhen I submit this job to my local, it works great without any issues. ", "Once I submit it to ADLA, I get the following error:\nVertex failure triggered quick job abort. ", "Vertex failed: SV1_Extract_Partition[0][0] with error: Vertex user code error.", "\nVertex failed with a fail-fast error\nVertex SV1_Extract_Partition[0][0].v1 {BA7B2378-597C-4679-AD69-07413A143E47} failed \n\nError:\nVertex user code error\n\nexitcode=CsExitCode_StillActive Errorsnippet=An error occurred while processing adl://lakestore.azuredatalakestore.net/Data/User.csv\n\nAny help is appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nSince the file is larger than 250MB, you need to make sure that you upload it as a row-oriented file and not a binary file. ", "\nAlso, please check the reply for the following question to see how you currently can find more details on the error: Debugging u-sql Jobs \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Republicans Respond To Donald Trump: Ted Rall Cartoon\n\nRepublicans respond to Donald Trump and his incendiary remarks about Mexican immigrants to the U.S. Ted Rall cartoon.", "\n\naNewDomain — The Republican Party is trying to rein in Donald Trump in light of his remarks that many Mexican immigrants to the United States are rapists and criminals. ", "The republicans don’t want anyone to think the GOP is a racist party. ", "But history — and the fact that Trump is now running second in republican polls — indicate otherwise." ]

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[ "Today President Trump is participating in the formal establishment of US Space Command as a unified combatant command, ie. “", "space force”.", "\n\nThe President is expected to deliver public remarks for the first time since returning from the G-7 Summit in France and since the Justice Department Inspector General released the report on former FBI Director James Comey’s handling of the Russia investigation. ", "Anticipated Start time 4:15pm EST\n\nWH Livestream Link – Fox News Livestream Link – Fox Business Livestream" ]

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[ "The preparation of catalytically active human cathepsin B from its precursor expressed in Escherichia coli in the form of inclusion bodies.", "\nA cDNA clone encoding human procathepsin B was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli using a T7 polymerase expression system, resulting in the formation of insoluble cytoplasmic protein aggregates (inclusion bodies). ", "The recombinant product was solubilized and renatured by refolding and reoxidation. ", "The proenzyme was subsequently processed with pepsin to produce an enzymically active enzyme. ", "By systematic variation of the parameters influencing the folding, formation of disulphide bonds, and processing of procathepsin B to the catalytically active mature form, a simple renaturation procedure was designed, allowing the production of about 3 mg purified active cathepsin B/l E. coli culture broth. ", "The enzyme obtained in this way consists of a single chain and, as a consequence of pepsin treatment, possesses a three-amino-acid extension at its N-terminus. ", "The enzyme has similar kinetic and immunological properties to native human cathepsin B." ]

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[ "Angry Advice Mallard\n\nif you crash your drone\n\nits not because of a faulty product" ]

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[ "While the Hue lights from Philips are capable of producing more than 16 million shades of colored light, flipping between functional white light and playful colored light can be a bit of a pain. ", "And while the native app's scene selections feature can help to partially alleviate this issue, Philips has just unveiled another option: two bulbs, one fixture. ", "Dubbed the Philips Hue Beyond, this dual function light incorporates a pair of bulbs—one as an uplight, the other facing downwards—both of which are controlled independently via the native app. ", "This may initially seem a bit redundant—I mean, why blow your hard-earned cash on an entirely new light fixture when you can just as easily swap between light palettes using the Hue Tap—but that's only if you plan on using a single light source for multiple functions." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nClassNotFoundException: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory when trying to load InitialContext\n\nI'm testing (with JUnit) an rest service and to make shure everything goes as intended i need to use some EJB methods. ", "Say, i have:\n\nthe class under test, wich is of no interest here;\ntesting class\n\npublic class UploadServiceTest {\n private final String RemoteBeanLookupKey = \"/project/dao/TaskManager!ru.project.dao.", "TaskManager\";\n @EJB private TaskManager taskManager;\n\n @Before\n public void startEverythingNeeded() throws Exception {\n InitialContext ctx = null;\n Properties jndiProp = new Properties();\n\n InputStream testConfStream = getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(\"jndi.properties\");\n jndiProp.load(testConfStream);\n\n ctx = new InitialContext(jndiProp);\n\n taskManager = ((TaskManager) ctx.lookup(RemoteBeanLookupKey));\n }\n @Test \n public void blablabla(){\n }\n} \n\njndi.properties\njava.naming.factory.initial=org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory\njava.naming.provider.url=http-remoting://localhost:8080\nremote.connection.default.connect.options.org.xnio.", "Options.", "SASL_POLICY_NOANONYMOUS=false\njboss.naming.client.ejb.context=true\nremote.connection.default.username=admin\nremote.connection.default.password=admin\ngradle dependencies: testCompile group: 'org.wildfly', name: 'wildfly-ejb-client-bom', version: '8.2.0.Final', ext: 'pom', testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.11' and provided project(path: ':dao') (this is the module i want to get EJB from).", "\n\nBut when i try to run test, it fails with javax.naming.", "NoInitialContextException: Cannot instantiate class: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory\n [Root exception is java.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: org.jboss.naming.remote.client.", "InitialContextFactory]\nOther similar questions on here and on the net suggest to add jboss-client to CLASSPATH, but i've looked into README near jboss-client in my distribution and it sayed not to act like this and to make a gradle dependency instead. ", "So I did.", "\nAnother strange thing about this: I got code and properties from tests to another module in same project (written by another coder). ", "I tried to run those tests and they work as intended. ", "I copied everything and even more (gradle depency), but get this exception.", "\nI've tried to simplify the code in order to illustrate, I may have something important missing. ", "If needed, I can copy some more parts of setup and code.", "\n\nA:\n\nI changed the dependency on ejb-client from testCompile group: 'org.wildfly', name: 'wildfly-ejb-client-bom', version: '8.2.0.Final', ext: 'pom' to testCompile 'org.wildfly:wildfly-ejb-client-bom:10.0.0.Final' and it started working. ", "Not sure if it is helpfull.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Regulation by heme of the synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase subunits V and VII in yeast.", "\nThe effects of heme on the synthesis of subunits V and VII of cytochrome c oxidase were examined in the heme-deficient yeast mutant, GL1. ", "In vitro translation and immunodetection with subunit-specific antisera indicated a 50% decrease in both proteins, with RNA obtained from hemeless cells. ", "Unsupplemented, pulse-labeled cells contained both V and VII polypeptides, but at extremely low levels as compared with those found in delta-aminolevulinic acid-supplemented cells. ", "The data suggest that heme controls the formation of mRNAs for the two subunits, and may also have a regulatory role in translation and in the stability of the polypeptides." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nMultiple Find & Replace in TexStudio using Script Macros\n\nI am using TexStudio with MikTex. ", "I am using at least two packages regularly to create certain lists. ", "Let us say, in one package I have to use \\begin{exam} and \\end{exam} to start and end list and \\item to create list items. ", "In another package, \\begin{test} and \\end{test} along with \\choice to do the same. ", "There are some other similar commands which are different. ", "The subject matter (contents of items) in both is exactly the same. ", "\nI am using Find and Replace to convert one to another. ", "It takes time to do it carefully, some replacements need to be done whole word some case sensitive and so on.", "\nQuestion: Is there a way to use Macros with Script in TexStudio to create a Macro which can work for the whole document and do all replacements in one go? ", "\nAttempts: In TexStudio user manual at TexStudio Manual it mentions \n\nI have tried using editor.replace(\"\\item\",\"\\choice\") but didn't work. ", "I don't know if I am following syntax correctly or not, and what to put in Abbreviation and Trigger. ", "\n\nAny help would be gratefully appreciated. ", "\n\nA:\n\nPaste this under \"LaTeX content\":\n%SCRIPT\noptions = \"g\"\nscope = editor.document().cursor(0, 0, -1);\neditor.replace(\"\\\\item\",options,scope,\"\\\\choice\")\n\nNote that the backslash \\ needs to be escaped (i.e., typed twice), if not, the script searches for the word item instead, and not \\item. ", "This then has the undesired effect of changing items in your normal paragraphs to \\choices, and also, \\begin{itemize} to \\begin{choiceize}, for example.", "\nThe g stands for global, omit it if you want the macro to only search and replace one \\item at every call of the macro.", "\nI should note that this is a very crude way of searching and replacing (are you sure you want to change all \\items to \\choice?) ", "More sophisticated replacements are possible (e.g. by limiting the scope with the scope variable: currently it searches the entire document), but then you would have to describe your use case more precisely (and provide an example for me to test with).", "\nAbbreviations and Trigger can be left empty in your case.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\ndocker is using the v1 registry api when it should use v2\n\nI'm trying to use a self hosted docker registry v2. ", " I should be able to push a docker image, which does work locally on the host server (coreos) running the registry v2 container. ", " However, on a separate machine (also coreos, same version) when I try to push to the registry, it's try to push to v1, giving this error:\nError response from daemon: v1 ping attempt failed with error: Get \nhttps://172.22.22.11:5000/v1/_ping: dial tcp 172.22.22.11:5000: i/o timeout. ", "\nIf this private registry supports only HTTP or HTTPS with an unknown CA \ncertificate, please add `--insecure-registry 172.22.22.11:5000` to the \ndaemon's arguments. ", "In the case of HTTPS, if you have access to the registry's \nCA certificate, no need for the flag; simply place the CA certificate at \n/etc/docker/certs.d/172.22.22.11:5000/ca.crt \n\nboth machine's docker executable is v1.6.2. ", " Why is it that one works and is pushing to v2 but the other is v1?", "\nHere's the repo for the registry: https://github.com/docker/distribution\n\nA:\n\nYou need to secure the registry before you can access it remotely, or explicitly allow all your Docker daemons to access insecure registries. ", "\nTo secure the registry the easiest choice is to buy an SSL certificate for your server, but you can also self-sign the certificate and distribute to clients.", "\nTo allow insecure access add the argument --insecure-registry myregistrydomain.com:5000 to all the daemons who need to access the registry. (", "Obviously replace the domain name and port with yours). ", "\nThe full instructions (including an example of your error message) are available at: https://github.com/docker/distribution/blob/master/docs/deploying.md\nRegarding the error message, I guess Docker tries to use v2 first, fails because of the security issue then tries v1 and fails again.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Jeff Wilson (politician)\n\nJeff Wilson (born c. 1978) is a Canadian politician who was an elected member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta formerly representing the electoral district of Calgary-Shaw. ", "He was first elected in the 2012 provincial election as a member of the Wildrose Party, and currently remains a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta.", "\n\nWilson graduated from Harry Collinge high school in Hinton, Alberta. ", "He completed a broadcasting diploma at Mount Royal College in Calgary in 2000. ", "He worked in the communications field as an employee with AVW-TELAV, a North American audiovisual solutions company. ", "Wilson served as president of the Broadcasting Society from 1999 to 2000 while attending Mount Royal college. ", "An active member of his community, he has volunteered at Calgary's Ronald McDonald House and with the Calgary Women's Emergency Shelter. ", "He is a member of the Standing Committee on Legislative Offices and the Standing Committee on Families and Communities. ", "He also serves as a member of the Select Special Conflicts of Interest Act Review Committee.", "\n\nAs a politician, Wilson has been known for his good humour after asking two government ministers \"Why are you so awesome?\" ", "and the deputy premier, \"Why is your hair so awesome?\" ", "during Question Period on the last day of the 2012 fall session. ", "In the 2013 spring sitting, Wilson furthered his reputation for good humour when he gained access to the government whip's notepad and sent notes to Progressive Conservative MLAs while in the Legislative Assembly, some of which advised MLAs to more enthusiastically applaud their government colleagues.", "\n\nWilson was an outspoken critic of changes to the funding model for persons with developmental disabilities in the 2013-2014 provincial budget, and called on the government to reduce administrative costs.", "\n\nOn December 17, 2014, he was one of nine Wildrose MLAs who crossed the floor to join the Progressive Conservative caucus but lost his reelection campaign in 2015 to the NDP's Graham Sucha.", "\n\nElectoral history\n\n2012 general election\n\n2015 general election\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1970s births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Politicians from Calgary\nCategory:Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs\nCategory:Wildrose Party MLAs\nCategory:21st-century Canadian politicians" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "The US federal government has just authorized its staff to shoot down any drone they consider a threat.", "\n\nThe provision was added to the routine reauthorization act for the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) – the watchdog that deals with America's skies – and has invited the ire of civil liberties groups who are unhappy at the blanket nature of the shoot-down authorization.", "\n\nUnder the proposed law's \"preventing emerging threats\" section, a new part has been added that allows a wide range of federal departments to \"disable, disrupt, or seize control of\" any drone that is thought to pose a \"credible threat… to the safety or security of a covered facility or asset.\" ", "The key thing here is a wide range of departments – not just the military.", "\n\nThe act [PDF] lists a range of increasingly harsh measures that can be taken against an unauthorized drone, ending with \"use reasonable force, if necessary, to disable, damage, or destroy the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.\"", "\n\nThe provision is, of course, entirely understandable: the explosion in the use and sale of advanced drones does pose a potential threat to government facilities, especially with idiots doing things like mounting guns on them. ", "At a meeting earlier this year, the FAA showed a video of an ISIS drone dropping a grenade to make its point.", "\n\nBut critics point out that the FAA keeps taking an aggressive approach to drones, introducing strict rules – such as a requirement to register them and pay a registration fee – rather than softer rules that it can then tighten up if necessary.", "\n\nYee-haw\n\nThere are basically no safeguards written into the law so pretty much anyone in the Justice Department, or Homeland Security, or Department of Transportation, or a whole slew of government departments can shoot down a drone, claim they felt it posed a risk, and get the full backing of the federal government.", "\n\nWhite House: Is it OK to hijack, shoot down, or snoop on drones? ", "Er ... asking for a friend READ MORE\n\nAn earlier version of the bill included privacy protections, added after various group lobbied their Congressional representatives and privacy watchdog EPIC sued the FAA but they were pulled out in the final bill, and now the FAA is only required to file a report on drone surveillance risks.", "\n\nIn the majority of cases, the law will likely be applied logically – if a drone flies into controlled airspace or into secure facilities or hovers over a congressional press conference. ", "But currently it also gives the authorities carte blanche to take down a drone if they just don't want it there – which could have significant implications for journalism, film-making and activism.", "\n\nThe Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) acknowledge the concern behind the law but argue it is the wrong approach.", "\n\n\"If lawmakers want to give the government the power to hack or destroy private drones, then Congress and the public should have the opportunity to debate how best to provide adequate oversight and limit those powers to protect our right to use drones for journalism, activism, and recreation,\" argued the EFF.", "\n\nIt's not clear what limits and oversight would work best – certainly a requirement to get a warrant is unlikely to work given the fact that drones can appear at any time and unexpectedly – but limiting the grounds for which a drone can be disrupted or destroyed would be one start point, or granting protections to legitimate drone usage.", "\n\nAs it stands, as soon as President Trump signs the bill, your flying machine can be taken down by a huge number of federal government employees and there will be pretty much no recourse. ", "®" ]

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[ "Mandrake is rooted in his deep affinity with nature\n\nNot poppy, nor mandragora : Drawings also become metaphors when an artwork is used to represent something like an idea that is not visible. ", "A potentially toxic blend of influences that can create an opportunity to understand the relationship between mandragora and mandrakes.", "\n\nAs a would-be drawing, I have to make a theory of bad art confront with practice. ", "Art gave humanity the power over symbols.", "\n\nHowever the proposed pictures are downright silly and do little to get at the root cause." ]

