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This site presents a viable theory that Mallory and Irvine summited Mount Everest on June 8, 1924. They climbed a moderately difficult route just above the Couloir (pictured above) which had been identified by E.F. Norton two days earlier. They did not climb the Second Step, but instead took a lower route to bypass the obstacle, just the way Mallory described in the 1921 reconnaissance report. Mallory described his potential route to John Noel, the 1924 expedition photographer, in the days prior to his climb. Mallory stated his first route choice was to go up the Couloir to access the north-east section of the final pyramid. His backup route was to cross above the top of the Couloir and access the ridge of the East Face at a point above the Couloir. It is this second route that matches with the sighting of Odell at 12:50. Mallory and Irvine reached the summit and died on the descent from a fall in which exhaustion, dehydration, and hypoxia were all contributing factors. UPDATE: I was at Mt. Everest in 2018 but the snow coverage was too much and it was not possible to get to the ledge safely. I will post some information about Mallory’s route as time permits, but no additional information is available about the location of Irvine.

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https://malloryandirvine.com/

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The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) hydrographic survey ship HMAS Leeuwin (pictured) and mine hunter HMAS Diamantina have begun the search for the lost HMAS Vampire, 77 years after the destroyer was sunk in battle during World War II. The two Australian ships are sailing off the eastern coast of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean to scour the seafloor for signs of Vampire, which was destroyed after repeated air attacks by Japanese forces on April 9, 1942. Leeuwin’s commanding officer said his ship’s capabilities, combined with those of Diamantina, would allow for a thorough search for Vampire’s wreck and the resting place of the lost crewmembers. Vampire, already battle-hardened from months deployed in the Mediterranean, had been trying to protect the British aircraft carrier HMS Hermes, which was also lost in the engagement. Despite successfully shooting down at least one Japanese aircraft, Vampire was struck by four enemy bombs, breaking the warship in half. Nine members of the ship’s company, including the captain, died in the battle or later from wounds while the survivors were rescued by a hospital ship and taken to Colombo. The best maritime site on the web. The sea's our scene!

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https://www.bairdmaritime.com/work-boat-world/specialised-fields/marine-research-and-training/maritime-archaeology/australia-begins-search-for-hmas-vampire-off-sri-lankan-coast/

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The May earthquake in China's Sichuan province that killed 70,000 people may lead to further destruction. According to a new seismic study, the magnitude 7.9 earthquake in May increased the stress on nearby faults, and therefore heightened the risk of further quakes. Stress on the nearby Kunlun, Xianshuihe and Min Jiang faults has increased, they say, doubling the risk that one of them will unleash a magnitude 6.0 or 7.0 tremor in the next decade [Discovery News] . Those three nearby faults are now under more stress because of a domino-like effect where the movement of one piece of Earth's crust forces another piece to move up, down and away, geophysicists reported. "One great earthquake seems to make the next one more likely, not less," said [study coauthor] Ross Stein of the U.S. Geological Survey. "We tend to think of earthquakes as relieving stress on a fault. That may be true for the one that ruptured, but not for the adjacent faults" [Reuters]. In the study, published Geophysical Research Letters, the scientists estimated that there's a 57 percent to 71 percent chance that the region will experience another earthquake of magnitude 6 or greater within the next decade. While nothing can be done to prevent further seismic upheavals, researchers said that the Chinese people could avert devastating consequences through preparation, and said that the rebuilding must be as solid as possible. "Earthquakes do not kill people, buildings do," says [study coauthor] Jian Lin [Scientific American]. Read more about how researchers are learning to predict earthquakes in the DISCOVER article, "The Next Big Quake." Image: S. Toda, J. Lin, M. Meghraoui, and R. Stein Related Post: Engineers Race to Drain Chinese "Quake Lake"

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https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/china-earthquake-increased-stress-on-other-faults

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One of the major side effects of chemotherapy is a sharp drop in white blood cells, which leaves patients vulnerable to dangerous infections. MIT researchers have now developed a portable device that could be used to monitor patients’ white blood cell levels at home, without taking blood samples. Such a device could prevent thousands of infections every year among chemotherapy patients, the researchers say. Their tabletop prototype records video of blood cells flowing through capillaries just below the surface of the skin at the base of the fingernail. A computer algorithm can analyze the images to determine if white blood cell levels are below the threshold that doctors consider dangerous. The research was funded by the NIH’s Center for Future Technologies in Cancer Care, MIT’s Deshpande Center, the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation at BU, the Madrid-MIT M+Vision Consortium, the EU FP7-PEOPLE-2011-COFUND Program, Fundación Ramón Areces, the MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), and the MIT Sandbox Innovation Fund.

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https://www.fpnetwork.org/news/monitor-detects-dangerously-low-white-blood-cell-levels

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Reserve Ratio and Money Supply Had the minimum reserve ratio in Country A been set at 0.2, i.e., if the bank had been required to hold $0.20 in its vault for every $1 on deposit in a bank account, then the bank would be able lend an additional $533, and then half of this amount would be deposited into bank accounts and returned to the bank vault. The reserv ratio would be 0.2 = $1,333/ $6,667 On the other hand, had the minimum reserve ratio in Country A been set at 0.5, then the bank would have needed to reduce the scope of the loans already granted to the public. Total loans to the public could amount to only $2,666. This situation is shown in the following illustration.

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Often a symptom of overactivity of the thyroid, the bulging eyes condition is also referred to as proptosis or exophthalmos. When the thyroid gland becomes too active, it can cause Graves disease which leads to bulging or protruding of one or both of the eyes. This is not to be confused with prominent eyes or eye swelling, which can be due to other health factors. Graves disease can be confirmed by a blood test to check the thyroid gland function. Both eyes are usually affected by Graves disease and there may be some pain or aching in the eye area, however, if one or both eyes are bulging it is important to see a professional for a thorough eye examination to determine the exact cause. Infections are the most common causes of bulging eyes in babies. These can lead to swelling in the eye area, pushing the eyeball forward, resulting in a bulging effect. Bulging eyes may also be the result of eye surgery, injury or inflammation of the eye socket. As can be seen in pictures of bulging eyes, the condition commonly causes other symptoms such as dry eyes and irritation. It may also impede blinking, giving the patient the look of staring. They might also suffer vision disturbances such as difficulty focusing or double vision. Your medical professional will be able to assess the causes of the condition using specialised equipment, including OCT Technology. Call Insight Optometrists or your doctor as soon as possible if you require more information about bulging eyes. References – Bulging Eyes: - Christopher J. Brady, MD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Retina Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

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Inspiring a New Generation of Innovators November 15, 2016 Seattle has long been a city of innovators. From Bill Boeing’s aircraft to Eddie Bauer’s parka to the rise of global technology companies like Microsoft and Amazon, we seem driven to invent. Today, this drive is as strong as ever. Whether we’re mapping the human brain, modeling more efficient transportation networks or creating databases to help curb wildlife trafficking, computers and software are the fundamental tools that enable such progress. Innovators are passionate about what they do and continually push themselves to get better at it. Yet before people become innovators, they need opportunities to discover what they are going to be passionate about. This is especially true when it comes to computers. While most people now use computers, only a few actually learn how they work or become fluent in the languages that bring them to life. The relationship between people and their computers has never been closer, more constant or more important. And that’s one of the reasons that the Living Computer Museum is expanding to become Living Computers: Museum + Labs — an interactive hub where both kids and adults can come to experience the magic of computers and connect with these dynamic and evolving platforms. Designed from the ground up as an interactive, hands-on experience, the revamped LCM + Labs still offers visitors of all ages the chance to type on the keyboards and flip the switches of historic computers, tinker with robots, play with virtual reality systems, learn to code and most importantly, recognize that they too can solve hard problems and have fun doing it. In this spirit of inspiring a new sense of possibility, we aim to serve as a resource for area schools, many of which teach STEM subjects but lack the resources to introduce computer science early in a child’s education. To address this gap, we have been building strong relationships with local communities and have equipped three new state-of-the-art computer labs here at LCM + Labs for field trips, workshops and special programs. In fact, we added “Labs” to our name to reflect the expanded opportunities we offer for everyone to learn and grow, whether they’re a young student, an experienced teacher or instructor, or just someone keen to understand how computers work. In 1967, when I was in eighth grade, I gave a speech to my classmates about “the age of the computer” and a future “that holds for us the bright prospect of even more remarkable things to come.” Today, after a half-century of extraordinary research and innovation, I believe that even more amazing prospects lie ahead and hope that LCM + Labs will inspire a new generation of technology dreamers to transform their visions into reality.

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By Huda Mohsin The ongoing prohibition on driving in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia stands out as one of the most pervasive limitations to women’s visibility, physical movement and their full participation in the public sphere. Significantly, Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world that bans women from driving (Bashraheel, 2009). Leaving aside many other forms of gender inequality, this constitutes one of the major obstacles placed upon Saudi women. To start with, the “Women2Drive” movement is, without a doubt, the most comprehensive and best organized form of resilience ever put into place by Saudi female activists. It was not their first organized act of civil disobedience as the origins of the movement can be traced back to the beginning of the 1990s, when 47 women staged a protest and drove around the capital city of Riyadh in resistance to the ban. Nevertheless, neither these earlier attempts to protest nor the other equally scattered efforts managed to attract as much media attention as “Women2Drive”. It was in June 2011 that a group of Saudi women, inspired by the wave of Arab uprisings, decided to revive the movement through initiating a campaign that encouraged women to drive. Their first initiative was to set up the “Women2Drive” campaign on Facebook under the slogan “Teach me how to drive so that I can protect myself.” Their effort was conceived as part of a broader movement, “Right2Dignity”, aiming to end all types of gender inequality in Saudi Arabia (HRW, 2013). The protest was launched at the right time, in a country where no other significant public uprising could overshadow the women’s demonstrations. The activists also showed a clever understanding of the Internet, especially the social media platforms, making it easy for both protesters and the media to follow the movement’s upcoming strategies. Manal Al-Sharif, one of the “Women2Drive” activists, became the face of the revived movement when she posted online video of herself driving, taken by fellow protester Wajeha al-Huwaider. In one of the scenes, she urged women to learn how to drive by addressing them in Arabic: “We are ignorant when it comes to driving. You’ll see women with a PhD and they don’t know how to drive. We want to impose change in the country” (Medeiros, 2013). The video went viral within two days, while Manal was arrested and later released after significant international pressure. This incident increased the media attention and brought the plight of Saudi women to the forefront, with global coverage on mainstream media outlets, social media and feminist networks. “Women2Drive” highlighted both the practical necessity of driving and the danger of being prevented to do so in emergency situations (Sutter, 2012). It triggered a variety of responses ranging from praise to condemnation, as many international observers applauded the movement and the courage of its participants. Saudi women’s efforts continued during 2013, when activists arranged another grassroots campaign that took place after a group of Saudi women had agreed on October 26th, 2013 as a day for defying the state ban on women driving. On that same day, they launched an online petition web-site (http://www.oct26driving.com), calling for women to get behind the steering wheel and drive individually (Casey, 2013). The supporters circulated videos of previous campaigns and uploaded new videos and photos of themselves driving, entirely organizing themselves through social media outlets. The online initiative was boosted by Saudi Arabia’s high Internet penetration, and revealed the important role of cyberspace in facilitating online connective actions. While women in Saudi Arabia continue to be banned from driving, the activists’ campaign resonated globally, transcended local and regional borders, and brought the issue of driving on the local and international agenda. It has also marked an explicit shift in the Saudi discourse regarding this matter, as in November 2014 the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia has opened an unprecedented discussion around the issue of women's driving. Significantly, it has proposed the possibility for women aged 30 and up to drive during predetermined specific hours of the day (Mayhew, 2014). And while it is difficult to pinpoint the exact source of this shift, the contribution of feminist cyber-activism seems a very plausible aspect. (Photo creator_Daniela Doris, https://www.instagram.com/

