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Kenneth R. Hirsch The decline pushup is a simple exercise that targets the muscles in your chest region. It is versatile and can be varied to activate additional muscles in the region or specifically isolate your upper pectorals. Decline pushups require no special equipment because the resistance is provided solely by your body weight and gravity. The benefits of decline pushups belie the exercise's simplicity. Decline pushups are a relatively simple exercise. According to Exercise Prescription, to perform a decline pushup, kneel on the floor with an elevation -- such as a weight bench or Swiss ball -- behind you. Place your hands on the floor, spreading them slightly wider than the width of your shoulders. Lift your feet up onto the elevation. Keep your back straight, in a plank position, as you raise your body off the ground until your arms are extended. Hold for two beats, then lower your body without arching your back and repeat. All you need to perform a decline pushup is your body and something on which to place your feet. Decline pushups require no special equipment and can be performed anywhere. You can use items as mundane as a doorstep, footstool or even a park bench as an elevation. Decline pushups can help replace chest flies if you travel on vacation or business and don't have time to find a set of weights. Perform variations of the decline pushup to increase or decrease resistance or target different muscles. In general, decline pushups target your upper pecs, or the clavicular head of the pectoralis major. Lower the elevation to activate the lower pecs. Increase the elevation to isolate your upper pecs even more, as they perform more of the work. Use stairs instead of a chair or bench to increase or decrease intensity. ABC Bodybuilding suggests putting weights on your back to build mass. A 2007 "Men's Health" article notes a variation known as the decline Spider-Man pushup. In the variation, bring a knee to touch an elbow once your arms reach a 90-degree angle. This variation has the added benefit of increasing mobility in the hips and shoulders as well as stepping up the challenge of the exercise. Decline pushups helps you strengthen and add bulk to the upper pecs, which enhances the appearance of your chest. A 2002 "Men's Fitness" article notes that all forms of pushups, including decline pushups, help to increase blood flow to the upper body. The additional blood flow to the region helps to reduce muscular soreness after your workout substantially.

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http://www.livestrong.com/article/521863-decline-pushup-benefits/

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Preterm babies are the babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The actual cause of preterm deliveries is still unknown; however factors such as maternal infections, inflammatory conditions, bleeding from the uterus, etc. are known to result in According to an analysis of data from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) conducted by the researchers of the Oxford University, Liverpool, Warwick, Leicester and National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, it was found that the babies born just prior to their term have bad health outcomes as compared to the babies born as About 18,000 infants born between 2000 to 2002 in U.K. were examined for the purpose of study. Their BMI, weight and height measurements were assessed at nine months, three years and five years. The parents were asked to report the number of hospital visits, long illnesses, disabilities or infirmities, wheezing, any prescribed medicine usage and overall child's health The study found that health outcomes were worse in premature babies, including those at moderate/late preterm (32 to 36 weeks) and early term births (37 to 38 weeks) as compared to full term babies (39 to 41 weeks). The risk of wheezing and asthma also increased in babies born between 33 and 36 weeks, which was not observed in full term babies. A strong connection was found by the study researches between the risk of bad health outcomes and declining gestation age. It was also seen that moderate or early term was the strongest and the greatest disease contributor at the age of 3 years and 5 years. researchers were of the opinion that it is wrong to categorize the babies only as term or preterm because the study revealed a "continuum of increasing risk of adverse outcome with increasing prematurity, even approaching full term In addition to this, the researchers also discovered that the mothers of preterm babies (less than 37 weeks) were more likely to be single and less likely to be educationally qualified or work in managerial positions. In comparison to women giving birth beyond 37 weeks, the mothers of early preterm babies generally did not breast fed their babies for more than four months and even resorted to frequent smoking. The study thus concluded that the health outcomes of the preterm babies are inferior to the term babies. This is true not only for early preterm babies, but also moderate to preterm babies and those at early term. advocated that additional studies are needed to find out the factors affecting the health status of preterm babies to plan the necessary obstetric arrangements and delivery of healthcare services to the preterm babies. 1. Effects of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 3 and 5 years of age: population based cohort study; Elaine Boyle et al; BMJ 2012; 344:e896.

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Leif the Lucky – A gorgeously illustrated bio on Leif Erikson Leif Erikson, the Viking explorer, is usually just briefly touched on in elementary school classrooms. But his rich story is a captivating one that any child – or adult – would enjoy. As a boy he moved from Iceland to icy Greenland, where his father established the continent’s first settlement. Eric grew up learning how to sail ships, throw spears, and catch sea animals for dinner. He played with baby polar bears and dreamed of adventures. As a young adult Leif sailed to Norway and charmed the king with a Greenland falcon on his fist and a bear cub at his side. The king granted him permission to explore the west (Leif’s father had once seen a speck of something west of Greenland on an earlier exploration), and Leif became the first European to set foot in America (Canada) – 500 years before Christopher Columbus “discovered” it. Soon Leif’s relatives settled in this new land – for a while – until, well, I won’t give the whole story away, but let’s just say they were chased off the new land and forced to hightail it back to Greenland.

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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins. 1The bark of the paper mulberry tree. - ‘Boys learn to plant, cultivate, cook, and fish; girls learn to cook and are taught how to prepare tapa for decoration or clothing.’ - 1.1 Cloth made from tapa, used in the Pacific islands. - ‘The attitude criticized in the words by the author quoted above also explains the importance of pigs, yams and taro for men and that of tapa and mats for women.’ - ‘The person is dressed in tapa, carries a whale's tooth, and is then seated on the ground for the tooth to be presented and listens to the speeches.’ - ‘The principal tasks for Wallisian men are the production of food in the form of root crops, pigs and seafood, whereas women produce tapa and mats.’ - ‘Beaded cloth from India, Indonesian batiks, and Hawaiian tapa are perfect for pillows or throws.’ - ‘On Wallis, there is no longer a central market but, as we have seen in the early sections of this paper, there is an important informal market for pigs, fish, tapa and mats.’ Early 19th century: of Polynesian origin. We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks. From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe. The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.

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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries? 1(forbearance)tolerancia feminineto show/display tolerance toward sb — mostrarse tolerante con algn - Little did I understand that by trying to educate my colleagues about the need for religious tolerance, I was encouraging them to suspect me. - He is likely to have little tolerance for those who disagree with his plans and desires. - This would be the blueprint for all schooling: I'd promote anti-racism and religious tolerance so pupils knew what it was. - Surveys of public opinion suggest widespread tolerance of legal abortion. - Racial and religious tolerance is critical for a peacefully existence. - What they may or may not understand is that there is probably a limit to public opinion's tolerance of what's going on. - Seemingly there is a long path ahead to ensure peace when sport is used as a weapon by those who care not a whit for political harmony or religious tolerance. - The basic premise of liberality is tolerance, open-mindedness, and diversity. - He wants a modernist, liberal Pakistan in which there is religious tolerance and respect for the law. - We are fortunate to experience good religious tolerance in our town, but sadly, your report is more likely to hinder than assist our efforts. - What are Europe's limits of tolerance and willingness to accommodate diversity? - Both loved freedom, both were deeply moral beings, and both were passionately committed to social and religious tolerance. - The Christian Right are critical of secular humanism and liberal tolerance in religious matters. - A unique and redeeming feature of Hinduism through the ages has been tolerance, a certain willingness to live and let live. - But there is a third position, beyond religious fundamentalism and liberal tolerance. - Good things automatically meet with approval; bad things test our ability to show tolerance. - London's character, its liberality, religious tolerance and diversity, is the very thing that makes it vulnerable. - I want a world where the cardinal virtue is tolerance of all behaviour, and where those who sin against this are demonised and expelled from polite society. - Both were advocates of religious tolerance and antagonists of untouchability. - One of the central tenets of a liberal agenda is to enshrine the principle of religious tolerance, and religious non-discrimination. - Experiments have shown that several species of coccolithophores have different light tolerances, in terms of the level at which photosynthesis, growth rate and calcification are saturated. - The difference among species may be caused by different tolerances for harsh conditions. - Winter rye is usually used as a winter cover crop because of its tolerance to adverse growing environments. - Plants for the lowest zone are selected for their tolerance to wet conditions. - For him, understanding the individualistic environmental tolerances and characteristics of species in nature was a fundamental part of any botanical inquiry. - In general, it is thought that tiger beetle larvae have narrower tolerances for physical environmental factors than adults do. - Different individuals seem to have wildly different tolerances of low temperatures. - The article also emphasizes how little is still known about the species make-up of such intricate ecosystems and the relative tolerances of these plants to the seasonally varied environment in which they thrive. - Because the plants were at the base of the major terrestrial radiation, they evolved increasing tolerances to demanding physical conditions and expanded the extent of the vegetated land surface. - The study of modern ecology and environmental tolerances of plant communities and plant species enables ecologists and biogeographers to determine how far climate can influence geographical distribution. - Drying rates also affect the desiccation tolerance of somatic embryos and immature zygotic embryos or seeds. - Great attention has been paid to the salt tolerance of halophytes at different seedling stages. - This grain is grown in arid and semiarid regions of the world due to its unusual tolerance to adverse environments. - A possible explanation of this difference is that the habitats of these species have different salinities and so the organisms may show markedly different salt tolerances. - Most patients develop a tolerance for opioid side effects with the exception of constipation. - The dehydration tolerances of desert tortoises are also exceptional. - Prior exposure to heat-shock temperatures has been shown to increase the tolerance of sensitive tissue to subsequent chilling. - The glasshouse experiment aimed to rank the cultivars according to their dehydration tolerance. - Many native species however, exhibit a characteristically wide range of ecological tolerances and their distributions reflect this. - Asparagus has a high tolerance for conditions such as salt and sandy soil, thus making it a vegetable that is grown all over the world. - You may have a problem if you have developed a tolerance to drugs or alcohol. - The only set-back is that Mrs Lee is developing a tolerance to the medication and she has to keep increasing her doses. - Initially, a drug abuser is prescribed slowly increasing amounts of methadone to increase tolerance to the drug. - Users who have recently left prison are most at risk, as their tolerance to drugs has been lost while inside. - New users may include women genetically or otherwise predisposed to venous thrombosis, whereas long term users have shown tolerance to the drug. - The decrease in lean body mass associated with aging results in decreased tolerance to alcohol. - But many studies report that regular consumers of caffeine develop a tolerance to it. - The coroner concluded that his tolerance to the drug had probably fluctuated which meant his body could not cope with it. - Doctors put me on meds but as soon as they start to work I have to switch again because I've built up a tolerance to them. - He found also that the applicant had a good tolerance to alcohol. - People are warned not to use a particular drug as a continued remedy for ill health because a tolerance and allergy can develop. - You can't build up a tolerance to any asthma or allergy medications. - Subjects tend to develop a higher tolerance to drugs that are self-administered. - This may be due to increasing tolerance to the drug over time. - Take a five-day break from capsules or liquid every one to two weeks to prevent your body from developing a tolerance to the herb. - Regular use over a long time results in an increased tolerance to the drug so that larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect. - After a while, the smoker develops a tolerance to the drug, which leads to an increase in smoking. - Some patients who respond well initially develop tolerance to the injections. - Users build up a tremendous tolerance to the drug and it is very expensive, so it can lead to crime if someone gets a serious habit. - The fact that our body can develop a tolerance to alcohol complicates how we judge alcohol's affect on our bodies. - Parts can be machined to extremely close tolerances. - The machines can operate with tight tolerances at speeds of 500 parts per minute. - Being the perfectionist that he is, everything is machined to the tightest tolerances and his finishing work is impeccable. - I understand that you are endeavouring to construct your moulds to achieve tighter tolerances. - All manufacturing tools and processes must constantly be improved and reinvented to address shrinking dimensions and tighter tolerances. - Extremely tight tolerances and uniform distribution means using less material than with other fillers. - In modern engines, which are produced to much finer tolerances, the amount of metal worn off is minimal. - Engineers sometimes must face the challenges of designing plastic parts that require machining because of their low quantities, close tolerances, or unusual shapes. - To maximize performance without excessively tight tolerances on dimensions, design a carefully optimized number of mechanical adjustments into the instrument. - Machining tolerances are held to a minimum throughout each step of production. - Those selecting the material should note that stock sizes and tolerances vary among the different plastics. - Harder than wrought iron, but with less carbon than true steel, mild steel was made in industrial-sized batches, and although it was easier to machine with close tolerances, it was harder for blacksmiths to forge and weld. - The intermediate arm is finished to a tolerance of 0.008 mm, and the cams controlling the eccentric shaft are machined to tolerances of a few hundredths of a millimeter. - Different manufacturers also used different tolerances, meaning parts often did not fit together when assembled in the field. - Manufacturing tolerances (being subject to the whim of the manufacturer, the machinist, wear and tear on the revolver and maybe even the tide) have a tendency to vary quite a bit. - This is what worries me about reels that are machined with fine tolerances. - I would inspect each individual unit to ensure it was within the allowable dimensional tolerances, using a tape measure, and the surface finish by visual inspection. - Machining this tough hardened steel is more time-consuming and difficult, but it allows parts to be machined to very tight tolerances. - However, provided these fittings are machined to fine tolerances and shaped appropriately, a high-pressure seal can be maintained. - Designed for earthmoving with tight tolerances, it can provide accuracy within 6 mm. English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages. Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence? As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.

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https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/tolerance

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Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review Why Lesson Planet? Find quality lesson planning resources, fast! Share & remix collections to collaborate. Organize your curriculum with collections. Easy! Have time to be more creative & energetic with your students! Complete a variety of activities to examine the pros and cons and ethical issues behind genetic testing. Your high school students will role play and examine various scenarios to determine if genetic testing is justified. 62 Views 161 Downloads

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|HOMEPAGE | INFORMATION SHEETS | GAMES & PUZZLES | E-MAIL| 'Air pollution' is what we say to describe all bad gases in the air that we breathe and that are dangerous for us. But do not worry! Not all gases are bad! 500 years ago in Britain, the burning of coal was increasing in cities like London. Coal was used in factories and also used to heat homes. Coal, when burnt makes a lot of smoke, which makes the air very dirty. About 200 years ago, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Factories were built, and even more coal was burnt. Air pollution was becoming a really big problem, especially when the weather was foggy. With foggy conditions and light winds the smoke or air pollution covered the whole city, and would not move. Smoke and fog together create smog. Smog was a big problem in the winter. Because of the cold weather, more coal was burnt to warm houses and this made more smoke. When smog was stuck over a city, it became really hard to breathe and see clearly. In 1952, the Great London Smog occurred and more than 4000 people died because of the smog! New laws were created from this catastrophe in 1956 and 1968, so that it would not happen again. These laws are called the 'Clean Air Acts'. These laws were made so that air would become cleaner. The laws encouraged people to use less coal or use cleaner coal in their homes and switch to other fuels such as gas. Factories started using tall chimneys so that the smoke would go high up in the sky and no longer cover cities, and new factories were built outside cities in the countryside. Smog occurred less often and the air became cleaner. Have you ever noticed that the air in a city smells different from air in the country? One of the reasons is that exhausts from vehicles give off fumes, or gases, which can poison you. Today, when we think of air pollution, we should think of transport, especially cars. Today there are about 23 million vehicles on the road in Britain, and 20 million of them are cars! The fuel they use - petrol and diesel - releases a lot of pollution in the air. The car exhausts eject a lot of bad gases, which create air pollution. These gases can be very dangerous for children. Although the fuels are becoming cleaner, it will not be making that much difference because there are more and more cars. There is less pollution from coal, but today's modern world still creates air pollution. Today, air pollution has not really fallen, because new bad gases are released in the air, and there are a lot of them. Transport is not the only reason why we have air pollution. Factories also release bad gases in the air, even with the 'Clean Air Acts', it still causes a lot of air pollution. This air pollution that they make is the main cause of acid rain (see Acid Rain). We spend a large part of our lives at home and it does not often cross our mind that the air we are breathing may be polluted. Pollution inside homes is called 'indoor air pollution'. Indoor air pollution is usually very low. But a lot of things can increase it. Fresh paint is a cause of indoor air pollution and so is the burning of fuels such as coal and gas, in heaters, stoves and ovens. But one of the main causes of indoor air pollution is smoking. Smoking cigarettes and tobacco can be very dangerous for health. The poison in the smoke can cause heart problems, lung cancer and other lung diseases. If a woman smokes when she is pregnant, her baby will probably be smaller and become ill. Cigarette smoke is dangerous for people smoking but also for those who do not! Breathing in air, which contains other people's smoke, can cause you the same health problems, for example lung cancer. To reduce 'indoor air pollution', make sure the room is well ventilated while painting. Try ventilating your home often, you can open windows or use a fan. And if your parents or friends smoke, ask them to smoke outside. And best of all NEVER START SMOKING!!!