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[ "[Therapeutic effectiveness of zuzhongping on patients with arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction].", "\nForty-six patients with acute arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups: control group and treatment group. ", "Each of them included 23 patients respectively. ", "The patients in the control group were given Dextran-40 but the ones in the treatment group were given the mixture of Zuzhongping. ", "The course of treatment was 3 weeks. ", "It was found that there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) in the score percentage, before and after treatment of neurological defects, between the control group and the treatment group, and the former (29.70 +/- 33.52) was much lower than the latter (45.40 +/- 27.60). ", "The total curative rate of the treatment group (87.0%, 20/23) was significantly higher than that of the control group (60.9%, 14/23). ", "There was an obviously prolonged KPTT (kaolin partial thromboplastin time) value and a decreased Fb (fibrinogen) level in the treatment group. ", "Before treatment they were 32.43 +/- 4.03 sec and 6.18 +/- 1.77 g/L respectively, but after treatment, 52.96 +/- 10.50 sec and 4.5 +/- 0.95 g/L respectively. ", "The authors suggest that the significant therapeutic efficacy of Zuzhongping in the patients with acute arteriosclerostic cerebral infarction is related to its action of anticoagulation, modification of PGI2 and TXA2 level in the body, decreased blood Fb level, hyperglycemia, etc." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\n(Title Image: Welsh Government via BBC Wales)\n\nThe Issue\n\nWith the projected costs of the proposed M4 Newport bypass rapidly approaching £1.5billion – and perhaps not stopping there – the issue has once again loomed large over the Welsh Government and Welsh politics with the project’s timescales slipping and a public inquiry yet to conclude.", "\n\nThe likelihood is the road will be given the go-ahead later this year, but Plaid Cymru used their time yesterday afternoon to argue that AMs should give the final approval in a vote.", "\n\nThe Motion\n\nThe Senedd:\n\nBelieves the Welsh Government shouldn’t commit to funding the proposed M4 Newport bypass without a vote in the Assembly after the conclusion of the current public inquiry.", "\n\nKey Points\n\nAdam Price AM (Plaid, Carms. ", "E & Dinefwr)\n\nFor (the motion): It’s standard practice for major projects.", "\n\nThere’s a range of opinion on the issue, but Plaid want to ensure the views of elected members are heard and they have the final say.", "\n\nThree years ago the First Minister said the cost would be under £1billion, now it’s estimated to cost around £1.4billion once VAT is included; Friends of the Earth estimate £1.8billion.", "\n\nYou could complete the South Wales Metro, Swansea Bay Metro and possibly re-open the Carmarthen-Aberystwyth railway with the same money and possibly have change left over.", "\n\nThe government ignore opposition motions so it’s right that if AMs are to have their say it should be in a binding vote. ", "It’s standard practice for major infrastructure projects and can’t be tacked on to a supplementary budget where AMs could be forced to vote against funding a number of things they support.", "\n\nAndrew RT Davies AM (Con, South Wales Central)\n\nFor: AMs need their say on such a massive project.", "\n\nThe Tories agree that the institution should have a vote on the largest infrastructure project it’s ever considered.", "\n\nIf the government are confident in their position, they should be able to carry the house with them.", "\n\nThere needs to be an explanation as to why costs have risen so dramatically; how far will costs have to rise before the Welsh Government considers the project unviable?", "\n\nRhun ap Iorwerth AM (Plaid, Ynys Môn)\n\nFor: What about the rest of Wales?", "\n\nTransport solutions need to be future-proofed (i.e. take into account driverless vehicles).", "\n\nHow can the Senedd or Welsh Government justify spending £1.5billion+ without proving that it’s part of a wider strategy that would spread infrastructure spending around Wales?", "\n\nThe Welsh Government have already undermined the public inquiry by investing £135million at Newport Docks so Associated British Ports would drop their opposition to the bypass.", "\n\nJenny Rathbone AM (Lab, Cardiff Central)\n\nFor (in principle): We need modal shift (and a debate after the inquiry)\n\nThere’s a danger the project will “gobble up” the Welsh Government’s borrowing limit and encourage more road traffic.", "\n\nWill vote against the motion, but hopes there’s a commitment to a “substantive debate” after the public inquiry has finished and an opportunity to look at alternatives.", "\n\nDavid Rowlands AM (UKIP, South Wales East)\n\nFor: Keep the government in check.", "\n\nConcerned that if AMs aren’t allowed to have their say the Welsh Government will plough ahead with the “Black Route” regardless of the inquiry’s findings.", "\n\nSimon Thomas AM (Plaid, Mid & West Wales)\n\nFor: Remember the Future Generations Act.", "\n\nAll AMs need to have a say in any major investment that would potentially bind the hands of a future government in terms of the environment, infrastructure and anti-poverty measures.", "\n\nMick Antoniw AM (Lab, Pontypridd)\n\nFor (in principle): There needs to be a debate, but not now.", "\n\nThere was anger after the Welsh Government opted for the “Black Route” prior to a committee report being published.", "\n\nThe bypass is becoming an “economic juggernaut that’s out of control” and he doesn’t want it to come at the expense of the Metro.", "\n\nWanted assurances there will be a debate in the future.", "\n\nLee Waters AM (Lab, Llanelli)\n\nFor (in principle): I support the force of the motion, but won’t vote with the opposition.", "\n\nWhen Labour fought the 2016 elections their manifesto mentioned a £1billion project; it’s easily going to be closer to £2billion.", "\n\nHe wants to “kill this road”, but he didn’t want to take part in opposition game-playing so wouldn’t back the motion.", "\n\nDecisions on finance – as mentioned in the motion – are decided during the budget and Plaid Cymru have had an opportunity to kill the project but didn’t.", "\n\nAny future vote should be on the principle of a bypass, as he wouldn’t vote against a Labour budget.", "\n\nWelsh Government Response\n\nEconomy & Infrastructure Secretary, Ken Skates (Lab, Clwyd South)\n\nEveryone in the chamber will accept that something needs to be done in Newport despite disagreements on the “what”.", "\n\nEvery AM and person affected by the project has had an opportunity to have their say during the inquiry; the Welsh Government will respect this process and won’t take a decision without considering the findings.", "\n\nA project can’t be considered in isolation, but any budgetary changes that require a vote will get a vote.", "\n\nVote\n\nUpdate (15/02/2018): It seems the Welsh Government will hold a vote on this after all, though whether it’ll be binding and when it will be held is unclear at the moment.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "1.. INTRODUCTION\n================\n\nIn eukaryotes, the genomic DNA is packed with histone proteins to form structures known as nucleosomes, which in turn form higher-order structures of chromatin. ", "The nucleosomes are evolutionarily well conserved among eukaryotic species \\[[@R1]\\]. ", "Each nucleosome consists of two copies of the core histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, assembled into an octamer by protein-protein interactions and a single linker protein, H1. ", "Almost two turns of DNA (approximately 146--147 bp) are wrapped around the histone octamer \\[[@R2]-[@R4]\\]. ", "The H1 histone as a linking structure stabilizes the octameric core \\[[@R3]\\].", "\n\nThe nucleosome is not only a mean of packaging large amounts of DNA into the nucleus. ", "Nucleosome positioning on the chromatin strand plays a critical role in modulation of gene expression because it regulates accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. ", "It can also repress transcription *in vivo*and *in vitro*\\[[@R5]\\]. ", "Nucleosomal DNA represents a mechanical barrier to multiple protein factors (general transcription factors, sequence-specific DNA-binding activators and non-DNA-binding transcription co-activators (or adaptors) that must be bound to DNA for transcriptional activation. ", "Two different mechanisms contribute to the relief of nucleosomal repression: the use of chromatin remodeling factors and the accomplishment of post-translational modifications of chromatin components, in particular histone acetylation. ", "The amino termini of histones extend from the nucleosomal core and are modified by acetyltransferases and deacetylases during the cell cycle. ", "These acetylation patterns may direct histone assembly and help regulate the unfolding and activity of genes. ", "Gene activity is associated with histone acetylation that plays a major role in maintaining chromatin structure and function \\[[@R6]\\]. ", "The highly acetylated histones are preferentially associated with the active genes, whereas the hypoacetylated histones are responsible for the inactive genes \\[[@R7]-[@R9]\\].", "\n\nThe amino-terminal tails of histones extending from the nucleosomal structure have positively charged lysine (lys+) and arginine (arg+) amino acids \\[[@R10]\\], as the high binding affinity between histones and DNA is based on their opposite charge. ", "The histone tails represent approximately 25-30% of the mass of isolated histones \\[[@R11],[@R12]\\], thus ensuring sufficiently large surface for interactions with regulating factors. ", "The acetyl group (CH3COO-) is negatively charged and therefore neutralizes the positive charge of histones. ", "Consequently, it decreases the total positive charge of histones, reducing their affinity for negatively charged DNA, which facilitates the access of transcription factors to genomic sequence. ", "The \"histone code\" hypothesis suggests that the existence of different chemical modifications of N-terminal histone tails provides binding sites for transcription factors that alter chromatin structure actively or promote transcription \\[[@R13],[@R14]\\].", "\n\nWhat are the effects of histone acetylation on chromatin structure? ", "Lusser *et al.* ", "\\[[@R15]\\] suggest three hypotheses concerning the acetylation-dependent modulation of chromatin structure. ", "First, acetylation introduces negative charge in positive histones by acetyl groups (CH3COO-), neutralizing them. ", "This process destabilizes the nucleosomal core, allowing transcriptional regulators to bind the regulatory promoter regions of DNA. ", "Second, acetylation affects the packing of the chromatin and therefore could alter the accessibility of regulatory proteins to DNA regulatory regions. ", "Third, acetylation is a specific signal that influences histone-protein interactions \\[[@R15]\\].", "\n\nThe basic mechanisms of histone acetylation and histone deacetylation are elucidated by detailed studies on the specialized enzymes-histone acetyltransferases (**HATs**) and histone deacetylases (**HDs**) \\[[@R16]-[@R18]\\]. ", "Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) transfer acetyl (CH3COO-) groups to the NH3+ groups of lysine residues, while the opposing reactions of histone deacetylases (HDs) remove the acetyl groups.", "\n\n2.. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs)\n===============================================================\n\nBased on their subcellular distribution, HATs have been divided into two classes: **HAT-A**and **HAT-B** \\[[@R17],[@R18]\\]. ", "Type A HATs are located in cell nucleus and acetylate nucleosomal core histones. ", "They function as transcriptional co-activators and therefore play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. ", "Type A HATs are divided into five families that include the GCN5-related N-terminal acetyltransferases (GNATs), the MYST (MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2 and Tip60)-related HATs, p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) HATs and transcription initiation factor TAFII-250 \\[for TATA-d factor\\].", "\n\nType B HATs are located in the cytoplasm and catalyze acetylation of free histones (not DNA associated), selectively acetylating lysine 5 and lysine 12 of histone H4 \\[[@R19],[@R20]\\]. ", "They are found in maize \\[[@R21]\\] and show high specificity to the acetylation of histone H~4~ \\[[@R22]\\]. ", "They function as a heterodimeric complex \\[[@R21]\\] and are related to the chromatin synthesis and assembly of nascent histones into chromosomes. ", "A sequence analysis prognosticates a type B HAT homolog in *Arabidopsis thaliana*\\[[@R23]\\]. ", "Newly identified genes by Pandey *et al.* ", "\\[[@R23]\\] specify the homology group to which the gene belongs: HAG from GNAT and MYST families, HAC from CBP family, and HAF from TAFII250 family. ", "These members have homologs in many eukaryotes including plants, particularly in *A. thaliana*\\[[@R23]-[@R25]\\].", "\n\nIn higher eukaryotes, the **GNAT**family is divided into three subfamilies: **GCN5**(General Control Nonderepressible protein 5), **ELP3**(Elongator complex Protein 3) and **HAT1**. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, there are homologs corresponding to each of the subfamilies: **AtGCN5/HAG1**, **HAG3**and **HAG2**\\[[@R23]\\] and there are two **MYST**genes, named ***HAG4*** (HAM1) \\[[@R26]\\] and ***HAG5*** (HAM2) \\[[@R26]\\]. ", "The *Arabidopsis*genome contains **five p300/CBP**(p300/CREB-binding protein) genes: ***AtHAC1***(or *PCAT2*), ***AtHAC2***(or *PCAT1*), ***AtHAC4***(or *PCAT3*), ***AtHAC5***(or *PCAT4*) and ***AtHAC12***, and two **TAFII250**genes: ***HAF1***and ***HAF2*** \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nStructural and functional studies on HAT proteins (Gcn5/PCAF, Esa1 and Hat1) have revealed a fundamental mechanism of histone binding and histone acetylation \\[[@R30]\\]. ", "Sequence analysis of these proteins demonstrates that they contain a structurally conserved core domain and are part of different families, showing high sequence similarity within the families \\[[@R31]\\]. ", "The Gcn5/PCAF family contains an N-terminal HAT-domain and a C-terminal bromodomain that is considered to be a targeting motif \\[[@R32]-[@R34]\\]. ", "These proteins function as transcriptional co-activators or adaptors that assist the connection between components of the transcriptional machinery.", "\n\nIdentification of the four components of the Elongator complex, named ELO1, ELO2, ELO3, and DRL1/ELO4 shows the influence of histone acetylation on plant growth and development. ", "The ELO3 is a histone acetyltransferase from the GCN5 class. ", "The Arabidopsis *elo*mutants have decreased leaf and primary root growth due to reduced cell proliferation \\[[@R35]-[@R37]\\].", "\n\nThe CBP/p300 family also includes HAT- and bromodomains, as well as three cystine-histidine-rich domains (cys/his-1, cys/his-2 and cys/his-3) that mediate protein-protein interaction. ", "While CBP/p300 proteins are transcriptional regulators, the TAFII250 proteins are believed to contain TBP (TATA-binding proteins), supporting transcriptional process \\[[@R38]\\]. ", "This family is represented by one HAT-domain, two kinase domains and two bromodomains that have affinity to highly acetylated H~4~ histone \\[[@R33]\\]. ", "In the structure of MYST proteins, besides a HAT-domain, there is a small zinc-domain, located within the HAT-domain and a chromodomain that can bind to RNA \\[(Fig. **[", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) (Fig. **[", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) ,[@R39]\\].", "\n\nThe genes *AtHAC1*, *AtHAC2*, *AtHAC4*, *AtHAC5* and *AtHAC12* have ZZ-type zinc finger domains, TAZ-type zinc finger domains, Cys-rich HAT domain, KIX, and bromodomains \\[[@R40]\\]. ", "The zinc finger domains (ZZ and TAZ) participate in the protein-protein interactions with transcription factors \\[[@R41]\\], whereas Cys-rich HAT domain at the C-terminal determines the HAT activity *in vitro*\\[[@R27]\\]. ", "The HAT-proteins with bromodomains are distinguished with respect to the numbers of bromodomains and their presence \\[[@R23]\\].", "\n\nHistone acetyltransferases play a crucial role in the control of cell fate and influence cell cycle progression, plant responses to environmental conditions, and gene interactions.", "\n\nThe nature of the mutations (T-DNA insertion and point mutation) identified in the *Arabidopsis* HAT gene *AtGCN5/HAG1* suggests that this gene participates in plant development pathways (meristem function, cell differentiation, leaf and floral organogenesis) and the responses to environmental stimuli, like light and cold \\[[@R42]\\]. ", "The *atgcn5* mutants show pleiotropic defects as dwarfism, loss of apical dominance, smaller, upward, curled leaves, serrated leaves, abnormal root, aberrant meristem function, short petals and stamens, floral organ identity and reduced expression of light- and cold-inducible genes \\[[@R43]-[@R46]\\].", "\n\nThe p300/CBP family is involved in early development \\[[@R47]\\], probably due to the participation in apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. ", "Little is known about the effect of AtHAC1 on *Arabidopsis*development. ", "The p300/CBP plays a crucial role in gene expression and activation, in particular as this family can acetylate histones and non-histone proteins \\[[@R25],[@R48]\\]. ", "Furthermore, p300/CBP is not only HAT but also acts as a factor acetyltransferase, affecting multiple cellular processes \\[[@R25]\\]. ", "p300/CBP can interact with DNA-binding transcription factors and can be part of activation complexes \\[[@R49]-[@R51]\\]. ", "Deng *et al.* ", "\\[[@R52]\\] show that the *AtHAC1* gene affects the vegetative and reproductive development of *Arabidopsis*. ", "Mutations in *AtHAC1* lead to a late-flowering phenotype and pleiotropic developmental defects, such as short primary roots and partially reduced fertility. ", "Likewise, mutations in the *Arabidopsis HAF2* gene could affect the photoperiod pathway and leaf greening \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nIn *Arabidopsis*, acetylation of N-terminal lysine residues (K9, K14, K18, K23 and K27) of H3 histone (H3K9, H3K14, H3K18, H3K23 and H3K27) and lysine residues (K5, K8, K12, K16 and K20) of H4 histone (H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, H4K16 and H4K20) has been related to the regulation of plant cell cycle and epigenetic processes \\[[@R53]\\]. ", "Particularly, H3K9 acetylation is highly correlated with actively transcribed genes \\[[@R54]-[@R56]\\]. ", "Numerous reports suggest that histone hyperacetylation is equivalent to actively transcribed genes, whereas hypoacetylated histones correspond to inert state of genes \\[[@R8],[@R25],[@R57]\\]. ", "Using mass spectrometry analysis, Earley *et al.* ", "\\[[@R26]\\] show that mono- (K16Ac), di- (K12Ac; K16Ac), tri- (K8Ac; K12Ac; K16Ac), and tetra- (K5Ac; K8Ac; K12Ac; K16Ac) acetylated isoforms of H~4~ histone are related to H4 hyperacetylation that occurs in the following order K16→K12→ K8→K5.", "\n\nTo avoid confusion and inaccuracy with the characterized members of the families of lysine demethylases, acetyltransferases, and lysine methyltrans- ferases, Allis *et al.* ", "\\[[@R58]\\] proposed a new nomenclature, where HATs (histone acetyltransferases) have been renamed KATs (lysine acetyltransferases). ", "The authors aim to rationalize the nomenclature and facilitate the next generations scientists working in this research field.", "\n\n3.. SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDS) FOR MODULATION OF EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES\n================================================================================================================\n\nThe major histone deacetylase groups include RPD3, HDA1, SIR2 (Silent Information Regulator 2), and HD2 families \\[[@R59]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the RPD3 family is represented by AtHD1 (AtHDA19), AtHDA6, AtHDA7, and AtHDA9 \\[[@R60]\\]. ", "Phylogenetic analyses show that the RPD3/HDA1 family is found in all genomes of higher eukaryotes \\[[@R23]\\]. ", "Similarly, homologous proteins have also been found in organisms that lack histones (bacteria and Archaea) \\[[@R61]\\]. ", "The SIR2 family has no structural similarity to histone deacetylases of the other families, but is presented in all kingdoms, including bacteria \\[[@R62]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, two SIR2 homologs, whose functions are not very clear, are identified; this family requires NAD as a co-factor \\[[@R63]\\] because SIR2 proteins are NAD-dependent histone deacetylases. ", "The HD2 family is first discovered in maize \\[[@R64]\\] and considered to play a unique role in plants, as the HD2 class is found only in plants \\[[@R64],[@R65]\\]. ", "In *Arabidopsis*are identified four HD2 homologs: AtHD2A, AtHD2B, AtHD2C and AtHD2D \\[[@R65],[@R66]\\]. ", "The first three are highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM), primary leaves and embryos, whereas the fourth homolog is expressed in flowers, young siliques and stems \\[[@R67]\\].", "\n\nDisruption of AtHD1 by a T-DNA insertion, resulting in a null allele mutant (*athd1-t1*) induces a number of developmental abnormalities, site-specific and reversible acetylation changes in H3 histone lysine 9 (lys9/H3), H4 histone lysine 12 (lys12/H4), and H4 histone tetra- lysines 5, 8, 12 and 16. ", "Microarray analysis of *Arabidopsis*shows that the transcriptome is up or downregulated in *athd1*mutants, manifesting positive and negative control of transcriptional regulation \\[[@R68]\\].", "\n\nThus, histone acetylation and deacetylation play a unique and distinct role in transcriptional regulation tied to the developmental programs, where gene interactions are essential.", "\n\n4.. HATs TARGET GENES WITH A ROLE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT\n======================================================\n\nOne of the fundamental developmental pathways in plants is the floral organogenesis. ", "Flowering is controlled by multiple regulatory mechanisms, including histone modifications. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the flowering time is regulated by several fundamental pathways: the autonomous, vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellins (GA) \\[[@R69],[@R70]\\]. ", "During vernalization, plants acquire competence to flower, whereas the long-day conditions promote flowering.", "\n\nFlowering Locus C (FLC) is a key regulator of flowering time that is involved in all four pathways. ", "When the MADS-box transcription factor (FLC) is highly expressed, flowering is delayed, whereas its low expression induces flowering \\[[@R71]\\]. ", "The combination of phenotypic, genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses indicate that the expression level of FLC is regulated by modifications of histone proteins \\[[@R55],[@R68]\\]. ", "The two members of the autonomous pathway, Flowering Locus D (FLD) and Flowering Locus VE, are involved in the inhibition of the expression levels of FLC by chromatin deacetylation. ", "Other key players that are highly related to FLC are five MADS-box genes: *MAF1*, *MAF2*, *MAF3*, *MAF4*, and *MAF5* \\[[@R72],[@R73]\\]. ", "MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAFs) genes are basic regulators of floral transition in *Arabidopsis*\\[[@R74],[@R75]\\]. ", "A number of genes involved in the autonomous pathway (*FCA*, *FPA*, *FLK*, *LD*, *FY* and *REF6*) have been shown to promote flowering by repressing FLC \\[[@R52]\\]. ", "In addition to the repressed FLC expression, vernalization is another pathway sharing the same function \\[[@R76]\\]. ", "The gene responsible for this inactivation is *Vernalization Insensitive 3* (*VIN3*) gene that participates in histone H3 deacetylation \\[[@R76]\\].", "\n\nConsistent with the studies by Servet *et al.* ", "\\[[@R42]\\], AtGCN5 is related to the regulatory function of key genes, controlling flower meristem activity. ", "Knock-out mutants (*Atgcn5*) mentioned above, show terminal flowers that are characterized by homeotic transformations of petals into stamens, sepals into filamentous structures, formation of ectopic carpels \\[[@R44]\\], over-proliferation of young buds, and development of abnormal structures around the inflorescence meristem \\[[@R77]\\]. ", "Up-regulation of the meristem regulatory genes, *WUSCHEL* (*WUS*), *AGAMOUS*(*AG*), *LEAFY*, and *UFO* (*UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS*), is detected in the *gcn5*mutant phenotype, which suggests that AtGCN5 is involved in the regulation of the floral meristem activity through the WUS/AG pathway \\[[@R44]\\].", "\n\nIn *Arabidopsis*, the plant shoot derives from a small group of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells, which are defined by WUS. ", "The studies by Gallois *et al.* ", "\\[[@R78]\\] show that WUS expression induces shoot stem cell identity, leaf development, floral development and embryogenesis. ", "Developmental functions of AtGCN5 involve direct repression of WUS transcription (by the association of the repressor in the *WUS* promoter region) and the up-regulation of *PLETHORA* (*PLT1* and *PLT*2). ", "The *WUS* gene controls shoot and floral meristem stem cells, whereas *PLT1/PLT2* is required for the root meristem development \\[[@R79]\\].", "\n\nIn plants, the growing tips of the shoot axis and axillary buds represent a population of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells, which form SAM \\[[@R80]\\]. ", "This group of dividing stem cells consists of two zones: the central meristem zone and the peripheral meristem zone. ", "The first zone provides new cells, needed for the peripheral zone, whereas new organs originate from the second zone \\[[@R81]\\]. ", "The *WUS* expression is an important determinant for the cell maintenance in the central zone \\[[@R82]\\]. ", "The expression level of *WUS* is regulated by *CLAVATA3* (*CLV3*), as its antagonistic function controls the size of the stem cell population \\[[@R83],[@R84]\\]. *", "WUS* activates *CLV3* in the shoot apex \\[[@R85]\\].", "\n\nAnother key gene responsible for the regulation of floral development is *LEAFY* (*LFY*) \\[[@R86]\\]. ", "Lohmann *et al.* ", "\\[[@R87]\\] demonstrate that the floral organ identity gene *AGAMOUS* (*AG*) is activated by *WUS* in combination with *LFY*.", "\n\nThe knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) gene family is important for the differentiation of centrally located, slowly dividing stem cells and peripheral founder cells. ", "These genes are expressed in SAM. ", "During leaf initiation, the KNOX genes are downregulated in the peripheral cells. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the expression of KNOX genes is repressed by *ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1* (*AS1*) gene, showing cell differentiation in leaves \\[[@R88],[@R89]\\]. ", "The histone modifications and histone acetylation and deacetylation in particular, regulate the expression level of *AS1* \\[[@R90]\\] and are involved in leaf-axis specification \\[[@R89]\\], the transition between juvenile and mature leaves \\[[@R90]\\], and leaf morphogenesis. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, a bromodomain protein called GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GROUP E6 (GTE6) is similar to AS1 and its positive regulator, because it is associated with the promoter region of *AS1*. ", "Therefore, GTE6 activates AS1 by mediating acetylation of histones \\[[@R90],[@R91]\\].", "\n\nAs it was already mentioned, the Elongater core enzyme, ELO3, is a conserved histone acetyltransferase from the GCN5 class. ", "Nelissen *et al.* ", "\\[[@R92]\\] confirmed acetylation of H3K14 in coding and 3′-untranslated regions of specific genes \\[the auxin repressor *SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2*(*SHY2*), and the auxin influx carrier*LIKE AUXIN RESISTANT 2* (*LAX2*)\\], that are involved in the distribution of auxin, a plant hormone, which plays a crucial role in *Arabidopsis* growth and development.", "\n\n5.. ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs) IN PLANT RESPONSES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STIMULI\n=================================================================================================\n\nA number of biological processes, such as cell differentiation, growth and development, are affected by internal and external signals, like light \\[[@R60]\\], temperature, osmotic and oxidative stresses \\[[@R92]-[@R94]\\]. ", "An important mechanism in mediating the changes of gene expression under these stimuli is chromatin remodeling. ", "Histone acetylation and deacetylation can activate or repress gene expression. ", "Misexpression of HATs and HDs leads to multiple defects in plant growth and development, which confirm their basic role in modifications related to changes in environmental conditions.", "\n\nIn contrast to animals, plants are sessile organisms that must adapt to their changing surroundings. ", "Part of their adaptation responses are mediated by the modulation of histone acetylation. ", "The light as an environmental stimulus regulates histone acetylation and participates in growth and development of plants through their entire life cycle \\[[@R95],[@R96]\\].", "\n\nLight and nitrogen availability are two factors that control the expression of the C4-specific gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C4-PEPC). ", "The general role of C4-PEPC is the primary fixation of carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. ", "This gene provokes hyperacetylation of the H3 and H4 histones in maize (*Zea mays*), as the availability of illumination is one of the necessary requirements \\[[@R97]\\]. ", "The same authors suggest that the illumination represses histone deacetylation, resulting in the hyperacetylation of histones. ", "Another gene involved in the hyperacetylation process of the H3 and H4 histones, and controlled by illumination is the*pea plastocyanin* (*PetE*) gene \\[[@R98]\\]. ", "Basic components of the light pathway are the phytochromes (phy) and the cryptochromes (CRY) that are related to regulation of plant response to light. ", "These photoreceptors activate the HY5 transcription factor (ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5), resulting in gene expression accordingly \\[[@R99]\\]. *", "HY5* is defined as a light-responsive gene that represents a fundamental target of AtGCN5 \\[[@R100]\\] and an important participant in the regulation of transcription, controlling photomorphogenesis \\[[@R101]\\]. ", "AtGCN5 and HY5 are elements of the same light-regulatory pathway in the sense that they share genomic targets, such as light-responsive genes \\[[@R100]\\]. ", "Molecular and genetic analyses demonstrate that AtGCN5 has an epistatic attitude towards HY5 \\[[@R54]\\]. ", "As a result of light induction, AtGCN5 interacts with TAF1/HAF2, leading to increased levels of acetylation of H3K9Ac, H3K27Ac and H4K12Ac. ", "This shows that AtGCN5 and TAF1 are important factors in light responses as they affect histone acetylation and gene expression \\[[@R29],[@R54]\\]. ", "TAF1/HAF2 participates in the phytochrome pathway and interacts with HY5 activating light-induced gene expression \\[[@R29]\\].", "\n\nAs mentioned above, AtGCN5 participates in the light-regulatory pathway but is also involved in the cold response pathway \\[[@R102]\\]. ", "Analyses of the processes of cold acclimation and vernalization have shown that AtGCN5 interplays together with C-repeat/DRE binding factors (CBF1) to regulate cold-regulated (*COR*) gene expression \\[[@R43]\\]. ", "Plants must adapt their growth to low temperature (cold acclimation) and prevent early flowering. ", "Different histone modifications contribute to this specific adaptation \\[[@R103]\\]. ", "Histone acetylation acts antagonistically to histone deacetylation and controls the \"on\" or \"off\" switching of the cold-responsive gene expression.", "\n\nExposure to low temperatures affects two genes: *FLC* (*Flowering Locus C*) and *VIN3* (*Vernalization Insensitive 3*) that induce changes in histone modifications. ", "If MADS-box floral repressor (FLC) is exposed to low temperatures, the *FLC* expression level is reduced contributing to the early flowering \\[[@R104]\\]. ", "The cold acclimation provokes *VIN3* gene activity, which causes *FLC* silencing through histone deacetylation \\[[@R105]\\]. ", "A hypothesis exists that the VRN2 dimethylation of the H3K9 and H3K27 histones (H3K9me2 and H3K27me2) is a result of histone deacetylation, which leads to *FLC* repression \\[(Fig. **[", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**),[@R106],[@R107]\\]. ", "The interaction between the key regulator of the vernalization pathway (*FLC*) and the PHD-finger protein encoding gene (*VIN3*) correlates with the period of cold treatment. ", "Therefore, the increasing period of cultivation leads to low *FLC* expression levels and high *VIN3* levels \\[[@R105]\\].", "\n\n6.. ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs) IN CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION\n=======================================================================\n\nDuring the interphase, the chromosomes are despiralized, whereas during mitosis they become highly compacted. ", "The precise delivery of genetic information during cell division depends on the high condensation of chromosomes, occurring during cell cycle transition from interphase to mitosis. ", "The highly dynamic balance of the histone acetylation and deacetylation contributes to the modulation of chromatin conformation and compactization \\[[@R5],[@R108]\\]. ", "Acetylated histones are observed both in the transcriptionally active euchromatin and transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin. ", "In gene-rich regions, during early S phase and mid-S phase, an increased histone acetylation is observed, whereas in late S phase, M phase, and G1 phase, the acetylation is reduced to a much lower level \\[[@R109],[@R110]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the late S phase and G2 phase are associated with highly acetylated histones that deacetylate in the heterohromatic regions during the late G2 phase. ", "In *A. thaliana,*Cools *et al.* ", "\\[[@R111]\\] develop a synchronized root tip system under hydroxyurea treatment to study the genes involved in cell cycle progression. ", "The addition of this genotoxic drug has dramatic impact on the transcription of various histone genes. ", "The level of histone transcripts peaks at different times under hydroxyurea treatment. ", "During this synchronization experiment appearance of various histones confirms results of Morales *et al.* ", "\\[[@R112]\\], regarding the incorporation of histone proteins into nucleosomes. ", "First, H3 and H4 associate to form tetramer followed by two H2A-H2B dimers, thus completing the nucleosome assembly. ", "Finally, the H1 linker protects the nucleosome structure. ", "In *Arabidopsis*, the acetylation of K5, K8 and K12 of the H4 histone is always immutable during G1, S and G2 phases, as H4K16 leads to a cell-dependent modulation. ", "Interestingly, the histone H3K18 has a similar function as H4K16 in the acetylation process \\[[@R113]\\].", "\n\nIt has been shown that ElO3 is required for shoot meristem cell cycle progression in *A. thaliana* seedlings. ", "The main process during seed germination is DNA replication when new histone molecules are synthesized. ", "The expression level of histone genes is a marker for DNA synthesis. ", "In the *elo3* mutants almost no signal of H~4~ are detected, suggesting that DNA replication is not observed in the mutants background \\[[@R114]\\].", "\n\nIn the centromeric regions of the chromosomes which are gene-poor, the H4K5, H4K8 and H4K12 histones are highly acetylated during the interphase and rapidly deacetylate during mitosis, while the gene-rich regions are represented by highly acetylated levels of H4K8 and H4K16. ", "The selectively acetylated lysine 5 and lysine 12 of the type B HATs H4 histones (H4K5 and H4K12) quickly deacetylate during the telophase and interphase \\[[@R113]-[@R115]\\]. ", "In plants, treatment with the DNA synthesis inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) causes acetylation of lysine 5, lysine 12 and lysine 16 of the H4 histone \\[[@R116]\\]. ", "Germination of wheat seeds in the presence of TSA changes significantly the architecture of the interphase chromosome arms, suggesting that specific chromosome segments are remodeled by this treatment, but there is a tethering of both centromeres and telomeres to the nuclear envelope \\[[@R117]\\]. ", "In lines carrying multiple transgene integrations that are usually colocalized during interphase, the TSA treatment leads to their dispersion and an increase in transgene activity. ", "This suggests that the colocalisation/dispersion of the transgenes may be a function of specific interphase chromosome organization.", "\n\nHistone acetylation and transcriptional activation are associated with changes in chromatin organization and chromatin remodeling, as the active genes in higher eukaryotes are positioned in potentionally mobile regions \\[[@R118]\\]. ", "Also, the active genes that are undermethylated and with an increased acetylation, have a remarkable relation to the regulation of gene expression \\[[@R119]\\].", "\n\nJasencakova *et al.* ", "\\[[@R120]\\] study the extent of H4 histone and H3 histone acetylation within euchromatin and heterochromatin during the cell cycle. ", "They use a new approach, based on specific immunolabeling with antibodies for acetylated isoforms of H4 histone \\[[@R121]\\]. ", "DNA content into G1-, S- and G2-fractions of the histone isoforms manifests chromatin domains of isolated chromosomes. ", "The identification of these specific chromatin domains is achieved through an *in situ* fluorescence hybridization or DAPI (4\\`,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. ", "The results show that the extent of H4 histone acetylation is linked to the replication process rather than to the transcription activity. ", "Experiments conducted with field bean demonstrate high H4 acetylation levels during or shortly after replication \\[[@R120]\\].", "\n\nMaintaining genome integrity is critical for the survival of a species. ", "UV radiation, genotoxic chemicals, ionizing radiation and the products of cell metabolism, such as reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, constantly damage cells and are potential mutagens. ", "The cellular DNA damage response system continuously surveys the genome, ready to propagate a number of signals based on the damage detected and its potential to repair. ", "Many of the proteins involved in macromolecular complexes in the diverse cellular processes are acetylated: DNA replication, DNA damage and repair, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle, splicing, nuclear transport, and cytoskeleton reorganization \\[[@R122]\\].", "\n\n7.. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HAC1 IN THE MODEL PLANTS *MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA, LOTUS JAPONICUS*AND *ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA*\n=====================================================================================================================================\n\nIn the project 'IFCOSMO': Integrated functional and comparative genomics studies on the model legumes *Medicago truncatula* and *Lotus japonicus* (supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science, Bulgaria) are used forward and reverse genetic approaches in order to study the functions of unknown legume genes \\[[@R123],[@R124]\\]. ", "One of the genes of particular interest is *M. truncatula* HAC1 (histone acetyltransferase, MT0G02960, PLAZA 2.5), which is an ortholog of the *Arabidopsis HAC1* (At1g79000, PLAZA 2.5), belonging to p300/CBP (p300/CREB-binding protein). *", "Agrobacterium tumefaciens*-mediated transformation approach was applied to obtain stable HAC1 transformants of the model species *M. truncatula*, *L. japonicus* and *A. thaliana*. ", "Positive plants with *HAC1*overexpression and RNAi knockdown, and plants carrying transcriptional reporter (endogenous promoter of *HAC1* fused to GUS and GFP marker genes) are currently the subject of intensive investigation and phenotyping, focusing on the processes of lateral root formation, nodulation and somatic embryogenesis.", "\n\n*M. truncatula* and *L. japonicus* plants with overexpression of *HAC1* had a better developed root system, in comparison with wild-type plants. ", "The*M. truncatula* root system consisted of roots forming a rosette around base of the stem and many secondary branches that were much longer than the primary roots. ", "The plants were larger and more vigorous with shoots, bearing more side branches than the wild-type plants. ", "In *L. japonicus*overexpressing *HAC1*, the root system consisted of a primary root and secondary branches that were shorter and thicker than these in the wild-type plants. ", "RNAi-mediated knockdown of *HAC1* in *L. japonicus* led to polyploid giant cells, which are associated with enlarged cell volume. ", "Microscopic examination of *A. thaliana* with *HAC1* knockdown showed numerous giant leaf cells. ", "Overexpression of *HAC1-GFP* in *A. thaliana*and *L. japonicus* revealed its distinct localization in the nuclei. ", "Taken together, these data confirmed involvement of the studied *HAC1* gene in the cell cycle progression and development of both model legume plants.", "\n\nThis study was supported by a grant from the National Science Found at the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria, project Do 02-268 (Integrated functional and comparative genomics studies on the model legumes *Medicago truncatula*and *Lotus japonicus*, acronym IFCOSMO).", "\n\nFUTURE PERSPECTIVE\n==================\n\nHistone acetylation/deacetylation is a conserved mechanism for epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure during plant development and stress conditions, modulating the cell cycle and maintaining genome stability. ", "Although histone modifications are thoroughly researched in yeast and mammals, there have been very few studies in plants. ", "Until now, most of the reports are limited to *A. thaliana*and tomato, and reveal histone modifications at sites that are unique to plant species. ", "It has been shown that histone variants and modifications in the legume soybean are different from *A. thaliana.*", "\n\nPlants are ideal model systems to study the effect of diverse exogenous and endogenous cues on acetylation patterns, in order to understand chromatin-mediated control of gene expression, and decipher the biological significance of the changes in histone modifications. ", "These rapid modifications may underlie the higher developmental plasticity of plants, allowing them to respond rapidly to environmental stress. ", "More comprehensive studies on the legume genomes, like *M. truncatula*and *L. japonicus*, will provide further insights into modifications of histone proteins and their functional significance in higher plants. ", "The combined genome-wide analysis of histone acetylation patterns with the phenotypic data from the model legumes will allow identification of candidate genes involved in genetic traits of specific interest. ", "Future efforts will focus on transferring the obtained knowledge for histone acetylation from model species to commercially viable legume crops.", "\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST\n====================\n\nThe author(s) confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nABBREVIATIONS\n=============\n\nHACs\n\n:  =  Histone Acetyltransferases\n\nHATs\n\n:  =  Histone Acetyltransferases\n\nHDs\n\n:  =  Histone Deacetylases\n\nGNATs\n\n:  =  GCN5-related N-terminal Acetyltransferases\n\nCBP\n\n:  =  p300/CREB-Binding Protein\n\nTBP\n\n:  =  TATA-Binding Protein\n\nGCN5\n\n:  =  General Control Nonderepressible protein 5 MAFs 5 MAFs = MADS Affecting Flowering\n\nSAM\n\n:  =  Shoot Apical Meristem\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nMinimal technical requierements\n\nI'm looking for technical requirements asked for running in the same time on a web hosting service (if it's even possible) or a personnal set of computers :\n\na federation server\na custom-clone of StellarTerm client (if licence is ok ?)", "\na custom-clone of Pricey (stellar-price.com)(if licence is ok ?)", "\n\nI have a very little test-project in mind, and as an administrator of a little private web-community (+/- 100 members), i think i can learn a lot about technical aspects of Stellar using my members as volunteer guinea pigs.", "\n\nA:\n\nI cannot speak to the specifics, but I have been able to get all this running on the smallest DigitalOcean droplet. ", "The specs of this server are:\n\nSo I would guess a personal set of computers is also capable.", "\nBest of luck!", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Environment & Fertility\n\nAccording to several recent studies, each of us carries approximately 250 chemical contaminants in our bodies throughout our life cycle. ", "Artificial chemicals can overwhelm our bodies’ detoxification pathways and our bodies’ processing systems and accumulate in our tissues, particularly body fat. ", "The good news is that research in the fields of human genomics, nutrition, and lifestyle choices provides new and intriguing information about how to prevent further exposures and keep the potential toxins from creating havoc on our immune systems and overall health.", "\n\nGlobal Research: Global Concerns\n\nEvery species on earth — including humans — is now exposed to chemicals in the environment that can reduce sperm counts, disrupt female reproductive cycles, cause endometriosis, induce spontaneous abortion, alter sexual behavior, cause birth defects, impair the development and function of the brain, reduce cognitive ability, interfere with the controlled development and growth of body tissues, cause cancer, and compromise immunity.", "\n\nIn the general population it is very hard to determine the effect of the chemicals to which we are exposed because we are exposed to so many during our lifetime.", "\n\nOne example of the correlation between chemicals and cancer has been seen in farmers. ", "Farmers are generally healthier than the average person. ", "They have low rates of heart disease and other ailments. ", "However, for the last thirty years or so, they have experienced high rates of leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cancers of the brain and prostate. ", "Animal and epidemiological studies have linked these types of cancer to pesticides and solvent exposure.", "\n\nThe Precautionary Principle\n\nIn simple terms, the precautionary principle says “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”. ", "It’s common sense.", "\n\nThe precautionary principle guides us to take action now, as individuals and as a society, to prevent harm to human health and the environment before it happens.", "\n\nThere are over 100,000 synthetic chemicals approved for market use today, from preservatives in our lipstick to flame retardants in our sofas, from plasticizers in our water bottles to pesticides on our fruit and vegetables. ", "Less than 10% of these chemicals have been tested for their effects on human health. ", "Cancer, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease, birth defects and developmental disabilities are becoming increasingly common and there is a growing body of evidence linking these serious health problems to the chemicals we’re exposed to in our air, water and food. ", "It’s time to put prevention first.", "\n\nToday, the environmental laws and regulations that guide the decisions we make about public health and the environment focus on managing risks rather than preventing harm.", "\n\nThe Precautionary Principle shifts this kind of decision-making to a more comprehensive approach that looks at alternatives. ", "Taking precautions means acting now to protect our health. ", "It means putting human health and the environment at the center of our local, state, national, and global decisions so that all individuals and communities, especially those who are most affected, can be protected before harm is done.", "\n\nEnvironmental Effects on Fertility\n\nA report of the CDC’s National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG), the fastest-growing segment of U.S. women with impaired fecundity (the capacity to conceive and carry a child to term) is women under 25.", "\n\nAt a time when at least 80 million people worldwide are estimated to be affected by infertility, scientists are starting to look closely at how exposures to environmental substances may affect the ability of a couple to achieve a healthy pregnancy. ", "Studies of wildlife and laboratory animals are helping to pin down how exposure to chemicals such as endocrine disruptors (foreign chemicals that mimic hormones and cause untoward effects) effects reproductive development. ", "Human studies are looking at genetic effects, effects of multi-compound exposures, the potential contribution of agricultural pesticides and persistent organic pollutants to problems such as low sperm counts and altered sex ratios. ", "However, a thorough exploration of environmental effects on fertility will require the expertise of many different disciplines.", "\n\nWorldwide Concerns\n\nGeographic differences may suggest environmental exposures that need investigation, concluded Shanna Swan, Ph.D., in a paper published back in the February 2006 issue of Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. ", "In the first phase of the EPA-funded Study for Future Families, significant reductions were noted in sperm concentration, motility, and total motile sperm in men from Columbia, Missouri, compared with men in New York City, Minneapolis, and Los Angeles. ", "In an in-depth follow-up study comparing variables between the Columbia and Minneapolis men, the researcher discovered that the Missouri group had had higher exposure to agricultural pesticides. ", "Further, men with low sperm counts were more likely to have higher urine metabolite levels of the pesticides alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon.", "\n\nUnderstanding that a person’s reproductive health can be linked to the very earliest of exposures, possibly even paternal or maternal exposures prior to conception, points up the critical need to uncover the health effects of environmental chemicals.", "\n\nFetal Exposures Lead to Adult Disease.", "\nStudies show that hundreds of industrial chemicals circulate in the blood of a baby in the womb, interacting in ways that are not fully understood. ", "Many more pollutants are likely present in the womb, but test methods have yet to be developed that would allow health officials to comprehensively assess prenatal exposure to chemicals, or to ensure that these exposures are safe. ", "From a regulatory perspective, fetal exposure to industrial chemicals is quite literally out of control.", "\n\nSome chemicals are directly toxic to an exposed child — lead and mercury, for example, which harm a developing brain — while other chemicals induce a chain of events that may culminate in a diagnosed health problem later in life.", "\n\nIn a study spearheaded by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) in collaboration with The American Red Cross, researchers at two major laboratories found an average of 200 industrial chemicals and pollutants in umbilical cord blood from 10 babies born in August and September of 2004 in U.S. hospitals. ", "Tests revealed a total of 287 chemicals in the group. ", "The umbilical cord blood of these 10 children, collected by The Red Cross after the cord was cut, harbored pesticides, consumer product ingredients, and wastes from burning coal, gasoline, and garbage. ", "This study and a strong body of supporting science suggest that fetal exposure to industrial chemicals is contributing to adverse health effects in the human population. ", "This is cause for concern.", "\n\nHowever, experience also shows us that it is never too late to take action. ", "Blood levels of PCBs and pesticides like DDT are lower today than 30 years ago when they were banned.", "\n\nPhthalates Increase Endometriosis\n\nPhthalates are compounds that keep plastic soft and are found in many products from cosmetics, nail polish, medical tubing, to paints and varnishes. ", "Exposure may be through the skin, breathing or ingestion.", "\n\nA study published in the BJOG, An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in May, 2006, found significantly higher levels of phthalate esters in women with endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis.", "\n\nThere was additional correlation between those with higher levels of phthalates and the severity of the endometriosis. ", "Endometriosis has been associated with increased rates of infertility for women. ", "Check out an interesting video from March, 2016 about chemicals, endometriosis, fibroids and health care costs below.", "\n\nSupport Articles\n\nAbout Us\n\nThe EarthRose Institute is a non-profit organization founded in response to the growing need to disseminate information, educate and investigate environmental links to women and children’s health and seeks to prevent toxic exposures in the home, workplace, food chain, and community.", "\nRead More" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Single incision laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty (SIL-TEP): experience of 512 procedures.", "\nReports have been issued recently on single incision laparoscopic hernioplasty, but no large-scale study has been conducted as yet. ", "This study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of the single incision laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty (SIL-TEP) on a large number of cases. ", "512 SIL-TEPs in 471 patients were performed from June 2010 to January 2014 at Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea. ", "SIL-TEP was performed using a glove single port device and standard laparoscopic instruments. ", "Short-term outcomes were reviewed. ", "Of the 512 hernias, 329 (64.3 %) were indirect, 144 (28.1 %) were direct, 9 (1.8 %) were femoral, and 30 (5.9 %) were combined. ", "There were 3 (0.6 %) conversions to single or three-port laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty. ", "Mean operative time was 41.6 min for unilateral hernias and 65.3 min for bilateral hernias. ", "Postoperative complications occurred in 45 cases (9.6 %); 21 were wound seromas, 5 were hematomas, and 18 were urinary retentions. ", "All were successfully treated conservatively. ", "Mean hospital stay was 1.8 days. ", "The SIL-TEP is safe and technically feasible. ", "Additional studies on long-term recurrence rates are needed to confirm the safety of SIL-TEP." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ ".223 Remington and 5.56 NATO ammunition are some of the most produced and consumed cartridges in the United States due in large part to the AR-15 category of rifles. ", "Factory .223 and 5.56 ammunition is also relatively inexpensive when compared to other centerfire rifle cartridges, which helps fuel the consumption of these cartridges.", "\n\nCarbine Course by Falcon Operations Group\n\nWithin the various types of .223 and 5.56 ammunition, bullet weights of 55gr and 62gr are the most popular, thanks to the USGI M193 (55gr) and M855 (62gr) 5.56 NATO rounds. ", "While actual USGI M193 and M855 is technically not available to the commercial market, commercial ammunition manufacturers do produce ammunition to similar specifications of M193 and M855 (at least with regards to muzzle velocity and pressure).", "\n\nI personally use Federal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr ammunition, and have used Federal XM193 for many years because Federal XM193 is actual Lake City factory produced. ", "Plus, Federal XM193 uses Lake City brass, which is in my opinion the best brass for reloading for the AR (longevity), second only to Lapua (accuracy).", "\n\nNote: Back before 2013, I used to handload all of my ammunition, whether for matches or just plinking. ", "But when the panic purchasing started at the beginning of 2013, driving up the costs of all firearms related products, powder prices and supply has not gone back to the levels pre-2013. ", "Thus, I currently buy factory ammunition for general shooting, and handload pure accuracy ammo (e.g. 77gr or 80gr .223).", "\n\nI know a lot of AR owners tend to buy non-Federal / Lake City ammunition because the alternatives out there are slightly cheaper per round. ", "For me, the extra cost per round for Federal / Lake City ammo is justified when it comes to having brass that I will reuse (and is desirable to all .223 reloaders).", "\n\nBut, I did have curiosity regarding the performance of other brands of 55gr 5.56 and .223 variants. ", "So I acquired a few boxes of several different 55gr ammunition to do some comparison testing.", "\n\nWhen I chose the ammo to test, it was based on what I thought were the most commonly purchased 55gr M193 clones.", "\n\nThe ammunition in my comparison testing are:\n\nFederal “American Eagle” AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nFederal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIndependence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nPMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWinchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nYou will probably notice the above list includes two .223 Remington ammunition types. ", "I wanted to include these in the comparison because Federal AE223 and Wolf Gold are very popular, less expensive, and readily available ammo options both locally in stores and online.", "\n\nThe comparison testing I conducted should not be construed as a complete comparison or review of the ammunition above. ", "I make no final and definitive claims as to one ammunition being better than the other. ", "There are other factors that play into the performance of ammunition, including the actual firearm used, shooter skill / error, ammunition lot numbers, etc.", "\n\nThis is merely some basic comparison testing I wanted to do to satisfy my own curiosity.", "\n\nAs far as live fire comparison, I wanted to run 10-shot strings of each ammunition version over a chronograph to get muzzle velocity data.", "\n\nAll ammo was shot using my primary AR defensive rifle build, which utilizes a Bravo Company MFG 16″, 1-7″ twist, mid-length, Cold Hammer Forged, Chrome Lined barrel, chambered in 5.56 NATO, with a BCM Compensator MOD 0.", "\n\nThe Shooting Chrony Alpha Master chronograph was placed 15 feet in front of the rifle muzzle and the targets were at ~65 yards. ", "Points of aim were 2″ Shoot-N-C pasters on IPSC targets.", "\n\nGroup sizes were measure using calipers edge to edge, and subtracting .224″ (to get group sizes from center hole to center hole).", "\n\nNote that the group sizes are not going to be indicative of true accuracy because I used an Aimpoint Micro T-1 with 2MOA dot as opposed to using a fine reticle magnified telescope optic. ", "2MOA is approximately ~1.36″ at ~65 yards, so this is good amount of inaccuracy when it comes to shooting groups. ", "But since I shot all of the groups with the same rifle, the results will still be comparative. ", "In cases where fliers were evident, I took a second group size measurement subtracting at most two fliers.", "\n\nI also measured samples of each ammunition, measuring three random cartridges from each box for base to ogive measurement, cartridge overall length, as well as pulling a bullet off one of one cartridge from each ammunition box to inspect the bullet and powder (weighing powder charge and bullet).", "\n\nI measured base to ogive measurement using a Stoney Point (now Hornady) bullet comparator tool. ", "There are several bullet comparator tools out there, but the Hornady bullet comparator tool attaches to the jaw of a caliper for quick and easy measuring off of the ogive.", "\n\nThe importance of the ogive of a bullet is that this is generally where the bullet initially makes contact with the bore as it begins traveling from the chamber. ", "In some schools of thought, it is believed that a bullet is more accurate if it has to ‘jump’ less of a distance before it makes contact with the rifling. ", "So a shorter base to ogive could theoretically be worse. ", "Of course, there is a level of safety here in that you don’t want too long of a base to ogive measurement otherwise the bullet is jammed into the rifling before it is fired, which could result in an adverse pressure spike.", "\n\nI measured the base to ogive length of samples of the ammunition tested simply for data collection. ", "There is no stressed importance of these values, especially since light bullets in a 5.56 NATO or .223 Remington chamber will have a good amount of jump due to the freebore of the chamber.", "\n\nIf you handload your own rifle ammo, I highly recommend the Hornady Bullet Comparator tool (or any other bullet comparator tool). ", "It will be a valuable gauge for when you start delving into techniques for creating more accurate loads (e.g. seating bullets to the lands, chasing the barrel throat) with heavier weight and/or Very Low Drag (VLD) bullets.", "\n\nI also deprimed a few pieces of brass from each ammo type shot to check for the existence of a primer pocket crimp. ", "I did this by using a primer pocket uniforming tool. ", "This tool will not insert into a primer pocket if a crimp exists. ", "If it is able to insert into the pocket, then I assume there is no crimp or a light crimp depending on how it feels.", "\n\nSummary of conditions:\n\n10-shot strings with muzzle velocities and groups recorded on 2016-03-25.", "\n\nAmbient temperature 65F to 68F, increasing throughout the morning.", "\n\n10-12 mph winds, decreasing throughout the morning.", "\n\nShot using 16″ 1-7″ twist barrel\n\nTarget distance of ~65 yards\n\nPoint of aim was 2″ paster with Aimpoint Micro T-1 2MOA dot.", "\n\nFederal “American Eagle” AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nFederal AE223 is a .223 Remington SAAMI specification round with a 55gr bullet. ", "This is a true commercial offering from Federal which should be safe for any and all .223 Remington and 5.56 chambered rifles.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.5gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a minor boat tail, and the lead base protrudes out beyond the copper jacket. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition does not have bullet or primer sealant, and there is no evident annealing of the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Federal Cartridge (FC) and .223 Remington specification.", "\n\nI was surprised to find that the primer pocket is crimped. ", "I deprimed four pieces and the primer pocket uniforming tool would not insert into the pocket.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3020 1.747 (1.158 w/o fliers) 1.837 2.190 55.5 26.1 2930 1.829 2.187 2969 1.825 2.189 3027 2990 2934 3060 2970 3006 2982 Avg = 2988.8 Std Dev = 40.9 Federal American Eagle AE223 55gr .223 Remington\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 2988.8 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 40.8 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Federal AE223 was 1.971″. If you remove two fliers (two high left shots in image below), the group size is 1.382″.\n\nFederal “American Eagle” XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThis is actually the ammo I purchase, ‘stockpile’, and use on a regular basis for practice, defensive drills, etc. ", "Federal XM193 is supposed to be actually production ammo from the Lake City plant. ", "If you believe what has been stated on the Internet, XM193 is from M193 lots that didn’t pass specific tests to achieve MILSPEC. ", "While still safe to use, it could be things like inconsistent primer sealant. ", "Either way, as I mentioned earlier, I favor this ammo because of the Lake City brass that is used to produce it.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.0gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail, and the lead base is flush with the copper jacket. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Lake City 2015 (LC 15) and bears a NATO cross.", "\n\nThe LC 2015 brass did not have an evident primer pocket crimp. ", "I have actually had some interesting experiences with recent batches of Federal / Lake City American Eagle XM193. ", "Some of them had crimped primer pockets, while others did not. ", "But this is one example of how XM193 is not true M193. ", "True M193 will have crimped primer pockets and if you use once-fired brass from a verified military source like I do, you will need a primer pocket crimp removal tool (e.g. Dillon Super Swage 600).", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3033 1.875 (0.750 w/o fliers) 1.876 2.243 55.0 27.7 3086 1.874 2.245 3137 1.871 2.243 3120 3153 3173 3145 3182 3153 3145 Avg = 3132.7 Std Dev = 44.1 Federal American Eagle XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3132.7 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 44.1 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Federal / Lake City XM193 was 1.875″, but removing two fliers (one definitely called) results in a group size of 0.750″\n\nIMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nIMI is also known as Israeli Military Industries. ", "IMI has a good reputation of producing quality product, and their ammunition is considered on par with USGI ammunition.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with a concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates IMI 2015 (IMI 15).", "\n\nThere is a very light primer pocket crimp on the IMI brass. ", "You might be able to squeeze a primer into the pocket without swaging or reaming, but it might be a good idea to run through all the primer pockets of an entire batch to be sure (and uniform).", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3147 3.462 1.886 2.251 55.4 26.1 3113 1.892 2.250 3176 1.891 2.248 3145 3166 3158 3186 3124 3143 3193 Avg = 3155.1 Std Dev = 25.8 IMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3155.1 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 25.8 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for IMI M193 was 3.462″.\n\nThis was quite disappointing and I shot a second 10-shot string after I finished shooting the other ammunition to see if the initial test group was a fluke. ", "Unfortunately, the group size of the second string was a sloppy 3.271″.\n\nIndependence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nI have read mixed information regarding Independence brand ammunition. ", "Some claim it is actually IMI ammunition under a different name, but none of the Independence ammo I have seen had an IMI headstamp. ", "The box does state that the ammunition is imported from Israel by Federal Cartridge. ", "What this may indicate is that Federal Cartridge operates a factory in Israel and some of that ammunition makes it back stateside under the Independence label.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a minor boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has no bullet sealant, but has evidence of primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Federal Cartridge 2015 (FC 15).", "\n\nThe FC15 brass did not have a primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3153 1.885 (1.130 w/o fliers) 1.895 2.247 55.4 26.6 3229 1.896 2.249 3228 1.887 2.250 3234 3211 3207 3224 3247 3256 3239 Avg = 3222.8 Std Dev = 28.7 Independence XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3222.8 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 28.7 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Independence XM193 was 1.885″. If you remove two fliers (one low, one far right), the group size is 1.130″.\n\nPMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nPMC Ammunition is made in South Korea. ", "I used to buy their 55gr ammunition in the late 1990s / early 2000s in my early days of shooting because it was quite inexpensive (always on sale locally). ", "The quality of PMC ammo is relatively decent and I’ve never had issues with PMC ammo in my years of shooting.", "\n\nPMC X-TAC appears to be marketed as a M193 clone via the XP193 designator.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.4gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Poong-San – Dongrae 2015 (PSD 15).", "\n\nThe PSD 15 brass had a definite primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 2988 1.278 1.881 2.249 54.6 25.2 2952 1.869 2.249 2978 1.869 2.245 2966 2972 2980 3017 2982 3005 2957 Avg = 2979.7 Std Dev = 20.1 PMC X-TAC XP193 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 2979.7 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 20.1 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for PMC XP193 was 1.278″.\n\nWinchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nWinchester Q3131 / Q3131A was actually highly sought after ammo in the early 2000s. ", "It had gained a reputation as being very high quality, and what people liked about it was that Q3131/Q3131A was supposedly made to M193 specification, but also ‘cleaner’ in that it was polished before being boxed and shipped out (unlike XM193 which looks quite rough at times).", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 54.6gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an concave exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a very distinct boat tail. ", "The powder is a consistent flattened spherical design.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is evident annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates what is accepted to mean Winchester Military Ammunition 2015 (WMA 15). ", "The headstamp bears the NATO cross.", "\n\nThe WMA 15 brass did not have an evident primer pocket crimp. ", "I was a bit surprised by this because Q3131/Q3131A has historically had a primer pocket crimp. ", "The last time I bought Q3131/Q3131A was in the mid-2000s and those did indeed have a crimped primer pocket.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3101 1.450 1.854 2.203 54.6 26.3 3109 1.830 2.205 3048 1.841 2.199 3080 3072 3045 3079 3039 3044 3078 Avg = 3069.5 Std Dev = 24.7 Winchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3069.5 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 24.7 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Winchester Q3131 was 1.450″.\n\nWolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nWhile not a 5.56 NATO cartridge, the Wolf Gold .223 Remington ammunition is very popular amongst AR shooters. ", "It is brass cased with a full metal jacket and is one of the least expensive factory ammunition offerings without having to go steel cased ammo. ", "The ammunition is made in and imported from Taiwan.", "\n\nPulling the bullet yields a copper full metal jacket, cannelured 55.6gr bullet (weighed on scale) with an flat exposed base. ", "Note that the bullet has a distinct boat tail, and the exposed base is recessed from the copper jacket. ", "The powder actually appears to be a blend of spherical and extruded granules.", "\n\nThe ammunition has bullet and primer sealant, and there is minor annealing on the shoulder of the case.", "\n\nThe headstamp indicates Wolf with no year indicator.", "\n\nThe Wolf brass exhibited a primer pocket crimp.", "\n\nMuzzle Velocity (feet per second) Group Size (inches) Ogive (inches) Cartridge Overall Length (inches) Bullet Weight (grains) Powder Charge Weight (grains) 3057 2.425 (1.505 w/o fliers) 1.874 2.248 55.6 25.6 3080 1.884 2.251 3110 1.890 2.254 3091 3061 3144 3019 3172 3108 3133 Avg = 3097.5 Std Dev = 45.6 Wolf Gold .223 Remington\n\nThe average velocity observed out of my 16″ barrel is 3097.5 feet per second (fps), with a standard deviation of 45.6 fps.", "\n\nThe group size for Wolf Gold was 2.425″, but if you take out two fliers the group size is 1.505″.\n\nSummary\n\nSo what did I observe?", "\n\nAmmo Avg MV (fps) Group Size (inches) Bullet Sealant Primer Sealant Annealing Cannelure Primer Crimp Federal AE223 2988.8 1.747 (1.158 w/o fliers) No No No Yes Yes Federal XM193 3132.7 1.875 (0.750 w/o fliers) Yes Yes Yes Yes No* IMI M193 3155.1 3.462 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (light) Independence XM193 3222.8 1.885 (1.130 w/o fliers) No Yes Yes Yes No PMC XJ193 2979.7 1.278 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Winchester Q3131 3069.5 1.450 Yes Yes Yes Yes No** Wolf Gold 3097.5 2.425 (1.505 w/o fliers) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes * I reluctantly say that the Federal XM193 has no primer pocket crimp. ", "I know that this ammo has crimped primer pockets from lot to lot.", "\n\n\n\n** While the Winchester Q3131 I tested did not have a crimped primer pocket, I know it has in years past. ", "I am not sure if things have changed in recent years.", "\n\nAddendum: I neglected to mention when I originally published this article that all of the ammunition in this comparison are copper full metal jacket, and do NOT attract a magnet. ", "For those that frequent ranges that disallow any sort of steel / bi-metal jacketed/core bullets, all of the ammunition in this comparison will be range compliant.", "\n\nWell, as far as average muzzle velocity, I expected the M193 variants to be within the same range, but it appears that the Independence XM193 went on the high end, averaging over 3200 fps, while the PMC XP193 actually averaged less than 3000fps (and was slower than Federal American Eagle .223. ", "Remington). ", "The slow velocity of the PMC XP193 ammo is not indicative of a 5.56 NATO spec round.", "\n\nWinchester Q3131 averaged over 50fps slower than Federal XM193, which was close to IMI M193.", "\n\nI was surprised that Wolf Gold .223 Remington averaged ~3100fps. ", "This is actually faster than you would expect out of .223 Remington SAAMI spec ammo, which Federal AE223 behaved like.", "\n\nThe one glaring observation is the group size of the Israeli Military Industries M193 55gr 5.56 NATO ammunition. ", "The group sizes at ~65 yards was appalling. ", "Considering the standard deviation was quite low compared to all others tested, I would have expected the elevation deviation on paper to be tight. ", "I honestly don’t know what to make of the performance of the IMI M193. ", "Given the gusty winds on the day of testing, a small amount of windage error is expected, but not the levels observed on paper with IMI M193, not to mention the elevation variances.", "\n\nIf you recall at the beginning of this article, I measured base to ogive lengths and discussed how it has some relevance to accuracy. ", "But if you look at the numbers, the base to ogive length for IMI is ~1.87″ which is on part with Federal / Lake City XM193. ", "So I don’t this is a factor in the inaccuracy observed.", "\n\nI pulled the a bullet from a loaded IMI cartridge hoping to get more insight, but the bullet looks fine as far as design. ", "The only other thing to look at is jacket concentricity or consistency, and that is something I am not sure of how to verify or test.", "\n\nAs far as comparing the relative group sizes, my preferred Federal XM193 actually shot the best (corrected) group size of all the ammo shot. ", "I was surprised by the grouping of all of the other ammunition tested (ignoring IMI) as they all shot relatively acceptable groups given the conditions of the test (unmagnified red dot optic).", "\n\nAgain, it is best to look at the shot groups compared to one another in this test, rather than the group size in inches. ", "Effective group sizes would be better if using a magnified optic.", "\n\nI wish to address the issue of crimped primer pockets. ", "Most people have no preference on this, but shooters that reload have vested interest.", "\n\nWhile some reloaders do not like crimped primer pockets because it adds one extra step in initial brass prep, I actually prefer crimped primer pockets for reloading. ", "This makes for a snug primer pocket and if you swage (as opposed to ream) the primer pocket, you maintain all the brass material in the primer pocket and hopefully have longer lasting primer pockets.", "\n\nI was actually quite surprised that the two .223 Remington cartridges in this test, Federal American Eagle .223 Remington and Wolf Gold .223 Remington, both had crimped primer pockets. ", "In my experience, .223 Remington SAAMI ammunition does not have a crimped primer pocket. ", "But I surmise that both Federal and Wolf expect these specific cartridges are going to be used primarily in AR-15 platforms, hence the crimp.", "\n\nWhile I did not see a primer pocket crimp in the pieces of Federal XM193 I deprimed, I want to recommend that anyone buying Federal XM193 with the intent of reloading the brass, run under the assumption that the primer pockets will be crimped. ", "The lot to lot variance of Federal American Eagle XM193 55gr 5.56 NATO is too inconsistent between crimp and no-crimp that you have to err on the side of caution and assume they will be crimped.", "\n\nAlso, I cannot definitively say that Winchester Q3131 55gr 5.56 NATO ammo will not have a crimped primer pocket, because I know it used to (mid-2000s), but this 2015 run did not.", "\n\nSo what would I recommend? ", "I always recommend Federal / Lake City XM193 5.56 NATO simply because it has always performed for me, plus I am a fan of Lake City brass for reloading. ", "I will get around 8 to 9 reloads before head separations become an issue, but the rims seem to last forever with Lake City brass.", "\n\nBut based on the limited testing I did, I don’t really have a problem with the other ammunition brands/models (EXCEPT IMI M193). ", "Although, more extensive testing such as extended range sessions using exclusively one specific ammunition type would be a more effective test, especially when trying to gauge how ‘dirty’ specific ammunition runs, and rate of malfunction. ", "Not to mention shooting each ammo type using a magnified optic, and in other length barrels (18″, 20″, and different twists).", "\n\nI will admit that before I started, I had the most interest in Wolf Gold 55gr .223 Remington. ", "This ammunition can often be found at a lower cost per round than other brass cased 55gr ammo, so it is an attractive choice for the budget minded shooter. ", "It looks like it has qualities that make it a suitable factory round to use in the AR platform (bullet and primer sealant, primer pocket crimp) and it actually has 5.56 NATO equivalent muzzle velocities. ", "The blended extruded and spherical powder is interesting, and I wonder if that is intended to accomplish a specific burn rate / pressure curve.", "\n\nAgain, this post is not meant to be a review, but merely an experiment or observation while comparing 5.56 NATO and .223 Remington ammunition types that are commonly available to consumers, and are often acquired by AR platform shooters.", "\n\nI am most likely going to acquire some other lot productions of IMI M193 55gr 5.56 NATO to see if what I experienced in my testing was a fluke.", "\n\nFor more entertainment, watch my Range Vlog episode #004 for footage of the range session when I conducted the live fire testing.", "\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]