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Reported by the Natural Resource Defense Council Washington (July 25, 2006) -- Global warming is threatening the health of Yellowstone, Yosemite and ten other national parks in the West, according to a report released today by the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, severe wildfires and diminished snowfalls are likely to lead to extinctions of plant and animal species, flooding of popular beaches, losses of glaciers and snow-capped mountains, closures of parks from wildfire, and reduced recreational opportunities. The report, Losing Ground, also stressed that the worst of the predicted effects can be avoided if emissions of heat-trapping pollution is reduced compared to business-as-usual expectations and that state and regional leaders from the West and others around the country already are taking steps to slow, stop and eventually reverse global warming and should continue their efforts. The federal government must begin to significantly reduce our emissions within ten years, and cut them by more than half by mid-century. "A climate disrupted by heat-trapping pollution is the gravest threat our national parks have ever faced," said Stephen Saunders, president of the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization and one of the report's principal authors. Saunders previously served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior over the National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Some of the report's park-specific findings include: * Global warming has contributed to a bark beetle infestation that is endangering Yellowstone's whitebark pines, threatening to rob grizzly bears of a major food source. * Many plant and animal species may be eliminated from western parks, with mountaintop species the most vulnerable. * Glaciers and ice caves have melted in North Cascades and Mt. Ranier National Parks, and the majestic peaks of mountain parks across the West could be snow-free in summer within decades. * Joshua Tree National Park may be without their namesake trees, at risk of dying off completely within the park's borders due to increasing temperatures. * Temperature increases may make already-scorching parks like Zion National Park in Utah too hot to be visited. * The most popular beaches in the San Francisco area, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, are in danger of being flooded by a rising sea level. The report identifies the 12 western national parks most at risk from the effects of climate change: Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico, Death Valley National Park in California; Glacier National Park in Montana; Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in Utah and Arizona; Golden Gate National Recreation Area in California; Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming; Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado; Mount Rainier National Park in Washington; North Cascades National Park in Washington; Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado; Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho; and Yosemite National Park in California. More information and the report on the web at: http://www.nrdc.org/land/parks/gw/contents.asp National parks in the East also are not immune to the effects of global warming, but those in the West are particularly vulnerable because the western United States has warmed at twice the rate experienced in the East over the past half century, and because water scarcity puts the environments of the West at risk from changes in temperature and precipitation. Reports released from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration last week showed that the first half of 2006 was the warmest on record, including 11 states in the American West enduring much warmer temperatures than normal. "The good news is that we have the technology and know-how to reduce global warming pollution," said Theo Spencer of NRDC. "State and local leaders are catching on that we need to save these parks and move towards a clean energy future. When will Washington hit the same trail?" Bill Wade, the chair of the executive committee of the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees, said, "Our national parks have been less impacted by human activities than other lands in the American West. They, therefore, will serve as indicators of the changing health of our planet -- a kind of 'climate change canary in the coal mine.' This validates the reason for their establishment and underscores their continued importance." In the absence of federal legislation curbing the emissions that cause global warming, political leaders from the American West are taking action. California has led the way on tailpipe emission standards for vehicles. State governments in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, and Montana are implementing or developing comprehensive plans to reduce their contributions to global warming. Global warming is caused mainly by heat-trapping carbon dioxide pollution from cars and power plants. Scientists say that we need to level off emissions in the next ten years, and reduce emissions by half by the middle of this century to avoid the worst effects of global warming. Note to reporters: Interviews with Bill Wade of the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees and Dr. Jesse Logan, U.S. Forest Service (retired), who contributed the report's section on the vulnerability of grizzly bears in Yellowstone, can be arranged through Eben Burnham-Snyder at NRDC. The Natural Resources Defense Council is a national, nonprofit organization of scientists, lawyers and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has 1.2 million members and online activists nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The Rocky Mountain Climate Organization is a Colorado-based coalition of nine local governments, Colorado's largest water provider, 11 businesses, and five nonprofit organizations. Its mission is spreading the word about what climate disruption can do to the Rocky Mountain region and what we can do about it. More information is at www.rockymountainclimate.org.