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The Story of an Experiment in Pretending Two groups of men between 70 and 80 took part in a study on the effects of perceptions and beliefs. Separately, the two groups went to a monastery that had been transformed to reflect an earlier period. All the news, magazines, memorabilia, clothing styles, music, food and even activities were from the 50’s or 60’s. The first group, before entering were told to spend the next five days pretending to be twenty-two years younger and healthier. In contrast, the second group arrived but were not told to act like they were younger and healthier. For the purpose of comparison, each group went through extensive examinations at the beginning and end of the study. The Researchers were stunned by the comparison of the before and after test results. The results showed that by all indications the men who had pretended to be younger became physically and mentally younger. Their posture, height, weight, gait, flexibility, memory, cognition, eyesight, bone length and blood chemistry had all shifted to reflect a healthier, younger version of themselves. In comparison, the control group that didn’t pretend to be younger showed no change. Conducting Your Pretending Experiment For the purpose of your pretending experiment, for the next week, make the shift mentally to pretend to love your work. In the morning when the alarm clock goes off and that thought of “another day at the grind” pops into your head. Stop. Interrupt that thought and say “I love my job! I’m excited to get to work and ______.” (Insert something that’s on your agenda for the day). At the end of the work day, as you’re walking out the door say “I love my job! A lot of things went well today.” Then go through that list of things that went well as you move to the next part of your day. Throughout the day, when a person at work is kind, does a job well, or you notice something in their personality, look them in the eye and say “Thank you. You’re one of the reasons I love my job” From the boss to co-workers, to customers, to the physical environment pretend to love your work. And the more you begin to think it, reinforce it by speaking it out loud. Say it to yourself and the people you are in contact with each day. Grab your journal and write a commitment to pretending to love your work for the next five days. Start right now by listing things about your work that don’t require pretending. Now list some more challenging areas. List some ways you can pretend to love those areas as well. Get playful with your list and your actions. After all, pretending is play. Play is the ultimate expression of authentic yourself. tweet And you having fun, seems a lot less like work.

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From: NASA Office of Inspector General Posted: Thursday, September 1, 2016 WHY WE PERFORMED THIS AUDIT Since the Space Shuttle Program ended in July 2011, the United States has lacked the domestic capability to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS or Station), instead relying on the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to ferry astronauts at prices ranging from $21 million to $82 million per roundtrip. Prior to the end of the Shuttle Program, NASA began working with several U.S. companies to develop commercial crew transportation capabilities. The final phase of the Commercial Crew Program began in September 2014 when NASA selected The Boeing Company (Boeing) and Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) to complete development of crewed spaceflight systems and, assuming the systems meet the Agency's safety and performance requirements, receive certification to begin flying astronauts to the ISS on a regular basis. In November 2013, we reported that although Boeing and SpaceX were making steady progress in the initial stages of development, the Commercial Crew Program faced several obstacles including an unstable funding stream, aligning cost estimates with Program schedule, providing timely requirement and certification guidance to the two companies, and increasing coordination with other Federal agencies that have a stake in manned spaceflight. We concluded that failure to address these challenges in a timely manner could significantly delay the availability of commercial crew transportation services and extend U.S. reliance on the Russians. This report is a follow-up to our 2013 review. Our objective was to evaluate NASA's management of the Commercial Crew Program and determine if the Program is meeting cost and schedule goals. We also examined Program risks and the Agency's management of the certification process for Boeing and SpaceX. To complete this work, we reviewed internal controls and relevant laws, regulations, and policies. We also interviewed key personnel at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX, among others. WHAT WE FOUND The Commercial Crew Program continues to face multiple challenges that will likely delay the first routine flight carrying NASA astronauts to the ISS until late 2018 more than 3 years after NASA's original 2015 goal. While past funding shortfalls have contributed to the delay, technical challenges with the contractors' spacecraft designs are now driving the schedule slippages. For Boeing, these include issues relating to the effects of vibrations generated during launch and challenges regarding vehicle mass. For SpaceX, delays resulted from a change in capsule design to enable a water-based rather than ground-based landing and related concerns about the capsule taking on excessive water. Moreover, both companies must satisfy NASA's safety review process to ensure they meet Agency human-rating requirements. As part of the certification process, Boeing and SpaceX conduct safety reviews and report to NASA on potential hazards and their plans for mitigating risks. We found significant delays in NASA's evaluation and approval of these hazard reports and related requests for variances from NASA requirements that increase the risk costly redesign work may be required late in development, which could further delay certification. Although NASA's goal is to complete its review within 8 weeks of receipt of a hazard report, the contractors told us reviews can take as long as 6 months. We also found NASA does not monitor the overall timeliness of its safety review process. Given delays in the Commercial Crew Program, NASA has extended its contract with Roscosmos for astronaut transportation through 2018 at an additional cost of $490 million or $82 million a seat for six more seats. If the Program experiences additional delays, NASA may need to buy additional seats from Russia to ensure a continued U.S. presence on the ISS. WHAT WE RECOMMENDED To improve NASA's oversight of the Commercial Crew Program, we recommended the Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations (1) implement procedures to monitor the timeliness of NASA's review process for hazard reports to help reduce risk to the Program's schedule and (2) coordinate with Boeing and SpaceX to document a path to timely resolution for variance requests and hazard reports that have exceeded the review period goals. In response to a draft of this report, NASA managers concurred with our first recommendation and described responsive corrective actions. Therefore, the recommendation is resolved and will be closed upon verification and completion of those actions. NASA management partially concurred with our second recommendation, agreeing coordination with its commercial partners is necessary to ensure hazard reports and variance requests are addressed at the appropriate time and stating it will continue to have weekly discussions with the companies to develop a path for timely resolution. However, we believe NASA needs to take additional action to ensure timely review of hazard reports and avoid the possibility of costly redesign late in the development schedule. Therefore, this recommendation is unresolved pending further discussion with Agency officials. // end //

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According to the CDC, Teen Dating Violence is the physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, or verbal abuse within a dating relationship, as well as stalking. Teen dating violence can occur in person, online, on the phone, or via text messaging or email. Teen Dating Violence: A/K/A Other labels for teen dating violence include: Domestic Abuse, Domestic Violence, Dating Abuse, Relationship Abuse, Relationship Violence, and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Teen Dating Violence: Where Teen Dating Violence can occur anywhere: through social media websites, via SMS messaging or email, by phone, or in person. When abuse occurs in person it can happen at school, at your job, or in public. Although you might think that it's safest to just stay at home, that is actually the most common place for somebody to be abused. Remember: just because a teenager is at home that does not mean that they are safe from teen dating violence. Teen Dating Violence: Who Teen dating violence may occur between somebody that you are currently dating or somebody that you used to date. Teen dating violence can be between people of different genders, or the same gender. Teen dating violence can happen to anybody. Males and females can be abused or can be the abusers. So can poor people, rich people, short people, tall people, two-eyed people, and three-eyed people. Teen dating violence believes in equal opportunity and can affect anybody. Teen dating violence probably is more common that you realize. Here are some important statistics about teen dating violence.

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When you think about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, initial thoughts focus on the 1960s and the political turmoil that was going on during that time frame. It was the post-Reconstruction era and despite African Americans’ new freedoms, they were still being treated as second-class citizens and being denied their rights. The focus of the Civil Rights Movement was about achieving legal equality and abolishing racial discrimination, particularly in the southern states. Immediate national organizations that come to mind are the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Black Panthers Party, and famous people of the era were Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X. However, many people fail to take notice that the Civil Rights Movement began long before the 1960s. In Defining the Struggle: National Organizing for Racial Justice, 1880-1915, Susan D. Carle takes us back in time through a historical and strategic study of past national organizations that laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement that we learned about in history class. Specifically, she takes us through the early years of the Civil Rights Movement by focusing on important, but forgotten, figures and the late nineteenth and early twentieth century organizations that helped shape the ideas and plans that the NAACP, the National Urban League (NUL), and civil rights leaders used successfully. Carle, a law professor at American University Washington College of Law, begins her book with an argument saying why early organizations during the Nadir Period, decades following the end of the Reconstruction Period where conditions for African Americans were at their worst since the abolition of slavery, is an important area of history that is forgotten but influences later organizations of the Civil Rights Movement. In her argument, she stresses that these early leaders and organizations generated various legal ideas and initiatives that precede and influenced the later organizations of the twentieth century. NAACP and NUL learned both from the failings and successes of these older organizations and evolved their strategies to best tackle and initiate changes for the benefit of African Americans. Defining the Struggle covers thirty-five years of history, 1880 to 1915, discussing the people involved in early civil rights movements and early organizations that were predecessors to the NAACP including the Afro-American League, the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement. One of the first national civil rights organizations was the Afro-American League (AAL). The AAL was founded in 1880 and was largely founded based on the ideas and vision of T. Thomas Fortune. Mr. Fortune, a former slave turned leading intellectual activist, wanted a permanent, national organization that focused on gaining justice and the enforcement of African American rights by working with other interest groups, fund-raising, and conducting test case litigation. He firmly believed that the democratic process was the best way to stimulate change through the legislative and judicial process, but through self-help and intraracial advancement. In Mr. Fortune’s papers, he focused on the need to challenge the segregation of whites and African Americans in public accommodations, entertainment, and education. He believed in government reform to lead to racial and economic justice. Through the AAL’s many state-level activity, the members were involved in state legislation and test-case campaigns. Mr. Fortune himself won a case in New York involving racial discrimination he personally experienced in a New York pub. Despite this success and successes in Wisconsin and Michigan, the AAL did not last long and began to collapse in 1892. One of the main reasons for the failure of the AAL was because the state leagues that were part of AAL failed to transfer funds to the national organization to sustain the national operation. Another reason for the failure was because the members of AAL also had other agendas and did not show strong support for the organization. Although the AAL closed its doors, the organization did lay a foundation for the Afro-American Council, the Niagara Movement, and the NAACP. It proposed a basic strategy and substantive template that the NAACP would follow when it was founded a couple decades later. Following the unsuccessful attempt of the AAL to nationalize and mobilize sustained membership, the Afro-American Council (AAC) was founded in 1898 as an attempt to pick up where the AAL left off. The AAC was founded by the combined efforts of Alexander Walters, T. Thomas Fortune, and Reverdy C Ransom. Although a direct successor of the AAL, the AAC was different from the AAL in a number of ways, such as engaging in more national level activities, having national conferences at least bi-annually, and being an organization that was open to broad political views and allowing such views a place to be heard. Although the AAC suffered from tension between Booker T. Washington’s “accommodationist” views and Reverdy Ransom’s “radical” views, the AAC was able to develop its local leadership, engage in grassroots fundraising, have a national lobbying presence, and focus their test case litigation strategy. The test case strategy developed into focusing on constitutional challenges to the state laws in the hopes to bring it in front of the Supreme Court to get the state law declared unconstitutional. The AAC also encouraged African American communities to engage in self-help and pursue education to elevate the community as a whole. Despite the more focused approach of the organization, due to Washington’s attempt to seize control of the AAC and other failures, many members began to feel that the Council was no longer useful and thus began to form a new organization, the Niagara Movement. By presenting and giving light to both the AAL and the AAC, Carle enriches our understanding of the Civil Rights movement by providing us with a historical backdrop that the later organizations such as the NUL and the NAACP used to foster change. Her thoughtful analysis of all the players involved and how their thought-processes interacted and resulted in forgotten, but important contributions to the movement has significantly added to the literature to the Civil Rights Movement. Susan Carle’s book, Defining the Struggle is a great read. Staffer, Criminal Law Practitioner

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“Eponymy in science is the practice of affixing the names of scientists to what they have discovered or are believed to have discovered,’ as with Boyle’s Law, Halley’s comet, Fourier’s transform, Planck’s constant, the Rorschach test, the Gini coefficient, and the Thomas theorem” –Richard K Merton, “The Thomas Theorem and The Matthew Effect” There are a lot of scientific theories and discoveries that are named after the scientists that found them, too bad a lot of them did not deserve it. Do not forget to subscribe via iTunes, and leave Science Sparring Society a review in the store. Also, you can follow @acmescience on twitter for all your Science Sparing Society updates.

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Once believed to be a subspecies of the western red colobus, the Niger Delta red colobus was only discovered in 1993 and declared a full species in 2007. The red colobus, endemic to the western Niger Delta and the upper canopies of this region’s forests, is now considered one of the most elusive and critically endangered primates in Africa. It shares its habitat with a diverse range of other primates, from chimpanzees to other colobus subspecies. Unlike other red colobus populations, this Niger Delta species spends a large portion of its day traveling. It relies strongly on a diet of young leaves and leaf buds, supplemented with seeds, flowers, and flower buds in the upper canopy. It’s up here, though, that the red colobus must always remain alert for its main predator—the crowned eagle, a fearsome raptor whose nests have been found to contain the skulls of the medium-sizes primates. Not much is known about the colobus beyond its tendency to travel in large family groups of about 15 to 80 members. Most groups contain two or more males, with females spending a majority of their time grooming others within the group. With population estimates hovering around 500—due in large part to an 80 percent decrease over the past 30 years—the Niger Delta red colobus faces environmental pressures from deforestation, crude oil harvest, the bushmeat trade, and a lack of government protection, with its swampy habitat bearing the brunt of massive oil spills and logging incursions. The species was recently listed in The World’s Top 25 Most Endangered Primates by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. While its ecology and mating habits are still shrouded in mystery, various researchers have worked to pull back the veil to better protect this species and its environment. One is Nigerian biologist Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh, who is additionally working to protect the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee with grant support from AWF’s African Apes Initiative. “There is really nothing that can be compared to observing a large group of monkeys in the wild, feeding, playing, and scurrying off from human view,” she said. Pictured is a Ugandan red colobus. Photo: Craig Sholley Mike Rooney, Direct Marketing Associate for AWF, grew up with a passion for wildlife, particularly African wild dogs. As an anthropology major at the University of Notre Dame, he developed an interest in how local communities and the environment intersect. He plans on one day making it to Africa and taking some time to do the things he never has. AWF Blogs bring you to the critical landscapes we work in, where conservation benefits both wildlife and people alike. The blogs are written by our staff - men and women who have dedicated their lives to Africa's wildlife, people and wild lands. 12:01pm Mar 28th 11:00am Mar 27th 12:00pm Mar 26th 12:00pm Mar 25th 12:01pm Mar 24th 12:01pm Mar 23rd 9:45am Mar 22nd 6:07pm Mar 21st 1:44pm Mar 21st 12:01pm Mar 20th

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What kind of antennas is employed for TV Transmission and illustrate any one of them with appropriate sketches. Sketch the block diagram showing the signal flow in the monochrome television receiver and illustrate the function of each block. prepare down the limitations of simple AGC and how to overcome them. prepare down the function of limiter in receiver sound system. How to disconnect U and V signals in colour signal decoding? Illustrate out the principle of noise canceller employed in TV Receiver. What do you understand by the term AFC? Why it is employed in TV Receivers? Sketch and illustrate the single ended AFC circuit.

