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1. Good ladders are stable and reduce the risk of an accident. 2. Ladders will go through wear and tear and you need to replace them right away once they are unusable. 3. Ladder accidents cause thousands of injuries and hundreds of deaths per year. While it may be exciting to get the best electrical tools and equipment to do your own DIY repairs and renovation, you may want to consider investing in a good ladder first. You’ll never know which projects will take you to great heights; and by not having a stable ladder to get you to those places is actually just as dangerous as not safely using your electrical tools and equipment. According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, thousands of people are injured due to ladder accidents, while hundreds are killed. Here are a few more startling statistics that will get you thinking: – 90,000 people are being rushed to the emergency room every year because of a ladder accident. – Elevated falls kill 700 people on the job every year; 15% of those are occupational deaths. – 50% of all ladder accidents happen due to carrying items while climbing a ladder. – The rate of ladder injuries increases annually; 50% over the last 10 years. – 32% of ladder injuries lead to fractures. Much like using any tool, such as an electrical tool or equipment, knowledge is safety. Generally, all ladder accidents can be prevented with correct training as to how to properly climb one and how to properly transport equipment on one. As mentioned above, there are numerous ladder-related incident happening each year; the most common causes are the following: Sometimes it’s not a matter of not having a good ladder, but more about not having the right one for the job. Consider the weight capacity of a ladder; if you go over its weight limit while using the tool, then it may break mid-climb. Also, think of the height. If it’s too short for a certain task, then don’t use it or try to extend its reach in any way. Like a lot of things, ladders have a shelf life. After years of use, one will become obsolete. The stress of being repeatedly used and supporting heavy weights will cause it to break down and become unsuitable for use. Forcing to use these can cause many unpredictable accidents to happen because the inevitability of it breaking. Thus, you must always inspect a ladder before using it. Don’t use it if there’s any damage. Instead, have it repaired or replaced. The most common reason for ladder accidents is misuse. Often times, people just think that you simply prop up a ladder and start climbing. This is not the proper way to use it. These are designed to be used in the way the manufacturer intended it to be used. A good rule of thumb to follow when using a ladder is to maintain 3 points of contact (this will be discussed further below). Also, when you need to reach for something while on the ladder – like let’s say an electrical tool or equipment– it is better to get off of it first. When placing a ladder, you should always make sure that the ground is level and firm. Also, it should never be placed in front of a door unless there is a guarantee that it won’t open; it should be locked, blocked, or guarded. Another good practice is to have someone support the base while you’re climbing a ladder. You have to make sure that in any situation, the ladder must have a completely stable footing that won’t damaged or be hindered in any way. The three points of contact is a rule that should be followed not just while using ladders. It’s a common rule that many occupations follow, especially when the job requires climbing. Basically, this rule states that a person must have three or four limbs in contact with the apparatus they are using to climb at all times. These are the two hands, and at least one foot. The feet will be what is used to ascend, while the hands make sure that the person is always attached to the apparatus. This rule ensures maximum stability and support, as well as reduces the risk of falling and slipping. Basically, a good ladder is a must-have in your set of construction tools because using a broken one can lead to an accident. But aside from this, you need ample knowledge regarding how to use one properly. Being that human error is the main cause of ladder accidents, it won’t matter to have a good one if you don’t know how to use it. So when you get a good ladder, or at least repair your current one, study up on the proper use of ladders while you’re at it. It will go a long way to ensure your safety whenever you need to do any DIY project at home or at your job that requires climbing.

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https://kyk.com.ph/blog/good-ladder-importance/

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Children on the move 26 September 2007Add to My Folder The power of the written word – both factual and fictional – will help children to see that the Second World War disrupted the lives of children not just in Britain but in many other countries too As war clouds loomed over Britain, thousands of children were evacuated from the cities to the safety of the country. Willie Beech was one of those children. When the billeting officer turns up at Tom Oakley’s country cottage with a thin, pale boy covered in bruises, the old man agrees to take him in. Slowly, Tom helps Willie to overcome the problems, cruelty and deprivation of his home life in London. Goodnight Mr Tom by Michelle Magorian (Puffin, £5.99 PB) is a heart-warming story of the good that can come from the horror of war. (Fiction) Between 1940 and 1945, the three Balicki children and their friend Jan walk hundreds of miles through war-torn Europe. They are among the many families being hunted down by the Nazis because they are Jewish. When their father is sent to prison and their mother is rounded up in the middle of the night and taken to a concentration camp in Germany, the children vow to try to reach Switzerland – and safety. Scholastic Resource Bank: Primary - join today! - Over 6,000 primary activities, lesson ideas and resources - Perfect for anyone working with children from 5 to 11 years old - Unlimited access from just £1.25 per month Already a member? Sign in below. You need to be signed in to place a review.

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Scientists have stumbled across a “supercolony” of penguins on an island in the Antarctic Peninsula relatively untouched by human activity. Using a combinations of drones, satellite imagery and visits to the remote archipelago called the Danger Islands, the team of international researchers were able to count the number of Adelie penguins residing there. The results reveal there are around 751,527 pairs of the penguin species – the largest population on the Antarctic Peninsula – but more importantly, they also appear not to have suffered the population declines experienced by neighbouring colonies. Evidence of the birds’ presence were first noticed when large patches of their excrement showed up in pictures taken by Nasa from space. Dr Tom Hart, a researcher at Oxford’s Department of Zoology, said: “This was an incredible experience, finding and counting so many penguins. “Scientifically, while this is a huge number of ‘new’ penguins, they are only new to science. “Satellite imagery going back to 1959 shows they have been here all along. “It puts the East Antarctic Peninsula in stark contrast to the Adelie and chinstrap penguin declines that we are seeing on the West Antarctic Peninsula. “It’s not clear what the driver of those declines is yet; the candidates are climate change, fishing and direct human disturbance, but it does show the size of the problem.” According to the researchers, their findings suggest that penguins fare better when their environments are undisturbed and are calling for a marine protected (MPA) area in the Weddell Sea. A decision will be made on whether to create the reserve later this year. Dr Hart added: “The size of these colonies makes them regionally important and makes the case for expanding the proposed Weddell Sea MPA to include the Danger Islands; they are a hotspot and worthy of protection. “More than that, I think it highlights the need for better protection of the West, where we are seeing declines.” The findings are published in the journal Scientific Reports.

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https://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/2018/03/05/see-the-incredible-drone-photos-of-a-penguin-supercolony-discovered-in-remote-antarctic-island/

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Ammonites are a group of extinct cephalopod mollusks with ribbed spiral shells. They are unusually diverse and well known among fossil lovers. Régis Chirat, researcher at the Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes et Environnement (CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/ENS de Lyon), and two colleagues from the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford have established the first biomechanical model explaining how these shells form and why they are so diverse. Their approach provides new paths for interpreting the evolution of ammonites and nautili, their smooth-shelled distant “cousins” that still occupy the Indian and Pacific oceans. This work has just been published on the website of the Journal of Theoretical Biology. The shape of living organisms evolves over a long period of time. The questions raised by this transformation have led to the emergence of theories of evolution. In order to research how biological shapes alter over a geological time scale, researchers have recently begun to investigate how they are generated during an individual’s development and growth; this is known as morphogenesis. Due to an exceptional diversity of their shell shapes and patterns (particularly the ribs), ammonites have been widely studied from the point of view of evolution but the mechanisms underlying the coiled spirals were unknown until now. Researchers therefore attempted to elucidate the evolution of these shapes without knowing how they had emerged. Régis Chirat and his team have developed a model that explains the morphogenesis of these shells. By using mathematical equations to describe how the shell is secreted by ammonite and grows, they have demonstrated the existence of mechanical forces specific to developing mollusks. These forces are dependent upon the physical properties of the biological tissues and on the geometry of the shell. They cause mechanical oscillations at the edge of the shell that create ribs, a sort of ornamental pattern on the spiral. Through examining various fossil specimens in light of the simulations produced by the model, the researchers observed that the latter could predict the number and shape of ribs in several ammonites. The model displays that the ornamentation of the shell evolves as a function of variables such as tissue elasticity and shell expansion rate (the rate at which the diameter of the opening increases with each spiral coil). By providing a biophysical explanation for how these ornaments form, this theoretical approach explains the diversity existing within and between species. It thus opens new perspectives for the study of the morphological evolution of ammonites, which appears to be largely governed by mechanical and geometric constraints. This new tool unveils new information on an old mystery. For almost 200 million years, the shells of nautili, distant “cousins” of ammonites, have remained essentially smooth and free of distinctive ornamentation. The model shows that having maintained this shell shape does not mean that nautili- incorrectly referred to as “living fossils”- have not evolved, but this is due to a high expansion rate, leading to the formation of smooth shells that are difficult to distinguish from one another. More generally, this work highlights the value of studying the physical bases of biological development: understanding the “construction rules” underlying the morphological diversity of organisms makes it possible to partially predict how their shape evolves. Contributing Source: CNRS (Délégation Paris Michel-Ange) Header Image Source: WikiPedia Download the HeritageDaily mobile application on iOS and Android Planet Knowledge is a FREE to watch video on demand channel available on Freeview HD (Channel 265), Youview, Samsung connected TV’s, selected smart tv’s, tablets and smartphones using Android or iOS.

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https://www.heritagedaily.com/2014/10/physics-determined-ammonite-shell-shape/105263

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There's no doubt that Taffanel and Gaubert's technique book 17 Grands Exercices Journaliers de Mécanisme pour Flûte has been a staple in flutists' practice routines since its inception. These exercises provide flutists with a thoughtful and methodical approach to conquering technique. One of my favorite exercises in the book is EJ4. It succinctly works the flutist through the major and minor scales in a progression that is both musical and mechanical. However, many young students struggle with getting started with this exercise. Here's a simple approach to getting started with this exercise, enjoy! Before you get started with the actual exercise, familiarize yourself with the major and minor scales in all three forms. Get used to playing them over the full range of your instrument, not only from the tonic-up-and-back. Step One: Majors Practice all of the major scales in the exercise. Start with the first seven measures plus the first note of the eighth measure. Skip ahead to measure 17-24 and so forth. Hint: look for the double bar and key change, that is the start of the next major key area. Get these really good and memorize them! Work up the tempo until you can do it in one or two breaths. Step Two: Minors Practice all of the minors following the same procedure as in step one. Before you start the first minor key, analyze the pattern. When is it harmonic minor? When is it melodic minor? This pattern holds true for every minor scale, so learn it well in the first key area and then apply that knowledge to the less familiar key areas. Memorize them! Step Three: Transitions Practice all transitions. First practice the transitions from major to minor as a unit. This would be measure 8 to the downbeat of 9, 24 to the downbeat of 25, and so on. Learn how they work and memorize the pattern, from there you will be able to play the notes! Follow the same procedure for the transitions of minor to major (measure 16 to the down beat of 17, and so on.) Memorize this! Step Four: Putting It All Together Now that you can do each individual skill, practice them in units. Start with one major and minor key area, and then add more until you can play through the entire exercise. This step is more about mental training and focus than it is about learning the actual notes. Remember, you have already done all the heavy lifting, now all you have to do is maintain through consistent and committed practicing. Celebrate your achievement! You now have the entire exercise memorized and you are ready to go on to the scale game! flutist, writer, traveler, teacher

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HTML Get Started An HTML file is simply a text file saved with an .html or .htm extension. In this tutorial you will learn how easy it is to create an HTML document or a web page. To begin coding HTML you need only two stuff: a simple-text editor and a web browser. Well, let's get started with creating your first HTML page. Creating Your First HTML Document Let's walk through the following steps. At the end of this tutorial, you will have made an HTML file that displays "Hello world" message in your web browser. Step 1: Creating the HTML file Open up your computer's plain text editor and create a new file. Tip: We suggest you to use Notepad (on Windows), TextEdit (on Mac) or some other simple text editor to do this; don't use Word or WordPad! Once you understand the basic principles, you may switch to more advanced tools such as Adobe Dreamweaver. Step 2: Type some HTML code Start with an empty window and type the following code: ExampleTry this code » <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>A simple HTML document</title> </head> <body> <p>Hello World!<p> </body> </html> Step 3: Saving the file Now save the file on your desktop as "myfirstpage.html ". Note: It is important that the extension .html is specified — some text editors, such as Notepad, will automatically save it as To open the file in a browser. Navigate to your file then double click on it. It will open in your default Web browser. If it does not, open your browser and drag the file to it. Explanation of code You might think what that code was all about. Well, let's find out. - The first line <!DOCTYPE html>is the document type declaration. It instructs the web browser that this document is an HTML5 document. It is case-insensitive. <head>element is a container for the tags that provides information about the document, for example, <title>tag defines the title of the document. <body>element contains the document's actual content (paragraphs, links, images, tables, and so on) that is rendered in the web browser and displayed to the user. You will learn about the different HTML elements in detail in the upcoming chapters. For now, just focus on the basic structure of the HTML document. Note: A DOCTYPE declaration appears at the top of a web page before all other elements; however the doctype declaration itself is not an HTML tag. Every HTML document requires a document type declaration to insure that your pages are displayed correctly. <body> tags make up the basic skeleton of every web page. Content inside the </head> are invisible to users with one exception: the text between </title> tags which appears as the title on a browser tab. HTML Tags and Elements HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of markup tags. These markup tags are the fundamental characteristic of HTML. Every markup tag is composed of a keyword, surrounded by angle brackets, such as <p>, and so on. HTML tags normally come in pairs like </html>. The first tag in a pair is often called the opening tag (or start tag), and the second tag is called the closing tag (or end tag). An opening tag and a closing tag are identical, except a slash ( /) after the opening angle bracket of the closing tag, to tell the browser that the command has been completed. In between the start and end tags you can place appropriate contents. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the p element, would be written as: ExampleTry this code » <p>This is a paragraph.</p> <!-- Paragraph with nested element --> <p> This is <b>another</b> paragraph. </p> You will learn about the various HTML elements in upcoming chapter.

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What Are Cloud Forests? This information about a cloud forest Costa Rica location is provided by Caravan Tours. A cloud forest (aka “fog” forest) is similar to a rainforest except that they have high humidity and less rain. Cloud forests can be found in nearly four dozen countries around the globe that have either tropical or sub-tropical climate conditions. The cloud forest Costa Rica location exists in a forested mountain area with high humidity and is persistently shrouded in low-lying clouds (usually at the forest canopy level). This is usually caused when warm moist winds push up against mountain terrain. As the air rises and cools the cool air can’t hold as much moisture and clouds or mists are formed by the excess humidity. Costa Rica cloud forests can be found in a number of locations throughout this small country. These cloud forest regions have the right combination of geography and weather and many are designated as national parks. Places like Braullio Carrillo National Park, Irazu’ Volcano National Park, J. Castro Blanco National Park and Monteverde Biological Reserve all display the unique characteristics of cloud forests and are major tourist attractions. Escallonia Cloud Forest Trail There is a cloud forest near Poas Volcano National Park, which used to be part of our Caravan Tour until the volcano became active. Escallonia Cloud Forest Trail is a favorite tourist destination primarily because of the cloud forest Costa Rica is so famous for. There is an abundance of small cypress and myrtle growth plus orchids, tropical ferns, and Escallonia plants that give the Escallonia Cloud Forest Trail its name. The varieties of Escallonia plants that dominate many of the Costa Rica’s cloud forest sites include more than three dozen varieties of small evergreen trees, along with many ferns and shrubs. Escallonia plants are native to South American but obviously they do well in many other tropical and subtropical locations like Costa Rica. Escallonia plants flower at various times throughout the year, with primary colors appearing in summer and autumn. This makes a cloud forest trail hike a perfect escape for visitors wanting to get away from winter weather in the Northern Hemisphere and immerse themselves in tropical flora and fauna. Unlike many other locations, this cloud forest Costa Rica location stands apart as a biological curiosity because it differs slightly from many other rainforests, especially those in lowlands of tropical countries. Biologists have found that some of the species in certain Costa Rica cloud forests are found only in that one place. This is reason enough for many travelers to include an Escallonia Cloud Forest hike on their Costa Rica vacation itinerary. But even the cloud forests of Costa Rica are changing. As rising world temperatures affect plant growth, many animal and plant species move to higher elevations, which eventually affect the biological map of the mountain forests. As mentioned earlier, this cloud forest Costa Rica site is a result of a unique combination of factors that come together perfectly in the mountains of Costa Rica. With the right humidity levels and elevation, the thick green forest vegetation becomes shrouded with added beauty and mystery when engulfed with low-level clouds and fog that move in and stay, depending on strength and direction of the winds. Costa Rica All Inclusive Tours Due to recent volcanic activity in the area, trips to Escallonia Cloud Forest Trail and Poas Volcano have been temporarily suspended and at present, are not part of Caravan’s Costa Rica Natural Paradise tour. See this Costa Rica Guide page for an update on Poas Volcano activity. This is a fully guided 9-day tour that is affordably priced and includes all accommodations, meals, land travel, itinerary activities, and gratuities. Visit Caravan’s Costa Rica Tour Reviews page to read what others have said about Caravan’s fully guided tour and for the most recent updates on the Costa Rica tour itinerary. To book your Costa Rica Trip call 1-800-CARAVAN (227-2826)

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Cruciferous or “cole crops” are vegetables of the mustard family. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, and kohlrabi sprout from the wild cabbage, originating from Greece to the British isles. There are 4 main types of cauliflowers, the “Cheddar” yellow in color as the name indicates, “purple of sicily”, the Romanesco with its conical florets and the Snowball Y, most common white curd. ALLERGY FIGHTER Grapefruit is a natural anti-histamine BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM Cauliflower contains about 70% of the recommended daily-required intake of vitamin C, and is also a good source of riboflavin, phosphorus, vitamin K and B6, potassium, manganese, niacin, magnesium, fiber, folate, pantothenic acid amongst others. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY The presence of vitamins, beta carotene, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, cinnamic acid boost the body’s defense against free radicals. Cauliflower is a great detox ally! It is packed with antioxidants that activate detoxification enzymes. BRAIN HEALTH Cauliflower contains a good amount of choline found in vitamin B, responsible to improve brain development. It has been proven to improve cognitive function during pregnancy. Cauliflower plays a role with memory, improving memory in general and reducing memory decline linked to ageing. IMPROVE DIGESTION A good amount of dietary fiber and the presence of sulforaphane protect the lining of the stomach. PROTECT FROM CANCER Control cancerous cells thanks to sulforaphane, a sulphur that has been proven to kill cancer stem cells, which slows down tumor growth. -Curcumin and cauliflower prevent and treat prostate cancer. - Sulforaphane reduces mammary tumors. -Lab studies on rats has proven to inhibit the development of cancer on the bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung and stomach. HEART HEALTH Sulforaphane also found in other cruciferous vegetables improve blood pressure and improves the lining of arteries, especially if damaged. GASTROINTESTINAL STRESS Too much cauliflower may cause gas and abdominal discomfort.

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https://chew-choose.com/ingredients/cauliflower-cruciferous

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Your child has great SSAT scores and excellent grades. You have talked with teachers who will write stellar letters of recommendations. You believe that you understand character assessments and assume your child has the right character attributes. You are confident that your interview and your child’s interview went well. You also assume that your “connections” will give your child that edge to be accepted to top private schools. Admissions committees want to learn more about applicants through their parents’ eyes. The purpose of the parent’s statement is to add dimension to the candidate’s statement and to help the admissions committee better understand the applicant from the parent’s perspective. The parent statement is one of the few steps in the admission process that parents control, but where I see parents make egregious mistakes. These are some of the more common mistakes: - Assume your parent statement is unique. What parents often fail to realize is that admissions committees have seen thousands of applications and parent essays. They are looking for unique students who have a view or passion that sets them apart from the other hundreds of applicants who apply. When my team and I first review our client’s parent statement/essays, they sound like a typical statement. Parents actually assume that the statements are unique but they are, in fact quite predictable and commonplace. - Procrastinate. Don’t wait until the last moment to draft your parent essay. Many parents, while getting everything else in order for the application, wait to start to write their parent statement essays. They may write a draft or two have it reviewed by a friend and submit it. We meet with our clients and brainstorm ideas that are appropriate for each essay early in the process. Parents submit drafts and we revise as many as 10 drafts so that the essays are grammatically correct as well as have flow, rhythm and color. - Attempts to impress. Writing a parent statement that portrays your child as a leader and overemphasis childlike abilities will certainly cause rejections. I often see adjectives like immensely caring, forward thinking, brilliant, philanthropic and sometimes statements such as “my son or daughter will improve your school”. I often hear from admissions officers how parents in their attempt to impress schools often show condescension. - Incompatible essays. Many parents write essays that don’t match teacher’s recommendation or the characteristics of their child. Admissions officers have different methods of truly discovering the real applicant. The student essay, letters of recommendations and the student and parent interview should harmoniously and rhythmically match. I often hear from admissions officers how the parent statement they read is not the same as the applicant presented and sounds out of step with the rest of the application. - Using sample essays. If you are using sample essays the probability is that many other parents are also doing the same. This means that your essay will sound exactly the same as parents who are using sample essays. Plus, it’s not honest. I have had parents ask me if I use sample essays or send me past clients essay responses. We do not use sample essays, nor do we use past clients essays; I would advise all parents not to do this. - Not hiring a professional private school admissions advisor. Lots of parents use the “do it yourself route”, hire essay writers or inexperienced educational consultants. To really write a stunning, awesome and meaningful essay that will help your child stand out you need to hire an admissions advisor who understands the entire application process, the mission and admissions policies of each school, and how a well written and descriptive parent statement will fit in the applicant’s profile. After all, the applicants profile is really a conversation amongst admissions committee members, one component out of sync will raise red flags that will cause rejection. The right advisor will work with you to discover MISTAKES and omissions, as well as help you through the process in completing the task of applying to private schools. Consider a professional private school admissions advisor as a great investment in your child’s future. Dr. Paul Reginald Lowe is the managing director and lead admissions expert at Pinnacle Educational Center Admissions Advisors Group’s Private School Admissions Advisors. Dr. Lowe specializes in providing exclusive concierge-type admissions advisory services for U.S. and international families and students who are interested in applying to top U.S. boarding and day schools. Dr. Lowe also helps U.S. and international students gain admissions into their top choice private schools after they have been wait-listed and rejected.

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The purpose of this study was to identify parents and obtain segregating populations of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) with the potential for tolerance to water deficit. A full diallel was performed with six cowpea genotypes, and two experiments were conducted in Teresina, PI, Brazil in 2011 to evaluate 30 F2 populations and their parents, one under water deficit and the other under full irrigation. A triple-lattice experimental design was used, with six 2-m-long rows in each plot. Sixteen plants were sampled per plot. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (cowpea) is a food crop with high nutritional value that is cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The main constraint on high productivity of cowpea is water deficit, caused by the long periods of drought that occur in these regions. The aim of the present study was to select elite cowpea genotypes with enhanced drought tolerance, by applying principal component analysis to 219 first-cycle progenies obtained in a recurrent selection program. The cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr.) is the most destructive pest of the cowpea bean; it reduces seed quality. To control this pest, resistance testing combined with genetic analysis using molecular markers has been widely applied in research. Among the markers that show reliable results, the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) (microsatellites) are noteworthy. This study was performed to evaluate the resistance of 27 cultivars of cowpea bean to cowpea weevil. We tested the resistance related to the genetic variability of these cultivars using ISSR markers. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 22 local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties and inbred lines collected throughout Senegal were evaluated using simple sequence repeat molecular markers. A set of 49 primer combinations were developed from cowpea genomic/expressed sequence tags and evaluated for their ability to detect polymorphisms among the various cowpea genotypes. Forty-four primer combinations detected polymorphisms, with the remaining five primer sets failing to yield PCR amplification products. AFLP markers combined with the bulk segregant analysis methodology was used for the identification of molecular markers associated with the cowpea golden mosaic virus (CGMV) resistance gene in 286 F2 cowpea plants derived from the cross IT97K-499-35 x Canapu T16. Segregation data in the F2 population demonstrated that tolerance to CGMV is controlled by a single dominant gene.

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Labour markets in developing countries : are they really different? By Ramses H Abul Naga, Reader in Economics, University of Aberdeen, IMéRA fellow in partnership with AMSE – Aix-Marseille School of Economics. Cars are cars all over the world. But what about labour markets, are they broadly the same wherever you go? Developing countries are indeed very different when it comes to the functioning of their labour markets. Agriculture remains to date a relatively important share of output in developing countries. Two central features of the developing country context are the role of the extend family in determining work related tasks, and the organisation of production employment and consumption around the family farm or firm. The central mechanism of the process of economic development, as economists like to think about it, is the transfer of resources from low productivity areas of activity to high productivity hubs, often located in urban centres. Thus urban labour markets are dualistic with the informal and formal sectors co-existing. The informal sector (consisting of family firms) co-exists with the modern sector of urban labour markets. The informal sector is non-compliant to regulation, while the modern sector is variably (more or less) compliant. Though labour market segmentation is a central theme of many theories of economic development, in practice there are interlinkages between the formal and informal sectors, with workers transiting in and out of the rural labour market to the informal labour market and from the latter to the formal labour market. For those not involved with agriculture, the family firmoften replaces the family farmas the dominant institution for determining jointly production, employment and consumption decisions. In the short term, the family plans its output in relation to the underlying level of economic activity. The family is a net demander of labour if its labour endowment is insufficient to meet its output target. Otherwise, the family firm is a net supplier of work. Whether the family can meet its labour demand is a complex issue related to its general level of assets, its demographic composition, and the labour intensity of the technology it adopts in its production process. In turn, this means that depending on the regime the family is confronted to, its output, labour, and consumption responses to production price and wage changes are different. This makes the design of tax and benefit systems in developing countries a very complex and challenging task. An equally important determinant of labour supply and demand decisions is the gender structure of the household. The presence of a large share of surviving female children is for instance associated with wealth reduction, and increased labour supply. In the longer term, the family attempts to adjust its demographic structure in order to organize its production process more efficiently, in order to smooth consumption and diversify its exposure to other risks (disease and mortality) to a larger extent. The change in family composition is achieved via a mix of fertility decisions, marriage choice and migration. The complex structure of developing country labour markets and the role of the family as an institution of production and distribution of output leads to many other challenging questions from a policy perspective. It also leads us to question whether identical quick-fix policies can be equally effective when applied say in the tropics, the Sahara and the Andes. Consider for instance the scope labour unions can have in bargaining for better wages and higher safety standards at work. The effect of unions on employment is well understood when employment relations function as long term contracts, as is the case in a majority of developed countries. But the reality of developing country labour markets is that daily, seasonal and long term contracts co-exist for various reasons related to the nature of economic activity. We mention another example: the development of insurance markets. Their main role is to introduce tools to spread risks more efficiently across individuals and firms. But the effect of the introduction of insurance markets is likely to have far reaching consequences on the way households time and choose their marriage decisions, and also on the need and timing of their migration decisions. A good understanding of the complex issues that govern local production, employment and consumption decisions is thus needed in order to assess the likely impact of the introduction of a specific policy that has been highly recommended by say, some consultant, expert or other in Washington or Paris. Labour markets are not like cars: they vary all over the world, and in many subtle ways. And, as a matter of fact, just as societies have a right to write their own constitutions in order to meet their specific aspirations of freedom and social justice, economic policy should be articulated in developing countries through a participatory process that helps to meet these higher values its people are aspiring to. Ramses Abul Naga

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Such was the camaraderie forged on the battlefields of the Western Front that on Bastille Day, 1917, the Hon. David Storey, M.L.A. (Randwick), a member of the Holman Government, announced that the New South Wales Government intended to dedicate a portion of land, approximately 1 acre, permanently to the French nation and the French people, so that it might be kept sacred to their memory for ever. At a separate public meeting on the same day, Mr J. Garland, M.L.C., Minister for Justice and Solicitor General, announced that the Government of New South Wales had decided to make a gift to the French people, in perpetuity, of the piece of land at Botany Bay, where Laperouse landed. [Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July, 1917]. (Pictured above: Australian Diggers at the unveiling of the First Division Memorial at Pozières, July 1917) (Pictured: left – French sailors pay their respects on Bastille Day 1944; below – presentation of French street signs for Soldiers Settlement Matraville at the 2008 commemoration. (Left: Street sign in Villers-Bretonneux for Victoria School named for Victoria, Australia).

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Raynaud phenomenon is a condition in which cold temperatures or strong emotions cause blood vessel spasms. This blocks blood flow to the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. Raynaud phenomenon is called "primary" when it is not linked to another disorder. It most often begins in women younger than age 30. Secondary Raynaud phenomenon is linked to other conditions and usually occurs in people who are over age 30. Common causes of secondary Raynaud phenomenon are: - Diseases of the arteries (such as atherosclerosis and Buerger disease) - Drugs that cause narrowing of arteries (such as amphetamines, certain types of beta-blockers, some cancer drugs, certain drugs used for migraine headaches) - Arthritis and autoimmune conditions (such as scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus) - Certain blood disorders, such as cold agglutinin disease or cryoglobulinemia - Repeated injury or usage such as from heavy use of hand tools or vibrating machines - Thoracic outlet syndrome Exposure to the cold or strong emotions bring on the changes. - First, the fingers, toes, ears, or nose become white, and then turn blue. Fingers are most commonly affected, but toes, ears or the nose can also change color. - When blood flow returns, the area becomes red and then later returns to normal color. - The attacks may last from minutes to hours. People with primary Raynaud phenomenon have problems in the same fingers on both sides. Most people do not have much pain. The skin of the arms or legs develops bluish blotches. This goes away when the skin is warmed up. People with secondary Raynaud phenomenon are more likely to have pain or tingling in the fingers. Painful ulcers may form on the affected fingers if the attacks are very bad. Exams and Tests Your health care provider can often discover the condition causing Raynaud phenomenon by asking you questions and doing a physical exam. Tests that may be done to confirm the diagnosis include: - Examination of the blood vessels in the fingertips using a special lens called nailfold capillary microscopy - Vascular ultrasound - Blood tests to look for arthritic and autoimmune conditions that may cause Raynaud phenomenon Taking these steps may help control Raynaud phenomenon: - Keep the body warm. Avoid exposure to cold in any form. Wear mittens or gloves outdoors and when handling ice or frozen food. Avoid getting chilled, which may happen after any active recreational sport. - Stop smoking. Smoking causes blood vessels to narrow even more. - Avoid caffeine. - Avoid taking medicines that cause blood vessels to tighten or spasm. - Wear comfortable, roomy shoes and wool socks. When outside, always wear shoes. Your provider may prescribe medicines to dilate the walls of the blood vessels. These include topical nitroglycerin cream that you rub on your skin, calcium channel blockers, sildenafil (Viagra), and ACE inhibitors. Low dose aspirin is often used to prevent blood clots. For severe disease (such as when gangrene begins in fingers or toes), intravenous medicines may be used. Surgery may also be done to cut nerves that cause spasm in the blood vessels. People are most often hospitalized when the condition is this serious. It is vital to treat the condition causing Raynaud phenomenon. The outcome varies. It depends on the cause of the problem and how bad it is. Complications may include: When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if: - You have a history of Raynaud phenomenon and the affected body part (hand, foot, or other part) becomes infected or develops a sore. - Your fingers change color, especially white or blue, when they are cold. - Your fingers or toes turn black or the skin breaks down. - You have a sore on the skin of your feet or hands which does not heal. - You have a fever, swollen or painful joints, or skin rashes. Raynaud's phenomenon; Raynaud's disease Giglia JS. Raynaud's phenomenon. In: Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:1047-1052. Landry GJ. Raynaud phenomenon. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 141. Roustit M, Giai J, Gaget O, et al. On-demand Sildenafil as a treatment for Raynaud Phenomenon: a series of n-of-1 trials. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(10):694-703. PMID: 30383134 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30383134. Stringer T, Femia AN. Raynaud's phenomenon: current concepts. Clin Dermatol. 2018;36(4):498-507. PMID: 30047433 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30047433. Review Date 4/8/2019 Updated by: Gordon A. Starkebaum, MD, MACR, ABIM Board Certified in Rheumatology, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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Given that 81% of the US population lives in urban areas (2010 census), urban agriculture represents a key sector for increasing food security and improving quality of life for urban communities. However, urban soils often pose issues that limit agricultural productivity: including compaction (~50%), high pH (~8), and contamination with heavy metals (Lead, Arsenic) caused by hotspots of industrial activity and unregulated waste, often at concentrations definitively toxic to humans. This is especially true in Detroit, where, for example, 4 neighboring oil refineries have created the most polluted zip code in Michigan. As a result of uniquely severe soil issues like these, urban farmers, such as those in Detroit, often need to import topsoils and/or compost, which can be prohibitively costly, but is often the sole option for soil remediation due to city-level regulations on maximum urban compost pile sizes. Ultimately, importing organic soils does not represent an ideal nor feasible strategy for the sustainability of crop production by urban farmers. This project addresses urban soil compaction and contamination issues by evaluating the effects of biochar application, alongside legume mixtures, on soil structure, nutrient retention, soil biological activity, and vegetable yield. Project objectives from proposal: To complete this project, we will need to hold training workshops (with participation by at least 10 affiliated farmers, and others welcome) for aggregate mass distribution profile data collection, as well as data collection involving invertebrate identification. These training workshops will be related to general education in local soil ecology, as well as a platform for building community around agriculture. Ultimately, from this project, peer-reviewed publications and educational articles will be written about biochar’s effects on (1) soil aggregate mass distribution scaling parameters in combination with a tailored mechanistic model of soil aggregation, (2) nutrient concentrations in different soil aggregate mass fractions, (3) microbial community composition variation by soil aggregate mass, and (4) invertebrate community composition and diversity in bulk soils. These articles will also be reviewed in part and distributed to local community members, which will serve as lasting material of their own participation in academic research about their community. To evaluate the impacts of our outreach events, we will conduct post-instructional and data analysis workshop surveys of farmers’ willingness to adopt biochar as a consistent and feasible soil management strategy, as well as synthesize statements on what they learned. In later years, we would also ask previous participants to lead workshops on soil aggregate and invertebrate data analyses for new and returning participants.