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[ "A.E.Messolonghi F.C.\n\nA.E. Messolonghi F.C. is a Greek football club, based in Messolonghi, Aetolia-Acarnania.", "\n\nThe club was founded in 1931. ", "They will play in Football League 2 for the season 2013-14.", "\n\nHonours\n\nDomestic\n Delta Ethniki Champions: 2\n 1993–94, 2012–13\n Aitolia-Acarnania Champions: 12\n 1968-69, 1969-70, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1973-74, 1976-77, 1984-85, 1987-88, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2008-09, 2018-19\n Aitolia-Acarnania Cup Winners: 5\n 1978-79, 1987-88, 1996-97, 2007-08, 2011-12\n\nCategory:Football clubs in Western Greece\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1931\nCategory:1931 establishments in Greece" ]

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[ "A multilamp photoflash array of the all-glass lamp type and having the same general configuration used herein is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,133,023, said patent being assigned to the assignee of the present invention. ", "Said flash lamp array also includes a reflector and barrier member of a one-piece construction, preferably of molded white plastic interspersed with titanium dioxide, shaped to provide the reflector cavities for the plurality of flash lamps positioned therein. ", "The barrier portions of said one-piece member prevents sympathetic flashing by which a lamp adjacent to a flashing lamp could be caused to flash due to heat and/or light radiating from the flash lamp. ", "Said one-piece member further includes aperture openings which permit radiant energy passing from the flashing lamps to switch devices below which form part of the circuitry for sequential firing of the flash lamps connected in the circuitry. ", "A serious problem which has been encountered in the operation of this type flash lamp array now occurs when the underlying switch devices undergo overly vigorous conversion from a high electrical resistant state (\"off\" condition) to a low electrical resistance state (\"on\" condition) which frequently causes the converted switches to blow off the circuit board member. ", "Removal of switch devices in this manner produces an open circuit condition in the electrical circuitry thereby interrupting the electrical circuit path and preventing further unflashed lamps in the circuitry to be flashed. ", "The problem has also become more severe with employment of higher intensity flash lamps than have previously been employed.", "\nIt would be desirable, therefore, to provide a more reliable switch operation in this type flash lamp array without further necessitating a significant departure in the present construction of said array." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck if newer Version of AppxPackage is installed\n\nI wanted to know if can check if a newer Version of a Package is installed in Powershell.", "\nI wanted to install the Package \"Microsoft.VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\" via powershell.", "\nI do that by the command: Add-AppxPackage .\\Microsoft.", "VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\nbut then I get the error: HRESULT: 0x80073D06, The Package could not be installed because a higher version f this package is already installed.", "\nI checked with \nGet-AppxPackage * Microsoft.vclibs.14*\nand yeah there is a higher Version.", "\nSo is there a way to access the version and compare them? ", "and than decide to install the Package or not?", "\nlike a script where I get the installed packages via \"Get-AppxPackage * Microsoft.vclibs.14*\" und foreach the result and access the version? ", "\n\nA:\n\n$FilePath = \".\\Microsoft.", "VCLibs.x86.14.00.appx\"\n$FileVersion = (Get-ItemProperty -Path $FilePath).VersionInfo.", "ProductVersion\n$HighestInstalledVersion = Get-AppxPackage -Name Microsoft.", "VCLibs* |\n Sort-Object -Property Version |\n Select-Object -ExpandProperty Version -Last 1\n\nif ( $HighestInstalledVersion -lt $FileVersion ) {\n Add-AppxPackage $FilePath\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Hillards\n\nHillards plc was a small supermarket chain from the North of England, bought out in a hostile takeover by Tesco in May 1987.", "\n\nHistory\nThe company was founded by John Wesley Hillard in 1885, in the West Yorkshire town of Cleckheaton. ", "The first shop was opened in Lion Chambers there, and shortly after 1900, there were twenty shops operating as Lion Stores. ", "By 1951, there were over seventy stores, and by 1968, it had warehouse size stores in Wakefield, Lincoln and York. ", "\n\nIn 1970, the trade name Lion Stores was dropped in favour of Hillards and in 1972, the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange. ", "Peter Hartley, a grandson of the founder, became executive chairman in 1983 and in May 1987, following a hostile bid, the business was acquired by Tesco for £220m.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n List of Hillards Stores\n\nCategory:Companies established in 1885\nCategory:Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange\nCategory:Companies based in Kirklees" ]

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[ "tirsdag den 13. ", "marts 2012\n\nA Lizard with a Salamander belly - Artsy Wednesday/Tuesday\n\nIt’s\nonce again Artsy Wednesday in Australia, even if it IS Tuesday in Denmark, those Aussies are so way ahead of themselves ;)The\nchallenge is Animal print, so since I already have done most of the traditional\nanimal prints, some of them even in more variations, click HERE, I wanted to do\nsomething, I never did before.", "\n\nWhen I\nrecently got one of my lemmings, Glitter Gal Lizard Belly, it made me think of\nthe beautiful bellies of a close relative, the salamander. ", "Each\nfall/start winter they leave their water habitat to find somewhere to\nhibernate, and they often end in one of our doors, so I have to be careful when\nopening/ closing that door, and if there is a salamander I take it in my hand\nand carry it to a better place to hide. ", "Their bellies are orange and more or\nless spotted, they are really beautiful and striking in color. ", "Some barely have\nany spots, some have a lot, and some only have spots coming in from the side,\nso they are really quite unique :)\n\nSo the\nbase color is Glitter Gal Lizard Belly and with my striper brush I painted the\nmiddle part of each nail orange, using acrylic color, and when dry I added a\nlayer of Essie As Gold As It Gets over the orange for a little glam. ", "When that\nwas dry I added the spots of Lizard Belly with a dotting tool and, and finally\nI top coated.", "\n\nI don’t\nthink any other nail blogger has been crazy enough to put salamander bellies on\ntheir nails. ", "So feel free to use it, and if you show me and link to me I would\nbe happy :) This pattern can be done with whatever colors you like.", "See the links to the other blogs below...\n\n25 kommentarer:\n\nAhhh! ", "I love this! ", "Lizard Belly has been a lemming of mine for ages :) I used to have a fire bellied newt that looked just like this. ", "He was so beautiful, but he kept escaping and one day I found he'd escaped and had dried up. :( ", "Your nails make me happy thinking about him! ", ":D" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to get count of \"collection set\" from list having specific property\n\nI want to get a count value of set from list having specific property\nThanks in advance\nclass User(val age = 0, val group = \"school\")\n\nfun main(\n val list = listof(User(1, \"school\"), User(2, \"school\"), User(3, \"company\"))\n\n fun getCount() {\n //how to get 2 (the count of set such as (\"school\", \"company\").size)\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nIf I understand your question correct, you want to know how many groups you have (in your example 2: \"school\" and \"company\"\nYou could make a Grouping, eg:\ndata class User(val age: Int = 0, val group: String = \"school\")\n\nfun main() {\n val list = listOf(User(1, \"school\"), User(2, \"school\"), User(3, \"company\"), User(16, \"banana\"))\n println(getCount(list))\n println(getCountOf(list,\"banana\"))\n}\n\n// returns the number of groups\nfun getCount(list: List<User>): Int {\n val grouping = list.groupingBy { it.group }.eachCount()\n return grouping.keys.size\n}\n\n//returns the size of a given group (0 if group not found)\nfun getCountOf(list: List<User>, group: String): Int {\n val grouping = list.groupingBy { it.group }.eachCount()\n return grouping[group] ?: ", "0\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Cocaine use may not make you a better dad, but it may make your son a bit more resistant to addiction, says a new study conducted on rats.", "\n\nCompared with the pups of rats who got no cocaine, the male offspring of rats that were allowed to self-administer cocaine for two months behaved very differently under the influence of the drug. ", "When they got repeated doses of cocaine, rats sired by undrugged fathers responded with an escalating frenzy of movement - in rats, a sign of incipient addiction. ", "The male offspring of fathers who went on a two-month cocaine bender did not show the same increase in motor activity - an indication they were more resistant to the drug’s rewarding effects.", "\n\nThe young rats’ brains told a similar story. ", "In pups born to fathers who were cocaine virgins, the nucleus accumbens - a region that is key to reward-seeking and addictive behaviors - responded quite differently, depending on whether a pup’s father was a cocaine user. ", "A father’s cocaine-taking history determined whether specialized neuroreceptors in the nucleus accumbens passed on an electrical current or did not, making addiction either more or less likely.", "\n\nThe research, presented in San Diego on Monday at the Society for Neuroscience’s annual meeting, may seem like an invitation to would-be fathers to self-medicate at will, secure in the belief their behavior will not harm their eventual offspring. ", "But the study’s findings more likely support a very different conclusion: that even when self-destructive behavior doesn’t actually alter genetic material, one generation’s choices can profoundly - and unpredictably - influence the cerebral (and other) function of subsequent generations.", "\n\n\nThey do so, the researchers showed, not by the dramatic act of altering genes, but by altering the cascade of chemical signals that turn genes on and off - a process called epigenetics. ", "And because different genes have diverse ways of influencing the production of proteins, and behave differently depending on where in the body they are operating, changing the “on-off” switches on them can have a panoply of unanticipated results.", "\n\nIt’s part of a growing science of how nurture - the circumstances in which we live and the behavior we engage in - can actually reprogram nature - the genetic blueprints that once seemed cast in stone.", "\n\nIn this case, the male babies of cocaine-addled fathers may be more impervious to cocaine addiction. ", "But sometimes, when motivation or reward-seeking drives are dialed down, the result is a propensity to depression. ", "And since the rats’ robust response to an addictive drug is a good measure of the brain’s plasticity, or ability to learn and adapt, a tepid reaction may signal other cognitive troubles ahead.", "\n\nSometimes, epigenetic processes are even subtler, not so much turning genes on and off but allowing some genes to be expressed more or less often. ", "A study of long-term heroin users’ post-mortem brains, presented at the Society for Neuroscience meeting Sunday, showed that opiate addiction had altered the way the DNA programmed the production of proteins in the brain’s striatum - again, a part of the organ’s addiction circuitry.", "\n\n\nOther research presented at the Society for Neuroscience - including a talk by Nobel laureate and memory pioneer Eric Kandel - demonstrated that epigenetic processes are central to the production and storage of long-term memories. ", "That research may help explain how a previous generation’s behavior or environmental exposures might increase the rate of developmental and cognitive disorders - including autism and intellectual disabilities - in the next generation.", "\n\n“DNA may shape who we are, but we also shape our own DNA,” said Schahram Akbarian of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York in introducing the studies presented to neuroscientists gathered in San Diego. “", "These findings show how experience or drug exposure change the way that genes are expressed, and could be incredibly important in developing treatments for addiction and for understanding processed like memory.”" ]