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3D Printing Principles: Now that you know about the history of 3D printing, you might ask what are the principles involved in 3d printing. "Additive manufacturing" is quite an intricate process. Nevertheless, anyone who wants to get a glance of what 3D printing is, and the processes involved, should take some time to get to know the principles involved in 3D printing. 3D Printing Principles - Modeling The first stage involved in 3D printing is additive manufacturing, wherein computer-aided design (CAD) takes virtual blueprints or animation modeling software. They are then cut into digital cross-sections, which the machine will use as their guide for printing. The type of machine being used here will determine the material, or binding material, which will be deposited on the build bed or platform. This will be done until the material, or binder layering, is accomplished. The modeling stage ends once the final 3D model has been "printed." 3D Printing Principles - Printing Here, the machine scans the design and adds layers upon layers of liquid, melted plastic, dry powder, or sheet material. This is done by building the model from a series of cross sections. They are then fused to reveal the final shape of the image. What’s great with this technique is that it has the ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature - from 'bottom to the top'. The thickness and XY resolution is described by printer resolution dots per inch. This is also called, 'micrometer'. An average layer thickness would be around 100 micrometers or 0.1 mm. Other machines, on the other hand, like the Objet Connex series and 3D Systems' ProJet series has the capacity to print even the thinnest layers, around 16 micrometers. Molding and other forms of traditional printing techniques are more affordable especially when manufacturing polymer products in large quantites. However, additive manufacturing is way faster, more flexible, and more affordable when printing in smaller quantities. 3D printers enable designers and concept developers, with the advantage of producing parts and concept models, with the help of a desktop-sized 3D printer. While the printer-produced resolution is workable for various types of applications, printing an enlarged version of the item in standard resolution, and then eliminating the material with a higher-resolution subtractive process, is only possible when you opt for higher-resolution. A number of additive manufacturing strategies have the capacity to use different materials when constructing parts. Other strategies also utilize supports when building. These can be removed or dissolved upon, once the print is completed and are used to support overhanging features during construction.

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The urban forest is where we live, work, and play. It’s in our back yard, our front yard, and our parks. It’s by the river, by the office building, and on the street corner. The majority of Canadians live in the urban landscape, where the trees and shrubbery of our public spaces and private properties are, in day-to-day life, our deepest connection to nature. So, whose job is it to nurture the living giants of our cities? More often than not, it’s the municipality’s responsibility. At the provincial and federal levels, few laws or regulations govern the urban forest, except in cases of specific problems or threats. Many cities hire professional foresters, and establish advisory committees. Some work with agencies to manage public spaces, like the National Capital Commission in Ottawa, the Commission de la Capitale nationale in Québec City, and the Wascana Centre Authority in Regina. Municipalities often receive funding support for urban forest projects from non-government organizations and companies. That’s what we aim to do with our programs like TD Green Streets and Greening Canada's School Grounds. As much as people around the world associate Canada to be a "Forest Nation" or "Forest People", in reality 78% of Canadians live in urban centres. For most Canadians, the forest they most closely associate with are the woodlot remnants, riparian borders and street trees that constitute the urban forest.

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This preview shows page 1. Sign up to view the full content. Unformatted text preview: Congress chartered the Second Bank in 1816 for a twenty-year period, giving it thirty- five million dollars in startup funds. A board of twenty-five directors controlled the Bank, but only five were publicly appointed by the Presidentthe rest came from stockholders. The directors controlled branches, invested funds, and oversaw operations. Over time, the Bank proved quite good at managing credit and providing profits for the stockholders and governmentperhaps too good. In 1819, the Bank had caused a financial panic by calling in credit from smaller state banks, forcing many of them into bankruptcy. This Panic of 1819 led to such a depression that western regions of the country still suffered in the late 1820s. By Jackson's administration, the Bank had expanded into twenty-nine branches and was doing roughly seventy million dollars of business a year, handling twenty percent of... View Full Document This note was uploaded on 12/27/2011 for the course HIST 101 taught by Professor Womer during the Fall '08 term at Texas State. - Fall '08

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This lesson discusses features of Romanesque art and architecture. Image of Interior of Santiago de Compostela, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SantCompostela18.jpg; Image of Interior of Saint-Etienne, Caen, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caen,_%C3%89glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne_01.jpg; Interior of Durham Cathedral, Creative Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg A long journey, expedition or crusade A storage container for relics. The styles of sculpture, painting, decoration or architecture during the period from 9th-12th century.

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As many of you know I teach a Civil War seminar. The class is structured around two components, including research on the Valley of the Shadow as well as roundtable discussions of scholarly articles. This second component is very important as it teaches students to see history as more than just a collection of facts to be memorized. I want my students to understand that historical studies involve interepretation and this requires a formal argument. In pursuit of this goal I have students write 2-page thesis summaries of each article. This forces the student to read carefully with an eye towards picking out both the thesis and the evidence used to justify the thesis. Learning to write an analytical 2-page essay is great practice as many of my students are seniors and getting ready to start college. Last week we read an article by well-known Civil War historian Gary W. Gallagher. The article is titled, “When Lee Was Mortal” and appeared in Military History Quarterly (Spring 1998). The author is John Gregory. Feel free to offer constructive feedback as John is eager to respond. With the exception of Abraham Lincoln, no other figure is more closely associated with the American Civil War than General Robert E. Lee. In this article, Gary Gallagher attempts to get to the roots of Lee’s iconic status and discover how even in life a man could have risen to a place of such high esteem in the hearts of so many people. Gallagher argues that Lee gave hope to Southern civilians through his victories in 1862-1863 that sustained their faith in the Southern cause through the dark days of 1864 and 1865. Gallagher asserts that Lee was very popular with his soldiers because they believed in his invincibility and overall that Lee was the personification of the Southern man. Gallagher also disputes competing accounts of Lee including Alan Nolan’s portrayal of “Lee the butcher.” Gallagher weaves his tale of Lee like any great American story, from failure to success. After giving a brief history of Lee’s antebellum military career in the Mexican-American War and at West Point, Gallagher follows Lee’s path after his agonizing decision to resign his military commission in favor of his home state of Virginia. Lee went from one unimportant desk job to another in Richmond, and when he was finally given a command in western Virginia, he met with little success. Even after his somewhat more successful responsibilities involving the fortification of the South Carolina coast, he was still widely criticized. It was only as Union General George B. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign reached the gates of Richmond that Lee rose to the forefront, assuming command of the Army of Virginia after the wounding of General Joseph Johnston. Gallagher believes that this moment in the summer of 1862 was the turning point of Lee’s career, and the course of the war. Gallagher shows how in the next year Lee turned the tide of the war in favor of the Confederates temporarily by taking the fight to the enemy, which galvanized his reputation as a military leader and as a man. The major criticism of Lee early in the war was that he lacked aggressiveness; he was frequently called “old stick in the mud.” When desperation forced Lee into command he didn’t disappoint; once he had a large army on the battlefield, he continually engaged in offensive movements. Lee soon became known for his aggressiveness as he drove back the Union army, and won a string of impressive victories over the next year. This success not only made him popular with the Southern people but gave them a beacon of hope for their dreams of Southern independence. According to Gallagher, Lee served as a figurehead that everyone in the South could rally behind and believe in, as he continually delivered success on the battlefield. Even after the war turned in 1863, Southerners still believed in Lee and that kept them going to the end of the war. The idea of Lee as a figurehead is also prominent, as Gallagher points out, in Lee’s realization of the ideal Christian gentleman whom embodied honorable Southern values. Not only was Lee a great success on the field of battle but stood for everything elite white Southerners believed in, which only heightened his popularity. Lee’s success not only translated into popular civilian support but also in the loyalty of his soldiers. Gallagher opens his paper with a description of the final review of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1864 and the enthusiasm and awe his presence inspired in the sixty thousand Confederate soldiers. Both soldier and civilian believed so strongly in Robert E. Lee’s leadership and invincibility that they didn’t believe that Gettysburg was a defeat, and that as long a Lee was in command that the South had a good chance of victory and gaining independence. Gallagher captures this last point very well by emphasizing that when Lee surrendered to Grant in April of 1865 there were still Confederate armies fighting, but the surrender of Lee sent the message that the war was over, and the remaining units soon surrendered as well. Gallagher also refutes the thesis of Alan Nolan who argues that Lee’s command of the Army of Northern Virginia was detrimental to the Confederate cause because his campaigns cost too many human lives. Gallagher argues that while the loss of life was high, about 90,000 causalities in one year of Lee’s command, and mourned by the South, the victories, and confidence that Lee brought to the southern people in sustaining their confidence in the war was far more important than the human losses. He also states that even a largely defensive war would have been very costly in human lives, citing the examples of some of the unsuccessful Confederate generals in the West, and that the aggressiveness Lee displayed by attacking the Union Army was crucial in keeping the civilians supporting the war. While Gallagher’s primary argument that Lee’s leadership generated popular civilian support for the war that keep the South fighting for three more years is very persuasive and probably correct on a certain level, there are still some holes. Unpopular wars have been waged by governments throughout history and been won, and while it is nice to have an inspired civilian population they are not the ones fighting the war. In this particular case, Lee’s popular support could only have done so much because of the grave difficulties faced by the Confederate government in fighting a war within a government based on the ideologies of states’ rights. Instead of focusing on the way Southern civilians faithfully supported Lee, Gallagher might have focused on the confidence the Southern soldiers had in Lee, as they continued to follow him and fight a war against an increasing larger and better equipped army. Lastly, the Gray Fox became known for his aggressive style which may not have been the greatest strategy for the war the South was waging. Traditionally, smaller nations that are fighting for independence in their homeland do not attempt to win the war but rather fight in a defensive or guerrilla style that demoralizes the enemy soldiers and civilians into ceasing the war. With the war protests that erupted in the North in response to Grant’s costly overland campaign in 1864, is it possible that Lee’s overly aggressive tactics earlier in the war should have been replaced by the hit and run defensive tactics he used later in the war that brought about such outcry in the North? Either way, despite leading a losing effort and raking up a costly bill in human life, Lee still remains immensely popular to an extent which still defies explanation.

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I recently figured out a way to use GPS 3-dimensional velocity data and the direction-cosine-matrix information in real time as a plane flies along, to estimate the 3 dimensional wind vector, and the 3 dimensional air speed vector, without a pitot tube or any other sort of airspeed sensor. It has been tested, and it works quite well. The core of the theory for estimating wind speed is described here. The basic idea is to first estimate the airspeed vector by relying on the fact that the determinant of the direction cosine matrix is equal to one. Therefore, when a plane rotates, the magnitude of the change in the GPS velocity is equal to the magnitude of the airspeed, times the magnitude of the change of the appropriate column of the direction cosine matrix. Then, once you know the airspeed vector, you can compute wind vector. Built into the algorithm is an immunity to any yaw error in the matrix. The algorithm only works when the plane is rotating around the yaw or pitch axis, but not much rotation is needed, and once the wind vector is measured, it can be locked in during straight flights, and used to compute the airspeed even if the plane no longer yaws or pitches. However, when the plane is yawing and pitching, the algorithm produces a steady stream of up-to-date wind estimates, so it will work in situations (like the field where I fly) in which the wind varies in time and space. As a bonus, the algorithm includes the vertical component of the wind, which of course is the slope or thermal lift, so we plan to develop a lift-seeking algorithm for sailplanes. I want to thank Peter Hollands, who contributed a great deal to the development of the algorithm. He implemented the wind-compensation portion of the computations, made a lot of test flights, and wrote scripts to convert the raw telemetry to spreadsheets for analysis, and to kmz files for display in Google Earth. Here is a jpg file, a spreadsheet, and a Goolge Earth kmz file, from one of Peter's flights. Note in the kmz file that Peter has a plane icon to indicate which way the plane is heading, as determined by the direction-cosine matrix. Note that there is a very clear indication of the crab angle of the plane, so the firmware knows which way the plane is pointing, which way it is moving and which way the wind is blowing. Peter's tests were successful, he was able to fly comfortably in heavy winds, including landing the plane in RTL mode. Wind compensation is presently an option in the MatrixPilot code under the Source tab in the project repository, and will be available in the next release of the download code. Once again, thanks to Peter Hollands and the rest of the UAV DevBoard team.

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by Y. Nagano Have you ever heard of a living creature called pygmy seahorse? It is very tiny seahorse which has only recently been discovered. It was difficult to spot due to its mimicry capability and small size. The classification of Pygmy seahorse is still being debated, but it is a member of the seahorse family. Any seahorse with a length of about 20mm is called pygmy sea horse. Therefore, there is not a regular classification called pygmy seahorse. Range & Ecology It is said that pygmy sea horse has many place witch were just discovered in 1999 years and have not been discovered yet. Therefore, specification of distribution is not yet understood. As a known place,they are temperate areas and tropical areas, such as South America and Africa,globally. Pygmy sea horse is seen in Japan in Kashiwajima, Hachijozima, Okinawa, Kishuu, Izu, etc. Since pygmy sea horse seen in Japan differs in appearance, it is called Japanese pygmy seahorse. Use & Conservation Pygmy sea horse is new! Therefore, for a diver, it is extremely popular. Of course, a diver trade association will profit, if the diving position which pygmy seahorse inhabits is known. Then, scramble of pygmy sea horse is carried out. This is actual to an ashamed thing in Japan. Argument does not cease between diver contractors or among communities by that. In order to prevent these, the statute which does not break the ecology of pygmy sea horse is required. For that purpose, it must be indicated as a new species. Where to see in Kochi The place where pygmy sea horse is seen in Kochi is kashiwazima. Kashiwajima is a place where tides, such as the Japan Current, collide, and it is famous for the four seasons in the sea. Much coral which colors the sea is the highlights. The kind of fish gathering in kashiwazima drops to 1/3 of whole Japan. How about searching, when diving by Kashiwajima? You can see pygmy sea horse, if you have diving ability.

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Cities 101 -- At-Large and District Elections The form of municipal elections varies from city to city, with three common variations: some cities elect their local representatives by at-large elections, some by district, and some using a mixed system. The election system of a given city is determined by the nature of the council members' constituency and by the presence or absence of party labels on the ballot. With regard to the first feature, there are two types of constituencies for city council members: at-large and district. All at-large members are elected to serve the same constituency, which is the population of the city as a whole. At-large election proponents favor having council members elected by the entire city because: - Council members in an at-large system can be more impartial, rise above the limited perspective of a single district and concern themselves with the problems of the whole community; - Vote trading between councilmembers may be minimized; and - The number of candidates available for election tends to be larger. However, at-large elections can weaken the representation of particular groups, such as people of color, especially if the group does not have a citywide base of operations or is an ethnic or racial group concentrated in a specific ward. At-large election systems are prevalent at the municipal level and a considerable majority make use of at-large voting in some way. At-large elections tend to be more practical in small cities and more homogeneous areas. These elections select a single council member from a corresponding geographical section of the city, called a district or ward. District election proponents favor having council members elected to represent individual wards because: - District elections give all legitimate groups, especially those with a geographic base, a better chance of being represented on the city council, especially communities of color. Several court decisions have forced jurisdictions to switch from at-large elections to district elections, and in most cases the reason was to allow more representation by specific ethnic and racial groups acknowledging that the prior system was a denial of equal access to the city’s political process. (See: McNeil v. City of Springfield, IL, 1987; and Williams v. City of Dallas, 1990; and Montes v. City of Yakima, 2014); - District councilmembers are more attuned to the unique problems of their constituents, such as crime levels, small lot development, trash pick-up, potholes, and recreation programs; and - District elections may improve citizen participation because councilmembers who represent a specific district may be more responsive to their constituency. However, councils elected by district elections may experience more infighting and be less likely to prioritize the good of the city over the good of their district. Larger municipalities tend to use district elections (Chicago and Philadelphia are examples). More than twenty percent of municipalities combine these two methods by electing some council members at-large and some from districts. Mixed systems which provide more district seats than at-large seats are more likely to stand Constitutional scrutiny. Morgan, David and Robert England. Managing Urban America, 5th Edition. New York, NY: Seven Bridges Press, LLC, 1999. Moulder, Evelina. "Municipal Form of Government: Trends in Structure, Responsibility, and Composition." In The Municipal Year Book, 2008. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, 2008. Renner, Tari and Victor S. DeSantis. "Municipal Form of Government: Issues and Trends." In The Municipal Year Book, 1998. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, 1998. Svara, James H. Two Decades of Continuity and Change in American City Councils. Washington, DC: National League of Cities, 2003.