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|“To both of these sisters have I sworn my love, each jealous of the other as the stung are of the adder. Which of them shall I take?” (Act 5, Scene 1) ||Said by: EdmundSaid to: HimselfContext: Edmund has found himself at the center of affection of both Goneril and Regan. He has pledged himself to both and recognizes that they’re jealous of each other, yet still questions which one to take. |“For the, oppressed king, I am cast down. Myself could else outfrown false Fortune’s frown.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: CordeliaSaid to: LearContext: When Cordelia is reunited with Lear, she begins to worry about his wellbeing, wishing that it were her in his place. |“When thou dost ask me blessing, I’ll kneel down and ask of thee forgiveness.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: LearSaid to: CordeliaContext: Ashamed by how he banished Cordelia, Lear explains that when she asks for blessing, he will beg for her forgiveness, recognizing his own mistake. |“Sir, by your patience, I hold you but a subject of this war, not as a brother.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: AlbanySaid to: EdmundContext: After Edmund sent Cordelia and Lear to prison without Albany’s authority, Albany tells Edmund that he is Albany’s subordinate, not his equal. |“The wheel is come full circle.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: EdmundSaid to: EdgarContext: After Edgar fatally injures Edmund, Edgar recognizes the situation at hands is due to the vices of Gloucester. Edmund confirms, saying that the vices have come back to hurt him. |“I pant for life. Some good I mean to do despite of mine own nature.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: EdmundSaid to: Albany and othersContext: After having ordered for Cordelia and Lear to be killed and also being fatally injured, Edmund admits his actions as to do some good before his death. |“Vex not his ghost. O, let him pass! He hates him that would upon the rack of this tough world stretch him out longer.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: KentSaid to: Edgar and AlbanyContext: After Lear dies, Kent suggests not attempting to resuscitate him, explaining that he’s been tortured enough on Earth. |“I have a journey, sir, shortly to go; my master calls me. I must not say no.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: KentSaid to: Edgar and AlbanyContext: With Lear dead, Kent finds himself without motive to continue, as Lear was his life. He plans to kill himself soon. |“The weight of this sad time we must obey. Speak what we feel, not what we aught to say.” (Act 5, Scene 3) ||Said by: EdgarSaid to: Albany and Kent (really more towards audience)Context: After all of the deaths and evil that had been committed in such a short timespan, Edgar suggests that the gravity of the sad day should be remembered.

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The car is a very complicated thing in the modern world, with a whole host of mechanical and electronic systems working together to keep the car running, and to keep its levels of operation at maximum efficiency. The engine control unit is the centerpiece of a car’s electronics, which makes millions of processes each second to make slight adjustments to the actuators depending on the information the central CPU gets from the various number of real-time sensors. This goes alongside the transmission control unit, which ensures that gear changes within automatic cars are most efficient. These car computers not only keep the car running, but minimize the amount of fuel wasted, which keeps efficiency and economy high, whilst helping to protect the environment with minimal emissions. The cars of today present a marked contrast between now and the early days of the automobile. From the turn of the century when the first commercial automobiles emerged, to the end of the 1960’s, there were obviously no electronic components, and vehicles were designed simply and included simple and robust mechanical control parts and basic methods of control. Back then a better car meant a car with a bigger engine, more speed and more horsepower, and little heed was paid to efficiency, economy, and the environment. However, the issue of the environment, and certainly the issue of economy became more and more pronounced in the 1970’s, with the inclusion of mandates, and the notable fuel crisis of the mid 70’s. Around the same time, electronic technology was reaching the point where it was physically able to be included in automobiles, alongside the transmission from carburetors to fuel injection, but is wasn’t until the 1980’s that electronics became practical and economic enough to be included. Control over the ignition in the interests of minimizing fuel usage drove car electronics. The first pieces of circuitry used to control spark timings where large pieces of solid state circuitry, and would need replacement every few years. By the middle of the 80’s, the industry would be founded on fuel injection completely controlled by electronics. Naturally, as commercial electronics boomed in the 80’s and on through the 90’s, becoming smaller, cheaper and more sophisticated, on-board car computers would take on more and more functional responsibilities, sensing more and more data and controlling more and more aspects of the car engine, among other things such as braking and climate control. Indeed it was not long before the computer became the central and integral component in the car. With the rise of the computer came the potential for customization, with access to a programmable computer providing immense control other a vehicle’s power and other variables.

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Christians often defend the study of literature in purely utilitarian terms. We say that analyzing novels and poems helps us understand the world a little better, the way people think, their motivations and fears; we say a knowledge of the world's great writing is helpful for becoming better writers ourselves, or for training younger writers; we comb the pages of the classics searching for clues to secular worldviews. We seldom encourage anyone to read good books simply because it's enjoyable. Obviously, some books might be kind of fun to read but are best left on the library shelf, but we aren't talking about those. One of the best reasons to teach literature as a "school subject" is to instill in our children a love of reading that will help shape them into men and women with a love of learning. Anything touted simply for its academic value, no matter how much a student may like it initially, is bound to become boring eventually. Yet reading is the foundation for any study; without it, learners are unable to advance their own understanding, and must be dependent on others for acquiring information and ideas. If they can read well, however, students are able to acquire, collate and interpret large amounts of facts, and thus to expand not only their knowledge, but their very selves. Alove of reading and the ability to read well are closely related. Knowing what to look forin a book (or newspaper, or play, or blog, or whatever) greatly increases anyone's enjoyment of reading. If you already like to read, knowing what you're doing will simply make you appreciate it evenmore. It's not just ideas and worldviews you ought to be looking for, either. Simply admiring the beauty of the language and how great authors use it is good enough reason to read and enjoy literature. God endowed humans with a sense of the beautiful because all that fits that description reflects Him in some way (though always incompletely). Christian readers especially ought to identify and celebrate beauty in literature. Our selection of literature resources is meant to reflect all these elements, to help students (and parents) understand the worldviews behind various works, to appreciate aesthetic beauty, and to simply enjoy reading a good book. More of a curriculum choice, but one which covers all these bases admirably, is Teaching the Classics by Adam and Missy Andrews; if you want to go even further, check out the Worldview Supplement. Most of the books in this category are better suited to older students and adults; while younger students can benefit from rigorous literary study, they aren't normally able to "get" as much as more mature readers who've long since mastered the arts of decoding, comprehension, and basic plot analysis. As a result, we don't carry many workbooks as such, instead opting for titles that require active engagement. Peter Leithart's books are among the more challenging in this regard. He assumes readers are willing and able to keep up with him, and brings his considerable intelligence to bear on writers as diverse as Dante, Shakespeare, Jane Austen, and the Greek tragedians. In each book he looks first at the literature itself, then compares it to Christian and biblical thought, finding each text or author either deficient or compatible with a God-centered worldview. Plus, he's pretty funny at times. How to Read a Book by Mortimer Adler and Charles Van Doren, and How to Read a Poem by Burton Raffel are both now-classic introductions to the art of reading well. The first book is a flat-out must-read; the second is excellent for poetry-lovers and the uninitiated alike, and Raffel is hilarious. How to Read Slowly is James Sire's plea to take enough time with any text to actually understand it and compare its values and message to a Christian worldview. Whether you're a fan of C. S. Lewis or not, his Experiment in Criticism is fantastic, offering a thorough introduction to the Medieval mindset and how it gave birth to some of the world's great literature. Louis Markos' Lewis Agonistes, on the other hand, shows us how we can apply Lewis' thought to a modern and postmodern context in order to defend our faith. These are just a few of our available titles, wich include dictionaries of liteary terms, reference guides, introductions to poetry-writing for younger students, books about the Bible as literature, Louise Cowan and Os Guinness' Invitation to the Classics, etc. Our goal is to make Exodus Books one of the most complete and most easily-searchable sources for great literature, literature resources, and literature curriculum on the Web. That hope isn't founded on a desire to "be the best," though we do want to do our best. Our primary motivation is to help restore among Christians a sense of the goodness and worthiness of literature, to overcome the commonattitude that holdsall secular writing at arm's length. We want Christians to read literature (be it secular or sacred) as Christians, and we offer these resources to help anyone who shares that purpose, or would like to. Review by C. Hollis Crossman C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he is a husband and father, teaches adult Sunday school in his Presbyterian congregation, and likes weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur.Read more of his reviews here. Did you find this review helpful?

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Use Camera Techniques to Creatively Control Visual Outcomes In this unit, learners will learn the correct techniques to prepare a digital camera for use. This will include factors such as battery life and image storage strategies. They will then explore the creative effects of using basic camera controls such as shutter speeds and aperture. They will also explore the visual effects produced by the use of different lenses. Following the capture of images they will use image processing software to label and manage the digital assets for further post production. Print and Present a Portfolio of Photographs In this unit learners will obtain the knowledge and practice necessary to produce high quality prints from their image files. This will include monitoring calibration, sizing, resolution, colour management, printer profiles, soft proofing and printer preparation. They will learn how to mount their images to present them as a panel of work. This unit will give the learners the skills necessary to research and carry out 3 photojournalism projects. They will evaluate examples of photojournalism and relate this to their own work. Learners will select 3 events suitable for reportage and shoot and present a panel of photographs which reflect their own individual approach to the subject. Experimental Photographic Imaging In this unit the learners will explore alternative methods of producing photographic images. They will evaluate the quality and aesthetics of images obtained using non-conventional techniques and produce a portfolio of 12 creative images using 3 chosen techniques. Photographing in the studio environment allows you, as a photographer, to create the perfect image, using your skills and knowledge to control every element of the shot, including lighting, composition and background. Non-Digital Photographic Techniques In this unit, you will develop skills in non-digital photographic materials, techniques and processes including working in a traditional photographic darkroom. You will explore and experiment with a range of these, reflecting on how they can be used to produce good quality photographic work. Photographic Materials, Techniques and Processes This unit will introduce you to a range of photographic materials, techniques and processes. You will explore both their technical characteristics and creative potential, using this experimentation to support your response to a photographic brief. Developing your skills and understanding of photographic materials, techniques and processes, and reviewing your working practice and development will help improve your work. Fine Art Materials, Techniques and Processes In this unit, you will explore the breadth of materials, techniques and processes used to create fine art. You will investigate their characteristics and properties, and experiment with the technical processes to develop an understanding of how fine artists communicate ideas. You will then develop some of your own ideas and outcomes using the techniques you have learned, and review the development of your skills in this area. Developing and Realising Creative Intentions This unit will give you the opportunity to develop and realise your own photography idea. You will take into consideration all the aspects of photography you have learned throughout the course and produce a photography piece that exemplifies your skills and knowledge. Developing the ability to shoot on location allows you to use the whole world as your studio. You will use landscapes, cityscapes and the urban environment as your backdrop, creating amazing photographs by using available ambient light that you could not recreate in the studio environment. Digital Image Capture and Editing In this unit, you will explore different ways of digitally capturing and editing images. You will identify the resources and software required for managing image capture, and develop skills in image editing and manipulation. You will also learn about the legal and ethical considerations in relation to image making and publicity before applying this understanding to developing imagery in response to a brief. Professional Practice in Art and Design Art, design and photography practitioners are often freelancers and entrepreneurs who need to find ways to earn a living. They can do this by selling their own work through an online marketplace, producing work for a commission, or responding to an invitation to submit work from a client or company. In this unit, you will become a freelance photography practitioner or entrepreneur, and explore real opportunities to produce work for a particular market. Managing a Client Brief In this unit, you will develop skills required to successfully manage a client brief. You will learn how to interpret and respond to a brief, developing ideas within the constraints set by the client. You will learn the importance of professional presentation skills when putting your ideas together for a client. You will review and reflect on the process, justifying your thought processes, decisions and selection of final ideas. These courses give a good technical training and education providing a vocational alternative to A Levels and the opportunity for successful students to progress to Higher Education. Students are normally aged 16 or over and the following requirements are needed: · An English GCSE at C (4) or higher plus a minimum of three others at C (4) or higher, including Maths or Science. In addition Learning Areas may apply specific agreed aptitude assessments that assist selection. Applicants for all courses in Photography are expected to show a strong commitment to the industry and have a strong personal statement. It is also preferable, but not essential to have a GCSE in Art, Design, Photography, Textiles or another creative discipline. Learning and assessment Assessments will include assignments, presentations, reports portfolios and exhibitions. As a course equivalent to A Level the Level 3 BTEC National Diploma is an ideal springboard for progression to a Foundation Degree or BA (Hons) depending on UCAS points gained. Employment opportunities in media, photography and its related industries are currently very good. The National Diploma in Photography provides the qualification and experience for entry into the industry at an operational level with future prospects for management. 1 Specialist Clothing and Equipment: Waterproof jacket and sturdy footwear essential (approx. £75). A digital SLR camera is recommended (approx. £300). Appropriate memory cards and photographic paper (approx. £35). (A full list will be given out at induction) 2 Extra Costs: Field trips to a variety of locations such as trade shows, events or gallery entrance may incur entrance fee charges (approx. £20). Black and white film stock can be processed on the premises, but colour film and digital printing will incur processing costs (approx. £30-40). There is an optional study tour abroad (approx. £350)

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Substance abuse can lead to a variety of diseases and conditions. These include both physical illness as well as mental illness. Addiction to drugs can cause a lot of serious problems for the user that can cause irreparable damage to the body and mind. When one takes into consideration the amount of toxins the body has to clean out because of substance abuse, it then becomes evident that the body will eventually give up. The risk factors of drug abuse are varied. One of the most important factors is family genetics. Studies have shown that people who are alcoholic or addicted to smoking have a much higher chance of having family members with the same condition. So, if you have relatives who are or were addicted to drugs or alcohol, then you have a high chance of also becoming addicted. Gender is another risk factor for addiction. It has been shown that males are twice as likely to become addicts as women are. Having a mental illness such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or schizophrenia can also be a risk factor for substance abuse. Peer pressure plays a major role in substance abuse as well, especially among teenagers and young adults. A need to be accepted or be part of a group can lead to an individual trying out drugs with the group and this can lead to addiction. In addition to the above, the age at which a person begins abusing drugs or alcohol also plays a major part in whether or not they are at risk of becoming addicted. Studies show that a person who began drinking alcohol or using drugs at a very young age has a higher chance of becoming addicted than a person who began using later on in life. The nature of the substance being abused can increase the risk factor of addiction. Drugs such as cocaine, crack and heroin have a higher addiction level than other substances such as alcohol. Some people may only need to try some of these drugs only once and they can instantly become addicted. The risk factors of becoming addicted to substances such as drugs and alcohol depend on a number of factors. These factors are taken into consideration when the addict goes to rehab for drug detox and recovery. This will ultimately help to make the treatment more successful.

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Be wise – energy-wise! Lecturer’s Guide – Didactic-methodological information and guideline “Be wise – energy-wise!” is a comic featuring six characters – two wind turbines called Wendy (f) and Rudy (m), two solar bots called Khanya (f) and Ilanga (m) and two members of the ‘Bulb family’, Lumina (f) and Lucas (m), both of them LED bulbs. Several messages are contained in the story (summarised below). The story starts when Rudy comes home from work (he works as a wind turbine producing energy) and exhaustedly falls asleep right away. The next morning, Rudy is examined by Lucas, who finds the culprit for the energy drain: The incandescent bulbs such as those that are used in the lamp next to Rudy’s bed. The characters realise that Rudy uses a lot of his energy to operate these types of bulbs during his work shift, and that he gets exhausted because of that. This is not energy-efficient! Lucas and Lumina therefore suggest replacing all incandescent bulbs in the neighbourhood with LEDs. They want to be more energy-wise.

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We are conducting a five-year study of 57 ephemeral ponds within Wisconsin's Chippewa Moraine to identify the effects of environmental variability on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, plants and water chemistry. Ephemeral ponds are fed by snowmelt and rainfall in the spring and dry out in the summer. These habitats contain uniquely adapted organisms like fairy shrimp (Eubranchipus spp.), fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae), and clam shrimp (Lynceus spp.). Many species persist in dried ponds as dormant cysts and can serve as an important food source for migrating waterfowl. Fish eat amphibians, but because ephemeral ponds are fish-free, they provide critical, safe breeding habitat for amphibians, and wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) in particular. Chorus frogs, spring peepers, and blue-spotted salamanders also breed in ephemeral ponds.

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The activities are as follows: - Teacher Guide - Student activity, Graph Type A, Level 4 - Student activity, Graph Type B, Level 4 - Student activity, Graph Type C, Level 4 - Grading Rubric Have you ever thought about what it would be like to live completely alone, without contact with other people? Nowadays, humans are constantly connected by phones, texting, and social media. Our social interactions affect us in many unexpected ways. Strong social relationships can increase human lifespan, and lower the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Social relationships are so important that they are actually a stronger predictor of premature death than smoking, obesity, or physical inactivity! Like humans, social interactions are important for other animals as well. Jennifer is a behavioral ecologist who is interested in daffodil cichlids, a social species of fish from Lake Tanganyika, a Great Lake in Africa. Daffodil cichlids live in social groups of several small fish and one breeding pair. Each group defends its own rock cluster in the lake. The breeding male and female are the largest fist in the group, and the smaller fish help defend territory against predators and help care for newly hatched baby fish. About 200 social groups together make up a colony. Behavior within a social group may be influenced by the presence of other groups in the colony. For example, neighboring groups can be a threat because they may try to take away territory or resources. After reading about previous research on social interactions in species that live in groups, Jennifer noticed there were very few studies that looked at how neighboring groups affected behavior within the group. Jennifer thought that the presence of neighboring groups may force the breeding pair to be less aggressive towards each other and work together to protect their group’s resources against the outside threat. To test her idea, Jennifer formed breeding pairs of daffodil cichlids in an aquarium laboratory. She first observed the breeding pairs for any aggressive behaviors when they were isolated and could not see other groups. She observed each group for 30 minutes a day for 10 days. Next, Jennifer set up a clear barrier between the breeding pair and a neighboring group. The fish could see each other but not physically interact. Jennifer again watched the breeding pair and documented any aggressive behaviors to see how the presence of a neighboring group affected conflict within the pair. She again observed each group with neighbors for 30 minutes a day for 10 days. During these behavioral tests, Jennifer counted the total number of behaviors done by the breeding pair. She measured several behaviors. Physical attacks were counted every time contact between the fish was made (biting or ramming each other). Aggressive displays were counted when fish give signals of aggression without making physical contact (raising their fins or swimming rapidly at another fish). Submissive behaviors, or actions used to prevent aggression between the breeding pair, were also counted. Finally, behaviors used to encourage social bonding were counted and are called affiliative behaviors. Jennifer predicted that the breeding pair would perform fewer physical attacks and aggressive displays when a neighboring group was present compared to when the breeding pair was alone. She also thought the breeding pair would perform more submissive and affiliative behaviors when the neighboring group was present. In this way, the presence of an outside group would impact the behaviors within a group. Featured scientist: Jennifer Hellmann from The Ohio State University

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The loud word in the history of creating a photo belongs to William Henry Fox Talbot. This briton worked for a very long time on his own way of creating photos. Later this method was called calotypy. It differed from daguerotype in many details. For example, photos Talbot initially consisted of a negative image. But when dipping them into a special solution in a dark room, the picture could be transferred to another carrier. In this case, the colors changed, the result was a normal black and white image. Talbot has issued a patent for his invention, so this method of obtaining photos has not gained much popularity. Most often, such pictures were created only by the inventor himself. The main advantage of calotypy was the lack of restrictions on the number of copies from one negative. The history of photography in Russia and other countries The improvement of the photograph was not unified in Europe. Experiments were conducted in the USA, Russia and even on the Asian continent. The history of photography in Russia originated in the first half of the XIX century. A significant contribution to the development of cameras made photographer Levitsky. Before him, the design of any camera was too massive, which prevented its transportation. Levitsky replaced the side walls with furs. Now the camera could be folded for transportation. Soon there were models that were placed in a relatively small suitcase. In 1980, Lieutenant Izmailov contributed his word to the development of photographic equipment. He supplied the camera with a magazine-shotgun system. This made it possible to quickly change photographic plates. A total of 70 records were placed in the store. The instant shutter was also invented on the territory of the Russian Empire. The sketch of this device was painted by photographer Yurkovski from Vitebsk. A detailed description of the shutter was published in the journal “Photographer”, published in St. Petersburg. In the USA, the development of photography was triggered by the foundation of the Kodak company. It was in her factories that a gelatinous substance was developed, which reduced the exposure time to hundredths of a second. Now it was necessary to improve the photographic equipment, so that you can use this minimum shutter speed. The history of photography of the 20th century Gradually, the photo got a familiar look. The picture was taken with the help of a camera (a large model was used in the photo studio, but there were also compact specimens). Inside the device was inserted film. After the development it was possible to transfer images to photographic paper. The history of photography in the 20th century did not develop as rapidly. In the first place improved the camera, not a photo. The only exception is the very beginning of the 20th century, when the possibility of creating color photographs was invented. Over the past century, a huge number of cameras have been created. In Germany, the Leica company was founded, whose cameras are still considered elite and the most expensive. The rivalry between Nikon and Canon began, which continues to this day. But in Russia, the cameras “Sharp”, “Zenith” and “Smena” had a tremendous success. In 1949, Zeiss introduced a pentaprism into one of the SLR cameras. This allowed the viewfinder to be placed not on the top panel, but on the back wall. Now the photographer could keep the device at eye level. A similar system is now used in many digital SLR cameras (with the exception of Sony models, which have a translucent mirror installed that is unable to reflect light in the viewfinder). And it was only a brief insight into the history of photography. The technology of creating images was regularly improved. In the XIX century, new discoveries in this area occurred almost every year. Now a new story of photography is opening – already digital. Sony in 1981 created the first digital camera, which was significantly ahead of its time. Later, almost all giants of the camera industry joined the production of such equipment. At the moment, you can take a picture of anything. Digital camera in our hands is less and less. Most often we use webcams, smartphones, tablets, gaming consoles, video cameras and digital binoculars. Some use the camera as a peephole. For two centuries, global changes have occurred in photography.

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- ติดต่อ: Mr. Allen Wang Link Fitting U Shackle - ผู้ผลิต, โรงงาน, ผู้จัดจำหน่ายจากประเทศจีน U Type Shackle in Electricity A shackle application: Shackles are widely used in electricity, metallurgy, petroleum, machinery, railways, chemicals, ports, mines, construction and other industries. Second, shackle use and... The knowledge of corrugated steel plate The steel plate is made by processing and pressing the molten steel. There are many kinds of such steel plates, such as stainless steel plate, heat-resistant steel plate and non-slip steel plate .... Electric fittings are used to connect and assemble devices. Electric fittings are used to connect and assemble devices, so electrical installation companies will use fittings. According to the definition of GB/T5075-2001 National Standard "Terminology of... Knowledge of U shackle Shackles, rings, eye hooks, rope cards, clamps, etc., are the main end fittings that make up the slings and spreaders. Correct use or not directly relates to the carrying safety of spreaders and...

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What is GDPR? The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a broad set of rights and principles, enacted into law by the European Union to ensure the protection and use of personal data pertaining to EU residents. These regulations are extensive, featuring 173 recitals, 99 articles, and 160 pages, and they will be enforced with teeth. When will it be implemented? The EU enacted GDPR on May 24th, 2016 and enforcement of it will begin on May 25th, 2018. Companies that are not compliant with the regulations by May 25th, 2018, and experience a breach of personal data, can expect to face steep fines, i.e. up to 4% of global revenue or 20 million Euro (whichever is higher)! What does it affect? - Any organization that stores or processes personal information about EU subjects, including non-EU entities. - Any company that has a presence in an EU country, either by offering goods and services to or monitoring the behaviour of EU citizens. - If a company does not have a physical presence in the EU, but processes the data of EU subjects, it will still be subject to GDPR. - Large companies - Small-medium enterprises are affected if they conduct data processing that impacts the rights and freedoms of data subjects, or if it includes non-occasional sensitive personal data. Data, Processes, & People Data refers to any information that your business uses, processes, stores, or needs. Some things you would expect to see on this list are: - Customer data - Employee information (current & former) - Financial Information But there are other things that you may not expect to qualify, such as: vendor lists, certifications, access to resources and credentials, physical access, unstructured [big] data, logs, etc. Personal data includes any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. An identifiable person is one whose identity can be determined either directly or indirectly by reference to an identifier. Keep in mind there is a difference between personal data and sensitive personal data, where the latter corresponds to anything relevant to religious beliefs, sexuality, etc. Sensitive personal data is protected to higher standards, and breaches are subject to larger penalties. Processes refer to those that are critical to the business, such as: - Customer communications - Social Media - Supply Chain & Materials - Industrial Controls - Physical Access & Trade Secrets Finally, consider the people who are responsible for business operations, and what they have access to. For example, evaluate the following: - Current and former employees - Customers and Potential Customers What are the goals of GDPR? GDPR asserts that the protection of data privacy is a fundamental right. These regulations will give control back to the citizens and residents of the EU over their personal data. Furthermore, they will simplify the regulatory environment for international business, by unifying regulations across the EU. - Transparency for data subjects – meaning the people whose data is collected should be able to find out what the data is collected for, its purpose, who has access to the data, and how long the data lives in the system. Furthermore, they should be able to verify, correct, export, move, and erase their data as easily as it was provided in the first place. - Privacy by design, which minimizes data collection and retention, whilst gaining consent from customers. - This includes having a valid basis for processing personal data – it should answer the question of why the data is being processed, and what right does the company have. - Consent must be clear, precise, and understandable. It cannot be pre-set. It should also be just as easy to cancel the consent as it was to grant it to begin with. - Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) - For certain data, companies will have to evaluate the risks to privacy (in advance). - Right to erasure and to be forgotten - Citizens have the right to request that companies erase personal data and inform them how long they will store the data. - Extraterritoriality – GDPR applies even if a company does not have a physical presence in the EU, but collects data about EU subjects. - Breach notification requirements to both data authorities and persons affect - Steep fines for non-compliance Centry can help! This article was written by Dave Ehman and Kristina Weber of Centry LTD.

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A new NASA report examines various scenarios in which nuclear reactors that are used to power spacecraft could accidentally reenter the Earth’s atmosphere. “There are a number of types of reentry events that can potentially occur with missions containing fission reactors. Each type of reentry event can produce a variety of possible adverse environments for the fission reactor,” the report said. The postulated scenarios include accidental reentry upon launch, reentry from orbit, and reentry during Earth flyby. “There are three potential outcomes for a fission reactor in a reentry scenario,” the report explains. “First, the fission reactor can burn up in the atmosphere due to the aerothermal loads imparted to it during reentry. Second, it can survive the reentry and impact the Earth’s surface with or without additional spacecraft components. Finally, it can break apart during reentry, but its various components survive reentry and impact the Earth’s surface (a scattered reentry).” See Fission Reactor Inadvertent Reentry: A Report to the Nuclear Power & Propulsion Technical Discipline Team, by Allen Camp et al, NASA/CR−2019-220397, August 2019. A conference on “Nuclear Energy in Space: Nonproliferation Risks and Solutions” will be held in Washington DC on October 17 that will focus on the anticipated use of highly enriched uranium in space nuclear reactors, and the feasibility of using low enriched uranium instead. The conference is sponsored by the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Project (NPPP) at the University of Texas at Austin. Several previous technical analyses have concluded that use of low enriched uranium in space reactors is in fact feasible, but that it would probably require a reactor of significantly larger mass. See “White Paper – Use of LEU for a Space Reactor,” August 2017 and “Consideration of Low Enriched Uranium Space Reactors” by David Lee Black, July 2018.

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Writing, unlike speaking, is not an ability we acquire naturally, even in our first language: it has to be taught. In TESOL, Writing is often referred to as the ‘Cinderella’ skill because it’s the one that gets left behind while all the others ‘join the ball’. What this means for us as language teachers is that unless our learners are explicitly taught how to write in their new language, their writing skills are likely to get left behind while their speaking, reading and listening develops. Fortunately, there are ways we can plan effective writing lessons. This is a natural first stage in planning a writing lesson, and is vital because learners can’t write unless they have ideas to write about. This planning stage will be most effective if you give learners the opportunity to work together and brainstorm lots of ideas. Plan to control this stage by allowing enough time in your planning for learners to generate more ideas than they need. Additionally, have some sample ideas or sub-area categories ready in case the class needs help in finding inspiration. A natural progression from idea generation is idea organization. Learners may work in groups to put the ideas they generated in the previous stage into a ‘mind map’. This mind map can then be drawn on the board, using ideas from the different groups. Alternatively, you could get learners to put ideas into a table with a series of headings for different boxes. At this stage you may want to add useful vocabulary and/or phrases that the learners will use in their writing but couldn’t produce. Examine a model text Once the learners have come up with their own ideas and thought about which are the most relevant or important, the next part of your lesson plan should be to give them what they need to express those ideas in the most appropriate way; an effective method is to provide them with a model of ‘good practice’. Looking at a model text raises learners’ awareness of the conventions of typical text styles of different genres. This text should have a similar style, length and organization to that which you want the learners to produce. After learners have seen how ideas are organized in an example piece of writing, they can organize their own ideas in a similar way. A good way of planning this stage is to put learners in groups to draft a plan of their work. This group plan might include the number of paragraphs and the main points of each paragraph. In some situations, you might wish to make stages one to four your whole lesson, with the actual writing done outside of class. The advantages of doing this are that the learners can spend time thinking about their composition and not feel rushed. However, getting your learners to write in class enables you to monitor and suggest ideas, provide extra language input and spot those learners who are off task. Think about how long the first four stages of the plan might take and decide if you want to include the actual writing of the text in your lesson. Post-writing lesson follow-up Although it might feel like the culmination of a writing lesson, the writing itself should not be the final stage of your writing lesson plan. It’s important to follow up with some review and revision of what has been written. Two things you should plan for in subsequent writing lessons are peer review and error correction. Getting other class members to comment and give feedback on a piece of writing can be both motivating and a non-threatening correction technique for learners. Nevertheless, follow this up with teacher-led review. You can plan for this by either collecting in the writing and giving individual feedback, or by monitoring, making notes of common errors and going through these as an end-of-lesson review on the board. Writing remains an under-appreciated skill in language classrooms, so planning effective lessons around the written form of the language will be greatly appreciated by your learners.

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Weather Lesson 6 This Weather Lesson 6 lesson plan also includes: - Join to access all included materials Students prepare a classroom weathercast and present a broadcast. 3 Views 1 Download - Folder Types - Activities & Projects - Graphics & Images - Handouts & References - Lab Resources - Learning Games - Lesson Plans - Primary Sources - Printables & Templates - Professional Documents - PD Courses - Study Guides - Performance Tasks - Graphic Organizers - Writing Prompts - Constructed Response Items - AP Test Preps - Lesson Planet Articles - Interactive Whiteboards - Home Letters - Unknown Types - All Resource Types - Show All See similar resources: Get the Picture - Severe Weather Graphs and Other Visual RepresentationsLesson Planet Whereas the lesson is an analysis of weather-related data, it can be used in any science class to teach how to review data, graphs, and visual models for pertinent information, and how sometimes these representations help to clarify... 5th - 9th Science Weather or NotLesson Planet What is the difference between weather and climate? This is the focus question of a lesson that takes a deeper look at how weather data helps determine climate in a region. Using weather and climate cards, students decide if a statement... 5th - 6th Science CCSS: Adaptable Weather Watch Activity Guide: Groundhog DayLesson Planet Exactly what do groundhogs know about weather? Not as much as your science students will after completing these lessons and activities that cover everything from the earth's rotation and the creation of shadows, to cloud... K - 8th Science CCSS: Adaptable Weather in the NewsLesson Planet Tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes, oh my! In this lesson, meteorology majors compare stories of historical storms written by two or more different sources. As a result, they understand how the media portrays such catastrophes and... 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable What Science Suggests About 'Weather Weirding'Lesson Planet Here is an activity that you can use to help upper elementary or middle schoolers to meet Common Core literacy standards for science and technology. Youngsters read the article on extreme weather patterns, "Weather Runs Hot and Cold, So... 4th - 8th Science Flipping Over Our Weather ReportsLesson Planet Young scholars create their own weather report. In this weather lesson, students work in groups to predict the weather for three days and create their own video. They have a director, camera-person, still cameraman, and two weathermen. 2nd - 6th Science

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Since 2008, hundreds of thousands of American homes shifted to use of solar panels to power their daily lives with the sun’s energy. Today, you are probably considering the option of installing a solar energy system to your home’s roof to harness the power from the Sun. Installing solar panels for your home is a comparatively new and favorite kind of home improvement. Hence, solar panels will boost the value of your home and provide enough savings over time to pay. Solar panels are energy saving home power solution that can dramatically reduce both your power bill and your carbon footprint. Installing solar panels is relatively simple. Although the one-time installation cost can be high, however, the saving you generate will be like a return of investment from a long-term perspective. Essential Considerations when installing solar panels at home - You calculate your approximate energy requirements and how much of the condition you can cover with a solar array of any size you can afford. - If your energy bills are significantly high, then you consider ways to lower the consumption. - Consult Pacific Energy | Maui Solar PV, a professional electrician optimize your electrical wiring and lighting locations at home to reduce your overall electricity consumption. - Know how much peak sunlight you can expect for your particular region. - Furthermore, install the panels on a southward facing surface for maximal sun exposure. Best tips to install your solar panels 1. Get help a solar panel system professional A professional knows the process. The professionals can typically help you avoid making costly mistakes. 2. Check your available space (e.g., rooftop) - Check if there is still enough space available for the solar panels. - Assess your electricity consumption for you to know how many panels you will need. In knowing this, you can figure out where to put them. - Assess the sun’s movement to make sure that the location of your solar panels will get constant and reliable exposure of sunlight. - Avoid placing solar panels in the shaded areas - If you want to put the panels on the roof, you must check if your roof is durable to support the weight of the solar panel and its racks. 1. Calculate your energy needs Calculate your energy needs by averaging out the KW/H located at the bottom part of your electricity bills. Make sure that the energy the panels can produce and store can supply your requirements, especially during peak times. 2. Research, research, research Educate yourself. Knowledge is essential to be safe and never being caught without enough power. 3. Decide on a type of system Learn the difference between a Grid Tie and an Off-Grid System. The knowledge will help you decide what kind of system is fit for your home 4. Calculate how many panels and budget you will need Set a realistic budget. It will be better to compare the different systems. 5. Check if there solar subsidies The government is offering some solar subsidies such as local and provincial or state incentives, federal tax credits, and utility rebates. 6. Comply on local building codes Ensure that you comply with the local building codes. Do some research online to factor-in requirements for geography. To comply will also qualify you for incentives. Why should you seriously consider installing solar panels at home? Imagine yourself enjoying a savings of as much as up to 20%-80% on the cost of your electricity. In a big picture, you contribute to fighting against climate change.