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- Chili pepper Chili pepper (also chile pepper or chilli pepper, from Nahuatl chilli) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The term in British English and in Australia, New Zealand, India, Malaysia and other Asian countries is just chilli without pepper. - 1 History - 2 Species and cultivars - 3 Intensity - 4 World's hottest chili pepper - 5 Uses - 6 Nutritional value - 7 Spelling and usage - 8 See also - 9 References - 10 External links Chili peppers have been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago, and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is self-pollinating. Christopher Columbus was one of the first Europeans to encounter them (in the Caribbean), and called them "peppers" because they, like black and white pepper of the Piper genus known in Europe, have a spicy hot taste unlike other foodstuffs. Upon their introduction into Europe chilis were grown as botanical curiosities in the gardens of Spanish and Portuguese monasteries. But the monks experimented with the chilis' culinary potential and discovered that their pungency offered a substitute for black peppercorns, which at the time were so costly that they were used as legal currency in some countries. Chilies were cultivated around the globe after Columbus. Diego Álvarez Chanca, a physician on Columbus' second voyage to the West Indies in 1493, brought the first chili peppers to Spain, and first wrote about their medicinal effects in 1494. From Mexico, at the time the Spanish colony that controlled commerce with Asia, chili peppers spread rapidly into the Philippines and then to India, China, Indonesia, Korea and Japan. They were incorporated into the local cuisines. An alternate account for the spread of chili peppers is that the Portuguese got the pepper from Spain, and cultivated it in India. The chili pepper figures heavily in the cuisine of the Goan region of India, which was the site of a Portuguese colony (e.g., vindaloo, an Indian interpretation of a Portuguese dish). Chili peppers journeyed from India, through Central Asia and Turkey, to Hungary, where it became the national spice in the form of paprika. Species and cultivars The five domesticated species of chili peppers are: - Capsicum annuum, which includes many common varieties such as bell peppers, wax, cayenne, jalapeños, and the chiltepin - Capsicum frutescens, which includes malagueta, tabasco and Thai peppers, piri piri, African birdseye chili, Malawian Kambuzi - Capsicum chinense, which includes the hottest peppers such as the naga, habanero, Datil and Scotch bonnet - Capsicum pubescens, which includes the South American rocoto peppers - Capsicum baccatum, which includes the South American aji peppers Though there are only a few commonly used species, there are many cultivars and methods of preparing chili peppers that have different names for culinary use. Green and red bell peppers, for example, are the same cultivar of C. annuum, immature peppers being green. In the same species are the jalapeño, the poblano (which when dried is referred to as ancho), New Mexico (which is also known as chile colorado), Anaheim, serrano, and other cultivars. Peppers are commonly broken down into three groupings: bell peppers, sweet peppers, and hot peppers. Most popular pepper varieties are seen as falling into one of these categories or as a cross between them. The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. Capsaicin is the primary ingredient in the pepper spray used as an irritant weapon. When consumed, capsaicinoids bind with pain receptors in the mouth and throat that are responsible for sensing heat. Once activated by the capsaicinoids, these receptors send a message to the brain that the person has consumed something hot. The brain responds to the burning sensation by raising the heart rate, increasing perspiration and release of endorphins. A 2008 study reports that capsaicin alters how the body's cells use energy produced by hydrolysis of ATP. In the normal hydrolysis the SERCA protein uses this energy to move calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When capsaicin is present, it alters the conformation of the SERCA, and thus reduces the ion movement; as a result the ATP energy (which would have been used to pump the ions) is instead released as heat. The "heat" of chili peppers was historically measured in Scoville heat units (SHU), which is a measure of how much a chili extract must be diluted in sugar syrup before its heat becomes undetectable to a panel of tasters. Bell peppers rank at 0 SHU, New Mexico green chilis at about 1,500 SHU, jalapeños at 2,500–5,000 SHU, and habaneros at 300,000 SHU. The modern commonplace method for quantitative analysis of SHU rating uses high-performance liquid chromatography to directly measure the capsaicinoid content of a chili pepper variety. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, and crystalline-to-waxy solid at room temperature, and measures 16,000,000 SHU. World's hottest chili pepper Current record holder According to Guinness World Records, as of March 1, 2011, the world's hottest chili pepper is the Trinidad Scorpion Butch T pepper. A laboratory test conducted in March, 2011 measured a specimen of Trinidad Scorpion Butch T at 1,463,700 Scoville heat units, making it hotter than the previous hottest chilli, the Naga Viper, at 1,382,118 SHU. The secret to the heat, according to the creators, is fertilizing the soil with the liquid runoff of a worm farm. - In 2007, Guinness World Records certified the bhut jolokia, also known as the ghost pepper/chili pepper, as being the world's hottest chili pepper at 401.5 times hotter than Tabasco sauce. - On December 3, 2010, the Bhut Jolokia was replaced as the hottest known chili pepper by the Naga Viper pepper, which had an average peak Scoville rating more than 300,000 points higher than an average bhut jolokia—but still not higher than the hottest ever recorded Dorset Naga. - In February 2011, Guinness World Records awarded the title of "World's Hottest Chilli" to the Infinity chilli grown in Grantham, England. This chilli rates at 1,067,286 units on the Scoville scale. - On February 25, 2011, Guinness World Records announced that the Naga viper pepper had beaten the previous record holder by 314,832 (SHU) with a rating of 1,382,118. Currently, Scoville ratings are highly controversial among the pepper growing community and tests with more rigorous scientific standards are yet to be conducted on the many peppers vying for the title of the "world's hottest". Dried chilies are often ground to powders, although some Mexican dishes including variations on chiles rellenos may use whole reconstituted chilies, and others may reconstitute dried chilies before grinding to a paste. Chilies may be dried using smoke, such as the chipotle, which is the smoked, dried form of the jalapeño. Many fresh chilies such as poblano have a tough outer skin which does not break down on cooking. For recipes where chiles are used whole or in large slices, roasting, or other means of blistering or charring the skin are usually performed so as not to entirely cook the flesh beneath. When cooled, the skins will usually slip off easily. Chili pepper plant leaves, mildly bitter but nowhere near as hot as the fruits that come from the same plant, are cooked as greens in Filipino cuisine, where they are called dahon ng sili (literally "chili leaves"). They are used in the chicken soup, tinola. In Korean cuisine, the leaves may be used in kimchi. In Japanese cuisine, the leaves are cooked as greens, and also cooked in tsukudani style for preservation. Chili is by far the most important fruit in Bhutan. Local markets are never without chili, always teemed with different colors and sizes, in fresh and dried form. Bhutanese call this crop ema (in Dzongkha) or solo (in Sharchop). Chili is a staple fruit in Bhutan; the ema datsi recipe is entirely made of chili mixed with local cheese. Chili is also an important ingredient in almost all curries and food recipes in the country. Chilies are present in many cuisines. Some notable dishes other than the ones mentioned elsewhere in this article include: - Paprikash from Hungary: uses significant amounts of mild, ground, dried chilies, aka paprika, in a braised chicken dish - Paprykarz szczeciński is a Polish fish paste with rice, onion, tomato concentrate, vegetable oil, chilli pepper powder and other spices. - Chiles en nogada from the Puebla region of Mexico: uses fresh mild chilies stuffed with meat and covered with a creamy nut-thickened sauce - Mole poblano from the city of Puebla in Mexico: uses several varieties of dried chilies, nuts, spices, and fruits to produce a thick, dark sauce for poultry or other meats - Puttanesca sauce from Italy: a tomato-based sauce for pasta including dried hot chilies - Kung Pao Chicken (also spelled Gong Bao) from the Sichuan region of China: small hot dried chiles are briefly fried in oil to add spice to the oil then used for frying. - Nigerian dishes and those in many parts of Africa. Fresh or dried chilies are often used to make hot sauce, a bottled condiment to add spice to other dishes. Hot sauces are found in many cuisines including harissa from the Middle East, chili oil from China (known as rāyu in Japan), and sriracha from Thailand. Psychologist Paul Rozin suggests that eating chilis is an example of a "constrained risk" like riding a roller coaster, in which extreme sensations like pain and fear can be enjoyed because individuals know that these sensations are not actually harmful. This method lets people experience extreme feelings without any risk of bodily harm. Eating chili is viewed as a warrior’s ritual in Japan because of its spicyness that gives individual fear and mental block. By forcing themselves to eat chili, warriors’ mental state gets stronger and may even feel invincible when stepping onto the battlefield. Eating chili has been a popular practice among the karate athletes who use it to strengthen their minds and determination. Farmers in Africa and South Asia have found the use of chilis effective in crop defense against elephants. The chilis are spread on fences and other structures to keep the elephants away. Because the elephants have a large and sensitive olfactory and nasal system the smell of the chilli causes them discomfort and deters them from feeding on the crops. This can lessen dangerous physical confrontation between people and elephants. As birds have a lessened sensitivity to the effects of chili it can be used to keep mammalian vermin from bird seed (see Evolutionary Advantages below). Peppers, hot chili, red, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 166 kJ (40 kcal) Carbohydrates 8.8 g - Sugars 5.3 g - Dietary fiber 1.5 g Fat 0.4 g Protein 1.9 g Water 88 g Vitamin A equiv. 48 μg (6%) - beta-carotene 534 μg (5%) Vitamin B6 0.51 mg (39%) Vitamin C 144 mg (173%) Iron 1 mg (8%) Magnesium 23 mg (6%) Potassium 322 mg (7%) Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database Red chilies contain high amounts of vitamin C and carotene (provitamin A). Yellow and especially green chilies (which are essentially unripe fruit) contain a considerably lower amount of both substances. In addition, peppers are a good source of most B vitamins, and vitamin B6 in particular. They are very high in potassium, magnesium, and iron. Their high vitamin C content can also substantially increase the uptake of non-heme iron from other ingredients in a meal, such as beans and grains. Birds do not have the same sensitivity to capsaicin, because it targets a specific pain receptor in mammals. Chili peppers are eaten by birds living in the chili peppers' natural range. The seeds of the peppers are distributed by the birds that drop the seeds while eating the pods, and the seeds pass through the digestive tract unharmed. This relationship may have promoted the evolution of the protective capsaicin. Products based on this substance have been sold to treat the seeds in bird feeders to deter squirrels and other mammalian vermin without also deterring birds. Capsaicin is also a defense mechanism against microbial fungi that invade through punctures made in the outer skin by various insects. Spelling and usage The three primary spellings are chili, chile and chilli, all of which are recognized by dictionaries. - Chili is widely used. However, this spelling is discouraged by some since it also commonly used as a short name for chili con carne (literally chili with meat). Most versions are seasoned with chili powder, which can refer to pure dried, ground chili peppers, or to a mixture containing other spices. - Chile is an alternate usage, the most common Spanish spelling in Mexico, as well as some parts of the United States and Canada, which refers specifically to this plant and its fruit. In the American Southwest (particularly northern New Mexico), chile also denotes a thick, spicy, un-vinegared sauce which is available in red and green varieties, and which is often served over most New Mexican food. - Chilli was the original Romanization of the Náhuatl language word for the fruit (chīlli) and is the preferred British spelling according to the Oxford English Dictionary, although it also lists chile and chili as variants. The name of the plant bears no relation to Chile, the country, which is named after the Quechua chin ("cold"), tchili ("snow"), or chilli ("where the land ends"). Chile, Panama, Peru and Puerto Rico are some of the Spanish-speaking countries where chilis are known as ají, a word of Taíno origin. There is also some disagreement on the use of the word pepper for chilis because pepper originally referred to the genus Piper, not Capsicum; however this usage is included in English dictionaries, including the Oxford English Dictionary (sense 2b of pepper) and Merriam-Webster. The word pepper is commonly used in the botanical and culinary fields in the names of different types of chili peppers. - Capsaicin, the heat simulating chemical in Chili pepper - Chili grenade, a type of weapon made with chili peppers - History of chocolate, which the Mayans drank with ground chili peppers - Ristra, an arrangement of dried chili pepper pods - Taboo food and drink, which in some cultures includes chili peppers - ^ "HORT410. Peppers - Notes". Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/pepper/pe00001.htm. Retrieved 20 October 2009. "Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. Fruit varies substantially in shape, pericarp thickness, color and pungency." - ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/et-sunday-magazine/indian-chilli-displacing-jalapenos-in-global-cuisine/articleshow/8190311.cms - ^ Perry, L. et al. 2007. Starch fossils and the domestication and dispersal of chili peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas. Science 315: 986–988. Link. - ^ BBC News Online. 2007. Chilies heated ancient cuisine. Friday, 16 February. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6367299.stm. Retrieved 16 February 2007. - ^ "Bosland, P.W. 1996. Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop. ''p. 479–487. In: J. Janick (ed.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA.''". Hort.purdue.edu. 1997-08-22. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html. Retrieved 2010-12-23. - ^ TheNibble Online Specialty Food Magazine. Chile Pepper Glossary. August 2008. Available from: http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/salts/scoville.asp. Retrieved 31 August 2010. - ^ Heiser Jr., C.B. 1976. Pp. 265–268 in N.W. Simmonds (ed.). Evolution of Crop Plants. London: Longman. - ^ Eshbaugh, W.H. 1993. Pp. 132-139 in J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New Crops. New York: Wiley. - ^ Collingham, Elizabeth (February 2006). Curry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-09-943786-4. - ^ S Kosuge, Y Inagaki, H Okumura (1961). Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part VIII. On the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi (J. Agric. Chem. Soc.), 35, 923–927; (en) Chem. Abstr. 1964, 60, 9827g. - ^ (ja) S Kosuge, Y Inagaki (1962) Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part XI. Determination and contents of the two pungent - ^ Yasser A. Mahmmoud (2008). "Capsaicin Stimulates Uncoupled ATP Hydrolysis by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Pump". Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 (31): 21418–21426. doi:10.1074/jbc.M803654200. PMID 18539598. http://www.jbc.org/content/283/31/21418.abstract. - ^ Hot News about Chili Peppers, Chemical & Engineering News, 86, 33, 18 Aug. 2008, p. 35 - ^ "History of the Scoville Scale | FAQS". Tabasco.Com. http://www.tabasco.com/info_booth/faq/scoville_how.cfm. Retrieved 2010-12-23. - ^ a b "Hottest Chilli". Guinness World Records. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Search/Details/Hottest-chili/49118.htm. Retrieved February 26, 2011. - ^ "Aussies grow world's hottest chilli" Retrieved April 12, 2011 - ^ "New World Champ - The World's Hottest Chile Pepper.". http://ushotstuff.com/worldshottestchile.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-29. - ^ Dykes, B.M. (2010). World’s hottest pepper is ‘hot enough to strip paint’. Yahoo News, December 3, 2010. - ^ "Hottest Chilli". Guinness World Records. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Search/Details/Hottest-chili/49118.htm. Retrieved February 20, 2011. - ^ "Infinity Chilli – New Guinness World Record Holder". The Chilli Foundry. February 15, 2011. http://www.chilefoundry.co.uk/2011/02/15/infinity-chilli-guinness-world-records/. Retrieved February 20, 2011. - ^ "Title of world's hottest chili pepper stolen - again". The Independent. February 25, 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/title-of-worlds-hottest-chili-pepper-stolen--again-2225925.html. Retrieved February 27, 2011. - ^ http://www.tribo.org/vegetables/dahongsili.html - ^ http://sfood.info/cuisine/kimchi/k35.htm[dead link] - ^ Paul Rozin1 and Deborah Schiller, Paul; Schiller, Deborah (1980). "The nature and acquisition of a preference for chili pepper by humans". Motivation and Emotion 4 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1007/BF00995932. - ^ Cancer nursing: principles and practice - Google Books. Books.google.ca. 2005. ISBN 9780763747206. http://books.google.ca/books?id=HXsl_PhXG0kC&pg=PA682&dq=capsaicin+cancer+oncologist. Retrieved 2010-12-23. - ^ Tewksbury, J. J.; Nabhan, G. P. (2001). "Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies". Nature 412 (6845): 403–404. doi:10.1038/35086653. PMID 11473305. - ^ John Roach (11 August 2008). "Fungus Puts the Heat in Chili Peppers, Study Says". Discover Magazine. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/08/080811-chili-bugs.html. Retrieved 2008-08-13. - ^ Heiser, Charles (August 1990). Seed To Civlization: The Story of Food. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-67-479681-0. - ^ "A Brief History of Chilies : Kakawa Chocolate House, Mesoamerican Mayan Aztec Drinking Chocolate, Historic European and Colonial American Drinking Chocolate, Truffles and More". Kakawachocolates.com. http://www.kakawachocolates.com/index.php?main_page=page_4. Retrieved 2010-12-23. - ^ "va=pepper - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". M-w.com. 2010-08-13. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=pepper. Retrieved 2010-12-23. - Plant Cultures: Chilli pepper botany, history and uses - The Chile Pepper Institute of New Mexico State University - Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop - Chilibase.info - Chilli pepper database and indentification - Chile varieties database Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: chili pepper — chili ,pepper see CHILI … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English chili pepper — n. CHILI (senses 1 & 3) … English World dictionary chili pepper — vienametė paprika statusas T sritis vardynas apibrėžtis Bulvinių šeimos daržovinis, dekoratyvinis, prieskoninis, vaistinis kultūrinis augalas (Capsicum annuum). Iš jo gaminami maisto priedai (dažikliai, kvėpikliai). atitikmenys: lot. Capsicum… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas) chili pepper — noun Any fruit of a plant of the botanical genus Capsicum, noted for their spicy and burning flavor due to presence of capsaicin. Not all chili peppers are particularly spicy but all true chili peppers contain some (in contrast to the bell pepper … Wiktionary chili pepper — chili (def. 1). * * * ▪ fruit usually small, very hotly pungent fruit of a species of Capsicum, used to make chili powder and to flavour barbecue, hot curry, and other spicy sauces. See pepper. * * * … Universalium chili pepper — noun 1. plant bearing very hot and finely tapering long peppers; usually red • Syn: ↑cayenne, ↑cayenne pepper, ↑chilli pepper, ↑long pepper, ↑jalapeno, ↑Capsicum annuum longum • Hypernyms: ↑capsic … Useful english dictionary chili pepper — noun see chili … New Collegiate Dictionary chili pepper — chil′i pep per n. pln chili 1) … From formal English to slang Chili pepper water — Red chili peppers drying in the sun. These types of peppers are used in the preparation of chili pepper water. Chili Pepper Water is a condiment that is very popular in Hawaii and in its most basic culinary form is prepared from local red… … Wikipedia Chili Pepper Water — Used primarily in Hawaii, Chili Pepper Water can be splashed on eggs, rice, hamburgers, or pretty much anything else you like. It is also perfect for cooking. Ingredients* Whole chilies * Garlic * Salt * Rice Vinegar * WaterOften homemade, the… … Wikipedia