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New Zealand statesman. He represented the interests of the rural poor, including the Maori. Though he was a member of the conservative Reform Party, he advanced the New Zealand tradition of state action for the public good, developing roads and railways, the state hydroelectricity programme, afforestation, and aiding Maori farming schemes. In coalition with Forbes during the Depression he broke the authority of the private banks, established the Reserve Bank, and laid the foundation for economic recovery. Subjects: Contemporary History (Post 1945).

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Presentation on theme: "Formative Assessment Evidence, Practice and Teacher Change"— Presentation transcript: 1Formative Assessment Evidence, Practice and Teacher Change Christine HarrisonSchool of EducationKing’s College London 2Formative AssessmentAn assessment activity can help learning if it provides information to be used as feedback, by teachers, and by their students, in assessing themselves and each other, to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged.Feedback is two-wayStudent to teacherTeacher to studentFeedback can beoral or writtenshort term or medium term 3Evidence of Effects Black and Wiliam (1998) review 30 control/experimental studiesEffect sizes 0.4 – 0.7Many rigorous studies show that standards are raised by formative assessment.The positive effect is greater as the range of the formative feedback is expanded.King’s project work with schoolsStandards were raisedTeachers happy about the way they had changed 4KMOFAP King’s Medway Oxfordshire Formative Assessment Project 24 teachers (science and maths)Qualitative evidenceQuantitative evidenceStandards were raisedTeachers happy about the way they had changed 5Qualitative evidenceFeedback in Discussion Questioning in ClassMy whole teaching style has become more interactive. Instead of showing how to find solutions, a question is asked and pupils given time to explore answers together. My Year 8 target class is now well-used to this way of working. I find myself using this method more and more with other groups(Nancy, Riverside School) 6Feedback in Discussion Questioning in Class No hands Unless specifically asked pupils know not to put their hands up if they know the answer to a question. All pupils are expected to be able to answer at any time even if it is an ‘I don’t know’.Supportive climate Pupils are comfortable with giving a wrong answer. They know that these can be as useful as correct ones. They are happy for other pupils to help explore their wrong answers further. (Nancy, Riverside School) 7Changes in Questioning Teachers role : move from presentation to exploration of students’ ideas, involving them in the explorationStudents role : more active, realising that learning depends on readiness to express and discuss, not on spotting right answersTeachers spend more effort on framing questions to explore issues critical to development of students’ understanding 8Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Those given feedback as marks are likely to see it as a way to compare themselves with others (ego-involvement), those given only comments see it as helping them to improve (task-involvement): the latter group out-perform the former.Feedback given as rewards or grades enhances ego rather than task involvement (Butler, 1987). 9Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Previously I would have marked the work and graded it and made a comment. The pupils only saw the mark and/or credit. After a credit they lost the motive to improve. Now they get a credit after we have gone over the work so they have an incentive to understand the work.Rose, Brownfields School. 10Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Comment only marking has made a difference in that students do now read what I write. I now give rewards to those who respond to my written questions or instructions and make it clear that this is the easiest way to get merits. The whole faculty moved to comment only assessment policy in September in the light of the [project’s] work. I am not aware of a single parent expressing concern over the lack of grades/levels/marks. James, Two Bishop’s School 11Peer marking• The kids are not skilled in what I am trying to get them to do. I think the process is more effective long term. If you invest time in it, it will pay off big dividends, this process of getting the students to be more independent in the way that they learn and taking the responsibility themselves Tom, Riverside School• We regularly do peer marking—I find this very helpful indeed. A lot of misconceptions come to the fore and we then discuss these as we are going over the homework. I then go over the peer marking and talk to pupils individually as I go round the room Rose, Brownfields School 12Putting it into practice As well as assessing and marking (through discussion and clear guidance) their own work they also assess and mark the work of others. This they do in a very mature and sensible way and this has proved to be a very worthwhile experiment. The students know that homework will be checked by themselves or another girl in the class at the start of the next lesson. …... They take pride in clear and well presented work that one of their peers may be asked to mark.Alice, Waterford School 13Changes in MarkingTeachers changed their view of the role of written work in promoting learningTeachers were challenged to compose comments which address the needs of the individual and reflect key aspects of the subjectTeachers had to give more attention to differentiation in feedbackStudents changed their view of the role of written work as part of their learning 14Quantitative evidence Effect SizesReported on reality of classroom practice19 teachers and 23 classesMajority between 0.2 and 0.3Mean effect size 0.34 15Teacher change Categorised practice experts moving pioneers static pioneerstriallersNo obvious trend in effect size but interquartile range of effect sizes reduce as teachers become more expert. 17Contact details Web-site: www.kcl.ac.uk/education/research/kal.html Web-site:Inside the Black Box Black and Wiliam nferNelsonWorking Inside the Black Box.Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall & WiliamnferNelsonAssessment for learning : Putting it into practice Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall & Wiliam2003 Open University Press

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Another important study from Alison Head: Head, Alison J. Learning the Ropes: How Freshmen Conduct Course Research Once They Enter College Seattle, WA: Project Information Literacy, 5 December 2013.(http://projectinfolit.or This paper presents findings about the challenges today’s college freshmen face, and the information-seeking strategies they develop, use, and adapt as they make the transition from high school to college and begin to complete college-level research assignments. Included are data from a comparative analysis of library resources in 30 US high school and 6 college and university libraries; interviews with 35 first – term freshmen from 6 US colleges and universities; and an online survey with 1,941US high school and college student respondents. Findings indicate a majority of freshmen find it difficult to effectively search academic library portals. To a lesser extent, they struggle with reading and comprehending scholarly materials once they are able to find them and have trouble figuring out faculty expectations for course research assignments. Taken together, our findings suggest the Google-centric search skills that freshmen bring from high school only get them so far with finding and using trusted sources they need for fulfilling college research assignments. Moreover, many freshmen appeared to be unfamiliar with how academic libraries and the vast array of digital resources they provide can best meet their needs. Included are recommendations for how campus-wide stakeholders — librarians, faculty, and administrators — can work together when instructing freshmen to be better researchers. The major findings are as follows: “1) Once freshmen began to conduct research in college for assignments, they soon discovered that their college library was far larger and more complex than their high school library had been. The average college library in our sample had 19 times as many online library databases and 9 times as many books and journals as the average high school library. 2) It was daunting to conduct online searches for academic literature. Nearly three – fourths of the sample (74%) said they struggled with selecting keywords and formulating efficient search queries. Over half (57%) felt stymied by the thicket of irrelevant results their online searches usually returned. 3) Learning to navigate their new and complex digital and print landscape plagued most of the freshmen in our sample (51%). And once they had their sources in hand, more than two-fifths of the freshmen (43%) said they had trouble making sense of, and tying together, all the information they had found. 4) Most freshmen said their research competencies from high school were inadequate for college work. As they wrapped up their first term, freshmen said they realized they needed to upgrade their research toolkit. 5) Many freshmen were in the process of trading out Google searches that satisfied high school assignments for searching online library databases that their college research papers now required. Yet other students said they still relied on their deeply ingrained habit of using Google searches and Wikipedia, a practice that had been acceptable for research papers in high school. 6) In the short time they had been on campus, a majority of first-term freshmen said they had already developed some adaptive strategies for shoring up their high school research skills. Most often, this meant they were becoming accustomed to reading academic journal articles. Some had discovered the usefulness of abstracts to save time and help them make selections. 7) Freshmen said they found campus librarians (29%) and their English composition instructors (29%) were the most helpful individuals on campus with guiding them through college-level research. They helped students chart a plan for tapping the wealth of research resources available through the library and formulating a thesis for their papers. 8) By the end of their first year in college, many freshmen appeared to have begun using the same kind of information resources that college sophomores, juniors, and seniors were already using, according to the results of our national survey conducted as part of this study.”

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Primary Care of HIV Infected & Exposed Children: Training Tools Return to the Primary Care of HIV Infected & Exposed Children index - Online Training Series on Evidence-Based Malaria Social and Behavior Change Communication Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs. January 2014. - Training of Trainers: Supporting Parents and Caregivers of Children Living with HIV Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information Dissemination Service. 2009. - Nursing Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS: Facilitator's Guide FHI 360. March 2008. - Nursing Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS: Participant's Guide FHI 360. March 2008. - Zimbabwe Paediatric HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care Training Manual for Health Care Workers International Training and Education Center on Health. September 2007. - ANECCA Comprehensive Paediatric HIV Care Training Curriculum: Participants' Manual African Network for the Care of Children Affected by HIV/AIDS. 2007. - The Rights of Children and Youth Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS: Trainers' Handbook Save the Children UK. July 2003.

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by Pamela Rogow Last month, the city of Portland, Oregon, once again, and resoundingly, rejected the addition of fluoride to its municipal water system, voting about 60 to 40 against it. With 900,000 citizens, Portland is the largest U.S. city without fluoride, excepting San Jose, California, which has been taking steps in the opposite direction. The Portland news was celebrated locally by biochemist Vivian Schatz of Mt Airy who lit up as she outlined evidence, in a recent interview, that fluoride is a contaminant that is “added like a medication to everyone’s water.” For openers, she handed me a book, “The Case Against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water…and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics that Keep it There,” by Paul Connett, PhD; James Beck MD, PhD; and H.S. Micklem, DPhil., published in 2010 by Seven Stories Press. To me the book is a real page-turner. Among the arguments made by the authors are these: • The fluoride used in public water is an effluent created in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer. It was originally obtained as a byproduct of aluminum smelting. • Soon after World War Two, the manufacture and use of phosphate fertilizer skyrocketed. This new industry found itself with a waste product — fluoride — that was creating new environmental problems downstream. So the fertilizer titans re-cast the effluent and sold it to the public as a health aid. (Some readers may remember this period in history, when even some cigarette ads touted the “liberating effects” of smoking.) • The benefit of using fluoride, if any, to reduce tooth decay comes from topical application, not systemic ingestion of this medication. • The foundational principle of ‘informed consent’ (by patients) for taking medication is violated by fluoridating water since almost everyone is subject to drinking public water. • Fluoride is a component of sulfuryl fluoride, a fumigant for food in warehouses, manufactured by Dow AgroSciences and classified by the EPA as a “protected pesticide”. • Fluoride is a also key component in manufacturing Teflon, refrigerants, waterproof clothing, Prozac and Cipro, steel and circuit boards. Yes, this means that “special interest” money protects it. And that’s just the opening act of Vivian’s discussion with me. She has been working the fluoride issue for 60 years. In the mid-‘50s, her husband Albert Schatz, who discovered the antibiotic streptomycin, became concerned about fluoride. Vivian’s own academic training reinforced their commitment to protect the public from mass fluoridation; she became a doctoral candidate at the University of Pennsylvania, completing all but her dissertation toward a PhD in microbiology. Now 88, she vividly recounts when Albert became concerned about fluoride. At the time he was a professor at an agriculture college in Doylestown. “An uncle who was a dentist would come from New York and work in the lab on occasion. One week, he brought along another dentist who was vehemently opposed to fluoridation.” It was 1955. “Albert went to conferences to learn more. In 1962, we moved to Santiago, Chile, where he was a professor. His job was to foster research in various faculties at the university — the departments of chemistry, dentistry, education and agriculture, among them. There Albert received data about a fluoride experiment in a small town, Curico. It had fluoridated, but a nearby town had not. “He examined data from both towns and saw that the town with fluoridated water had a major increase in infant deaths and in several conditions. This increase corresponded exactly with the increase in the use of fluoridation. The problems did not exist prior to the addition to fluoridation in the water.” Albert published the results in a Chilean dental journal and sent copies to every national health organization and to medical and dental associations in the Americas. He sent copies to professors on the faculties of medicine, pharmacy and dentistry. “Shortly thereafter, fluoridation was discontinued in Chile,” said Vivian, “but he was never able to have that article published in a dental journal in the U.S. Pakistan published it in English, and Rodale Press published it here. “Around the same time, Ian Rapaport — he was born in Romania and trained in Paris but had more recently come to the University of Wisconsin — identified links between Down Syndrome and natural fluoridation, which he published in French journals. He surveyed some places where fluoride was natural in the ground, not added. In 1961, I translated one of his articles from French into English. As a result of publishing this article, Dr Rapaport lost his teaching job in Wisconsin. “Later he and his family moved to Elkins Park, and we would visit. His daughter, Pola — she’s now in her 40s — was a teenager then. She went on to become an accomplished documentary filmmaker and has begun a film on her father’s work in this arena. She came with a crew and spent the day interviewing me not long ago.” Schatz and Rapaport were not the only important scientists to view fluoride studies with alarm. Nobel Laureate Arvid Carlsson (awarded in Medicine/Physiology in 2000) is quoted in the introduction to “The Case Against Fluoride”: “Sweden rejected fluoridation in the 1970s, and in this excellent book, these three scientists have confirmed the wisdom of that decision. Our children have not suffered greater tooth decay, as World Health Organization figures attest, and in turn our citizens have not borne the other hazards fluoride may cause.” In “The Case Against…,” the Head of Preventive Dentistry at the University of Toronto, Hardy Limerack, is quoted: “For anyone who has ever wondered why cities add fluoride to water and questioned whether they should, ‘The Case Against Fluoride’ carefully lays out the arguments…and concludes convincingly that it should now be considered ‘harmful and ineffective.’” Vivian can cite other scientists and international studies that show damage to health and particularly the nervous system. She adds, however, “I no longer spearhead anything. I’m 88, but I’m an activist.”