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Faith schools, tolerance and diversity : exploring the influence of education on students' attitudes of tolerance - Helen Everett ; Jan Germen Janmaat, Edward Vickers, Henry Everett, editors. - Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, - Copyright notice - Physical description - xxvi, 387 pages : illustrations ; 22 cm At the library Education Library (Cubberley) |LC107 .E94 2018||Unknown| - Includes bibliographical references (pages 345-369) and indexes. - Chapter 1. Introduction - Chapter 2. Understanding Tolerance - Chapter 3. The School - Chapter 4. The Students' Religious Identity - Chapter 5. The Students' Experience of School - Chapter 6. Is There Any Difference in Tolerance? - Chapter 7. Discussion. - (source: Nielsen Book Data) This book examines the effects of faith schools on social cohesion and inter-ethnic relations. Faith schools constitute approximately one third of all state-maintained schools and two fifths of the independent schools in England. Nevertheless, they have historically been, and remain, controversial. In the current social climate, questions have been raised about the ability of faith schools to promote Community Cohesion and, included within that, their ability to promote tolerance. This book explores one aspect of the debate by examining the effect that faith schools have on their students' attitudes of tolerance. As well as asking what differences exist between students in faith and non-faith schools, it also looks at which aspects of the schools might be affecting the students and their attitudes towards different minorities. The book is a must-read for students and researchers in the fields of education and religious studies, as well as anyone with an interest in the place of faith schools in a modern multicultural society. (source: Nielsen Book Data) - Publication date - Copyright date Browse related items Start at call number:

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The famed late medieval book of prayer and blessings upon the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, known as Dalā’il al-khayrāt, written by Muhammad Sulaymān al-Jazūlī (d. 1465), would become one of the most popular texts of any sort across the early modern Islamicate world. From modern-day Morocco, where al-Jazūlī lived, worked, and died (he completed Dalā’il in Fes, while he would ultimately be buried in Marrakesh), his most famous work would rapidly spread to points east, with copies appearing by the mid eighteenth century as far afield as Eastern Turkestan and the Indonesian archipelago. As this text and its devotional regime spread, the text itself took on what was in some regards a relatively stable visual schemata- depictions of Mecca and Medina, schematics of Muhammad’s tomb and minbar, and an overall ornamentation and careful, often fully vocalized script could all be found in copies across the Islamicate world. At the same time, different regions drew the text into their own traditions of art and manuscript production, while in some cases adding additional material. In the eighteenth century, for instance, Ottoman copies of Dalā’il would often come to include hilye-i şerif panels, calligraphic ‘verbal icons’ of Muhammad (which themselves had originally existed in a medieval treatise). In the Maghrib- the Islamic ‘Far West’- where the text originated, copies of Dalā’il would often include unique to the region elements, elaborated in a variety of styles. One such unique (so far as I can tell) element was the inclusion, in the opening pages of the manuscript, of an illuminated genealogy of Muhammad. Here is a relatively plain example, making use of name roundels (which were also common in Ottoman productions and may have their origin in such a milieu) and extensions of names into the neutral space of the illumination: However, the manuscript that I want to focus on here, now classified as BnF Arabe 6983, is another Maghribi version of the famous prayer book, and was completed in 1705 in what is now Morocco and held in the library of the Nāṣiriyya sufis in Tamegroute on the edge of the Sahara until it came into the collection of Hubert Lyautey, the French Resident-General of Morocco in the early twentieth century, and thence to the Bibliothèque nationale de France. This manuscript, which in its provenance history already bespeaks to much historical change, has one of the most spectacular and beautiful visual schemes of any copy of Dalā’il I have come across. The mihrab page above- an unusual feature in itself- hints at some of the artistic vigor and cultural exchange visible in this manuscript, which is very much oriented towards the Ottoman world, even as its core features speak to its Maghribi origins. The following page, an example of the above-mentioned genealogy component, demonstrates the Ottoman stylistic aspects especially well: Here, the illumination’s neutral space, while like the first example containing the winding names of Muhammad’s ancestors attached to calligraphic roundels, has been filled with a delicate swirling floral pattern. Anyone with some familiarity with Ottoman history is likely to recognize that pattern- it originated in the illumination of the sultanic calligraphic emblem, the tuǧra, as visible in the following example, from the late sixteenth century: Over the course of his several journeys through the Ottoman lands, the great shaykh, scholar, and saint ‘Abd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī encountered all sorts of people from all manner of walks of life, from members of the Ottoman elite to Turkmen nomads in the desert. On the whole he expressed great affection and understanding for ordinary people, including those whose practice of Islam did not precisely accord with the textual, urban norms of the scholarly class of which al-Nābulusī was a prominent member. In the following story, which takes place in the Būlāq neighborhood of Ottoman Cairo, al-Nābulusī’s patience and tolerance were both tested greatly by a decidedly unprofessional Friday preacher to whom he and his friend and host Shaykh Zayn al-‘Ābidīn al-Bakrī, a prominent and well-known (as the story suggests) member of Cairo’s scholarly class, found themselves listening, first with amusement and later with other less positive emotions. The story is largely self-explanatory, though it is worth pointing out that the preacher’s attempt at angling a bigger share of the mosque’s designated endowment for preaching is a good reminder of the quotidian, economic realities running through Ottoman religious life, like the religious lives of people the world over. His apparent substance addiction, as we would now call it, also reminds us that such problems are hardly anything new, while the undercurrent of humor this story has a decidedly contemporary feel to it as well. ‘We came to the Sanāniyya Mosque [that is, the Sinān Pasha Mosque, built in 1572] and the prayed here the Friday prayer. We found the preacher preaching and mispronouncing words, praying and reciting and mispronouncing words—in other words, he did not cease from his mispronunciations! But no one else inside of that mosque noticed, nor anyone outside in the courtyard. Shaykh Zayn al-‘Ābidīn al-Bakrī, God preserve him, when the preacher would make a mispronunciation would look at me and grin. The preacher, out of his ignorance of his mispronunciations, thought that he was amazed at his eloquence and heaved a sigh. Off-handedly, the following verses came to my mind in that we had never encountered a preacher quite like him: The preacher of Būlāq whose voice/ prides itself more than the mill does the flour, Preaches with mispronunciation upon mispronunciation, and if/ he mispronounces here, compensates with mispronunciation there! As I’ve discussed on these pages many times before, Ottoman hagiography (like other bodies of hagiography from around the world) can be read in ways that get at much more than just ‘religious’ history narrowly conceived. Attitudes towards political dynamics, concepts of gender, relationships among various social groups, and many more aspects of life can all be discerned in these sorts of texts. One way of getting at underlying social and cultural realities is to read multiple accounts of the same holy person, when this is possible (and obviously in many cases it isn’t, or while there may be multiple accounts one is an original which the others simply copy and paste). I’ve selected two renderings, both from the sixteenth century, of the same story in a saint’s life. One of the stories was written by an otherwise obscure person named Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî (fl. mid-16th century) in the small town of Göynük, located roughly halfway between Istanbul and Ankara; the other version was composed in Ottoman Constantinople (or, possibly, Bursa or Edirne) by one of the most famous Islamic scholars of the period, Ahmed Taşköprüzâde (1495-1561). Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî wrote in an almost colloquial register of Ottoman Turkish, while most of Taşköprüzâde’s literary production, including the one excerpted here, was in Arabic, long one of the two ‘international’ languages of the Islamicate world (though it would soon be translated and expanded upon in Ottoman Turkish). As such, to oversimplify somewhat, the one can safely be taken as representing a ‘provincial’ perspective, oriented around a particular holy person and his family and disciples, while Taşköprüzâde represents a more decidedly ‘imperial’ or ‘central’ view of things. Where Taşköprüzâde was a part of the scholarly-legal hierarchy, the so-called ‘ilmiye system, Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî was not, instead living and thinking at some distance from the imperial center and its rarefied world of sultans, viziers, grand medreses, and the like. These differences are very much on view in these two stories, to which we will now turn, reviewing what they reveal afterwards. First, it should be noted that the main subject of Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî’s menâkıb is Nûru’l-Hüdâ’s father, Akşemseddîn (see this post for more on him). Out of his numerous sons, Nûru’l-Hüdâ is explicitly described as a saint, albeit of the meczûb variety (on which see this post), one whose divinely bestowed powers could go toe-to-toe with his father’s. Taşköprüzâde’s version of the story comes from his al-Shaqāʾiq al-nuʿmāniyya fī ʿulamāʾ al-dawlat al-ʿUthmāniyya, a ‘biographical dictionary’ of prominent scholars, culture-producers, doctors, shaykhs, and saints of the Ottoman lands from the origins of the dynasty up to Taşköprüzâde’s own day. While the story takes place in the fifteenth century, the underlying social and cultural dynamics that our authors bring to it speak more, arguably, of the sixteenth century. Here is Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî’s version: ‘There was a bey known as Kataroǧlu who was beardless (köse). He didn’t have any beard at all. One day he said to [the meczûb saint] Nûru’l-Hüdâ: “With saintly intention (himmet) cause me to have a beard!” So Nûru’l-Hüdâ looked Kataroǧlu in the face. He spit. In the places where the spit landed on Kataroǧlu beard began to sprout. The next morning Kataroǧlu arose and looked in the mirror. In the places the spit had touched beard had grown, and in a few days he had a full, black beard! He brought [the saint] a golden kaftan, and clothed Nûru’l-Hüdâ in it. Suddenly a dog appeared in their midst, and Nûru’l-Hüdâ rose and clothed the dog in the kaftan.’ And here is Taşköprüzâde’s version: ‘The shaykh had a young son named Nūr al-Hudā, a son who was a majdhūb, his intellect overtaken [by God]. At the time there was a great amīr known as Ibn ‘Aṭṭār, who was satin-skinned, not a hair on his face. He came before the shaykh while on his way to Sultan Muhammad Khan [Mehmed II]. While he was with the shaykh, that majdhūb came in and laughed, saying, “Is this a man? No, he’s a woman!” The shaykh was angry at this, but the amīr implored the shaykh that he not rebuke his son for saying such. Then the amīr said to the aforementioned majdhūb, “Pray for me so that my beard will grow!” So the majdhūb took a great deal of spit from his mouth and rubbed it on the amīr’s face. His beard began to grow, right up to his entry into Constantinople, and when he came before the sultan, the sultan said to his viziers, “Ask him from whence came this beard?” So he related what had happened, and the sultan marveled at it, and endowed upon that young man numerous waqfs, which remain in the control of the sons of the shaykh to this day.’ First, certain shared components are immediately visible: in both versions the Ottoman official- described as a bey or an amīr, roughly equivalent terms in Turkish and Arabic respectively- suffers from a degree of social stigma, it is implied, due to his lack of a beard. Having a beard, or even the first traces of a beard, was a key marker in this world of transitioning from the ambiguously gendered stage of ‘beardless youth’ to an adult man; the total absence of facial hair, if voluntary, could signal subordination (as in the case of eunuchs particularly) or social deviance and rejectionism (as in the case of radical dervishes). Thus the bey’s lack of beard is not simply a matter of style or personal pride, but could be seen as something approaching a disability. The joke the meczûb tells in Taşköprüzâde’s rendering pointedly gets at this gendered social reality. The ‘cure,’ described in similar- though not quite the same- ways in both accounts, points to the close linkage between the body, the body’s products, and the transmission of sanctity and saintly power in the Islamicate world (and elsewhere). The exchange of saliva between saint and devotee has many parallels elsewhere in medieval and early modern Islamic hagiography (though I do not know of another instance in which spit cures beardlessness!). That the bey wants Nûru’l-Hüdâ to spit on him (or, in Taşköprüzâde’s somewhat more ‘refined’ version, rub on him) indicates his recognition of the meczûb’s sanctity, and signals to the reader Nûru’l-Hüdâ’s status as a saint. Where the two accounts diverge is in how they implicitly frame the relationship between Nûru’l-Hüdâ (and his father), on the one hand, and Ottoman central power, on the other. In the first, ‘provincial’ rendering, while Nûru’l-Hüdâ cures the bey’s lack of beard, he does so in a way that signals the relative equality prevailing between the two- he spits right in the bey’s face, an effective way to transmit some sacred saliva, but otherwise a rather degrading action. Taşköprüzâde presents the transmission as having been carried out in a less confrontational manner. When it comes to recompense, Taşköprüzâde suggests that not only did the sultan himself reward Nûru’l-Hüdâ’s family, the family retained the reward, right down to the present, thereby tying themselves into the Ottoman center and implicitly subordinating themselves to the Ottoman dynasty. The framing of the story itself subordinates the ‘local’ saints to the central imperial context, with much of the action taking place in the presence of the sultan, not in the presence of the saint. Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî’s version runs in exactly the opposite direction: not only does Nûru’l-Hüdâ reject the sumptuous kaftan bestowed upon him (see fig. 2 for an example), but he instead clothes a dog with it (the dog, it is implied, appearing providentially in just that moment). This act of rejection is not just a manifestation of conventional ideas of asceticism and distance from rulers. In Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî’s time, a very real struggle was taking place over who was to control the use and distribution of sanctity, over who was to occupy the ‘top spot’ in the hierarchy of saints. The Ottoman dynasty and many of its elite sought to organize, channel, and outright control the many holy people scattered across their domains, with the sultans themselves as saints presiding over the empire. Saints and their supporters, especially hagiographers, resisted these attempts. Neither ‘side’ rejected the legitimacy of the other outright: sultans and beys respected the saints of the land, and the saints, for the most part, supported the right of the House of Osman to rule. What was at issue was the nature of their relationship, and the degree to which saints should be subordinate to sultans and other members of the Ottoman elite. Dressing a passing dog in a kaftan (itself symbolically linked to the sultan’s household) is in the story a way of signaling the superiority of the saints and that while beys and sultans needed them, the saints did not themselves need beys and sultans. The historical reality was no doubt, in fact, somewhere in between the two visions these contrasting hagiographic accounts present. Emîr Hüseyin Enîsî, Akşemseddin hazretleri ve yakın çevresi: Menâkıb-ı Âkşemseddîn, edited by Metin Çelik (İstanbul: Ark, 2016), 98.

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When we endeavour to introduce a new tool, the first consideration is what the optimum design for the tool should be. Though it might be tempting, we do not want to slavishly copy an old pattern. This is because one generally does not know enough about the context in which the design arose or exactly what the tool was originally used for. Sadly, too many designs have been "dumbed down" over the years, mostly because of cost. When we saw that there was a need for a really great turning saw, we wanted to make sure that we understood the classic saws' engineering so as to reproduce only their best features. First, a bit on terminology. Any saw with a blade tensioned in a frame is generally referred to as a frame saw. To this day, European woodworkers use frame saws of around two feet long, with wide blades to do all their main cutting of boards. In the English and American traditions (after 1700 or so) woodworkers used handsaws for those tasks, and a narrow-tensioned blade in a frame saw only for cutting curves. These smaller saws are typically called either bow saws or turning saws. Very small versions with blades of around 6 inches are known as coping saws, and are naturally used for coping joints and other intricate work. The frame consists of a pair of mortised cheeks held apart by a tennoned cross-member called the stretcher. The hardware, or pins, hold the blade in the cheeks and also provide a mount for the handles. Finally, the tension on the blade is kept by a twisted cord, a Spanish windlass type of traction device kept from unwinding by the all-important toggle. The typical full-sized bow saw has a distance between the cheeks of about 8 -16 inches - typically 12 inches. This is the type of saw we wanted to reintroduce. We looked at every bow saw we could find, yet, there are very few bow saws with a known history that have remained unchanged from a documented era of production. Two saws in particular fit that bill: one in the Seaton Tool Chest in England and another in the Duncan Phyfe Tool Chest at the New York Historical Society. We also looked to the bow saws in our collection, including an interesting one from the late 19th century. The task at hand was then to understand why each part of the saw was built the way it was. The blade on all the saws we looked at was a ¼" wide band, held to the frame by a hole drilled into the blade and pinned with a loose pin or a short nail. All the modern bow saw makers we know use lengths of band-saw blades. We hated the modern blades. What works for a powered band saw is usually too aggressive or too dull for a hand saw. They are almost always too wide as well, which means you can't cut a really tight circle. That said, it's not so easy to drill a centered, 1/16" hole on a blade that is much narrower. The antique saws had blades that were also ¼" wide, but only at the ends for drilling the pin holes, the part with the teeth was considerably narrower - making for a 3/16" or 1/8" wide blade, with the gullets of teeth moving to the centerline of the blade. These dimensions give a tighter turning radius. We thought about re-grinding the backs of band saw blades to create narrower blades, but modern band saw blades are more brittle, and we don't like having the line of teeth off-centered. Also, changing a blade fastened with loose pins can be a pain the neck. You need to knock out the pins without dropping them, and that's no fun. Then we had an idea; why not use coping saw blades? They're narrow, inexpensive, and since the cross-pins are already installed, you can just hook them into the frame. As far as we know, we are the first company to offer 12" coping saw blades. They work like a charm! They're even narrower than most early turning saw blades, so you can saw very tight radii (just like a coping saw), but with a longer, faster, and smoother stroke and switching out blades is trivial. Problem solved! There is, of course, the question; should the saw cut on the pull or push stroke? The advantage of saws that cut on the pull stroke is that the blade stays in tension, but in a frame saw the blade is in tension anyway and by pushing you get a lot more power. We tested both ways many times and with the right blade, pushing seems to work much better for most applications. The next problem was fitting the blade to the frame. Some more primitive bow saws used wooden fittings, but we felt that the cross-pins would eat at the wood over time. All the professionally made bow saws we examined used brass fittings. No problem! We machined a ¼" brass shaft with a slot and a hook in it. We also decided to include a regular hole so you could use old-style or wide blades. The pin has a shoulder machined in it eliminating worry about constant tension pulling the brass out of the handle. Another design issue: how to attach the handle to the brass? Some modern saws use an obvious solution - cross-pinning the handles to the brass. It's not that hard to do, but we wanted to offer a kit that could allow everyone to make a saw. That meant adding cross-pins to the kit, and the need to locate and drill through metal and wood rounds together. This is a real problem if you don't have the right tools. Gluing the hardware into the handle is simple enough, but brass doesn't readily stick to glue. So, our ultimate solution was to cut some grooves in the shaft and then file a single flat. When the glue hardens in the handle, it catches in the grooves to prevent pulling out. Glue on the flat prevents the brass from turning in the wood. With the tension on the blade taken firmly by the brass shoulder, the glue doesn't even have to be very strong. Note: Holtzapffel's, great 19th century English compendium of tools and craft, illustrates a turning saw with loose pinned blades, but a hooked pin is on only one side, "so that the saw may be removed sideways from the one handle, and allowed to move as on a joint upon the other, a provision that is often turned to a useful account." We have no evidence that this design was ever manufactured in the 19th century. Then it hit us---The toe is only really used to turn the blade in relationship to the cheeks. You wouldn't normally hold on to it while sawing. The handle is where all the action takes place and here is where understanding how traditional saws are used is helpful. All western saws (and planes) are used with the forefinger extended, like gripping a pistol. It gives control. What happens when you extend your forefinger so that it rests on the frame of the saw? First of all, you need a short enough handle to bring your hand close to the frame, but in use, we got all the control that we needed to cut fast, accurate curves. It was really something. On some early saws we noticed a slight concavity in the cheek, next to the handle--- a feature that disappeared in the mid-to-late 19th century saws. Originally, we thought was ornamental - some over-sculpting. Now we believe it to be the saw's finger rest, an important feature that we chose to include on our saws. Finally, the handle needs to be short enough to rest in the palm of your hand. This way, your entire arm aligns behind the saw blade and it will be easy to saw straight. Too long a handle tilts the hand off to the side and the saw becomes harder to control. Note: In many 20th century woodwkring instructions books, including ones by noted authors Bernard Jones and Charles Hayward, a two handed grip is shown. We have also noted the two handed grip in some early 20th century shop photographs. We think that the reason for the two handed grip, where one hand is holding on much as we demonstrate and the other hand is held over the first hand and also grips the cheek, comes from heavier saw frames of the post 1850 era where the frame was too heavy to stay in place as the saw was turned to saw a curve. A second hand keeps some of the weight off of the saw so you can turn it easily and it prevents the frame from twisting unpredictablely. We find in tests that the two handed hold works but there is a loss in stroke, some speed, and it is more awkward and there is a loss of control. However if your saw frame turns under the weight of the cheeks it is the only grip that allows predictable results. The early turning saws we looked at all had very thin, almost spidery frames. The reason for this, of course, is that the weight of the frame will influence the cut. When you turn the saw in the cut, you want the entire saw frame to move, so that the blade stays straight in the frame. A beefy frame will cause the saw to feel top-heavy in use. The handle will move with respect to the frame, twist the blade, and the cut will meander. We wanted a thin nimble frame. This brings us to the question of the wood. A turning saw can be made from almost any wood that can take a little tension. The bigger the saw, the more tension it can take. A lighter-weight wood is preferable because of the nimbleness factor outlined above. The traditional wood that English companies used for these saws is beech, which works fine. However, good quality, straight-grained beech is hard to find in quantity. In the United States, we have oodles of great wood that is flexible, tough, and can tolerate a lot of tension: Hickory. Our saw is made of American Hickory. It is only slightly more than 11/16" thick at its thickest with the cheeks thinning toward the top. The stretcher is held in place with a shallow mortise that is intentionally over-long. The mortise exists to register the stretcher. A little slop allows the saw frame to adjust slightly as it goes under tension. We have seen saws where the stretcher is mortised in to the cheeks with a curved joint.This is handy when dealing with many different lengths of saw blade but with hickory, which is flexible, and of course with our factory made blades, consistent length isn't a problem. So, initially we elected to use straight mortise joints. However, upon further thought we realized with the extra hole our pins offer it would allow the use of a fairly wide range of blades and we decided to go with a curved mortise face. Note: Bow saws in Vietnam (and perhaps other places) are used for everything, and the saw-makers there don't bother with mortising. The stretch is butted to the stiles and held in place by tension. This system works fine and greatly simplifies construction. Another issue was where to put the stretcher in relationship to the cheeks. We found the positioning on the old saws, with the stretcher slightly above the midline of the frame, to function the best. This provides a little more depth of cut without throwing the weight of the saw too far back. The next thing to consider: how to tension the frame. We found several methods to choose from: (1) A twisted rope held in place with some sort of a toggle that rests against the stretcher which is the most popular method in the English and American tradition. (2) Catalogues the later 19th century show a sort of steel turnbuckle in the middle. This appealed to our mechanical sensibilities, but otherwise isn't stylistically pleasing and wasn't very popular. (3) In Europe, modern big frame saws usually have a threaded rod with a wing nut at one end. Again, not a very elegant solution. (4) In Vietnam, the frame is held in tension by a wood or metal hook, and a nut at the end of the blade holder tensions the blade. We liked the Vietnamese solution, but it complicates the handle geometry considerably, and requires a new part for the top of the saw. The best solution is the twisted rope. It's also the lightest option, which means it's the method that causes the smallest momentum effect on the sawing, especially with the rope all the way at the end of the frame. This is the method we chose, using heavy, braided fishing line, which is pretty darn strong. Most saws we looked at had a lot of twine of varying thickness and as you turned the toggle the toggle got harder to turn. However on examination we found this is because the toggle was spending most of its time twisting the rope, not bending the frame. We found that only a few loops, about 4 or so, allowed us to tension the saw very easily without increased difficulty in turning. Almost all the post-1850 catalogs show a flat paddle intertwined between ropes that is twisted until it hits the stretcher, and has to slide between the ropes for clearance to be twisted further. The problem there is that it becomes harder and harder to slide the toggle between the twisted ropes as the ropes gain tension. We have seen a couple of recent solutions to this problem in which the toggle slides in a nut, which keeps the rope away from the toggle and gives the toggle a protected place in which to slide. We liked this solution, but even with the nut in place, the toggle gets harder and harder to slide up and down as the saw tensions. It wasn't until we looked more closely at some 18th century saws that we found an elegant solution. These saws use a swinging toggle - a turned piece with a groove at the top to locate the twine. The groove prevents the toggle from sliding, but its cross section where the ropes cross is thin enough so that the toggle can swing easily to clear the stretcher. It's an ingenious solution, provided the toggle is strong enough to withstand the compression and twisting. For this, hickory is particularly well suited, so it was the perfect solution for us. That all being said the swinging toggle style is almost too easy to turn. With the sliding toggles as we said tensioning each turn gets harder. With the swinging toggle, coupled with only a few loops of rope, rotating doesn't get harder and even with the saw overtightend it's not hard to underestimate the amount of tension and easily add in another twist or two. The downside here is that you can be deceptively lulled unto overtightening the saw until it fails. We still love this method, but as people used to sliding toggles it took getting used to. So, that's how we arrived at the numerous features of our saw. If you want a solid bow saw that captures the best of the early 19th century tradition, we urge you to consider getting one of our original Gramercy Tools bow saws. We are pretty proud of our engineering, and we think it's great value. We are also happy to give you our drawings that reflect all our research and design if you'd like to make your own saw. We stock kits of blades, brass and turned parts so all you need to do is the woodworking. Even within the constraints of good engineering design there is an opportunity to make a customized saw that has nice aesthetics. Just be careful the wood you chose is clear, straight-grained and strong enough to take the tension you need to make the saw work. Remember, the bigger the blade, the more tension you will need. 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The Triumphant Fruition of Women in Shakespeare An analysis of women in "Othello", "Cymbeline" and "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare and their relationships with their leading men. # 92989 | 2,944 words | 18 sources | MLA | 2006 | Published on Mar 06, 2007 in Drama and Theater (English) , Literature (English) , Shakespeare (Othello) , Shakespeare (Other Plays and Comparisons) , Shakespeare (MacBeth) $19.95 Buy and instantly download this paper now This paper focuses on William Shakespeare's use of women in his plays. It shows how Shakespeare chose to include women such as Lady Macbeth, Desdemona and Imogen as counterparts to the male protagonists often guiding the play. It describes the roles played by Lady Macbeth, Desdemona and Imogen and how they are necessary to not only maintain the flow of the play, but often to coerce their male counterparts into extreme behavior. The paper focuses on the strength and abilities of these women, deriving a logical conclusion as to why Shakespeare may have given them such great importance. From the Paper:"English poet, playwright and actor, William Shakespeare, bestowed upon the world a canon of literature that has earned him recognition as the greatest playwright of all time. Through his literary genius, Shakespeare created some of the most famous literary works studied across the globe. His methodical and artistic nature provided an enhanced view of our world through imitation and a means by which issues such as race, class and gender could be transcended. Shakespeare's creative efforts encouraged cultural influence allowing him to attain this profound appreciation that no other author has rivaled. His ability to captivate audiences in numerous languages has allowed him to remain the "greatest playwright of all time." Time after time, William Shakespeare proved himself to be the "soul of the age"(Jonson), providing works that imitated real life, while incorporating lyrical images that transcended this Elizabethan Era literature and become contemporary in "all time"(Jonson). His writing often combines an efficient use of symbolic messages, facets of British and Roman history, romance, revenge tragedy, comedy and myth. The versatility of Shakespeare's prose from one literary piece to the next seems to be central to his success. The brilliance of William Shakespeare is exposed in his dynamic ability to write and perform the greatest theatrical works the world has ever experienced." Sample of Sources Used: - Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. NewYork:Rutledge, 1990. - Dash, Irene. Wooing, Wedding, and Power: The Women in Shakespeare's Plays. New York:Columbia UP, 1981. - Dusinberre, Juliet. Shakespeare and the Nature of Women. London:Macmillan, 1975. - Freud, Sigmund. Freud on Macbeth Some Character-types Met With In Psycho-analytical Work (1916). - Garber, Marjorie. "Cymbeline." Shakespeare After All. New York: Pantheon Books, 2004. Cite this Research Paper: The Triumphant Fruition of Women in Shakespeare (2007, March 06) Retrieved December 15, 2019, from https://www.academon.com/research-paper/the-triumphant-fruition-of-women-in-shakespeare-92989/ "The Triumphant Fruition of Women in Shakespeare" 06 March 2007. Web. 15 December. 2019. <https://www.academon.com/research-paper/the-triumphant-fruition-of-women-in-shakespeare-92989/>

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Catholic Activity: Fava Beans for St. Joseph's Day The fava bean plays a role on the feast of St. Joseph and the tradition of the Altar or Table for March 19. Here is a short explanation. Fava bean (vicia fava) —Fava beans play a large role in the Sicilian tradition of the St. Joseph Table or St. Joseph Altar. They may be served in a frittata or in garlic sauce. When dried, roasted and blessed, it becomes the very popular "lucky bean." Legend has it that you will never be broke as long as you carry one. Some people believe that if you keep one in the pantry, there will always be food in the kitchen. The myth of the fava bean began during the famine in Sicily, where the bean was used as fodder for cattle. To survive, the farmers prepared them for the table. Hence, they considered themselves lucky to have them. The bean is also a symbol of fertility since it grows well even in poor, rocky soil. Italians would carry a bean from a good crop to ensure a good crop the following year. The blessed dried beans are distributed on the altars along with a piece of blessed bread. Activity Source: Viva San Giuseppe by St. Joseph Guild, St. Joseph Guild, 1200 Mirabeau Ave, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122

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As the cost of landfill has risen, local authorities and waste management companies in Britain have been driven to explore alternative means of waste disposal. One solution has been the production and export of a basic waste-derived fuel made from residual materials that cannot be recycled. It’s called refuse derived fuel or RDF for short. It’s this fuel that we use every day in our energy from waste plant at Belvedere. However the UK does not have enough energy from waste plants to treat this waste stream exclusively on our shores. As a result, it is forecast that around 4 million tonnes of RDF will be exported to energy from waste plants across Europe in 2016. saved by not sending waste to landfill This is not a sustainable solution to managing our waste arisings, as firstly we pay Europe to take our waste and then we pay them again when we buy back the energy end product. 2.8 million MWh of baseload electricity is lost from UK energy supply of transporting RDF abroad. This is equivalent to powering c.850,000 homes per annum. As well as being economically unsound we think that this practice is environmentally irresponsible and wasteful of the UK’s resources. Transporting an indigenous fuel supply to ports across the UK and then shipping it across to the continent adds a significant amount to the UK’s carbon footprint and simply does not make any sense. While we are proud to play our own small part in securing the UK’s domestic energy supply, we believe that the increasing levels of waste being exported, the absence of sufficient treatment capacity in the UK, and the inherent energy value in the waste stream, means that the Government should encourage investment in UK energy from waste through a range of fiscal measures to mitigate risk and manage growth.