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An essay is a written work whose main characteristic consists of the possibility of developing a particular theme with the option of giving it the personality that is desired throughout the text. It is ideal to express ideas or a particular position on a topic, without the rigidity required by the scientific field, in addition the parts of an essay are precise and simple which distances it a lot from the research work. Characteristics of an essay - Thematic freedom - Friendly style writing. - It allows to include references or appointments in case it is considered necessary. - The development is based on arguments and does not follow a pre-established structure. - Generally the essay aims to focus on a large audience. - It has similarities with the speech, the press articles, the epistle, etc. Parts of an essay The parts of an essay can be considered by the writer, according to the need to deepen the elaboration of the text under a particular style. In this sense the structure of an essay is conceived under the classic idea of: introduction, content to develop and conclusion. It is worth noting that the parts of an essay do not have a defined sequence, simply here is an idea of how to deal with this type of work. Depending on the type of test, the content may vary and therefore the structure thereof. Leaving the basic structure perhaps to a slightly more complex. It is the initial part of the essay, in this section the writer concentrates on presenting each of the topics and points that he intends to develop in that essay. It is also possible that the author includes some clues of the hypotheses or conclusions that he plans to put forward later in the body of the text. The introduction has the basic purpose of capturing the reader’s interest, for which the argument of the essay is offered in the best possible way. This point is considered, the thick part of the essay, here the author focuses on presenting each of the main arguments of the work, considering that each author has a way to develop their own ideas. It is the most important of the parts of an essay since here all the content that is to be disclosed to the reader is reported. In the scientific test, the tests to which the thesis is submitted, test and error tests, comparisons, bibliography used and any other type of material that proves or refutes the hypothesis are presented. The more data that is contributed, the more solid the hypothesis will be. In the argumentative essay the thesis is defended based on own opinions and other studies that serve for this defense. Always leaving clear the authorship of the ideas contributed. It is the final part, as the introduction is brief, is characterized by bringing together the main ideas that have been mentioned throughout the trial, so it is attributed a role of reaffirmation of ideas or hypotheses raised in the body of the text.

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Sensitive teeth are common complaints among over half of all dental patients within the United States. Sensitive teeth can ruin a good bowl of ice cream or a morning cup of coffee, and they can even disrupt brushing your teeth – limiting how well you are able to clean them. If you suffer from sensitive teeth, it is important to bring up this issue with your dentist because sensitive teeth are typically indicators that something is awry with your oral health. The teeth are made up of different layers, and the inner most layer of the teeth is known as the root of the tooth. The dentin layer covers the root of each tooth, and it has tiny tubes that allow life-giving properties to travel between the root to the outer most part of the tooth, called the enamel. It is the exposure of these tiny tubes that causes extreme jolts of pain to occur whenever hot or cold temperatures or sweet or sour tastes hit the roots of the tooth. Many people try to avoid eating or drinking certain things, using toothpaste made specifically for sensitive teeth, or to only chew on one side of their mouth. While this may help for a while, the positive effects will only last for so long – and the real issue will continue to worsen. Sensitive teeth indicate that there is a concern with your oral health. Gum recession is a common culprit, as well as having a cracked tooth, an infected tooth, decay, or gum disease. These issues will not resolve on their own. Read that again – these issues will not resolve on their own. The mouth does not have the same healing properties that the rest of the body has. Issues within the mouth must be addressed before they begin to spread to neighboring teeth and gums. This is why, if you have sensitive teeth they must be brought to your dentist’s attention for a thorough evaluation and needed treatment. At Group Health Dental, we are here for all of your oral health care needs. If sensitive teeth are bothersome for you, please contact our dental practice in Manhattan to schedule an appointment. We will offer the most comprehensive care to find the cause of your sensitive teeth, and we will make the most appropriate treatment recommendation. Call today.

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You are here Wednesday, June 1, 2016 Program will train first responders and hazardous waste workers on infectious disease safety A training program will help approximately 35,000 first responders and workers, whose jobs may expose them to infectious diseases, protect themselves while also minimizing the spread of disease to others. The three-year, $9 million program is being launched by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), part of the National Institutes of Health, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other federal agencies. “A few years ago, very few of us had heard of diseases like Ebola or Zika,” said Linda Birnbaum, Ph.D., NIEHS director. “We need to ensure that we have a workforce ready to contain these and the next infectious disease threats. This new training program will help workers, who do so much to protect others, stay safe when working with patients or people in high risk situations.” “We need to ensure that we have a workforce ready to contain these and the next infectious disease threats.” The NIEHS Worker Training Program (WTP) will oversee the Ebola Biosafety and Infectious Disease Response Training, which will educate health care workers, as well as personnel in waste management, transportation, mortuaries, and other occupations with the potential for infectious disease exposure. The environmental infection control practices and hazard recognition skills taught will be applicable to any high risk infectious disease that can be easily transmitted person to person and may result in high mortality rates. “When we think of occupations that may be exposed to infectious disease, airport workers or custodial employees may not initially come to mind,” said Joseph “Chip” Hughes, Ph.D., WTP director. “Yet all of these occupations have an important role in minimizing disease transmission, and they need to know how to protect themselves so they don’t get infected or spread diseases to their families or communities.” The need for curriculum development and training was identified during a 2014 Institute of Medicine workshop about Ebola virus. In addition to NIH and CDC, other federal partners include the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. “Ensuring training and competency of workers in a variety of settings is a critical safety net in preparing for emerging infectious disease threats,” said Beth Bell, M.D., director of the CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. “We are pleased to be partnering with NIH and their grantees to fill this training need.” For more than 25 years, WTP has offered health and safety training to workers exposed to hazardous materials, including dangerous biohazards. WTP also provides important worker safety guidance during national and regional disasters. Training over 160,000 workers annually, WTP-funded organizations use small-group, hands-on instruction and train-the-trainer models to build local programs that can provide training to hazardous material workers, first responders, and disaster recovery volunteers, as needed. The new infectious disease program will use this same model. Grants will go to eight organizations that have the capacity to provide geographically distributed training for a range of occupations. - Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, led by Richard Frothingham, M.D. - Emory University, Atlanta, led by Alexander Isakov, M.D. - Indiana University Bloomington, led by Shawn Gibbs, Ph.D. - International Chemical Workers Union Council, Cincinnati, led by Frank Cyphers - Laborers’ International Union of North America Education and Training Fund, Pomfret Center, Connecticut, led by John LeConche - Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, led by Mitchel Rosen, Ph.D. - Steelworkers Charitable and Educational Organization, Pittsburgh, led by James Frederick - University of Alabama at Birmingham, led by Lisa McCormick, Dr.P.H. Grant Numbers: UH4ES027072, UH4ES027093, UH4ES027055, UH4ES027073, UH4ES027069, UH4ES027019, UH4ES027003, UH4ES027070 NIEHS supports research to understand the effects of the environment on human health and is part of NIH. For more information on environmental health topics, visit www.niehs.nih.gov. Subscribe to one or more of the NIEHS news lists to stay current on NIEHS news, press releases, grant opportunities, training, events, and publications. For more information on the Worker Training Program, visit www.niehs.nih.gov/careers/hazmat. About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov. NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®

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The proper citation of sources is obligatory to achieve medical credibility, to honor the first tips of past writers and also to avoid plagiarism. Presently, scientists can certainly find, cite and keep recommendations making use of citation administration computer software. In this review, two citation that is popular software programs (EndNote and Mendeley) are summarized. Updated Dictionary regarding the language that is turkish by Turkish Language Association describes the term “Source” as “documents known, and utilized in researches, and investigations, reference”. 1 In the dictionary that is same word ‘literature’ is synonymous with the ‘reference. 1 In the exact same dictionary concept of your message “References” is provided as “a selection of the greatest collection of magazines concerning a predetermined subject, destination and/or period, bibligraphy”. 1 While composing a manuscript on his/her study, a scientist cites other studies that will help or contradict the target, methodology or results of his/her research when you look at the ‘Introduction’, and ‘Discussion’ sections of this research. When using the penned opinions of other experts, the author(s) for the manuscript: 2 Can show these viewpoint with his/her very own terms. Can summarize these viewpoints making use of his/her very own terms. Can make reference to them without mentioning their contents or utilize the information for the study that is cited. The above-mentioned things are known as indirect citation, citation or guide, correspondingly. The some ideas found in indirect citations or sources participate in others, but terms utilized to describe them must not be put within quote markings. The referenced source may be cited utilising the exact same terms or sentences that should be suggested within double-quotes (“. ”) The writer may use a guide cited an additional book (a second guide). Ideally citation regarding the sources perhaps not offered to the writer just isn’t desired. Nevertheless occasionally as it is the scenario in social sciences, inaccessible sources may be used using the indicator of these being references that are secondary There’s no necessity to point recommendations for information perfectly understood by the readers. As an example, any guide shouldn’t be written for the phrase “One of the most extremely essential factors that cause the low urinary symptoms (LUTS) in males is harmless prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)” mentioned in an assessment article on harmless hyperplasia that is prostatic. 3 but in the event that same phrase is cited in a log read by non-urologists, then its guide must be suggested. Indication of recommendations in medical publications priorly guarantees usage of the cited views from its initial sources which allows enhanced comprehension associated with the research. Due to the citation of correctly chosen sources, the article gains clinical prestige. Compared to that end, the chosen sources needs been posted in peer-reviewed legitimate journals, and have initial viewpoints concerning the topic. Consequently, unpublished data, data acquired from individual communications or separated situation reports shouldn’t be utilized as sources. When they should really be utilized, their characteristic features should be suggested, and permission regarding the author(s) for the book of data must certanly be acquired. 4 Direct citation preferably reflects the standpoint of this referred author However over-citation might suggest the author’s trouble in expressing his/her own views. Citation is just one of the essential aspects of the medical ethics which honours the one who developed a initial concept. Book associated with views of other people just as if these people were ideas that are his/her thought to be plagiarism. 5,6 Recently released laws for advanced schooling Council of Turkey Scientific Research and Publication Ethics explain authorizations, and duties associated with the committees founded to gauge instances of plagiarism. 7 In biomedical documents, information regarding the writers, name, date of book etc. associated with the cited supply contained in the ‘References’ section is called masthead, plus it takes forms that are different on its initial source: Book: Author (authors), name associated with the guide, wide range of editions, posting business, date of book, if appropriate, all pages and posts of this extracted citations (if available, more often than not for books), and Global Standard Book Number; ISBN are suggested. Article: Author (authors), name associated with article, title regarding the log, date of book, and amount of all pages and posts (for many periodicals Serial Item and Contribution Identifier; SICI International Standard Serial quantity; ISSN may be used. For articles posted on the web Digital Object Identifier; DOI can be utilized. Finally almost all of the biomedical articles have descriptive figures assigned for PubMed (Pubmed Identification; PMID) that is the database of United states National Library of Medicine; NLM). On the web sources (internet, web): Author (authors), if suitable title associated with the article, and internet address (Uniform Resource Locator; URL), date of book (or even please that is available), and date of access to the online world target (Some institutes ie. www.webcitation.org; WebCite® provide archiving solutions to keep up online sources). Archival supply target must certanly be suggested if this ongoing solution can be used). Many writing designs could be used to build a summary of recommendations. Although their contents try not to vary greatly, each design happens to be developed to satisfy the requirements associated with the discipline that is relevant. In social sciences Chicago Style 8 which predominantly utilize footnotes, and Harvard Style which suggests name for the writer, and date of book in parentheses could be cited as examples. 9 Harvard Style is sometimes found in medical journals. In biomedical articles many system that is frequently numericVancouver Style) that has been on the basis of the works of International Committee of health Journal Editors (ICMJE) in 1978 had been utilized. 10 appropriately, sources are numbered into the their first cited spot within the text with Arabic numerals. Guide figures could be put within parentheses, square brackets or by the end of the sentence as superscripts. Each guide is numbered when, and arranged for the reason that purchase among set of recommendations. Into the References area, punctuation markings (comma, point, semicolon, parenthesis), and writing designs (bold, italic, underlined) are accustomed to split elements regarding the guide in line with the target log. For example, the masthead for the article in a guide area of Turkish Journal of Urology is shown. More information that is detailed numeric design comes in the. guide served by NLM. 11 Index Medicus, and guidelines that are above-mentioned be properly used about abbreviations requested for the names for the journals. Citation Management Software Packages Though referencing is essential, even yet in numerous peer-reviewed journals numerous errors have already been experienced. 12 Mistakes can arise from discrepancies amongst the way to obtain the guide, and citation caused by this guide, erroneous keeping of the citation into the text, and inaccurate recognition associated with guide the large choice of sources. Accurate, and recording that is complete of sources is just one of the fundamental duties for the writers. For the way of composing recommendations, many just, “Add Files” symbol when you look at the “References” menu for the “Microsoft Word” program can be utilized. 13 but if we consider that lots of sources are utilized in medical review articles, usage of citation management software packages (guide administration computer computer software, citation management computer pc computer software, individual bibliographic management computer software) decreases the workload associated with the writers, and may also avoid erroneous applications. 14 These programs are made to enter recommendations into laptop or computer systems for future usage. After online recording for the citation, it could be used repeatedly, and a summary of recommendations could be built. Fundamental the different parts of the scheduled system are database, and a mode system where in fact the sources are expressed. In many for the scheduled programs, they have been integrated by having a word processor system (ie. Microsoft term (MS Word or Apache Open Office) to be able to spot selected recommendations into the text. In a few programs composing types of the journals are suggested having a coding as Citation Style Language; CSL). These programs may use database that is open-source CLS. Besides some scheduled programs have actually a method that will be utilized to produce queries in electronic libraries. They will have also transfer that is enable of citations from electronic libraries into Computer programs. More complex programs as well as citation mastheads enable recording of electronic platforms (PDF, DOC, RTF, HTML, EPUB etc), using records in it, sharing information custom writings, and social labeling. 15,16 With integration associated with format that is electronic a few of these programs, many many many thanks to “metadata extracting “function the masthead associated with article is recognised immediately. 17 nevertheless, it will never be forgotten why these programs usually do not stick to the most updated writing guidelines for the journals, particularly some inconsistencies may be observed in the utilization of metadata. Consequently before publishing the manuscript towards the log the masthead regarding the manuscript must certanly be managed in conformity utilizing the “Information to Authors” section. 18,19 Managing citations online in numerous computer systems (laptop computer, and cellular devices etc.) is known as internet platform matching.