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You cannot learn how to safely turn and ride a motorcycle solely by reading about it. Rider courses, such as the ones offered by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, give you hands-on experience along with personal instruction, and will teach you how to safely handle your bike, make good judgments on the road and how to ride defensively. It is strongly recommended that you take such a course before you start as a new rider. As part of the rider course, you will learn to turn your motorcycle safely. Turning a motorcycle at speeds above 15 to 20 mph -- depending on the bike -- requires a rigid riding stance that keeps your body in line with the vertical axis of the bike. In other words, you must lean your body at the same angle as the bike so that your weight loads directly onto the bike, instead of leaning to the side, which will try to stand the bike up or sharpen the turn. Turning at speed also requires a technique called counter-steering, which essentially steers the front end of the bike away from the desired turn until the bike leans over into the turn. Turning at Low Speed Turning at speeds below 15 mph allows you to take a more relaxed stance. Keep your body vertical to the horizon and allow the bike to lean beneath you. Initiate your turns with a slightly exaggerated counter-steering motion, then steer into the turn to catch the bike and prevent it from turning too sharply. Counter-steer into the turn, again with a slightly exaggerated motion, to bring the bike back into the vertical and stop the turn. Turn your head and look through the turn as you enter it, and avoid looking at the entry of the turn. This helps you to find a natural radius to follow, and prevents over-corrections during the entry. Bear in mind that your position in the lane when exiting the turn is the most important consideration when choosing your speed and radius through the curve, and ideally you should be able to make your entry and exit in the appropriate slots within the lane with no drastic corrections in steering or speed. The front brake is safe to use in moderation during gentle curves at speed, but be careful not to use it in slow turns as it can cause you to drop the bike. Decrease speed before the turn if you are unsure about the conditions ahead, then hold your speed or slightly increase it smoothly through the turn. - Photo Credit shaunl/iStock/Getty Images How to Make a U Turn on a Motorcycle Anyone can ride a motorcycle in a straight line. In fact, a bike will not fall down as long as it is... How to Ride on the Back of a Motorcycle Feel the wind rushing across your face, your hair blowing into the depths of your helmet. Taste the tiny bugs as they... How to Wire Motorcycle Turn Signals Although they serve their purpose, most motorcycle turn signals are large, bulbous appendages that stick out like sore thumbs. Even on the... How to Change Motorcycle Turn Signals There are many aftermarket turn signals available for motorcycles if you're considering upgrading those ugly amber, stock turn signals to a fresh... How to Take Motorcycle Curves Riding a motorcycle through a ribbon of curvaceous roads is one of the greatest joys of the two-wheeled sport. Unfortunately, many new... How to Take Off the Factory Turn Signals on a Motorcycle A motorcycle's factory-equipped turn signals are designed to be as visible and noticeable as possible to ensure that other motorists see them.... How to Calculate a Motorcycle's Turn Radius The turning radius (or turning circle) of a motorcycle is one of the most crucial aspects of its low-speed performance, especially where...

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William James was born at the Astor House in New York City. He was the son of Henry James Sr., a noted and independently wealthy Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James family milieu and the remarkable epistolary talents of several of its members have made them a subject of continuing interest to historians, biographers, and critics. William James received an eclectic trans-Atlantic education, developing fluency in both German and French. Education in the James household encouraged cosmopolitanism. The family made two trips to Europe while William James was still a child, setting a pattern that resulted in thirteen more European journeys during his life. His early artistic bent led to an apprenticeship in the studio of William Morris Hunt in Newport, Rhode Island, but he switched in 1861 to scientific studies at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. In his early adulthood, James suffered from a variety of physical ailments, including those of the eyes, back, stomach, and skin. He was also tone deaf. He was subject to a variety of psychological symptoms which were diagnosed at the time as neurasthenia, and which included periods of depression during which he contemplated suicide for months on end. Two younger brothers, Garth Wilkinson (Wilky) and Robertson (Bob), fought in the Civil War. The other three siblings (William, Henry, and Alice James) all suffered from periods of invalidism. He took up medical studies at Harvard Medical School in 1864 (according to his brother Henry James). He took a break in the spring of 1865 to join naturalist Louis Agassiz on a scientific expedition up the Amazon River, but aborted his trip after eight months, as he suffered bouts of severe seasickness and mild smallpox. His studies were interrupted once again due to illness in April 1867. He traveled to Germany in search of a cure and remained there until November 1868; at that time he was 26 years old. During this period, he began to publish; reviews of his works appeared in literary periodicals such as the North American Review. James finally earned his M.D. degree in June 1869 but he never practiced medicine. What he called his "soul-sickness" would only be resolved in 1872, after an extended period of philosophical searching. He married Alice Gibbens in 1878. In 1882 he joined the Theosophical Society. James's time in Germany proved intellectually fertile, helping him find that his true interests lay not in medicine but in philosophy and psychology. Later, in 1902 he would write: "I originally studied medicine in order to be a physiologist, but I drifted into psychology and philosophy from a sort of fatality. I never had any philosophic instruction, the first lecture on psychology I ever heard being the first I ever gave".

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A National Medical Device Curriculum is using fictional case studies to give students and science and technology innovators core information about the medical device regulatory pathway to market. The curriculum, developed by the FDA-established Medical Device Technology Innovation Partnership, stems from the belief that delivery of new therapies to patients can be accelerated if medical device innovators understand the agency’s regulatory processes, according to CDRH senior science advisor Francis Kalush. Writing in an FDA Voice blog post, Kalush says the curriculum grew from collaborations with several universities. It includes an understanding of the expertise needed to design, test, and clinically evaluate devices; identify the root causes of adverse events and device malfunctions; develop designs for devices with repetitive functions; and navigate the agency’s regulatory process. Four learning tools developed so far cover the regulatory pathways for medical devices, safety assurance and risk management planning, and the regulatory pathways for novel devices and/or for devices that are substantially equivalent to already marketed predicate devices. Each of the fictionalized case studies includes a student module and an instructor’s guide with ideas for exercises and class discussion. Kalush says the curriculum has been tested at several universities and given high praise. “More case studies are being planned to help train the next generation of entrepreneurs and keep the U.S. a leader in medical device innovation,” she writes. “Regulatory training is particularly important in the development of medical devices, as the industry is heavily populated by small companies that may not have the expertise to navigate FDA’s requirements.” Jim Dickinson is MD+DI's contributing editor. [image courtesy of FDA]

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A Focus on American Political Thought and History Bringing a well-known, founding document such as the Declaration of Independence into the classroom can be exciting, but it can also be daunting. TeachingAmericanHistory.org provides the transcribed text of the Declaration and related documents that can help teachers and students place it into a larger historical context, including the rough draft of the Declaration, Thomas Jefferson's notes on debates in Congress, and the Constitution of Virginia. These are just a sampling of the many resources available on this website created by the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University in connection with their nine TAH partnerships with school districts and education service centers in Ohio, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Audio lectures and podcasts on a range of topics are among universally useful materials. Two special exhibits focus on the U.S. Constitution, one on the Constitutional Convention and the other on ratification. Created primarily by Dr. Gordon Lloyd, a professor of public policy at Pepperdine University, these exhibits present a range of materials, from introductory essays to a table with expected and final votes, from original notes on the debates in state conventions to an interactive painting of the signing of the Constitution that provides biographical information on the signers. Various introductions and essays raise and discuss provocative questions about the tactics of the Federalists and the legacy of Antifederalist ideas. In addition to the Declaration of Independence and surrounding documents, TeachingAmericanHistory.org provides a range of primary sources, mostly texts, (letters, speeches, or documents) and secondary sources (links to websites, audio lectures, and bibliographies). Materials are arranged chronologically into eight eras (e.g., Colonial Era, Progressive Era, and Modern Era) and six thematic categories (e.g., legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government). Many of these sources, such as the Federalist Papers or Presidential inaugural addresses are available elsewhere, but they are conveniently located here with the express purpose of presenting the best resources available on the significant people and events in American political thought and history. A long list of summer institutes and application materials is provided, but perhaps the audio lectures available via the website in Real Audio or as podcasts are the most useful for a national audience. With the stated goal of "encourag[ing] teachers to seriously examine significant events in American history in light of the principles of the American founding," these classroom lectures cover a range of topics from The Causes of the Civil War to Ideas and Traditions in American Foreign Relations to Calvin Coolidge and the Staid 1920s.

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Acupuncture comes from the Latin word “acus” which means needle and “punctura” which means to puncture. It is a key component of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is a form of alternative medicine which involves the insertion of extremely tiny needles through the skin at strategic acupuncture points. Not only that, it can also be associated with electroacupuncture, moxibustion, cupping therapy, Chinese herbs and guasha. Acupuncture can be done with the application of pressure, laser light or heat to the same points. Traditional Chinese medicine views acupuncture as a technique for balancing the flow of “qi” or energy flowing through meridians or channels in our body. Eastern acupuncture practitioners believe that people get sick because there are imbalances between yin and yang and by inserting these needles, our energy flow will re-balance. On the other hand, Western practitioners view acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, connective tissue and muscles regulating blood flow and by this stimulation, our body’s natural painkillers will be released. Though acupuncture is used to treat a wide range of conditions, it is commonly used for pain relief. Majority of people who comes in for acupuncture do so for musculoskeletal disorders such as neck pain, shoulder stiffness, low back pain, knee pain, and fibromyalgia. Acupuncture can be used alone or as an adjunct to other treatment modalities. Below listed are the diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture has been proved – through controlled trials—to be an effective treatment by the World Health organization (WHO): Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy Allergic rhinitis (including hay fever) Depression (including depressive neurosis and depression following stroke) Dysentery, acute bacillary Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders) Induction of labour Low back pain Malposition of fetus, correction of Nausea and vomiting Pain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction) Periarthritis of shoulder Traditional acupuncture is not based on scientific research but rather on philosophy and intuition while in modern acupuncture, consultation is followed by tongue inspection and pulse taking on both arms. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, disease is usually perceived as an imbalance in energies such as yin, yang, zang-fu, qi, xue and disharmony of the interaction between our body and the environment. Therapy is based on which pattern of disharmony, for example, some diseases are believed to be caused by excess of cold, damp and wind invading the meridians. In order to determine which disharmony is at hand, four diagnostic methods are being used. First, inspection which focuses on observing the patient’s face, particularly the tongue, its shape, size, color, presence of teeth marks along the edges and tongue coating. Second is inquiry which focuses on the seven inquiries namely chills and fever; perspiration; appetite, thirst and taste; defecation and urination; pain; sleep; menses and leukorrhea. Third, auscultation and olfaction which involves listening for particular sounds such as wheezes, quality of breathing and attending to body odor. Lastly, palpation which focuses on bodily tender points or “A-shi” points and feeling of both radial pulses. Through these steps, practitioners then decide on which points to acupuncture. The number and frequency of acupuncture sessions vary, but most practitioners do not think one session is enough. Depending on the patient’s condition and response to therapy, a common treatment plan for a single complaint usually involves eight to twelve sessions to be carried out once, twice or thrice weekly over a few months. During acupuncture session, patients are either asked to sit or lie down while the skin is sterilized and a number of sterile needles are being inserted. This can be manipulated manually including flicking, spinning, moving up and down relative to the skin or can be attached to electrical stimulation (electroacupuncture), heat, laser light or moxibustion and will be left in place for thirty to forty minutes. A quick insertion of the needle is recommended to lessen the pain since most pain is felt in the superficial layers. Once the needle is inserted, patient usually feel a dull, localized, aching sensation that is called “de qi” or the arrival of qi. De-qi refers to a sensation of distension, numbness or electrical tingling at the needling site which radiate along the corresponding channel or meridian. If de qi sensation is not achieved immediately upon needle insertion, various manipulations can be applied to promote it. Once de qi is achieved, further techniques can be used to influence the de qi which aim either to tonify or sedate qi. De qi is more important in Chinese acupuncture while some Japanese or Western practitioners may not consider it a necessary part of the treatment. Acupuncture needles are usually made of stainless steel, making them flexible thus preventing them from rusting or breaking. Needle length varies, ranging from 0.51 to 5.12 inches (13 to 130mm) and diameter ranging from 0.006 to 0.018 inches (0.16 to 0.46) with shorter and finer needles used in the face and around the eyes and longer needles in areas with thicker tissues such as the thigh and buttocks. Acupuncture needles are disposed after each use to prevent contamination. The tip of the needle is usually blunt to prevent breakage, though blunt needles cause more pain. Other needles used include three-edge needles, nine ancient needles, copper needles. Generally, acupuncture is not painful. Patients usually feel numbness or heaviness where the needles are inserted and this is normal. In the hands of experienced, well trained acupuncturist, acupuncture is safe and has no side effects. Sometimes, patients get bruises but this will fade in 1-2 days with warm compress. There are generally no contraindications to acupuncture but just some reminders to keep in mind. Patients are usually advised not to take shower or cold drinks three hours after acupuncture. Pregnant and menstruating women can have acupuncture but they have to tell their acupuncturist that they are pregnant to allow your acupuncturist to avoid points that induce labor. Maintenance medications can be taken as usual. Patients can return to their usual activities after acupuncture, however, if you feel sleepy and tired after acupuncture, kindly do so. This will help you recover faster. Buy and Learn more about Acupuncture

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Identifying, Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms to Address Outcomes Associated with Poverty for Adolescents with Disabilities Exposure to poverty during childhood and adolescence predicts lower student achievement and higher dropout rates. The detrimental effects of poverty extend across students’ lifespans and can reduce long-term educational and occupational attainment. In a new project funded by the Institute for Educational Sciences, assistant professor Bonnie Doren and her team will seek a better understanding of the effects of poverty on key school and post-school outcomes in adolescents with disabilities. The study will inform the development of school-based prevention efforts designed to reduce exposure to risk factors and processes. Findings also will inform school-based interventions designed to promote positive school and post-school outcomes among adolescents with disabilities living in poverty.

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This topic contains a lot of vocabulary that students may not have previously encountered. I find it useful to take time in the lesson to discuss the meaning of key words to help students understand the function or location of different aspects of the nervous system. Please note, a version of a lesson **PowerPoint** has been included should you wish to use/edit/amend it. (Slide 1) Get talking….Slide 1 poses a series of scenarios to students to get them thinking about the role of the nervous system. - What do you know about the spinal cord? Students may have some awareness of the function and location of the spinal cord so allow them the opportunity to share this with others. They may mention (or you could introduce) cases of spinal cord injury such as Christopher Reeve or Paralympian athletes to demonstrate the role of the spinal cord in sending messages to and from the brain. - How do you feel when riding a roller coaster? Discussing the sensations while on the ride introduces the fight or flight response and associated physical changes in breathing and heart rate. Students may mention this happens automatically (you don’t need to tell yourself to experience a stress response). Thinking about how you calm down once exiting the ride introduces the role of the parasympathetic nervous system. - Focus on your breathing – what does it feel like? Focusing on their breathing makes us aware of an automatic process and so students might find their breathing chance. Take this opportunity to ask students why it is important, breathing is an automatic process, ask if they can identify other automatic processes e.g. heartbeat. (Slide 3) Introduce the divisions of the nervous system and warn students they will need to remember this diagram later in the lesson. Talk through the different components making reference to the starter questions where relevant. I also like to mention word meanings here to help students’ memory of the function and location of various components. For example, Central nervous system – ‘central’ as it runs down the centre of the body. Peripheral nervous system – ‘peripheral’ for periphery/on the edge – in this case nerves on the edge/outside of the central nervous system. (I have found students are often unfamiliar with the word periphery.) Somatic – means ‘relating to the body’ so mention the sensory system consists of sensory and motor neurons that help your body respond to the environment. Autonomic – ‘involuntary or unconscious’ – I remind students the word looks a little like ‘automatic’ and so this system is responsible for actions you perform automatically without thinking such as breathing and digestion. Sympathetic – I will admit this one is a bit of a stretch but as this system helps us respond to emergencies (fight or flight) I tell them to think of it as feeling sorry for you (sympathy) and so helps you out by creating the stress response. Parasympathetic – this system helps you relax after the sympathetic branch has led to a response to the emergency. As they work together students could think of ‘para’ as parallel – one system stirs you into action, the other calms you down. Again, a bit tenuous but students could also think of ‘para’ as parachute – it gently brings you back down from a heightened response. (Slide 4) Once each division has been introduced set the team challenge. First provide all students with a statement card (see handout **handout**) outlining one division of the nervous system. Students need to work out which division their card refers to. Students now find someone else in the class who would be considered their contrasting division (slide 4 contains a helpful hint – click once to reveal the contrasting divisions). Finally students from groups create a visual image of the whole nervous system. A visual image means positioning each member of the group in way that explains the organisation of the nervous system as shown on slide 3. There should be 8 students to each group (the overall term – ‘nervous system’ is not included in the statement cards). As students formed contrasting pairs in task 2 each pair needs to join with three other pairs. Depending on class size you could have two groups or more. If you have an odd number, students could share a statement card or nominate a student to act as an expert and visit each group to help with any questions or confusions. When creating the visual image challenge students to do this without looking at their notes/textbook/slide 3 of the PowerPoint. Some statement cards could be considered easier to work out than others so you may wish to assign these to students who may struggle with the more complex divisions. Hands up review. Students raise the appropriate finger to show their response to the questions shown on slides 5 -9. **slides 5 -9 ** The central nervous system consists of the brain and ….? Answer – ring finger: spinal cord. The brain stem is responsible for regulating automatic functions such as…? Answer – thumb: breathing, index finger: swallowing and little finger: heartbeat. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a relaxed state following the action of the….? Answer – index finger: sympathetic nervous system The somatic nervous system is made up of….? Answer – middle finger: 12 cranial nerves, ring finger: 31 spinal nerves The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system form the ….? Answer – little finger: autonomic nervous system.