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Artemis provides structural data on our gene of interest It is possible to use Artemis to display certain characteristics of the gene of interest. Let’s see what we can find! Using the same strategy of highlighting a gene, return to the ‘View’ menu and select the ‘Feature Plots’ option. This selection will open an additional window with three plots: +Top Plot: hydrophobicity +Middle Plot: hydrophilicity +Bottom Plot: coiled-coil regions All of these are applied to the protein product of the selected gene. In each plot the amino acid position is represented in the x-axis. These plots are made based on the amino acid predictions from the DNA sequence. Remember that the only sequence information we have given Artemis is the DNA (with the S_typhi.dna file). Although amino acid sequences may be included in the annotation files, Artemis derives its own amino acid prediction based on the DNA sequence of a CDS or gene. Based on this predicted amino acid sequence, it is possible to calculate the hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and the probability of coiled-coil regions in the protein product. Hydrophobicity (‘phobia’ of water) and hydrophilicity (‘love’ or ‘attraction’ to water) are calculated based on how hydrophobic or hydrophilic an amino acid is. Clusters of amino acids with high hydrophobicity will render regions of high hydrophobicity. Observe the top and middle plots and appreciate that because they represent opposite characteristics, these two plots look almost like mirror images of each other. Coiled-coil protein domains form conserved structures that have important biological functions. For example, several proteins that are known to interact with DNA do so through their coil-coil domains. If you are interested; you can read more about Coiled-coil domains in this Wikipedia article. The bottom panel in the Features Plot represent the probability of of each amino acid to be part of a coil-coil domain. Notice that the y-axis ranges between 0 and 1 (approximately). The closer to 1 the more likely that the CDS has a coil-coil domain. Using the keyboard shortcut (shown in the menu when navigating to ‘Feature Plots’ through the ‘Menu’) to display the ‘Feature Plots’, find a CDS that you believe has a substantial signature of coil-coil domain. If you can’t find any, check out STY2402 for a good example. © Wellcome Genome Campus Advanced Courses and Scientific Conferences

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Relevant academic links Here you can find publications written by or related to the work of the SHE Research Group to stimulate and contribute to evidence on school-based health promotion & education. Effective classroom-based Preventive Intervention from Estonia The PAX Good Behaviour Game (PAX GBG) is a behaviour management strategy that has demonstrated positive effects on children’s and teachers’ wellbeing. The intervention was adapted to Estonia in 2014 and has been implemented in 108 elementary schools. The effectiveness of PAX GBG was evaluated with a two-year, cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted during 2016-2018. This study determined that the intervention had positive and lasting effects on children’s mental health. Read about the effectiveness study. Addressing Health Literacy in Schools in the WHO European Region In school, all children have the right to receive quality education on health literacy. Any improvement in health literacy skills may benefit the health, growth and development of children, as well as their health in later life and the health of the broader society. In a newly published article, some of the prerequisites for schools to become key settings for health literacy development in school-aged children, is presented. The current state of school health literacy policies within the WHO European Region is also being discussed. The article is written by Leena Paakkari, Jo Inchley, Anette Schulz, Martin Weber and Orkan Okan. Read the article. A systematic review and quality assessment of the evidence of immersive nature-experience for children and adolescents In this systematic review, the evidence for benefits of direct and deliberate use of public natural environments, e.g. short-termed walking or education outside the classroom, is summarised and assessed. Across heterogeneous types of nature-experience, there was shown conditional support for benefits on self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and academic and cognitive performance. Correlational research evidenced higher levels of physical activity in natural environments than comparison conditions. Benefits for outcomes such as self-concept, problem solving, and mood were more inconclusive. The authors are: Mygind, Bølling, Hartmeyer, Kjeldsted, Mygind, & Bentsen (July 2019). Read the review. A Whole School Physical Activity and Nutrition Intervention Project Spraoi is an Irish school-based physical activity (PA) and nutrition intervention that reached 473 primary school children and 43 school staff in Cork, Ireland. For 2 school years, intervention schools were assigned an ‘Energizer’, who promoted PA and healthy eating. The evaluation assessed the impact of the intervention on teachers, parents and children. The intervention was associated with smaller waist, slower resting heart rate and favourable nutritional attitudes among 10-year olds. No significant change across other variables or among 6-year olds was found. Teachers, parents and children reported positive outcomes for PA behaviour and nutritional knowledge/ attitudes. Read the article. Positive Impact of Education Outside the Classroom on Pupil-Pupil Social Relations Education outside the classroom (EOtC) is found to have a small but positive impact on informal peer affiliations among pupils, i.e. friendship-like relations. Social network analysis in the Danish TEACHOUT study shows that mid-school pupils establish peer affiliations to more new peers when taught school subjects outside the classroom on a weekly basis for a 38 weeks period. Teaching away from school, e.g. museums, forests, and public institutions may require transportation. Time for informal peer-to-peer interaction during transportation seems to retain existing peer affiliations, but do not contribute to new affiliations. The authors are: Bølling, Pfister, Mygind & Nielsen (2019). Read the article. Whole school physical activity and nutrition intervention Project Spraoi in Ireland shows two year outcomes of a whole school physical activity and nutrition intervention using the RE-AIM framework. Teachers, parents and children reported positive outcomes for physical activity behaviour and nutritional knowledge/attitudes. Project Spraoi has shown to improve heart rate and prevent further gains in fat mass amongst older aged children. The positive impact of the intervention supports the need for its continued delivery, particularly as children age. Read the article in Irish Educational Studies, The authors are: O’Leary, Rush, Lacey, Burns & Coppinger (2019). Regular Education Outside the Classroom and Pupils’ Reading Performance Pupils become better readers when school curricular teaching activities are relocated to places outside the classroom 2-7 hours a week. This finding is independent of subjects taught outside the classroom. No effect of curricular math teaching outside the classroom on math skills was found. These results from the quasi-experimental interventions study TEACHOUT are most important for evaluation of school-based health promotion initiatives to clarify potential positive impacts on core school agenda outcomes because educated children have a healthier lifestyle. See research papers on education outside the classroom and children’s reading performance (article) and education outside the classroom and children’s math skills (article). Implementing Physical Activity into Academic Lessons A Danish study on implementing physical activity in secondary school has been published. The paper describes an intervention study examining the effect of physically active lessons on students’ educational outcomes and the teachers’ perspective on integrating physical activity into academic lessons. The results of this study are expected to provide schools and policy-makers with new insights into the potential of physical acitivity-integrated teaching in secondary school to improve academic achievement and students’ motivation in school. Authors are Ottesen and von Seelen. Read the paper. (Re)framing school as a setting for promoting health and well-being: a double translation process. Nordin, Jourdan & Simovska discusses how the setting approach to health promotion in schools is embedded in the Danish policy landscape and enacted at the local governance level. It shows that key principles of the setting approach to health promotion is integrated in the Danish curriculum for health education at national level. But at the municipal level the discourses of disease prevention and individual behaviour regulation has a higher priority than the treatment of schools as settings for promoting health and well-being. Read the paper. A Transdisciplinary Complex Adaptive Systems (T-CAS) Approach to Developing a National School-Based Culture of Prevention for Health Improvement Simon et al. describ the structure and underlying theory and approach of the School Health Research Network (SHRN). The article has been published in Prevention Science. It outlines how SHRN has used complex adaptive systems theory to embed itself into the school health system in Wales and move the system towards evidence informed policy and practice. Read the paper. Adolescent self‐harm prevention and intervention in secondary schools: a survey of staff in England and Wales A paper focusing on adolescent self-harm has also been published. Using SHRN questionnaire data it investigates secondary schools’ existing provision of adolescent self‐harm prevention and intervention, barriers to delivery of interventions and future needs. Authors: Evans et al. Read the paper. Education Outside the Classroom and pupil's Social Well-being New research shows that relocation of school curricular teaching activities to places outside the classroom is related to primary schoolchildren’s psychosocial well‐being. In a quasi-experimental study, children exposed to 2-7 hours of education outside the classroom (EOtC) in average a week for one school-year scored better on prosocial behaviour (for instance helpfulness), compared to children in controled conditions. The education took dominantly place in nature and green areas. The study was part of the Danish TEACHOUT project aiming to investigate physical activity, school motivation, well-being and learning outcomes of an EOtC school-based ‘add-in’ initiative. Research paper on EOtC and Psychosocial Well‐Being. Research paper on ‘add-in’ initiatives. Multilevel population-based cross-sectional study examining school substance-misuse policy and the use of cannabis, mephedrone and novel psychoactive substances among students aged 11–16 years in schools in Wales The study showed no effect on the level of drug use among students if they were involved in policy development at their school. The paper by Luke S Midgley, Simon Murphy, Graham Moore, Gillian Hewitt and James White concludes that there are needs for further contextual understanding around the policy-development process and how schools manage drug misuse. Read the paper Schools for Health and Sustainability: Theory, Research and Practice Schools for Health and Sustainability: Theory, Research and Practice, edited by Patricia Mannix McNamara and Venka Simovska. Springer 2015 Health Promotion International In the journal: Health Promotion International you will find many articles written og edited by memebers of the SHE Research Group Health Education (Emerald Journal) Health Education (Emerald Journal) has several special issues about health promotion in schools over the years

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Wasatch County School District Statement of Purpose: The responsibility and purpose of the Wasatch County Schools is to help each student develop to his/her fullest potential. To achieve this, the schools must teach thoroughly the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and mathematics, teach students to think independently and clearly, and educate them in a sound body of knowledge which will help prepare them for the responsibilities of living in a democracy. The Board of Education is mindful that public schools have long undertaken other tasks to the extent that its primary functions are not weakened. The school system will strive to assist in the development of character and citizenship, of health and safety, and proper recreational and cultural interests. The schools shall require discipline and hard work, and will attempt to inspire a desire to learn which will carry beyond all formal education. Public schools have an equal responsibility to all students, and an obligation to help each student develop to his/her fullest capacity. The Board recognizes the vital importance of quality in education, and the achievement of excellence in all subjects taught shall be a prime objective. In order to accomplish these aims, the Board of Education strives to obtain and keep the most competent teaching and administrative staff obtainable: to provide, with the assistance of the community, facilities which will meet the growth needs of the system; to work closely with the community in keeping the public informed of the program of the schools and the needs of the system, and to formulate and carry out in co-operation with the school staff the educational policies and standards will be necessary to achieve these goals.ELL Purpose - Provide equitable and appropriate education in a nurturing and accepting environment; - Provide English language development instruction that is based on current research or accepted theory; - Foster acknowledgment and appreciation for diversity in languages and cultures; - Advocate for community responsibility and involvement. We believe that: - English proficiency is essential for success in our society. - The unique attributes of students from linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds need to be appreciated and valued. - Each ELL/LEP* student is entitled to equal access to all educational programs and curricula. - The entire educational community shares responsibility for the academic and social achievement of ELL/LEP* students. * English Language Learner/Limited English Proficient

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Math Lesson Plan: Pumpkin Addition and Subtraction This is a great spare-time or centre activity for practising adding and subtracting. The pumpkin faces are easy to make and program with the number sentences that you want students to practise. Students may help to cut out more pumpkins when needed and the teacher can print new number sentences on them. They may even be taken home for practise. **This can be adapted for multiplication or division use. ***Other seasonal ideas for using this concept include Santa faces, snowmen faces, Easter bunny faces, Valentine heart faces, March leprechaun faces. - practising addition number sentences to mastery - practising subtraction number sentences to mastery - orange construction paper, cut into 8 1/2″ X 11″ sheets (These will be fed into copy machine to make pumpkin faces from Halloween Pumpkin Worksheet.) - Halloween Pumpkin Worksheet showing 6 different pumpkin faces (see below). Print out a white master copy on an 8 1/2″ X 11″ sheet. - white 8 1/2″ X 11″ sheets to use as backing for orange pumpkins (number sentences will be printed on these) - fine black-tip Sharpie marker - X-Acto knife - glue stick - I make a master worksheet of 6 different black outlined pumpkin faces, each with 2 eyes and a mouth, on white 8 1/2″ X 11″ paper. This has been done for you. (See below for my Halloween Pumpkin Worksheet.) - I cut the orange construction paper into 8 1/2″ X 11″ size, for as many pumpkins as I want to make, maybe 5 or 10 copies to start (makes 30 or 60 pumpkins). - With the white master Worksheet under the lid, photocopy pumpkin faces onto the orange paper, feeding the orange sheets in one at a time. - Cut out pumpkin shapes with scissors. (It’s easiest if the white backing sheet is temporary attached to the printed orange pumpkin faces page, so both the orange front and white backing of the pumpkins are cut out at the same time. Separate front and back before you cut out the eyes on the orange pumpkins.) - Use X-Acto knife to cut open eye and mouth flaps. - Glue outside edge of the orange pumpkins onto the white pumpkin backings. - Teacher prints number sentence on each pumpkin. (See below for a sampling of lists for addition and subtraction number sentences that can be used. For example, 3 goes on left eye, 9 goes on right eye and the answer 12 goes on the mouth. Students open the left eye and say “3 plus” then open the right eye “9 equals”, then answers “12” before opening the mouth flap and checking their answer.) I put “+” or “-” on the pumpkin stem to make it easier to “say” the number sentences. Example: 3 “plus” 9 equals 12. - Teacher demonstrates how to use the pumpkins, stressing the importance of SAYING the number sentence out loud and figuring out the answer BEFORE opening the mouth flap to CHECK their answer (for reinforcement). - Check for class knowledge level before printing up pumpkins. Some classes may not need the 1+… whereas others may need to begin there. **See below for Halloween Pumpkin Worksheet and the beginning of a list of number sentences for addition and subtraction. Lists like this can be found in “The Elementary Math Teacher’s Book of Lists: With Ready-to-Use Patterns and Worksheets” (page 131 has 100 basic addition facts, page 132 has 100 basic subtraction facts, see pages 133 and 134 for multiplication and division facts). Teachers will test the students for prior knowledge and begin where needed and review where needed. Halloween Pumpkin Worksheet (PDF) – print on white paper for master copy Beginning of a list of Number Sentences for Addition: 0+0=0 1+0=1 2+0=2 3+0=3 4+0=4 5+0=5 6+0=6 7+0=7 8+0=8 9+0=9 … Plus One Facts: 0+1=1 1+1=2 2+1=3 3+1=4 4+1=5 5+1=6 6+1=7 7+1=8 8+1=9 9+1=10 … 0+0=0 1+1=2 2+2=4 3+3=6 4+4=8 5+5=10 6+6=12 7+7=14 8+8=16 9+9=18 … Double Facts Plus One: 0+1=1 1+2=3 2+3=5 3+4=7 4+5=9 5+6=11 6+7=13 7+8=15 8+9=17 … Beginning of a list of Number Sentences for Subtraction: 0-0= 0 1-0=1 2-0=2 3-0=3 4-0=4 5-0=5 6-0=6 7-0=7 8-0=8 9-0=9 … Minus One Facts: 1-1=0 2-1=1 3-1=2 4-1=3 5-1=4 6-1=5 7-1=6 8-1=7 9-1=8 10-1=9 … 2-1=1 4-2=2 6-3=3 8-4=4 10-5=5 12-6=6 14-7=7 16-8=8 18-9=9 … 1-1=0 3-2=1 5-3=2 7-4=3 9-5=4 11-6=5 13-7=6 15-8=7 17-9=8 …

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Water Resources Engineering Assignment Help Water resources engineering has its roots in the jobs of providing water for human usage, eliminating water when human beings are ended up utilizing it, and establishing approaches of preventing damage from excess water (floods). Positions for graduates and undergrads who specialize in water resources engineering can be discovered in both engineering consulting companies and in federal government entities charged with providing water or dealing with its dangers. Water resources engineering includes the control of supply of surface area and subsurface water to the public; control risks associated with water, e.g., flooding; and keep the health of environmental systems. Since water contamination is frequently the main owning force for the crafted control of water resources, graduate trainees normally take courses and perform research study within groups that likewise consist of ecological engineering trainees. Water Resource Engineers need to produce brand-new devices and systems to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of water treatment and water resource management. Water Resource Engineers establish brand-new devices and systems for water resource management centers throughout the United States. The systems that Water Resource Engineers develop make sure that people are offered with a constant supply of tidy, unpolluted water for drinking, living, and leisure functions. Water Resource Engineers not just create these water management systems, however frequently manage the building and upkeep of these systems. An increasing population and constant requirement for more water promotes this fast-growing market. A Bachelor's degree and main accreditation are needed to pursue this profession, though lots of Water Resource Engineers likewise go on to pursue their Masters Degrees. Water resources engineering has its roots in the jobs of providing water for human usage, eliminating water when human beings are completed utilizing it, and establishing approaches of preventing damage from excess water (floods). Much of the work of water resource engineers includes the preparation and management of built centers that attend to these jobs. Positions for graduates and undergrads who focus on water resources engineering can be discovered in both engineering consulting companies and in federal government entities accuseded of providing water or handling its risks. Trainees pursuing water resources engineering degrees can study online at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. Choices vary from online civil engineering courses, hybrid programs and completely online degree programs. Evaluation the links listed below for more information about online knowing programs. Trainees who focus on water resources engineering get ready for a variety of engineering associated tasks that need understanding of hydrology, fluid mechanics or water transportation. Opportunities might be discovered in farming, federal government, company and production. The significant field normally includes a core obviously operate in surface area and groundwater hydrology, hydraulic enginering, water quality, stormwater management, river engineering, and resource management. This is matched by research studies in a picked field such as ecological engineering, geotechnical engineering, bioresource engineering, forest hydrology, stream geology, ecology and geomorphology, and resource economics, along with lots of other possibilities. Water resources engineering includes the control of supply of surface area and subsurface water to the general public; control dangers connected with water, e.g., flooding; and keep the health of environmental systems. Due to the fact that water contamination is frequently the main owning force for the crafted control of water resources, college students normally enroll and perform research study within groups that likewise consist of ecological engineering trainees. Graduate course work and research study in the water resources engineering program is concentrated on the following locations: - - Water Quality Modeling - - Watershed Hydrochemistry - - Hydrology of Landfills - - Groundwater Hydrology - - Contaminant Movement in Soil and Groundwater Water Resource Engineering is a particular type of civil engineering that includes the style of brand-new systems and devices that assist handle human water resources. A few of the locations Water Resource Engineers discuss are water treatment centers, underground wells, and natural springs. Water Resource Engineers should produce brand-new devices and systems to increase the efficiency and performance of water treatment and marine resource management. A Water Resource Engineer might then supervise the building and construction and application of these systems to make sure that they are effectively put together. Water Resources Engineering Homework Help Water engineers not just style water management systems, however typically supervise the building and upkeep of these systems. They show an authentic understanding and interest of the water market and ecological concerns. A growing population and the requirement for tidy water needs Water Resources Engineers to establish options that are financially feasible and ecologically sustainable. Water Resources Engineering integrates aspects of other disciplines such as civil engineering, ecological engineering, farming, preparation and location in a distinct mix preferably matched to deal with society's issues and requires for surrounding water. Trainees style and establish innovative options to safeguard groundwater, soil, wetlands, lakes and streams to make sure that the advancement of brand-new water products do not interfere with natural procedures. Trainees discover how to use engineering analysis and computer system designs to recognize water resources issues and style engineering options to these difficulties. A big part of water resource engineering includes forecasting the offered supply of water, both as surface area water and in underground aquifers. Modeling of weather condition patterns and how they impact the offered supply of water assists water resource engineers forecast future water materials and how they will fulfill the requirements of market, farming and individual intake. Water engineers invest many of their time in a workplace looking over information and creating brand-new water resource management systems. Part of their day might be invested at building websites, managing the building of their styles. Get custom-made composing services for Water Resources Engineering Assignment assist & Water Resources Engineering Homework aid. Our Water Resources Engineering Online tutors are offered for immediate aid for Water Resources Engineering issues & tasks. Water Resources Engineering Homework assist & Water Resources Engineering tutors provide 24 * 7 services. Send your Water Resources Engineering projects at Civilengineeringaid.com otherwise upload it on the site. Link to us on live chat for Water Resources Engineering project assistance & Water Resources Engineering Homework aid.

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WASHINGTON — Advanced cellulosic biofuels made from switchgrass and leftover corn stalks are dramatically greener than first-generation alternatives made from corn, according to a new analysis commissioned by the Environmental Working Group. The assessment, which relies on two scientists’ evaluation of the carbon intensity of gasoline and some renewable fuels, could buttress calls to overhaul federal biofuel mandates. On Tuesday, two House Science subcommittees are holding a joint hearing on the federal renewable fuel standard, which obligates refiners to blend biofuels into gasoline. Refiners have argued the RFS needs a major rewrite, because they are hitting a blend wall where they can no longer incorporate enough ethanol to meet the law’s volume targets without exceeding a 10 percent threshold acceptable for use in all cars and trucks. In pushing for changes, some oil industry organizations and other groups with a stake in the outcome — including livestock producers and anti-hunger activists — have seized on studies questioning the environmental benefits of traditional corn-based ethanol that currently makes up the bulk of the federal mandate. The Environmental Working Group paper could add fuel to their argument that the RFS is too reliant on corn-based ethanol, instead of sophisticated next-generation alternatives that have been tougher to commercialize. “When the renewable fuel standard was established, corn ethanol was touted as being cleaner than gasoline, but 10 years later we know it’s just the opposite,” said Emily Cassidy, an Environmental Working Group research analyst who authored the paper. “It’s time to break up the corn ethanol monopoly to make room for next-generation biofuels that could reduce carbon emissions.” Supporters of the current law — including Corn Belt lawmakers — note that some of the next-generation biofuels now in production are being manufactured by the same companies that produce traditional ethanol derived from corn. The corn-based ethanol business can improve the economics of their next-generation biofuels production. Tinkering with the renewable fuel standard to advantage next-generation alternatives at the expense of traditional corn-based biofuels could jeopardize that business model. But in its paper, EWG argues the traditional ethanol mandate is crowding out next-generation alternatives, rather than sustaining their development. “The limited market for ethanol is saturated by corn ethanol, so elimination of the corn ethanol mandate will create a powerful incentive for greater investment in cellulosic ethanol,” the paper said. At the same time, the Environmental Working group is pushing Congress to extend the cellulosic biofuels mandate beyond its planned 2022 expiration. And the organization wants lawmakers to require a broader array of environmental effects from various biofuels to be factored into the renewable fuel standard. The mandate should “require consideration of the impacts of biofuels production and use on air, water and soil quality — not just on greenhouse gas emissions.” The new EWG paper takes such a broad look at gasoline, traditional corn-based ethanol and alternatives made with switchgrass or corn stover. Two University of California at Davis scientists assessed the carbon dioxide emissions associated with those four fuels over their entire life cycle, taking into account not just the initial production and combustion of the fuel but also the land-use changes and other factors that go into the feedstocks used to create it. Ethanol made from switchgrass — a prairie grass that grows throughout Texas — was found to have a life-cycle carbon intensity that is 47 percent lower than that of gasoline. “Switchgrass ethanol is significantly better for the climate than gasoline or corn ethanol,” the paper said. That exceeds a calculation by the Environmental Protection Agency — with the discrepancy likely explained by a larger estimate of domestic land use changes associated with switchgrass. But growing switchgrass “provides other environmental benefits,” the EWG paper said, noting that it can be grown on land unsuitable for foo and animal feed crops, can reduce fertilizer pollution in local waterways and can slow soil losses. Ethanol made from corn stover — the leftover stalks and leaves after a corn field is harvested — was found to have the lowest carbon footprint of all. Because the stover is typically pulled from a field where corn has already been harvested, “it requires no additional land to produce ethanol feedstoc.” There are other environmental drawbacks to stover, the EWG white paper said, noting that it acts as a barrier to rain and wind, helping to suppress erosion. The life-cycle carbon intensity of renewable fuels is an important consideration in federal law. Corn-based ethanol is required to produce 20 percent fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline. The inspector general of the Environmental Protection Agency just launched an investigation into whether EPA has updated its life-cycle analysis of renewable fuels since initial models produced six years ago.

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Lyra's world was one of the many parallel worlds in the multiverse. The continents appear to match almost exactly the seven continents of our world; the symbols on the alethiometer detail Africa, America, Asia and Europe, and Antarctica and Oceania are mentioned in the 'Globetrotter' maps. The land of Lyra's world was divided politically and geographically into countries. Some of these countries were alike to those in Will's world, for instance England, however some took on a more obvious parallel history, for example a distinction is made between Muscovy and Tartary. Seas and oceansEdit Much of Lyra's world was covered in water. There were several known seas and oceans: - Baltic Sea - Great Northern Ocean - German Ocean - White Sea - Arctic Ocean - Atlantic Ocean - Peaceable Ocean As well as these major oceans there were some known minor seas: - Bering Sea - Beaufort Sea - Sea of Okhotsk - Laptev Sea - Barents Sea - Black Sea - Kara Sea - Mediterranean Sea In Lyra's world, there were only six known planets, including Earth, that revolved around the sun. This solar system sat in a galaxy called the Milky Way. Three of the names of these planets were known: Earth, Venus and Mars. The Earth also had a moon which orbited it. Its history diverted from that of our world in that John Calvin became a pope instead of breaking away from the Holy Church and forming his own church. Under his authority, the power of the Holy Church became more dominant in daily life and throughout Lyra's world, and after he died the Magisterium in Geneva replaced the Papacy as the Holy Church's authority. Technology in Lyra's world was quite advanced, although it had an outdated appearance. Anbaricity was used to power lighting and appliances, including computers, which were known as ordinators. It was considered unusual for women to wear trousers in Lyra's world. Digital cameras (which Lyra describes as "little black cases") were unknown to Lyra's world. Cats were seldom kept purely for companionship, being put to more useful tasks such as catching mice. - Anbaricity is equivalent to electricity in Will's world - Experimental theology is equivalent to physics in Will's world - Electrum is equivalent to amber in Will's world The fauna of Lyra's world was largely similar to that found in Will's world. There were some notable differences, however. Humans were the dominant sentient species of Lyra's world. In this world, the soul of a human was visible externally as a dæmon. Notable humans from Lyra's world included Lyra Silvertongue, Lord Asriel, Marisa Coulter and Lee Scoresby. Witches were humanoid beings who had dæmons which took the form of birds. Witches had a much longer lifespan than humans and were adapted to live in the cold North. Notable witches included Serafina Pekkala and Ruta Skadi. Many of the plants in Lyra's world were similar to those in Will's world. A notable exception was bloodmoss, a plant known for its curative properties, and cloud-pine, a type of tree with magical properties. Another plant was the Harp-flower. - Northern Lights - Northern Lights - The Graphic Novel - The Golden Compass (film) - The Golden Compass (video game) - The Subtle Knife - The Amber Spyglass - Lyra's Oxford - Once Upon a Time in the North - La Belle Sauvage - The Secret Commonwealth - ↑ 1.0 1.1 Northern Lights, Chapter 1 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Northern Lights, Chapter 4 - ↑ Northern Lights, Chapter 9 - ↑ Once Upon a Time in the North - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 The Subtle Knife, Appendix - ↑ The Amber Spyglass, Chapter 30 - ↑ La Belle Sauvage, Chapter 8 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Amber Spyglass, Chapter 19 - ↑ Northern Lights, Chapter 10 - ↑ Northern Lights, Chapter 16 - ↑ The Subtle Knife, Chapter 4 - ↑ The Subtle Knife, Chapter 3 - ↑ His Dark Materials (play), programme |Worlds||Lyra's world • Will's world • World of Cittàgazze • World of the dead • Mulefa world • Gallivespian world • Republic of Heaven • Kingdom of Heaven|

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What children think their parents want for them can play a significant role in shaping the children’s chances of future success and well-being. Parental pressure to excel in school and extracurricular activities can increase kids’ risk of stress, as well as have a negative impact on kids’ well-being and success later in life. This is especially true if parents value grades and achievement over things like empathy, compassion, kindness, and social skills. “VeryWellFamily “ We took a poll on intentional_parenting and the results were as below. The evidence weighs heavily against PAYING in favor of rewarding EFFORT. If a parent were to say, ‘I will give you this if you achieve all As’, the child is likely to do it for that reward. It also means that subsequently, he will think, well, the only reason to learn is to get the reward. If I am not getting the reward that I want, I am not interested in learning.” The downside to giving kids rewards is that they put the responsibility for learning on the parent – who needs to come up with more rewards for sustained results and also has to continue to monitor success. Suggest a celebration, like going to a special restaurant for a meal. This is not a reward but just an acknowledgment and celebration of a goal achieved. Reward your child verbally. Once your child has achieved a goal, say how the effort and studying paid off and how you’re proud he improved his grades. Morally it can be tricky giving cash to children for good grades. You never know what someone might agree to do in exchange for the promise of another cash payment. Daniel Coyle, author of the best-selling book, The Talent Code, points out that praising effort not accomplishment is much more likely to lead to successful outcomes. Not just any effort, but persistent, intensive effort that comes with focusing on overcoming errors by pushing oneself to the edge of one’s knowledge and skills. There is no guarantee that the money would go to useful things. This may potentilla create more work for the parents who need to monitor how the money is spent The pros and cons of paying students for good grades depends on the effectiveness of the solution. There will be some kids motivated by this approach to learning, but there will also be others who are turned off by the idea of this “bribe.” That is why many schools use positive reinforcement and non-cash-based rewards like books, pencils, or clothing as a way to enhance motivation. If you need further details on how best you can encourage and support your child to get better grades, this article by Verywellfamily has some great suggestions. Any thoughts or additions? Would love to hear from you. Thanks for stopping by.

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The Functional Adrenal Stress Profile requires a series of four-time specific saliva collections (morning, noon, afternoon and nighttime) during a typical day on which cortisol is measured to establish its circadian rhythm. Additionally, the sulfated form of DHEA (DHEAGS) is measured on the noon and afternoon samples and the average of those results is reported. Assessing the cortisol rhythm and DHEAGS average is a critical first step in new patient evaluation as well as a fundamental component in follow-up studies. Physiology Cortisol, which is best known for stimulating gluconeogenesis, is essential for normal glycogenolysis. Cortisol affects the heart, vasculature, blood pressure, water excretion, and electrolyte balance. It mobilizes protein stores in all tissues except the liver; it mobilizes fatty acids from adipose; it is the precursor of cortisone and acts as an anti-inflammatory; and it is the primary hormone directing immune function. Cortisol can stimulate or inhibit gene transcription, promote apoptosis, and affect bone metabolism and calcium dynamics. It affects behavior, mood, neural activity, and a variety of central nervous system biochemical processes. Cortisol affects the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive function, and the production and clearance of other classes of hormones. It is a major marker of the complex control loops regulating the sex hormones. The general effect of excess cortisol is usually stimulatory and catabolic; a deficiency of cortisol usually results in a slowing of physiology. The salivary free fraction of the adrenal cortisol output is reported because of its high clinical correlation to accurately assess adrenal function. To determine the cortisol circadian rhythm, four individual cortisol levels is taken at specified intervals throughout the day: in the morning between 6 and 8 a.m., between 12 and 1 p.m., in the late afternoon around 4 or 5 p.m., and at nighttime between 10 p.m. and 12 a.m. In the presence of stressors, the body almost immediately attempts to increase cortisol levels. This increase is associated with both endocrine and autonomic responses in preparing the body to defend itself normally. However, elevated cortisol levels for extended periods negatively affect virtually every aspect of physiology. For example, it becomes more difficult to maintain proper blood sugar levels; to slow down for rest, recovery, and repair; to get good quality sleep; to balance other hormones; to maintain mucosal immune integrity; to maintain bone mass, to produce effective general immune function; to effectively regulate inflammatory processes; or to detoxify the body. Without proper intervention, continued high adrenal stimulation can lead to adrenal exhaustion and lowered cortisol levels. Eventually adrenal or cardiac failure can occur. 6 DHEA is the major precursor of testosterone and the estrogens. It becomes active at puberty. In this profile, the more stable, sulfated form of DHEA, DHEAGS is measured, providing a more reliable measure of DHEA levels than measuring DHEA directly. DHEA is an important modulator of many physiological processes. It promotes the growth and repair of protein tissue (especially muscle), and acts as a counter-regulatory agent to cortisol, negating many of the harmful effects of continued excess cortisol. When increased demand for cortisol is prolonged, DHEA levels decline. DHEA then is no longer able to balance the negative effects of excess cortisol. Depressed DHEA levels serve as an early warning of potential adrenal exhaustion. In fact, adrenal exhaustion is evidenced by an elevated ratio of the sum of the four cortisol measurements to the DHEAGS average. (The ideal level of the aforementioned ratio is 5 or 6:1) A chronic imbalance between adrenal stimulation and cortisol and/or DHEA output is associated with a multitude of both clinical and subclinical systemic disorders. Chronically depressed DHEA output results in an imbalance in sex hormones. Abnormal cortisol and/or DHEA values (either elevated or depressed) result in a decrease in the activity of the immunocytes that produce secretory IgA (sIgA). SIgA provides a mucosal firstGline immune defense against virtually every pathogen, including parasites, protozoa, yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. SIgA also provides a normal immune response to regularly encountered food proteins. Dysfunctional mucosal immunity is associated with an increased risk of infections and of adverse food reactions. Clinical Use the degree and timing of cortisol imbalances provide the healthcare professional with valuable insights into the nature of causative stressors, and allow the practitioner to formulate remedial protocols. Readily identifiable inducers of increased adrenal stimulation include stressors such as tissue damage, inflammation, pain, and mental or emotional stress. Other significant physiological stressors can be subclinical, and include intolerance to the gliadin fraction of gluten protein, lactose or sucrose intolerance, glycemic dysregulation, delayed food sensitivity, and infection with viruses, bacteria parasites and/or other pathogens. Additional testing may be necessary to rule out the possibility of these and other factors interfering with digestion and absorption and creating inflammation and stress on adrenal glands. These types of problems could impede absorption and assimilation of essential nutrients, and the maintenance of normal blood sugar. Chronic dysfunction of any of these processes is a sufficient cause of adrenal exhaustion. Physiological pathways, organs, or systems identified as being the major cause of some other disorder may concurrently serve as causative agents in adrenal exhaustion. In most cases, regardless of the priority given to another pathway, organ, or system as being 7 dysfunctional-and virtually regardless of the condition identified-Gadrenal exhaustion resulting from excessive stress must be addressed and rectified in order to restore normal physiology or function. Conditions Assessed Conditions that may be assessed include adrenal exhaustion, often misdiagnosed as hypothyroid, but may include a hypothyroid condition as well; systemic hyper or hypo excitability, whether of suspected neural or hormonal origin, including suspected thyroid, pancreatic, and sex hormone disorders; states of immunodeficiency; and states of abnormal physiological response to any of a variety of stimuli including foods in the normal diet. Logical Sequence of Testing The logical sequence of using this test as an initial or as a follow up test is determined by a variety of individual considerations, including the patient’s chief complaint, the array of signs and symptoms, the chronicity of the condition, the tests previously taken, and the judgment of the practitioner. Technical assistance is available from BioHealth Diagnostics’ support staff.Functional Adrenal Stress Profile plus V, #205 - Turnaround: 3 G 4 days - 4 Cortisol, 2 averaged DHEAGS, 1 Estradiol, 1 Estriol, 1 Testosterone (AM), 1 Melatonin (bedtime), 1 Progesterone (bedtime) This profile is clinically indicated to evaluate an individual’s ability to adapt to environmental, mental, emotional, and physiological stressors; to determine the efficacy of DHEA therapy; to assess rest and recovery relative to morning and bedtime cortisol; and bedtime levels of melatonin and progesterone. The Functional Adrenal Stress Profile plus V provides an adrenal rhythm and a DHEAGS Gto-Cortisol ratio. Abnormal adrenal rhythm can negatively influence energy production; immune system health; skin regeneration; muscle and joint function; bone health; sleep quality; and liver, pancreas and thyroid function. Adrenal dysfunction may be associated with the following symptoms: excessive fatigue; chronic stress and related health problems; dizziness upon standing; weakness; hypoglycemia; nervousness; irritability; depression; inability to concentrate; confusion; poor memory; low blood pressure; insomnia; premenstrual tension; sweet 8 cravings; headaches; alcohol intolerance; excessive hunger; alternating diarrhea and constipation; sternocleidomastoid/trapezius pain and spasms; epigastric discomfort; poor resistance to infection; food and/or inhalant allergies; dyspepsia; tenderness in adrenal area; migraine headaches; low body temperature; and diminished sex drive. Estrogens and Testosterone are included in this profile to further evaluate the efficacy of DHEA therapy. Since DHEA can convert to Estrogens and/or Testosterone, the use of DHEA may be contraindicated if Estrogens and/or Testosterone levels are elevated. Conversely, if Estrogens and/or Testosterone levels are depressed, DHEA and/or other therapeutic measures may be indicated. Bedtime Cortisol, Melatonin, and Progesterone levels are indicators for rest and recovery and are indicated for anyone with sleep disorders. SUMMARY: Evaluating the Cortisol circadian (24Ghour) rhythm along with DHEAGS provides an accurate assessment of adrenal function and can reveal maladaptation to stressors. Salivary (free fraction) hormone testing determines the bioactive values at the cellular level, thereby providing a functional assessment of the effects of environmental and physiological stressors.

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Another cheerful little flower popping up in early spring is the pretty yellow or orange Calendula. They are favourites in cottage gardens, and flower almost continuously from early spring to late autumn. It is this belief that they bloom on the first day of each month (Latin: calends), or kalendae, which gave rise to their botanical name. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is also known as Pot Marigold or Garden Marigold, but should not be confused with the Tagetes species which is also known as Marigolds – see The Importance of Latin Botanical Names. Some of its other names include Souci, Marybud, and Holligold. Mostly grown as a hardy annual, it self-seeds freely. With a height and spread of about 60cm it grows almost in any soil that is not waterlogged, but does best in a sunny position growing in fine loam. 60cm in height with a 60cm spread Any soil in a sunny site Propagated by seed. Use as an edible flower Flowers can be picked as they open and used both fresh or dried. The fresh flowers can be used as a garnish, particularly attractive in soft cheeses, butters, fish dishes, baking, and salads. The petals make a good food dye – lending the plant its name as Poor Man’s Saffron – to colour rice, custards, milk, and egg dishes. It also makes an interesting tea.