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Some parents hover over their kids in ways in which cause impairment. Water security on your school-aged little one. And, as well as engaged on the bottom to instantly support susceptible kids, we’re serving to governments world wide strengthen their youngster protection programs and prepare social workers. Relying in your child’s developmental stage, you’ll must deal with specific points and address (or keep away from) sure subjects. Democratic Republic of Congo : We’ve reached thousands of vulnerable children by coaching local people leaders to forestall and respond to exploitation and abuse of kids. three Child abuse and neglect is failure by an individual with parental or some other protective duty to exercise the powers for the meant goal, which is the advantage of the kid. The offence of child cruelty underneath section 1 of the Kids and Young Peoples Act 1989 offers protection for health and safety. McCutcheon, James, 2010.”Historical Evaluation and Contemporary Evaluation of Foster Care in Texas: Perceptions of Social Staff in a Non-public, Non-Profit Foster Care Company”. Our workers must all the time respect children, listen to them and protect them from harm. Senior police, council and health leaders will collectively be accountable for setting out native plans to keep youngsters secure and can be accountable for a way nicely companies work together to guard kids from abuse and neglect.

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Fundamental Points of Difference Between Parole and Probation ! Although parole, like probation is based on the principle of individualisation of treatment of offenders and both include a programme of guidance and assistance to the delinquents, yet the two differ in many aspects. The fundamental points of difference between parole and probation are noted below:— (i) As to their historical evolution, the system of probation owes its origin to John Augustus of Boston (U.S.A.) who around 1841, tried to convince the judge of the Magistrate’s Court that certain offenders would respond well to his supervision if committed to his care rather than jailed. The parole, on the other hand, came into existence much later somewhere around 1900. (ii) A prisoner can be released on parole only after he has already served a part of his sentence in a prison or a similar institution. Thus, it essentially involves an initial committal of offender to a certain period of imprisonment and a conditional release subsequently after serving a part of the sentence. But in case of probation, no sentence is imposed, or if imposed, it is not executed. This, in other words, means that probation is merely the suspension of sentence and is granted as a substitute for punishment whereas parole is granted to a prisoner when he has already lived in prison or a similar institution for a certain minimum period and has shown propensity for good behaviour. (iii) As rightly pointed out by Dr. Sutherland, a probationer is considered as if undergoing “treatment” while he is under the threat of being punished if he violates the conditions of probation; but a parolee is considered to be in “custody” undergoing both punishment and treatment while under threat of more severe punishment, i.e., return to the institution from which he has been released. (iv) Another notable distinction between probation and parole is that former is a judicial function while the latter is essentially quasi-judicial in nature. Probation implies a procedure under which a person found guilty of an offence is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court and subject to supervision of the probation staff. In case of parole, a prisoner is released from prison to the community prior to the expiration of his term of sentence subject to conditions imposed by the Parole Board. Thus, the release of a parolee is not the result of a judicial decision. (v) It has been alluded by J. L. Gillin that probation is probably the first stage of correctional scheme, the parole being the last stage of it. (vi) Probation and parole also differ from each other from the point of view of stigma or disqualification attached therewith. There is no stigma or disqualification attached to an offender who is released on probation of good conduct, but a prisoner released on parole suffers stigmatisation as a convicted criminal in the society.

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unstructured local-exit: goto; (Java)structured local-exit: exception handing; (Python)Another type of advanced flow control structure is a generator. Generators are functions that can generate a set of values, and return them one at a time as the function is called. A generator is able to "bookmark" its place in the current function to make programming easier....(Prolog)This sort of programming is called logic programming, because it allows you to state goals in terms of logical relationships and lets the computer do all of the legwork to find appropriate solutions to these logical relationships. The most important part of it, for our purposes, is the unique flow control that this sets up: backtracking. This means that at any point in the computation, if an appropriate value is not found in a particular variable, or a particular relationship among a group of variables is incorrect, the program can "back up" and assign a new value. This sort of programming simplifies a huge number of problem sets, especially in the area of smart systems....(Scheme)You could call these bookmarks "continue points" -- the place where the program will continue to if the advanced flow control structure is invoked. Or, more precisely, they are known as continuations. In fact, all of these control structures can be implemented using a single flow control function: call-with-current-continuation 45 Minutes to a Moodle Education Server The Moodle project, started by Martin Dougiamas in 1999, has delivered a most capable and feature rich tool for schools and educators. Moodle, also termed a Course Management System, is a web content tool currently used in over 150 countries. Apple and Dell: Business Models 小小地打击一把 Apple fans，不要小看 Dell，即使这几天 Dell 风声紧而 Apple 比较高调。喜欢这句话： Check out Morningstar to confirm this!... BTW, 昨天在 investopedia 链到了 www.fxcm.com，中国公司叫做“福汇”，然后炒了一把模拟外汇。赔了不少。I

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Parts of Speech Root Word (Etymology) a primitive root TWOT Reference: number 1655, number 1656 KJV Translation Count — 11x Outline of Biblical Usage 1. (Piel) to make appear, produce, bring (clouds) 2. (Poel) to practise soothsaying, conjure a. to observe times, practice soothsaying or spiritism or magic or augury or witchcraft b. soothsayer, enchanter, sorceress, diviner, fortuneteller, barbarian, Meonenim (participle) `anan, aw-nan'; a primitive root; to cover; used only as a denominative from 6051, to cloud over; figuratively, to act covertly, i.e. practise magic: — X bring, enchanter, Meonemin, observe(-r of) times, soothsayer, sorcerer. Concordance Results Using KJV And it shall come to pass, when I H6049 a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: Ye shall not eat any thing with the blood: neither shall ye use enchantment, nor observe H6049. There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an H6049 H6049 H6049, or an H6049, or a witch, For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto H6049s H6049 H6049, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do. And Gaal spake again and said, See there come people down by the middle H6049 the land, and another company come along by the plain H6049 H6049. And he made his son pass through the fire, and observed H6049, and used enchantments, and dealt with familiar spirits and wizards: he wrought much wickedness in the sight H6049 the LORD, to provoke him to anger. And he caused his children to pass through the fire in the valley H6049 the son H6049 Hinnom: also he observed H6049, and used enchantments, and used witchcraft, and dealt with a familiar spirit, and with wizards: he wrought much evil in the sight H6049 the LORD, to provoke him to anger. Therefore thou hast forsaken thy people the house H6049 Jacob, because they be replenished from the east, and are H6049s like the Philistines, and they please themselves in the children H6049 strangers. But draw near hither, ye sons H6049 the H6049, the seed H6049 the adulterer and the whore. Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreamers, nor to your H6049s, nor to your sorcerers, which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king H6049 Babylon:

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This image is flopped. Former Dominican priory, dedicated to S Maria da Vitória, about 10 km south of Leiria, Portugal. Founded by John I (João I, reigned 1385-1433), the first king of the Aviz dynasty, to celebrate the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385), it is the most representative and important example of Late Gothic architecture in Portugal. The first architect, from 1388 to 1402, was Afonso Domingues, who drew up the plan and partly built the church and cloister. It is a large complex containing church, cloister, chapels, chapter house and other conventual buildings and a royal pantheon (the Capela do Fundador). Styles of Late Gothic used include Flamboyant, Perpendicular and Manueline. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Many people chose to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of Pokémon in their own way, such as replaying the original Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow titles. Various websites also made tributes. One among those was the computational site WolframAlpha, from which you can make various calculations and plot your results. How does such a site celebrate Pokémon? It did so by using mathematical terms to plot out every single Pokémon. You can view all examples here or by typing ‘Pokémon curves’ into its search bar. You can request specific Pokémon as well, e.g. ‘Ludicolo curves’. It seems that there’s a clever script that takes an image (say the Sugimori art for the Pokémon), detects the edges of lines, then represents those lines as best it can using curves generated by mathematical terms (which understandably become very long). If you’re interested you can read more about the process here. The website does it for more than Pokémon characters as well. Not every object is well represented by these curves, but you can clearly identify each case, and some turned out pretty well. Edited by curiousnathan.