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aches they make a cut across the forehead, and also on the arms and legs, to draw blood from several parts of their bodies. One of the two we had taken, and who was in our ship, said that the blood did not choose to remain in the place and spot of the body where pain was felt. These people have their hair cut short and clipped in the manner of monks with a tonsure: they wear a cord of cotton round their head, to this they hang their arrows when they go a-hunting.... When one of them dies, ten or twelve devils appear and dance all round the dead man. It seems that these are painted, and one of these enemies is taller than the others, and makes a greater noise, and more mirth than the others: that is whence these people have taken the custom of painting their faces and bodies, as has been said. The greatest of these devils is called in their language Setebos, and the others Cheleule. Besides the above-mentioned things, this one who was in the ship with us, told us by signs that he had seen devils with two horns on their heads, and long hair down to their feet, and who threw out fire from their mouths and rumps. The captain named this kind of people Pataghom, who have no houses, but have huts made of the skins of the animals with which they clothe themselves, and go hither and thither with these huts of theirs, as the gypsies do; they live on raw meat, and eat a certain sweet root, which they call Capac. These two giants that we had in the ship ate a large basketful of biscuit, and rats without skinning them, and they drank half a bucket of water at each time. We remained in this port, which was called the port of St. Julian, about five months, during which there happened to us many strange things, of which I will tell a part. One was, that immediately that we entered into this port, the - "Et lient leur membre dedans le corps pour le très grand froid." - On account of their large feet.

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Saint Fermin is believed to have been the son of a Roman senator who converted to Christianity and later became a priest. He was martyred in France in AD 303. The San Fermin festival begins on July 6 with a rocket launch from a balcony of Pamplona’s city hall. The next day there is a procession in which a statue of Saint Fermin is paraded through the streets joined by dancers, musicians, and the “gigantes” and “cabezudos” (giants and big-heads). The running of the bulls takes place on July 7 and continues each day of the festival, which lasts until July 14. Runners are pursued by six bulls and six steers down a roughly half-mile route that ends at the bullring in Pamplona. Before the run begins, participants pray to Saint Fermin and chant three times asking for his protection. The run begins when a firecracker is set off to alert the runners that the bulls have been released. Since hundreds of people participate, the firecracker signal is necessary so that people will be prepared to start running. Although approximately 15 people have been killed running from the bulls, about 250 people are injured every year, usually from falls.

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…sounds like a terrible horror movie from the mid-‘50s. It is in fact an excellent resource from our friends at the National Endowment for the Humanities! Their EDSITEment page has tons of lesson plans and other teaching resources for social studies, language arts, art and foreign languages, and one such fine example is found in this unit for Greek mythology. Caravaggio’s Narcissus – One of the more “modern” references to mythology utilized in this lesson plan. Most lesson plans I’ve found online are the basic “who’s who,” usually featuring a worksheet that compares the Greek and Roman names for the Olympians. Frankly, I find this quite boring. As I TA’d my university’s mythology class, the focus was quite different, and in my opinion much more interesting. We looked at the ancient takes on the myths, but also modern ones, listening to arias from famous operas, reading English poetry, and watching the occasional episode of Mr. Rogers. This is the approach of the NEH lesson plan. The first classroom activity, for example, uses an audio interview with Rick Riordan, author of the Percy Jackson series. (Many students middle-school-aged and older will be familiar with his works, either from the books or the mediocre 2010 film, so they’ll be able to relate.) Then students discuss the connections between mythological heroes and more modern ones, like superheroes. Another activity features an online scavenger hunt, where the students use websites of most excellent art museums for famous works of art that depict various stories from Ovid. The author of the lesson plan recommends it for grades 3-5, but I think it could easily be adapted for higher grades. Throw in a 2-4 page writing assignment and some Shakespearean references, perhaps, and you’re golden. Also try hunting around for other images of myths (not hard to find) to expand the scope of the unit. Here’s that link again: It Came From Greek Mythology.

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Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review Why Lesson Planet? Find quality lesson planning resources, fast! Share & remix collections to collaborate. Organize your curriculum with collections. Easy! Have time to be more creative & energetic with your students! In this newspaper worksheet, learners read 4 excerpts from a newspaper and identify each one as: news, sports, editorial or advertisement. 11 Views 78 Downloads Identifying Author’s Purpose in a Newspaper Between news articles, editorials, and comic strips, many different types of writing are presented to readers in a newspaper. The first lesson in this series helps children make sense of all this information by teaching them the key... 3rd - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed Identify the Parts of a Newspaper features of informational text, newspaper format Young readers make sense out of the wealth of information in newspapers with this helpful reference document. Pointing out basic features like headings, articles, bylines, and captions this resource is a great tool for introducing... 3rd - 6th English Language Arts Keep It Real—Newspapers, the Ultimate Informational Text Newspaper in Education (NIE) Week, celebrated annually during the first full school week in March, recognizes the accomplishments of NIE programs across the country and around the world. Take part in the celebration with the lessons and... 3rd - 9th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Teacher's Guide: The Newspaper The 10 lessons in this teacher's guide to the newspaper not only model how to read a newspaper, but also focus on the unique characteristics of the front page, the types of news stories, features, illustrations, advertising, and editorials. 4th - 8th English Language Arts Power Pack: Lessons in Civics, Math, and Fine Arts Newspaper in Education (NIE) Week honors the contributions of the newspaper and is celebrated in the resource within a civics, mathematics, and fine arts setting. The resource represents every grade from 3rd to 12th with questions and... 3rd - 12th Math CCSS: Adaptable Getting the Most out of Teaching with Newspapers No matter what subject you're teaching, you'll find some fun and innovative ideas for using newspapers in your classroom with a helpful resource. Based on Getting the Most Out of Teaching with Newspapers by Rebecca Olien, the series of... 4th - 7th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Activity Plan 5-6: Class Newspaper Students learn about different parts of a newspaper. In this class newspaper lesson, students create their own class newspaper. After studying different parts of an actual newspaper, students plan and develop their own sections of a... Pre-K - 8th English Language Arts

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Using the steps outlined in the decision-making models in your readings, select one ethical decision-making model and use the model to analyze the case provided. A 6-year-old develops a high fever accompanied by violent vomiting and convulsions while at school. The child is rushed to a nearby hospital. The attending physician makes a diagnosis of meningitis and requests permission to initiate treatment from the parents. The child’s parents are divorced. The mother, who is not the biological parent of the child, has primary custody. She is a Christian Scientist who insists that no medical treatment be offered for religious reasons. The biological father, who resides in another state, is also contacted. He insists that treatment be given and seeks independent consultation from another physician. In a formal, written paper of 800-1,200 words, answer the following questions: What is the ethical dilemma here? Describe the decision-making model you selected from your readings. How would you resolve this dilemma using the model? Include, at the end of your paper, a 200-word dialog in which you explain your decision to the family. (Remember to use language that the family would understand). A minimum of three references must be used. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.

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Find Resources For: |Addiction Disorders||Body Image & Eating Disorders| |Anxiety Disorders||Gender Identity/Sexual health| |Autism Spectrum Disorders||Learning and Attention Disorders| Learning and Attention Disorders National Resource Center on AD/HD Provides comprehensive information and resources about AD/HD, diagnosis and treatment, dealing with systems, educational issues, and living with AD/HD. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry This site, specifically targeted to children and adolescents, offers a specific section called "Facts for Families" containing articles on topics such as the transition to college with a mental disorder, ADHD, Autism, depression, eating disorders, and advocacy; a medical professional finder, and more. National Alliance on Mental Illness NAMI is a mental health advocacy organization. Its goals include offering hope, reform, and health to the American community by providing education, support, and advocacy. The NAMI website has information on a wide range of mental illnesses, medications, and support resources. Mental health information from the American Psychiatric Association. MedlinePlus is a health information website sponsored by the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. It provides current and authoritative information on prescription and nonprescription drugs, specific diseases and conditions, and clinical trials. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The SAMHSA website has information and publications on substance abuse and mental health issues. There are also tools for finding treatment services nearby. From tips on managing stress and creating balance, to information on treatable mental health conditions like depression - LawLifeline is your confidential, online resource for taking care of your emotional health. If you or a friend are having a hard time, you can take our anonymous screening tool, get the facts on common mental health conditions, or find support and resources on your campus. Taking Charge of Adult ADHD by Russel Barkley, 2010 This book provides step-by-step strategies for managing symptoms and reducing the impact of ADHD symptoms, gives hands-on self-assessment tools and skills-building exercises, and clear answers to frequently asked questions about medications and other treatments. Specific techniques are presented for overcoming challenges in critical areas where people with the disorder often struggle—work, finances, relationships, and more. Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and Adults by Thomas Brown, 2005 A leading expert in assessment and treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder dispels myths and offers clearly written, science-based, practical information about treatments. Dr. Brown proposes a new understanding of ADD/ADHD and offers compelling examples of the daily life challenges it presents for children, adolescents, and adults. Scattered Minds: Hope and Help for Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by Lenard Adler, 2006 This book presents the latest findings on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. It reveals hidden warning signs, debunks common misconceptions, and offers information on obtaining an accurate diagnosis, along with treatment options that include medications and proven coping strategies. A screening quiz is also included. ADD and Romance: Finding Fulfillment in Love, Sex, & Relationships by Jonathon Halverstadt, 1998 This book outlines how ADD can impact romantic relationships and provides guidance for managing ADD and maintaining healthy relationships. What I learned From Lighting Fires at the Dinner Table. by Blake Taylor, 2007 Blake Taylor`s memoir, written when he was 17, offers a young person`s account of what it`s like to live and grow up with ADHD. ADHD Grown Up by Joel Young, 2007 This book presents an overview of adolescent and adult ADHD which provides practical information and guidance for the general public and treating clinicians.

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[select all collections] [de-select all collections] Please select the collections below you wish to search within. Title: The Crescent City Pictorial Published in 1926, The Crescent City Pictorial serves as a visual testament to African American life in New Orleans during the early 20th century. Published by former school teacher and newspaper publisher O.C.W. Taylor, the booklet contains photographs, taken by Villard Paddio, of African American homes, businesses, schools, churches, and social organizations. Taylor dedicated his publication "to the Progress of the Colored Citizens of New Orleans, Louisiana, "America's Most Interesting City." Contact: Jeff Rubin, email@example.com, 504-289-7168 More information about this Collection Browse items in this Collection

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Facebook Can Trigger Asthma A group of doctors in Italy suggested people with asthma to be careful in using Facebook social networking site. According to The Lancet Medical Journal, asthma attacks are triggered by psychological stress. “There are cases that indicate that Facebook, and other social networks, could be a source of psychological stress,” said Dr. Gennaro D’Amato. Doctor of Naples had a case of an 18 year old teenager who had asthma which often recurrent. Strangely, an asthma attack occurred after the teen viewed a women’s profile on Facebook who recently dumped him. After deleting the asthma patient from her “Friend List”, the woman added a row of young men as her “friend”. The teenager who insisted to get back together then create a new account with another name, so they can go back to being “Friends” and saw her ex’s picture. “That’s when his asthma occurred,” said D’Amato. He noted that the breathing ability immediately dropped to just 20 percent. Patients should receive inhaled medications or inhalers to get back to normal breathing. The teenager was later persuaded to no longer access the profile of his ex. “Asthma attacks stopped after he was asked to stay away from the virtual world,” said D’Amato. D’Amato and two colleagues studied the case and and reported it in the Journal of Medicine, the latest edition, The Lancet.

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|Trim Size / Pages||9.3 x 6.5 in / 256| A lively and authoritative reinterpretation of the Battle of Bosworth Field, where the Wars of the Roses ended and the Tudor dynasty began. On August 22, 1485, at Bosworth Field, Richard III fell, the Wars of the Roses ended, and the Tudor dynasty began. The clash is so significant because it marks the break between medieval and modern; yet how much do we really know about this historical landmark? Michael Jones uses archival discoveries to show that Richard III's defeat was by no means inevitable and was achieved only through extraordinary chance. He relocates the battle away from the site recognized for more than 500 years. With startling detail of Henry Tudor's reliance on French mercenaries, plus a new account of the battle itself, the author turns Shakespeare on its head, painting an entirely fresh picture of the dramatic life and death of Richard III, England's most infamous monarch. Michael K. Jones, PhD, is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a member of the British Commission for Military History, and works now as a writer and media consultant. He has written books on the battles of Agincourt, Stalingrad, and Leningrad, and most recently The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III and The Retreat: Hitler's First Defeat. For the last few years has conducted battlefield tours of the Eastern Front. He lives in England. “A brilliant rethinking of Richard III, whose reign ended at the bloody Battle of Bosworth, the decisive fight in the Wars of the Roses. Anyone interested in military history will appreciate this vivid and well-written reconsideration of a major military encounter, while those with an interest in the English monarchy will value this new light cast on a notably dim figure.” Library Journal (starred review) “An exciting reinterpretation that transforms our understanding of what happened on that fateful day.” A. J. Pollard, PhD, author of 'The Wars of the Roses' “An admirable, revisionist update on a widely misunderstood king.” Kirkus Reviews “British historian Jones draws on the discovery of King Richard III’s bones and other archeological finds to provide new information on the Bosworth site in this update to his study of the battle that ended the Plantagenet dynasty in England. The result is a classic example of psycho-history.” Publishers Weekly “Most exciting. A remarkable tale. Extraordinary.” The Guardian “Jones’ account of the battle and the major figures involved is sober, sometimes provocative, taking full advantage of the recent archeological revelations, including the discovery of the remains of Richard III. He recounts the actual battle in easily understood terms for laymen and offers unusual insights into the role of foreign fighters. A well-done reexamination of the conflict that truly altered the course of history.” Booklist “An insightful and rich study of the Battle of Bosworth. No longer need Richard play the villain.” Times Literary Supplement “An entirely new analysis of Bosworth. A lively read.” BBC History Magazine

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WALT - to use inventories to identify characteristic features of different types of people in Tudor times. - to draw conclusions about life in Tudor times from different sources of information. - know that there are different ways of interpreting the same information. WILF - summarise differences between the homes of two different people living in Tudor times - use evidence in inventories to make inferences about peoples lifestyles Inventories Inventories were using in Tudor times to record all the items a person owned when they died. They showed the value of each item and gave a total value at the end. This can be used to show if a person was rich or poor. An inventory can also show us facts linking us to facts about a persons lives Look at the following inventories. Which one do you think is one of a rich person and which is on of a poor person? What makes you suggest this? Inventory of William Robinson, a farm worker. Died in 1600 Money and clothes20s In the living room 2 brass pots,2 small pans cauldron 18s 8 pewter dishes, 3 salt cellars, 3 candles sticks7s a cupboard6s 8d A table, a forum, a plank, a chair 2 stools, 2s8d a milk churn, 6 bowls, 2 barrels a poker, a spit, iron reckons attached to a gallow balk 2s In the Parlour 2 cows£4 3s 4d A young pig3s A cockerel and 2 hens12d In the Chamber A bed, a wash tub and warming pan.3s A covering for a feather mattress17s 6 pillows, 5 blankets, 5 pillow cases, 2 napkins6s 8d 4 chests5s ------------------------ - Total£8 18s 8d Inventory of Richard Arnold, a yeomans son. Died in 1598 2 jerkins3s 2 Dublets10s one pair of hose and stockings5s 2 shirts6s 8d 1 hat 3s 1 pair of shoes3s ------------------------ - Total35s 8d Compare both Inventories look at which is for a rich person and which is a poor person? Using text books and work youve done over the previous weeks create an inventory for a Tudor person. Remember to use Pounds, Shilling and pence when considering money. Only use items used during Tudor times.