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An offline service area is one that is not immediately adjacent to the road it is serving, so motorists have to negotiate a junction in order to access it. This design became very common in the late 1980s and 1990s and continues to be seen in proposals today. For most people, services located at junctions will be associated with complicated and overloaded roundabout arrangements which, on a bad day, can turn a brief stop into a long detour. Rise and Fall When the first motorways opened, the Ministry of Transport never ruled out the option of building services at a junction, but usually gave way to concerns about traffic at the junction. They also made a point that as most motorway roundabouts were built above the motorway, to bring a service station up to that level would require a significant investment (at the time, the Ministry paid for all the roads within service stations). At Aust and Scratchwood there were simply no other suitable locations, so those services were allowed to be built at junctions. Gordano and Exeter soon joined this category, but all other services were built in the conventional online style. By the 1980s, highway engineering policy began to place less emphasis on traffic flow and more on environmental considerations. Local authorities became more influential and they wanted services to be small. In addition, many operators had highlighted the point that they preferred services at junctions because they were cheaper to build and run, meaning they would be paying more rent. There was also a theory that offline services were safer. What makes new roads safe is that they have very few exits. Building new exits creates new safety risks that will be avoided if you merely build the service area at an existing junction. That theory is true, until the existing junction becomes dangerously overloaded. The opening of the M25 was a turning point for this. In the years leading up to the M25, the Department for Transport had struggled to generate interest in new services. The completion of the M25 was rushed, and it and the surrounding roads needed new services urgently. To avoid battles over green belt land and complicated studies in to how new services would affect traffic flow, almost every service area built during this period was built at a junction. The busier the junction, the better: operators were less hesitant if they knew they'd get a lot of trade. This became even more common after 1992, when services became privately planned. Developers almost exclusively considered junction sites because they were much cheaper to build. They would sweeten the deal by paying for minor improvements to the junction, which would win over cash-strapped councils. This is known in the trade as a "Section 106". In 2008, the Highways Agency put a stop to this, by saying no more services should be built at junctions unless there is no other option available. They also clarified that they were paying attention to large developments selling fuel and refreshments close to motorways. In 2013, under pressure to reduce their grip on the industry, they scaled this back and simply said that if there were two otherwise identical proposals, they would prefer the online option. However, there is nothing to force the offline option to be rejected. The new wording also described an offline service area as one "sharing a common boundary with the highway", implying that any new proposals for sites not directly alongside the motorway would be rejected outright. Since 2017, all of the major operators have started proposing new offline services. Some have been approved and others rejected. There is a third design which falls into neither category, where the services take the design of an offline service area but are accessed via their own junction. This is an expensive attempt to get the best of both, with Cobham being the most well-known. This section lists motorway services only. - Abington (M74 and A74(M) at J13) - Annandale Water (A74(M) at J16) - Appleby Magna (M42/A42 at J11) - Ashford (M20 at J10) - Baldock (A1(M)/A1 at J10) - Barton Park (A1(M)/A1 at J56) - Beaconsfield (M40 at J2) - Birchanger Green (M11 at J8) - Blackburn with Darwen (M65 at J4) - Blyth (A1(M)/A1 at J34) - Bridgwater (M5 at J24) - Burtonwood (M62 at J8) - Cairn Lodge (M74 at J11 and J12) - Cardiff Gate (M4 at J30) - Cardiff West (M4 at J33) - Carnforth (M6 at J35 (A601(M))) - Cherwell Valley (M40 at J10 and A43) - Chester (M56 at J14) - Chieveley (M4 at J13 and A34) - Cohannon (M1 at J14) - Cullompton (M5 at J28) - Doncaster (North) (M18 at J5 and M180) - Donington (M1 at J23a and J24, A42 and A50) - Durham (A1(M) at J61) - Exeter (M5 at J30) - Ferrybridge (M62 at J33 and A1) - Folkestone (M20 at J11) - Gordano (M5 at J19) - Hopwood Park (M42 at J2) - J29 Truckstop (M1 at J29) - J38 Truckstop (M6 at J38) - Kinross (M90 at J6) - Leeming Bar (A1(M) at J51) - Lymm (M6 at J20 and M56 at J9) - Magor (M4 at J23a) - Maidstone (M20 at J8) - Northampton (M1 at J15a and A43) - Old Inns (M80 at J6) - Oxford (M40 at J8a and A40) - Pease Pottage (M23 at J11 and A23) - Peterborough (A1(M)/A1 at J17) - Pont Abraham (M4 at J49) - Sarn Park (M4 at J36) - Scotch Corner (A1(M) at J53 and A66) - Severn View (M48 at J1, M4 at J21 and J22) - South Mimms (M25 at J23 and A1(M) at J1) - Stirling (M9 at J9 and M80 at J6) - Swansea West (M4 at J47) - Tamworth (M42 at J10 and A5) - Telford (M54 at J4) - Thurrock (M25 at J30 and J31, A13 and A282) - Wetherby (A1(M) at J46) In Ireland, the phrase "offline services" is used publicly, with road signs saying "offline services available". Official government-owned services are always of the online type, while private companies can't apply to have a motorway serve their own facility. Instead they can built their own facility at an existing motorway junction, and this gets signposted as a tourist attraction.

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|October 6 Lesson: Forming Christian Culture – Creativity, Balance, Sacramentality, and the Story of the Gospel “For a Christian is not called to flee the world or mankind, to reject or curse it. He is called to bring the light of Christ’s teaching into earthly life and to creatively reveal the gifts of the Holy Spirit in the fabric of this life. And this means that we must create a Christian culture.” In this week’s class, we are going discuss the many implications of this quote by the Orthodox religious and political philosopher Ivan Ilyin from his 1937 book Foundations of Christian Culture. Specifically, we are going to cover how we can live our faith in proper balance, neither withdrawing from world or capitulating to it, and dangers of these extremes. We will also cover the role of art, story, and creativity as means to achieve this balance while also deepening our sacramental understanding of reality, and how each of us can become lights of Christ. We will look at what the Bible, certain Holy Fathers, and others have to say about these topics. Time: 11:30 – 12:30 Note: Adult Education is video live-streamed through the Orthodox Christian Network’s (OCN) Facebook page – https://www.facebook.com/ ABOUT THE ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN NETWORK Join us in our Media Ministry Missions! Help us bring the Orthodox Faith to the fingertips of Orthodox Christians worldwide! Your gift today will helps us produce and provide unlimited access to Orthodox faith-inspiring programming, services and community. Don’t wait. Share the Love of Orthodoxy Today!

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in BASIC ROM: |List of all BASIC keywords| Type: Command General Programming-Syntax: INPUT ["<text/string>";]<Variable>[,<Variable>...] The BASIC-command INPUT is used to read data from the keyboard into one or more supplied variables. The INPUT command prints the optional text followed by a question mark (?) and then activates the screen editor for user input. User-entered data is stored in the supplied variables (type: string, floating point or integer) after the user presses the <RETURN>-key. If additional question marks are printed after the <RETURN>-key is pressed, it means the INPUT command is waiting for additional data for additional variables. Data is separated by commas for more than one input variable. If additional data is entered beyond the required variables, the BASIC-error "?EXTRA IGNORED" will be printed. Extra data is not stored. If the user presses <RETURN> without providing any data, the contents of the variables remains unchanged. If the user supplies data that doesn't match the type of the supplied variables (for example, by providing alpha text for an integer variable) the BASIC-error "?REDO FROM START" will be displayed. That means, that the data must be inputed over again. To avoid this type of error, use string variables for all data types. In direct-mode INPUT results in the BASIC-error "?ILLEGAL DIRECT ERROR". 10 INPUT "First input, please "; A$ 20 INPUT "Only numbers (2-times) "; A1, A2% 40 PRINT: PRINT "Your input was: " A$, A1, A2% 50 PRINT: PRINT "Once again 3 numbers "; 60 INPUT A1%, B, Z 70 PRINT: PRINT "At last 3 inputs "; 80 INPUT A$, B$, C$ 90 PRINT: PRINT "Your last input was: "; A1%, B, Z, A%, B$, C$ POKE 19,1will disable printing the "?" and <RETURN>, until reset with POKE 19,0. In this state, it will give a bad data error rather than Redo from start.

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Sleep and alcohol use are firmly intertwined. We know that 30% of people with insomnia turn to alcohol to help them sleep. We also know that insomnia is one of the greatest predictors of relapse in alcoholics. So what is the problem with alcohol and sleep? Initially, alcohol induces sleep. It does this by acting on areas of the brain in a fashion similar to sleeping pills. In the first half of the night it increases deep sleep and suppresses REM (dream) sleep. However, as it is metabolized, body temperature increases and stress hormones are released. This results in frequent arousals and difficulty remaining asleep. There also may be a marked increase in REM sleep resulting in vivid and disturbing dreams. In most studies, tolerance to the sleep-promoting effects is noted within a week. This may result in consuming ever increasing amounts of alcohol to facilitate sleep. In abstinent alcoholics, abnormalities of sleep may persist for up to two years. There is prolonged suppression of deep sleep and increased amounts of light and REM sleep. This results in the perception of their sleep as being of poor quality and non-restorative. It also can result in frequent nightmares and disturbing dreams. All of this can and often does lead the individual to resume drinking again. Another problem posed by alcohol as it relates to sleep is sleep apnea. Alcohol relaxes the muscles of the upper airway and causes the collapse which occurs in sleep apnea much more likely and severe. It also depresses the brain’s ability to respond quickly and effectively to the obstruction, thus making for a potentially more dangerous situation in those with untreated sleep apnea. The important points relating to alcohol and sleep are first, alcohol should never be used as a sleep aid; second, problems with sleep in recovering alcoholics should be addressed quickly; and last, sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and nightmare disorder can be worsened by alcohol.

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Students at the JetX jet engine club at the University of Glasgow built a 3D-printed model of a jet engine to show off the capacity of Rolls-Royce’s Xplorer-1 engine and additive manufacturing. While the engine is essentially a large teaching tool, it’s notable for its intricate 3D-printed parts and the look it gives into the inner workings of the engine. More than 50 students participated in the project, which was highlighted as part of the 3D Hubs Student Grant. They’ve been working on the Xplorer-1 since 2013 and have a second project, Xplorer-2, in the works. The first engine was built from more than 965 3D printed parts, 300 fasteners, and 10 integrated sensors. Materials used include PLA, ABS, Nylon, PETG, and others printed on a desktop FWM printer. The Xplorer-1 uses compressed air to replicate the realistic firing of the engine. In order to make the experience of building it as accurate to professional, current jet engine design as possible, each piece was modeled to match current aero-propulsion theories. Students performed computational analyses to examine how flow might change throughout the engine, including how the parts would need to take into account specific in-flight forces and landing conditions. Solidworks Flow Simulation, ANSYS Fluent & Star CCM+ were used on some parts, such as single stators, rotors, or multi-stage segments, to choose optimum designs when multiple designs were available. Program founder Chris Triantafyllou found 3D printing to be the easiest option for manufacturing the model. “The transition from CAD to part is simpler and the amount you spend goes a long way with 3D printing especially when using an FFF 3D printer,” he said. The completed model was 75 cm long (2.5 feet) and weighs 8.1. kg (17.8 lbs.) There’s a lot going on under the hood: interior sensors are hooked up to a custom engine monitoring system which includes wireless transceivers; 2 mbed microcontrollers; and temperature, differential pressure, LED rotational speed, vibration, and airspeed sensors. Xplorer-1 was completed in May 2017.

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Gelert the faithful hound Discover the tragic tale of Gelert, the faithful hound that gave the village of Beddgelert (Gelert's grave) its name. Llywelyn the hunter The 13th century prince Llywelyn the Great was an early inhabitant of what would one day become the village of Beddgelert. Fond of hunting, he owned many hounds but his favourite was Gelert, which was given to him by the English King John. A tragic loss One day, the prince and his princess set out for a day’s hunting together, leaving their baby in the care of Gelert. On returning home they were horrified to discover their baby was missing and Gelert’s muzzle was covered in blood. Llywelyn immediately drew his sword and, in deep despair, killed his favourite hound. As Gelert fell to the ground, he let out a mighty yelp and a baby’s cry was heard from a dark corner of the room in response. Gelert the defender Llywellyn discovered his heir unharmed, but by its side lay a mighty wolf, which had been killed by Gelert. Gelert had killed the wolf to defend the baby but died by his master’s sword. Grief-stricken and filled with remorse Llywelyn gave the faithful hound a ceremonial burial by the river and is said to have never smiled again. Gelert was eventually immortalised in the name the village is known by today Beddgelert.

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Kolkata, Nov 13: Every year the world marks World Diabetes Day on November 14. The Day was created in 1991, by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and World Health Organization (WHO) to commemorate the birth anniversary of Frederick Banting, who discovered insulin. Since then, every year The International Diabetes Federation chooses a theme for World Diabetes Day to create awareness around the subject. The theme for World Diabetes Day 2018 and 2019 is “The Family and Diabetes” which is very relevant in the Indian context. India currently carries 49 per cent of the global diabetes burden with an estimated 72 million cases and this is expected to rise to 134 million by 2025. Family support in diabetes care has been shown to have a substantial effect in improving health outcomes for people with diabetes. Families have a definite role to play in bringing down the cases of treatment noncompliance and disease mismanagement in diabetes patients. “When a person is diagnosed with diabetes, it has an effect on the whole family. Significant lifestyle changes have to be made not just by the patient but other family members as well. Evidence has shown that Interventions that target the entire family are usually more effective than those meant for just the patient,” said Dr. Binayak Sinha, Consultant – Diabetes and Endocrinology at Fortis Hospital, Kolkata. Dr. Sinha added, “Chronic conditions like diabetes need daily adherence to the medication regimen, regular monitoring of blood sugar and change in diet and exercise in order to keep the blood sugar level under control. If the same food habits and fitness plans are followed jointly by family members, the motivation for the patient to do the same is higher. These measures are critical to manage diabetes. Since diabetes is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, joint interventions can be beneficial for other family members as well.” A little care and proper management can go a long way in improving the quality of life for a patient with diabetes and above all avoiding tertiary complications which can require hospitalization. (UNI)

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Kid crossword puzzles create a great opportunity spend quality time with your favorite young one. As you work together to read the clues, think of answers, then spell the words, you are focused on a common goal. You can observe your child's thinking and language skills, and you can both enjoy the sense of accomplishment when the crossword is complete. Be sure to try several while you're here! These are also great for the classroom! This kid’s crossword will stretch your brain as you try to think of 15 words with double Zs. How long will it take you to solve it? As always, be sure to ask an adult for help in reading clues and thinking of answers. Tip: It’s really fun to solve crosswords with a friend or family member! 1. A toy with many pieces that must be put back together 2. Sound made by a bee 5. Flair, energy, or attractive style 7. American music with lively rhythms 8. How a teddy bear might feel to you 10. A very light rain 11. To drink greedily 12. A spout at the end of a garden hose that directs the flow of water 1. A baked dish with rolled bread dough topped with tomato sauce, cheese and other toppings 2. An electrical device that makes a sound as a signal or warning 3. To make a hissing or crackling sound, like meat on a grill 4. An unsteady feeling of whirling 6. To make nearly blind for a short time with very bright light 8. To fail after a good start 9. A type of bear Starts with A - How many A words do you know? Probably more than you think! This kids crossword puzzle contains eighteen familiar A words. Spelling crossword puzzle - This puzzle provides a fun way to practice spelling those tricky plural nouns. Antonyms Crossword - Would you rather have a sunny day or a cloudy day? If you know antonyms (opposites) like these, you'll have no trouble with this easy kids' crossword. Silence, Please! - Kids supply the missing silent letters in frequently-used words. Fun spelling practice!

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Engineering A Christmas Ice Lantern – Simple and beautiful STEM activity for the holidays. Excellent for preschool and up. It’s winter and for many of us, especially your friendly neighborhood Canadian, that means icy cold weather. We can’t let the weather deter us. In fact we can use the weather to our advantage and create beautiful things. Like a Christmas Ice Lantern. A STEM activity for the holidays. Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links A few months ago we did an ice STEM challenge. It was fun, but also the middle of summer, so the timing was a bit… weird. When it is hot and sunny out the only place I want ice is in my drinks. Now that winter is here we are much more motivated to tackle some icy cold STEM. It feels much more fitting. So I took one of the ideas from our original ice STEM challenge and gave it a beautiful Christmas twist. Engineering a Christmas Ice Lantern This activity is great fun for preschoolers and up. To make your own Christmas Ice Lantern you will need: Large plastic cup (like a Solo cup) Small plastic cup Decorative pieces like pompoms, beads, pipe cleaners (especially they glittery ones!), tinsel, etc. A freezer or it needs to be below zero outside Battery operated candle Christmas Ice Lantern Directions: The first step is to decide on your decorations. This is the engineering challenge! We found it was best to take pipe cleaners and twist them so they spiraled up the outside of the large cup. These acted as your garland and as a place to put all your other baubles so they stayed in place. Now carefully place pompoms and beads so they balance on the garland. This can be challenging and they will move once you add water, so don’t stress too much. Once you are happy with your decorations slide the small cup inside the large cup. Tape it into place so the top of the cups are flush with each other. Four pieces of tape works well to keep it secure. Carefully start to add water between the two cups so the water only goes into the larger cup. You will need to add some weight to the smaller cup to keep it in place and stop it popping up. We added a couple of stones to ours to keep it in place. Fill until the water is only a couple of centimetres from the top. Add a few drops of food coloring to the water. Place in the freezer (or outdoors) for 5 hours or until completely frozen. A bit of science Once it is frozen take a moment to look at your creation. What do you notice? You should notice that despite the tape and the weights the smaller cup is higher and the ice is to the top of the large cup. This is due to water expanding as it freezes. This is a fantastic opportunity to see this in practice and discuss what happens when water changes states. Now carefully remove the inside plastic cup, then the outer plastic up. You may need to cut the cups to get them off. Just carefully snip the edge with some scissors and you should be able to peel them off. For safety you can use battery operated candles, plus they won’t melt your lantern. Turn on your candle, set it outside in the wintery cold and enjoy the beauty of your creation! Imagine a line of these leading up your sidewalk to your door on Christmas day. A stunning welcome for your guests! Looking for a twist? Why not jumbo size it and make them using ice cream pails?

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Orthographic projection (or orthogonal projection) is a means of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. It is further divided into multiview orthographic projections and axonometric projections. A lens providing an orthographic projection is known as an (object-space) telecentric lens. The term orthographic is also sometimes reserved specifically for depictions of objects where the axis or plane of the object is also parallel with the projection plane, as in multiview orthographic projections. Types of Dimensioning Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions originating from one projection •Superimposed Running Dimensions Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the projection line. Combined Dimensions: A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning. Dimensioning of circles (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second method dimensions the circle internally. (b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed inside the circle. All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R (a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing. (b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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THE Fourth of July - also known as Independence Day - is America’s biggest national holiday and a time for celebration. Here is the history behind the most patriotic day in the US calendar. What is Independence Day? Independence Day celebrates America’s independence from the British Empire. It is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. In 1775, the 13 colonies that made up America declared a war of independence against Britain. The British had inhabited America since 1587 and exploited their resources such as tobacco and tea. Tensions began to rise between the British and Americans as the British Government pushed for their own financial gain and continued to exploit American goods through taxation. Founding Father and head of the Sons of Liberty organisation Samuel Adams, and his men, boarded three ships in Boston harbour and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This became known as The Boston Tea Party of 1773. Other violent acts also arose from the tension over the taxation of tea and other products. The Boston Tea Party was one of the main events that started the American Revolutionary War. How do Americans celebrate Independence Day? Fourth of July celebrations have taken various forms across the centuries. In Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1777 there was a salute with 13 shotguns in the morning and evening of July 4. And in 1778, then general of the revolutionary army, George Washington, doubled his troops rum ration for the festivities. Nowadays, fireworks are one of the most common ways to celebrate Independence Day. Displays are held in every major city and the White House also puts on its own show on the South Lawn. Generally, Fourth of July is a time to spend with family and friends, eating BBQs, watching firework displays and parades while surrounded by a large quantity of red, white and blue, stars and stripes themed paraphernalia. Why is Independence Day celebrated on the Fourth of July? Celebrations take place on the fourth of July every year because it was on that date, in 1776, that Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence. Beforehand, a motion for independence was put forward by Richard Henry Lee and was voted upon on July 1, 1776, when 12 of the 13 colonies voted in favour. The official Declaration of Independence was then drafted by future president Thomas Jefferson. More on Holidays & religious festivals Although it was adopted by congress on July 4 (hence the day of celebration), the bill was not actually signed until nearly a month later on August 2. The New York colonies had to agree to the motion, which they did on July 9. It then took a further two weeks to get the bill written up on parchment in a readable fashion.

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You’re pregnant, that is great news, congratulations! You are embarking on the most important 40 week contract of your life. You are building an entire human being from scratch. Your baby will be made up of the nutrients you choose to nourish your body with. It is vitally important you think about what you eat and the effect it will have on your baby. What you eat provides the raw materials to build your baby. The food you eat supports the general constitution and health and well being of your baby for life. First and foremost you need to eat food — real food, nourishing food, unprocessed unadulterated food. When possible choose organic meat, dairy, fruits and vegetables. Eat whole foods in their most natural state; foods with lots of minerals, vitamins, fibre, phytonutrients and so much more. It is important to note during your pregnancy your needs for certain nutrients will increase. Here are ten important nutrients you should pay special attention to: Iron builds red bloods cells in both mom and baby – your blood supply increases by a third during pregnancy, and your baby grows his or her entire blood supply from scratch. Iron is the main component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout your body. Iron aids in disease resistance and is the foundation building block for muscles and enzymes. Your needs double during pregnancy increasing to 27mg per day. Good sources include liver, meat, eggs, chicken, salmon, seaweed, brewers yeast, molasses, millet, quinoa, prunes, raisins, apricots, mushrooms, spinach, Swiss chard, Brussels sprouts, nuts, seeds, legumes, peas, oatmeal and soy beans. Eat iron rich foods with vitamin C rich foods for better absorption. Folic acid is essential for protein synthesis, the formation of new cells, and the production of new blood. It is required for your increasing blood supply and the growth of tissues in both you and your baby. Folic acid is also necessary for proper formation of the neural tube, which occurs in the first 28 days of pregnancy. It is suggested that all women of childbearing age supplement with folic acid because most women do not know they are pregnant during the first 28 days when the neural tube is being formed. The recommended intake during pregnancy is 400mcg per day. Foods rich in folic acid include eggs, leafy green vegetables, oranges, legumes, and wheat germ. Your protein needs increase during pregnancy, up to 70g per day. Protein helps support the growth and development of the baby. Protein plays a role in building muscles, tissues, enzymes, hormones and antibodies. Good sources of protein include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, seeds and dairy. Zinc aids in the normal healthy development of your baby’s immune system, is found in almost every cell in the body, is needed to make each new copy of DNA and plays a critical role in over 100 different biochemical reactions in the body. It is also required for your baby’s growth and development. It can be found in all the iron rich foods above as well as pumpkin seeds and whole grains. During pregnancy zinc needs increase to 11mg per day. During pregnancy your calcium needs do not go up — you will need approximately 1200mg per day. The big issue here is that most women are not meeting their daily intake, so there is an importance placed on this mineral. Calcium forms your baby’s bones and teeth, aids in muscle and heart function as well as blood clotting, and nerve transmission. Good sources include dairy products, nuts, seeds (especially sesame seeds), grains (quinoa is an excellent source), leafy greens and sea vegetables. Vitamin B6 needs increase to 1.9mg per day. It is vital for your baby’s brain development and muscle function. Vitamin B6 has been shown to help reduce the symptoms of morning sickness. Good source include dairy, meat, fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fish, poultry, legumes and avocado. Iodine is a mineral that is essential to the proper functioning of your thyroid gland. It is vitally important for your baby because the thyroid hormone regulates the developing brain, heart, kidneys, muscles and pituitary glands. During pregnancy your demand for iodine also goes up. Good sources of iodine are from foods and plants grown in the sea – think nori, kombu, seaweed, etc. Iodine can also be found in salt. Vitamin D is necessary for development, growth and maintenance of a healthy body – for both you and your baby. It is also necessary for your baby’s bone development. There are many studies linking low vitamin D levels during pregnancy to low birth weight, pre-eclampsia, and pre-disposition to multiple sclerosis, among other things. During the summer, the sun on unprotected skin will provide more than enough vitamin D. Fortified foods are the best source of vitamin D in the winter, and in most cases will not provide nearly enough, so supplementation is necessary. The Vitamin D council recommends 4000 to 5000IU for pregnant women. Probiotic means “for life” and use during pregnancy is linked to a decrease in eczema and other allergies in babies. Probiotics act as natural antibiotics, helping to fight off bad bacteria in the gut, improve digestion by stimulating peristalsis and have an antibacterial effect on the body. Probiotic cultures can be found in fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, tempeh and sauerkraut. Probiotic supplements are also available. DHA, an omega 3 fatty acid, is needed for your baby’s brain and retina development (the brain is 60 per cent fat — if your supply is lacking your baby will assemble their brain from substitute ingredients). DHA also reduces the inflammatory response in the body, provides antioxidant properties, and is necessary for hormone, antibody and bile production. Demand during pregnancy increases in the third trimester to 2400mg per day to support the rapid growth and development of the brain at this stage. This amount is very difficult to get from your diet, so supplementation is necessary. Food sources of DHA include cold water fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), walnuts, flaxseeds, fish oil and algae. Supplementation with a good quality fish oil or algae-based supplement can help to meet your needs during the third trimester. Paying special attention to your diet during your pregnancy and including a variety of nutrient dense whole foods will give your baby the very best start in life, a start that will lead them to optimum health and well being. Happy eating! Staying Healthy With Nutrition – The Complete Guide to Diet and Nutritional Medicine, Elson M. Hass From First Kicks to First Steps – Nurturing Your Baby’s Development from Pregnancy Through the First Year of Life, Dr. Alan Greene by Kim Corrigan-Oliver Kim Corrigan-Oliver is a Certified Nutritional Practitioner and a Registered Orthomolecular Health Practitioner. Her practice Your Green Baby specializes in nutrition for mom, baby and toddler – preconception to preschool. For more information please check out her website at www.yourgreenbaby.ca

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Cancer. It is a 6 letter word that should be a bad word. Truly, I can not think of another word that generates as much emotion as the word cancer does. Breast cancer, in particular, generates a lot of feelings for me. I have been personally affected by breast cancer. My paternal grandmother and aunt were both survivors. A close friend of mine, on the other hand, was not so lucky. It is a terrifying illness for all involved, especially those who are diagnosed. Breast cancer is the second most common kind of cancer in women, with skin cancer being the first. About 1 in 8 women born today in the U.S. will get breast cancer at some point in their lives. These statistics are scary, and there is a good chance that we have known or will know a friend or family member who is diagnosed. 6 Ways to Help a Friend with Breast Cancer - Listen: Do not try to emphasize with the situation, unless you have been there yourself. Be a listening ear and a shoulder to cry on. - Connections: Almost all of us know someone who has had a personal battle with this terrible disease. It can be incredibly helpful for someone who is currently battling the disease to communicate with someone who has been there, done that. - Keep a Sense of Humor: Don’t walk on eggshells. Treat your friend as you normally would. Keep it light and bring a sense of humor to the table with you. - Make Baked Goods: Who doesn’t love baked goods? - Buy Groceries: The grocery store is the last place someone who is undergoing chemotherapy treatments might want to be. Food, smells and fluorescent lighting. Don’t offer, just do it. - Help the Children: Kids are the often silent victims of cancer. They may not fully understand what their parent is facing, and may even feel neglected. Help your friend by showing their children some extra love. Take them to the park or to the movies and spend some quality time with them. October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, the annual campaign to increase awareness of the disease, offer information and support to those affected by breast cancer and raise funds for research into its cause, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure. Early detection is key. Even as the second most common cancer among women in the United States, millions of women are surviving breast cancer thanks in part to early detection and improvements in treatment. Breast cancers found during screening exams are more likely to be smaller and still confined to the breast. The American Cancer Society recommends that women age 40 and older should have a mammogram each year, and should continue doing so for as long as they are in good health. Women in their 20s and 30s should have clinical breast exams as part of a regular health exam every 3 years, at a minimum. When caught early, the survival rate for breast cancer is as high as 99%. Those are incredible odds, but a diagnosis is often accompanied by an expensive treatment plan. Aflac’s cash benefits can help pay the out-of-pocket costs associated with cancer treatments. A cancer insurance policy can be used not only for treatment expenses not covered by medical insurance, but also to help with everyday living expenses, transportation and even child care costs and groceries. If you or a family member does end up being diagnosed with breast cancer, or any cancer, you want to be able to focus on recovery not finances, and a cancer insurance policy can help you do just that. For Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Aflac will be partnering with the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) again for its second annual “This Duck Wears Pink” campaign. Aflac is selling a variety of campaign-related merchandise including the plush duck, hats and a breast cancer ribbon pin, with all the net proceeds going to the AACR for the specific purpose of funding research aimed at finding a cure for breast cancer. Aflac supports the groundbreaking work of the AACR – the first and largest cancer research organization in the world with a membership of more than 35,000 professionals residing in 101 countries working on the front lines of the effort to eradicate cancer. The AACR backs every aspect of high quality, innovative cancer research. You can donate and shop for merchandise here. I was selected for this opportunity as a member of Clever Girls and the content and opinions expressed here are all my own.

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This Cereal Pyramids craft is an easy way for kids to learn about Egypt, not to mention they are really fun to make! Ages: 3 and Up Here's what you'll need... • Square cereal • Construction paper Here's how you make it... 1. Prepare your paper: Cut a strip of brown paper and glue it to a piece of sky blue paper (you can also use double sided tape or those little mounting squares you use in scrapbooking). 2. Glue your cereal on the paper in a pyramid shape. It may be easier for younger children if an adult draws a pyramid shape on the paper first and they fill it in with cereal. Sign up for our FREE Newsletter The Busy Bee BUZZzzz You'll get the BUZZzzz on our new crafts, featured crafts for up coming holidays and seasons, AND learn some fun and useful tips for doing kids crafts - all delivered to your inbox from busybeekidscrafts.com. Your email address is totally secure, it is only used to send you the Busy Bee BUZZzzz.

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Unable to find the information and support she needed when her mum and dad were going through a divorce, Emily Morris wants to help other young people whose parents are separating. The 21-year-old from Birmingham hopes to show them they’re not alone, while encouraging adults to pay close attention to how a young person is coping with the break-up. ‘This is an issue I’m passionate about because my parents separated in 2012, and their divorce was finalised in 2014,’ Emily explains. ‘I found that I had little support at school. 'But, I noticed that if you were a younger age, you would have more support. ‘You can feel isolated and you need someone to talk to. ‘There are a lot of studies that describe the negative impacts of divorce, but more needs to be done to limit these effects.’ With Fixers, Emily has helped create a booklet aimed at young people from the age of 14. As well as information about the legal process, it explains the potential reasons for divorce and the rights of young people caught up in a marriage breakdown. It also offers suggestions on how to cope when parents separate and includes the personal stories of a number of young people who have been affected. Read Emily’s booklet ‘It’s Not The End: Divorce Support For Young People’ below. ‘I really like the booklet,’ Emily says. ‘I feel it includes all the relevant information and breaks it down so it doesn’t overwhelm the reader. ‘I think it will help people.’ Emily plans to share her booklet with schools, social workers and GPs in Birmingham, asking them to distribute it to those who need it. ‘I hope the booklet helps schools to realise the effects of divorce, so they can make sure that young people have someone to talk to,’ she adds. ‘I would like it to help young adults understand the process, so they can feel informed about the way in which their parents’ divorce is likely to happen. ‘Overall, my message is that there is support for those going through this. ‘They are not alone.’ This project is supported by the Youth Social Action Fund (YSAF). Help Fix It – Share this story! Also talking about relationships in the classroom, Cat King wants school pupils to be taught more about the emotional side of having a partner.

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Habitat at Work Sufficient suitable spawning habitat that can be accessed by salmonids is fundamental to maintaining the Brule’s productive self-sustaining fishery. The importance of years of watershed protection by the State of Wisconsin, Douglas County, and many private landowners cannot be overstated. Nonetheless, early logging, road development, and the actions of rebounding beaver populations have had a cumulative negative effect on parts of the Brule and its tributaries. In-stream habitat work by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources with the help of Club members, along with donations by local businesses, the Wisconsin National Guard, and the work of Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service beaver trappers (click on APHIS to learn more), has been important to restoring many of the affected stream reaches to a more productive state (to learn more, click on Little Streams Feed a Big Fishery). We hope you enjoy the following videos of fish doing “their thing” that were produced by Club member Dennis Pratt! All video was collected on the Bois Brule River, a Wisconsin stream flowing into Lake Superior. 2018 Habitat Project First of 2 Saturday volunteer trout habitat improvement projects was a huge success! Twenty volunteers split into 2 groups to restore two trout spawning habitat areas originally built by the club and the DNR more than 20 years ago. This year's Brule River Sportsmen's Club Volunteer Trout Habitat Improvement projects were scheduled for the mornings of August 18th and 25th at Stone's Bridge Canoe Landing where County Hwy S crosses the river. The project involved moving the spawning gravels placed by the club and the DNR in the 1990s back upstream to where it was originally located (spawning trout move the gravel downstream slightly each time they build a nest). Volunteers met at 9AM with waders and gloves and worked until about noon. A 'Sloppy Joe lunch' was provided by the club at noon back at the landing. The club has been doing these volunteer trout habitat projects on Wisconsin's Bois Brule River since the late 1970s. It's great fun! Video provided by Seaquest Photography of Duluth, Minnesota. Click on 2018 habitat project to see the video below. Brook Trout Spawning Habitat Improvement - Two Decades Later More than 20 years ago, the Brule River Sportsmen's Club and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources teamed up to restore some brook trout spawning habitat in the head water of the Brule River. Spawning habitat at this location was severely degraded by beaver activity and stream-side logging at the turn of the 20th century. In 1994, a test project was designed and built to see if we could help the brook trout population by confining the channel and adding washed uncrushed spawning size gravel (1/4 to 1/2 inch). The channel was confined by building banks of hand carried trap rock. When completed, gravel was also hand carried to the site from the nearby roadside. That fall, many brook trout successfully reproduced on the site at the end of October. It was so successful that the club came back in 1996 and built 2 more spawning sites a short distance downstream of the initial site. Brook trout have successfully reproduced on the project habitat improvements each and every year since. This video documents the project's history and success with all video collected at the habitat improvement site. This work should continue producing similar results for many decades to come as long as problem beaver continue to be removed. Click on Hwy P habitat work to see the video below. 1999 Habitat Project The Brule River Sportsmen's Club has a near four decade record of accomplishing annual volunteer trout habitat projects in conjunction with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Lake Superior Basin Fisheries Staff. Here is an example of one seasons project accomplished nearly twenty years ago where washed sized stones (1/4 to 1/2 inch) were added to a known Brook Trout (Brook Char) spawning area to enhance reproductive potential. This project was deemed succesful in both the initial spawning season post placement of the gravel and continues to aid in annually producing the substantially improved fishery we enjoy today on Wisconsin's Bois Brule River. The project involved volunteers from a number of local environmental organizations including Brule River Preservation, Douglas County Fish and Game, Trout Unlimited, Lake Superior Steelhead Association and others. Each of the two Saturdays between fifty and sixty people volunteered their Saturday mornings to complete the project. Click on 1999 habitat project to see the video below. Spawning Brook Trout This video shows a female brook trout preparing her redd (spawning bed) by first testing the depth of the potential egg pocket by probing with her anal fin (bottom fin in front of the tail) and the width of the egg pocket by rocking her anal fin side to side. Toward the end of clip she tries to improve the egg pocket by swiftly turning on her side and sweeping. She will not lay any eggs until she is satisfied and can be seen doing this for quite some time. Also note that a dominant male, her chosen mate, is constantly protecting her and her redd from other male intrusions, chasing, displaying, pushing, and sometimes biting them. Click on spawning brook trout to see the video below. Schooling Brook Trout The brook trout school you see in the first half of this video are very light colored as they have camouflaged themselves to match the color of the sand bottom they are lying over. Brook trout can be found in congregations for various reasons including taking advantage of food flushing from upstream after rainfall events (as in the two schools shown), seeking cold water refuge during warm summer periods, seeking refuge near groundwater sources during the cold winter months, or when they congregate in spawning areas. Brook trout in the video range from 6 to 14 inches. Click on schooling brook trout to see the video below. Spawning Brown Trout This video shows a pair of lake-run brown trout just after they completed their last egg laying event. You will see the male at the beginning trying to urge the female to lay eggs but she ignores him and just continues the process of excavating gravel to cover her eggs. Click on spawning brown trout to see the video below. Spawning Coho Salmon Video of a pair of Coho salmon spawning in the Bois Brule River, a Lake Superior tributary, in Northern Wisconsin. Video collected in late October of 2015. Click on spawning cohos to see the video below. Video displays steelhead (lake-run rainbow trout) spawning behavior on the Bois Brule River, Wisconsin's most important coldwater tributary flowing into Lake Superior. All the underwater video was taken on the site of a Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources spawning habitat improvement project built in 1998. Since construction, this spawning area has been used by brown trout and coho salmon each fall and by steelhead each spring. The spawning habitat improvement project consisted of adding rock channel constrictors, large woody cover logs and washed, sized spawning gravels. Click on Habitat Project Table to see project maps, descriptions, and photos of many of the joint Brule River Sportsmen’s Club – Wisconsin DNR Fisheries. Click on spawning steelhead to see the video below. To help support the Club's habitat restoration and maintenance work, please consider joining the Club if you are not already a member! Click on Join the Club if you'd like to join. Thanks!