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It’s easy to miss. Traveling past Litchfield Bancorp on Route 202, the modern motorist is often too concerned with navigating traffic to notice the small marker on the bank’s lawn. However, when it was erected 225 years ago, travelers only as fast as their horse or feet could take them almost certainly saw the engraved stone: 33 miles to Hartford 102 miles to New York J. Strong AD 1787 It remains today, a reminder of the ingenuity of early Americans as well as one Jedediah Strong, one of Litchfield’s more unusual characters. Milestones have existed since at least Roman times, and dozens of milestones – bearing the name of the emperor under who rule they were erected and the distance to Rome – remain scattered across what was once the Roman Empire. Milestones serve to mark the route and distance to a site. As such, they provided reassurance a traveler that he was on the right road, and gave him an idea of how much longer his journey would last. In our age of satellite navigation and laser-guided surveying, it is interesting to ponder how these measurements were made in a much simpler time. Assuming that Jedediah Strong measured these distances himself, he likely did it by attaching an odometer to one of the wheels of his wagon. The Romans possessed this technology, but like many of their innovations, it was lost as Europe entered the so-called Dark Ages. The technology was rediscovered by Benjamin Franklin who, as Postmaster General, was desirous of knowing the shortest routes for sending the mail. His odometer kept count of the number of revolutions made by the wagon wheel; by multiplying the number of revolutions by the circumference of the wheel, he arrived at the distance traveled. (Incidentally, Google Maps states that the distance from Strong’s milestone to Hartford is 33.1 miles, and to the Bowling Green in Manhattan is 101 miles, testimony to the accuracy of the odometers of the time.) Jedediah Strong was born in Litchfield in 1738, and graduated from Yale College in 1761, making him the second Litchfield resident with a college degree. Like many of his era, he studied divinity but, perhaps inspired by the tumult of growing opposition to Britain, turned to law and politics. He served as a selectman of Litchfield and town clerk, as a state judge and representative, and as a member of the Continental Congress and the Connecticut convention to ratify the Constitution. Of Strong, one writer commented, “a diminutive figure, a limping gait, and an unpleasant countenance were, however, in some measure atoned for by a certain degree of promptness and tact in the discharge of public business.” When the Revolution broke out, Strong donated a gun, bayonet, and a belt that was carried into war by William Patterson, and a second gun that was carried by Benjamin Taylor. In 1780, at the peak of his political powers, Strong welcomed Noah Webster as his student. He also served as the driving force behind Litchfield’s first Temperance Association. His life soon took a dramatic turn. Strong’s first wife, Ruth Patterson died after giving birth to a daughter and, in 1788, the widower married Susannah Wyllys, daughter of Connecticut’s Secretary of State. Less than two years later Strong was arrested and brought before judge Tapping Reeve. Accused of beating his wife, pulling her hair, and kicking her out of bed, Strong also allegedly “spit in her face times without number.” Reeve granted Susannah an immediate divorce, and required Strong to post a 1,000 pound surety. His career collapsed, and Strong increasingly turned to alcohol. He was soon on public assistance, and when he died on August 21, 1802, at the age of 64, he was buried in the West Cemetery without a stone. Despite these travails, Strong’s milestone remained, serving passersby for more than two centuries. Still, the modern explorer is left to ponder, why did he build it in the first place? We might speculate that it was perhaps his interpretation of his civic duty, or that he was looking to boost Litchfield’s commercial prospects. Regardless, the stone has been a silent witness to most of the town’s history.

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You might like to take a look at the problem Satisfying Statements, as the game and the problem complement one another. You'll need to know your number properties to win a game of Statement Snap... To play the game, you'll need to print and cut out this set of cards This game works well for 2 to 4 players. How to play Shuffle the cards, and place them face down on the table. Turn over two cards so that all the players can see them. The object of the game is to find a number that satisfies the statements on both cards. For example, if the cards said "A multiple of 6" and "A factor of 90" you could pick the number 30. After ten seconds, everyone declares a number that satisfies both cards, and then the next round begins by turning over the next two cards. There are a few different scoring options for the game: - Score a point if you find a number that satisfies both cards - Score a point if you think of the highest number that satisfies both cards - List as many numbers as you can that satisfy both cards, and then score a point for each one. - List as many numbers as you can, and then score a point for each number on your list that doesn't appear on anybody else's list. Sometimes there might not be any numbers that satisfy both statements! If this happens, you can replace one of the cards with a new one. A Final Challenge Once you have played the game a few times, click below to see a few questions to explore: How many impossible pairs can you find? Can you find a number that satisfies 3 cards? Or 4 cards? Or...?

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Your smile is one of your most important assets! We talk, eat and smile every single day of our lives, so we all should be putting in the necessary hard work to keep our mouths in the very best condition possible. Your dental health can easily slip from time to time, and this is usually due to lazy care. It really is so incredibly important to make a conscious effort in order to maintain a happy and healthy smile. If you’re wondering just how you can up your dental health, read on! Here are a few top dental hygiene tips to ensure that your mouth is as pristine as it possibly can be: Brush your teeth properly Of course, this one sounds like a bit of a given, but it’s obvious for a reason! It is so easy to mindlessly scrub at our teeth as we scroll our newsfeeds, read a book or walk around the house, but try and stop this habit! You should try and practice a little quiet minded tooth brushing so that you can actually see and feel what your brushing is doing. This can even be your form of daily meditation – if you’re into that kind of thing! Floss on the regular Flossing is essential for maintaining healthy gums! Gum disease causes so much pain for your mouth and teeth, so why not actively care for your gums? You’re going to minimize bad breath, plaque build-up and get rid of any food that might be stuck in there. See your dentist twice a year The dentist is your friend! You need to engage in regular trips to the dentist if you have any hope for a healthy, clean smile. Your dentist will give you a range of treatments and services to combat any underlying issues, give you a deep cleaning and identify any future problems that you might run into. Set your hesitations aside, the dentist is where you need to be! Learn to care for your mouth If you want to have sparkling clean healthy teeth, you’ve got to have a healthy mouth. Caring for your mouth includes brushing your cheeks, tongue, gums and even the roof of your mouth! This will create a happy and healthy environment for your teeth, minimize the risk of plaque build-up and be rid of any bad breath issues you might have. Use toothpaste with Fluoride in it Fluoride helps to decrease the speed of enamel breakdown and encourages remineralization or restoration for damaged teeth. You can strengthen weak spots on any of your teeth by using toothpaste with Fluoride, a fluoride rinse or a special gel that a dentist can provide you with. This is going to ensure that your teeth stay in optimum condition long term. Replace your toothbrush Your toothbrush is more important than you might think! If you’re using a manual toothbrush you should absolutely be replacing it every four months. This will keep your mouth in better condition and encourage good hygiene. Any fraying bristles mean that it’s time for a switch up! Use mouthwash as part of your daily routine Mouthwash helps to clear any plaque that your brushing and flossing might have missed. This is going to freshen your breath, remove build-up and prevent any cavities from forming in your teeth. Head to your dentist to get educated on which dental services you should be investing in to maintain a healthy, sparkling clean smile!

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Whether producing crops, livestock, or other agricultural products, it can be challenging if not impossible for a farmer to completely prevent dust, odors, surface water runoff, noise, and other unintended impacts. Ohio law recognizes these challenges as well as the value of agricultural production by extending legal protections to farmers. The protections are “affirmative defenses” that can shield a farmer from liability if someone files a private civil lawsuit against the farmer because of the unintended impacts of farming. A court will dismiss the lawsuit if the farmer successfully raises and proves an applicable affirmative defense. Recently, Peggy Kirk Hall, OSU Associate Professor and director of the OSU Extension Agricultural and Resource Law Program, wrote a law bulletin, that summarizes Ohio’s affirmative defenses that relate to production agriculture. The statutes afford legal protections based on the type of activity and the type of resulting harm. For example, one offers protections to farmers who obtain fertilizer application certification training and operate in compliance with an approved nutrient management plan, while another offers nuisance lawsuit protection against neighbors who move to an agricultural area. Each affirmative defense has different requirements a farmer must meet but a common thread among the laws is that a farmer must be a “good farmer” who is in compliance with the law and utilizing generally accepted agricultural practices. It is important for farmers to understand these laws and know how the laws apply to a farm’s production activities. A copy of that bulletin is available as a pdf file on-line at https://farmoffice.osu.edu/blog-categories/property and on the Wayne Extension web page at http://go.osu.edu/waynefarmmgmt. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the “Ohio Affirmative Defense Laws” heading. For those without internet access I can supply a hard copy. Contact the Wayne County Extension office at 330-264-8722.