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[ "Our new issue, “After Bernie,” is out now. ", "Our questions are simple: what did Bernie accomplish, why did he fail, what is his legacy, and how should we continue the struggle for democratic socialism? ", "Get a discounted print subscription today !", "\n\nThe Left has a long tradition of asking ourselves, “What is to be done?” ", "Ever since Lenin posed this rhetorical question, it has served as the hook for an ever-expanding genre of think pieces and calls to action on every imaginable social-movement dilemma. “", "What is to be done?” ", "bounces from movement to movement, crisis to crisis, and occasionally illuminates more foundational existential problems of the Left. ", "In that spirit, Jacobin’s recent “Rank and File” issue examined one of our more urgent contemporary questions: what is to be done to revitalize the labor movement? ", "Contributors offered up numerous diagnoses and prescriptions. ", "Charlie Post pointed out the crucial role the militant minority played in labor’s twentieth-century successes; Jane McAlevey called for “whole worker organizing,” Joe McCartin urged unions not to squander the brief window between the Friedrichs decision and the next attack on collective bargaining rights; and Sam Gindin proposed the “class-based left” as an alternative to social movement unionism. ", "Since publication of these articles, labor’s crisis has deepened. ", "The right wing now controls all three branches of the federal government and the majority of states. ", "The sequel to Friedrichs, Janus v. AFSCME, is headed for the Supreme Court, threatening to decimate public-sector unions nationwide. ", "Talk of a national right-to-work law is spreading. ", "Figuring out “what is to be done” has only become more urgent. ", "But there’s a problem with this question, evident first at the level of grammar. “", "What is to be done?” ", "commits every writing teacher’s cardinal sin: the passive voice. ", "Who is the subject here? ", "Who is going to do what needs to be done? ", "The absence of an active subject is more than a grammatical problem — it represents the problem of the labor left. ", "The militant minority is small to nonexistent, and it’s not even clear who is going to do the work to rebuild it. ", "There is a large gap between the intellectual left and the working class it discusses. ", "Working-class voices are rare among the talking heads who dominate left discourse. ", "Most theorists on the Left write of labor from the perspective of intellectuals who stand above the class struggle, rather than workers in the thick of it. ", "The decision-makers for labor are often literal miles away from their own rank and file. ", "As a result, we more often talk about unions organizing workers than workers organizing unions. ", "Workers are positioned as the objects rather than the subjects of their own organizations. ", "This alienation manifests in a variety of ways: members don’t participate in meetings, are unready or unwilling to strike, accept concessionary bargaining, and as the recent election made clear, express alarming levels of support for right-wing candidates. ", "Labor liberals believe these problems can be corrected with small-picture fixes: social media, paper coalitions with community groups, narrow campaigns against this or that particular right-wing legislation, and other tactical shifts that leave the structure of the union unchanged. ", "The present moment shows that this band-aid approach has failed to reverse labor’s decline. ", "And even if they could, they would not go far enough. ", "The labor left must seek not just to salvage labor’s existing institutions but to transform them and build new ones. ", "Our goal should be to make workers the subjects rather than the objects of their own organizations — and of history. ", "Our prescription for the labor movement’s renewal needs a new grammar. ", "Instead of asking “What is to be done?”, ", "we could start with a different question: “What should I do?” ", "As it turns out, the right-wing hecklers we’ve all encountered are half right: we should get jobs. ", "And then we should do what we tell workers to do all the time: organize our workplaces. ", "This tactic has a name and a history. ", "It’s called “salting,” and it was foundational to the development of the American labor movement.", "\n\nSalts of the Earth Salting has deep roots in the history of the labor movement and the Left. ", "It has gone by many different names: industrialization, industrial concentration, “colonization” (a tone-deaf term used by the Communist Party in the 1930s), and “l’Établi” in French, which denotes establishing yourself in a workplace. ", "Each term reflects a slightly different application of the same basic idea: getting a job with the express purpose of organizing the workplace. ", "Salting built and sustained all of the major labor upsurges in the twentieth century. ", "In fact, it was once so foundational to labor activism that it didn’t even have a name — workers guided by radical ideologies simply organized where they were, building the labor movement as they went. ", "Both the Knights of Labor and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) owed their success to attracting members among immigrant and itinerant members in radical politics, which they carried with them into factories and sweatshops. ", "Every member was a salt, and everyone organized — not just the professionals. ", "The IWW became a school for struggle for a generation of organizers, many of whom subsequently joined other radical groups and built the CIO. ", "Weathering the doldrums of the 1920s, these militants kept the seeds of labor radicalism alive, ready to blossom into militancy when the political climate changed. ", "All of the landmark general strikes of 1934 — the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike, the San Francisco Waterfront Strike, and the Toledo Auto-Lite strike — came to fruition thanks to years of painstaking shop-floor organizing by cells of radical workers in various socialist organizations. ", "The mass strikes the militant minority catalyzed led to the labor movement’s institutionalization with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. ", "Ironically, this institutionalization created contradictions that would call forth a new wave of rank-and-file struggle several decades later. ", "When the militant minority appeared again in the late 1960s and early 1970s, it had to face not just the employers, but also unions that were more used to partnering with corporations than fighting them. ", "Like the mass actions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the wildcat strike wave of the 1960s and ’70s — documented in the collection Rebel Rank-and-File — started with radicals bringing their politics to work. ", "This time, it wasn’t socialist and anarchist immigrants, but black power activists, campus radicals, and former GIs, all fresh from the struggle in and against the Vietnam War. ", "In Detroit especially, conscious organizing aided spontaneous mass radicalization. ", "Founded by student and worker radicals with deep roots in the city’s black working class, the League of Revolutionary Black Workers (LRBW) organized against the racist hierarchy of American capitalism both on the job, in the UAW leadership, and in society more broadly. ", "As Detroit smoldered from the Great Rebellion of 1967 — a working-class uprising that took 17,000 soldiers and 155,576 rounds of M1 ammunition to quell — the LRBW adopted a revolutionary strategy of activating the industrial power of the black working class in the beating heart of American industrial capitalism. ", "Salting quickly became a key weapon in their arsenal. ", "General Baker, one of the organization’s leading militants, got a job in the Dodge Main plant and began to organize. ", "On May 2, 1968, organizing bore fruit: a wildcat strike of four thousand workers shut down the plant in response to racist firings. ", "The company retaliated with more racism: Baker and twelve other workers lost their jobs for organizing the strike. ", "The auto industry attempted to blacklist Baker, and the UAW refused to defend him or his coworkers. ", "But, using a pseudonym, he eventually got a job at the Ford Rouge plant (the largest factory in the world at that time) and quickly became chair of the facility’s UAW local. ", "The League went on to organize workers in factories, hospitals, a UPS distribution center, the Detroit News, and all across the city. ", "It planned wildcat strikes, challenged the UAW’s undemocratic and racist practices, protested police brutality, won exoneration for a worker who had murdered two foremen, got the city to dismantle a racist anti-gang police unit, built a bridge to middle- and working-class whites through a massively popular book club, created a publishing house, bookstore, and press, and produced a documentary about their work. ", "The League’s successes were possible because of the complementary relationship between radicals getting a job to organize and workers organizing on the job after they had been radicalized — either in the plants or on the streets. ", "The achievements of the LRBW, followed by a nationwide wave of wildcat strikes in the early 1970s and the perception that sixties social movements had reached their limits, inspired a generation of radicals to turn to the working class.", "\n\nThe Turn to the Working Class Marxists dubbed Detroit the “American Petrograd.” ", "Former student activists began arriving in the city in droves, taking factory jobs and hoping to help form a working-class subject that could finish the revolution the previous decade’s social movements had started. ", "It was a global phenomenon. ", "In France, many radicals located the failure of the 1968 general strike in the weak connections between workers and student radicals. ", "Espousing the classic Marxist view of the industrial proletariat as the revolutionary subject par excellence, a small number of radicals entered factories and worked to understand and overcome workers’ lack of revolutionary impulse — a story told in Robert Linhart’s gripping first-person narrative The Assembly Line (aptly titled L’Établi in French). ", "In Italy, the ’68 rebellion lasted a full decade. ", "Scores of independent worker organizations sprung up in factories under the banners of autonomia, coming closer than any other movement to creating a lasting organization through which the militant minority could influence national politics. ", "Max Elbaum tells the story of the American turn to the working class. ", "He notes that polls showed three million Americans in favor of revolution in 1971, at a time when the population of the United States was a third smaller than today. ", "Of these three million, a hard core of more than ten thousand formed the New Communist Movement. ", "The shifting constellation of organizations that made up this movement primarily came from the mostly white, ex-student milieu and national liberation movements in communities of color. ", "Inspired by Marxist-Leninist thought, many groups sent members into heavy industry, with varying approaches to engaging their coworkers in anticapitalist struggle. ", "According to historian Kieran Walsh Taylor’s account, these radicals enjoyed some success, notably in supporting strikes and reform initiatives, undermining white working-class racism, and launching feminist interventions both at work and in the labor movement more broadly. ", "But cumbersome political baggage undermined their cadre’s long-term effectiveness. ", "Taylor explains that Maoist transplants in mines, mills, and workshops tried to incite their coworkers to poorly planned militancy, or worse, spent their political capital fighting other political organizations in the movement over accusations of “revisionism.” ", "Further, this movement too often understood “proletarianization” as the emulation of a caricatured working class, complete with patriarchal gender roles and unexamined homophobia. ", "Male members were expected to keep their hair short, avoid countercultural expressions, and live what the party considered a normal working-class life. ", "Ironically, this cultural conservatism happened at a time when the working class was increasingly abandoning traditional mores. ", "Women were fighting sexism, the LGBTQ movement was challenging homophobia, and radicalism in general was growing. ", "The New Communist Movement failed to recognize the liberatory political shift already underway, instead ascribing to Leninist orthodoxy — for them, the vanguard party knew what was to be done, and they had to deliver this news to the workers. ", "This top-down mode of operating impacted the lives of cadre. ", "Members were often sent to work in jobs they were ill-prepared to handle physically or socially. ", "Some struggled with the strains of back-breaking labor and to connect with coworkers from vastly different class and race backgrounds. ", "All of these factors reduced these organizing projects’ lifespans, and most collapsed after a few years at the longest. ", "One instructive exception to the New Communist Movement’s rapid failure can inform our efforts to do better. ", "The Sojourner Truth Organization (STO), described by Michael Staudenmeier in Truth and Revolution, based its interventions on a more dynamic understanding of class formation: a theory of “dual consciousness” derived from Gramsci and W. E. B. Dubois. ", "STO believed that workers hold multiple and contradictory interpretations of their reality simultaneously. ", "In their formulation, the militant was tasked with drawing out the socialist side of workers’ consciousness while dismantling retrograde ideas. ", "This activity did not precede collective action, but happened through the process of class struggle itself. ", "The party’s task then became to discover and articulate the forms of thought, action, and organization which embody the potential of workers to make a revolution. ", "These patterns are manifested, embryonically, in the course of every genuine struggle . . . [", "T]he real work of the party involves linking these fragmentary autonomous elements and socializing them into a new culture of struggle. ", "Many STO militants salted in Chicago’s factories, entering a world rich with working-class struggle. ", "There they would participate in and encourage shop-floor confrontations, facilitate connections between rank-and-file militants, and offer resources that would allow workers to win campaigns without or against hostile union bureaucracies. ", "The recession of the early 1970s, accompanied by the early stages of neoliberalism and globalization, snuffed out the organic militancy that had attracted New Communist radicals. ", "Theoretical debates — like the correct orientation to China as it integrated into world capitalism — and of course more mundane issues like personalities and egos eventually tore apart the declining movement. ", "During periods of militancy, the line between salting and rank-and-file rebellion blurs, as was the case not only with the League of Revolutionary Black Workers but also the Knights of Labor and IWW. ", "When the tide of insurgency recedes — as it did in the early 1970s — the militant minority ends up isolated, a revolutionary fish without a sea to swim in. ", "While much of the Left burned out and fell apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s, one current of radicals managed to sustain themselves: the International Socialists, which founded the Labor Notes project and later split into Solidarity and the International Socialist Organization (ISO). ", "For over thirty years, Labor Notes has sought to build rank-and-file power within unions through opposition caucuses, in which militant members take over and transform their unions. ", "Kim Moody’s pamphlet “The Rank and File Strategy” clearly lays out the strategy, whose notable successes include Teamsters for a Democratic Union, responsible for the 1997 UPS strike, and the 2012 Chicago Teachers Strike, organized by a caucus of radicals using a similar model. ", "When the first edition of Labor Notes rolled off the presses in 1979, its publishers had no way of knowing that it would become the chronicle of rank-and-file revolt against the concessionary bargaining that marked the 1980s labor movement. ", "More than a keeper of the flame, Labor Notes stoked a resurgence of militant unionism. ", "It represents a modern take on the Trade Union Educational League, a network of AFL members who tried to “bore from within” the conservative union and transform it into a radical organization.", "\n\nBusiness Unionism Labor Notes has helped transform many unions in our own time, leading to several strikes that have left an indelible mark on history. ", "But the business unions have transformed themselves since the 1920s as well, in ways that complicate the task of expanding the militant minority. ", "There was nothing preordained or natural about this evolution. ", "It came out of a political struggle — one that the Left mostly lost. ", "Labor’s landmark victories in the 1930s resulted from rank-and-file insurgency waged on shop floors all across the United States. ", "Staughton Lynd’s We Are All Leaders: the Alternative Unionism of the Early 1930s sketches out this history in a series of detailed case studies. ", "Unfortunately, the democracy, radical politics, community connections, and capacity for mass direct action that these unions built represents a road not taken in the US labor movement. ", "The 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) marked one of the early battles. ", "The legislation states: It is declared to be the policy of the United States to eliminate the causes of certain substantial obstructions to the free flow of commerce and to mitigate and eliminate these obstructions when they have occurred by encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining. ", "The goal was to move class struggle from the streets — where armies of workers battled armies of cops — to office buildings and courtrooms, allowing production to go on unobstructed. ", "The ACLU, Communist Party, and most left organizations initially opposed the NLRA, viewing it as the first step on a slippery slope that would shift power toward employers and state officials. ", "More bureaucratically minded labor leaders unsurprisingly supported its passage. ", "By agreeing to play by corporate liberalism’s rules and keep production flowing through World War II, labor leaders got a seat at the table. ", "C. Wright Mills dubbed them the “new men of power.” ", "But their access to the halls of power came at a price. ", "In 1948, Mills wrote, The strategy of the labor leader in his present situation is to narrow the struggle by working for its institutionalization. ", "Yet his fearful search for safety in legal and institutional guarantee means that he must act as discipliner of the labor force, the basis of any power he may have. ", "He begins with the sanctity of union contracts and moves toward control of labor-management relations by a government over which he has little real power. ", "The gap between the rank and file and leadership widened, while union leaders moved closer to corporate and state bureaucrats. ", "From the passage of the NLRA until today, the labor left lost a series of battles with these so-called new men of power, allowing business unionism to become dominant. ", "Dues check-off agreements and the closed shop forced union leaders to depend more on good relations with bosses and the government than with their own members, prompting an increasing reticence to call for strikes. ", "This trend grew stronger following the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act, which banned secondary boycotts, mass picketing, federal campaign contributions, and political, solidarity, and federal government worker strikes. ", "It also allowed states to pass right-to-work legislation and required union leaders to sign anticommunist affidavits. ", "By 1950, most unions had purged Communists from leadership positions, depriving the labor movement of much-needed political imagination. ", "Business unionism became synonymous with unionism itself. ", "Summarizing this great transformation, autoworker and academic Marty Glauberman wrote: American workers today have seen the great industrial unions of the thirties become the one-party states of today. ", "They have seen the seniority that was won to protect them against discriminatory firing and promotion become the means to keep the young and the Negroes out and to keep the semi-skilled from working their way up to the skilled trades. ", "They have seen the union dues check-off change from a means of organizing all the workers in a plant to a means of removing the union from dependence on the workers. ", "They have seen full-time status for union steward or committeeman change from freeing the union representative from the pressures of management to freeing him from the pressures of the workers. ", "They have seen the union contract and grievance procedure change from the instruments which recorded the gains of the workers to the instruments under which workers were disciplined. ", "They have, in short, seen the unions turned into their opposite, from representatives of the workers to an independent power that imposes its discipline over the workers in the period of state capitalism. ", "We are the inheritors of these organizations, and, since the mid-1970s, business unions have become even more corporate.", "\n\nDivision of Labor Today in business unions, career labor leaders sit atop a staff hierarchy that does the work of producing, or at least maintaining, unions. ", "Like auto manufacturing or factory farming, the process has become subject to the division of labor: a handful of (ostensibly) elected officers make the decisions, while paid researchers and organizers do the day-to-day work, often without forming any lasting connections to the communities they work in. ", "For the incredibly dedicated and hardworking activists who make staffing these organizations their life’s work, this structure often produces heartbreaking contradictions, particularly when union leaders make decisions that fall short of labor activists’ values. ", "Unfortunately, as employees of the union, staff have little leverage over their bosses, and few examples of successful reform efforts led by union staff exist. ", "While any good union organizer will tell you that their task is to work themselves out of a job by transferring skills to rank-and-file leaders, these good intentions run up against the reality of the business union division of labor. ", "In most unions, rather than empower members with the skills needed to build a union, the rank and file appears on stage only periodically as set pieces at rallies or as signatures on authorization cards. ", "At best, these campaigns give workers a fleeting taste of collective action’s power, which generally subsides after the contract fight or policy campaign ends. ", "At worst, workers figure as the objects, rather than subjects, of the organizing campaign. ", "Researchers and union officers plan out worker-leaders’ activities, trying to find points of leverage against companies that require as little member participation as possible. ", "In light of how difficult and risky collective action can be, this makes some sense. ", "However, more often than not, it leads to indefensible quid pro quos. ", "For example, in California, SEIU offered health-care employers a deal that barred workers from organizing around patient-staff ratios and advocating for patients. ", "In another case it offered to back legislation preventing patients from suing for malpractice. ", "The problems aren’t limited to just SEIU. ", "It’s systemic. ", "UNITE HERE has helped casino developers launch astroturf campaigns to legalize gambling in working-class neighborhoods in exchange for a pledge not to resist unionization. ", "Sinister betrayals of workers abound in the building trade unions, many of which support ecocidal projects like the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines. ", "Their leaders recently visited President Trump in the White House to discuss moving forward on these projects, while remaining silent on the president’s plans to unleash hell on the rest of the working class. ", "As employers have become more adept at fighting unionization, some labor organizations have adapted by making politically expedient deals that protect the union, but sell out their members and potential community allies. ", "Yet for all the qualitative critiques of contemporary business unionism, the quantitative critique is even more damning. ", "The model doesn’t work on its own terms: unions continue to lose members, prompting a never-ending scramble to repair the holes in their business model. ", "Some attempts at patching up labor’s leaky boat have included the use of salting. ", "Given its roots in labor’s radical rank-and-file tradition, this has raised hopes not just for building a larger labor movement but also for building a left labor movement. ", "For example, for the last decade UNITE HERE has regularly used salts. ", "It recruits students, often from elite universities, to get jobs in target shops to aid organizing campaigns. ", "Some salts in these campaigns focused on forging class consciousness among their coworkers. ", "More often, however, the union used salts primarily to gain initial access and identify influential workers, leaving the heavy lifting of organizing to professional staff. ", "The locus of decision-making remained high up in the chain of command, and the division of labor limited workers’ control over their union. ", "A number of accounts — and now even a book — reveal some problems with the business union model of salting. ", "The UNITE HERE salts’ tell-alls resemble the tales of Marxist-Leninist militants from the 1970s, whose central committees moved them from factory to factory, limiting their ability to form lasting bonds with coworkers and become a part of their communities. ", "To be sure, UNITE HERE’s use of salts has led to numerous organizing victories around the country. ", "But their instrumental and shallow use of its salts stands in stark contrast to salts’ extreme commitment to their work and the real caring they have for their coworkers. ", "While these salts make major sacrifices for the sake of organizing, their work’s impact is shortchanged by a beggar-thy-neighbor organizing strategy that often hurts the working class as a whole. ", "While salts build class consciousness among workers, UNITE HERE lobbies for casinos or advocates for tax breaks for luxury hotels. ", "The division of labor that reigns in business unions means that officers and upper-level staff do the thinking, while lower-level staff, rank-and-file members, and the occasional salt do the doing, often for compromised ends and with little control over the decisions that affect their lives. ", "If salts and worker committees are allowed to exercise their own initiative and work together democratically, salting can regain the transformative power it held less than century ago. ", "We can call this model “worker-centered” organizing.", "\n\nThe Worker-Centered Campaign Building a worker-centered campaign transforms not only the union members involved but also the union they belong to. ", "Far more than in a staff-driven campaign, workers develop and discover their own power to enact change. ", "Salts in a worker-centered campaign are part researcher, part policy analyst, part lawyer, part social worker, part picketer, part publicist, part community activist, and all organizer — working to build a committee of coworkers that can learn these skills and run an organizing campaign. ", "This is the model I became familiar with as a fast-food worker and IWW member from 2006–2012. ", "Inspired by New York City Starbucks baristas who formed a union with the IWW in 2004, I got a job at Starbucks in the Mall of America in 2006 with the intent of organizing a union. ", "I had been working at other coffee shops before and during college and needed to work somewhere. ", "I decided to take a job in the belly of the beast, then try to unionize it. ", "I attended a two-day training with experienced organizers before starting to talk to coworkers about the union. ", "Supported by regular phone calls with a former union staffer, my coworkers and I organized a two-year, underground campaign at the Mall of America Starbucks and other locations across the city. ", "Our work touched off a new wave of unionization struggles at Starbucks from Fort Worth, Texas to Quebec City, and beyond. ", "Later, I got a job at a ten-store Jimmy John’s franchise in Minneapolis, joining around a half dozen other rank-and-file radicals intent on unionizing the first fast-food franchise in the United States. ", "In 2010, years before Fight for 15 made fast-food unionism common sense, our campaign generated a small-scale youth movement in the city. ", "Hundreds of young people joined in solidarity actions and social events to support the union campaign and often carried the seeds of organizing into their own shops, launching more campaigns. ", "Unions weren’t going out and organizing workers — workers were organizing unions. ", "Baristas, cashiers, and other service-sector employees began telling me unprompted that they wanted to organize their workplaces. ", "Hundreds of young people joined an unpermitted march through downtown Minneapolis on the eve of a union election at Jimmy John’s. ", "We had previously held quiet house parties to raise funds for organizing; suddenly we were throwing warehouse raves that drew hundreds of young workers. ", "For the first time since 1934, it felt like organizing a union in Minneapolis was cool. ", "The bill for this small-scale revolution came out to around $80, the price of a cheap keg of beer for a party to bring workers from different shops together. ", "Of course, we weren’t totally successful. ", "The low-wage economy is still humming along in Minnesota; we fell short of establishing the Twin Cities Soviet. ", "Still, we accomplished a great deal on a small budget. ", "What would it take to revitalize the labor movement by scaling up this example? ", "Although funding would certainly help (the working class would like more kegs, please), the real limiting factor is people. ", "We need more people willing to spend several years organizing unions in their workplaces, becoming active members of their communities, and experimenting with new forms of worker organization until we figure out what works — just as the militants who built the upsurge of the 1930s did. ", "If even a handful of campaigns like this sprang up in major cities, they could transform the labor movement. ", "A half-dozen salts in Minneapolis built a campaign that captured local news headlines for months, inspired dozens more workers to begin new organizing campaigns, and reintroduced the idea that workers could organize their own unions. ", "Imagine if this happened in five or ten or twenty other cities. ", "Our experience in Minneapolis has lessons for larger, more mainstream organizations. ", "For the business unions, money does seem to be the limiting factor. ", "In 2012, Fight for 15 and OUR Walmart hinted that the mainstream labor movement had finally moved beyond the outmoded forms of NLRB-centered unionism, finding strategies that allowed it to connect with the most exploited workers. ", "In the four years since then, Fight for 15 has scored very notable wage increases through policy reform, but it has not been able to establish militant unions in the fast-food industry. ", "Remember, the original demand was $15 an hour and a union. ", "OUR Walmart did develop a sustained rank-and-file base, but its parent union cut its funding in a bout of shortsighted, bureaucratic infighting, forcing organizers to seek alternate sources of revenue. ", "As union density drops to pre-NLRB levels and right-to-work legislation eats into labor’s coffers, mainstream unions will need to find new ways to organize. ", "Salting may be the best bet for organizing the unorganized if unions lose their footing as legal entities and can no longer finance staff-driven organizing. ", "A shift toward salting in non-union shops would help develop a culture of struggle behind enemy lines from which new movements would emerge. ", "Salting can also help resolve the labor movement’s crisis of power in unionized shops. ", "As Joe McCartin writes, organizing within already unionized shops and a revival of direct action militancy to advance the common good is the best way to turn the tide against attacks on public-sector unions. ", "Nurses’ unions could lead fights for universal health care, building trades unions could lead fights for green energy and public housing, teachers’ unions could lead fights for high-quality public education, transport and auto workers could lead fights for new mass transit systems, and so on. ", "But in many cases, workers are unionized but not organized. ", "To rebuild the solidarity and militancy that would make these campaigns around class-wide demands possible, unions could develop current or future members as rank-and-file organizers — in effect, salting already-unionized shops. ", "History shows that salting massively contributed to labor’s greatest triumphs — from the breakthroughs of the 1930s, to the rebel rank-and-file movements of the 1970s, to the Labor Notes-inspired reform struggles of the 1980s to today’s dynamic independent and union-led organizing. ", "But the question remains — who is going to do what needs to be done?" ]

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[ "Fresh squeezed juice in general will have more nutritional value than store bought juice, simply because of less oxidation over time. ", "Air destroys a number of nutrients over time, especially vitamin C, and store bought juice is often exposed to air during production/storage etc before it gets packaged.", "\n\nAs far as juice only diets, you'd be missing a lot of things in your diet, not the least of which is fiber. ", "You can't do that for long....\n\nLOL!", "\nAs I was reading the thread title, I was thinking I should answer with \"Hell yes, here's what I use:\"\n\nAs far as self-made juice: it's definitely more tasty, but a lot more effort. ", "Not worth it for me, right now.", "\n\nRe. ", "juice replacing a meal: the banana juice that my kids are fond of almost works as a full meal. ", "15g carbs/ 100ml - jeez.", "\n\nOh, and anyone throwing around the term \"detox\" should be required to go into specifics - what toxins, how do you get rid of them, how can you tell you've succeeded? ", "As Wikipedia states\n( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification )\n\nCertain approaches in alternative medicine claim to remove \"toxins\" from the body through herbal, electrical or electromagnetic treatments (such as the Aqua Detox treatment). ", "These toxins are undefined and have no scientific basis,[5] making the validity of such techniques questionable.", "\n\nLast edited by Beatdown Richie; 2/23/2012 12:56pm at .", "\nReason: added some substance\n\nThere are no wrong threats, only wrong answers. (", "Strategy game truism)\n\nI'm considering it more as a supplement rather than an all out meal replacement, personally. ", "I have frequently wondered if I was getting the right vitamins and nutrients. ", "This looks like a good source for what I may be missing with out having to take more pills.", "\n\nI like to juice just to give me something to drink that's not carbonated, containing alcohol, processed sugars, or other crap. ", "I just like the taste and find it refreshing not to mention I figure it's the easiest way to consume large amounts of spinach, kale, carrot, and whatever other veggies in a short time." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005871774046681821, 0.000646774482447654, 0.001141496584750712, 0.009739575907588005, 0.004039243794977665, 0.007099018897861242, 0.0015635623130947351, 0.0010212443303316832, 0.0013144785771146417, 0.0010692959185689688, 0.0006472909008152783, 0.0006551156984642148, 0.0008147431071847677, 0.0006451322697103024, 0.0006021162262186408, 0.0005218966398388147, 0.0006098066223785281, 0.6616766452789307, 0.006310814060270786 ]

[ "package eu.kanade.tachiyomi.ui.recent.updates\n\nimport android.view.", "View\nimport com.bumptech.glide.load.engine.", "DiskCacheStrategy\nimport com.bumptech.glide.load.resource.bitmap.", "CenterCrop\nimport com.bumptech.glide.load.resource.bitmap.", "RoundedCorners\nimport com.bumptech.glide.request.", "RequestOptions\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.", "R\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.data.download.model.", "Download\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.data.glide.", "GlideApp\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.data.glide.toMangaThumbnail\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.ui.base.holder.", "BaseFlexibleViewHolder\nimport eu.kanade.tachiyomi.util.system.getResourceColor\nimport kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.updates_item.chapter_title\nimport kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.updates_item.download_text\nimport kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.updates_item.manga_cover\nimport kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.updates_item.manga_title\n\n/**\n * Holder that contains chapter item\n * Uses R.layout.item_recent_chapters.", "\n * UI related actions should be called from here.", "\n *\n * @param view the inflated view for this holder.", "\n * @param adapter the adapter handling this holder.", "\n * @param listener a listener to react to single tap and long tap events.", "\n * @constructor creates a new recent chapter holder.", "\n */\nclass UpdatesHolder(private val view: View, private val adapter: UpdatesAdapter) :\n BaseFlexibleViewHolder(view, adapter) {\n\n private var readColor = view.context.getResourceColor(R.attr.colorOnSurface, 0.38f)\n private var unreadColor = view.context.getResourceColor(R.attr.colorOnSurface)\n\n /**\n * Currently bound item.", "\n */\n private var item: UpdatesItem? ", "= null\n\n init {\n manga_cover.setOnClickListener {\n adapter.coverClickListener.onCoverClick(bindingAdapterPosition)\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Set values of view\n *\n * @param item item containing chapter information\n */\n fun bind(item: UpdatesItem) {\n this.item = item\n\n // Set chapter title\n chapter_title.text = item.chapter.name\n\n // Set manga title\n manga_title.text = item.manga.title\n\n // Check if chapter is read and set correct color\n if (item.chapter.read) {\n chapter_title.setTextColor(readColor)\n manga_title.setTextColor(readColor)\n } else {\n chapter_title.setTextColor(unreadColor)\n manga_title.setTextColor(unreadColor)\n }\n\n // Set chapter status\n notifyStatus(item.status)\n\n // Set cover\n GlideApp.with(itemView.context).clear(manga_cover)\n\n val radius = itemView.context.resources.getDimensionPixelSize(R.dimen.card_radius)\n val requestOptions = RequestOptions().transform(CenterCrop(), RoundedCorners(radius))\n GlideApp.with(itemView.context)\n .load(item.manga.toMangaThumbnail())\n .diskCacheStrategy(DiskCacheStrategy.", "RESOURCE)\n .apply(requestOptions)\n .dontAnimate()\n .into(manga_cover)\n }\n\n /**\n * Updates chapter status in view.", "\n *\n * @param status download status\n */\n fun notifyStatus(status: Int) = with(download_text) {\n when (status) {\n Download.", "QUEUE -> setText(R.string.chapter_queued)\n Download.", "DOWNLOADING -> setText(R.string.chapter_downloading)\n Download.", "DOWNLOADED -> setText(R.string.chapter_downloaded)\n Download.", "ERROR -> setText(R.string.chapter_error)\n else -> text = \"\"\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007705537718720734, 0.0007140899542719126, 0.001030852785333991, 0.0008848781581036747, 0.0006574672879651189, 0.0008976634126156569, 0.0008527737809345126, 0.0007714262465015054, 0.00124947854783386, 0.0011176451807841659, 0.0006355669465847313, 0.000827029172796756, 0.0006595498998649418, 0.0007020071498118341, 0.0007444151560775936, 0.0006684908294118941, 0.0007126799318939447, 0.001233784481883049, 0.0006512245163321495, 0.0008360903011634946, 0.0006286473944783211, 0.0006609366973862052, 0.000625428045168519, 0.0008390716393478215 ]

[ "Q:\n\nMacOS: remove temporary Microsoft files\n\nMy situation is as follows:\n$ pwd\n\n/Users/user_name/Desktop\n$ ls\n\n~$file_1.xlsx ~$file_2.pptx ~$file_3.pptx\n\n$ rm ~$file_1.xlsx\n\nrm: ~.xlsx: No such file or directory\n\nBest I can gather, these files were opened during a VPN connection, and the connection was closed before the file was.", "\nEach has permissions -rw-r--r--@\nNone are visible.", "\nrm -rf also doesn't work.", "\nAny way to get rid of these?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry finding the inode number of those files using ls -il\nThen run the following command:\nfind . ", "-inum <i node number of the file here> | xargs rm -rf\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008882766705937684, 0.0006734671187587082, 0.0009387813042849302, 0.0009202539222314954, 0.001397528569214046, 0.0012842959258705378 ]

[ "Arthroscopic approach to the subextensorius recess of the lateral femorotibial joint of the foal.", "\nTo (1) develop an arthroscopic approach to the subextensorius recess of the lateral femorotibial (LFT) joint in foals and (2) report its use in foals with LFT joint sepsis. (", "1) Anatomic study and (2) retrospective case series. (", "1) Cadaveric hind limbs (n = 32 foals) to delineate the anatomy of the subextensorius recess; 13 foal limbs for cadaver surgery to assess the approach to the subextensorius recess; and (2) foals (n = 8) with LFT joint sepsis. (", "1) The LFT joint was distended and examined ultrasonographically. ", "Dissection was used to document periarticular landmarks, potential distal arthroscopic portals, and assess iatrogenic damage after cadaveric surgery. (", "2) Retrieval of data from 8 foals with LFT joint sepsis treated using the arthroscopic approach. (", "1) The optimal arthroscopic approach to the distal subextensorius recess is craniolaterally, 8-10 cm distal to the tibial plateau, immediately caudal to the peroneus tertius muscle, through the long digital extensor muscle belly, entering the distal extent of the subextensorius recess. ", "Thirteen limbs dissected after cadaver surgery had no iatrogenic damage to the peroneus tertius muscle or peroneal nerve. (", "2) Two foals were euthanized. ", "Resolution of sepsis occurred in 6 foals, and all were sound at follow-up >9 months after surgery. ", "The subextensorius recess may be safely accessed arthroscopically in foals." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001648701960220933, 0.0021432298235595226, 0.0006257407949306071, 0.0028221067041158676, 0.0007505302783101797, 0.000586766516789794, 0.0013820423046126962, 0.0008281690534204245, 0.0011066446313634515, 0.011985461227595806, 0.005614631809294224, 0.01065380685031414 ]

[ "Spartans Stun North Dakota, Earn 4-3 Win\n\nThis game recap was written and published shortly after Michigan State upset the No. ", "5 Fighting Hawks in Grand Forks just after Thanksgiving. ", "I was with family in Michigan at the time of the victory and relayed the story back to my editor upon hearing the news of the upset.", "\n\nMichigan State only managed three shots on goal in the first period against North Dakota. ", "But two of them found the back of the net.", "\n\nThe Spartans upset the no. ", "5 Fighting Hawks in Grand Forks on Friday night in their biggest win of the season.", "\n\nAfter trailing 1-0 in the first period off of a North Dakota power-play goal, redshirt freshman Jerad Rosburg brought the Spartans back with two goals in the first period, including a power play tally of his own to give State a 2-1 lead after the first period.", "\n\nIn the second period, the Spartans came out flying, outshooting North Dakota 14-6. ", "The Fighting Hawks continued to be hampered by penalties, they took eight over the course of the game, and the Spartans made them pay.", "\n\nSenior Connor Wood extended the Spartan lead to 3-1 at the 7:34 mark of the second. ", "MSU had several more prime scoring opportunities in the frame, but could not beat North Dakota goaltender Cam Johnson.", "\n\nMichigan State captain Joe Cox connected on MSU’s second power-play goal of the evening to extend the lead to 4-1 just over two minutes into the third.", "\n\nThings got interesting when Mason Appleton took a five-minute major penalty for head contact and a ten minute game misconduct. ", "North Dakota negated the power play by taking a tripping call, but UND would not be dissuaded from climbing back.", "\n\nFreshman Tyson Jost brought the Hawks within one on two goals 31 seconds apart to make it 4-3 with a little over ten minutes to play.", "\n\nLike the Spartans of antiquity, Ed Minney and Michigan State closed ranks and held off the final onslaught. ", "MSU secured the 4-3 win and Minney made 30 saves to collect his third win of the season.", "\n\nThe 4-3 upset marks the first win against North Dakota since 2008 and the first Spartan win in Grand Forks since 1979. ", "The Spartans are now 4-6-0 on the season, and have won two straight games.", "\n\nMichigan State will go for the series sweep tomorrow at 8:07 p.m. EST." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.002942741382867098, 0.0006870940560474992, 0.0005646502249874175, 0.0008928681490942836, 0.0025584017857909203, 0.0012573256390169263, 0.0007141215610317886, 0.00087498698849231, 0.0009414779487997293, 0.0008295950829051435, 0.0006639703060500324, 0.000702320656273514, 0.0009959096787497401, 0.0021016972605139017, 0.0021300611551851034, 0.0008097528479993343, 0.0009074986446648836, 0.0007454398437403142, 0.0008656716090627015, 0.0009575132862664759, 0.0006996661541052163 ]

[ "Q:\n\ncopying an integer\n\nThis makes me fee like a knucklehead but how do I say \npreviousError = currentError;\n\nI mean that doesn't work of course, If I change current error then previous error is changed - there has to be an easy way to do this... I have an extension method that creates a deep clone of objects that I use at work all of the time but I would think for integers it should be easier than serializing and deserializing them? ", "\nAhh... Thanks\n\nA:\n\nYou are incorrect.", "\nIntegers are immutable value types; changing currentError will not affect previousError\n.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.013404169119894505, 0.0031955528538674116, 0.0007831078255549073, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Effects of estrogen or testosterone on self-reported sexual responses and behaviors in hypogonadal adolescents.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of sex steroids on self-reported sexual responses and behaviors in hypogonadal adolescents. ", "We used a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, clinical trial as the experimental design. ", "The subjects were 39 boys and 16 girls with delayed puberty. ", "We treated girls with oral conjugated estrogen and boys with testosterone enanthate in 3 dose levels intended to simulate early, middle, and late pubertal levels. ", "We administered a modification of the Udry sexual behavior questionnaire after each 3-month placebo and treatment period to detect the effect of sex steroids on self-reported sexual behaviors and responses. ", "We employed a strict intent to treat statistical analytical model. ", "The data showed significant effects of the administration of testosterone to boys causing increases in nocturnal emission and touching behaviors at the mid- and high doses. ", "No other treatment effects on sexual behaviors or responses were seen in boys. ", "For girls, there was a significant increase in necking caused by the administration of estrogen only at the late pubertal dose. ", "No other treatment effects on sexual behaviors or responses were seen in girls. ", "We noted some gender differences for thinking about sex, sexual \"turn-on,\" and the nature of sexual behavior. ", "The administration of physiological doses of sex steroids to boys or girls with delayed puberty have few effects on sexual behaviors and responses." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.007693982683122158, 0.008823548443615437, 0.000574116304051131, 0.0747968852519989, 0.03192739933729172, 0.0013438476016744971, 0.0005447751027531922, 0.0010526858968660235, 0.02576778270304203, 0.016952451318502426, 0.023690249770879745, 0.006370400544255972, 0.11934703588485718 ]