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GR: Here’s a handy summary of global temperature, sea ice, and coral reef changes so far in 2017. “The year is shaping up to be one of #climate extremes: high temps, low sea ice, and coral bleaching.” “Global surface temperatures continue to increase in-line with climate model predictions, and the world has now experienced an increased global temperature of about 0.8 degrees C (1.5 degrees F) since 1970. Temperatures for the first three months of the year were actually warmer than the 2016 average, and there is a reasonable chance that 2017 for a fourth consecutive year will be the warmest on record. “Global sea ice extent is near historic lows in the Arctic and Antarctic, and Arctic sea ice volume has also been decreasing as it ages and thins, with less new ice to replace it. The Great Barrier Reef experienced an unprecedented second consecutive year of coral bleaching, the only major coral bleaching on record to have occurred other than in an El Niño year. “Global surface temperatures were surprisingly warm in the first quarter of 2017. Despite the end of the large 2015/2016 El Niño, temperatures remained high with January, February, and March each being the second warmest on record, after 2016.” –Zeke Hausfather (Continue reading: Worrisome first quarter of 2017 climate trends – Yale Climate Connections).

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The fast-paced development of technology’s renovated the way we interact with machines. Not merely are human beings at the helm of machines, machines are now communicating with each other without human interference. However, as we’re prone to leak confidential information, how to assure devices won’t follow in our footsteps is integral to the networking process. Hence, the IoT security’s an issue we should not underestimate. The concept of iBadge USB token fulfills security features in M2M with the USB interface. With the built-in iBadge security chip, from encryption, authentication, verification to other extended abilities of which the government, organizations and tech companies have already taken advantage, users are able to encrypt and authenticate sensitive or patent-related information on IoT devices, mobile phones, computers, servers and clouds. Activating Authentication between Devices and Servers Encrypting Data to Ward off any Possibility of Eavesdropping

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Quick start: Download knowledge-base-example.xml (run it, view it) and read the comments to get familiar with the knowledge base format. Modify the file, upload it here and select Run to run it. If you have a question or are stuck, you should ask your Teaching Assistant. If you notice a bug or have an idea to improve this system, please file an issue on Github. After uploading your knowledge base, the program uses it to ask questions and come to a conclusion. It works like a simple QA-system. At anytime you can open the debug panel to view the current state of facts, questions, rules etc. A knowledge base used by this program consists of rules, questions and one or multiple goals. Both rules and questions can yield knowledge which is stored in facts. The program will try to infer the value of goals by looking for rules it can apply using the knowledge it already has. If it doesn't find any rules for which all the facts in the <if>-clause are known, it will add the unknown facts to the goal stack. It will also look for questions that could yield the facts looked for and will ask the one that has the most impact on the state of the knowledge base. Note that this program uses a closed world assumption: if it cannot decide the value of a fact based on rules or questions, it will assign it the value undefined. You should never use that litteraly in your knowledge base, but you can make use of the fact that undefined is not equal to yes or some other value. This website has a few tools available to help you with understanding what is happening. When a question is asked, click the Debug button in the top bar to open the debug sidebar. This shows you the current known facts, the goal stack, the rules that are not yet applied and a step by step log of what has already happened. Another option is the Analyse button. Here you can see the program try to infer all possible values of facts in your knowledge base and whether they are inferred or tested by rules. A rule infers a fact if it occurs in the <then>-clause, and tested if it occurs in the <if>-clause. The solver uses a simple loop to infer stuff: The knowledge base is written using simple XML. Globally, your file will look something like this: <knowledge> <title>My test kb</title> <description>Decide whether to take a course.</description> <!-- Here follow multiple rules, questions and goals --> <!-- And yes, you can use this syntax to add comments to your knowledge base :) --> </knowledge> You can download and run knowledge-base-example.xml (run it, view it) as a start and modify it to fit your needs. It contains comments explaining all the rules and clauses. The most atomic part of this reasoning engine are little <fact> elements. They are what it tries to derive and they are the fundamental elements of all the rules, as you will see in the next sections. A fact always has a name specified using the attribute name and a value. A name could be follow-course and the value could be yes, no, whatever-you-like or undefined. The last value is a bit special, as this is the value the inference engine gives a fact when there are no more rules nor questions which can give the fact a value. I like to treat undefined as an implicit no, because it is not yes as far as I know. Goals are the facts that your knowledge base is trying to answer and are the initial elements on the goal stack. At the end, the conclusion for each goal is shown. For example, if your knowledge base is written for answering whether you should follow a course it will show you what it recommends. <goal name="follow-course"> <description>Should you follow the course?</description> <answer value="yes">Yes, you should</answer> <answer value="no">No, you should not</answer> <answer>You should decide for yourself</answer> </goal> The last cause does not explicitly test for a value, which will make it test for the undefined value. See the closed world assumption. The inference engine tries to gain new knowledge by applying rules. The rules, however, are very straightforward if-then rules. They also have a description but that is just there to help you remember what the rules encode. The most basic example of a rule: <rule> <description>If the course is mandatory, you should follow this course.</description> <if> <fact name="course-is-mandatory">yes</fact> </if> <then> <fact name="follow-course">yes</fact> </then> </rule> Furthermore, you can use <or> and <not> clauses to form more complex rules: <rule> <description>If the course is mandatory or fun, you should follow this course.</description> <if> <or> <fact name="course-is-mandatory">yes</fact> <fact name="course-is-fun">yes</fact> </or> </if> <then> <fact name="follow-course">yes</fact> </then> </rule> You can nest those as deep as you want. However, most of the time it is easier to chain a few rules. For example, writing two rules: if (teacher-is-interesting = yes and material-is-interesting = yes) then course-is-fun = yes and if (course-is-fun = yes or course-is-mandatory = yes) then follow-course = yes instead of if (teacher-is-interesting = yes and material-is-interesting = yes) or (course-is-mandatory = yes) then follow-course = yes. As for all programming challenges, less complex rules are almost always better. You cannot test your knowledge base without data from the outside. So as some facts can be derived from rules inside the knowledge base, such as follow-course, others like material-is-interesting need to be asked to the user of the system. This can be done by defining questions for such facts: <question> <description>If the material of the course interesting?</description> <option> <description>The material is very interesting</description> <then> <fact name="material-is-interesting">yes</fact> </then> </option> <option> <description>It is utterly boring</description> <then> <fact name="material-is-interesting">no</fact> </then> </option> </question>

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Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the “known world” during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminate their arch-rival England. His reasons were to convert the Protestants in England to the Church of Rome and to eliminate one of the major sea-fearing rivals for economic wealth. In 1587, Francis Drake cruised off the coast of Spain and under Elizabeth's wishes; Francis Drake attacked the Spanish shipping, burnt the half-finished and unmanned ships at Cadiz, and did enormous damage to the Spanish navy. King Philip II at last convinced that Spain must invade England in order to dominate the region. But his inefficiency as an organizer was never more evident. Slow, inactive, and not only ignorant of the secret of sea power, but also unwilling to admit that there was any need for advice and direction in sea warfare. He wasted months on making plans of campaign while the building and refitting of the fleet was neglected. Even though the Spaniards of that day were reputed the best soldiers in the world, but in naval maneuvers and in the use of heavy artillery they were very far behind... Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - The Spanish Armada, also known as the Invincible, was a fleet of about 130 ships in 1588, in hopes to defeat England. Its aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and Tudor establishment of Protestantism in hopes to stop English interference in Spanish Netherlands. During the 1500’s, Spain attained great power over much of the world. As being the world’s leader, King Philip II wanted to convert Protestants to Church of Roman. Ultimately, the final events leading to his decision of invasion were the Treaty of Nonsuch and the continuous raids brought from Sir Francis Drake against Spanish commerce.... [tags: spanish fleet, protestants, king philip] 1252 words (3.6 pages) - The Spanish Armada also called the Invincible Armada, and more correctly La Armada Grande. It was a fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the English aggression against the Spanish Crown. However it was a fatal mistake and after a week’s fighting the Spanish Armada was shattered, this led to the gradual decline in maritime power of Spain. Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the “known world” during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminate their arch-rival England.... [tags: Invincible Armada] 754 words (2.2 pages) - The Spanish Armada arose in the 1580’s because the so-called “invincible” Spanish armada was on a mission to overthrow the heretic queen Elizabeth I. The Spanish also wanted to put an end to the English robbing their exports from America. Through six days of naval warfare, the English stood victors because of the innovative thinking and tactics by Sir Francis Drake. The Spanish Armada was a test of guts and strategy for both the Spanish and English Navy’s, but Sir Francis Drake, commander of the English Navy, decimated the Spanish fleet with revolutionary tactics.... [tags: invencible, Sir Francis Drake] 1221 words (3.5 pages) - During the age of exploration, the great European nations fought amongst themselves for their share of the new world. There were constant battles over the lands of the Americas and Africa. The two main religions of Europe were trying to spread its reach to new parts of the world and each had countries pushing each religion as much as they could. The Anglo-Spanish War between England and Spain during 1585-1604 is a great example of this, although it was never official declared a war. One thing that made this war quite note worthy was the Spanish Armada, a fleet of 130-armed ship versus the well-trained navy of England.... [tags: World History ] 1376 words (3.9 pages) - The Spanish Armada was one of the most important events in history. At the time, Spain was the most powerful country. Philip II received wealth from the New World and ruled an enormous amount of land. England was a small county, with little wealth, few friends and several enemies. Whenever Queen Elizabeth felt nervous about challenging the greatest power, she never showed it and believed in them completely. By believing in them, they believed in her. (The Spanish Armada) Relations between England and Spain had began well, but over the 30 years since the Queen’s accession relations became worse.... [tags: england, fighting, church] 599 words (1.7 pages) - The Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada, also called the Invincible Armada (infra), and more correctly La Armada Grande, was a fleet (I) intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown; (II) it was however all but destroyed by a week's fighting and a disastrous cruise; (III) this led to the gradual decadence of the maritime power of Spain; (IV) Catholics on the whole supported the Armada, but with some notable exceptions.... [tags: Papers] 2017 words (5.8 pages) - The Failure of the Spanish Armada The Armada could have succeeded the plan was simple and could have been effective. The Spanish had the strongest army in Europe and the English defences were not exactly good. The plan was very simple, but could have been deadly if it had worked. The main reasons for it not working out were the communication problems. The messenger ships travelled the same speed, as the Armada so they were nearly useless and the communication between Parma's army and the Armada were not good.... [tags: Papers] 711 words (2 pages) - Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada The cold, stormy night was all too familiar to the English. A devious plan by Spain's king, Philip II, was being formed to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and rid the world of the English "heretics."1 It was a story of deception, false judgments, and poor planning. What was one king's dream turned into his country's nightmare. While the Spanish had bad leaders, the English had good ones. The Spanish had bigger, but slower ships, while the English had smaller and faster ships.... [tags: Papers] 1353 words (3.9 pages) - Spanish Armada Essay In this essay I am going to look at why the Spanish armada wanted to invade Britain and why they failed to do so, was it down to luck or were the British too smart for the Spanish. And was it all England's glory. The Spanish wanted to invade England was mainly to turn England back into a catholic country, and to get Queen Elizabeth of the throne and to get a queen who was for the catholic monarch on the throne. However there are many other reasons: Firstly Philip II couldn?t accept that was not the king of England, as he was married to Queen Mary I, who was the Queen before Elizabeth.... [tags: essays research papers] 1176 words (3.4 pages) - Alliances are friendships between people and nations that result in the protection of the land and ensure the trade of goods between the two countries. During the 16th century alliances were not as stable as they are in the 21st century, in the early modern period alliances relied on the marriage of one monarch’s child to another and the two nations were joined by blood. It was understood that neither nation would attack a country whose future monarchy could be tied to theirs. A good example of the fickle nature alliances can be seen in the relationship between England and the Spanish-Hapsburg Empire, which was an alliance formed by King Henry VII and Ferdinand of Aragon under the premise th... [tags: Spanish Armada, Elizabeth I of England] 1476 words (4.2 pages)

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By Paula Briggs This resource forms part of a series which enable primary-aged children to explore drawing and making inspired by Maurice Sendak’s “Where the Wild Things Are”. See all the resources in this series here. In this session (the 6th in the series), children explore working in three dimensions to make sculptural “wild things” You Will Need: - Plastic bags (or bin bags or newspaper) - Images from “Where the Wild Things Are” by Maurice Sendak Time: 1 hr - The opportunity to explore a key sculptural concepts of balance. - The opportunity to experience how materials can be manipulated and transformed. - Experience in “design through making”. - The creation of an “armature”, ready for the next session. To access all content, I would like to join as… AccessArt is a UK Charity and we believe everyone has the right to be creative. AccessArt provides inspiration to help us all reach our creative potential. Add to favorites

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Soft Robotics Octopus Arms Bring Flexibility to Robotic MovementAugust 25, 2016 by Mark Hughes Cephalopods have no rigid structures in their bodies and can adjust their bodies to fit the size and shape to the environment. A robot with similar properties would have an advantage in search and rescue environments if it could squeeze through openings other robots could not. Nature often provides inspiration for designers. Researchers at the OCTOPUS Integrating Project have created a robot octopus that is able to move through water, grab objects, and walk along the floor of a pool. European scientists and engineers with the OCTOPUS Integrating Project have drawn on nature for inspiration in their latest robot—an octopus that can swim, walk, and grab objects with soft robotic arms. The arms are filled with fluids and lack the rigid support structures that most actuators depend on. Octopi and squid have no bones or exoskeletons to support their appendages, yet they are able to twist, turn, flex, and curl every part of their arms to walk, swim, and grab objects. Better understanding how these fascinating sea creatures work will provide engineers with a brand new set of materials they can use to move and manipulate the world around us. Perhaps these tools will be used to explore other distant worlds as well. This video from IEEE Spectrum explains some of the prototype models in the OCTOPUS program: Soft robotics is a relatively new field that you can explore to some degree in your home workshop by taking advantage of the tools and resources made available here. There you can learn to make your own manipulators, bending-actuators, and artificial muscles. In this demo from Soft Robotics Inc., a soft robotics "hand" manipulates small-scale items with precision: The Octopus Project research is taking place at many institutes and universities throughout Europe and the Middle East and is coordinated by the BioRobotics Institute of the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Italy. Researchers are investigating how cephalopods are able to sense and move through their environments so they can develop robots that can act in a similar fashion. Currently, the scientists have a robot that can swim through water, walk along the sea floor, and insert itself in small gaps on command. Different labs have different research interests, with some labs focused on making artificial muscles and other labs interested in making robots that can interact with humans. Image courtesy of Alex Koch. The octopus was selected for study because of their dexterity of movement and adaptability to their surroundings using a combination of central and peripheral nervous systems. Additionally, scientists enjoyed the design challenge of controlling eight separate complex control arms to produce a wide variety of movements. Every joint on a robot that allows it to bend or to pivot is called a degree of freedom. Each degree of freedom increases the range of motion of the robot. Popular industrial robots typically have just six degrees of freedom. This video from RobotWorx shows the separate elements of a basic 6-axis robot: Each degree of freedom allows increased maneuverability, but each degree of freedom also increases the complexity of the control systems. Industrial robots have control arms that are made to exact and unchanging specifications. Robotic tentacles, however, can shrink and stretch at any point along their length. A soft robotic octopus arm has almost unlimited degrees of freedom and the ability to change the rigidity of each segment of its length. A prototype soft robotic tentacle wrapping around a wrist. Image courtesy of the SSSA Biorobotics Institute. Scientists at the Octopus Project will have to investigate novel control systems if they hope to have their octopus crawl out of its design pool and into waters near you anytime soon. They might do this by implementing sensors throughout the arms to allow the arms to have basic autonomous control of each segment, similar to at actual octopus. Or they might find that science leads them along a novel path to a new control architecture not yet implemented in any robotic systems—that's the beauty of exploration. The research taking place in soft-robotics can lead to devices that can grab and lift a fallen patient without risk of them being bruised by the rigid support arm in most similar devices on the market today. Or perhaps NASA will send robots to explore a distant comet and grab on to its unpredictable surface with soft claws that expand from and retract into the rigid underbelly of a return rocket. Maybe the result of the research is something that no-one has yet imagined. That's the beauty of science—you never know where the quest for understanding might lead.

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Caffeine intake and fetal healthPrint this page Caffeine and fetal growth Studies of caffeine and fetal growth restriction are equivocal. Some studies showed no effects on growth, whilst others demonstrated a risk of growth retardation with increased exposure to caffeine, although with the inability to determine the role of confounding factors1,13. One of the larger studies was the Dutch Generation R Study, a prospective cohort study which included 7,346 pregnant women. Inconsistent associations were observed between caffeine intake and fetal head circumference, or estimated fetal weight. Higher caffeine intake (over 540mg caffeine daily) was associated with shorter birth length, suggesting that fetal growth may be impaired by caffeine35. However, further studies are needed to assess these associations in non-European populations and the possible postnatal consequences of the observed fetal growth restriction. Results from a large prospective cohort in which the main caffeine source was coffee, showed that coffee but not caffeine, was associated with marginally increased gestational length but not with spontaneous preterm delivery29. However, caffeine intake was consistently associated with decreased birth weight and increased odds of the baby being small for its gestational age29. The 2010 Committee Opinion of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists stated that the relationship between caffeine and growth restriction remains undetermined34. A 2015 meta-analysis reviewing the associations between caffeine consumption and risk of low birth weight concluded that for every additional 100mg of caffeine per day the risk of low birth weight increased by 3%36. A further 2015 Cochrane review of the effect of restricting caffeine intake by mothers concluded that there is insufficient data to confirm or refute the effectiveness of caffeine avoidance on birthweight or other pregnancy outcomes31. Caffeine and congenital malformations Brent et al. concluded in their risk analyses that it is very unlikely that regular or even high exposures to dietary caffeine increase the risk of birth defects for pregnant mothers exposed to caffeine13. With a few exceptions, studies have not reported an increased risk of malformations with greater caffeine consumption. One paper reported weak positive associations between maternal caffeine consumption and spina bifida (neural tube defects), but without a dose-effect relationship and with a negative association for tea. However, the control for confounding by smoking and alcohol (both yes/no answers only) was insufficient14. A further case-control study, with 776 cases and 8,756 controls, looked at the risk of spina bifida and maternal cigarette, alcohol, and coffee use during the first month of pregnancy. It found that levels of cigarette smoking (1-9 and ≥ 10/day), alcohol intake (average ≥4 drinks/day) and caffeine intake (<1, 1, and ≥2 cups/day) were not likely to be associated with increased risk of spina bifida15. The same research group raised the issue that gene variants like slow/fast caffeine metabolisers may run different risks16. A further meta-analysis published in 2015 considering maternal coffee consumption and the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD), suggested that maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the occurrence of total NTD or the spina bifida subtype of NTD17. A 2011 study, evaluating data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, examined the association between maternal caffeine consumption (from coffee, tea, soda and chocolate) and the risk of selected birth defects. The cohort of 3,346 cases was matched with 6,642 controls. The research did not suggest an association between maternal caffeine intake and the birth defects18. A further study, also evaluating data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, assessed associations between maternal dietary caffeine intake and congenital limb deficiencies. In this study, with 844 cases and 8,069 controls, high soda consumption was associated with an elevated risk for longitudinal limb deficiencies. Coffee and tea consumption was not associated with any limb deficiency subtype19. Caffeine and fetal death Four studies detailed in a review of data gathered between 2000 and 2009 evaluated the relationship between caffeine and fetal death1. Three of the studies were conducted by the same research group, in which two reported a moderately positive association and the third found no relationship. The fourth study also noted a positive association. None sufficiently address the concerns regarding confounding by pregnancy symptoms. As with studies of miscarriage, the interpretation of the work on caffeine and fetal death needs to consider that these studies may also share common sources of bias which may explain the observed relationship with caffeine use1. Maternal coffee consumption and childhood leukemia There are limited studies in this area, and while some research suggests an association between consumption of coffee during pregnancy and subsequent increased risk of childhood leukemia, more research is needed to better understand this. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised by EFSA to drink no more than 200mg of caffeine per day from all sources, which is equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee5. In 2016 IARC reviewed data on childhood leukemia in relation to coffee consumption and concluded that a lack of consistency amongst studies led to inconclusive and inadequate evidence of any association between coffee consumption and childhood leukemia37. - Authors of a 2015 meta-analysis comprising a total of 3,649 cases and 5,705 controls concluded that their findings “confirm the detrimental association between maternal coffee consumption and childhood leukemia risk, and provide indications for a similar role for maternal cola consumption”38. - A further study published in 2015 examining parental smoking, maternal alcohol, coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy, and childhood acute leukemia concluded that childhood acute leukemia was not associated with coffee consumption during pregnancy, but an association was seen between coffee consumption and acute lymphoblastic leukemia39. - A 2018 review of data on maternal coffee intake in 2,552 cases and 4,876 controls suggested that coffee intake over 2 cups per day during pregnancy may increase risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although the authors acknowledged that there were limitations in the research. They supported current advice to limit caffeine intake during pregnancy40. This information is intended for Healthcare professional audiences. Please consider the environment before printing.

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hand holding "new testament" book isolated on white image by Elnur from <a href='http://www.fotolia.com'>Fotolia.com</a> If you are interested in Bible study, memorising the books of the New Testament will greatly facilitate locating a particular book thereby improving your ease of study. To memorise the 27 books of the New Testament, you need to choose a memorisation strategy that works best for you, such as flash cards, putting the list to music or creating a mnemonic device such as "General Electric Power Company" for the books Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. For some, creating an image or picture to associate with each book is another method to aid memorisation. Divide the twenty-seven books into smaller groups and memorise each group. For example, the website "Mnemonic Device-eu" suggests this rhyme to learn the first six books of the New Testament: "Matthew, Mark, Luke and John; Acts and Romans follow on." Recite each group aloud as you commit it to memory until it becomes so familiar it can be recalled automatically. Familiarity of this nature is particularly associated with using a song as the memorisation device. Put the groupings together once you have memorised them individually. Recite them continuously and in the order in which the books occur in the Bible. Reinforce learning, by writing the names of the books on paper or a chalkboard. - Set aside time daily to work on memorisation until you have memorised all 27 books. Consider working with a partner to learn the books. - hand holding "new testament" book isolated on white image by Elnur from Fotolia.com

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Inexperienced building is in regards to the standards for constructing materials and strategies where the environment is given consideration and safety. Peoples building with principally grime and clay, corresponding to cob, sod, and adobe, resulted in homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe as well as the remainder of the world, and proceed to be built, though on a smaller scale. One excellent example of this is exterior vinyl windows as a result of the materials used for them are designed to mix with your own home and to final a long time. Prefabricated steel buildings use galvanized metal and galvalume as the chief materials for building. We’re specializing in building materials papers and we exclude papers on structural engineering, geotechnics and unbound highway layers. Cement bonded composites are product of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make pre-solid building parts. The idea of a inexperienced dwelling would not rely solely on how a home-owner implements ways to make it extra eco-friendly. This was adopted by means of rocks (primarily granite) as building materials. Constructing materials is any materials used for construction objective similar to supplies for home building. Different necessary traits of eco pleasant building materials are renewability and reusability. If you’re looking to construct a new backyard shed, outdated barns are a rich and plentiful source for planking and a few actually sensible hardware and different materials. In reality, manufacturing of new materials and products adds up vast emissions of greenhouse gas and consumptions of natural assets. Constructing a home for retirement provides a unique alternative for one to create an excellent, personalised setting. Most people think of traditional teepees when conjuring up pictures of fabric homes, while today you’ll find cloth used for tents, akin to camping, emergency or aid tents, or for parts of homes, for instance wall partitions and awnings. Basement waterproofing is completed to and pertains to the methods employed to stop water from entering the basement of a building or a home. The builder needs to know the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a constructing materials or if it comprises pollution that could harm the surroundings. The climate on this place is humid and nearly all of constructing materials utilized in building building is concrete. One other generic building materials is wood. Concrete has been the predominant building materials in the fashionable age because of its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. The poorly designed structure and low quality supplies used are the primary reasons contributing to the collapse of the Sampoong Department Retailer in 1995, which resulted in widespread damages and lack of lives. Regardless that wooden structures had been quite common in earlier times, they disappeared with the strategy of concrete buildings. Best Membership Deals The supplies package deal represents a third to a half of your over all house building funds. Relying on the price of labor and supplies in your space, SIP homes can price between three to five p.c more than the normal stick constructed dwelling. Foundation Constructing Supplies supplies the construction business with over a hundred and seventy places across the United States and Canada. Try to remember the place you noticed a business building or a home being torn down. Metallic: Metals are also among the generally used constructing supplies. Supplies like steel, fiberglass, wooden and aluminum are used as prefabricated building supplies for sports buildings. Significance Of Constructing Materials Aside from naturally occurring materials, many man-made merchandise are in use, some more and a few less synthetic. Discover in depth details about inexperienced buildings here. A home or a enterprise institution will not be complete without the presence of building and building materials. And for that, pure stone might be thought of as a inexperienced building materials. To consider one should keep away from something that would incur pointless issues in the future because it not solely reduces the quality of the constructing it additionally impacts your funding. The development materials and know-how coated embrace: cement, concrete reinforcement, bricks and mortars, components, corrosion know-how, ceramics, timber, steel, polymers, glass fibres, recycled materials, bamboo, rammed earth, non-conventional constructing supplies, bituminous supplies and railway materials functions. Please you’ll want to check with the construction foreman before taking these supplies. Cement bonded composites are an important class of building material. Clay and dust: In the course of the earlier days, clay and dirt was the most generally used materials though it was not as strong because the concrete constructions. Glass ” curtain walls ” can be utilized to cover your entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a large roof construction in a ” house frame “. These uses although require some form of frame to carry sections of glass collectively, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require a very giant kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself. Constructing a home is based on numerous elements. Within the Netherlands, as an example, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on high. Your selection of inexperienced building supplies should assist in water conservation efforts. Many would recommend you to make use of stone veneer, if you are planning to build a home or rework your present one. Materials like lumber which serve several purpose in building like formwork, scaffoldings, bracing and many others can still be reused, for instance planks used as formwork for ground slab may be refused for lintels and beams thereby saving you extra price on purchasing further wooden. Most people take buildings and buildings as a right. A few of these buildings have remained liveable for hundreds of years. Thatch is without doubt one of the oldest sorts of building materials used for roofing. Sometimes, building materials require a sure degree of product certifications to make sure that materials used are high quality controlled. The supplies utilized in must be atmosphere-friendly similar to recycled steel. Fashionable building is a multibillion dollar business, and the manufacturing and harvesting of uncooked materials for constructing functions is on a worldwide scale. Don’t know anything about constructing materials. building envelope material, building materials in civil engineering pdf, sustainable building envelope materials A part of every individual’s dream is to personal a home. Among the newer products seem to make use of cheaper parts, poor building adhesives and newer development lumber. When the quantity of carbon stored in wooden is factored in, wooden and MDF have adverse carbon emissions, creating the base for a carbon impartial constructing.

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(Last Updated on : 20-02-2019) Adi Kumbeswarar Temple is considered to be more than thirteen hundred years old. Mahamaham Festival is associated with this temple. The temple is revered by the Tevaram hymns of 7th century Saiva nayanars. It is also classified as a Paadal Petra Sthalam or temple revered by the nayanars. Legends of Adi Kumbeswarar Temple It is considered that post deluge and just before the advent of Kaliyuga the celestial pot that contained the nectar came to rest here. Lord Shiva disguised as a hunter, shot an arrow at the pot that was held by Lord Brahma and broke it. Its contents spilled all over resulting in the revival of life. Kumbham means the pot and Konam means crooked. The place where the nectar fell is known as the Mahamaham tank. The temple belongs to the 7th century and has been expanded by Nayaks during the 15-17th century. The temple is the largest Shiva temple of Kumbakonam. It has a 9-storeyed rajagopuram and three concentric compounds, elongated along an east-west axis have triple set of gopurams. Deity Kumbeswarar is in the form a lingam. It is believed that it was made by Shiva himself when he mixed nectar of immortality and sand. Manthrapeeteswari Mangalambika is his consort and her shrine is kept parallel to the left of Kumbeswarar shrine. The temple has a colonnaded hall as well as sacred vehicles which carried deities during festival processions. Navarathiri Mandapam has 27 stars and 12 rasis carved in a single block. Subramanya idol have six hands instead of 12, stone nagaswarams and Kiratamurti. Festivals of Adi Kumbeswarar Temple Mahamaham festival takes place once every twelve years during the tamil Month of Masi (February - March). Lakhs of pilgrims from various parts of India visit Kumbakonam to take a holy bath in the sacred Mahamaham tank. Archaeological and epigraphical evidence are attached to this festival. This article is a stub. You can enrich by adding more information to it. Send your Write Up to email@example.com

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Metric system lesson math fourth grade math lesson plans math games for kids. Metric system lesson math converting metric units of measurement anchor chart measurement math math anchor charts and anchor charts math solver calculus. metric system lesson math metric system a metric conversions worksheets a activities a lesson plan a video math games for grade 1. Amanda regency math regency beauty institute came to fame for a student admissions packet but ended up with a brand refresh much to the delight of the company and all mathpapa elimination. Amanda regency math mathletics parent letter. amanda regency math exterior lobby lobby math games for 4th graders. What does a and m stand for math image titled understand step 1 stand up maths tour. What does a and m stand for math what does stem stand math stand up comedy. what does a and m stand for math on day 1 or 2 i assign this homework 1 what is math i call them daily practice assignments vs to my students tonight i want you to complete matthews stands. Rate problems worksheet math unit rate word problems worksheet worksheets for all download and size x source problem grade unit rate math problems worksheet. Rate problems worksheet math similar images for grade math worksheets unit rates unit rate math problems worksheet. rate problems worksheet math word problems worksheets by math crush unit rate math problems worksheet. 3 3 1 rule math grade everyday math unit 3 math box assessment math calculator graph. 3 3 1 rule math image titled use the 3 4 5 rule to build square corners step 1 mathnasium reviews. 3 3 1 rule math whats my rule robot activities for math in and out boxes teaching critical thinking and problem solving math teaching math math lessons math playground duck life 4.

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New research concludes that a one-two punch of drought and mountain pine beetle attacks are the primary forces that have killed more than 2.5 million acres of pinyon pine and juniper trees in the American Southwest during the past 15 years, setting the stage for further ecological disruption. The widespread dieback of these tree species is a special concern, scientists say, because they are some of the last trees that can hold together a fragile ecosystem, nourish other plant and animal species, and prevent serious soil erosion. The major form of soil erosion in this region is wind erosion. Dust blowing from eroded hills can cover snowpacks, cause them to absorb heat from the sun and melt more quickly, and further reduce critically-short water supplies in the Colorado River basin. The findings were published in the journal Ecohydrology by scientists from the College of Forestry at Oregon State University and the Conservation Biology Institute in Oregon. NASA supported the work. “Pinyon pine and juniper are naturally drought-resistant, so when these tree species die from lack of water, it means something pretty serious is happening,” said Wendy Peterman, an OSU doctoral student and soil scientist with the Conservation Biology Institute. “They are the last bastion, the last trees standing and in some cases the only thing still holding soils in place.” “These areas could ultimately turn from forests to grasslands, and in the meantime people are getting pretty desperate about these soil erosion issues,” she said. “And anything that further reduces flows in the Colorado River is also a significant concern.” It’s not certain whether or not the recent tree die-offs are related to global warming, Peterman said. However, the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that while most of the United States was getting warmer and wetter, the Southwest will get warmer and drier. Major droughts have in fact occurred there, and the loss of pinyon pine and juniper trees would be consistent with the climate change projections, Peterman said. Pinyon pine and juniper are the dominant trees species in much of the Southwest, routinely able to withstand a year or two of drought, and able to grow in many mountainous areas at moderate elevation. The trees are common in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and may have expanded their range in the past century during conditions that were somewhat wetter than normal. In some places up to 90 percent of these trees have now died, many of them during a major drought in 2003 and 2004. The new research concluded that most of the mortality occurred in shallow soils having less than four inches of available water in about the top five feet of the soil column. Most of the tree mortality, the scientists said, was caused by trees being sufficiently weakened by drought that opportunistic bark beetle epidemics were able to kill the pinyon pine, and the vascular system of the juniper ceased to function. Traditionally, pinyon pine and juniper were not considered trees of significant value. They were occasionally used for firewood, but otherwise small and not particularly impressive. They perform key ecosystem functions, however, not the least of which is stabilizing soils and preventing erosion. They also provide some food in the form of pine nuts and juniper berries, and store carbon in their biomass, and in the soils beneath their canopies. Note : The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Oregon State University

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Founding Fathers What is freedom The concept of freedom means different things to different people, depending on the level of freedom that you have in your life. Most people, when they think of the definition of freedom, they think of Liberty, which includes freedom of speech. The definition of liberty is having the ability to act according to your own will, as long as it doesn't affect the ability of someone else to act according to their own will. Most rational people would agree that this is the way that a society should function. Committee for Freedom of the Press Letter Activities In the days after the shooting of Michael Brown, a number of journalists were detained, searched, or arrested as they attempted to cover the story, while many others reported being harassed, questioned, and threatened by police as well as by protesters and community members. Review the First Amendment Before you explore the particular experiences of journalists in Ferguson, review the freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment by examining the text of the amendment itself. Ask students to think about why freedom of speech and freedom of the press are so essential in a democracy. Have students participate in a Big Paper activity based on the following prompt: Do you agree with him? Do you think press freedoms should be absolute, or do you think they should have limits? Explore how Freedom of the Press Was Threatened in Ferguson In the days after the shooting of Michael Brown, a number of journalists were detained, searched, or arrested as they attempted to cover the story, while many others reported being harassed, questioned, and threatened by police as well as by protestors and community members. You may also choose to distribute the transcript. What is at stake when a reporter is treated as he was? Why do you think the police acted the way they did? Is there any context in which his treatment would be justified? How does this treatment threaten his First Amendment rights? Consider the Challenges Facing the Police The shooting of Michael Brown and subsequent events in Ferguson were not isolated incidents, nor did they happen in a vacuum. To truly understand both the roots and the implications of what happened in Ferguson so that we can address the underlying systemic issues as a society is a significant undertaking, one requiring that all perspectives and experiences be heard and understood. Therefore, even though the scathing Justice Department report on the events underscored a fundamental pattern of racism and bias in Ferguson policing, it is important to hear the voices of the police describing their experiences. On August 14, five days after the death of Michael Brown and following several days of peaceful and violent protest, Missouri State Highway Patrol Captain Ron Johnson, an African American officer, was put in charge of security operations in Ferguson. He held a press conference to address unrest on the evening of August As they read, ask students to underline sentences that stand out to them and make note of at least one thing they find Surprising, Interesting, and Troubling. Alternatively, you could ask students to underline one or two sentences they found particularly important, insightful, and valuable and have them share their responses using the Save the Last Word for Me discussion strategy. Ask students to share their S. How can the need to keep a community safe sometimes come into conflict with freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment? Do you believe that happened in Ferguson? Why or why not?In the United States, essential freedoms are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, a part of the U.S. Constitution. The most well known rights are the freedoms of religion, speech, the press, peaceable assembly, and petitioning the government. It is closely linked to freedom of the press because this freedom includes both the right to speak and the right to be heard. In the United States, both the freedom of speech and freedom of press are commonly called freedom of expression. embracing freedom of speech as a value of transcendent constitutional importance. Freedom of Press. The Importance of the Freedom of Speech - There is no other government in the world that gives freedom to the people like the United States of America. In the United States, essential freedoms are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, a part of the U.S. Constitution. The most well known rights are the freedoms of religion, speech, the press, peaceable assembly, and petitioning the government. Students will be able to understand the importance of a free press in a democracy. Students will be able to recognize the essential connection between freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Students will be able to reflect on how freedom of the press can conflict with other needs or freedoms. The freedom of speech, press, and assembly are encompassed in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. All three of the freedoms have in common the right of the individual to say and.