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Shift between overlapping objects on slides easily. Using the mouse to move between a complex collection of overlapping objects on a slide can prove tricky. Try Tab to move between them instead. Select the previous object on a slide. Shift+Tab works the same as above, but in the other direction. Create duplicate objects. When creating complex diagrams or screen simulations, duplicate objects may be useful. Left-click, copy, click off first object, right-click paste, gets shortened to Ctrl+D. That’s also one less keystroke than Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V!

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|Barked: Sun Aug 19, '07 12:20am PST | |Related, but not as closely as other canids. Fudge pretty much has it covered, but here's another figure for ya': Amount of chromosomes in species of various canids: gray wolf (canis lupus) -- 78 maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyrurs) -- 76 bush dog (Speothos venaticus) -- 74 crab eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) -- 74 bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) -- 72 fennec fox (Alopex zerda) -- 64 arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) -- 50 raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) -- 42 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) -- 36 This info comes from the book, "Genetics, An Introduction For Dog Breeders" by Jackie Isabell, in a section from chapter one, titled "Evolutionary Genetics". There's a little evidence that foxes and dogs can actually inter-breed, I think, but the offspring isn't really all that viable, and I don't think they produce fertile offspring at all. |my page | msg me | gift me | become pals|

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Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases. What is included with this book? Although an anthropologist’s first field experience may involve culture shock, Napoleon Chagnon reports that the long process of participant observation may transform personal hardship and frustration into confident understanding of exotic cultural patterns. After reviewing the controversy surrounding Napoleon Chagnon’s fieldwork among the Yanomanö, the author concludes that the latest battle in the anthropology wars is journalistic spin-doctoring of what is, for the most part, solid science. In transforming an anthropologist into one of their own, villagers of Punjab say, “You never really know who a man is until you know who his grandfather and his ancestors were.” In this way, Richard Kurin finds, selecting a village for fieldwork is a matter of mutual acceptance and mutual economic benefit. Anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee gives an account of the misunderstanding and confusion that often accompany the cross-cultural experience. In this case, he violated a basic principle of the !Kung Bushmen’s social relations—food sharing. Recent archaeological findings have led to revolutionary new theories about the first Americans—and to a tug-of-war between scientists and contemporary Native Americans. When language is used to alter our perception of reality, its main function—that of communication between people and social groups—is in grave danger. As fundamental elements in human communication, directness is not necessarily logical or effective, and indirectness is not necessarily manipulative or insecure. Each has its place in the broader scheme of things, depending upon the culture and the relationship between the speakers. Since family members have a long, shared history, what they say in conversation—the messages—combine with meanings gleaned from past memories—the metamessages. The metamessages are formed from context—the way something is said, who is saying it, or the very fact that it is said at all. It is often claimed that great literature has cross-cultural significance. In this classic article, Laura Bohannan describes the difficulties she encountered and the lessons she learned as she attempted to relate the story of Hamlet to the Tiv of West Africa in their own language. The traditional hunters’ insights into the world of nature may be different, but they are as extensive and profound as those of modern science. Living in the midst of tourist traffic and straddling two nations struggling to modernize, the Masai have retained their traditional culture longer than virtually any other group of people in East Africa. Among the lessons to be learned regarding reciprocity is that one may not demand a gift or refuse it. Yet, even without a system of record-keeping or money being involved, there is a long-term balance of mutual benefit. Modern-day egalitarian bands of hunters share their food—and their political power—as did their forebears. But when agriculture was invented, people settled down, produced surpluses, and began to accumulate private property. As control of a group’s resources fell to select individuals, big men, chiefs, and, eventually, presidents emerged. While the custom of fraternal polyandry relegates many Tibetan women to spinsterhood, this unusual marriage form promotes personal security and economic well-being for its participants. Anthropologists have long contended that the functions of marriage include the creation of the nuclear family, the continuation of the extended family over time, and the binding of otherwise separate kinship groups into a unified social network. But what happens in the institution of marriage does not even exist, even in the ritualistic sense? The Na of China show us. In the shantytowns of Brazil, the seeming indifference of mothers who allow some of their children to die is a survival strategy geared to circumstances in which only a few may live. Cross-cultural research in child development shows that parents readily accept their society’s prevailing ideology on how babies should be treated, usually because it makes sense in their environmental or social circumstances. When a brother and a sister marry a sister and a brother, there is more than just the convenience of forgoing the bride price. The double wedding is part of the families’ strategy to forge and maintain favorable political and economic alliances. Arranging a marriage in India is far too serious a business for the young and inexperienced. Instead, the parents make decisions on the basis of the families’ social position, reputation, and ability to get along. The term “dowry deaths” refers to a newlywed bride who is harassed over the gifts and cash she brought to the new marriage, leading to her murder or suicide. Although the custom of dowry is rooted in marriage traditions, a full understanding must take into account the current state of India’s caste system and economy. Paradoxically, Japanese families seem to survive not because husbands and wives love each other more than American couples do, but rather because they perhaps love each other less. As love marriages increase, with the compatibility factor becoming more important in the decision to marry, the divorce rate in Japan is rising. Ernestine Friedl relates that the extent of male domination over women depends on the degree to which men control the exchange of valued goods with people outside the family. As women gain increasing access to positions of power in industrial society, they may regain the equality that seems to have been prevalent among our foraging ancestors. Not all societies agree with the Western cultural view that all humans are either women or men. In fact, many Native American cultures recognize an alternative role called the “berdache,” a morphological male who has a nonmasculine character. This is just one way for a society to recognize and assimilate some atypical individuals without imposing a change on them or stigmatizing them as deviant. Anthropologist Meredith Small’s study of the ritual of seclusion surrounding women’s menstrual cycles has some rather profound implications regarding human evolution, certain cultural practices, and women’s health. Gender identity ceremonies may involve genital alterations. Practiced by many African women, these rituals are deeply embedded in people’s lives. A full understanding requires a consideration of the cultural factors involved. In a rite of passage, some Nigerian girls spend months gaining weight and learning domestic customs in a “fattening room.” A woman’s rotundity is seen as a sign of good health, prosperity, and feminine beauty. In virtually every society, certain rites and ceremonies are used to signify adulthood. This article describes the Maasai circumcision ceremony that initiates an individual into adulthood. Unlike modern doctors, African healers take a “holistic” approach to medicine, treating both the patient’s spiritual and physical well-being. Western biomedicine cannot be imposed on Africans; it must be made consistent with indigenous African medical culture. When someone we know or love dies, there seems to be a natural impulse to get the body back. Since the rituals and the reasons for them vary from one cultural setting to another, an investigation reveals much about the various ways people have lived and died. In seeking scientific documentation of the existence of zombies, anthropologist Wade Davis found himself looking beyond the stereotypes and mysteries of voodoo and directly into a cohesive system of social control in rural Haiti. The ritual beliefs and taboos of the Nacirema provide us with a test case of the objectivity of ethnographic description and show us the extremes to which human behavior can go. Professional baseball players, as do Trobriand Islanders, often resort to magic in situations of chance and uncertainty. As irrational as it may seem, magic creates confidence, competence, and control in the practitioner. When colonial governments force the conversion of subsistence farms to cash crop plantations, peasants are driven onto marginal lands or into a large pool of cheap labor. In either case, the authors maintain, they are no longer able to feed themselves. The most deadly weapon that colonial Europeans carried to other continents was their germs. The most intriguing question to answer here is why the flow of disease did not move in the opposite direction. The African herders’ lifestyle remained viable for thousands of years because they used effective strategies for coping with drought. Today, claims Brian Fagan, Western-style political and economic institutions have brought repeated crises and famines, marginalized millions of people, and killed thousands. As traditional cultures are sacrificed to the process of modernization, tribal peoples not only lose the security, autonomy, and quality of life they once had, but they also become powerless, second-class citizens who are discriminated against and exploited by the dominant society. The relatively benign use of psychoactive drugs, such as betel and kava in the Pacific Islands, is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and patterns of social interaction. Today, as a result of new drugs and disruptive social and economic changes introduced from the outside, a haze hangs over Oceania. Just 25 years before this article was written, the Ibatan lived in near total isolation from the world. Now, they have running water, Christianity, satellite TV, and their own variation on the global divide between the haves and have nots. The resurgence of the potlatch among the Indians of the Northwest Coast is a reflection of a renewed pride and identity. It also serves as visible evidence of the continuity of a people and of their ceremonial and artistic traditions. The images of Native Americans conveyed in our educational institutions have resulted in ignorance and indifference on the part of the general public. To make matters worse, such self-serving stereotypes are being perpetuated by corporate TV sponsors.

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The road to liberty was hard. In American Revolution the “Gaspee Affair” sparked patriotism amongst colonists that laid a strong base for American Revolution in later years. Many historians urge the importance of Gaspee Affair in American Revolution for liberty. In 1772, a ship that belonged to the Queen was cleverly destroyed by colony men in order to seek revenge on taxation policies that looted the locals. Events that led to the Gaspee Affair British had fought hard for acquiring new colonies in Canada, West Mississippi river side and lands in Florida. And in order to defend their new lands British implanted stern tax policies on the American Colonies. It was in 1764, that the new taxation policies hindered the trade of commerce in many places. One such place that was hit badly in terms of day to day trade was the Rhode Island. Except the Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was a small colony with limited source of trade and income. The residents of Rhode Island with their meagre income avoided paying exaggerated tax amount by smuggling goods to the ports. When the Royal Kingdom got a whiff of these illegal activities they commissioned a strict and loyal British, William Dudingston to check the trade activities in Narragansett Bay. William Dudingston was infamous for capturing ships and boats that threatened the Royal Regulation of Trade and Commerce. He was also looting the ships that belonged to the sons of liberty for no apparent reason. Bringing down the Gaspee In 1772 on June 9 a schooner that belonged to the British forces called ‘HMS Gaspee’ was taken by William Dudingston to sail across Narragansett Bay to check upon illegal trade activities. There was a boat called Hannah that belonged to a small merchant from Rhode Island called Benjamin Lindsey. William spotted the boat and chased in order to seize the boat. Benjamin Lindsey was clever enough to lead Gaspee to an area in sea that was shallow with low tide. It was famously known as Namquid point among the local fishermen. Gaspee was caught in the point and Hannah escaped the attack successfully. Sensing the opportunity to rebel against British, John Brown a wealthy businessman gathered other men from the colony and set out to hunt the Gaspee. About sixty men sailed near the Gaspee and thankfully there were not seen in the dark night by William. As the men inched toward Gaspee to attack, William ordered his men to start the fire but the men took no chance and attacked William. As William was down with the blow, the sixty men took their revenge on the Royal Kingdom by looting the Gaspee and capturing the men in the ship. Finally the Gaspee was burnt to a The significance of Gaspee Affair The Gaspee Affair would have remained as a simple act of rebellion in the history but the aftermath of the incident laid a strong foundation to an independent America. There were no efforts done in covering up the act by the men. The sixty men were proud and did not deny the involvement. To add more insult to the British Government, none of the residents of Rhode Island acknowledged the event. A disappointed Royal Kingdom suggested taking the suspects to England for the court proceedings to which all of the local courts disagreed. Suspects had no support or witness to gather if they were to be tried in England. Moreover colony men felt a deep disgust towards the King as they felt their rights for justice in the local court was violated. Media took use of this incident and Gaspee Affair was widely publicised. The British parliament was upset however, they could not punish the suspects. Such furore resulted in patriotic movement which helped the colony men to unite and fight for their liberty in later years.

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With the drama and urgency of a sportscaster, statistics guru Hans Rosling uses an amazing new presentation tool, Gapminder, to debunk several myths about world development. Rosling is professor of international health at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, and founder of Gapminder, a nonprofit that brings vital global data to life. This tool easily allows data to be visualized as either maps or scatterplots. On the scatterplots each point can be represented by a bubble that represents the population of the country or other indicators. This site allows a user to easily explore data showing some of the huge changes – in things such as urbanization, life expectancy and population – that have occurred over past decades.

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by Moussa P. Blimpo (the author is a Ph.D. candidate in Economics at NYU from Togo.) A prominent university professor in the US goes back to his home country in Africa with his American Master’s student who wanted to get some field experience. The professor is unable to schedule a meeting with a key political leader whereas the student does get a meeting with the African leader. Last summer, in a heated discussion with some friends and graduate students at the University of Lome in Togo, a pre-doctoral student says: I need to find a white guy on my committee. In 2000 when I got to France to start college, I asked to take one year of prerequisite courses before I started the normal 4-year math degree because I believed that my high school diploma from Togo was not on par with the French equivalent. Fortunately my brother attended the same university and he convinced me then that we actually cover more materials in Togo than the French. By and large, it seems that Africans have a negative bias toward their own capability and the aptitudes and that of other Africans. This bias is present at all level of the African society. There are many possible explanations for this: - It seems to most that white people made most modern scientific advancements and discoveries in human history and this is subconsciously promoted through our normal schooling. - A rational choice and statistical discrimination: Given the rampant corruption and the resulting mediocrity of the decision makers and the servants, any foreigner is de facto assumed to be able to do better. - Legacy of slavery and or colonization: Just as recent research has suggested a relation between trust and slavery, it is likely that many other social attitudes and perceptions persist. - The continued presence of the predominantly white aid workers and the importance and attention given to them by the leaders. Local scholars are marginalized in favor of westerners who work under the banner of the international organizations. For example, it is much easier for any World Bank consultant to meet with and to be listened to by a minister or to appear on national tv in Africa than professors in African universities. This attitude could be a big impediment to the much-needed innovation in African societies. Spreading technologies is great in that it avoids reinventing the wheel. But in my view, many innovations respond to contextual needs and demands. Therefore, homegrown innovations to solve day-to-day challenges are a must to development. My view is that point 2 and 4 are the dominant. Readers’ thoughts are welcome.

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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins. The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. - ‘We did the lungs, the heart, the thymus gland, the larynx, and the mouth today.’ - ‘Elastic cartilage forms your outer ear and part of your larynx (voicebox).’ - ‘Cancer of various organs, not only the lung, but also the larynx, bladder and oesophagus.’ - ‘Smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney and several other organs.’ - ‘The larynx is the ‘voicebox’, the organ in the neck that plays a crucial role in speech and breathing.’ Late 16th century: modern Latin, from Greek larunx. We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks. From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe. The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.