[ "The accurate detection of particles, including photons, molecules, electrons, ions and phonons, is essential to many industrial and research measurements. ", "X-ray microcalorimeters convert the x-ray energy into heat in the form of hot-electrons or phonons. ", "An x-ray microcalorimeter consists of an absorber to stop and thermalize incident x-rays and a thermometer to measure the resulting temperature rise. ", "The first x-ray microcalorimeters used insulating or superconducting absorbers (for low heat capacity) and a semiconductor thermistor thermometer. ", "While these achieve adequate energy resolution (7.1 eV FWHM at 6 keV), the response time is intrinsically slow. ", "A known X-ray microcalorimeter uses a normal-metal absorber and a NIS tunnel junction to measure the temperature rise. ", "The response is fast, but the best achieved energy resolution is 18 eV FWHM at 6 keV.\nSuperconducting transition-edge sensors have been proposed for use as a thermometer within an x-ray microcalorimeter. ", "The temperature of a superconducting film is held within the superconducting transition, and heat deposited in the film is measured via the strong temperature dependence of the film's electrical resistance in this region. ", "For x-ray detection the optimum transition temperature is between about 50 and 150 mK. The choice of the T.sub.c within this range depends on the desired detector parameters. ", "Superconducting tungsten films having T.sub.c =70 mK have been used for x-ray detection. ", "For an elemental superconductor such as tungsten, the transition temperature tends to be a fixed property of the metal and is difficult to tune to suit specific applications. ", "For alloys of superconductors with normal metals, the T.sub.c can be adjusted, but the transition edge is not sharp, and the alloys are not stable. ", "The transition temperature can also be adjusted via the proximity effect in superconductor/normal-metal bilayers. ", "When a clean interface is made between a superconducting film and a normal-metal film, and the films are thinner than the relevant coherence lengths, the bilayer acts as a single superconducting film with a transition temperature suppressed from that of the bare superconductor. ", "By varying the relative film thickness, the T.sub.c of the bilayer can be adjusted. ", "Iridium/gold bilayers have been described for particle detection. ", "The T.sub.c of elemental iridium is 112 mK, which is within the target range for x-ray detection. ", "However, the Ir/Au system is very difficult to reproducibly fabricate. ", "It requires the substrate to be heated, it requires a very clean, high vacuum deposition system, and the transition temperature of such bilayers is limited to less than 112 mK. Other bilayer systems have been developed using an aluminum/normal-metal bilayer that have a larger tunable transition range, that are more easily deposited, that are deposited without heating the substrate, that are deposited in a deposition system with only moderate vacuum (.about.1e-7 torr, .about.1e-7 millimeter mercury, to .about.0.019336 pound force per square inch, .about.-931 Pa), that are more reliably reproducible, and that are sharper superconducting transitions. ", "Aluminum/normal-metal bilayers have been used as TES's since they have reproducible transition temperatures. ", "The T.sub.c can be reduced by more than an order of magnitude, the T.sub.c is tunable in a predictable fashion as a function of the thicknesses of the individual layers, and the transition edge is extremely sharp.", "\nDuring operation the TES is maintained within the transition region by electrothermal feedback (ETF). ", "The transition from the superconducting to the normal state is measured to determine the energy deposited in the system by particles. ", "The bilayer resistance can be monitored by voltage biasing the bilayer and measuring the current through the bilayer, for example with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). ", "The increase in bilayer resistance with temperature leads to a reduction in measured current. ", "With an ETF-TES the energy deposited in the bilayer is approximately the integral of the reduction in feedback Joule heating, or the bias voltage multiplied by the integral of the change in measured current. ", "Alternatively the bilayer resistance can be monitored by current biasing and measuring the voltage across the bilayer with a FET. ", "There is a continuum of biasing conditions between voltage biasing and current biasing which can be used in the measurement. ", "The superconducting transition can also be measured, for instance, via the change in the self or mutual magnetic inductance of a coil or coils placed around the bilayer, or by a kinetic inductance measurement.", "\nRepresentative of the art is:\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,641,961 (1997) to Irwin et al. ", "discloses a superconducting transition edge detector using electrothermal feedback. ", "The sensor comprises a primary heat sink such as a substrate, a variable resistor made of a superconducting material deposited on the substrate, and a current sensing means such as a SQUID array for measuring the current through the variable resistor. ", "The resistor is voltage biased, and the bias voltage is chosen such that the resistor is maintained within its superconducting transition region by electrothermal feedback.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,610,510 (1997) to Boone et al. ", "discloses a that granular film [multiple Josephson junction] detectors display nonbolometric behavior which is presumably caused by weak links. ", "Boone further discloses that a nonbolometric mechanism may be a better means of making a detector, particularly for microwave frequencies.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,571,778 (1996) to Fujimoto et al. ", "discloses a superconductor junction material which comprises a substrate of a single crystal, and at least one flux flow element, and optionally at least one Josephson junction element, provided on the surface, each of the flux flow and Josephson junction elements being formed of a superconducting oxide layer having a weak link.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,552,375 (1996) to Nishino et al. ", "discloses a method of forming superconducting devices including a type having a structure of a superconductor--a normal conductor (or a semiconductor)--a superconductor, and a type having a superconducting weak-link portion between superconductors.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,532,485 (1996) to Bluzer et al. ", "discloses a multispectral superconductive quantum detector. ", "Each quantum detector is connected to a read-out loop [SQUID] which includes superconductive material that defines a path. ", "The SQUID read out of the superconductive quantum detector is using a direct coupled approach. ", "A SQUID bias current I.sub.", "SQ is needed to cause the SQUID to maintain proper operation of the SQUID in the voltage state.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,356,870 (1994) to Fujiwara et al. ", "discloses an ion beam irradiated to an oxide superconducting thin film formed on a substrate to disturb the crystal structure of the superconducting thin film and thus forming a damaged layer.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,331,162 (1994) to Silver et al. ", "discloses a sensitive, low-noise, superconductive infrared photo detector. ", "Each detector element includes a thin granular film of superconducting material which forms a randomly-connected array of weakly coupled superconductors. ", "The weakly coupled superconductors promote the formation of oppositely polarized fluxons which are driven toward opposite sides of the film when subjected to the bias current. ", "The detector array is connected to a current source, and a SQUID read-out circuit.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,219,826 (1993) to Kapitulnik discloses a superconducting Josephson junction created in high T.sub.c superconducting film with a bridge connecting two superconducting banks by subjecting the bridge to a tunneling electron current from a sharp electrode close to the bridge.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,179,072 (1993) to Bluzer discloses a multispectral superconductive quantum radiant energy detector and related method utilizing a closed loop of superconductive material having spaced legs, one of which is disposed to ambient.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,126,315 (1992) to Nishino et al. ", "discloses a superconducting device including a type having a structure of a superconductor--a normal conductor (or a semiconductor)--a superconductor, and a type having a superconducting weak-link portion between superconductors.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,021,658 (1991) to Bluzer discloses a superconducting infrared detector. ", "The detector is also connected to a SQUID amplifier. ", "The SQUID amplifier is connected to a bias current source so that its output voltage is a function of the flux coupled to the SQUID. ", "The electrical connections disclosed in this patent are analogous to the described invention.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,019,721 (1991) to Martens et al. ", "discloses active superconducting devices formed of thin films of superconductor which include a main conduction channel which has an active weak link region.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,983,971 (1991) to Przybysz et al. ", "discloses a superconducting analog-to digital converter for producing a digital output signal which is a function of an analog input signal.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,970,395 (1990) to Kruse, Jr. discloses a phonon detector based upon phonon-assisted tunneling in superconductor-insulator-superconductor or super-Schottky structures in which the superconductor is a high-transition temperature superconductor.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,831,421 (1989) to Gallagher et al. ", "discloses a switch that introduces quasiparticles at an asymmetric location into a reduced cross-sectional area microbridge link that is part of an output path.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,578,691 (1986) to Murakami et al. ", "discloses a photodetecting device having Josephson junctions, comprising an insulating substrate, a polycrystalline superconductor film formed on the insulating substrate such that Josephson junctions are formed at grain boundaries.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,521,682 (1985) to Murakami et al. ", "discloses a photodetecting device having Josephson junctions, comprising an insulating substrate, a polycrystalline superconductor film formed on the insulating substrate such that Josephson junction are formed at grain boundaries.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,096,508 (1978) to Fulton discloses a supercurrent memory device comprising a plurality of extended Josephson junctions coupled to one another by having their weak-link layers in contact.", "\nK. D. Irwin, G. C. Hilton, D. A., Wollman, J. M. Martinis, \"X-ray detection using a superconducting transition edge sensor microcalorimeter with electrothermal feedback\", Appl.", "Phy.", "Lett.69, 1945 (1996).", "\nK. D. Irwin, G. C Hilton, J. M. Martinis, B. Cabrera, \"A hot electron calorimeter for x-ray detection using a superconducting transition edge sensor with electrothermal feedback\", Nucl.Inst.and Meth.", "A 370, 177-179 (1996).", "\nD. A. Wollman, K. D. Irwin, G. C. Hilton, L. L. Dulcie, J. M. Martinis, \"High-resolution, energy dispersive microcalorimeter spectrometer for x-ray microanalysis\", J.Microscopy, vol 188 (part 3), 196-223 (1997).", "\nW. J. Skocpol, M. R. Beasley, M. Tinkham, \"Phase Slip Centers and Nonequilibrium Processes in Superconducting Tin Microbridges,\" Journ. ", "of Low Temp. ", "Physics 16, 145-167 (1974).", "\nD. E. Chimenti, H. L. Watson, R. P. Huebener, \"Current-Induced Breakdown of Superconductivity in Constricted Type I Superconducting Films, \"Journ. ", "of Low Temp. ", "Physics. ", "23, 303-318 (1976).", "\nThe foregoing TES's are deficient from the disclosed invention in a number of ways. ", "The deficiencies are satisfied by the present invention. ", "What is provided is a TES having a weak link to reduce noise due to phase slip line motion and irreproducibility. ", "What is provided is a TES having a step edge weak link. ", "What is provided is a TES having a thinned weak link. ", "What is provided is a TES having a perforated weak link. ", "What is provided is a TES having a reduced T.sub.c weak link. ", "What is provided is a TES having impurity weak links. ", "What is provided is a TES having multiple weak links." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "CHRISTIAN Petracca will make his AFL debut against St Kilda at Etihad Stadium on Saturday afternoon.", "\n\nThe 20-year-old found out on Wednesday afternoon from coach Paul Roos that he would become the sixth player to play their first game for Melbourne this year – and the fourth to make their AFL debut in the red and blue in 2016.", "\n\nPetracca will also become the 1327th player to play a VFL/AFL match for Melbourne since 1897.", "\n\nThe midfielder/forward, who was the second player selected in the 2014 NAB AFL Draft, said it was “a pretty special moment” when Roos told him the news.", "\n\n“I never thought the day would come to be honest,” he told Melbourne TV.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nPaul Roos tells Christian Petracca he will debut this week against St Kilda. (", "Photo:Matthew Goodrope/Melbourne Football Club)\n\n\n\n“He (Roos) didn’t really tell me I was playing. ", "He told me there was no spot for me in the team and we were playing good footy, which is true to be honest.", "\n\n“Then he told me that I was playing and I can’t really describe it to be honest – it’s all a bit of a blur.”", "\n\nPetracca said he was going through his VFL review, when he got the call-up to Roos’ office.", "\n\n“He (Roos) said ‘Christian, can you just come into my office, I need to speak to you’. ", "All from there, it went pretty well,” he said.", "\n\n“He said ‘there is no spot for you at the moment, as we’re playing good footy’. ", "Then he said ‘[I] know it’s frustrating, because you’ve worked really hard to get into this position and you’ve had a lot of setbacks, but we’re thrilled to have you’.”", "\n\nPetracca said the notion that he had badgered Roos copious amounts of times to play was an exaggeration.", "\n\n“He (Roos) reckons I’ve text him 40 times a day, which is not true. ", "I’ve probably text Goody (Simon Goodwin) 40 times a day. ", "It’s just me trying to get into the team to be honest,” he said with a smile.", "\n\n“It’s been pretty frustrating, but it’s been a test of my patience and it’s been a good thing to be honest.", "\n\n“It’s built me some good form in the VFL and I’ve got my fitness better, and I’ve got confidence in my knee and my legs, so I’m really, really pumped for the weekend.”", "\n\nAfter missing his first season with a knee injury and suffering a foot injury during the recent Christmas/New Year period, Petracca said he “definitely” felt ready to play.", "\n\n“I feel really good and I’m not going out there to try and dominate. ", "I just want to try and play my role and get the win against St Kilda,” he said.", "\n\n“It’ll be a great team win if we get it.”", "\n\n\n\n\n\nJack Viney congratualters Christian Petracca moments after finding out the good news. (", "Photo:Matthew Goodrope/Melbourne Football Club)\n\n\n\n\n\nJack Viney congratualters Christian Petracca moments after finding out the good news. (", "Photo:Matthew Goodrope/Melbourne Football Club)\n\nPetracca said it had been “really frustrating” missing the 2015 season, but he believed he came out of it a better person.", "\n\n“Being a young kid and having to sit out for the whole year [last season] wasn’t great. ", "I’m not a patient kid and some think I’m pretty crazy and have a bit of ADHD,” he said with a laugh.", "\n\n“It’s really tested myself out and I feel as though the 12 months I had out with my knee, I’ve become a really better person, and a lot more humble and more grateful to be in this position.", "\n\n“It basically tells me that I can’t just get through on talent and a lot of hard work’s required. ", "I’m willing to work hard and I have been with my foot as well –it wasn’t a great decision by me. ", "I’ve definitely learned my lesson from there and I’m just willing to repay the club.”", "\n\nAs for how he thinks he’ll feel on the morning of the game, Petracca said he’ll approach it exactly the same.", "\n\n“I’ll try and treat it like any other footy game I’ve played. ", "I’ll just take my time and be real calm and go through the superstitions that I have,” he said.", "\n\n“It’s going to be the biggest game of footy [I’ve played] – bigger than any Grand Final I’ve been in, so it’ll be real exciting.", "\n\n“I can’t wait to get out there and get a first tackle and really play to be honest. ", "I’m really lost for words at the moment – I’m just so excited.”" ]

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[ "What we do\n\nWe find and destroy landmines, cluster munitions and unexploded bombs in places affected by conflict. ", "Since 1989, we have helped over 18 million people in 68 countries rebuild their lives and livelihoods after war.", "\n\nYour opportunity to help save lives\n\nWhat do you love to do? ", "Can you turn that passion into a fundraising event? ", "Whether you love the challenge of a marathon or catching up with friends over a tea and cake sale, you can support MAG and together we’ll change lives!" ]

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[ "A decanter centrifuge of this kind is known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,354,255, which discloses a decanter centrifuge with a hollow bowl surrounding a rotating screw conveyor having a substantially cylindrical conveyor hub, which carries a screw comprising one or more flights. ", "In order to resist the harsh environment encountered in many applications, the body as well as the screw of the screw conveyor of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,354,255 are typically manufactured in a resistant material such as steel.", "\nA series of longitudinally extending and radially projecting supporting ribs is attached to the conveyor hub. ", "Their cross-sectional area increases with the distance from the hub. ", "Their purpose is to render possible reduction of the diameter of the conveyor hub, without detrimental impact on the capability of withstanding high speed operating conditions of thus formed structural unit comprising said hub and ribs. ", "Such reduction of the hub diameter provides for reducing the diameter of the inner surface of a pond of supplied material in the separation chamber, which results in a reduced power demand of the decanter centrifuge.", "\nHowever, the complex centrifuge design, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,354,255, comprising radially projecting ribs renders its manufacturing rather difficult. ", "In addition, ribs take up space in the bowl, thus reducing its useful volume.", "\nWO-A-96/14935 discloses a very special decanter centrifuge mainly made of polyurethane. ", "Thus WO-A-96/14935 discloses a decanter centrifuge having a drum and a conveyor with a hub and helical flights wherein the helical flights are made of polyurethane and are resting against the inner surface of the drum, which will stabilise the conveyor and provides a scraping effect on sedimented material. ", "The material of the flights provides for a density of the flights in the same order as the density of the liquid phase of a material to be treated in the centrifuge, thus increasing the first critical vibration frequency of the conveyor, which provides for increasing the length or the rotational speed of the centrifuge thereby increasing its separation capacity. ", "The hub of the conveyor is made of the same material as the flights i.e. the elastomeric material: polyurethane, whereby the conveyor is castable in a simple mould. ", "To provide stiffness to the conveyor a pipe of carbon fibre reinforced resin is cast-in reaching from one end of the conveyor to the other between the bearings supporting the conveyor." ]

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[ "Eugen Mladin\n\nEugen Mladin (born 22 June 1921) was a Romanian footballer and manager.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Romanian footballers\nCategory:Romanian football managers\nCategory:FC Steaua București players\nCategory:FC Steaua București managers\nCategory:FC Universitatea Cluj managers\nCategory:FC Politehnica Timișoara managers\nCategory:FC UTA Arad managers\nCategory:FC Argeș Pitești managers\nCategory:FC Farul Constanța managers\nCategory:1900 births\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:CSM Jiul Petroșani managers\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position" ]

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[ "---\ntitle: range\n---\n\n# `range`\n\n{{< signature >}}\n\n`range` creates a collection using as elements the sequence of values that starts with `start` and stops before reaching `end`.", "\n\n{{< figure src=\"images/functions/range.svg\" >}}\n\nThe increment used to calculate the next value in the sequence can be specified using `step`.", "\n\n{{< figure src=\"images/functions/range.2.svg\" >}}\n" ]