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These articles on insulin resistance are an attempt to provide reasons for resisting the typical approach to managing diabetes. I find that when the focus is primarily on blood sugar readings, we tend to forget the larger picture and ignore factors that, if addressed, have the potential to improve the underlying insulin resistance. I realize these are not exciting reads. However, I hope they will broaden our perspective to see beyond the popular cultural trends. Knowledge, distilled down to practical application, has the potential to turn your health around. As we saw last month, there are different variables that preclude insulin resistance. This month we are going to look at a couple more. Low carbohydrate diets are commonly prescribed and followed by individuals who are either diagnosed with or trying to prevent type 2 diabetes. The dramatic elimination or reduction in refined, processed carbohydrates has improved blood sugar control and helped with weight loss in many. This way of eating, however, has its down sides, one of which pertains to insulin sensitivity. As is the case with many therapies, it is possible to improve symptoms while the disease process marches on. Women with a history of insulin resistance during pregnancy, called gestational diabetes (GDM), have a sevenfold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.1 As part of the Nurse’s Health Study, 722 out of 4,502 women with a history of GDM developed type 2 diabetes within an approximate 20-year period. During this time researchers found low carbohydrate eating patterns that emphasized animal-derived protein and fat were associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). “We observed that a dietary score representing a low-carbohydrate, high animal protein, and high animal fat dietary pattern was significantly and positively associated with T2DM risk among women with a history of GDM. These associations were partly explained by BMI. By contrast, a dietary score representing a low-carbohydrate, high vegetable protein and high vegetable fat dietary pattern was not associated with the risk of developing T2DM.”2 In other words, while being overweight heightened the impact of low-carb eating, the researchers emphasized that the source of the protein impacted the eventual outcome of whether or not an individual was diagnosed with diabetes. This is not the only research that has found this kind of association. A European study followed 16,154 individuals from eight European countries for an average of 12 years. Here too, those who consumed more animal protein experienced increased risk of type 2 diabetes.3 Researchers found that animal protein was indeed positively associated with measured insulin resistance. Within the Adventist Health Study , a cross-sectional analysis was conducted with the intent of examining “the relation between total protein intake and the type of dietary protein on insulin resistance in healthy older to elderly individuals who consume a wide range of plant and animal protein and a predominantly plant-based diet.”4 Data from 548 participants was analyzed. Insulin resistance was calculated (HOMA-IR) in each and compared with total and specific protein intakes. Adjustments in the analysis were made for age, waist circumference, ethnicity, physical activity, glycemic load, etc. All participants were non-smokers, non-alcohol users. Researchers found that animal protein was indeed positively associated with measured insulin resistance. The association was strongest for those with normal waist circumference and significant animal protein intake compared to vegetable protein intake. No association was observed between plant protein and insulin resistance. Diet composition matters. When animal protein makes up a good share of the diet and vegetable foods are low, insulin resistance and its corresponding disease manifestations, such as type-2 diabetes, are more likely to result. “In healthy subjects, animal protein intake intensifies insulin resistance whereas plant-based foods enhance insulin sensitivity.”5 The researchers bring out what they found in their review of the research. Insulin resistance during pregnancy has been strongly associated with processed and unprocessed meat intake before becoming pregnant. On the other hand, a high vegetable protein intake before becoming pregnant is associated with a much lower risk. It also points out the documented observation that when population groups adopt more of our standard American diet, with its emphasis on animal foods, from a traditional one that emphasized more plant-based foods, “a remarkable rise in the frequency of type-2 diabetes” is experienced.6 They also make the enlightening statement that “the association of animal protein intake with insulin resistance is independent of body mass index. In obese individuals that consume high animal protein diets, insulin sensitivity does not improve following weight loss. Diets aimed to lose weight that encourage restriction of carbohydrates and elevated consumption of animal protein intensify insulin resistance, increasing the risk of developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.”7 You have more than likely heard the saying “this is a perfect storm.” A perfect storm would contain the individual elements, circumstances, or events acting in synchrony to aggravate nature in some way. Collectively, these ingredients act as a synergy of forces leading to a release of energy much greater than any of its individual contributors would ever generate. It appears to me that we are fine-tuning the recipe for a perfect storm when it comes to altering our body’s response to insulin. If we look at these factors in the light of a mathematical equation in which insulin resistance is the product sitting to the right of the equal sign, then perhaps by modifying the addends we will come out with a different sum. - Wei Bao et al., “Low Carbohydrate-Diet Scores and Long-term Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Diabetes care, vol. 39, 1 (2016): 43-9, doi:10.2337/dc15-1642. - Monique van Nielen et al., “Erratum. Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study, Diabetes Care, 2014;37:1854-1862,” vol. 38, 10 (2015): 1992. - Bahar Azemati et al., “Animal-Protein Intake Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2) Calibration Substudy Participants: A Cross-Sectional Analysis,” Current developments in nutrition, vol. 1, 4 e000299, March 15, 2017. - M. Adeva-Andany et al., “Effect of diet composition on insulin sensitivity in humans,” Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2019 Oct;33:29-38.

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Explore One 1200x Microscope Offering an impressive magnification range of 300x to 1200x, this Explore One microscope turns the ordinary into the extraordinary by giving young scientists the tools they need to reveal the hidden details of the world around. Outfitted with a full range of collection tools, this beginner compound scope has quality optics that consist of a 40x eyepiece and a rotating turret of three objective lenses that combine to offer magnifications of 300x, 600x and 1200x. The set also includes color filters to give specimens extra definition when needed and a projection eyepiece that allows users to trace images or share their findings with multiple viewers at the same time. It also comes with collection/prepping tools, prepared and blank slides, a shrimp hatchery and instructions on how to conduct your own investigations. - Study specimens in stages using three magnification powers ranging from 300x to 1200x. - Projection eyepiece lets users to trace images for later analysis or share their findings with multiple viewers at the same time. - Color filter wheel makes it easier to recognize details of colorless or transparent specimens. - Includes collection/prepping tools, prepared and blank slides, brine shrimp eggs and other accessories to jumpstart investigations.

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Social skills classes produce lasting benefits for adults with autism Study finds social connections continue to increase and autism symptoms decrease months after young adults complete PEERS training August 25, 2018 A social skills program for young adults with autism provides lasting benefits that include a steady growth in social connections, according to a new study in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. The study – the largest controlled trial to track the effectiveness of such a program – evaluated a young adult version of the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills, or PEERS. Previous research had demonstrated the effectiveness of PEERS programs for preschoolers and for adolescents. All three courses consist of 16 weekly, 90-minute sessions, with concurrent sessions for caregivers. The study enrolled 22 participants, ages 18 to 24. All had autism without intellectual disability and significant difficulties in social situations. All had also expressed interest in taking the course. During the study, half the participants completed the PEERS course, while the half were placed on a wait list. As part of the course, the participant’s parents or other caregivers received training on how to coach the participants outside of class. Conversation, humor and more The group classes focused on conversational skills, appropriate use of humor and electronic communication, identifying sources of friends, entering and exiting conversations, organizing successful get-togethers and handling peer conflict and peer rejection. The course also included four sessions on dating etiquette. During each class, trainers went over specific rules and steps of social behavior. They taught through lessons, role-play, rehearsal exercises and assignments to practice the skills in social settings outside of class. “We’re not teaching what we think young people should do in social situations, but what we know actually works through research,” says senior researcher Elizabeth Laugeson. Dr. Laugeson is the founder and director of the PEERS Clinic at the University of California, Los Angeles. For example, young people with autism are often advised to walk up and introduce themselves to others – a strategy that can come across as awkward. Breaking skills into steps “Most of us watch and listen to the conversation and figure out what [other people] are talking about,” Dr. Laugeson explains. “We do this by eavesdropping. But we don’t want to look like we’re eavesdropping…. The next step is to wait for a brief pause in the conversation and move closer. The final step is to join the conversation by saying something on topic.” The PEERS training breaks down social skills in this stepwise manner. The researchers evaluated the participants at the end of the 16-week course. Those who completed the classes had significantly greater improvements in social skills and frequency of social engagement, compared to the comparison group on the wait list. In addition, those who took the class had a significant decrease in autism symptoms related to social responsiveness. Lasting gains and further improvement The participants returned four months after the training ended for another evaluation. Those who had completed the course still showed significant gains in social skills and engagement. What’s more, the researchers observed new improvements in social communication, assertion, responsibility and empathy. This may be due to continued coaching by the caregivers who participated in the study, the researchers propose. “Our study offers encouraging findings that, through an evidence-based, caregiver-supported intervention, adults with autism can improve in ways that may help them be more successful in these aspects of their lives,” Dr. Laugeson says. Although most people with autism struggle with social difficulties, few social skills interventions exist for young adults on the spectrum. “It’s exciting to see a community-based treatment model using caregiver support to help improve social skills,” comments Kara Reagon, Autism Speaks associate director of dissemination science. “The results show adults can continue to learn complex social skills such as making and maintaining friendships, and managing conflict and rejection. More research on skill acquisition for social skills for with this age group is desperately needed.” The researchers plan to publish a PEERS manual for young adults later this year. The PEERS Clinic already offers similar manuals for coaching adolescents and younger children. PEERS trainings are available nationwide and in a dozen countries. Learn more about these trainings and resources at the PEERS Clinic website here.

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The resource has been added to your collection This video, created by Science & Engineering in the Lives of Students (SELS), provides a brief overview of radiation, focusing specifically on its implications on housing development and applications. Radiant energy is experienced as both heat and light, so learning more about how radiative transfer can effect home building and architecture can both influence design and help consumers save money on bills. For example, the color and angle of roofs, solar panels, windows design are all important factors in keeping a home comfortable. Also the advantages of new radiative heat systems including energy conservation and efficiency are discussed. This resource has not yet been reviewed. Not Rated Yet.

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Aortic coarctation describes narrowing of the aorta, the large blood vessel leaving the heart to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the body. This narrowing forces the heart to work harder to pump the blood. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth, but sometimes is mild enough that it is not detected until adulthood. In babies, symptoms include pale skin, irratibility, sweating, and difficulty breathing. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated. Often if the coarctation presents in adolescence or adulthood, it is less severe and simply causes hypertension (high blood pressure). Some people may also get muscle weakness, shortness of breath, headaches, and nose bleeds. One should go to the doctor if chest pain or very high blood pressure are present, as these syptoms raise the risk of stroke, organ failure, or death. The causes of coarctation are unknown, though it often associates with other heart defects or women with Turner syndome, a genetic syndrome caused by a error or mutation in the DNA. A doctor can disagnose coarctation through a chest x-ray or other imaging tests like an echocardiogram. Aortic coarctation and other defects that often come with it are treated with surgery and medications.

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Substance abuse is the harmful or hazardous use of prescription or illegal drugs for non-medical reasons. The use of drugs cause several physical harms, but these drugs mainly affect the way a person thinks, feels or acts. Abusing drugs can also lead to a physical dependence and addiction. Many workplace substance abuse issue related costs are hidden by general absenteeism or illnesses, an unnoticed lack of productivity, or a reluctance to link substance abuse directly with causes of accidents. Educating employees about the dangers of drug use is the main way to prevent substance abuse. Early intervention workplace programs can reduce substance abuse related issues in the workplace when these programs are implemented effectively. Alcohol is a socially accepted part of everyday life for most Canadians as almost eighty percent of Canadians consume alcohol. Canadians associate drinking with pleasurable social, community, or workplace events such as festivals, sports or workplace parties. Alcohol and drug abuse among employees and their family members can be an expensive problem for workplaces causing significant issues such as a lost of productivity, absenteeism, injuries, decreased employee morale, an increase in health care costs, legal liabilities and employees’ compensation costs. The cost of drug abuse runs approximately $22 billion per year. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism accounts for $14 billion of this cost and illegal drug use account for the remaining $8 billion. Risky drinking means drinking at levels that put a person at risk of medical or social problems. Problem drinking means drinking too much and having a medical or social consequence. Alcohol abuse means drinking too much too fast while alcohol dependence is drinking too much too often. At least three million drinking Canadians risk acute illness, such as injury and at least four and half million risk chronic conditions such as liver disease and cancer. Canadian children grow up seeing alcohol in many aspects of their environment and approximately three thousand Canadian children are born with an alcohol abuse syndrome per year. Approximately 47,000 Canadian deaths are linked to substance abuse annually. Workplaces should recognize that substance use, misuse, abuse and coping strategies can have a significant impact on mental health at work. Addictions and mental health conditions are often related. This is called a concurrent disorder. However, it is often the addiction that first gets noticed, especially in the workplace. Some signs of substance abuse are similar to those caused by increased stress, lack of sleep and physical or mental illness. Employers should look out for warning signs that indicate an employee may be struggling with substance abuse. Canadian substance abuse laws include the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act which is Canada’s federal drug control statute. The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act established eight Schedules of controlled substances. Canada’s Drug Strategy is an important policy by the federal government which addresses the harmful effects of substance use and abuse on individuals, families, and communities. The four main components of Canada’s modern drug strategies remain prevention, treatment, harm reduction and enforcement. Workplace policies should also address these four components of substance abuse prevention strategies. Substantial progress has been made in developing prevention programs for adolescent drug abuse. Canada’s Substance Use and Addictions Program provides $26.3 million annually to support evidence-informed and innovative initiatives across the health promotion continuum for substance use prevention and treatment, targeting a broad range of licit and illicit substances including cannabis and prescription drugs. The well established pattern of onset and progression of substance abuse during adolescence has led to the development of a variety of prevention initiatives for children. The majority of adults with substance abuse problems begin to use substances during their formative years and therefore fewer prevention efforts have focused on adult substance abuse prevention. Preventing early-stage substance use or delaying the onset of use is a goal of many of these prevention programs. Numerous strategies have been developed to address substance abuse problems when they arise, or to prevent these issues before they become a larger issue. Some of these strategies include workplace policies or programs mandating drug and alcohol testing to both potential hires and existing employees. Workplace prevention programs should include both primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention aims to keep alcohol problems from developing, and secondary prevention seeks to reduce existing problems. An effective workplace drug program establishes a list of procedures to follow with regard to illegal drug use, such as testing, prevention, and how to handle substance abuse policy violations. Workplace substance programs have a clear benefit to the workplace who implement them. By setting up assistance programs, and encouraging treatment for their employees, employers can have a significant role in reducing the huge negative burden of workplace substance abuse. Addressing substance abuse issues can be costly, but effectively addressing these issues will create a more productive and safe workplace environment. Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse This article was contributed by volunteer blogger Shan Simpson

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Spain has had a long history of exiles. Since the destruction of the last Muslim territories in Granada in 1492, wave after wave of its people have been driven from the country. The Disinherited paints a vivid picture of Spain’s diverse exiles, from Muslims, Jews and Protestants to Liberals, Socialists and Communists, artists, writers and musicians. Kamen describes the ways in which many of these expelled citizens have shaped Spanish culture – or impoverished it by leaving – and enriched their adopted homes through their creative responses to exile and to encounters with new worlds, Picasso, Miró, Dali and Buñuel among them. Henry Kamen’s compelling and sympathetic account tells the story of their incalculable impact on the world.

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Represents a sequence of nodes in a graph. Calculates the shortest path between two nodes using the A Star algorithm (for details see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_star) Represents a cycle in a graph. Calculates node paths in a graph using Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm. Represents a path in a graph. Represents a walk in a graph. Copyright © 1996–2019 Geotools. All rights reserved.

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Medical Dictionary Definitions A-Z List Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z - «N»: Nat'l Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): One of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), the mission of the NIAID is "to support and conduct research and research training (that) strives to understand, treat, and ultimately prevent the myriad infectious, immunologic... Nat'l Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): One of the National Institutes of Health in the U.S., the NIDDK has a multisystem name and a comparably broad mission, namely, to "conduct and support basic and applied research and provide leadership for a national National Academies: Collectively, the four National Academies of the United States -- the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council. The National Academy of Sciences was created in 1863 by a congressional charter ... National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences: One of the National Academies. Created in 1863 by a congressional charter approved by President Abraham Lincoln at the height of the Civil War.... National board exams National board exams: The National board exams in medicine refer to the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). This exam is sponsored by The Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) of the United States and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). It has replaced the examinati... National Cancer Institute (NCI) National Cancer Institute (NCI): One of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S., whose mission is to "lead a national effort to reduce the burden of cancer morbidity and mortality and ultimately to prevent the disease. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, NCI... National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) National Center for Research Resources (NCRR): One of the Centers of the National Institutes of Health, whose mission is to "advance biomedical research and improves human health through research projects and shared resources that create, develop, and provide a comprehensive range of human, an... National Cholesterol Education Program National Cholesterol Education Program: NCEP. A program designed to reduce illness and death from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US by reducing the percentage of Americans with high blood cholesterol. Through educational efforts directed at health professionals and the public, the NCEP aims to ... National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship: A survivor-led advocacy group that works on behalf of the millions of cancer survivors and the millions more touched by this disease. Founded in the US in 1986, NCCS issued the following 12 principles as Imperatives for Quality Cancer Care: Access, Advo... National Eye Institute (NEI) National Eye Institute (NEI): One of the US National Institutes of Health, NEI's mission is to "conduct and support research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to blinding eye diseases, visual disorders, mechanisms of visual function, preservation of ... National Formulary: Full name: United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF). An official publication, issued first by the American Pharmaceutical Association and now yearly by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, that gives the composition, description, method of preparation, an... National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): One of the National Institutes of Health in the U.S., the NHLBI's mission is to "provide leadership for a national research program in diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and blood and in transfusion medicine through support of inno... National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI): One of the newest of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), NHGRI's mission in formal terms is to "support the NIH component of the Human Genome Project, a worldwide research effort designed to analyze the structure of human DNA and determin... National Institute Arthritis, Musculoskeletal National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS): One of the National Institutes of Health in the U.S. As its somewhat cumbersome name indicates, NIAMS's mission is a broad and important one, namely to "conduct and support a broad spectrum of research on National Institute for Occupational Safety National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Known for short as NIOSH, a US Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related disease and injury. Despite its name (which would suggest that it is part of the National Institute...

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The diet of the Schilluk ridged frog mostly consists of large, active, terrestrial invertebrates such as spiders, cockroaches, crickets and grasshoppers (2). It may also feed on other frogs (1), with one specimen being seen to eat a closely related species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, that was a third of its own size (3). Many sightings of the Schilluk ridged frog occur during the daytime, which suggests that this is when it is most active (3). The Schilluk ridged frog usually breeds in flooded areas such as rice fields or flooded grassland, created by the first rainfalls (1) (2). The males have been seen calling to females while partially submerged in water, at the base of tufts of grass, as well as while floating at the water’s surface (2). The Schilluk ridged frog lays small, brown-white eggs (2). Little other information is available on the breeding behaviour of this species.

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Ending invisible maths anxiety After attending a presentation by Dr Jo Boaler on mathematical mindsets, Louisa Stevenson of Cairn Primary School in South Ayrshire was curious to investigate levels of maths anxiety in her own Primary 3/4 class. On discovering that more pupils were anxious about maths than she had suspected, Louisa decided to take action. Drawing on Dr Boaler’s research, Louisa piloted a new approach to maths education in the school, rooted in growth mindset and visual learning. As a result, the number of pupils who said they felt anxious about maths or were unsure if they were anxious dropped from 66% to 0% over the course of the school year. Emotional intelligence and attainment also improved, with knock-on effects in other parts of the curriculum. Read the full case study here.

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“Drag was always a part of this celebration,” says the Krewe of Armeinius. Historically, Mardi Gras day was the one day of the year when men could cross dress—provided they wore at least one male garment and had shed all women’s clothing by sunset. Despite this minimal level of openness, the LGBT community was technically prohibited from openly participating in Mardi Gras. According to Howard Philips Smith in his book Unveiling the Muse: The Lost History of Gay Carnival in New Orleans, late 1950s New Orleans policies to “clean up the moral corruption” saw hundreds of gay men arrested. Despite this, the local gay community thrived, particularly in the French Quarter where establishments like Dixie’s Bar of Music (today, the location of Cat’s Meow) acted as somewhat of a safe haven. Gay carnival krewes began emerging in the 1950s as a kind of satire of the more traditional krewes which barred gay men from joining. The Steamboat Club and the Krewe of Yuga were two of the earliest, followed by the Krewe of Petronius, which was made up of some of the members of the Krewe of Yuga. In 1962, police raided the Krewe of Yuga ball, making approximately 100 arrests for what they later termed a “lewd stag party.” The Krewe of Yuga dissolved after that, but the tradition continued through the Krewe of Petronius and ultimately through many other gay carnival organizations. The Krewe of Armeinius The Krewe of Armeinius organized in 1968 and held its first ball in 1969. In the beginning, it was something of a fraternity for the gay community that also happened to make elaborate costumes and hold balls. As Armeinius grew, its balls began to entice non-members in New Orleans who tried to get their hands on invitations. The golden age for Gay Mardi Gras balls was in the early 1980s, before the AIDS epidemic took hold and decimated the krewes. Armeinius alone lost a dozen members, yet it persevered. The Krewe of Armeinius’ ball has historically been, as Carnival tradition dictates, by invitation only. In recent years, however, particularly as societal acceptance toward the LGBT community has broadened, Armeinius has opened its ball to the general public. It started off as a test run and turned into a wild success. The krewe teaches its members the art of large-scale costume creation, and some members create costumes using wire sculpting to create support structures. Throughout its history, Armeinius has built many breathtaking and exotic costumes and props for the tableau, or presentation, that occurs during the ball which is typically steeped in satire and humor. This year’s ball, themed “Shh, It’s a Secret,” will take place Saturday, March 2 from 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. at Mardi Gras World’s River City Venues. The dress code is simply to “dress beautifully” and is left open to interpretation—however that manifests for attendees—and can include formal wear. Drag personality Varla Jean Merman and the outlandish creative genius Ryan Landry host this year’s ball. Tickets start at $55 (plus fees). The Krewe of Armeinius’ mission is to educate and preserve the traditions of Gay Mardi Gras, its traditions, art-form, and social impact on the community. Luckily, in today’s society with broader cultural acceptance of the LGBT community, the public can share in this unique Carnival tradition. And hopefully, as times continue to change, members won’t have to say, “Shh, It’s a Secret” for much longer. Saturday, March 2 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. River City Venues (Mardi Gras World) 1380 Port of New Orleans Place

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In the early days computers were much simpler. The various components of a system, such as the CPU, memory, mass storage（大容量存储）, and network interfaces, were developed together and, as a result, were quite balanced in their performance. For example, the memory and network interfaces were not (much) faster than the CPU at providing data. This situation changed once the basic structure of computers stabilized（稳定） and hardware developers concentrated（集中精力） on optimizing individual（个人） subsystems. Suddenly the performance of some components of the computer fell significantly（显著） behind and bottlenecks（瓶颈） developed. This was especially true for mass storage and memory subsystems which, for cost reasons, improved more slowly relative to other components. The slowness of mass storage has mostly been dealt（处理） with using software techniques: operating systems keep most often used (and most likely to be used) data in main memory, which can be accessed at a rate orders of magnitude（大小） faster than the hard disk. Cache storage was added to the storage devices themselves, which requires no changes in the operating system to increase performance. 1 For the purposes of this paper, we will not go into more details of software optimizations for the mass storage access. Unlike storage subsystems, removing the main memory as a bottleneck has proven（证明） much more difficult and almost all solutions require changes to the hardware. Today these changes mainly come in the following forms: • RAM hardware design (speed and parallelism). • Memory controller designs. • CPU caches. • Direct memory access (DMA) for devices. For the most part, this document will deal with CPU caches and some effects of memory controller design. In the process of exploring these topics, we will explore DMA and bring it into the larger picture（带入更大的图景）. However, we will start with an overview of the design for today’s commodity（商业的） hardware. This is a prerequisite to understanding the problems and the limitations of efficiently using memory subsystems. We will also learn about, in some detail, the different types of RAM and illustrate why these differences still exist. This document is in no way all inclusive and final. It is limited to commodity hardware and further limited to a subset of that hardware. Also, many topics will be discussed in just enough detail for the goals of this paper. For such topics, readers are recommended to find more detailed documentation. When it comes to operating-system-specific details and solutions, the text exclusively（仅仅） describes Linux. At no time will it contain any information about other OSes. The author has no interest in discussing the implications（意义） for other OSes. If the reader thinks s/he has to use a different OS they have to go to their vendors and demand（供应与需求） they write documents similar to this one. One last comment before the start. The text contains a number of occurrences of the term “usually” and other, similar qualifiers（预选）. The technology discussed here exists in many, many variations in the real world and this paper only addresses the most common, mainstream （主流）versions. It is rare that absolute statements can be made about this technology, thus the qualifiers. This document is mostly for software developers. It does not go into enough technical details of the hardware to be useful for hardware-oriented readers. But before we can go into the practical information for developers a lot of groundwork（基础知识） must be laid（铺设）. To that end, the second section describes random-access memory (RAM) in technical detail. This section’s content is nice to know but not absolutely critical(紧要) to be able to understand the later sections. Appropriate back references to the section are added in places where the content is required so that the anxious（心急的） reader could skip most of this section at first. The third section goes into a lot of details of CPU cache behavior. Graphs have been used to keep the text from being as dry as（枯燥） it would otherwise be. This content is essential（至关重要） for an understanding of the rest of the document. Section 4 describes briefly how virtual memory is implemented. This is also required groundwork for the rest. Section 5 goes into a lot of detail about Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) systems. Section 6 is the central section of this paper. It brings together all the previous sections’ information and gives programmers advice on how to write code which performs well in the various situations. The very impatient reader could start with this section and, if necessary, go back to the earlier sections to freshen up（梳理） the knowledge of the underlying technology. Section 7 introduces tools which can help the programmer do a better job. Even with a complete understanding of the technology it is far from obvious where in a nontrivial（平凡） software project the problems are. Some tools are necessary. In section 8 we finally give an outlook（展望） of technology which can be expected in the near future or which might just simply be good to have. About this Document The title of this paper is an homage to David Goldberg’s classic paper “What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic” . This paper is still not widely known, although it should be a prerequisite for anybody daring to touch a keyboard for serious programming. One word on the PDF: xpdf draws some of the diagrams rather poorly. It is recommended it be viewed with evince（表明） or, if really necessary, Adobe’s programs. If you use evince be advised that hyperlinks are used extensively throughout the document even though the viewer does not indicate them like others do.

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We humans are a messy lot. We leave junk behind us, everywhere. Space is no different. We may find that clouds of orbiting space junk, travelling at hypersonic speeds, could seriously interfere with our future space operations. What is space junk? Space junk is the total collection of dead and non-functioning artificial objects that we humans have left in space. The oldest piece of space junk is the Vanguard One satellite, dating back to 1958. Space junk includes old satellites, spent rocket stages that were used to launch something, dust from solid rocket motors, and even coolant from obsolete Russian nuclear-powered satellites — which are still orbiting above us. More personally, Michael Collins lost a camera on the Gemini 10 mission, and the astronaut Ed White even lost a glove. There is a lot of junk up there orbiting our planet. After all, we have had more than 5,000 space launches since the beginning of the Space Age in 1957. Each launch often delivered several objects into orbit, so these 5,000 launches have given us over 30,000 large space objects. How much junk is out there? In 2016, the best estimates were that there were billions of pieces of space junk smaller than one millimetre, hundreds of millions of objects between one and 10mm in size, and about half a million objects in the range 1 to 10cm. There are about 100,000 bits of space junk bigger than 5cm. All told, estimates suggest there are about 5,000 tonnes of space junk orbiting the Earth. In 2017, the US Space Command's Joint Space Operations Centre was regularly tracking more than 22,000 objects orbiting the Earth. But fewer than 5 per cent of these were functioning spacecraft — over 95 per cent is junk. They track them so that they can manoeuvre active spacecraft out of the way of an impact. There are various orbits that are useful for commercial, military and scientific programs — and space junk is in all of them. For example, the geostationary orbit is about 36,000km up. It's called "geostationary" because satellites up there take 24 hours to orbit the Earth, which by a nice coincidence, is how long the Earth takes to spin on its own axis. So an object in geostationary orbit will appear to hover over one fixed position above the Earth, even though it is actually travelling at some 3km per second. We have many communications and weather satellites in the geostationary orbit. A little closer to home is the low Earth orbit, which ranges from 200 to 2,000km above the surface. The Hubble Space Telescope is up there at around 540 km of altitude, while the International Space Station is around 350km. There is about 1,900 tonnes of space junk in low Earth orbit, but almost all of it — about 98 per cent — is accounted for by just 1,500 objects, each over 100kg. Objects in low Earth orbit circle the Earth some 15 times each day. Depending on their orbit, they can zip past each other, or smash into each other, at speeds up to 17km per second. Making more, on purpose Both the USA and the Soviet Union carried out multiple series of anti-satellite weapons tests in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1985, a single US test destroyed a one-tonne satellite at 525km of altitude, creating thousands of pieces of space junk bigger than 1cm. In 2007, the Chinese tested their anti-satellite weapons systems by destroying one of their own weather satellites — the Fengyun IC. This was the largest single space debris event in history. It created more than 2,300 pieces bigger than 3cm across, 35,000 pieces bigger than 1cm, and 1 million pieces bigger than 1mm. Mostly though, the collisions happen by accident. On 10 February 2009, a defunct Kosmos spacecraft weighing 800kg smashed into the functioning Iridium 33 satellite weighing about 700kg. This happened at a closing speed of 11.7km per second — over 42,000kph. That's seriously big stuff running into big stuff. On a much smaller scale, in 2016, the British astronaut Tim Peake photographed a 7mm crack in the window of the Cupola module of the International Space Station. It was caused by running into a hypersonic microscopic piece of space debris. Looking at a different spacecraft, in the Space Shuttle a window had to be replaced every second flight — due to running into this invisible space junk. So the lesson is, we need to clean up our act, and our space junk.

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Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, but it’s only one of many types of sleep problems that affect an estimated 70 million Americans. Dr. Nader Ewaida at Hope Internal Medicine & Sleep Clinic has extensive experience practicing sleep medicine, diagnosing and treating the underlying problem so you can finally get a restoring and refreshing night’s sleep. If you’re ready to sleep well and regain your vitality, call the office in North Richland Hills, Texas or book an appointment online. There are about 80 types of sleep disorders, all of which lead to sleep deprivation that undermines your quality of life. Lack of sleep also significantly impacts your overall health. Dr. Ewaida treats all types of sleep disorders, so these are just a few examples of those frequently found in his patients: Sleep disorders certainly cause daytime sleepiness, but their symptoms extend beyond exhaustion. They can affect your memory, make it impossible to concentrate and make you feel anxious. Sleep deprivation also affects your overall health. Long-term consequences of disrupted sleep include cardiovascular disease, weight gain, and hypertension. You’re also at risk of falling asleep while driving. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when you briefly but frequently stop breathing while you sleep. Your breathing may stop for seconds or minutes, then it starts again when your brain nudges you awake just enough to take a breath. OSA occurs when muscles relax, allowing your tongue and other soft tissues to fall back toward your throat and block the flow of air. The top symptoms of OSA are loud snoring, suddenly gasping when your breathing restarts, and daytime fatigue. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime sleepiness, but your fatigue is not due to sleeping poorly at night or other sleep disorders. People with narcolepsy fall asleep suddenly and at unusual or inappropriate times. After waking, you may feel refreshed, but you’ll suddenly fall asleep again a few hours later. Most people with narcolepsy also experience cataplexy, which is a sudden muscle weakness or feeling like you’re paralyzed. Cataplexy is often triggered by laughing, excitement, or other strong emotions. Some sleep disorders may be diagnosed based on your symptoms, but most require a sleep study. During a sleep study, your breathing, muscle movement, heart rate, and eye movement are recorded while you sleep. Treatments are just as diverse as the many types of sleep disorders. For example, your treatment may include behavioral changes, medications, and breathing or oral devices. When you suffer from a sleep disorder, call Hope Internal Medicine & Sleep Clinic to get the expert help you need.