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Practicing reading is important for a plethora of reasons. I get it. Yet, in my house, it can often be a major battle! As the parent of a child who has dyslexia, I often feel like I’m walking along a tightrope. How hard do I push reading practice vs down time? Should I just let him relax? Isn’t he exhausted from reading all day during school? And, like all parents, I often worry if I’m doing the right mix. Recently, my son has taken off with his love of books, so I wanted to share some strategies that we’ve found that work for us. Eye Reading – It All Counts! I used to spend hours upon hours searching for the “perfect” chapter book series – not too hard, and not too “babyish.” One day, a light bulb went off – ALL reading counts as practice! When I finally broke out of the chapter book mentality, a weight lifted off my shoulders. So, what do we do? - MagazinesMagazines are not baby books, yet they offer snippets of writing mixed in with interesting photos! This is perfect for reading practice! To Try: Ranger Rick or National Geographic Kids. - Poetry BooksPoetry offers OPTIONS – kids can flip through the books and find a poem that is “just right” – or they can challenge themselves with a more difficult piece. To try: Shel Silverstein’s A Light in the Attic - Comic Books Many kids with dyslexia LOVE comics. They offer small chunks of reading mixed with photos for a “brain break.” This is not as overwhelming to a struggling reader as a page full of only text. To Try: Babysitter’s Club or Capstone Nonfiction Comics Ear Reading – When to Follow Along with an Audiobook Like eyeglasses for a child who is nearsighted, embracing audiobooks opened up a whole new world for my son! Yet, even more questions emerged. Do I force him to follow along with the text? Just listen? Both strategies have merit. If your child chooses a book that is very close to their eye reading level, following along with a human-narrator can actually help improve reading fluency, demonstrate proper pronunciation of words, and help with word identification and comprehension. Ear Reading – Pure Audio Allows Many Benefits Too While following along does have several benefits, forcing a reluctant reader to follow along can also have serious drawbacks – like turning them off to reading all together! The good news is purely listening to books ALSO has some pretty big benefits! Most students who have dyslexia can comprehend books that are two or more grade levels above their current eye reading level. Forcing them to follow along with multiple words that are well above their decoding level can lead to frustration ….and the dreaded “I HATE reading!!!!” scream. Letting go of the “they must always follow along” mindset can actually foster a love of literature. Beyond that, they are still gaining vocabulary, background knowledge, and a self-esteem boost from being able to talk to their friends about books. In addition to reading in all kinds of ways at home, we also do Wilson Reading intervention at school. It’s a balance! At home, he decides what he wants to read, and that, in turn, leads to how he’s going to access the material – only eye, ear/eye combo, or only ear. We’ve found his independence, self-awareness and love of reading has truly blossomed! What are your tips? Leave them in the comments below! About the author: Jules Johnson is the social media leader for Learning Ally, a nonprofit that helps students and adults with print disabilities. To find out more about Learning Ally, including our library of over 80,000 human narrated audiobooks, log onto LearningAlly.org – Jules Johnson Subscribe To Our Newsletter Our newsletters will keep you up-to-date on important news in our community of parents, educators and volunteers who are committed to supporting student success.

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In the early days of Microsoft, Bill Gates' vision for the company was a "computer on every desk and in every home," all running Windows of course. And as John Gruber wrote in his short but astute summary of Microsoft's history, the amazing thing is that Gates actually realized this dream. By the mid-90s, if not a few years earlier even, we were living in a Windows world. At its peak, Windows share of the computer market checked in at an astounding 95+%. Even today still, the majority of desktop and notebook computers are running some variant of Windows. But the computing world today is vastly different than it was 20 years ago. While Bill Gates' original vision centered on a computer on every desk, the battle today is to put a computer in every pocket and in every hand. Over the past six years, mobile devices have flourished and our definition of "computer" has fundamentally changed. While the computer of yesteryear was essentially a clunky beige box paired with an frustratingly heavy and awkwardly shaped monitor, the modern definition has expanded to include tablets and smartphones; hyper-light and super portable devices capable of accessing the entire history of the world's information from anywhere in the world. That being said, Benedict Evans last week posted a chart which encapsulates how the dynamic of computing marketshare has been completely turned on its head in just a few short years. If we count iOS devices as computers, and indeed, there are more reasons to do so than not, last quarter marked the first time Apple sold about as many computers as Microsoft. A symbolic moment, this: in Q4 2013 the number of computers* sold by Apple was larger than the number of Windows PC sold globally. If you add Windows Phone to the mix they're more or less exactly equal. This quantum leap in mobile computing is precisely why Tim Cook has been so vocal in championing the notion that that we're currently living in a post-PC era. With the iPhone and the iPad, Apple finds itself at the forefront of the post-PC revolution that Microsoft keeps trying to convince itself isn't happening; hence the mishmash that is Windows 8. The following chart from Horace Dediu of Asymco further serves to illustrate how the computing landscape shifted with the advent of the iPhone and iPad. But the bigger story is how Apple's mobile platform has nearly reached the sales volume of Windows. In 2013 there were only 1.18 more Windows PCs than Apple devices sold. Odds are that in 2014 they will be at parity. At Macworld 1997, Steve Jobs said that the "battle for the desktop is over. And we lost." What was not apparent at the time was that the next battle would be fought over portable consumer technologies -- MP3 players, smartphones, and tablets. And now, 17 years later, Apple has finally caught up to Microsoft.

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As the New Scientist reports, Abadi and Andersen assigned each AI a task: Alice had to send a secret message that only Bob could read, while Eve would try to figure out how to eavesdrop and decode the message herself. The experiment started with a plain-text message that Alice converted into unreadable gibberish, which Bob could decode using cipher key. At first, Alice and Bob were apparently bad at hiding their secrets, but over the course of 15,000 attempts Alice worked out her own encryption strategy and Bob simultaneously figured out how to decrypt it. The message was only 16 bits long, with each bit being a 1 or a 0, so the fact that Eve was only able to guess half of the bits in the message means she was basically just flipping a coin or guessing at random. Of course, the personification of these three neural networks oversimplifies things a little bit: Because of the way the machine learning works, even the researchers don't know what kind of encryption method Alice devised, so it won't be very useful in any practical applications. In the end, it's an interesting exercise, but we don't have to worry about the machines talking behind our backs just yet. With open-source deep learning tools like Microsoft's Cognitive Toolkit, it might be interesting to see this play out on an even larger scale.

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For years, the role of computers in recreational water has been growing. From smartphone apps that turn on spa heaters to CAD-based design programs and 3-D virtual renderings to online shopping for pool supplies, computers have become an omnipresent feature of the pool and spa business. Until now, however, they had not been used to heat pools. That is about to change. A pool at the Butte aux Cailles centre, a health and wellness facility located in one of Paris' historic neighborhoods, is planning to utilize heat generated by an adjacent, underground data center to raise and maintain pool water temperature. The design and implementation of the system is being handled by Stimergy, a Grenoble-based start-up company that specializes in using data centers as a heat source for HVAC systems, and now a swimming pool. So far, the firm has used the concept to heat several blocks of social housing throughout France as well as a university gymnasium in Lyon. The notion of using computers as a heat source stems from the surprising fact that globally, data-center servers consume a whopping 3-percent of manmade energy and in the process generate a tremendous amount of heat, all of which typically goes to waste. Not only does harvesting that heat offer a source of free and otherwise castaway Btus, it also saves money on the server side of the equation. In fact, an estimated 40-percent of server operation costs come from running cooling systems, which are crucial to ensuring optimum server performance and longevity. Although certainly a novel idea, it's not too far-fetched to imagine that if the Stimergy system does indeed result in a more affordably heated pool along with cooler, better operating servers, the idea could catch on. So in addition to our traditional gas, electric, geo-thermal and solar pool heater technologies, we may soon add computer servers.

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Getting Started With Inform 7 Inform 7 is an extremely powerful tool for writing interactive stories. Unlike similar tools, Inform 7 uses a form of “natural language.” In other words, it allows a writer to create a work of interactive fiction by writing somewhat normal English sentences. However, the writer must follow a rather strict set of rules in creating sentences that will really lead to an interactive story. Some of these rules require precise use of tabs for indenting. It’s difficult to show such formatting in a typical Web page, and so we offer this Inform 7 tutorial as a .pdf document, which you can access, using this link. These days, almost all desktop and laptop computers can open a file like this one without difficulty. Unfortunately, tablets and phones may not be able to do so. At present, there are two ways to access the Inform 7 authoring system. To get all of Inform, you have to download it from the Inform 7 Website and install it on your local computer. Inform 7 is free of charge, and it runs on Windows, Linux, and MacOS. There’s also a website that offers a useful portion of Inform 7 in a convenient online form. It’s called Playfic. Playfic uses spaces, rather than tabs, for indenting.

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Plate Number: II 82 Bignonia Americana, capreolis donata, siliqua breviore These Plants usually grow on the shady Banks of Rivers, rising with many slender pliant Stems to the Height of twenty, and sometimes thirty Feet, being supported by Trees and Shrubs, growing near them, on which they climb and clasp their Tendrils. From the joints of these trailing Stalks shoot forth their Leaves, Flowers, and Tendrils, four Leaves grow at every Joint, set by Pairs on two horizontal short Stalks: The Flowers are set on Footstalks, of above an Inch in Length, are monopetalous, and divided into five sections, which reflect back, and are of a bright yellow within; but the outside of the Flower is of a bright Cinnamon Colour, and has within it four Stamina with a Stylus. The Seeds are winged, and fixed to a Placenta within a Pod. This elegant Plant is a Native of both Virginia and Carolina, and blows there in May, but in England not before August. N. B. In the following Plates are interspersed some remarkable Butterflies, whose Colours are so various and intricately blended, that their Figures and Descriptions, would give but a faint Idea of their Beauty, without being illuminated; which alone answers the Purpose. But as some Copies may appear uncoloured, it will be necessary to supply that Deficiency by Words.

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Geography of Greece questions This is a list of recently added questions about geography of Greece. Which country is named "Hellas" in its own language?Greece. Most of European languages derive the name of Greece from the Latin name Graecia. The only exception in Europe is the Norwegian language, where the native name "Hellas" is used. However, many Eastern languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, Hindi) derive the name of Greece from Ionia, the Greek region of Asia Minor.Created by: life-o-holicvery easy 88% GreeceGreece12593GeorgiaGeorgia739HondurasHonduras616FinlandFinland334country names riddles » What is the second largest Greek island? (after Crete)Euboea, with 3670 km2 (1417 sq.m.) is more than twice as large as the third largest island, Lesbos. Euboea is separated from mainland by just 40 m wide Euripus Strait. A bridge over the strait was first constructed in the twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian War (410 BC).Created by: globalquiz.orgvery hard 30% RhodesRhodes2876EuboeaEuboea1724LesbosLesbos449PelopponesePelopponese583islands of Greece riddles » Which Greek island is the largest?Crete is by far the largest of Greek Islands. With 8,336 km2, (3,219 sq. m.) it is more than twice as large as the second, Euboea. Created by: globalquiz.orgeasy 70% CreteCrete8959EuboeaEuboea744RhodesRhodes1685SicilySicily1334Mediterranean Sea riddles » Which part of Greece was never conquered by the Turks?Corfu is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, west of Greek Peninsula. It was long controlled by Venice, which repulsed several Turkish sieges, before falling under British rule following the Napoleonic Wars. Corfu was eventually ceded by the British Empire and unified with the modern Greece in 1864.Created by: Sumit Tamangvery hard 29% RhodesRhodes891CorfuCorfu1612SpartaSparta1060There was no such landThere was no such land1824history of Greece riddles » Where is the famous Shipwreck's Bay?In Zakynthos. The beach is named after a shipwreck of MV Panagiotis, a smugglers ship. It ran aground in 1980, probably while carrying contraband cigarettes and being chased by the Greek Navy. According to a popular story, locals raided the cargo, and for the following four years no 'official' tobacco products were sold on the island.Created by: globalquiz.orghard 57% in Cretein Crete1944in Rhodesin Rhodes4405in Zakynthosin Zakynthos10948in Kosin Kos1829Mediterranean riddles » Play Greece quiz and see all the questions.

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Watch Online Videos Download User Guide What is a Sparkline? A sparkline is a type of information graphic characterized by its small size and data density. Sparklines present trends and variations associated with some measurement, such as Annual Sales, Win-Lose, stock market activity, average temperature, etc, in a simple and condensed way. In Dashboard tools for Excel you will find a vast amount of sparklines that will improve the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. What is a Heatmap? A heatmap is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable, in a two-dimensional (or more) map, are represented as colors, size, background, etc. Mini charts heatmaps can value data with up to 5 different visual values at the same time, making the analysis of great amounts of information fast and easy. With Heatmaps you can analyze your data with up to 5 dimensions, using: 1. Font Size. 2. Font Color. 3. Font Type. 4. Background Color. 5. Inserting Images. prove the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. What is a MiniChart? Mini charts are small charts with an intensity of visual distinctions that will improve the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. Mini charts are very usefull when a sparkline is too small to represent the information you want to analyse. These charts are larger than sparklines but smaller than Excel's native graphics for that reason they are ideal for dashboards. Using Excel and Heatmaps in order to categorize reports What is a Bump chart? Bump charts have become quite common of late and are typically used to represent changes in the position of a given number of competing entities over a fixed time duration. Now, with DashBoard Tools for Excel, inserting these bump charts will be easier and you will be able to see changes in your data immediately. In this new version 12 types of Special Charts have been added into DashBoard Tools for Excel. |Cell's reference tracker| Model building & Analysis Tools Other Analysis Tools

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Monday, December 13, 2010 Sheila Rowbotham - Hidden from History But also it was true within personal relationships - Rowbotham shows how women often found their socialist partners would, once married, revert to the same expectations of the role of women in the family as their bourgeois contemporaries. But the author doesn't try to find some natural antagonism between men and women, she places such relations firmly in the context of a system that saw both the need to divide and rule, and to place the burden of raising the next generation of workers on the woman. The struggle for the right to vote for women forms the backdrop to most of the book, though the turning point comes with the first world war, with women entering the workplaces in large numbers for the first time. Even though this ended to a certain extent with the return of peace, the fact that women had taken on jobs seen as being exclusively male fundamentally shifted social attitudes. This even survived the mass unemployment of the 1930s. Further struggles were ahead, ones that weren't simply about economic equality, though these were important. But struggles over childcare, the right to abortion and access to contraception were ones that eventually became those of the whole movement.

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After 123 years, the Netherlands has a king, - Willem Alexander, who acceded to the Dutch throne and the headship of the royal House of Orange today upon the abdication of his mother, Queen Beatrix. She had been the third in the trio of Dutch Queens to reign in the Netherlands since 1890. The first of those three, Queen Wilhelmina, was one of the great symbols of wartime resistance to Hitler. Along with King Haakon of Norway, Charles DeGaulle of France, and Winston Churchill, she chose not to be on what then appeared to many to be "the right side of history" in 1940"). King Willem Alexander's grandmother, Queen Juliana presided - tearfully - over the independence of Indonesia and the effective end of the Dutch Empire. In its time, however, the Dutch Empire had once mattered on the larger world scene. Reminders of that are the orange bar on the flag of New York City (an acknowledgment of the Dutch role in the founding of one of the world's greatest cities) and the orange stripes on my academic gown (a celebration of the Dutch royal house, the House of Orange, and its pivotal role in England's "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, which ousted that country's last Catholic king and solidified the supremacy of Parliament over the monarch). King Willem Alexander's wife, Queen Maxima is an Argentinian by birth. It's been a good year for Argentina so far! The House of Orange links the modern Netherlands back to William the Silent's 16th-century revolt against Catholic Spain. By royal standards that's a short span of history. Some other reigning houses boast a longer lineage and link their 21st century peoples back a thousand or more years. It is one of the functions of royalty to connect and bind. Obviously the connection back to the nation's past binds a people to their heritage and is an important value in itself. But royalty also connect and bind their people in the present. Commenting on the recent British funeral of Margaret Thatcher, someone questioned the propriety of so much state ceremonial for a mere politician - the argument being that, unlike royalty, whose role is to unite a nation, politicians divide it. In today's world, perhaps an additional symbolic function of royalty is that kings and queens do not choose their jobs, but receive them as a civic calling, a secular vocation. That makes royalty a wonderful witness to the value of a life focused on something bigger than oneself, something so ncessary for civilization but so unvalued in today's world.

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