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[ "GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT\n===================\n\n*Bordetella bronchiseptica* colonization is widespread in swine populations and is an important contributor to respiratory disease in pigs. ", "In young pigs, it is a primary cause of bronchopneumonia and in older pigs contributes to secondary pneumonia. ", "It is the primary etiologic agent of nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis, a mild to moderately severe reversible condition, and it promotes colonization by toxigenic strains of *Pasteurella multocida*, which leads to severe progressive atrophic rhinitis ([@B1][@B2][@B3]). ", "In pigs exhibiting pneumonia, *B. bronchiseptica* is often isolated in combination with other pathogens ([@B3], [@B4]). ", "It is well documented that co-infection with *B. bronchiseptica* increases colonization and exacerbates the severity of disease caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens, including swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, *Haemophilus parasuis, P. multocida*, and *Streptococcus suis* ([@B3], [@B5][@B6][@B12]).", "\n\nThe virulent *B. bronchiseptica* swine isolate KM22 was originally isolated in Hungary in 1993 from a swine herd with atrophic rhinitis. ", "Based on multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis, KM22 is sequence type (ST) 7, in Clonal Complex 1 of an MLST-based *Bordetella* phylogeny ([@B13]) and harbors a ribotype ([@B14]) and pertactin repeat region variant ([@B15]) shared with the majority of strains isolated from swine. ", "KM22 has been successfully used by our laboratory to develop a reproducible swine respiratory disease model reflective of clinical *B. bronchiseptica* infections within swine herds and host-to-host transmission ([@B2], [@B5][@B6][@B10], [@B16][@B17][@B19]). ", "Here we report the draft genome sequence of KM22 in our continued efforts to investigate the pathogenesis and transmission of *B. bronchiseptica* in swine.", "\n\nDNA for whole genome sequencing was prepared from bacteria grown overnight at 37°C in Stainer-Scholte (SS) broth and genomic DNA was prepared using a High Pure PCR template preparation kit (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) according to manufacturer's instructions. ", "Sequencing was performed using a combination of Roche GS (FLX and FLXplus) and Illumina GAIIx sequencing. ", "The use of two Roche GS (FLX and FLXplus) genomic shotgun libraries and sequencing resulted in the generation of 891,959 reads with an average length of 248 bp (for FLX) and 1,209 bp (for FLXplus). ", "Illumina GAIIx sequencing resulted in a total of 3,474,442 paired-end sequencing reads of 72-bp length from a template of 239 bp average insert size. ", "The genome was assembled using MIRA v3.4.0 and the Roche GS *De Novo* Assembler v2.6 to achieve 87× total genome coverage through the assembly of Roche GS FLX shotgun, GS FLXplus shotgun, and Illumina GAIIx paired-end sequencing reads. *", "B. bronchiseptica* RB50 was subsequently used as a reference to further guide closing genome gaps via manual editing. ", "Gap5 from the Staden package was used as the assembly editor resulting in a final assembly of 46 contigs consisting of a maximum length of 679,114 bp, a minimum length of 686 bp, an *N*~50~ contig size of 277,171 bp, a mean coverage of 87×, and summing to a total genome size of 5,119,729 bp. ", "Automated annotation using Prokka v1.7 ([@B20]) identified a total of 4,853 predicted protein coding sequences (CDSs), 3 rRNA operons, 1 transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), and 54 tRNAs.", "\n\nNucleotide sequence accession numbers. {#", "h1}\n--------------------------------------\n\nThe Illunina HiSeq short read sequence has been deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive with the accession no. ", "ERS027415. ", "This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession no. [", "JNHR00000000](JNHR00000000). ", "The version described in this paper is the first version, JNHR01000000.", "\n\n**Citation** Nicholson TL, Shore SM, Bayles DO, Register KB, Kingsley RA. ", "2014. ", "Draft genome sequence of the *Bordetella bronchiseptica* swine isolate KM22. ", "Genome Announc. ", "2(4):e00670-14. ", "doi:10.1128/genomeA.00670-14.", "\n\nWe thank Tibor Magyar (Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary) for kindly providing *B. bronchiseptica* strain KM22. ", "We additionally thank the support of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute core sequencing team for their assistance and David Alt (USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center) for his assistance.", "\n\nThe work described here was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust through core funding grant 098051 for the Sanger Institute Pathogen Variation Group.", "\n\nMention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. ", "USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes the nginx “upstream” directive have a port setting?", "\n\nmoved from:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3748517/does-nginx-upstream-has-a-port-setting\nI use upstream and proxy for load balancing.", "\nThe directive proxy_pass http://upstream_name uses the default port, which is 80.", "\nHowever, if the upstream server does not listen on this port, then the request fails.", "\nHow do I specify an alternate port?", "\nmy configuration:\nhttp{\n#...\nupstream myups{\n server 192.168.1.100:6666;\nserver 192.168.1.101:9999;\n}\n#....\nserver{\nlisten 81;\n#.....\nlocation ~ /myapp {\n proxy_pass http://myups:81/;\n}\n}\n\nnginx -t:\n[warn]: upstream \"myups\" may not have port 81 in /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:78.", "\n\nA:\n\nI think you are misinterpreting the meaning of the line:\nproxy_pass http://myups;\nThis line is telling nginx to pass the request to one of the servers listed in the 'upstream myups' block. ", "It is not going back out on to the internet to send a request to URL for the proxy_pass.", "\nIn other words, when a request come in to the nginx server on port 81 for the hostname you specified, it will pass the request on to either 192.168.1.100:6666, or 192.168.1.101:9999.", "\nHope this clears it up a bit.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "THE AVENGERS ARE OUT saving the world And i'm just sitting here masturbating\n\n475 shares" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOracle.DataAccess.dll for .NET 4.0 in 32 bit Oracle Client install?", "\n\nBelow are two paths and the files present in the installation of Oracle client 32 bit (win32_11gR2_client.zip) for .NET 2.X and 4.X. When I installed the Oracle client, I chose not to take the default in two of the windows during the Install Wizard. ", " I chose to install the \"Runtime\" and I also changed the install path from c:\\apps{user}\\ to c:\\oracle because our Oracle DBA at my organization gave me those instructions.", "\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\2.x\\\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\2.x\\Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\2.x\\OraProvCfg.exe\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\\\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\\OraProvCfg.exe\nI'm interested in referencing Oracle.DataAccess.dll assembly in a .NET 4.X application. ", " I found these instructions to add the dll file to the GAC for the 64 bit installation.", "\nhttp://devblog.rayonnant.net/2011/04/oracle-11g-r2-x64-client-with-odac.html\nFour questions.", "\n1.) ", "If I run this command (which I modified slightly for the path I have), for my 32 bit installation, what will happen?", "\ncd C:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\n\nOraProvCfg.exe /action:gac /providerpath:C:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\\Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll\n\n2.) ", "How can I get a list of the contents in the GAC before I run #1?", "\n3.) ", "Is this the correct command to undo #1? ", " \ncd C:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\n\nOraProvCfg.exe /action:ungac /providerpath:C:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4\\Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll\n\n4.) ", "Rather than adding it to the GAC, how can I generate the dll file instead? ", " What is the correct \"action\" argument for that? ", " The reason I'd like to do this is because I was not able to see the dll in the \"4\" folder. ", " I only saw the dll in the \"2.x\" folder.", "\nHere is the help contents of this file if interested.", "\n\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4>OraProvCfg.exe\nOracle Providers for .NET Configuration Utility for .NET Framework 4 :\n Release 4 .112.3.0 Production on Thu Jul 23 12:09:37 2015 Copyright\n (c) 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ", "All rights reserved.", "\nUsage: OraProvCfg /action:\n [/force]\n [/product:]\n [/component:]\n [/productversion:]\n [/frameworkversion:<.NET framework version>]\n [/providerpath:]\n [/verbose:]\n [/log:]\nExample: Installing an assembly in the GAC:\n OraProvCfg /action:gac /providerpath:\nExample: Uninstalling an assembly from the GAC:\n OraProvCfg /action:ungac /providerpath:\nAssembly name can be specified as \"Oracle.", "DataAccess, Version=2.111.5.10\"\nto uninstall a specific version of assembly.", "\n\nExample: Configuring machine.config for ODP.NET:\n OraProvCfg /action:config /product:odp /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:\nOraProvCfg /action:config /force /product:odp\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:<Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll full path>\n\nExample: Unconfiguring machine.config for ODP.NET:\n OraProvCfg /action:unconfig /product:odp /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\nExample: Registering ODP.NET Performance Counters:\n OraProvCfg /action:register /product:odp /component:perfcounter\n /providerpath:\nExample: Unregistering ODP.NET Performance Counters:\n OraProvCfg /action:unregister /product:odp /component:perfcounter\n /providerpath:\nExample: Configuring ODP.NET OraclePermission for Web Applications:\n OraProvCfg /action:config /product:odp /component:oraclepermission\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:\nOraProvCfg /action:config /product:odp /component:oraclepermission\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /productversion:<Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll product version>\n\nExample: Unconfiguring ODP.NET OraclePermission for Web Applications:\n OraProvCfg /action:unconfig /product:odp /component:oraclepermission\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:\nOraProvCfg /action:unconfig /product:odp /component:oraclepermission\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /productversion:<Oracle.", "DataAccess.dll product version>\n\nExample: Configuring machine.config for ASP.NET:\n OraProvCfg /action:config /product:aspnet /component:\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:\nOraProvCfg /action:config /force /product:aspnet\n /component:<provider name>\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n /providerpath:<Oracle.", "Web.dll full path>\n\n<provider name> valid values: all, membership, profile, rolemanager,\npersonalization, webevent, sitemap or a combination thereof\n(\"membership | profile\", for example). ", "Default value is all.", "\n\nExample: Unconfiguring machine.config for ASP.NET:\n OraProvCfg /action:unconfig /product:aspnet /component:\n /frameworkversion:v2.0.50727\n<provider name> valid values: all, membership, profile, rolemanager,\npersonalization, webevent, sitemap or a combination thereof\n(\"membership | profile\", for example). ", "Default value is all.", "\n\nC:\\oracle\\product\\11.2.0\\client_1\\ODP.NET\\bin\\4>\n\nA:\n\nThat \"gac\" action depends on the file already existing in the file (providerpath is the input file for this command). ", " So it didn't even run.", "\nI had to download the odp.net package separately from the oracle site. ", " \n\nODAC112040Xcopy_32bit.zip (53MB)\n\nAnd then I referenced the dll from here, since it wasn't included in the oracle client 32 bit install (win32_11gR2_client.zip).", "\nC:\\Users\\{user}\\Downloads\\ODAC112040Xcopy_32bit\\odp.net4\\odp.net\\bin\\4\\\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2017 Alexander Pustovalov\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\nimport { createStructuredSelector } from 'reselect';\nimport {\n availableComponentNamesSelector,\n availableNamespacesSelector\n} from 'modules/workspace/containers/LibraryPanel/selectors';\nimport {\n generatorNameSelector,\n generatorDirPathSelector,\n componentNameSelector,\n namespaceSelector\n} from 'modules/generator/containers/Generator/selectors';\n\nimport {\n selectedComponentModelSelector\n} from 'modules/workspace/containers/SelectionBreadcrumbs/selectors';\n\nexport const modelSelector = createStructuredSelector({\n componentModel: state => state.metadataForm,\n availableComponentNames: availableComponentNamesSelector,\n availableNamespaces: availableNamespacesSelector,\n generatorName: generatorNameSelector,\n generatorDirPath: generatorDirPathSelector,\n selectedComponentModel: selectedComponentModelSelector,\n componentName: componentNameSelector,\n namespace: namespaceSelector,\n});\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRemove line break in UIActivityViewController\n\nMy UIActivityViewController presents an image with some text underneath it:\nlet objectsToShare: [AnyObject] = [anImage, someText]\nlet activityVC = UIActivityViewController(activityItems: objectsToShare, applicationActivities: nil)\n\nIt's adding an undesired line break in between the image and the text when shared (red highlight):\n\nIs there a way to remove it? ", "FYI someText does not have any hard-coded line breaks in it. ", "I'm impartial to an Objective-C or Swift answer to this.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince you are not really in control of rendering the activities, only supplying them, you don't have control over the padding that is placed between the content and the activities. ", "\nI would explain to my designer/client/boss that it's out of your control, unfortunately, and file a rdar if you really think this is something you should have control of (I don't think it is, personally).", "\nHacky and not at all recommended...\nSince UIActivityViewController is a UIViewController, you could, I guess, subclass it and iterate through the subviews in the .view of that object to find the right view/constraint and adjust it yourself but this is truly not something I would go near even if my job depended on it. ", "It assumes so much about how Apple implemented that views hierarchy that you are a hostage to fortune that it will fail in any future iOS update where Apple may decided to rework that class.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "By Jennifer Zeitzer\n\nThe Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) recently sent letters thanking several senators for supporting the proposed $605 million (1.8 percent) increase for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that was included in the fiscal year 2015 Labor, Health and Human Services (LHHS) bill awaiting further action in the Senate (see related story). ", "LHHS Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Tom Harkin (D-IA), Appropriations Committee Chairwoman Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), and Senator Richard Durbin (D-IL) specifically mentioned the NIH increase as a highlight of the bill when it was considered earlier this month.", "\n\nFASEB’s letter to Chairman Harkin noted that the proposed increase for NIH is remarkable given that the LHHS Subcommittee had a flat allocation and faced considerable fiscal pressures related to other programs supported by the bill. ", "The Federation also praised Chairwoman Mikulski for committing to fight for increases for NIH in future years and Senator Durbin for noting that the NIH budget has failed to keep up with inflation, resulting in a 22 percent decline in real purchasing power in a single decade. ", "The senators were also thanked for their passionate support for biomedical research and their leadership on Capitol Hill on behalf of NIH funding." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "The present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating ovarian cancer in humans. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for treating ovarian cancer using a taxane composition.", "\nOvarian cancer is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer death in females and in the United States, accounts for approximately 13,000 deaths annually. ", "Moreover, the incidence is rising in industrialized countries. ", "The etiology of the neoplastic transformation remains unknown although there is epidemiological evidence for an association with disordered endocrine function. ", "The incidence of ovarian carcinoma is higher in nulliparous females and in those with early menopause.", "\nChemotherapy remains the major treatment for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. ", "Alkylating agents induce a response in 33-65% of patients. ", "Such alkylating agents include, but are not limited to chlorambucil, thio-tepa, and cyclophosphamide. ", "Other agents are also known to be effective. ", "Of these, cisplatin and carboplatin are considered to be the single most active cytotoxic agents and the response rate appears to be related to dose. ", "A recent meta-analysis involving most of the major chemotherapy clinical trials of the 1980s in patients with ovarian cancer concluded that platinum-based therapies were the single most effective agents. ", "It was also found that these platinum-based therapies were more effective when given in combination with another agent than when given alone. ", "Cisplatin was also the first cytotoxic agent to demonstrate usefulness as second-line therapy, i.e., treatment for patient whose tumor had relapsed following first-line treatment with alkylating agent therapy.", "\nIn the late 1980s, several clinical studies were performed which led to the availability and use of paclitaxel in patients with ovarian cancer. ", "Paclitaxel is now approved for use as a second-line treatment in many countries and is being evaluated as a component of front-line therapy in combination with cisplatin.", "\nPaclitaxel is a novel microtubule stabilizing antitumor agent, originally isolated from the stem bark of Taxus brevifolia, the western (Pacific) yew tree. ", "Paclitaxel acts by promoting the formation of unusually stable microtubules, and inhibits the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network required for mitosis and cell proliferation. (", "See Schiff, P. B., et al (1979) Nature 277,665; Schiff, P. B., et al (1981) Biochemistry 20, 3247). ", "In the presence of paclitaxel, the concentration of tubulin required for polymerization is significantly lowered. ", "Microtubule assembly occurs without GTP and at low temperatures, and the microtubules formed are more stable to depolymerization by dilution, calcium, cold, and inhibitory drugs. ", "Paclitaxel reversibly binds to polymerized tubulin, and other tubulin-binding drugs will bind to tubulin in the presence of paclitaxel.", "\nPaclitaxel interacts with the microtubule system of many types of organisms. ", "For example, in mammalian cells a 50 nM paclitaxel concentration usually causes a significant increase in microtubule number, with changes in cell shape and mitotic arrest in actively dividing cells. (", "Parness, J., et al. (", "1982) Biochem. ", "Biophys. ", "Res. ", "Commun. ", "105, 1082). ", "These perturbations of microtubule function caused by paclitaxel have a critical impact on the cell because of the role played by microtubules in cell motility, secretion, and cell division.", "\nPaclitaxel has been studied for its effect in combating tumor growth in several clinical trials using a variety of administration schedules. ", "Severe allergic reactions have been observed following administration of paclitaxel. ", "However, it has been demonstrated that the incidence and severity of allergic reactions is affected by the rate of paclitaxel infusion (Weiss, R B., et al (1990) J. Clin. ", "Oncol. ", "8, 1263).", "\nIn a study of Taxol(copyright), (trademarked paclitaxel product of Bristol Meyers Squibb), in over 400 patients with ovarian cancer, patients were randomized two ways, (1) between 135 to 175 mg/m2 and (2) between 3-hour and 24-hour infusions. ", "In this study, minor degrees of flushing were seen in 42% but severe hypersensitivity reactions were seen in only 1-2% without influence of dose or schedule on frequency or severity. ", "Neurosensory symptoms, described as burning paresthesia, occurred more frequently (52%) at the 175 mg/m2 dose as compared with 36% at the lower dose. ", "A syndrome of arthralgia, with onset 1-2 days after administration and lasting a few days, was common (55-65%) and more frequent at the higher dose.", "\nMyelosuppression (primarily granulocytopenia) occurred frequently but was most common with the 24-hour infusion (71%). ", "Only 18% of patients receiving drug by a 3-hour infusion developed Grade 4 granulocytopenia. ", "Febrile neutropenia was documented only with the 24-hour infusion. ", "Stomatitis occurred in 22-30% of the patients and was severe in less than 2% of the patients. ", "Cardiovascular effects were rare. ", "Asymptomatic bradycardia (pulse less than 50 beats/min.) ", "was observed in only 1% of cycles (26 of 2354 cycles) and hypotension (systolic less than 80 mm Hg) in only 13 of 2354 cycles. ", "Nine patients discontinued Taxol(copyright) treatment because of nonhematologic toxicity. ", "Of these patients, 4 had neurotoxicity, 3 had hypersensitivity, 1 had mucositis and 1 had idiopathic pulmonary edema.", "\nInfusion times, from 3 hours up to 24 hours, have been used in treatment with paclitaxel to decrease the incidence of toxicity and side effects, including allergic reactions to the drug. ", "Data from these studies indicate that reversible myelosuppression is the dose limiting toxicity, with significant peripheral neuropathy observed at doses of 275 mg/m2 and greater. ", "Other toxicities include myalgia, mucositis, and alopecia.", "\nPaclitaxel was approved by the FDA in December 1992, for treatment of ovarian cancer after failure of first-line or subsequent chemotherapy. ", "This approval was based on the initial Phase II studies and on the National Cancer Institute compassionate plea program, where paclitaxel was administered over a 24-hour period. ", "More recently, the more convenient 3-hour schedule has been approved for the same indication in many countries.", "\nStudies of paclitaxel in breast cancer treatment has been reported. ", "In single agent studies, response rates have been found to be dose related, with a 13-37% response rate for doses of 135 to 175 mg/m2, compared to a 36-71% response rate for doses of 250 mg/m2 with G-CSF. ", "The highest response rate (79%) has been reported in a 600 patient study using paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) in combination with cisplatin (75 mg/m2).", "\nIn a European-Canadian multi-institutional trial with ovarian cancer patients, 407 patients were randomized to one of two dose levels (135 mg/m2 or 175 mg/m2), given every three weeks, and to either a 3-hour or 24-hour schedule. ", "See Eisenhauer, E.A. et al xe2x80x9cEuropean-Canadian randomized trial of paclitaxel in relapsed ovarian cancer: High dose versus low-dose and long-term versus short infusion.xe2x80x9d J. Clin. ", "Onc. ", "1994. ", "12:2654-66. ", "The response rate was higher at the 175 mglm2 dose (20%) than the 135 mg/m2 dose (15%) but the difference was not statistically significant. ", "Time to tumor progression was significantly longer (19 weeks vs 14 weeks) in patients receiving the higher dose. ", "Overall survival based on deaths in about 25% of patients were similar in the different subsets. ", "Thus, the study concluded that the shorter (3-hour) infusion was nearly as efficacious, yet safer and more convenient than the 24-hour infusion.", "\nPaclitaxel, like other chemotherapy agents, has been shown to create drug resistance in tumor cells. ", "Drug resistance by tumor cells is a common response to chemotherapy agents. ", "Two mechanisms of paclitaxel resistance have been identified in vitro. ", "In one cell type, resistance is due to drug efflux, which is the result of increased levels of membrane P-glycoproteins causing increased drug efflux. (", "Gupta, R. S. (1985) Cancer Treat. ", "Rep. 69, 515). ", "These cells are also resistant to the vinca alkaloids, doxorubicin, and other natural products, and resistance is reversible with calcium channel blockers such as verapamil (Racker, E., et al (1986) Cancer Treat. ", "Rep. 70, 275). ", "Another mechanism of resistance found in other paclitaxel resistant cells involves mutations in the alpha- or beta-tubulin subunits. (", "Schibler, M. J., et al (1986) J. Cell Biol. ", "102, 1522).", "\nExperimental evidence suggests that the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel is both schedule-dependent and highly dependent on exposure time. ", "Thus both anti-tumor effect and myelosuppression might be expected to be greater with longer infusions. ", "Longer drug exposure times with some natural agents, including paclitaxel, may also partially overcome multidrug resistance (mdr) associated with the mdr-1 gene. ", "Drug resistance MCF 7 cells were 4.4 fold less resistant to a 24-hour continuous exposure to paclitaxel than to a 3-hour exposure. ", "See Lai, G.M. et al xe2x80x9cP-glycoprotein expression and schedule dependence of adriamycin cytotoxicity in human colon carcinoma cell lines.xe2x80x9d Int. ", "J. Cancer (1991) 49:696-703. ", "Based on this in vitro data, a Phase I/II trial of a 96-hour schedule was completed in doxorubicin or mitoxantrone-refractory breast cancer patients. ", "See Wilson, W. H. et al. ", "xe2x80x9cPaclitaxel in doxorubicin-refractory or mitoxantrone-refractory breast cancer: A phase I/II trial of 96-hour infusion.xe2x80x9d J. Clin. ", "Oncol. (", "1994) 12:1621-1629. ", "In the Phase II part of the study, breast cancer patient received a dose of 140 mg/m2 taxol (BMS, Bristol Meyers Squibb) over a 96-hour period. ", "A partial response was observed in 16 of 33 patients (48%) and a minor response was observed in 5 (15%). ", "Another report of breast cancer treatment indicated that a 96 hour infusion schedule of taxol (BMS) may be efficacious for breast cancer treatment. ", "See Hochhauser, D. et al, xe2x80x9cEfficacy of prolonged paclitaxel infusion after failure of prior short taxane infusion: A phase II and phamacologic study in metastatic breast cancer. ", "Br. ", "Ca. ", "Res. ", "and Trt. (", "1994) 32:34. ", "These investigators administered taxol (BMS) via a 96-hour infusion at a total dose of 140 mg/m2 to 25 patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer, in each of whom tumor had progressed during a prior course of either taxol (BMS) by 3 hour infusion or taxotere by 1-hour infusion. ", "28% of the patients achieved an objective tumor response despite prior clinical evidence of taxane resistance.", "\nWhat is needed are methods and compositions for treating patients with ovarian cancer. ", "Particularly what is needed are methods and compositions for patients with ovarian cancer who have had tumor progression after treatment with short term infusion schedules of taxanes. ", "Furthermore, no one has been able to demonstrate an effective regimen for treatment of ovarian cancer that overcomes the problem of multi-drug resistance.", "\nThus, methods and compositions are needed that are capable of treating ovarian cancer that is refractory to short term infusion schedules of taxanes, such as taxotere or paclitaxel. ", "Moreover, an infusion treatment regimen that would be efficacious in treatment of multi-drug resistance ovarian cancer would be beneficial. ", "Additionally, methods and compositions that are easily administered are necessary. ", "In addition to infusion methods, a simple and efficacious method of treatment would be through the oral route.", "\nWhat is also needed are methods and compositions for treating patients with ovarian cancer who have had tumor progression after treatment with known chemotherapy agents such as platinum-based chemotherapy treatments. ", "What is particularly needed are compositions and methods for treatment of patients with ovarian cancer who have tumor progression after systemic treatment with known chemotherapy agents such as platinum-based chemotherapy treatments and who are refractory to short term infusion (1 to 24 hour) of taxane therapy.", "\nThus, methods and compositions are needed that are capable of treating ovarian cancer that is refractory to known chemotherapy agents and short term infusion schedules of paclitaxel. ", "Moreover, an infusion treatment regimen that would be efficacious in treatment of multi-drug resistance ovarian cancer would be beneficial. ", "Additionally, methods and compositions that are easily administered are necessary. ", "A simple and efficacious method of treatment would be through the oral route, particularly if the oral administration provides pharmacokinetic benefits similar the pharmacokinetics of the 96-hour infusion of paclitaxel.", "\nIn accordance with the present invention, compositions and methods are provided that are effective in treating ovarian cancer. ", "These compositions are easily administered by long term infusion schedules of at least 72 hours, and can be given in dosages that are safe and provide for manageable side effects. ", "The present invention provides methods and compositions for treating ovarian cancer in patients whose tumors progressed or failed to respond during prior taxane treatment of shorter duration and also treatment of patients who have previously undergone known chemotherapy treatment, such as treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy, and who are refractory to short-term taxane treatment. ", "Surprisingly, it has been shown with the present invention that longer infusion periods, such as 96 hours, give substantially lower neuropathy and certain other side effects than shorter term infusions. ", "Thus, the longer-infusion periods contemplated in the present invention obviate the need for premedications that other paclitaxel treatments require.", "\nThe present invention comprises methods and compositions for treating ovarian cancer with a long term exposure to paclitaxel. ", "Such a schedule includes infusion times on the order of at least 72 hours, more preferably at least 96 hours. ", "Such long term infusion schedules may enhance the activity of drugs, such as paclitaxel, which are transported by P-glycoprotein. ", "Thus a preferred embodiment of the present invention is to administer paclitaxel as a 96 hour infusion treatment in patients with ovarian cancer, to effectively treat the ovarian cancer and to reduce the chances of developing mdr (multidrug resistance) paclitaxel resistance.", "\nThe present invention also includes ovarian cancer treatment compositions that contain paclitaxel. ", "These ovarian cancer treatment compositions can be administered to humans with ovarian cancer at doses of 70 mg/m2 to 200 mg/m2, more preferably at doses of 100 mg/m2 to 175 mg/m2, most preferably 140 mg/m2, the dose level being dependent on the toxicity of paclitaxel to the patient.", "\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide methods and compositions to treat ovarian cancer.", "\nIt is yet another object of the present invention to provide methods of treatment of ovarian cancer comprising long term infusion schedules.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide methods of treatment for patients with ovarian cancer that have had tumor progression after treatment with other chemotherapy regimens.", "\nAnother object of the present invention is to provide compositions comprising taxanes for the treatment of ovarian cancer.", "\nIt is yet another object of the present invention to provide a treatment for patients with ovarian cancer who were refractory to treatment with short term infusion treatment with taxanes.", "\nA further object of the present invention is to provide methods and compositions for a treatment of ovarian carcinoma in patients who have undergone at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, including but not limited to platinum based therapies or taxane therapies, and who has had tumor progression.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide methods and compositions of paclitaxel treatment that reduce or eliminate the development of mdr paclitaxel resistance.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide methods and compositions of paclitaxel treatment that reduce or eliminate the need for premedication of the patients.", "\nThese and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We simulate the evolution of eccentric binary systems in the frame of the grazing envelope evolution (GEE) channel for the formation of Type IIb supernovae (SNe IIb), and find that extra mass removal by jets increases the parameter space for the formation of SNe IIb in this channel. ", "To explore the role of eccentricity and the extra mass removal by jets in the GEE we use the stellar evolutionary code <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">MESA binary</span>. ", "The initial primary and secondary masses are $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15M_\\odot$ and $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5M_\\odot$, respectively. ", "We examine initial semi-major axes of $600-1000 R_\\odot$, and eccentricities in the range of $e=0$ to $e=0.9$. Both Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) and mass removal by jets, followed by a wind from the SN IIb progenitor, leave a hydrogen mass in the exploding star of $M_{\\rm H,f} \\approx 0.05 M_\\odot$. This is compatible with a SN IIb progenitor. ", "We find that in many cases, with and without the extra mass removal by jets, the system can enter a common envelope evolution (CEE) phase, and then gets out from it. ", "Despite the large uncertainties, extra mass removal by jets substantially increases the likelihood of the system to get out from a CEE. ", "This strengthens earlier conclusions for circular orbits. ", "In some cases RLOF alone, without mass removal by jets, can form SN IIb progenitors. ", "We estimate that the extra mass removal by jets in the GEE channel increases the number of progenitors relative to that by RLOF alone by about a factor of two.'", "\nauthor:\n- Dmitry Shishkin\n- Noam Soker\ntitle: Eccentric grazing envelope evolution towards type IIb supernova progenitors\n---\n\nINTRODUCTION {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nCore collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of type IIb (SNe IIb) show strong hydrogen lines days after explosion, but only weak hydrogen lines, or none at all, at later times. ", "This large weakening of the hydrogen lines results from a very small hydrogen mass in the envelope of the exploding star, namely, $M_{\\rm H} \\simeq 0.03-0.5 M_\\odot$ (e.g., @Woosleyetal1994 [@Meynetetal2015; @Yoonetal2017]), or $0.01 M_\\odot \\le M_{\\rm H,env} \\le 1 M_\\odot$ (e.g., @Sravanetal2018), or even down to $ M_{\\rm H} \\simeq 0.001 M_\\odot$ [@Dessartetal2011; @Eldridgeetal2018]. ", "A fraction of $f_{\\rm IIb} \\simeq 11 \\%$ of all CCSNe are SNe IIb [@Smithetal2011; @Shivversetal2017; @Grauretal2017b; @Sravanetal2018], with up to $f_{\\rm IIb, L} \\simeq 20 \\%$ in low metallicity populations [@Sravanetal2018].", "\n\nOne possible classification of SNe IIb progenitors is to compact progenitors, i.e., blue progenitors and yellow supergiant progenitors that lead to most SNe IIb (e.g., @Yoonetal2017), and to extended progenitors, i.e., red supergiants (e.g., @ChevalierSoderberg2010). ", "The compact progenitors have small hydrogen mass, $M_{\\rm H} \\la 0.15 M_\\odot$, at explosion, while the red supergiant progenitors have $M_{\\rm H} \\ga 0.15M_\\odot$ at explosion. ", "Mass transfer, both stable and unstable, followed by winds that are efficient in removing most of the remaining hydrogen can form compact SN IIb progenitors (e.g., @Yoonetal2017 [@Gilkisetal2019]). ", "Winds in higher metallicity populations are more efficient in removing mass, therefore leading to a higher ratio of SNe Ib to SNe IIb.", "\n\nSeveral studies of specific SNe IIb attribute the low hydrogen mass at explosion to binary interaction, e.g., SN 1993J [@Podsiadlowskietal1993; @Alderingetal1994; @Maundetal2004; @Foxetal2014], SN 2016gkg; [@Kilpatricketal2017; @Berstenetal2018], and ZTF18aalrxas [@Fremlingetal2019]. ", "Other studies examine the general population of SNe IIb (e.g., @StancliffeEldridge2009 [@Claeys2011; @OuchiMaeda2017]), concluding also that to account for a large fraction of SNe IIb the binary system progenitors should lose mass more efficiently than what traditional binary evolution predict.", "\n\n[@Sravanetal2018] consider Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) mass transfer in their study of SN IIb progenitors, and conclude from their population synthesis study that the binary channel and the single stellar channel have about equal contribution to SNe IIb (also @Sravan2016). ", "Their study, however, falls short by more than a factor of three in accounting for the rate of SNe IIb. ", "Weaker winds than what traditional mass loss rate formulae give might leave some hydrogen in the envelope after the end of the mass transfer process; this eases the tension with observations [@Gilkisetal2019].", "\n\nThere are two more binary channels in addition to that of the RLOF. ", "The second evolutionary channel involves a common envelope evolution (CEE) with a main sequence companion that enters the giant envelope [@Nomotoetal1995; @Youngetal2006; @Lohevetal2019]. [", "@Lohevetal2019] consider a main sequence companion that spirals-in inside the envelope, ejects the entire original hydrogen-rich envelope, and reaches the core. ", "The core tidally destroys the companion (a fatal-CEE) such that the companion material forms a new low-mass hydrogen-rich envelope of the massive star. ", "The star explodes later as a SN IIb, as [@Lohevetal2019] suggest for SN IIb Cassiopeia A (see, e.g., @Satoetal2020 for a recent paper with arguments for a binary model for Cassiopeia A).", "\n\nThe third binary channel involves the grazing envelope evolution (GEE). [", "@Soker2017] proposes that in some cases the extra mass removal that some studies require to form SNe IIb (e.g., @Claeys2011 [@OuchiMaeda2017]) can result from jets that the companion to the exploding star launches. ", "The binary companion launches the jets as it grazes the envelope of the more massive progenitor of the SN IIb. ", "The jets remove mass efficiently from the envelope, and by that postpone or prevent the onset of a CEE; instead, the binary system experiences the grazing envelope evolution (GEE; @Soker2015). [", "@Naimanetal2020] study the GEE channel for circular binary orbits with the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">binary</span> module of the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa</span> code (Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics; @Paxtonetal2011 [@Paxtonetal2019]) by mimicking the extra mass loss due to jets with a simple numerical prescription. ", "The GEE channel forms mainly blue-compact SN IIb progenitors, because post-GEE winds remove most, but not always all, of the remaining hydrogen.", "\n\nOverall, there are four channels for SN IIb progenitors, i.e., exploding star with little hydrogen mass. ", "These are the single star evolution, RLOF binary evolution, the fatal-CEE, and the GEE. [", "@Naimanetal2020] crudely estimate that each of the four channels contributes about equally (25 per cents) to the SN IIb population. [", "@Naimanetal2020] present more details on the relevant parts of the GEE channel, on the general motivation to consider the GEE, and discuss the qualitative differences between the GEE and the RLOF channels. ", "One major difference is that in the RLOF process the companion orbits well outside the giant envelope, while in the GEE the companion grazes the giant envelope. ", "In the present study we examine eccentric orbits such that the companion grazes the giant at and near periastron passages.", "\n\nTo further support the GEE scenario, in this study we extend the study of [@Naimanetal2020] and include GEE with eccentric orbits (section \\[sec:Mimicking\\]). ", "The new results add to the rich variety of possible outcomes of the GEE, including the increase of the parameter space for SN IIb formation (sections \\[sec:eccentricity\\] and \\[sec:OtherCases\\]), and strengthen the GEE channel for the formation of some SN IIb progenitors. ", "We summarise in section \\[sec:summary\\].", "\n\nMIMICKING THE GRAZING ENVELOPE EVOLUTION {#sec:Mimicking}\n========================================\n\nBinary evolution {#subsec:Binary}\n----------------\n\nWe conduct binary evolution simulations with the binary module of the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa</span> code (@Paxtonetal2011 [@Paxtonetal2013; @Paxtonetal2015; @Paxtonetal2018; @Paxtonetal2019]), with the goal of demonstrating that the GEE in eccentric orbits can increase the parameter space for the formation of SNe IIb progenitors. ", "At this stage we limit our study to a small number of cases to explore the properties of this evolutionary channel. ", "Due to some uncertainties, like the simple prescription we use to mimic the effects of jets and uncertainties in the wind mass loss rate (e.g, @Gilkisetal2019 [@Beasoretal2020]), we are not yet in a position to directly derive the fraction of SNe IIb that result from the GEE channel. ", "This is only the third set of GEE calculations with <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa binary</span>, and each study has different parameters [@AbuBackeretal2018; @Naimanetal2020].", "\n\nKey assumptions of the GEE study with <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa binary</span> are as follows. (", "1) The specific angular momentum of the mass that the primary (giant) star transfers to the secondary star is sufficient to form an accretion disk around the secondary star. (", "2) The accretion disk launches jets, as accretion disks around young stellar objects do. (", "3) when the secondary star is very close to the surface of the giant, or even somewhat inside the envelope, jets efficiently remove mass from the outer envelope.", "\n\nAt zero age main sequence the binary systems we simulate have the following properties. ", "The initial mass of the primary (mass donor star) is $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15 M_\\odot$ and its metallicity is $Z=0.019$. The initial mass of the secondary star is $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5 M_\\odot$. We set the code to treat the secondary star as a point mass, i.e., we do not follow its evolution (see @Naimanetal2020). ", "We set the initial semi-major axis to be in the range of $a=600-1000 R_\\odot$, and the eccentricity to be in the range of $e=0$ to $e=0.9$ (note that @Naimanetal2020 considered only $e=0$).", "\n\nThe <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">binary</span> module of <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa</span> evolves the system according to the stellar evolution of the primary star, mass transfer, mass loss, and tidal interaction that changes both the eccentricity and the semi-major axis of the orbit (@Hut1981, with the timescales for convective envelopes from @Hurley2002), and the spin of the primary star. ", "<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa</span> set rotation according to the ‘shellular approximation’, with constant angular velocity $\\omega$ on isobars (e.g., @Meynet1997).", "\n\nIn some cases we let the system to evolve till core collapse even if periastron brings the companion into the primary envelope. ", "In other cases we terminate the evolution when the secondary enters the envelope, Namely, when $$a(1-e) < R_1+R_2. ", " \n\\label{eq:aR1R2}$$ We take $R_2=0$ in all cases. ", "We terminate the evolution in some cases because when the secondary star is inside the giant envelope the simple formulae for tidal interaction are not accurate anymore. ", "More over, we have larger uncertainties concerning the launching of jets (see also @Naimanetal2020).", "\n\nTo learn about the role of the jets, we also simulate cases without jets, and compare the two types of simulations. ", "In all cases the RLOF mass transfer rate $\\dot M_{\\rm KR}$, is from [@Kolb1990]. ", "In all simulations we take a fraction $f_{\\rm acc,RL}=0.3$ of the RLOF mass transfer to be accreted by the secondary star. ", "The rest of the mass that the primary transfers is lost by the secondary star, i.e., a fraction of $f_{\\rm L,RL,2}=0.7$. We do not change all variables, but rather keep many of them the same in the different runs, because in the present study we are interested in the role of the eccentricity in the GEE channel.", "\n\nMimicking jets {#subsec:jets}\n--------------\n\nWe follow [@Naimanetal2020] in mimicking the extra mass removal by jets. ", "According to the GEE the jets that the secondary star launches remove mass from the outer parts of the envelope of the primary star, and from the acceleration zone of its wind [@Hilleletal2020]. ", "We set mass removal by jets to take place when the following condition applies $$a (1-e)<f_\\mathrm{GEE} \\left(R_1+R_2\\right), \n\\label{eq:fGEE}$$ where $R_2=0$ in the present study. ", "The jet-activity separation factor takes the values of $f_\\mathrm{GEE}=1.1$ or $f_\\mathrm{GEE}=1.2$. When the inequality of equation (\\[eq:fGEE\\]) holds, we take an additional mass loss from the system, half of it from the primary star and half of it from the secondary star. ", "The total jet-driven mass loss rate is $$\\dot M_{\\rm L,jet} = f_{\\rm jet} \\dot M_{\\rm KR} \n\\frac{f_\\mathrm{GEE} - a(1-e)/R_1} {f_\\mathrm{GEE} - 1} ,\n\\label{eq:MLJ1}$$ where we introduced the jet-driven mass loss factor $f_{\\rm jet}$. In the present study we take $f_{\\rm jet}=3$ as [@Naimanetal2020] suggest, and $f_{\\rm jet}=4$ for some runs (Table \\[Table2\\]). ", "When the activity of the jets begins we reduce the time step by setting the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa</span> variable `varcontrol‘_target` to $10^{-5}$ instead of the default value of $10^{-4}$.\n\nWind mass loss rate {#subsec:wind}\n-------------------\n\nAfter the end of the binary mass transfer, the wind from the primary star removes substantial amounts of mass. ", "There are large uncertainties in wind mass loss rates from red supergiants and other luminous stars (e.g., @Gilkisetal2019). [", "@Beasoretal2020], for example, argue that models overpredict the total mass-loss by a large factor. ", "For that, the mass loss rate might be lower even than what we use here.", "\n\nWe proceed as in [@Naimanetal2020]. ", "The wind mass loss rate is according to [@deJager1988] for an effective temperature of $T_\\mathrm{eff} < 10^4 {{~\\rm K}}$. For $T_\\mathrm{eff} \\ge 1.1 \\times 10^4 {{~\\rm K}}$ we follow the mass loss rate from [@Vink2001] if the surface hydrogen mass fraction is $X_\\mathrm{s} > 0.4$ or from [@Vink2017] when $X_\\mathrm{s} \\le 0.4$. We interpolate for $1.1\\times 10^4\\,\\mathrm{K}>T_\\mathrm{eff} > 10^4\\,\\mathrm{K}$.\n\nNumerical limitations {#subsec:Numerical}\n---------------------\n\n[@Naimanetal2020] discuss in length the numerical limitations of mimicking the GEE in the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa binary</span> code. ", "We briefly summarise their discussion. ", "The two main limitations are the poor handling of the CEE, and the large number of free parameters, e.g., the mass loss scheme. ", "Other free parameters include the form of equation (\\[eq:MLJ1\\]) and the parameter $f_{\\rm jet}$ there, the parameter $f_{\\rm GEE}$ in equation \\[eq:fGEE\\], the parameters of the RLOF (section \\[subsec:Binary\\]), and the fraction of mass that each star loses during the jets activity episodes (in this study each star loses half of the mass; section \\[subsec:jets\\]).", "\n\nThe CEE is very complicated, and more so when the secondary star launches jets. ", "In some simulations, with and without jets, according to <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa binary</span> the binary system gets into a CEE phase, and then out (@Naimanetal2020, and in section \\[sec:eccentricity\\]). ", "However, this evolutionary track of in-and-out of the CEE is highly uncertain. ", "Without jets, we expect that in a circular orbit when the secondary enters the giant envelope it will continue to spiral-in. ", "In orbits with high eccentricity the secondary might get out without jets. ", "Jets might ease the exit from a CEE, and the system continues with the GEE. ", "Again, these transitions from the GEE to the CEE and back, are highly uncertain.", "\n\nNew to this study is the limitation in our implementation of the jets mechanism for eccentric orbits. ", "Specifically, in equation (\\[eq:fGEE\\]) we turn the jets on according to the ratio of the periastron distance to the primary radius. ", "If the condition holds, jets are active along the entire orbit. ", "We do not follow the orbital separation along the orbit. ", "Such a more accurate treatment requires a different and a much more extended study that will introduce more free parameters. ", "In any case, we do not think this is a major limitation because the RLOF mass transfer scheme in <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa binary</span> takes eccentricity into account when averaging the mass transfer over one orbit. ", "Because our mass removal by jets scheme is proportional to the RLOF mass transfer rate (equation \\[eq:MLJ1\\]), we also take this into account. ", "We also found that when we start with $e_i \\ga 0.8$ the eccentricities at late times might become close to 1, when we cannot trust the evolutionary scheme for our purposes.", "\n\nThe role of eccentricity {#sec:eccentricity}\n========================\n\nCases with circular orbits {#subsec:circOrbits}\n--------------------------\n\n[@Naimanetal2020] study the cases with circular orbits, i.e., the eccentricity is forced to be $e=0$ while the semi-major axis $a$ changes along the evolution. ", "We will not repeat their results, but rather present only one case, with and without jets, for later comparisons with eccentric orbits. ", "We present in Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\] the results for an initial orbital radius of $a_0=1000 R_\\odot$, and component masses of $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15 M_\\odot$ and $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5 M_\\odot$. The jets-induced enhanced mass loss rate parameters are $f_{\\rm GEE}=1.1$ (equation \\[eq:fGEE\\]) and $f_{\\rm jet} = 3$ (equation \\[eq:MLJ1\\]). ", "The left panels present the case for which the jets become active when condition (\\[eq:fGEE\\]) holds, while the right panels present the case where we do not allow for jets activity at all. ", "Black lines in the upper panels present the orbital radius $a$, the thick solid blue lines represent the radius of the primary star $R_1$, and the dashed-blue lines present the distance $(1-e)a/1.1$ (which here is $a/1.1$) that appears in condition (\\[eq:fGEE\\]) for triggering jets activity. ", "The lower panels present the masses of the primary $M_1$ (thick blue lines) and secondary $M_2$ (thick red lines), and the hydrogen mass in the primary star $M_{\\rm H,1}$ (thin black lines).", "\n\n\n\nThe large difference between the two cases is that the evolution with no jets activity enters a CEE, while when we allow jets activity the system avoids the CEE. ", "We mark the time period when the system enters the CEE with a lilac vertical band on the upper right panel. ", "The system then exists the CEE, and ends as a SN IIb progenitor. ", "When we allow jets activity, we find that the binary system experiences six jets activity periods, which we mark by teal vertical bands on the left upper panel of Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]. ", "Both cases end as SN IIb progenitors with a hydrogen mass of $M_{\\rm H,f}=0.058 M_\\odot$, same as in [@Naimanetal2020], where they give more details on circular orbits. ", "In particular, they emphasise that there are large uncertainties in the evolution when the system enters a CEE, and it is possible that in reality the binary system will not exit the CEE in the case without jets activity (section \\[subsec:Numerical\\]). ", "Indeed, there are some cases when the binary system do not exit the CEE.", "\n\nOverall, [@Naimanetal2020] conclude from their study of circular orbits that allowing jets activity increases the parameter space for the formation of SN IIb progenitors. ", "We now turn to examine the role of eccentricity.", "\n\nEccentric orbits {#subsec:EccentricOrbits}\n----------------\n\nWe present now cases with eccentric orbits, keeping all other initial parameters as in the circular cases of section \\[subsec:circOrbits\\] (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]).", "\n\nIn Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\] we present the evolution for an initial eccentricity of $e_i=0.1$, with allowed jet activity (according to condition \\[eq:fGEE\\]; left panels) and without jet activity (right panels). ", "In this case there is no jets activity at all, and the system avoids the CEE. ", "Both cases therefore, are the same. ", "We attribute this behavior to the role of tidal interaction that is stronger at periastron, and as a result of that the primary star in the $e_i=0.1$ case does not reach a large maximum radius as in the circular case (compare thick blue lines in the upper panels of both figures).", "\n\n\n\nIn Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\] we examine the evolution of a system with initial eccentricity of $e_i=0.4$, with, again, allowed jet activity (according to condition \\[eq:fGEE\\]; left panels) and without jet activity (right panels). ", "In this case, jets activity does take place, during the time period marked by the teal vertical band in the upper left panel. ", "The primary reaches CCSN with a hydrogen mass of $M_{\\rm H,f}=0.055 M_\\odot$, hence a SN IIb. ", "Without the enhanced mass loss rate due to jets activity, the system enters a CEE and does not get out from it. ", "It does not form a SN IIb progenitor by this channel. ", "This is a clear case where the GEE increases the parameter space for the formation of SN IIb progenitors. ", "In Fig. ", "\\[fig:HRa1000e04\\] we present the HR diagram of the primary star in the case with jet activity (left panels of Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]).", "\n\n\n\n![", "The HR diagram of the primary star that we present in the left panels of figure \\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\], i.e., for the case with initial semi-major axis of $a_0=1000$ and initial eccentricity of $e_i=0.4$. The teal part of the line marks the duration for which jets were active. ", "A circle marks the simulation starting point and an asterisk simulation termination as a CCSN.[]{data-label=\"fig:HRa1000e04\"}](a1000e04.pdf)\n\nIn Table \\[Table1\\] we list simulations with other eccentricities, which we list in the first column, keeping all other initial parameters as in the other simulations of this section, i.e., $a_0=1000 R_\\odot$, $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15 M_\\odot$, $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5 M_\\odot$, and $f_{GEE}=1.1$. In the second column we indicate whether we allow (‘On’) or not (‘Off’) jets activity. ", "The third column of Table \\[Table1\\] lists the duration of the CEE, $\\Delta t_{\\rm CEE}$, where ‘Continues’ implies that the system continues with the CEE and does not get out from it, and ‘No’ indicates that no CEE occurred. ", "The fourth column lists the final hydrogen mass in the primary star. ", "Table \\[Table1\\] shows that for a given initial semi-major axis, the probability of experiencing a CEE increases with increasing eccentricity. ", "This is an expected result, as periastron distances are smaller for higher eccentricities. ", "For $e_i \\ga 0.4$ and the other parameters we use here, jets activity (the GEE) might play an important role. ", "For other parameters jets might play an important role even from $e_i=0$ [@Naimanetal2020]. ", "In some of the cases we present here jets prevent the CEE ($e_i=0$, $0.4$, $0.5$), in some cases it shorten the CEE phase ($e_i=0.6$, $0.8$), and in one case the jets enable the system to exit the CEE ($e_i=0.9$). ", "One interesting case is $e_i=0.7$ where the CEE is longer when jets are active. ", "This might result from a rapid mass removal by jets that causes the giant primary star to expand [@Naimanetal2020]. ", "We emphasise again that we should treat with caution the evolution after a system enters a CEE, as the code does not treat well this phase (section \\[subsec:Numerical\\]). ", "In all cases where the system does not continues with the CEE the hydrogen mass fits a compact SN IIb progenitor.", "\n\n ------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------------------------------- --------------------------\n Eccentricity Jets CEE duration Final $M_{\\rm H}$\n $e_i$ $\\Delta t_{\\rm CEE}({{~\\rm yr}})$ $M_{\\rm H,f}$($M_\\odot$)\n 0 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]) Off 2.57 0.058\n 0 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]) On No 0.058\n 0.1 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\]) Off No 0.055\n 0.1 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\]) On No 0.055\n 0.2 Off No 0.053\n 0.2 On No 0.047\n 0.3 Off No 0.052\n 0.3 On No 0.046\n 0.4 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]) Off Continues $-$\n 0.4 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]) On No 0.05\n 0.5 Off 39.92 0.047\n 0.5 On No 0.047\n 0.6 Off 111.77 0.044\n 0.6 On 39.20 0.044\n 0.7 Off 190.05 0.04\n 0.7 On 268.18 0.042\n 0.8 Off 728.28 0.039\n 0.8 On 503.01 0.041\n 0.9 Off Continues $-$\n 0.9 On 1474.04 0.04\n ------------------------------------------------ ------ ----------------------------------- --------------------------\n\n : Twenty simulations with $a_0=1000 R_\\odot$, $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15 M_\\odot$, $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5 M_\\odot$, and $f_{GEE}=1.1$, but different initial eccentricities. ", "If the system enters a CEE and does not get out, we terminate the evolution and cannot give the hydrogen mass at CCSN.[]{data-label=\"Table1\"}\n\nOverall, in 2 out of the 10 case ($e_i= 0.4$, $0.5$) the jets activity through the GEE substantially helps the GEE channel for SNe IIb, and in few other cases it helps. ", "Adding the results of [@Naimanetal2020], we tentatively conclude that the GEE increases the number of systems that can form SNe IIb progenitors relative to the RLOF channel by tens of percents and possibly by a factor of two or somewhat more.", "\n\nOther eccentric cases {#sec:OtherCases}\n=====================\n\nIn this section we present two more cases with initial semi-major axis of $a_0=600 R_\\odot$ and $a_0=800 R_\\odot$ and initial eccentricity of $e_i=0.5$. Additionally, we set $f_{\\rm GEE}=1.2$ rather than $1.1$ as in previous runs. ", "Figure \\[fig:800,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\] displays the case of $a_0=800 R_\\odot$, and is another example of a case where jet activity (left panel) prevents the system from entering a continuous CEE (where the companion continues to spiral-in; right panel).", "\n\n\n\nFigure \\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\] displays the case of $a_0=600 R_\\odot$, and is another example of a case where jet activity prevents the system from entering CEE. ", "We note that although the system without jets does exit the CEE phase, the CEE phase lasts for $\\Delta t_{\\rm CEE} =62 {{~\\rm yr}}\\simeq 50 P_{\\rm orb}$, where $P_{\\rm orb}$ is the average orbital period during that phase. ", "It is not clear that <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa-binary</span> handles correctly such a long phase of a CEE. ", "It might be that such a case will end in a continues CEE where the companion does spiral-in inside the envelope to a much smaller semi-major axis, and does not form a SN IIb progenitor. ", "In Fig. ", "\\[fig:HRa600e05\\] we present the HR diagram of the primary stars of the systems that we study in Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\].", "\n\n\n\n![", "The HR diagram of the primary stars for the cases with initial semi-major axis of $a_0=600$ and initial eccentricity of $e_i=0.5$ that we present in Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]. ", "The black line denotes the case with jet activity (left panels of Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]), and the blue line denotes the case without jets activity (right panels of Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]). ", "The teal parts mark periods of jets activity (as in the left panels of \\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]), and the lilac parts denotes the CEE phase (as in the right panels of \\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]). ", "A circle marks the simulations starting point and an asterisk marks the termination of the simulations as CCSNe (the two cases end at about the same point on the HR diagram).[]{data-label=\"fig:HRa600e05\"}](a600e05.pdf)\n\nThese two examples further demonstrate the role of jets in preventing the CEE in many cases, and by that in increasing the parameter space for the formation of SN IIb progenitors. ", "We note again that not in all cases the jets are needed to prevent the CEE, and not in all cases the jets can prevent the CEE.", "\n\nFinally, we note that we conducted many more simulations, some of which we list in Appendix \\[appensix:SimulationRuns\\]. ", "We vary other parameters as we indicate in Table \\[Table2\\].", "\n\nDISCUSSION AND SUMMARY {#sec:summary}\n======================\n\nThis study deals with the GEE scenario for the formation of SN IIb progenitors. ", "In this scenario the companion ends the evolution with a semi-major axis of $a_{\\rm f} \\approx 1 {{~\\rm AU}}$. By RLOF and the action of jets the secondary star removes a large fraction of the primary’s envelope. ", "Winds then remove more mass, leaving a small final hydrogen mass (Tables \\[Table1\\] , \\[Table2\\]). ", "There is a class of low mass post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars that have a main sequence companion at a semi-major axis of $\\approx 1 {{~\\rm AU}}$, and which typically have eccentric orbits (e.g., @Kastneretal2010 [@VanWinckel2017]). ", "In a large fraction of these the main sequence companion launches jets (e.g., @Thomasetal2013 [@VanWinckel2017b; @Bollenetal2019]). ", "These post-AGB binary systems suggest that in most cases binary systems that experience the GEE end with eccentric orbits. ", "This motivated us to extend an earlier study of the GEE scenario for SNe IIb [@Naimanetal2020] to include eccentric orbits.", "\n\nIn that respect we note that the GEE predicts that the supernova and its circumbinary matter will have bipolar morphologies. ", "Therefore, the GEE scenario is compatible with non-spherical explosion of SNe IIb, e.g., as Spectropolarimetric data analyses suggests for SN 1993J [@Stevanceetal2020].", "\n\nFor that goal we used the stellar evolution code <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa-binary</span> to simulate the evolution of eccentric binary systems, where we activate a jet-driven mechanism of enhanced mass loss. ", "We compared each case with jets activity to a case without jet activity. ", "We examined a variety of initial eccentricities and initial semi-major axes (section \\[sec:eccentricity\\] and \\[sec:OtherCases\\]; summarised in Table \\[Table1\\]), as well as other values of several parameters (Appendix \\[appensix:SimulationRuns\\]). ", "We summarise our main results as follows.", "\n\n1. ", " Eccentric orbits (Figs. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\] , \\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]) might have a different outcome than spherical orbits (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]) with the same semi-major axis. ", "In particular, the final orbit is not circular, and might have very high eccentricity (e.g., Figs. ", "\\[fig:800,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\], \\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]). ", "This is true with and without jets activity.", "\n\n2. ", " In cases with very low $e_i \\simeq 0$, and moderate eccentricity, $0.4 \\la e \\la 0.5$, the jet-driven enhanced mass loss of the GEE can prevents a CEE (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]). ", "This is also true for cases with an initial semi-major axis different from $a_0=1000$, as seen in Figures \\[fig:800,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\] and \\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\] (summarise in Table \\[Table2\\]). ", "The exact range of the eccentricities will change with other parameters.", "\n\n3. ", " For higher eccentricities the situation is more intricate. ", "First, with and without jets the system might reach very high eccentricities of $e>0.99$, practically leading to merger. ", "Only in some cases the jet-driven mass loss mechanism prevents this from taking place. ", "On the other hand, in some causes the jets activity causes the system to enter a CEE. ", "The reason is that rapid mass removal causes the giant envelope to expand more [@Naimanetal2020].", "\n\n4. ", " In many cases the system enters a CEE and then gets out. ", "As we discussed in section \\[subsec:Numerical\\], we do not expect <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">mesa-binary</span> to treat well this phase, and uncertainties are large. ", "In particular, if the CEE phase is long, we expect the system to continue to spiral-in to very small radii, rather than exit from the CEE. ", "We found that in most cases when jets are active the CEE phase is shorter (Tables \\[Table1\\] and \\[Table2\\]), increasing the probability that the system will indeed exit the CEE and will form a SN IIb progenitor.", "\n\nOverall, our results strengthen the conclusion of [@Naimanetal2020] that the process of jet-driven mass loss that leads to episode(s) of GEE phases substantially increases the binary parameter space that leads to the formation of SN IIb progenitors. ", "Like [@Naimanetal2020], we also find that in all our cases the SN IIb progenitors are blue-compact ones (rather than red supergiants progenitors). ", "We do notice that, as other studies have shown (e.g., @Sravanetal2018 [@Naimanetal2020]), in some cases RLOF followed by a wind, even if the secondary star does not launch jets, can remove enough mass to form a SN IIb progenitor.", "\n\nWhen we consider our results and those of [@Naimanetal2020], we further strengthen the claim of [@Naimanetal2020] that the GEE increases the number of systems that can form SNe IIb progenitors relative to the RLOF channel by tens of percents and possibly by a factor of two or somewhat larger.", "\n\nOur results put the GEE channel on a more solid ground by including eccentric orbits, and do not change dramatically the conclusions of [@Naimanetal2020]. ", "Namely, we do not change their estimate that $\\approx 2-4 \\%$ of CCSN progenitors experience the GEE under our assumptions, amounting to about quarter of all SNe IIb. ", "The other three scenarios, each contribute about equal, are the binary evolution channel with RLOF but without GEE, the fatal-CEE, and the single-star channel (see list in section \\[sec:intro\\]).", "\n\nAcknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}\n===============\n\nThis research was supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation and a grant from the Asher Space Research Fund at the Technion. 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E., Dahlstrom, J. A., Hobbs, L. M., & York, D. G. 2013, , 430, 1230\n\nVan Winckel, H. 2017a, Edited by Anatoly Miroshnichenko, Sergey Zharikov, Daniela Korčáková and Marek Wolf. ", "ASP Conference Series, Vol. ", "508. ", "San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2017, p.197\n\nVan Winckel, H. 2017b, in Planetary Nebulae: Multi-Wavelength Probes of Stellar and Galactic Evolution, Proceedings IAU Symposium No. ", "323, p. 231, eds. ", "X. Liu, L. Stanghellini, and A. Karakas A.C.\n\nVink, J. S. 2017, , 670, L8\n\n, J. S., [de Koter]{}, A., & Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. 2001, , 369, 574\n\nWoosley, S. E., Eastman, R. G., Weaver, T. A., & Pinto, P. A. 1994, , 429, 300\n\nYoon, S.-C., Dessart, L., & Clocchiatti, A.  2017, ApJ, 840, 10\n\nYoung, P. A., Fryer, C. L., Hungerford, A., et al.", " 2006, , 640, 891\n\nMore simulations {#appensix:SimulationRuns}\n================\n\nIn Table \\[Table2\\] we list all our relevant simulations. ", "We vary some parameters as we indicate in the different columns. ", "Other parameters are as in the simulations we discuss in the main text, e.g., $M_{\\rm 1,i}=15 M_\\odot$ and $M_{\\rm 2,i}=2.5 M_\\odot$.\n\n ------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------ --------------------------------- --------------------------- --\n Semi-major Axis $f_{\\rm GEE}$ $f_{\\rm jets}$ Eccentricity Jets CEE duration H mass \n $a_0$ $e_i$ $\\Delta t_{\\rm CEE}$ ($\\rm yr$) $M_{\\rm H,f}$ ($M_\\odot$) \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]) — - 0 Off 2.57 0.058 \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0,fiducialded wind\\]) 1.1 3 0 On No 0.058 \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\]) — - 0.1 Off No 0.055 \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.1,fiducialded wind\\]) 1.1 3 0.1 On No 0.055 \n 1000 — - 0.2 Off No 0.053 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.2 On No 0.047 \n 1000 — - 0.3 Off No 0.052 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.3 On No 0.046 \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]) — - 0.4 Off Continues $-$ \n 1000 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:1000,e=0.4,fiducialded wind\\]) 1.1 3 0.4 On No 0.05 \n 1000 — - 0.5 Off 39.92 0.047 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.5 On No 0.047 \n 1000 — - 0.6 Off 111.77 0.044 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.6 On 39.20 0.044 \n 1000 1.2 4 0.6 On No 0.045 \n 1000 — - 0.7 Off 190.05 \\* 0.04 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.7 On 268.18 \\* 0.042 \n 1000 1.2 4 0.7 On 114.06 \\* 0.042 \n 1000 — - 0.8 Off 728.28 \\* 0.039 \n 1000 1.1 3 0.8 On 503.01 \\* 0.041 \n 1000 1.2 4 0.8 On 405.18 \\* 0.042 \n 1000 — - 0.9 Off Continues $-$ \n 1000 1.1 3 0.9 On 1474.04 \\* 0.04 \n 1000 1.2 4 0.9 On 1353.13 \\* 0.04 \n 1000 1.2 3 0 On No 0.058 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.1 On No 0.055 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.2 On No 0.053 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.3 On No 0.051 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.4 On No 0.049 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.5 On No 0.047 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.6 On No 0.045 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.7 On 123.82 0.042 \n 1000 1.2 3 0.8 On Continues $-$ \n 800 — - 0 Off No 0.054 \n 800 1.2 3 0 On No 0.054 \n 800 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:800,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]) — - 0.5 Off Continues $-$ \n 800 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:800,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]) 1.2 3 0.5 On No 0.043 \n 600 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]) — - 0.5 Off 61.93 0.038 \n 600 (Fig. ", "\\[fig:600,e=0.5,fiducialded wind\\]) 1.2 3 0.5 On No 0.039 \n ------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------ --------------------------------- --------------------------- --\n\n : A list of 39 simulations. ", "The first four columns give some initial settings, while the fifth column indicates whether we allow for jets activity (the GEE; ‘On’) or not (‘Off’; see also explanation to Table \\[Table1\\] in the main text). ", "The sixth column lists the duration of the CEE if occurs, or indicates if no CEE occur (‘No’) or whether the system does not get out from the CEE and the secondary continues to spiral-in (‘Continues’). ", "The last column lists the final hydrogen mass in the primary star. ", "If the system enters a CEE and does not get out, we terminate the evolution and cannot give the hydrogen mass at CCSN. ", "We also terminate evolution when the eccentricity becomes too large, $e>0.99$, or $e>0.9999$. We denote runs that had the eccentricity limit set to $e=0.9999$ rather than $e=0.99$ by a \\* in the “CEE duration” column.[]{data-label=\"Table2\"}\n\n\\[lastpage\\]\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers have been around since the early days of the NFL and have had long periods of sub-par play, as well as long periods of success. ", "Which teams though do the Steelers have the best record against?" ]