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What’s Actually Happening with What Is Oh in Chemistry Chemistry is often referred to as the central original essay science on account of the fundamental role it plays in every part of earth around us. Chemistry can be a really challenging class for a few of our students. Chemistry has provided answers to different questions. In order to remain competitive in the Age of Information, it is very important that we learn new tactics to process and retain knowledge better. Brazilian women wish to feel that they’re indeed special. There are specific laws that are fundamental concepts in chemistry. Conclusion Our bodies are continuously rebuilding themselves. The robot is constructed to take care of solids, with as much as 100 cartridges of solid compounds to pick from. Pericyclic reactions are likewise a sort of rearrangement reaction. Chemistry isn’t important for a great marriage. Remind your students that Chemistry isn’t just manageable but extremely exciting too. Chemistry is a significant branch of Science which addresses the study of all of the elements and matter on earth. A photo of the entire http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=10499 apparatus needs to be provided. Instead, take some time to read labels, learn about manufacturing techniques, and get in touch with a company if you wish to be certain about an ingredient or two. One of the advantages of the technology, Jina states, is that a reaction optimized to work on a little scale is completely reproducible on a huge scale. The body consists of a few dollars worth of chemicals. Over the span of that moment, Faraday had written Davy on a standard basis, begging for employment. Medical products aren’t recommended, unless you’re suffering from a chronic case of depression. Being alkaline makes it possible to have more natural vitality and will help you keep decent weight management effortlessly. Acrylic acid could be produced in a subsequent step. High Body Acidity High acidity has become the most frequent acid-alkaline balance issue. Whatever They Told You About What Is Oh in Chemistry Is Dead Wrong…And Here’s Why A good deal of individuals give up just when they’re going to observe some positive outcomes. Sometimes men truly don’t seem to know how to earn sex meaningful to their wife. The woman appeared to be constantly burning, even if the flames were only embers. Chemistry isn’t important for a great marriage. Chemistry can be a really challenging class for a few of our students. Chemistry is central to many of the significant problems that will face society for many years to come. Methods are made to help with practical manipulation. Copying a few equations from a book will not receive your child to know the idea of the subject. This reaction, by way of example, occurs in a single step. You see, the thinking patterns you have, the manner that you emote internally about yourself and others are going to have the best bearing on the vitality of the body. The reality is that any sort of prolonged stress is bad for all of us. In the typical individual, cortisol levels are highest in the early hours, and lowest a couple of hours after sleep begins. Currently, many of the modern and high-tech essay writer components are partially composed depending on the compounds. The chemical compounds of living things are called organic compounds due to their association with organisms and since they are carbon-containing compounds. Old chemists never die, they simply quit reacting. Let’s take a look at some of the methods in which sleep apnea can damage people’s health. There are several psychological, physical and emotional signs of having good chemistry with a different individual. So meditation is just one of the fundamental demands of your mind. In order to remain competitive in the Age of Information, it is very important that we learn new tactics to process and retain knowledge better. There are five chief branches of chemistry, every one of which has many regions of study. There are specific laws that are fundamental concepts in chemistry. The remaining part of the group is classed based on the functional groups present. Companies with strong understanding are ready to safeguard their share of the sector and lessen time between technology development and release of new goods in the marketplace. The properties of elements in groups are alike in some respects to one another. Browsing the internet inventory would provide ample info about different brands of products they supply, such as technical specifications and capabilities of the devices, pricing, warranty options and so forth. Unpublished results shouldn’t be included. The use of unpublished results ought to be extremely limited. Let’s take a look at some of the methods in which sleep apnea can damage people’s health. Where your mind goes, your entire body follows and you’ve got the greatest power to make your life how you want it. So meditation is just one of the fundamental demands of your mind.

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Last school year we enjoyed a unit study on Native Americans or First Peoples. While I didn’t have a day by day schedule for our unit study we did enjoy lots of resources and activities. Books I read aloud to them: Soft Rain: A Story of the Cherokee Trail of Tears This is a story of a girl and her family as they were forced to move. I highly recommend this book. North American Indian Tales (Dover Children’s Thrift Classics) This is a collection of various tales. I don’t recommend them unless you have an older child. They were a little too complex for my boys who were five and six at the time. While I read to my boys they enjoyed coloring in their Indian Tribes of North America Coloring Books. Reading Books: My older son read these books to me for his reading. Little Runner of the Longhouse (I Can Read Book 2) This is a wonderful story of a little boy who lives in a longhouse and tries to figure out how he can get more maple sugar candy. Soft Step and Bright Eyes: A Tale of Native American Life (No. 4 in Suzanne Tate’s History Series) This is a short book with pictures The Sign of the Beaver. This is a chapter book without pictures. I didn’t use this for my unit study, but my son used it as a reading book later in the school year. It is probably a fourth or fifth grade reading level. It would make a great read aloud book too. The book More Than Moccasins: A Kid’s Activity Guide to Traditional North American Indian Life (A Kid’s Guide series) is a necessity if you are studying Native Americans. It is full of art and craft actvities as well as information. Most of our time studying Native Americans was spent in this book. We made tepees, wigwams, wampum, clothing, anklets, armbands, headdresses, food, and more! We made a Northwest Coast Punch-Out Indian Village (Punch-Out Paper Toys). The punch-out kit made a canoe, totems, people figures, and a longhouse. Here are a few pictures showing some of our activities for our Native American unit study. Here we learned about different colors of paint and designs and what they could mean. The boys chose the colors they wanted on their face. We made paper mache rattle instruments to be used during dancing. After the paper mache had dried the boys painted them. We made headdresses out of cereal boxes, feathers, paper, and little cotton balls. They made something for the baby too. At the end of our study we had a feast. Here my son is helping make fry bread. Fry bread was dough fried with some sugar on top. Before our feast day we had prepared Native American costumes. The breechcloth is made of a long piece of material tied on with a string. They had shorts on underneath though. Here we are enjoying our feast. We had three different kinds of popcorn, toasted seeds, eggs, fry bread, raisins, and maple sugar candy. It was a hit! After the feast the boys danced with their instruments they made. Following the dancing we played a couple of Native American games. Here we are playing a game with decorated popsicle sticks. To finish off our feast day and unit study of Native Americans we had foot races. It was winter so we had foot races inside. We found ideas and information for the activities pictured from More Than Moccasins: A Kid’s Activity Guide to Traditional North American Indian Life (A Kid’s Guide series).

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An image snapped by NASA’s Apollo 17 astronauts has created controversy among ufologists. According to claims, the image cataloged as AS17-135-20680HR shows what many believe is a Pyramid on the lunar surface. But… Long story short? No, they did not, but the image is evidence of how easily we can be tricked into seeing things that aren’t really there, or how our mind identified familiar patterns. There are pyramids all over the planet. For a reason, we are yet to find out, ancient civilizations, spread across Earth, and isolated from one another, built massive pyramid structures thousands of years ago. Some say these ancient monuments were built as tombs, others say they were erected to pay tribute to the gods. But the real reason why there are thousands of pyramids on Earth remains a mystery. And while pyramids on Earth remain a hotly debated subject, finding pyramids on another planet or moon goes beyond reason, venturing out into what many call a massive conspiracy. Thanks to the various space programs, we have explored our neighboring planets and moons like never before. But it all started with NASA’s Apollo missions. The Apollo Program was a manned space program developed by the United States in the 1960s in the framework of the space race with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The project began in July 1960, when the US space agency NASA announced it, as a continuation of the Mercury missions. Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first manned flight in 1968. The Apollo 17 mission, which lasted from December 7-19 marked the end of manned lunar exploration. The mission was characterized by being the only Saturn V night launch. The crew landed in Taurus-Littrow, and it was the final manned Moon landing. Surface EVA time: 22:02 hours, after which astronauts returned 110.40 kg of samples back to Earth. However, the Apollo 17 mission was also marked by another peculiar occurrence. While digging through some of the images made available to the public, UFO hunters came across an image cataloged as AS17-135-20680HR. This image at first glance might not draw your attention, but upon closer examination, you will notice a triangle shaped object hiding in the background, which has led UFOlogists and UFO hunters to ask, what exactly did the Apollo 17 mission photograph on the moon? Is this image the result of a camera malfunction, Parts of the Rover? Or is there perhaps, a structure on the moon? We decided to investigate a bit more and examined the image further and as we played around with the contrast and brightness of the image we managed to get some pretty nice results that helped us see this object in a better way. And despite the fact that after cleaning the image up a bit we do get a ‘pyramid-shaped structure,’ the truth is that it’s not really a pyramid, and there a couple reasons as to why. First of all, you can check out the sheer amount of images and videos from the Apollo 17 mission by checking out this link: https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/images17.html#MagG. We are interested in the following material: From there, you can check out the images and videos taken by the astronauts during their 22:02 hour EVA. The image in question: AS17-135-20680HR. The result? A blurry image with a strange shape in the middle. Pyramid you say? I beg to differ. Let’s check out some other images taken before it. Let’s begin with image AS17-135-20674 (OF300) (151k or 1343k). NASA describes the image: “LRV traverse from the SEP site to Station 2. This photo shows the trough that runs along the base of the South Massif. The Station 2 boulders are the two large ones at the right edge of the picture. The big crater mentioned in the dialog is at the left, farther up the slope.” Note: LRV stands for Lunar Roving Vehicle. If we take a look at the images snapped later, we see the following: The next image, AS17-135-20679 (OF300) ( 100k or 1275k ) are described as Station 2, LRV Floor. Sunstruck, but the Astronaut who took the picture did not get the exposure right, which resulted in a blurry image. The next image, AS17-136-20681was blank. Verdict? The curious pyramid-like shape we see in the image is, in fact, the result of low-quality images snapped by astronauts. Position, light, and angle, all played an important role in obtaining a curious image that some have interpreted as a Pyramid on the moon when actually the only thing the astronauts snapped was the LVR under peculiar light conditions. Note that Images labeled “OF300” are from the original film and are presented at the equivalent of 300 DPI on a 7.5-inch by 7.5-inch reproduction. So, while there may certainly be peculiar things on the moon, structures that we may not be able to explain, these images snapped by Apollo 17 astronauts are not one of them. Featured image credit: Artist’s illustration of a Pyramid on the Moon.

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A Behavioural Optometrist Uses Vision Therapy Vision therapy — a type of physical therapy for the eyes and, most importantly, the brain — is a very effective way of treating many common visual disorders such as lazy eye, crossed eyes, double vision and convergence insufficiency. It is also an extremely effective way of dealing with children who are struggling from some reading and learning disabilities. Many patients who have been told, “it’s too late,” or “you’ll have to learn to live with it” have benefited from vision therapy, and now it is available on the Sunshine Coast through our office here at Eye CU Optometrists. Vision Therapy and Learning Difficulties I use vision therapy most commonly in the case of learning difficulties, and it is specifically directed toward resolving the sorts of visual problems which interfere with reading, writing, spelling, learning and educational instruction. Behavioural Optometrists do not claim that vision training is a direct treatment for learning disabilities, but I personally have achieved spectacular results in helping kids with learning problems using properly directed vision therapy. So what is it? Firstly let me say that it is not a reading or spelling program. The aim of vision therapy is not to try and become tutors or teachers, but our aim is to enhance the educational work that tutors and teachers provide. We want to become the teacher’s best friend! Children struggling to read and learn frequently have failed to develop the basic visual skills required to do these tasks. That’s where visual therapy comes in. While most children develop these skills naturally as they learn to read, children with learning difficulties failed to develop or under develop the skills, so it stands to reason that if we train the skills to be more effective we can increase their learning ability as well. Vision Training is like an intensive for a child’s eyes and brain development, cramming years’ worth of skills and development into just a few months! Using special techniques which most often take the form of games, we can teach children with learning difficulties the skills they need to succeed in their school work. It takes a bit of effort, but because most of these therapies are games, we can supercharge a child’s development and cause a massive improvement in a there performance at school in just a few months. And Isn’t This What We all Want to See? I am also constantly revising, developing and inventing new, innovative therapies. That’s why our exclusive Vision Therapy program, available only here on the Sunshine Coast, is getting rave reviews from parents and teachers! And Darin is not alone in suggesting that it is a powerful tool for helping children with learning disabilities and behavioral problems. Here’s a CNN Report on ADHD and Vision Therapy What is involved in a Vision Therapy program? It is — * a program of vision “exercises” or procedures, done at home under Optometrist supervision; * coordinated through the internet to allow gradual downloads rather than overwhelming at the start; * generally based around games and fun things most children enjoy, to ensure compliance; * Most often achieves significant results in 3-6 months, depending on the problem treated; AND, Darin’s Exclusive Vision Therapy is only available at Eye CU, Your Sunshine Coast Behavioural Optometrists And It Is Not Just Eye Exercises Unlike other forms of exercise, the goal of Vision Training is NOT to strengthen eye muscles. Your eye muscles are already incredibly strong! Vision Training is not to be confused with any self-directed program of eye exercises which is or has been marketed to the public. Our Visual Therapy has been totally designed and is supervised by Darin himself, and it targets the visual skills which are essential for reading, writing and spelling. The first step in any program is a comprehensive vision examination. Having a regular eye check for your child at another optometrist is not the same, and given that we Bulk Bill, so the cost to you is FREE, why wouldn’t you come in to Eye CU, your Sunshine Coast Behavioural Optometrist, for a complete vision assessment for your child. Following this thorough evaluation, Darin can advise you as to whether our Vision Training Program would be appropriate treatment, or if special lenses and glasses are going to be helpful.

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Many visual skills are important when reading. Saccades are the very quick eye movements your eye make when you are reading. They happen over an incredibly short time at very high speeds. Your eyes dart from word to word, quickly stopping (fixating) and then continuing onward. In order to read, it is necessary for the eyes to maintain proper convergence. When they don't, a person with convergence insufficiency may be able to read without initial problems, but quickly become tired, get double vision, get blurry vision, or have headaches. If you or your child is having difficulty reading, there are many ways to improve reading skills. First, get a full vision exam. That may reveal problems caused by underlying vision issues. Once you confirm it is or is not a vision issue, you should make sure you have good lighting, have proper glasses, and practice reading regularly.

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The Angkor archaeological park, considered one of the most important archaeological sites of South-east Asia by UNESCO, can be quite overwhelming. The 400 square kilometres of the park area is filled with ancient temple ruins of the Khmer Kingdoms from the 9th to 15th centuries. After seeing one temple after another, it can be easy to stop appreciating the differences and nuances in the temple styles and the history behind them. Aware of this, my friends and I chose a few temples we wished to see, both within and outside the Angkor park area, during our three days in Siem Reap. Even though our guide tried to persuade us to fit in more, we stuck to our choice which I believe enhanced our appreciation of the temples we did see at Angkor. We started our temple visits at Angkor Thom, the last capital city of the Khmer empire, established by King Jayavarman VII in the late 12th century. The south gate with its 54 asuras (demons) and devas (gods) lining each side of the path to the gate, pulling on the snake’s tail and head respectively, was depictive of a Hindu mythological story regarding the creation of the earth. The south gate had three faces facing each direction, with the central facing both in and out. The Bayon, the state temple during Jayavarman VII’s reign, is at the centre of Angkor Thom. With over 200 gigantic smiling faces carved on the towers of the temple, it is certainly a fascinating piece of architecture. My impression when seeing the smiling faces was that it was representative of Buddha, as there is a serene expression on each face, even though it might have been images of King Jayavarman VII. The bas-reliefs at the temple were also very interesting. I was wondering if it was illustrating the work that went into building the temple or whether it was depicting the King’s journey to the celestial Kingdom, as it was then believed that the King was a representative of the Gods. Leaving the north gate of the Bayon, the guide took us to the Baphuon, which had been the state temple of Yasodharapura, the capital city of the Khmer empire during the early 11th century reign of Udayadityavarman II. In the 16th century, the temple was converted to a Buddhist temple and several parts were demolished to reconstruct a reclining Buddha statue. It is difficult to see the Buddha statue clearly but when I looked closely, I could distinguish the face lying on a hand. Next to the Baphuon is the Terrace of the Elephants, which was used by King Jayavarman VII, the one who built Bayon temple, as an audience hall as well as a platform to view his victorious returning army entering through the victory gate. Exiting Angkor Thom through the victory gate, we made our way to Ta Prohm, a monastic complex built by King Jayavarman VII and dedicated to his mother. The guide preferred referring to it as the Angelina Jolie temple though. It was an amazing sight to see the ruins with massive trees, fig and silk-cotton, that had taken over the complex. It was the massive trees that commanded one’s attention here. After lunch, we made our way over to Angkor Wat. I feel we should have started our day at Angkor Wat and ended it at Ta Prohm, simply because the afternoon heat in Siem Reap can be quite draining and the gigantic trees at Ta Prohm does offer a lot of shade. Angkor Wat was built by King Suryavarman II, in the early 12th century, as the capital city and state temple dedicated to Vishnu. It was subsequently converted to a Buddhist temple. Angkor Wat, the best preserved within the Angkor archaeological park, has the special distinction of being the only religious monument that appears in a national flag. Several countries, including Sri Lanka, have religious symbols in their flag but not a historic religious monument. On the second day, we had insisted upon visiting Kbal Sbean. Our guide had been less enthusiastic about it as it was about 40 kms away from town and he kept insisting there were many more important temple complexes closer. We were insistent however, as I personally believed, that the Kbal Sbean was the hidden gem or rather less visited gem of the ancient temples around Siem Reap. I strongly felt it would turn out to be best of the Siem Reap experience. Kbal Sbean, located in Phnom Kulen, is a river bed carved with Hindu and Buddhist religious images between the 11th and 13th century. To reach the riverbed, one needs to climb a little hill. For anyone without mobility issues, it is an easy climb. For me though, it gradually became tougher as the incline increased and the path was not clear. The ankle, that I had twisted in Ho Chi Minh city, also started hurting. I reached a point when I realized that I could not climb further without assistance. Especially given that were I to slip and injure my leg further on those rocks, it would be difficult to access help. I did not want to detract from my friends’experience of the place so decided to stop where I was and asked them to proceed. Initially reluctant, the two of them finally left after I reassured them I was completely fine with it. I sat down on a little rock to rest my feet and watched the sunlight filter through the trees. I tried to regain my equilibrium after the upset I had felt at not being able to see what I had wanted to see the most during my visit to Siem Reap. The silence around me and the calming trees helped. Occasionally, there were groups that passed me by. After seeing the different responses of the first few groups that had passed by, I became interested in trying to predict how a group would respond to seeing me sitting along the path. There were many who simply averted their eyes, after the initial glimpse of me, and moved on quickly as if I were invisible or someone to be avoided. There were several who politely nodded their heads or murmured a good morning, without a single expression of surprise on their face and without a break in their walking stride, as if they came across someone sitting alone on a jungle hill path every day. A few though did stop to ask if I was alright. And then, a very few even offered to help me climb the last 100 metres of the hill, when they heard that I had stopped as it was too difficult for me to climb. Unfortunately, those that offered to help were in their 70s or 80s and I was not going to risk injuring them as well in case I fell. So, while I did not make it to the riverbed to see the Kbal Sbean carvings, I did have an interesting experience sitting on a rock on the path and observing human behavioural responses to an unanticipated situation on their hike. The reason why this photo means a lot to me. After lunch, we made our way back stopping at Banteay Sreay. This temple complex, built in the early 10th century is the only one in Angkor, not built by a King, though he was part of the royal family and a counselor of the King. A Hindu temple, this little architectural gem came to be known as the Citadel of Women with many stories as to how it got its modern name. Most references to the origins of the name assume it is because of the numerous carvings of females at the temple, though there is a story that a female carver was responsible for the more delicate carvings at the temple. In Hindu images, Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and beauty is often drawn or carved with two elephants on either side as in the carving above. The temple also has intricately decorated libraries. Again, knowledge and books is represented in Hindu imagery by Saraswathi, the goddess of wisdom. So perhaps the temple came to be known as the citadel of women because it was dedicated to women goddesses? Irrespective of the origins of its name, Banteay Srei is a little gem worth travelling to the outskirts of the Angkor park area for. Each of the six temples visited was unique and amazing in its own way and if you have only three days in Siem Reap, I would certainly recommend visiting these special six. Which of the special six intrigues you most? Is there another temple at Angkor that you would include in this list? [I am linking this post to * Wanderful Wednesday, hosted by Snow in Tromso, Lauren on Location, The Sunny Side of This and What a Wonderful World ** The Weekly Postcard, hosted by Travel Notes & Beyond, A Hole in My Shoe, As We Saw It, Eff it, I’m On Holiday, Selim Family Raasta]

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Before a detailed look at the alarming news from the Arctic, We begin with the latest on warming from the European Environment Agency, which concludes: - According to different observational records of global average annual near-surface (land and ocean) temperature, the last decade (2008–2017) was 0.89 °C to 0.93 °C warmer than the pre-industrial average, which makes it the warmest decade on record. Of the 17 warmest years on record, 16 have occurred since 2000. The year 2017 was one of the world’s three warmest years on record together with the years 2016 and 2015. - The average annual temperature for the European land area for the last decade (2008–2017) was between 1.6 °C and 1.7 °C above the pre-industrial level, which makes it the warmest decade on record. In Europe, 2017 was colder than the previous 3 years. - Climate models project further increases in global average temperature over the 21st century (for the period 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005) of between 0.3 °C and 1.7 °C for the lowest emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and between 2.6 °C and 4.8 °C for the highest emissions scenario (RCP8.5). - All UNFCCC [United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change] member countries have agreed on the long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels and have agreed to aim to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. For the three highest of the four RCPs, the global average temperature increase is projected to exceed 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels by 2050. - Annual average land temperature over Europe is projected to increase by the end of this century (2071–2100 relative to 1971–2000) in the range of 1.0 °C to 4.5 °C under RCP4.5 and 2.5 °C to 5.5 °C under RCP8.5, which is more than the projected global average increase. The strongest warming is projected across north-eastern Europe and Scandinavia in winter and southern Europe in summer. - The number of warm days (those exceeding the 90th percentile threshold of a baseline period) have doubled between 1960 and 2017 across the European land area. Europe has experienced several extreme heat waves since 2000 (2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2017). Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), extreme heat waves as strong as these or even stronger are projected to occur as often as every two years in the second half of the 21st century. In southern Europe, they are projected to be particularly strong. The first graphic from the report tracks the soaring temperatures sparked by the Industrial Revolution [click on the images to enlarge]: The second, a series of maps, tracks projected temperature rises under a regime in which emissions caps are imposed to a significant degree [upper maps], while the lower maps reflect higher levels under the regime so beloved by the White House: Whichever regime prevails, temperatures, occasions, heat-associated deaths, extinctions, and more are all set to rise, with Home Sapiens able only to mitigate the degree. Are we approaching a critical threshold? Threshold events in which dramatic changes are triggered by small shifts in existing conditions. Water is water until it hits the freezing point, and ice stays ice until its temperature reaches the same point. What was liquid becomes solid, what was solid becomes liquid. We also know from everyday experience that cold shows living things down, while freezing generally brings them to a halt. The threshold at which ice melts is shaping up to have major impacts on global warming, both through the release of trapped methane in the Arctic permafrost [about which we’ve posted extensively] and for the generation of new greenhouse gases in the form of carbon dioxide generated by microbes now able to digest dead organic matter at above-freezing temperatures. The findings come from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a highsecurity facility in Richland, Washington, run by the Department of Energy and focusing on terrorism, nuclear proliferation, cyberwar, energy independence, and climate change. Unlike the White House, th national security establishment sees climate change as a real threat, so much so that it’s a matter of national security. From Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: The vast reservoir of carbon stored beneath our feet is entering Earth’s atmosphere at an increasing rate, most likely as a result of warming temperatures, suggest observations collected from a variety of the Earth’s many ecosystems. Blame microbes and how they react to warmer temperatures. Their food of choice – nature’s detritus like dead leaves and fallen trees – contains carbon. When bacteria chew on decaying leaves and fungi chow down on dead plants, they convert that storehouse of carbon into carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere. In a study published August 2 in Nature, scientists show that this process is speeding up as Earth warms and is happening faster than plants are taking in carbon through photosynthesis. The team found that the rate at which microbes are transferring carbon from soil to the atmosphere has increased 1.2 percent over a 25-year time period, from 1990 through 2014. While that may not seem like a big change, such an increase on a global scale, in a relatively short period of time in Earth history, is massive. The finding, based on thousands of observations made by scientists at hundreds of sites around the globe, is consistent with the predictions that scientists have made about how Earth might respond to warmer temperatures. “It’s important to note that this is a finding based on observations in the real world. This is not a tightly controlled lab experiment,” said first author Ben Bond-Lamberty of the Joint Global Change Research Institute, a partnership between the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maryland. “Soils around the globe are responding to a warming climate, which in turn can convert more carbon into carbon dioxide which enters the atmosphere. Depending on how other components of the carbon cycle might respond due to climate warming, these soil changes can potentially contribute to even higher temperatures due to a feedback loop,” he added. Globally, soil holds about twice as much carbon as Earth’s atmosphere. In a forest where stored carbon is manifest in the trees above, even more carbon resides unseen underfoot. The fate of that carbon will have a big impact on our planet. Will it remain sequestered in the soil or will it enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, further warming the planet? To address the question, the team relied heavily on two global science networks as well as a variety of satellite observations. The Global Soil Respiration Database includes data on soil respiration from more than 1,500 studies around the globe. And FLUXNET draws data from more than 500 towers around the world that record information about temperature, rainfall and other factors. “Most studies that address this question look at one individual site which we understand very well,” said author Vanessa Bailey, a soil scientist. “This study asks the question on a global scale. We’re talking about a huge quantity of carbon. Microbes exert an outsize influence on the world that is very hard to measure on such a large scale.” The study focused on a phenomenon known as “soil respiration,” which describes how microbes and plants in the soil take in substances like carbon to survive, then give off carbon dioxide. Soils don’t exactly breathe, but as plants and microbes in soil take in carbon as food, they convert some of it to other gases which they give off – much like we do when we breathe. Scientists have known that as temperatures rise, soil respiration increases. Bond-Lamberty’s team sought to compare the roles of the two main contributors, increased plant growth and microbial action. The team discovered a growing role for microbes, whose action is outstripping the ability of plants to absorb carbon. In the 25-year span of the study, the proportion of soil respiration that is due to microbes increased from 54 to 63 percent. Warmer temperatures can prompt more microbial action, potentially resulting in more carbon being released from carbon pools on land into the air. “We know with high precision that global temperatures have risen,” said Bond-Lamberty. “We’d expect that to stimulate microbes to be more active. And that is precisely what we’ve detected. Land is thought to be a robust sink of carbon overall, but with rising soil respiration rates, you won’t have an intact land carbon sink forever.”

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The First and Fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution guarantee that an individual’s freedom of speech will not be abridged by either the national or state governments. In addition, federal statutes and judicial decisions have applied this constitutional protection to speech curtailed by private parties who through their ownership of certain properties act in a quasi-public capacity. In these latter cases, not only must a court define which communicative acts exercised at which times and in which places enjoy the protection of the first amendment, but it must also resolve the seeming conflict between the guarantee of free speech and the guarantee protecting private ownership of property. This clash of the right of free speech and the right of private property has arisen in many varied contexts, e.g. company towns, migrant camps, railroad stations and supermarket sidewalks. One situation which has provoked considerable litigation is that of picketing and handbilling in privately owned shopping centers. In Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner the Supreme Court considered the issue of first amendment rights in such a context and struck a balance in favor of property rights. Federal employment law should expand beyond the group-based protections established in Title VII to protect and promote an employee’s authentic self in the workplace. Reviews book about distinguishing what kind of speech is considered free speech as laid out in the First Amendment. Connick upsets longstanding jurisprudence related to the free speech rights of employees in the workplace by giving employers considerable regulatory discretion Voting rights advocates should explore section 11(b) of the Voting Rights Act as a vehicle to combat voter intimidation.

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Hello. Thank you for your message today. Lymphocytes are an important part of the immune system. They help fight off diseases, so it's normal to see a temporary rise in the number of lymphocytes after an infection. A count significantly higher than 3,000 lymphocytes in a microliter of blood is generally considered to be lymphocytosis in adults. You may have a lymphocyte count that is higher than would normally be expected but have few if any, symptoms. It's usually a harmless, temporary situation, as can occur after an illness. But, it may also represent something more serious, such as a blood cancer or a chronic infection. Your doctor may need to perform other tests to determine if your lymphocyte count is a cause for concern. Always discuss your results with your doctor.

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It is known that the use of the laser technique has been dramatically activated from the 1960’s. Due to the reason that the lasers are operated at different spectral range and at different energy density (power), the scientists and engineers have had the task to find the novel materials to protect the human eyes and technical devices from high laser irradiation. Moreover, the modern solar energy, gas storage, and biomedicine elements have searched for the new sensitizers with good advantage as well. In this aspect, the science history and nature permits to resolve this task [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. From David Jones experiments (1966) and E. Osawa calculations (1970); from E. Colder experiments (1984), and from H.W. Kroto, R.E. Smalley, R.F. Curl consideration (1985), the fullerenes have been discovered and have got their name on 1985. Indeed, it provokes the future investigation. Thus, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been opened in 1991. Now, these nanostructures have an important advantage in the modification of the surface and the body of inorganic and organic materials. The main reason to use the fullerenes is connected with their unique energy levels and high value of electron affinity energy. Only S1-T1 transition has the time close to 1.2 ns, but the higher transitions from the exited singlet or triplet states have the time in the pico- or femtosecond range. Thus, the study of the fullerene and relative systems dynamic in the nano-, pico-, and femtosecond regime is actual, and the investigation of the ionization and fragmentation of fullerenes with different approaches are important. Moreover, the fullerenes have the large value of the electron affinity energy close to 0.65–0.7 eV. That is larger than the one for most dyes and organic molecules intramolecular acceptor fragment. It can stimulate the efficient intermolecular charge transfer complex (CTC) formation in the fullerene-doped organic conjugated materials. Regarding the CNTs, it should be necessary to take into account the variety of charge transfer pathways, including those along and across a CNT, between CNTs, inside a multiwall CNT, between organic molecules and CNTs, and between the donor and acceptor moieties of an organic matrix molecule. The data presented in Figure 1a and b show the possible mechanism of charge carriers moving in the fullerene-, carbon nanotubes, and relative nano-objects-doped organic materials. Moreover, the bio-objects based on DNA can be added to this consideration. Some theoretical and experimental results about the process shown in Figure 1 have been previously presented in the papers [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. It should be remarked that the polarizability of the sensitized organic composites is larger than the one for the pure polymer or the liquid crystal matrix due to the formation of the larger dipole moment under the sensitization process. The basic features of carbon nanotubes are regarded to their high conductivity, strong hardness of their C─C bonds, complicated and unique mechanisms of charge carrier moving, and large surface energy [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Moreover, the CNTs refractive index n is so small, namely, it is placed in the range of 1.05–1.1. Different types of the optical materials, especially inorganic ones, can be treated by CDV, PDV, laser ablation, laser oriented deposition, etc. technical methods, to deposit the CNTs on the materials surfaces in order to develop the novel coatings. Indeed, it can provoke the change of the refractivity, spectral, mechanical, and wetting phenomena of the composites. Analytical and quantum chemical simulations have supported the experimental results. Some accent has been given to form the covalent bonding between the atoms of carbon nanotubes and near-surface atoms of the matrix materials, see Figure 2. It provokes the dramatic increase of the transparency, mechanical hardness, laser strength, wetting angle, etc. parameters [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. In the current “Fullerenes and relative materials” book, namely eight chapters are placed. They are devoted to study the fullerenes C60 and C70, as well as the polymeric phase of fullerenes and their derivatives under high pressure and high temperature. The interesting results are presented about the possibility to encapsulate of 3–10 nitrogen atoms into the C70 cage. Raman spectrum of hydrogenated carbon film deposited by dc-pulse plasma CVD has been analyzed, and the process of the hybridization of graphene fragment, which limits the nucleation and growth of onion-like nanoparticle, has been shown. Optical, nonlinear optical, and mechanical features of the nano-objects containing composites are presented and supported by the analytical and quantum-chemical simulations. All chapters present the results about the unique properties of the materials studied in the different area of their applications, including the general optoelectronics, solar energy and gas storage, laser and display, biomedicine, etc. It is important for the education process and for the civil and special device operation. The advanced idea, the special approach, and the information described in the current book will be fruitful for the readers to find a sustainable solution in a fundamental study and in the technique. The book can be useful for the students, post-graduate students, engineers, researchers, and technical officers of optoelectronic universities and companies. The editor would like to thank all authors of the chapters presented, reviewers and all who have helped to prepare this book. The editor would like to acknowledge to Mr. Slobodan Momcilovic, Publishing Process Manager, InTech Publisher, Croatia for his good and continued cooperation. Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest.

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https://www.intechopen.com/books/fullerenes-and-relative-materials-properties-and-applications/introductory-chapter-why-the-study-of-fullerenes-is-so-important-

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Our country's way of life depends on the electric power distribution system. Keeping the national electric grid in good working order -- and ensuring power is measured accurately and billed fairly -- requires a set of standards for electric power measurements. NIST is deeply involved in developing and maintaining these standards. Our efforts include devising metrology that allows new technologies to connect into existing power production and delivery systems, as well as standards that protect the infrastructure from potential dangers introduced by deregulation. This project's work also supports the realization of the Smart Grid, the future model of the U.S. electric power grid that incorporates cutting-edge technologies to achieve unprecedented efficiency, reliability, and safety. Power outages are at a minimum an inconvenience, but extended periods without power can be life-threatening; e.g., to patients in hospitals and during extreme weather. Deregulation of the U.S. electric power industry has complicated the task of ensuring the dependability of the nation's complex power infrastructure. NIST performs invaluable research that supports reliable power delivery, public safety, and accurate pricing of electric power. Ironically, modern technological advances are making this task increasingly difficult. For example, sensors and actuators used to control the operation of electric power systems are now widely connected via modems and the Web, but because they are designed for speed and other functional considerations, rather than security, they may be vulnerable to attack. In conjunction with utilities and vendors NIST researchers are identifying these weaknesses and reviewing the standards affected by them. Deregulation has also opened the door to suppliers using non-traditional electricity generation technologies that may introduce distortions into the flow of power delivered to customers. NIST is developing systems to characterize the distortions and verify that meters can still operate accurately even when these distortions are present. Modern society's embrace of more efficient electrical devices is also driving new standards research. To encourage reductions in electric power consumption, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) designates minimum efficiencies for electrical equipment, such as power transformers and electric motors. NIST advises DOE by developing technically sound sampling strategies and instrumentation for testing these devices. To remain competitive in the global power market, U.S. industry needs standards that are internationally acceptable. International comparisons are essential for the validation of measurement techniques used at national metrology institutes across the globe and also for transnational sales of electric power.

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