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Women of color and young women may face elevated risks of developing triple-negative breast cancers, a type of cancer that spreads more quickly than most other types and doesn't respond well to hormone or targeted therapies, a study published in CANCER, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society, shows. Previous U.S. studies have found racial disparities in triple-negative breast cancer diagnoses, but few have looked beyond the scope of one state. To conduct a larger study, researchers in the Georgia State University School of Public Health analyzed all breast cancer cases diagnosed during 2010-14 from the United States Cancer Statistics database, a surveillance system of cancer registries with data representing 99 percent of the U.S. population. The team identified more than 1.15 million cases of breast cancer, with triple-negative cases accounting for about 8.4 percent of all cases. The researchers uncovered a significant incidence of triple-negative breast cancer for women of color, specifically non-Hispanic black women, and for younger women. Compared with non-Hispanic white women, non-Hispanic black women and Hispanic women had higher odds of being diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, respectively. More than 21 percent of non-Hispanic black women were diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, compared with less than 11 percent for all other types of breast cancer. Women younger than 40 years of age had twice the odds of being diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer than women aged 50-64 years. Also, among women who were diagnosed with breast cancer, those diagnosed at late stages were 69 percent more likely to have triple-negative cancer than other types. "Our results demonstrate that African American women of younger age are more likely to be diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer than younger women of other ethnicities," said Dora Il'yasova, epidemiologist and associate professor in the School of Public Health at Georgia State. Because of the aggressive nature of triple-negative breast cancer and the lack of therapeutic options, it is important to know which individuals face a higher risk and what factors may influence this risk, the researchers noted. "Until we have evidence of what environmental and genetic components contribute to this risk, it is imperative that women know their familial history of breast cancer, discuss that with their physicians and follow screening recommendations," said Lia Scott, lead researcher, recent doctoral graduate of the Georgia State University School of Public Health (Ph.D. '18), and current Steven M. Teutsch Prevention Effectiveness Fellow with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Cancer Prevention & Control. "We hope that this update on the epidemiology of triple-negative breast cancer can provide a basis to further explore contributing factors in future research." According to the American Cancer Society, most breast cancers are mainly classified by three proteins that can affect the cancer's growth: the estrogen hormone receptor, the progesterone hormone receptor and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Triple-negative breast cancer does not have any of the receptors, making it difficult to identify what is fueling the cancer's growth. Doctors have fewer options for targeted treatment to destroy these cancer cells. Chemotherapy is still an effective option for treating this cancer and reducing the risk of its return. The study's co-investigators are Lee Rivers Mobley, associate professor of spatial population science and health economics in the School of Public Health; Dora Il'yasova, associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics in the School of Public Health; and Tzy-Mey Kuo, a senior statistical analyst with the Integrated Cancer Information and Surveillance System initiative at the University of North Carolina's Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. This study was funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Q In your last column, you discussed the controversy regarding donating one's body to scientific research and medical training. Are the same issues relevant to the controversy regarding signing an organ donor card? - G.R., Tel Aviv A While one might intuitively connect the two controversies, the source of the dispute stems from very different questions. Everyone agrees that one can use a dead body to save a person's life. In the case of willing a body to science, the decisors debate whether the potential long-term scientific benefit of dissecting the body qualifies as a life-saving action. In the case of organ donation, however, the dispute surrounds whether the allegedly deceased donor is actually dead. At stake in this case is the very definition of death. While defining death might seem like a purely scientific issue, it in fact involves a complex set of moral, religious and legal factors. Scientists delineate the process of death by quantifying the increasing dysfunction of an organism. They can describe how the cerebellum that controls muscle functions stops operating, when a damaged cerebrum causes memory loss, how respiration ceases when the nerves in the brain stem cease functioning or when the heart irreversibly stops beating. Science, however, cannot decide which form of dysfunction defines an organism as "dead." This is ultimately a cultural decision that demands a legal criterion with an ethical justification. Historically, this was not a major issue, since the different signs of dysfunction, including cessation of respiratory and cardiac activity, happened within a very short time period. Modern medical advances, however, prevent a domino effect that causes an entire body to stop functioning. In particular, artificial respirators can provide oxygen to the heart, even if the lungs have stopped spontaneously functioning. In 1968, a Harvard Medical School committee advocated "brain-stem death" as the proper definition of death. According to this criterion, we define someone as dead when his lungs no longer function spontaneously because of irreversible neurological damage in the brain stem, even if his heart continues to function through artificial respiration. It is important to note that "brain-stem death" greatly differs physiologically from a patient in a coma or a persistent vegetative state, and that there are no documented cases of a "brain-dead" patient recuperating. The Harvard criterion made way for transplants, since doctors could remove organs from a "brain-dead" patient whose organs continued to receive blood from an artificially supported heart. While this definition has received almost universal endorsement, Jewish legalists continue to debate whether Halacha recognizes this criterion. The sages (Yoma 85a) state that to verify if a person is living or dead, we must examine his nostrils for signs of breathing. Respiration is a sign of life, they claim, since God created Adam by "breathing into his nostrils the breath of life" (Genesis 2:7). Based on this passage, the 19th-century Hungarian decisor Rabbi Moses Sofer ruled that the cessation of breathing represents the halachic criterion for death (YD 2:338). Many European doctors at that time were concerned that scientists could not accurately determine death, and many governments demanded that people delay burial for two or three days to ensure the "corpse" was really deceased. Sofer, however, ruled that there was no need for such doubts, since cessation of respiration clearly indicated death. Based on this ruling, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (Igrot Moshe YD III:132) ruled in 1976 that "brain-stem death" fulfills the halachic criterion of death, even if the heart continues to beat from artificial respiration. Feinstein compared this to a mishna that deems a decapitated animal as dead, even though it continues to spasm (Oholot 1:6). With insufficient neurological functioning, "brain-stem death" equals physiological decapitation. The Chief Rabbinate of Israel (1987) subsequently endorsed this position, and like Feinstein, called standard and non-experimental organ transplants a great mitzva. The Conservative and Reform movements also encourage organ donation. A large number of decisors, including Rabbi Shmuel Wosner (Shevet Halevi 8:86) and Rabbi Eliezer Waldenburg (Tzitz Eliezer 10:25), however, oppose the "brain-stem death" criterion. They contend that the Gemara used respiration as the criterion for death only in cases when there were no other signs of life. Yet if the heart continues to function, the person is halachicly alive, and removing his organs constitutes nothing less than murder. They further cited a responsum of Rabbi Shalom Schwardon (Poland, 1835-1911), who asserted that any signs of life override the cessation of respiration (Maharsham 6:124). One should settle in advance matters regarding life-and-death decisions, including signing an organ donor card, in careful consultation with family members and competent rabbinic authorities. While I myself am a strong advocate of the "brain-stem death" criteria and organ donation, I encourage everyone to find out more information about this sensitive and important topic. One good resource is the Halachic Organ Donor Society, www.hods.org. The writer, editor of TraditionOnline.org, teaches at Yeshivat Hakotel and is pursuing a doctorate in Jewish philosophy at the Hebrew University.

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Clinical Neurophysiology is an allied specialty to Neurology and it involves the diagnosis of a wide range of conditions affecting central and peripheral nervous system. It is concerned with the testing of the electrical function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves in the limbs and muscles. Neurophysiology tests are being utilised in patient pathways and management decisions within the hospitals for a variety of specialties including neurology, neurosurgery, orthopaedics, paediatrics, ophthalmology, rheumatology and ICU. The common tests performed in neurophysiology lab involves electroencephalogram (EEG), nerve conduction studies (NCS), electromyography (EMG). Specialized tests include: Video telemetry: It is a specialised study comprising of EEG and video recording and this is essential for epileptic work up. The need for complete evaluation of interictal and ictal EEG abnormalities and matching with clinical semiology and the focal lesion is absolutely essential for the success of the epilepsy surgery. Evoked potentials: It is used to test central pathways, e.g. Multiple Sclerosis Sleep studies: It is a very important tool in the diagnosis of sleep disorders including Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Repetitive stimulation & Single fibre EMG: Essential for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis which is a neuromuscular junction transmission dysfunction. Intra-operative monitoring: Tests performed during spinal cord surgeries to help assess the integrity of the cord during the operation and augments safety during spinal cord surgeries Electrocorticography (ECOG): Electrophysiological monitoring that uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex during epilepsy surgeries. Useful for identification of lesion and effective resection Patients with the following conditions will most likely require clinical neurophysiology tests, - Neuropathy in patients with Diabetes Mellitus - Neuromuscular disorders - Connective tissue diseases - Sleep disorders - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Our department is a comprehensive diagnostic centre offering routine and specialised neurophysiology services for early detection, prompt diagnosis, and treatment to maximise the quality of life and wellbeing. We cater to adult and paediatric age groups. The workforce includes highly skilled doctors and technicians who offer world class diagnostic procedures which are essential in the management of various neurological conditions.Our mission is patient centred high-quality services resulting in a better experience and accurate diagnosis for patients.

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How Monroe County Got Its Name February 02 , 2007 President James Monroe painted by local artist Frederick Beaver hangs in the Monroe County Historical Association Stroud Mansion. By Amy Leiser, Executive Director Monroe County Historical Association On April 1, 1836, after nine long years of debate and discussion, Monroe County was formed from pieces of land cut from northern Northampton County and southern Pike County. Although settled into by some of the earliest-arriving European colonists, Monroe County was not one of the earliest-formed counties in Pennsylvania. It was the 53rd recognized county out of 67 statewide. Years before its official recognition as a separate entity, residents living in this developing area petitioned the legislature to create the new county. Joseph Ritner, the governor of Pennsylvania from 1835 to 1839, with an Act by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, acknowledged that the area known as “north of the Blue Mountains of Northampton County” had been settled for long enough and that its population had grown enough to be considered an independent county. Ritner and, more importantly, the residents of this area, felt that the region was too far away from either Easton or Milford for those county seats to care about the local populous. So, the early townships of Chestnuthill, Hamilton, Pocono, Ross, Smithfield, Stroud, and Tobyhanna of Northampton County along with townships Coolbaugh, Middle Smithfield, and Price of Pike County were made into a single county. This new county needed a name. Between 1830 and 1836, many names for the new county were suggested. The first name to be proposed was "Fulton" County. Robert Fulton, a Pennsylvania native, was an engineer and the inventor the submarine, and he is credited with developing the steamboat into a commercial success. In January 1831, dozens of petitions supporting Fulton County were taken to Harrisburg to the House of Representatives. The House created the Fulton County bill and sent the bill to the Senate, where it failed. In 1835, the Fulton County bill was again resurrected, but it failed to receive the necessary number of votes. Other petitions for names for the new county included “Evergreen” County, for the many conifer trees and “Jackson” County after President Andrew Jackson. Neither of these names, however, received enough support for adoption. It is unclear how exactly the name “Monroe” was suggested for the new county, but it is clear that it is named for President James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States. He served as a popular two-term president in 1816 and again in 1820. Having years of public service, Monroe served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, was the governor of Virginia, a United States senator and the minister to Spain, France, and Great Britain. President Monroe died July 4, 1831. Public support for the popular late president created enough votes to secure the new county’s name as Monroe. In March 1836, the Monroe County bill was introduced and was easily passed in Harrisburg. James Monroe never traveled to the area north of the Blue Mountains, but his dedicated service to the country earned him a place in Pocono mountain history.

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Understanding Teflon Tape And Plumber's Putty If you want to complete a fairly simple plumbing job, then you may know that you need the right supplies. If you go to your local plumbing supply store, then you will be presented with dozens of material options to choose from. These options may include the materials that are needed to secure pipes to one another. Specifically, you may notice plumbers putty and Teflon tape. If you are inexperienced when it comes to plumbing work, then you may not understand the difference between the two materials. Keep reading to learn a little bit more about them so you know when each should be used. Teflon tape is an extremely thin type of tape that is placed on a small plastic roll. The tape is made from polytetrafluoroethylene and this is the same type of compound that is used to make Teflon coated products. Teflon is a non-stick material, but its astounding strength is what helps to make it useful as a plumbing product. Teflon is also quite durable and it reduces friction. Teflon tape is a thin and is usually one-half inch in diameter. This type of tape is usually white in color and it best used to create watertight seals when installing water pipes. You may notice both red and green tapes at the plumbing store. However, these varieties are used for larger pipes and for ones that supply gas. If you want to secure a general use water pipe, then wrap the tape around the threaded male end of the pipe. Wrap the tape tightly around the threads. You want to create two or three layers of the tape. Thankfully, several layers will not add bulk to the pipe since the tape will conform to the threading. You can easily screw the taped end into the female side of the pipe fitting when you are done. This will create the seal that will be resistant to pressure once water flows through the pipe. Plumber's putty is a thick type of putty that contains clay, linseed oils, talc, silicone, sealants and a variety of other materials. Pipe dope remains pliable and flexible once it is applied, but it does create a watertight seal. Since the putty is pliable, it cannot withstand the same type of pressure and stress as Teflon tape. This means that the material cannot be used on sections of water pipes. Plumber's putty is best used on faucets, sink fittings, and other types of fittings that are installed in the home. In general, you want to use it on any type of reversible fitting that may need to be twisted off at some point. When using the putty, spread a generous amount around the fitting and then twist it into place. When you are done, use a cotton rag to wipe away the excess. For more information about plumbing repairs, contact Kelly's Pipe & Supply Company.