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[ "{% extends 'base.html' %}\n\n{% block title %}Service Worker Resources{% endblock %}\n\n{% block body %}\n {% include 'masthead.html' %}\n\n <article class=\"feature\" id=\"articles\">\n <header class=\"no-background\">\n <a href=\"#articles\" class=\"perma\">\n <h1 class=\"feature-name\">Articles</h1>\n </a>\n </header>\n <ul class=\"details\">\n <li><a href=\"https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/getting-started/primers/service-workers\">Introduction to Service Worker</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"http://jakearchibald.com/2014/using-serviceworker-today/\">Using Service Workers Today</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/getting-started/primers/promises\">JavaScript Promises: an Introduction</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"http://jakearchibald.com/2014/offline-cookbook/\">The offline cookbook</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Service_Worker_API/Using_Service_Workers\">Using Service Workers (<abbr title=\"Mozilla Developer Network\">MDN</abbr>)</a></li>\n </ul>\n </article>\n\n <article class=\"feature\" id=\"recipes\">\n <header class=\"no-background\">\n <a href=\"#recipes\" class=\"perma\">\n <h1 class=\"feature-name\">Sample Code & Recipes</h1>\n </a>\n </header>\n <ul class=\"details\">\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/tree/gh-pages/service-worker/prefetch\">Prefetching Resources During Registration</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/tree/gh-pages/service-worker/selective-caching\">Selective Read-through Caching</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/tree/gh-pages/service-worker/mock-responses\">Returning Mock Responses</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/tree/gh-pages/service-worker/fallback-response\">Returning Fallback Responses</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/samples/tree/gh-pages/service-worker\">...and more!</a></li>\n </ul>\n </article>\n\n <article class=\"feature\" id=\"reference-apps\">\n <header class=\"no-background\">\n <a href=\"#reference-apps\" class=\"perma\">\n <h1 class=\"feature-name\">Reference Apps</h1>\n </a>\n </header>\n <ul class=\"details\">\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/jakearchibald/trained-to-thrill\">Trained to Thrill</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://developer.chrome.com/devsummit/\">Chrome Dev Summit</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/\">SVGOMG</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://events.google.com/io2015/\">Google I/O 2015</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/airhorn\">Air Horn</a></li>\n </ul>\n </article>\n\n <article class=\"feature\" id=\"documentation\">\n <header class=\"no-background\">\n <a href=\"#documentation\" class=\"perma\">\n <h1 class=\"feature-name\">Documentation</h1>\n </a>\n </header>\n <ul class=\"details\">\n <li><a href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ServiceWorker_API\">The Service Worker API (draft)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://slightlyoff.github.io/ServiceWorker/spec/service_worker/index.html\">Service Worker Specification (draft)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/\">Fetch API Specification (living standard)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise\">Promises</a></li>\n </ul>\n </article>\n\n<article class=\"feature\" id=\"libraries\">\n <header class=\"no-background\">\n <a href=\"#libraries\" class=\"perma\">\n <h1 class=\"feature-name\">Libraries</h1>\n </a>\n </header>\n <ul class=\"details\">\n <li><a href=\"https://elements.polymer-project.org/elements/platinum-sw?active=platinum-sw-register\">&lt;platinum-sw>, a set of Polymer elements</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/TalAter/UpUp\">UpUp, provides an offline fallback page</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/bfgeek/swes6\">Service Worker ES6, an on-the-fly ES6 transcompiler</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/gaia-components/serviceworkerware\">ServiceWorkerWare, an Express-like layer on top of service workers</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/sw-precache\">sw-precache, a module for gulp/Grunt builds</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/GoogleChrome/sw-toolbox\">sw-toolbox, a runtime caching library</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://github.com/NekR/offline-plugin\">offline-plugin, a plugin for webpack bundler</a></li>\n </ul>\n</article>\n\n <p class=\"outro\">ServiceWorker is here. ", "Get busy with it.</p>\n{% endblock %}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n(Beginner) How to deal with on scroll the Angular way\n\nI made this flowy menu in jquery: http://jsfiddle.net/krongbongtjong/5LeJh/\nEasy peasy, but I want to do this the Angular way, but I don't know how to attack this.", "\nIf I do a directive \n <div stackables class=\"stackables\">\n\nHow does that directive know what \"stackable\" elements to measure and modify?", "\nIf i instead do a directive on the child level\n <div stackable class=\"stackable\">\n\nHow is it aware about it's sibling stackable's?", "\nAnd, how can I avoid subscribing to more than 1 scroll event?", "\nVery much a general beginner question. ", "I hope it's not too vague for stackoverflow.", "\n\nA:\n\nHi normally when creating your directive you will have access to the DOM element to which the directive is attached. ", "It's the 2nd parameter of the link function and it looks like this :\nlink: function (scope, elem, attrs) //elem is the dom element\n\nNow that you know that you can do whatever you want put the directive on the parent node or the children nodes. ", "But in my opinion putting the directive on the parent node will be the \"angular way\" of doing it. ", "To answer you question :\n\nHow does that directive know what \"stackable\" elements to measure and\n modify?", "\n\nYou will need to get familiar with the transclude concept (look for transclude in the doc). ", "Basically while using transclude the inner childs of your DOM element will be forwarded to the directive. ", "Example :\n// Template\n<stackables>\n <li class=\"stackable\">Item 1</li>\n <li class=\"stackable\">Item 2</li>\n ...\n\n// Directive\ndirective('stackables', function() {\nreturn {\n restrict: 'E',\n transclude: true, <- Here it is\n scope: {},\n template: '<ul class=\"stackables\" ng-transclude></ul>', <- do not miss the ng-transclude here\n link: function (scope, elem) {\n //1. ", "elem is the ul dom node\n //2. ", "You can add an event listener from here\n //3. ", "You can find the li dom with something like\n //elem.find('li');\n ...\n\nFinally you should be able to attach your scroll event listener as usual to the elem of your directive and compute the size of your children elements with the help of the find function.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Congratulations to the Golden Eagles on an OUTSTANDING 2018 SEASON\n9 Wins 3 Losses\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it?", "\n\nThe video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Hillsboro High School at John Overton High School in the second round of the TSSAA Playoffs.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ -\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 20 Hillsboro 48\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it?", "\n\nThe video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Gallatin High School at Eagle Stadium in the first round of the TSSAA Playoffs.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ -\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 42 Gallatin 19\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it?", "\n\nThe video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Franklin County High School at Eagle Stadium in the last regular season game of the 2018 season. ", "This video begins with the very first play from scrimmage.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ -\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 38 Franklin County 7\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it?", "\n\nThe video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Page High School for the 2018 Regional Championship.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ - Rain halted this stream early in the 4th quarter.", "\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 17 Page 20 - OT\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it? ", "The video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Columbia School for an important regional matchup.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 51 Columbia 17\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it?The video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles taking on Summit High School for an important regional matchup.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 35 Summit 6\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it? ", "The video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles hosting White County for Homecoming 2018.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 62 White County 8\n\nWhy read about the game when you can watch it? ", "The video below is a recording of our live video stream of the Eagles hosting Lincoln County.", "\nPlay by Play provided by 1580 WLIJ\nFinal Score: Shelbyville 41 Lincoln County 13\n\nSCHS is getting a face lift for their track at Eagle Stadium. ", "The new track surface as well as other drainage and landscaping projects will be completed soon. ", "Principal Tim Harwell expects the majority of the project to be completed before the first home game as the Eagles host Marshall County on August 24th." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nrails 3- undefined method `events' for nil:NilClass when using accepts_nested_attributes_for\n\nThanks for helping. ", "The errors occurs during implementation accepts_nested_attributes_for. ", "I get\nActionView::Template:Error (undefined method 'events' for nil:class) & NoMethodError in app/views/users/index.html.erb where line #12.", "\n\nSee all files @ https://gist.github.com/726828\nIn summary the User model accepts_nested_attributes_for the event class. ", "See the gist files. ", "Thanks again\n\nA:\n\nIn what I see, you don't have @user in index (I suppose this is the users/index), this is why it raise an error when it tries to access nil.events.", "\nIn index you have @users. ", "What you may want to do is to render a partial in users/index for each user with\n<%= render :partial => \"user\", :collection => @users %>\n\nand create a users/_user.html.erb where you put what you want to show.", "\nBy the way in your partial you will have access to user and not @user\nsounds good to you?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Why Spiritual Awakening Can Make People Solitary\n\nMany people have an image of the spiritual path as inherently solitary. ", "They think that the only way to \"achieve enlightenment\" is to go it alone, but that is simply not the case. ", "The spiritual path is always around us and within us. ", "There is no where you can go where it is not. ", "You can certainly go where life is hard and dangerous, but that is not separate from the spiritual path. ", "Until we can see all of life as interconnected, as one, we will not heal as a people, and we'll collectively make the same mistakes again and again. ", "In this way, understanding that wherever you are is the perfect spiritual path for you is crucial to evolving out of the unconscious madness from which a lot of the world operates.", "\n\nWith that said, spiritual awakening can draw people towards solitude from time to time. ", "This can arise for a number of reasons including but not limited to:\n\nThe person is naturally a solitary person;\n\nThe person needs time and space to heal;\n\nThe person needs to face fears of being alone; and\n\nThe person is running away from their triggers.", "\n\nObviously, the last one is not a healthy reason, but it happens a lot for those people who are highly sensitive. ", "They come to the conclusion that nowhere but on their own is safe. ", "Certainly, a highly sensitive person (or empath, if you prefer that term) can do some important healing on his or her own, but my point stands about being interconnected to all of life. ", "Running away is ultimately an attempt to run away from ourselves. ", "This leads to an important question about what it is you are running away from. ", "As we go inwards, we realize that it is our own discomfort and our hidden issues that we are attempting to avoid. ", "When we resolve those things, even highly sensitive people can be at peace with others in just about any situation. ", "I do leave space for truly horrific situations in the latter statement I made, but that is typically not what is going for most people.", "\n\nWith all this said, let's talk about the solitary aspect of healing and growth after a spiritual awakening, when it's time to go it alone, and when it's time to rejoin society.", "\n\nAll By Yourself, Don't Want to Be All By Yourself\n\nAfter a spiritual awakening, the innate intelligence inside us tends to drive us straight towards any issues that we have that block us from moving from a space of love. ", "For many people, one issue they are immediately forced to confront is the fear of being alone. ", "Some people hide in relationships and attempt to lose themselves in the emotions of the relationship and in another. ", "This is an attempt to mask their issues. ", "This can lead to all kinds of relationship problems, including the need to manipulate others so that the person feels good about themselves. ", "Manipulation of all kinds and levels can be employed to make others behavior a certain way, and of course, this is sheer madness. ", "When a spiritual awakening arises for someone like this, they're being forced to look at that madness, and it'll start by having to go be by him/herself.", "\n\nThis issue alone will be tough for this type of individual. ", "It is likely to be compounded by all the other issues coming up. ", "Since a person like this probably won't choose solitary life willingly, a lot of life situations simply fall apart after awakening. ", "It's one of the ways a person's soul can get the person's attention and get them to potentially help themselves. ", "As such, a person like this may be fired, faced with divorce/break-up, and other things that push him/her towards the solitude she/he needs. ", "It doesn't have to be this way. ", "However, it's rare that a person has a spontaneous spiritual awakening and starts making the changes they need to do their inner work. ", "It's not anyone's fault really. ", "No one is taught about these things. ", "And while it does happen once in awhile for someone to take the space, that's rare. ", "It's far more common for a person to be holding on by their teeth and fingernails while life rips away the things they think they need before the person decides they need to learn how to heal and become whole.", "\n\nBreaking Away From Society\n\nIn general, society does a lot to reinforce poor beliefs and bad behaviors. ", "If your friends are always wanting you to be loud and drink alcohol when you hang out, that may not resonate for you, especially if you're learning how to be in integrity with your voice and your body. ", "If your social circles are all about fashion, you may find yourself frustrated to be around them as you realize that fashion is entirely made up. ", "It's also a way that people are controlled on many levels, including the physical level. (", "The corset may have gone out of fashion, but it's presence is still constricting a lot of bodies and hearts.) ", "There are too many social misunderstandings and falsehoods to outline in this spiritual blog post, but after awakening, you may feel a lot of these constricting and false beliefs. ", "Thus breaking away from society to seclude yourself is a natural way to start to figure out what you actually feel and what is actually true for you.", "\n\nCertainly, some of your social circles won't understand, but that always lead me to ask you if someone who doesn't approve of your choices to heal is really a friend after all? ", "Many of you will find that friends, relatives, and family are actually not on your side at all. ", "They are stuck in their own ego programming, and they want you to continue with that same type of program. ", "If you have recently awakened, you may not be able to explain any of how you feel or have any idea of what walking the awakened walk looks or feels like yet. ", "So it can be doubly overwhelming to deal with people who actively resist your attempt to know yourself and who want you to stay small and caught up in these ways of living when you can't yet explain much of any of it.", "\n\nIt's best to find space from all of this.", "\n\nSecluded in the City or in Nature\n\nIt actually doesn't matter where you seclude yourself. ", "I wrote a whole blog post about \"Finding Your Sanctuary\" years ago with thoughts about where you may want to go. ", "All that matters is that your physical needs are met (food, water, clothing, shelter, etc.), ", "and that you feel like you can really let go where you are. ", "As always, letting go is the key to spiritual transformation. ", "A lot of things are going to bubble up, and you don't need to be in a roommate situation where you have to justify why you lie on the couch all day or spontaneously cry. ", "Certainly, there are people who may take on the role of spiritual caretaker, but a lot of times, it simply is best to have your own space in which to fall apart.", "\n\nFor many people, the space they feel best in is in nature. ", "So if you're called away from the city, town, burg, or wherever you are living into a much more rural setting, then trust that intuition. ", "As always, your intuition is your best guide, and the more inner work you do, the easier it is to hear. ", "It's unfortunately a little bit of a catch 22 that when you need intuition the most is when you are the most confused and lost in ego ideas. ", "So all I can do is encourage you to practice listening to your most consistent, quiet, and often first thought/feeling that comes when you need to make an intuitive decision. ", "Intuition tends to be very consistent while the ego mind goes back and forth on things. ", "So look for that consistency, but don't look too hard. ", "Intuition isn't that hard to find. ", "It's only hard because a lot of times we don't like the answers we find.", "\n\nDealing With Family Life\n\nFor those who are young (18 and older) and do not have much financial support and for those who are raising a family, the ability to get away can be a challenge. ", "For those who are young and still supported by parents, it may be time to get creative. ", "There are all kinds of interesting work-trade opportunities as well as places for silent meditation retreats that you can find online these days. ", "Use the tools of technology to your advantage, and see if you can find a space where you can work a little, then go into your inner process. ", "I am sure that this will challenge you to step out on your own possibly for the first time in your life, but awakening is taking you towards yourself. ", "It'll show you how to grow and best support yourself in the long term. ", "Trust it.", "\n\nFor the parents with children, I've seen my students do a variety of things. ", "The parents who have healed and grown the most have found some way to work it out with a partner/ex-partner, relatives, and friends to make space to fall apart and have their process. ", "The ones who have struggled more in their awakening have not asked for enough help, which is often revealing a major issue someone has. ", "Issues like this can be rooted in the belief that someone else might hurt their kids somehow or not be a good role model. ", "And certainly, some beliefs have some truth to them, but a lot of times they don't. ", "These types of beliefs are often how people use half-truths to lie to themselves. ", "As such, an awakened parent suffers more for getting trapped by these beliefs--not by their partner or their children. ", "As a result, everyone else around them suffers too. ", "Our suffering is never limited to ourselves. ", "It touches everyone in our lives.", "\n\nThe main thing is that you HAVE to make space for yourself. ", "This is self-care 101. ", "Everyone has different circumstances, but if you engage with the challenges you have, you can find the right options to help ensure your children are cared for and you can move more deeply through your spiritual transformation.", "\n\nDiscovering the Bliss of Solitude\n\nEspecially for someone who is discovering they naturally enjoy solitude, there can be a blissful experience to being on your own. ", "This may show up later for the people who are afraid of being alone, and it may not show up for someone who naturally thrives in community. ", "But for many, the freedom to be with your own energy without dealing with the energies of others can feel great. ", "You may begin to realize how much energy is coming out of everyone all the time. ", "You may also realize how much of that energy is agitated fear energy. ", "In this way, it's nice to simply feel what your energy is like without anyone else to disturb it.", "\n\nThe flip side of this is that you have to be responsible for all the energies you feel because there is no one else but you. ", "Strangely enough, people can find ways to distract or agitate themselves even on their own. ", "They'll read about a tragedy going on in Brussels or somewhere, and then they'll feel \"that sadness.\" ", "But this kind of dramatic sponging is in and of itself an issue. ", "There is no need to feel \"sad\" for others. ", "That is a kind of self-indulgence for an ego self that likes the feeling of sadness. ", "It likes the sweetness of it, so it'll look for any chance it can get to roll around in the cesspool of sadness that is part of human consciousness right now. ", "If this is something you do, you have to trace back this issue to the root to see why you like to feel sad. ", "Being sad for others' pain does not help them. ", "Love is what they need, and if you want to be able to love your community again, you need to learn how to fully love and let go of your own issues. ", "And that's a big reason to go into solitude.", "Absorbing People's Emotions and Issues\n\nComing Back to the World, Maybe\n\nSome people will enjoy solitary spiritual life so much that they won't want to come back to society. ", "That may be fine for you. ", "Only you can know, and only you can know when you've really done the work inside to be clear on that point. ", "As I said at the beginning, going into solitude isn't a running away from the upset energies of the world. ", "It's a chance to face your own upset energies so that you stop contributing to the global anxiety, depression, and rage that is going on. ", "In coming to know yourself and to heal yourself, certain doorways and opportunities are likely to open. ", "You start to intuitively follow the path of your spirit rather than doing what others tell you to do and what you were taught to believe.", "\n\nThat soul path is much more dynamic than people appreciate. ", "So some of you will return to community. ", "Others will not. ", "Some will not initially return to community for years after their inner work has come to a resting rhythm before coming back. ", "Others will come back and then return to solitude.", "\n\nAnd of course any kind of combination you can think of in terms of connecting to community and being on your own is possible because your soul is dynamic. ", "It is alive and intelligent. ", "It will guide you to your appropriate space in the ecosystem of the world. ", "And wherever that may be is the place where you will naturally thrive whether it is on your own or with others." ]

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[ "Author\n\nMenu\n\nComing Up With That Next Story. ", "How Do You Do It?", "\n\nMany people ask me after reading one of my books, how I came up with the idea for the story? ", "In reference to Unrelenting Nightmare, I explain that the idea came about from a laser technology demonstration I saw when I was in college in 1966. ", "The visual effects that appeared on the stage became imbedded in my mind and memory. ", "Thirty-eight years later, I combined the recollection of those images with the technology of virtual reality and had the substance of my story. ", "And then I just started writing.", "\n\nThe process of coming up with and idea seems fairly simple to me, although I’ve found that for most people that’s not the case. ", "I see, or read, or hear something and I often wonder if there’s a story hidden behind what I just experienced. ", "People look at me and tell me they hear and read and see things all the time, but no stories come rushing at them. ", "All I can do is shrug.", "\n\nMy youngest daughter was one of those people who asked how I came up with my ideas. ", "We were riding in her car and listing to the radio when she posed the question to me. ", "We happened to be listening to a song at that moment, and I figured this might be the best way to explain it to her.", "\n\n“Hear that song?” ", "I asked.", "\n\n“Yes,” she answered.", "\n\n“I could write a story about it. ", "Not specifically about that particular song, but listening to it brought feelings and emotions to me that would make a strong foundation for a romance story.”", "\n\nShe looked at me. “", "Really!” ", "was all she said, adding a roll of the eyes.", "\n\nA little over three years later, I finished the manuscript of a romance novel from the feelings and emotions I felt from listing to that song. ", "Of course my story became more than what I experienced when I heard it, but, nevertheless, the song did inspire my story.", "\n\nSo there you have it, for whatever it’s worth. ", "Those are two examples that motivated stories that I’ve written. ", "All of my books have been inspired by something in my life — a personal experience, reactions to incidents, strong interests, and the list goes on. ", "And either you understand how that works, and maybe try it for yourself, or … you simply see me shrug." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSet up email notification in Teamcity\n\nI would like to set up email notification for every \"build failure\" in Teamcity. ", "However, I would like to send the notifications to only one email address, but not to the group. ", "How can I achieve this. ", "Please help. ", "I am using Teamcity Professional 8.1.4 (build 30168)\n\nA:\n\nI solved this earlier by making a new group, Admins, including only me. ", "Then I sent mail to that group. ", "It sounds like your group email is working , right?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn case you want to send the mail to yourself, You need to setup \"Notifications\".", "You can basically setup the exact scenario you described which is send email whenever build fails. ", "You can do this for yourself or any other user id, or a group of users.", "\nIf you want to setup a notification for someone else, they can set it up in their \"Notifications \" section or you can set it up for them if you are an admin\n\n" ]

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[ "HOANG THUY LINH PROFILE\n\nHoang Thuy Linh August 11, 1988 is a Vietnamese actress, singer.", "She is well-known for her controversial sex tape, for which she has been compared to Paris Hilton.", "\n\nAs a former student of Hanoi’s College of Art, she was trained to be an actress. ", "Hoang Thuy Linh also join girlband Thien Than (Angels). ", "During her teenage, Hoang Thuy Linh was a presenter for HanoiTV's gameshow for kids \"Vui Cung HUGO\". ", "She was a famous teenager, winning Hoa Hoc Tro's ICON contest in 2006 and participated in many TV commercials & adverts as well as being on magazine covers for teenagers.", "\n\nHoang Thuy Linh first appearance as an actress was the role in Đường đời (Path of life) drama as a little girl named Thùy (2004, 25 episodes, Golden Award – Vietnam Drama Festival 2005). ", "After that success, she was casted in two other drama's Trò đùa của số phận (Laugh of destiny) (2005, 18 episodes) filmed by Director Huy Thuần, her Lan role in Đi về phía mặt trời (Journey to the Sun)(2006, 29 episodes) of Director Lưu Trọng Ninh.", "\n\nIn 2006, Hoang Thuy Linh started studying at the Department of TV director – Vietnam Acting and Film College and has graduated in 2009.", "\n\nIn 2007 Hoang Thuy Linh was casted for a leading role in the second season of an interactive television program - \"Vang Anh’s Diary\" originally known as Nhật ký Vàng Anh – a well-received sitcom due to its educational inspirations to Vietnamese youth.", "\n\nControversyIn September 2007, a video of Hoang Thuy Linh having sexual intercouse with her boyfriend was leaked online. ", "The video first hit YouTube and was quickly removed but then it found its way onto the Vietnamese forums. ", "The video spreads widely throughout the nation and was the biggest scandal ever in Vietnam entertainment industry. ", "The scandal did cause an outcry domestically and internationally with the outstanding involvement of the media from UK and US. ", "The incident was also mentioned by Perez Hilton on his blog. ", "The affair generated a majority of public debates in many ways, the teenage youth called for a sympathetic tolerance to Hoang Thuy Linh, while adults as parents in particular, heavily criticized and even informally demanded from her an official apology for indirectly putting the end to an education-oriented TV program of Vietnam’s youth.", "\n\nOn September 14 2007, producers of \"Vang Anh's Diary\" announced the cancelation of the show with the last episode was a pre-recorded talkshow with Thuy Linh where she publicly apologized for the video. ", "VTV later was heavily criticised for this show.", "\n\nMusical DebutAfter the scandal, Hoang Thuy Linh went low-profile for a year and then she returned to the scene in 2010 with the self-titled debut album \"Hoang Thuy Linh - Vol.1\". ", "Though the album received very little promotion, it still managed to gain big success with many critics praised her singing ability and the album's quality." ]

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[ "Subscribe to Next World TV\n\nLighten Up Your House, Lighten Up Your Spirit\n\nAdvertisement\n\nNote: Best to go full screen for this one to see the photos.", "\n\nIt's all about energy. ", "You block new things from entering your life if you hold onto old things cluttering up your space. ", "They detract from the available energy in the seen, and unseen sphere of your life.", "\n\nWe all know how great a clutter clearing of the house or office feels. ", "This video, which highlights the Feng Shui perspective, explains that objects do not just take up space and make it harder to have an orderly house: they actually make us tired because they reflect old, tired and stuck energy. ", "We are obligated to them in ways that we feel as well as see.", "\n\nIt is a distraction for your soul, even if the house is big enough to hold the stuff. ", "The sense of being impacted and stuck is there even if the items are arranged in an orderly way. ", "It takes so much more time to navigate a space full of things, and most of us just get used to it. ", "Every time you bring anything into your house, even a book, think about it: there is that much less actual air that can circulate, that much less space where your eye can wander, where you can have a vase of fresh wild flowers or treasured photo that makes you feel good.", "\n\nA book case full of only books that we really love and resonate with, and want to refer to again, by contrast,is very pleasing to behold.", "\n\nEvery item you can recirculate back into the world gives you not only that space on the shelf back, it releases the energy that is attached to it. ", "You can liberate your life with less stuff and make room for your NOW energy." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRouting by param data type in Play\n\nIn Play, what is the best way to handle routing of endpoints based on the data type provided? ", " \nGET /my/:id controllers.", "MyController.getById(id: Long)\nGET /my/:name controllers.", "MyController.getByName(name: String)\n\ngetById should be called for GET /my/1.", "\ngetByName should be called for GET /my/bob (because bob does not cast to Long)\nThis may not always be the best endpoint design, but if it's required what is the best way to achieve this? ", " \nOne workaround as noted in this answer is to create single controller methods which try the conversion for you.", "\nGET /my/:arg controllers.", "MyController.getByAny(arg: String)\n\nResult getByAny(String arg) {\n try {\n getById( Long.parseLong(arg)) ;\n } catch (Exception e) {\n return getByName(arg)\n }\n}\n\nA downside to this is if using Swagger docs you no longer have separate documentation for each route.", "\nYou also must do this individually for each conflicting group of routes. ", " \nIs there a way to add similar functionality, without breaking documention, to all Endpoints rather than one by one?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry using custom patterns.", "\nGET /items/$id<[0-9]+> controllers.", "Items.getById(id: Long)\nGET /items/$name<[a-zA-Z]+> controllers.", "Items.getByName(name)\n\nIn fact the second one could probably be simplified to:\nGET /items/:name controllers.", "Items.getByName(name)\n\nWhen multiple routes match the first one to match should be picked.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia: Ultrasound and CT imaging.", "\nAn asymptomatic 54-year-old Caucasian female was found to have a right carotid bruit located high in the cervical region. ", "Carotid duplex ultrasound revealed carotid intimal disease with increased Doppler flow in the mid-distal right internal carotid artery (RICA) with color Doppler turbulence in the distal RICA. ", "Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed a typical \"string-of-beads\" sign in both distal internal carotid artery (ICAs), diagnostic of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). ", "While often not diagnostic, carotid duplex ultrasound may yield clues as to diagnosis of FMD with elevated Doppler velocity in the distal carotid, turbulent distal carotid flow, and possibly a \"string-of-beads\" sign. ", "An \"S-curve\" distal ICA is associated with FMD and may warrant further evaluation. ", "Magnetic resonance angiography and CTA appear to be better for diagnosis of carotid FMD. ", "The typical \"string-of-beads\" may be readily identified. ", "While invasive angiography is considered the \"gold standard\" for diagnosis of carotid FMD, it is infrequently required. ", "Generally, invasive angiography is performed in symptomatic patients in planning for interventional therapy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Kainoor Shiva Temple\n\nKainoor Shiva Temple is located at Kainoor village in Thrissur district. ", "The temple preceding deity is Lord Shiva in the sanctum sanctorum facing east. ", "It is believed that this temple is one of the 108 Shiva temples of Kerala and is installed by sage Parasurama dedicated to Lord Shiva. ", "Maha Shivarathri festival of the temple celebrates in the Malayalam month of Kumbha (February - March). ", "In ancient days Murajapam was conducting daily in Kainoor Shiva Temple. ", "On the east, there is an imposing gopuram (tower) and it's recently built. ", "The temple is located in center of Kainoor grama (village), on the Thrissur - Manamangalam - Puthur route, on the bank of Manali river, a tributary of Karuvannur puzha.", "\n\nSee also\n 108 Shiva Temples\n Temples of Kerala\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:108 Siva Temples\nCategory:Shiva temples in Kerala\nCategory:Hindu temples in Thrissur district" ]

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[ "A conventional EVR controller has problems of requiring many parts for EVR adjustment and the consequential increase of production cost because the EVR adjustment has been carried out, in case the operation modes of many operation mode parts 1a, 1b are 1c and different from each other as shown in FIG. ", "1, by applying adjustment values from many EVR adjustment 2, 2b and 2c or VR(Volume Register) to the respective operation mode parts 1a, 1b and 1c connected to each of the EVR adjustment 2a, 2b and 2c OR VR." ]

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[ "Dayton police said Monday afternoon that they were delayed in the response, because of an injury crash and a shots fired call around the same time that tied up officers. ", "The department said they use a nine-point scaled to determine highest priority of calls, with calls ranked 1-3 as the most serious calls. ", "The burglary was ranked at 4 on the scale, according to police." ]

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[ "#pragma once\n\n#include <string>\n#include <vector>\n\n#include \"common.h\"\n#include \"list_containers_request_base.h\"\n#include \"list_blobs_request_base.h\"\n#include \"get_block_list_request_base.h\"\n#include \"get_page_ranges_request_base.h\"\n\nnamespace azure { namespace storage_lite {\n\n class xml_parser_base\n {\n public:\n virtual ~xml_parser_base() {}\n\n virtual storage_error parse_storage_error(const std::string &) const = 0;\n\n template<typename RESPONSE_TYPE>\n RESPONSE_TYPE parse_response(const std::string &) const { return RESPONSE_TYPE(); }\n\n virtual list_constainers_segmented_response parse_list_constainers_segmented_response(const std::string &xml) const = 0;\n\n virtual list_blobs_response parse_list_blobs_response(const std::string &xml) const = 0;\n\n virtual list_blobs_segmented_response parse_list_blobs_segmented_response(const std::string &xml) const = 0;\n\n virtual get_block_list_response parse_get_block_list_response(const std::string &xml) const = 0;\n\n virtual get_page_ranges_response parse_get_page_ranges_response(const std::string &xml) const = 0;\n };\n\n template<>\n inline list_constainers_segmented_response xml_parser_base::parse_response<list_constainers_segmented_response>(const std::string &xml) const\n {\n return parse_list_constainers_segmented_response(xml);\n }\n\n template<>\n inline list_blobs_response xml_parser_base::parse_response<list_blobs_response>(const std::string &xml) const\n {\n return parse_list_blobs_response(xml);\n }\n\n template<>\n inline list_blobs_segmented_response xml_parser_base::parse_response<list_blobs_segmented_response>(const std::string &xml) const\n {\n return parse_list_blobs_segmented_response(xml);\n }\n\n template<>\n inline get_block_list_response xml_parser_base::parse_response<get_block_list_response>(const std::string &xml) const\n {\n return parse_get_block_list_response(xml);\n }\n\n template<>\n inline get_page_ranges_response xml_parser_base::parse_response<get_page_ranges_response>(const std::string &xml) const\n {\n return parse_get_page_ranges_response(xml);\n }\n\n}} // azure::storage_lite\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPython - What do these two lines do?", "\n\nBeing new to Python, I'm having a heck of a time figuring out what these two lines do:\nfor i in [j for j in xrange(0, N) if [k for k in xrange(j) if now[k] == now[j]] == []]:\n for j in [k for k in xrange(1, K + 1) if [l for l in xrange(i) if now[l] == k] == []]:\n\nIs there a way to rewrite this so noobs like myself could understand it? ", " Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nUgh. ", "Reading that was physically painful. ", "This is an excellent example of how not to use list comprehensions.", "\nHere's a strict rewriting that doesn't use list comprehensions:\nfor i in xrange(0, N):\n implicit_list_1 = []\n for k in xrange(i):\n if now[k] == now[i]:\n implicit_list_1.append(i)\n if implicit_list_1 == []:\n for j in xrange(1, K + 1):\n implicit_list_2 = []\n for l in xrange(i):\n if now[l] == j:\n implicit_list_2.append(l)\n if implicit_list_2 == []:\n\nAnd here's a more idiomatic rewriting:\nfor i in xrange(N):\n if now[i] not in now[:i]:\n for j in xrange(1, K + 1):\n if j not in now[:i]:\n\nThis is assuming that K is a separate variable, and not a mistyped k.\nAlso, those one-letter variable names are poor style. ", "Better to use variable names that actually reflect the use of the variable.", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm almost positive that this code is equivalent to:\nfor i in range(0, N):\n prefix = set(now[:i])\n if now[i] in prefix: continue\n\n for j in range(1, K + 1):\n if j in prefix: continue\n\n # do something\n\nor (which would be a bit less efficient, but nicely reflects the idea behind the code):\nfor i, j in itertools.product(range(0, N), range(1, K + 1)):\n prefix = now[:i]\n if now[i] not in prefix and j not in prefix:\n # do something with i and j\n\nBUT it's written in a convulted, inefficient way (especially the [...] == [] is nasty and pointless). ", "Maybe by someone who feels pretty clever using complex structures where simple ones would be much better suited.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Distinguished Flying Cross Society Symposium\n\nWhen:\n\nSunday, August 19, 2012 - 2:00pm\n\nWhat:\n\nLecture / Presentation\n\nLocation:\n\nWilliam M. Allen Theater\n\nThe Distinguished Flying Cross Society will present a panel of recipients of the DFC from four conflicts in which American air power played a decisive role, World War II, Korea, Vietnam and Iraq. ", "The panel will be moderated by Glen Jewett. ", "Speakers confirmed thus far include:\n\n--Joseph W. Geary, a navigator in the B-24 Liberator during World War II who accumulated over 300 combat hours, including attacks on the famous Ploesti Oil Fields. ", "He was awarded the DFC after an attack on Vienna where his aircraft sustained significant battle damage.", "\n\n-- Admiral Thomas B. Hayward (ret.), ", "a Word War II and Korean War aviator, who in April1953 earned the DFC after leading a series of well coordinated attacks against heavily defended targets in North Korea.", "\n\nAdmiral Hayward went on to become Commander of the 7th Fleet, Commanding Officer of the aircraft carrier USS America, the US Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, and eventually Chief of Naval Operations from 1978 through 1982.", "\n\n-- Charles (Chuck) Sweeney, who in September 1972 earned three DFC’s in one week flying a US Navy A-4 Skyhawk over North Vietnam; his first DFC came after he flew cover for the successful mission to rescue his downed wingman. ", "Chuck Sweeney is currently the President and CEO of the Distinguished Flying Cross Society, and credits one of his former mentors (the famous astronaut Jim Lovell) for his decision to become a naval aviator.", "\n\nMembers of the DFC Society will be available afterward to sign the book, \"On Heroic Wings: Stories of the Distinguished Flying Cross.\"", "\n\nThis program is included with Museum admission and is Free for members of the Museum of Flight." ]

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[ "The present disclosure relates to an organic EL display emitting light with use of electroluminescence (EL) effect, and a method of manufacturing the same.", "\nAs the development of information and communication industry is accelerated, display elements with higher performance are demanded. ", "An organic EL element attracting attention as a next-generation display element has advantages of not only a wide viewing angle and excellent contract but also fast response time.", "\nMaterials of a light-emitting layer and the like forming the organic EL element are broadly divided into low-molecular materials and high molecular materials. ", "It is generally known that the low-molecular materials exhibit higher light emission efficiency and a longer lifetime, and in particular, the low-molecular materials have high performance of emitting blue light.", "\nMoreover, as a method of forming an organic film of the organic EL element, a film made of a low-molecular material is formed by a dry method (an evaporation method) such as a vacuum deposition method, and a film made of a high-molecular material is formed by a wet method (a coating method) such as a spin coating method, an ink jetprinting method or a nozzle coating method.", "\nThe vacuum deposition method has an advantage that it is not necessary to dissolve a forming material of an organic thin film in a solvent, and it is not necessary to remove the solvent after film formation accordingly. ", "However, in the vacuum deposition method, separate coating with use of a metal mask is difficult, and in particular, facility and manufacturing cost for forming large panels is high; therefore, the vapor deposition method has disadvantages that it is difficult to apply the vacuum deposition method to a large-screen substrate and mass production is difficult. ", "Therefore, the ink-jet printing method or the nozzle coating method which relatively easily achieves an increase in area of a display screen attracts attention.", "\nHowever, specifically blue light-emitting materials in high-molecular materials used in the ink-jet printing method or the nozzle coating method are not practical because the blue light-emitting materials have low light-emission luminance and low lifetime characteristics, and it is considered difficult to perform patterning of a blue light-emitting layer by the wet method.", "\nTherefore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2006-140434 discloses a display formed by forming, as common layers, a blue light-emitting layer and subsequent layers, which have insufficient characteristics when being formed by the wet method, above a red light-emitting layer and a green light-emitting layer formed by the wet method including ink-jet printing. ", "When the display has such a configuration, very fine pattering on the blue light-emitting layer is not necessary; therefore, there is a high possibility of achieving an increase in size of the display." ]

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[ "Seeing the light: exploring the Colavita visual dominance effect.", "\nThe Colavita visual dominance effect refers to the phenomenon whereby participants presented with unimodal auditory, unimodal visual, or bimodal audiovisual stimuli in a speeded discrimination task, fail to respond to the auditory component of bimodal targets significantly more often than they fail to respond to the visual component. ", "The Colavita effect was demonstrated in this study when participants were presented with unimodal auditory, unimodal visual, or bimodal stimuli (in the ratios 40:40:20, Experiment 1; or 33:33:33, Experiment 2), to which they had to respond by pressing an auditory response key, a visual response key, or both response keys. ", "The Colavita effect was also demonstrated when participants had to respond to the bimodal targets using a dedicated third (bimodal) response key (Experiment 3). ", "These results therefore suggest that stimulus probability and the response demands of the task do not contribute significantly to the Colavita effect. ", "In Experiment 4, we investigated what role exogenous attention toward a sensory modality plays in the Colavita effect. ", "A significantly larger Colavita effect was observed when a visual cue preceded the bimodal target than when an auditory cue preceded it. ", "This result suggests that the Colavita visual dominance effect can be partially explained in terms of the greater exogenous attention-capturing qualities of visual versus auditory stimuli." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMaximum subset sum of $d$-dimensional vectors\n\nThis is a $d$-dimensional generalisation of the post Inequality with Complex Numbers. (", "See my comment under Robert Israel's answer.) ", "\nGeneralising Potato's proof for $d$-dimensions, we can show the following theorem:\n\nTheorem. ", "For any positive integer $d$, there exists $c_d > 0$ such that the following holds:\nFor any $n$ and any $n$-tuple $(v_1, v_2, \\ldots, v_n)$ of $d$-dimensional vectors (i.e., $v_i \\in \\mathbb{R}^d$), there exists a subset $J \\subseteq \\{ 1, 2, \\ldots, n\\}$ such that \n $$\n\\left\\| \\sum_{j \\in J} v_j \\right\\| \\geqslant c_d \\cdot \\sum_{i=1}^{n} \\| v_i \\|.", "\n$$\n\nI skip my proof of this theorem because it is exactly analogous to Potato's proof; with two modifications: (a) our vectors are in $\\mathbb{R}^d$, rather than $\\mathbb{C}$ or $\\mathbb{R}^2$); (b) I am using the notation $v_i$ in place of $z_i$ here, since it feels more natural in this context. ", "\nNow, my question (slightly informally stated) is\n\nQuestion. ", "For any fixed $d$, what is the largest value $c_d^{\\ast}$ of $c_d$ for which the above theorem is true? ", " \n\nIf we cannot find the exact value $c_d^{\\ast}$, it will be interesting to find nontrivial upper and lower bounds. ", "Working out the details of the above proof, we can show that $c_d$ can be taken to be (at least) $\\frac{1}{2d}$; i.e., $c_d^{\\ast} \\geqslant \\frac{1}{2d}$. Can we say anything better?", "\nIt is easy to see that $c_1 = \\frac{1}{2}$, which matches the above bound for $d=1$. Robert Israel's answer shows that $c_2 = \\frac{1}{\\pi}$ (exactly!), ", "which is strictly better than $\\frac{1}{2 \\cdot 2} = \\frac{1}{4}$. However, his proof seems to make an essential use of complex numbers that I could not generalise to $d$ dimensions. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThis simply extends this answer by Robert Israel to $\\mathbb{R}^d$.\nDefine\n$$\nR(x)=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}x_1&\\text{when }x_1\\ge0\\\\0&\\text{when }x_1\\lt0\\end{array}\\right.\\tag{1}\n$$\nIntegrating $R(x)$ over the sphere of radius $r$ yields\n$$\n\\omega_{d-2}\\;r^d\\int_0^{\\pi/2}\\cos^{d-2}(\\theta)\\sin(\\theta)\\;\\mathrm{d}\\theta=\\omega_{d-2}\\;\\frac{r^d}{d-1}\\tag{2}\n$$\nIntegrating $1$ over the sphere of radius $r$ yields\n$$\n\\begin{align}\n\\omega_{d-2}\\;r^{d-1}\\int_{-\\pi/2}^{\\pi/2}\\cos^{d-2}(\\theta)\\;\\mathrm{d}\\theta\n&=2\\;\\omega_{d-2}\\;r^{d-1}\\int_0^{\\pi/2}\\cos^{d-2}(\\theta)\\;\\mathrm{d}\\theta\\\\\n&=\\omega_{d-2}\\;r^{d-1}\\mathrm{B}\\left(\\frac{d-1}{2},\\frac12\\right)\\\\\n&=\\omega_{d-2}\\;r^{d-1}\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d-1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac12\\right)}{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac d2\\right)}\\tag{3}\n\\end{align}\n$$\nusing the identity\n$$\n\\int_0^{\\pi/2}\\sin^{\\alpha-1}(t)\\;\\cos^{\\beta-1}(t)\\;\\mathrm{d}t\n=\\frac12\\mathrm{B}\\left(\\frac{\\alpha}{2},\\frac{\\beta}{2}\\right)\\tag{4}\n$$\nTherefore, the mean of $R(x)$ over the surface of the sphere of radius $r$ is $(2)$ divided by $(3)$:\n$$\n\\frac{r\\;\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d}{2}\\right)}{(d-1)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d-1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)}=\\frac{r\\;\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d}{2}\\right)}{2\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d+1}{2}\\right)}\\tag{5}\n$$\nThus, the mean of $\\displaystyle\\sum_{k=1}^nR(x_j)$ over all rotations of the sphere is\n$$\n\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d}{2}\\right)}{2\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d+1}{2}\\right)}\\sum_{k=1}^n|x_k|\\tag{6}\n$$\nThus, for some rotation of the sphere, we must have\n$$\n\\sum_{k=1}^nR(x_k)\\ge\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d}{2}\\right)}{2\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d+1}{2}\\right)}\\sum_{k=1}^n|x_k|\\tag{7}\n$$\nTo see that $(7)$ is the best possible independent of $n$, consider an \"even\" distribution of $n$ points as $n\\to\\infty$. This estimates the $(d{-}1)$-dimensional analog of the Riemann sum for the integral in $(2)$.\nTherefore,\n$$\nc_d=\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d}{2}\\right)}{2\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{d+1}{2}\\right)}\\tag{8}\n$$\n\nAs shown in the appendix to this answer, $\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\to\\infty}\\frac{\\Gamma(x+\\alpha)}{x^\\alpha\\Gamma(x)}=1$. Therefore, asymptotically,\n$$\nc_d\\sim\\dfrac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi d}}\\tag{9}\n$$\nwhich is the geometric mean of $\\dfrac{1}{\\pi}$ and $\\dfrac{1}{2d}$, the upper bound derived in the question.", "\nThe first several values of $c_d$ are:\n$$\n\\begin{array}{c|cccc}\nd&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\\\\n\\hline\\\\\nc_d&\\frac{1}{2}&\\frac{1}{\\pi}&\\frac{1}{4}&\\frac{2}{3\\pi}&\\frac{3}{16}&\\frac{8}{15\\pi}&\\frac{15}{96}&\\frac{48}{105\\pi}\n\\end{array}\\tag{10}\n$$\nFurthermore, $(8)$ implies that\n$$\nc_{d+2}=\\dfrac{d}{d+1}c_d\\tag{11}\n$$\n\n" ]

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[ "Saturday, March 17, 2007\n\nSpecial Commentary: Davis Enterprise Fails to Cover Davis OPEN Presentation\n\nOn March 1, 2007 the Best Uses of Schools Advisory Task Force spent over an hour and a half presenting the results of their 18 month study that culminated in their recommendation to close Valley Oak Elementary School. ", "This presentation was thoroughly covered in the Davis Enterprise the next day.", "\n\nIn pursuit of equal time from the school board, the parents involved with the group Davis OPEN requesting and received 25 minutes from the school board at the March 15, 2007 meeting. ", "That twenty five minutes became over an hour, however, not before the Task Force received another hour of time to respond to questions from the school board. ", "But that is fine--the parents got a full opportunity from the school board to respond to the report by the Task Force. ", "That was more than generous from the board.", "\n\nFour members of the Davis OPEN group Baki Tezcan, Fred Buderi, Rick Gonzales, and Collen Connolly spoke at length to counter the findings by the Task Force.", "\n\nThe Davis Enterprise article by Jeff Hudson made not one single mention of this presentation in the article that they ran last night. ", "Not one single mention.", "\n\nThe public relies on a newspaper to provide a balanced account of the events that take place at public meetings. ", "The vast majority of the public neither attend these meetings nor do they watch the proceedings on television. ", "This bestows great responsibility on the media to be the public watch dog. ", "When the media however fails in their responsibilities to the public, through lack of balanced coverage, democracy itself is threatened.", "\n\nThere can be no equal time if the local newspaper does not cover events in a fair and unbiased manner. ", "These concerns about the Davis Enterprise coverage led me to create this blog as a means to cover what the Enterprise itself will not cover.", "\n\nThe People's Vanguard of Davis does not attempt to replicate the work of the local evening paper. ", "Instead of merely covering events, we cover aspects of events that the local paper can't or won't. ", "There have been times when the Enterprise has done a reasonable job of covering events, that we have merely focused on different aspects of the events--angles that people might not normally get by merely reading the Enterprise.", "\n\nThere have also been times when this blog has been criticized by some because we have been too critical of the local paper. ", "That said, this complete lack of even a mention is among the most blatant examples of biased and faulty coverage by the Enterprise. ", "This is inexcusable. ", "This is an insult to the efforts of dedicated citizens in this community who spent a tremendous amount of time and energy to prepare a report and for it not to even get mentioned is unbelievable.", "\n\nHow can the public know about the fact that task force's findings have been challenged if the local newspaper does not print it? ", "For 99 percent of the citizens in the community--that presentation might as well have not happened.", "\n\nWhile we have been critical of the Enterprise's coverage in the past, this omission may very well be the worst and most blatant. ", "It is as if there was no presentation by Davis OPEN. ", "There was no mention about several of the findings by the Task Force being contradicted and at times nullified by further information. ", "This would have been crucial information for the public. ", "Throw out all of the information to the public and let the public decide what is credible and what is not credible.", "\n\nWhat was covered in the paper? ", "The first half of the article was the board exchange that took at most five to ten minutes where they were deciding how to proceed in terms of the next meeting and whether any action should be taken or could be taken now on making a decision to forestall a decision until the fall. ", "Then there was discussion of the interim budget, a small discussion of Kirk Trost's statement, and then a few members of the public.", "\n\nThis lack of coverage is mind-boggling. ", "As our article discussed yesterday, there was a key discussion that indicated that closing Valley Oak would in fact negatively impact students and parents in terms of distance from school and ability to walk to school--which would lead to transportation problems.", "\n\nThe Davis OPEN members spent a good deal of time talking about budget projections and the EL program among other things. ", "These things were in direct contradiction to the Task Force's report.", "\n\nThere were some who openly questioned the district as to why they were paying for two superintendents, but those people apparently did not realize how much money the past superintendent had cost the school district, to the point that paying him not to work may have been more cost effective.", "\n\nBut the bottom line here is an issue of fairness, it is an issue of balance, and it is a frustration that the hard work of people is not getting reported. ", "The public is not getting the full picture here. ", "They have heard EXTENSIVELY about the Task Force's point of view--there have been MULTIPLE articles that have covered the Task Force and their arguments.", "\n\nAt this meeting, the parents and community members directly involved in this issue were given a chance to respond. ", "To make their case before the board. ", "This should have been THE story in the Enterprise. ", "It could have at least been mentioned in the Enterprise. ", "But it was not. ", "There was not one single word even mentioning the presentation. ", "The public as a whole has no idea that such a presentation was made or that the Task Force's findings were in question. ", "How can they make an informed decision? ", "How can the newspaper in good conscience claim to be serving the public's needs with such a blatant failure?", "\n\nContributors\n\nAbout The People's Vanguard of Davis\n\n\"The People's Vanguard of Davis has rapidly grown to represent, to the Davis political establishment, a dangerous avenue of free political expression that can reach into every home with an internet connection.", "\"---Davisite" ]

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[ "The Saudi Repatriates Report\n\nThe Saudi Repatriates Report is a statistics analysis of the cases of 24 repatriated Saudi prisoners released from the Guantanamo Bay naval station since the first planeload of detainees arrived on 11 January 2003. ", "They represent nearly half of the 53 Saudi nationals released from Guantanamo Bay in the period until the publication of the report (19 March 2007). ", "The authors are Anant Raut and Jill M. Friedman, members of the Washington, D.C. office of Weil, Gotshal & Manges law firm. ", "This firm has provided pro-bono representation for five Saudis detained at Guantanamo Bay and provides copies of the supporting documents to the Washington Post. ", "\n\nThe report examines the reasons for release of this particular detainees and the timing of their release.", "\n\nExternal links \nAnant Raut, Jill M. Friedman (March 19, 2007). ", "The Saudi Repatriates Report. ", "Retrieved on April 21, 2007.", "\n\n*\nCategory:2007 documents" ]

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[ "Homework Help - Post Questions, Assignments & Papers\n\nStudypool values your privacy. ", "Only questions posted as Public are visible on our website.", "\n\nI looked in the pile of clothe\n\nAnonymous\n\nlabelEnglish\n\ntimer\nAsked: Dec 6th, 2015\n\nQuestion description\n\nI looked in the pile of clothes I checked the case where it usually goes I searched all aroundbuy I finally found that my glasses were right on my nose.", "What literary element of this poem makes it limerick?" ]

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[ "Employees use hand tools to assemble components of a LEAP jet engine at the General Electric Aviation plant in Lafayette, Indiana, July 19, 2019.", "\n\nGeneral Electric said on Monday it was freezing pension plans for about 20,000 U.S. employees with salaried benefits, as the industrial conglomerate makes another drastic move to cut debt and reduce its pension deficit by up to $8 billion.", "\n\nSince taking over a year ago, Chief Executive Officer Larry Culp has carved out a number of measures to streamline the company and raise cash to pare debt. ", "He has also chopped the company's dividend to a penny.", "\n\nGE and its finance arm had total borrowings of about $105.8 billion as of June 30, with industrial net debt at $54.4 billion.", "\n\nThe company said it will also freeze supplementary pension benefits for about 700 U.S. employees who became executives before 2011. ", "GE's pension plan has been closed to new entrants since 2012.", "\n\nGE said the freeze is effective Jan. 1, 2021, and both moves are expected to help lower net debt between $4 billion and $6 billion." ]

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[ "Alameda County prosecutors charged three men Wednesday with crimes connected to a protest in Oakland during which demonstrators outraged at the acquittal of George Zimmerman in Florida smashed windows and confronted police.", "\n\nTwo men, Lamar Caldwell, 27, of Oakland, and Tanzeen Doha, 34, of San Jose, were each charged with felony vandalism for allegedly smashing windows at the Men's Wearhouse near 15th Street and Broadway on Monday night.", "\n\nA third defendant, Jeffrey Clark, 30, of Oakland, was charged with battery on a police officer and assault, both misdemeanors, for allegedly throwing a rock at Officer Francisco Negrete and preparing to throw a second rock as officers arrested another suspect, authorities said.", "\n\nThe charges came the same day interim Police Chief Sean Whent met with business owners at the Oakland Chamber of Commerce to discuss their concerns about the damage from a series of nightly protests since Saturday.", "\n\nThe chief acknowledged that police had been understaffed during some of the protests.", "\n\n\"We absolutely understand how the community's been affected, both from the violence of people being assaulted but obviously the property crimes as well,\" Whent said at a news conference at City Hall. \"", "That kind of activity is not tolerated.", "\n\n\"We want to send the message that should you come to Oakland with the intent of engaging in crime, we will make every attempt to arrest you,\" Whent said.", "\n\nMayor Jean Quan agreed, saying, \"The anarchists and the Black Bloc people have changed their tactics, so we have to change our tactics, too. ", "That means we have to be a lot more flexible.\"", "\n\nCity Council President Pat Kernighan said she understood that the department was short staffed and said it might not be wise for police to arrest vandalism suspects immediately because of safety concerns.", "\n\n\"No matter what, we need to find a way to arrest vandals in the future,\" Kernighan said. \"", "It's just critical to send a message that people cannot get away with this in Oakland.\"" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an image display apparatus and method and image viewer program which are preferable for a digital camera, a Personal Data Assistance (PDA) and the like, and in particular, to an image display apparatus and method and computer software for viewing an image in which the image can be retrieved and displayed among a plurality of groups of images.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn general, it is broadly executed to view images recorded with a digital camera and the like, on a screen of a personal computer and the like. ", "For example, if the images are viewed on a Windows® operating system of the personal computer (Windows® OS by Microsoft Corporation), there are several methods such as for list-displaying contents of the images as shown in FIG. ", "14, for list-displaying the images together with a tree display of folders as shown in FIG. ", "15, for displaying only the folders as shown in FIG. ", "16 or the like.", "\nAlthough only icons of the folders are displayed in FIG. ", "16, it is also possible to display details of the folders as shown in FIG. ", "17. ", "However, in this detailed display, only a name (folder name), a type and a last-modified date (a date when the file was created) are shown, and such information are not shown as the number of files in the folder and a byte count of a total size of the file.", "\nOn the other hand, an image display apparatus mounted on the digital camera and the like has a single display mode for displaying a single image recorded on a storage medium in one frame, and a list-display mode for displaying a plurality of images simultaneously with thumbnails (reduced images) in one screen, so that a display form for playback may be switched properly. ", "However, due to a small display screen on the digital camera, only a multi-screen display is performed as shown in FIG. ", "18 for list-displaying the images, or only such a display as shown in FIG. ", "19 is performed for list-displaying only the folder information.", "\nHowever, with the display methods as shown in FIGS. ", "17 or 19, though a list of the folders is displayed, it has been so difficult for the user to understand what picture is included in which folder.", "\nFrom such a point of view, a program attached with a function of displaying a capacity (size) of the folder as shown in FIG. ", "20 has been proposed. ", "Japanese Patent Application Publication No. ", "2000-244849 discloses an image playback apparatus in which a representative image is automatically set among recorded groups of images so that a desired image may be retrieved efficiently. ", "Japanese Patent Application Publication No. ", "2000-76281 discloses an image filing method and apparatus in which a plurality of representative images (for example, four images) among the images included in a folder are combined to create a summary image so that the images in the folder may be easily understood.", "\nFurthermore, in image viewer software “Photo Loader” by Casio Computer Co., Ltd., a function is realized in which images recorded with a digital camera are divided into a folder for each shot date and the total number of image files included in a selected folder is displayed.", "\nIt is useful information for the user to display the size of the folder or the total number of files in the folder; however, it is not sufficient information to retrieve the desired image." ]

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[ "Associated cardiac lesions in patients with radiation-induced complete heart block.", "\nWe investigated the clinical, electrophysiological, haemodynamic and angiographic aspects of four patients (two men and two women, aged 31-46 years) who developed complete heart block 13-20 years after therapeutic irradiation of the chest for Hodgkin's disease. ", "The initial cardiac symptom was syncope in three, effort intolerance in one. ", "The electrocardiogram recorded third-degree atrioventricular block in three patients, right bundle branch block and posterior fascicular block in one. ", "The electrophysiological study, performed in three cases, showed that the block was infranodal in two. ", "Three patients had significant coronary arterial stenoses, that involved the ostia in two. ", "All patients had mild-to-moderate aortic and mitral regurgitation. ", "One patient had haemodynamic signs of constriction. ", "Another patient had recurrent pericardial effusions. ", "All had echocardiographic evidence of a thickened pericardium. ", "Cardiac involvement can be extensive in patient with radiation-induced heart block. ", "Because coronary artery disease can be particularly severe, coronary angiography appears to be warranted in such patients." ]

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[ "Urensky District\n\nUrensky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. ", "Municipally, it is incorporated as Urensky Municipal District. ", "It is located in the north of the oblast. ", "The area of the district is . ", "Its administrative center is the town of Uren. ", "Population: 30,106 (2010 Census); The population of Uren accounts for 40.9% of the district's total population.", "\n\nHistory\nThe district was established in 1929.", "\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n\nCategory:Districts of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast\nCategory:States and territories established in 1929\n__NOTOC__" ]

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