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Serrapeptase is an enzyme originally derived from the silkworm that digests non-living tissue, including blood clots, cysts, scar tissue, arterial plaque and reduces inflammation. Serrapeptase offers a viable alternative to salicylates (such as aspirin), ibuprofen, and NSAIDS as well as steroids—a boon for those suffering with rheumatoid arthritis and a wide array of other autoimmune diseases that affect the inflammatory response, including ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, uveitis, While antiinflammatory drugs may offer temporary, symptomatic relief from pain, swelling and inflammation, they may also be immunosuppressive and known to hold dangerous side effects. Serrapeptase, on the other hand, eases pain and swelling with no inhibitory effects on prostaglandins and no gastrointestinal side effects. The immunologically active enzyme is completely bound to the alpha 2 macroglobulin in biological fluids. The physiologic agent is isolated from the microorganism Serratia E15, an enzyme naturally present in the silkworm intestine which allows the emerging moth to dissolve its cocoon. Clinical use of serrapeptase as an antiinflammatory in Europe and Asia spans over twenty five years. Treatment includes chronic sinusitis, elimination of bronchopulmonary secretions (the enzyme breaks down protein fibers, allowing mucous to thin), sprains and torn ligaments, and other traumatic injuries, edema, as well as postoperative inflammation. Studying postoperative swelling and pain reduction of the upper ankle joint, a test was carried out in 3 randomized groups of 66 patients, each with fresh rupture of the lateral ligament treated surgically between December 1986 and April 1987. The group receiving Serrapeptase saw a 50% decrease in swelling on the third postoperative day. Decreased pain, for the most part, correlated with reduction in swelling. The Serrapeptase group became rapidly pain-free. The two control groups, using traditional elevation of the leg, bed rest, with and without applications of ice, had no reduction in swelling at that time. (Esch PM, Gerngross H, Fabian A, Fortachr Med,107(4):67.8, 71-2 1989 Feb 10) Another multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to investigate the clinical efficacy of Serrapeptase in 174 patients who underwent Caldwell-Luc antrotomy for chronic empyema. Eighty-eight patients received 10 mg Serrapeptase 3 times the day before surgery, once the night of the operation and 3 times daily for 5 days after surgery; the other 86 received a placebo. The degree of swelling in the serrapeptase-treated patients was significantly less than that in the placebo-treated patients at every point of observation after surgery up to the 5th day. Maximal buccal swelling throughout all the postoperative points of observation was also significantly smaller in size in the Serrapeptase group. No side effects were reported. (Tachibana M, Mizukosi 0, Harada Y, Kawamoto K, Nakai Y. Source: Pharmathera-peutica, 3(8):526-30 1984). Additionally, Serrapeptase in a 70 patient, double-blind controlled trial treating breast engorgement saw Serrapeptase improve breast pain and swelling in significant numbers of the treatment group with no adverse reactions. (Kee WH, Tan SL; Lee V, Salmon YM .Singapore Med J, 30(I) :48-54 1989 Feb) Researchers in Germany have used Serrapeptase to treat atherosclerosis since serrapeptase helps to digest atherosclerotic plaque without harming healthy cells lining the arterial wall. The hardened, narrow arterial wall is considered the cumulative result of microscopic trauma with inflammation occurring in the presence of oxidized lipids—serrapeptase works on both inflammation as well as dissolving the avital plaque. Unlike cholesterol-blocking drugs, serrapeptase clears the avital tissue from the arterial wall without interfering with cholesterol synthesis. In fact, when taking serrapeptase, cholesterol levels may rise as it is dissolved from the arteries to be eliminated from the body (cholesterol in its pure state is an antioxidant and a necessary component of steroidal hormones and the major organ systems in the body). Medications blocking cholesterol biosynthesis hold the threat of liver, eye, lung and other soft tissue damage. While studies with Serrapeptase in the treatment of coronary artery disease are relatively new; some literature reports Serrapeptase as being superior to, and faster than, chelation. The late German physician Dr. Hans Nieper used serrapeptase to treat arterial blockage in his coronary patients, reporting that serrapeptase also dissolves blood clots, and causes varicose veins to shrink or diminish. A US physician prescribing Serrapeptase told of a woman scheduled for hand amputation and a man scheduled for bypass surgery; both recovered without surgery after treatment with serrapeptase. In addition, Serrapeptase has been used for fibrocystic breast disease and carpal tunnel syndrome. Serrapeptase is also used to facilitate the therapeutic effect of antibiotics in the treatment of infection. In urology serrapeptase has been successfully employed to treat cystitis and epididymitis. 1. Kee WH, Tan SL, Lee V, Salmon YM. The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Singapore Med J. 1989;30(1):48-54. 2. Mizukoshi, D. et al. A double-blind clinical study of serrapeptase in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Igaku Ayrni 109:50-62.1979. 3. Carratu, L. et al. Physio-chemical and rheological research on mucolytic activity of serrapeptase in chronic broncho-pneumopathies. Curr.Ther. Res. 4. Braga, P.C. et al. Effects of serrapeptase on muco-ciliary clearance in patients with chronic bronchitis. Curr. Ther. Res. 29(5):738-744,1981. 5. Mazzone A, et al. Evaluation of Serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo. J Int Med Res. 1990; 18(5):379-88. 6. Conticello, S. et al. La serrapeptase in ORL Nuova Clin. ORL 31:15-20,1979. 7. Pallotti, S. et al. Valutazu-one della'attivita fibrinolytica della serrapeptase. Farmaci 3:163-173,1982. 8. Kakinumu, A. et al. Regression of fibrinolysis in scalded rats by administration of serrapeptase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31:2861-2866,1982. 9. Marly, M. Enzymotherapie anti-inflammatoire a l'aide de la serrapeptase: resultats cliniques en traumatologie et en ORL. C RTherapeut. 3:9-19,1985. 10. Odagiri, J. et al. Clinical applications of serrapeptase in sinusitis. Med. Consult. New Remedy 6:201-209, 1979. 11. Yamazaki, J. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of TSP, a protease produced by a strain of Serratia. Folia Pharmacol. Japon. 6^302-314,1967. 12. Elies, W. et al. Akute und subakute Entzundungen der Nassenbenholen. Z. Allmeinmed. 4:92-95, 1987. 13. Harada, Y. Clinical efficacy of serrapeptase on buccal swelling after radical operation for chronic sinusitis. Igaku Ayumi 123:768-778.1982. 14. Matsudo, A. et at. Effect of serrapeptase (Danzen) on inflammatory edema following operation for thyropid disease. Med. Consult. New Remedy 18:171-175, 15. Perna, L. Osservazioni cliniche sul trattamento in doppio cieco con Serratio peptidasi, nella rinite perenne nella rinitie cronica riacutizzata con sinusopatia. nella bronchite cronica riacutizzata. Riv. Pat. Clin.Tuberc. 16. Fujitani, T. et al. Effect of anti-inflammatory agent on transfer of antibiotics to the maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis. Otorhinolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 66:557-565. 1976. 17. Tago. T. and Mitsui, S. Effects of serrapeptase in dissolution of sputum, especially in patients with bronchial asthma. Jap. Clin. Exp. Med. 18. Tomoda, K. and Miyatam K. Some information on the composition of tracheal secretions before and after the administration of serrapeptase. Exper. Ther. 477:9-16, 1972. 19. Kase Y, et al. A new method for evaluating mucolytic expectorant activity and its application to two proteolytic enzymes, serratiopeptidase and seaprose. Arznelrnitteltorachung. 20. Marriott, C. Modification of the rheoloaical properties of mucus by drugs. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 144^75-84, 1982. 21. Majima. Y. et al. Effects of orally administered drugs on dynamic viscoelasticity of human nasal mucus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:79-83.1990. 22. Miyata, K. Intestinal absorption of serrapeptase. J ApplBiochem. 23. Aso T. et al. Breast engorgement and its treatment: Clinical effects of Danzen (serrapeptase) an anti-inflammatory enzyme preparation. The world of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Japanese). 1981:33:371-9. 24. Esch PM, Gemgross H. Fabian A. Reduction of postoperative swelling. Objective measurement of swelling of the upper ankle joint in treatment with serrapeptase-a prospective study (German). FortschrMed. 1989; 107(4):67-8, 71-2. 25. Majima Y, Inagaki M, Hirata K. Takeuchi K, Morishita A, Sakakura Y. The effect of an orally administered proteolytic enzyme on the elasticity and viscosity of nasal mucus. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1988;244(6):355-9. 26. Selan L, Berlutti F, Passariello C, Comodi-Ballanti MR, Thaller MC. Proteolytic enzymes: a new treatment strategy for prosthetic infections? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993; 27. Koyama A, Mori J, Tokuda H, Waku M, Anno H, Katayama T, Murakami K, Komatsu H, Hirata M, Arai T, et al. Augmentation by serrapeptase of tissue permeation by cefotiam (Japanese). Jpn JAntibiot. 1986; 39(3):761-71. A preliminary trial in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Panagariya A, Sharma AK Dept. of Neurology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, India J Assoc Physicians India 1999 Dec;47(12):1170-2 OBJECTIVES: This study was planned to assess the response of serrapeptase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). METHODS: Twenty patients with CTS were evaluated clinically. After baseline electrophysiological studies, these patients were given serrapetase10 mg twice daily with initial short course of nimesulide. Clinical and electrophysiological reassessment was done after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Mean age was 43.9 years with male to female ratio of 1:2.33. Sixty five percent cases showed significant clinical improvement which was supported by significant improvement in electrophysiological parameters. Recurrence was reported in four cases. No significant side effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS: serrapeptase therapy may proved to be a useful alternative mode of conservative treatment. Larger study may be further helpful to establish the role of serrapeptase in CTS. a new treatment strategy for prosthetic infections? by Selan L, Berlutti F, Passariello C, Comodi-Ballanti MR, Thaller MC Istituto di Microbiologia, Facolta di Farmacia, Universita La Sapienza, Rome, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Dec;37(12):2618-21 Among the different mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents that have been studied, biofilm formation is one of the most widespread. This mechanism is frequently the cause of failure in the treatment of prosthetic device infections, and several attempts have been made to develop molecules and protocols that are able to inhibit biofilm-embedded bacteria. We present data suggesting the possibility that proteolytic enzymes could significantly enhance the activities of antibiotics against biofilms. Antibiotic susceptibility tests on both planktonic and sessile cultures, studies on the dynamics of colonization of 10 biofilm-forming isolates, and then bioluminescence and scanning electron microscopy under seven different experimental conditions showed that serrapetase greatly enhances the activity of ofloxacin on sessile cultures and can inhibit A New Method for Evaluating Mucolytic Expectorant Activity and its Application II. Application to two proteolytic enzymes, serrapeptase and seaprose* By Y. Kase, H. Seo, Y. Oyama, M. Sakata, K. Tomoda, K. Takahama, T. Hitoshi, Y. Okano, and T. Miyata Arzneim.-Forsch. / Drug Res. 32 (1), Department of Chemico-Pharmacology. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto (Japan) Summary: Using our new method described in a preceding paper, in vivo effects of two proteolytic enzymes such as serrapeptase and seaprose (SAP) on sputa collected from bronchitis rabbits were examined. Serrapeptase (20 mg/kg) and SAP (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the viscosity of sputum (P < 0.05) at the 1-3-h periods and the 4-6-h periods, respectively, after intraduodenal administration. 50 mg/kg of serrapeptase also significantly decreased not only viscosity (P < 0.001) but also amount of freeze-dried substance (P < 0.05) of sputum at the 1-3-h periods, but SAP did not affect the amount of dried substance. Both enzymes significantly increased the volume of sputum, probably as the result of liquefaction. Thus, mucolytic expectorant activity of both enzymes can be demonstrated first by the reduction in viscosity and next by the increase in volume of sputa. However, the decrease in amount of freeze-dried substance is not always in accord with the reduction in viscosity. Key words: Bromhexine • Bronchitis • Mucolytic expectorants • Proteolytic enzymes • Seaprose • serrapeptase In this previous paper , we reported a new method which seems to be applicable to examine the in vivo effect of mucolytic expectorants. By the use of this method, the expectorant effect of a drug can be evaluated from the changes in both quantity and quality of sputa, which were quantitatively collected from the rabbits suffering from subacute bronchitis caused by long-term exposure to SO2 gas. The purpose of the present study is to ascertain whether this method is well applicable to the evaluation of mucolytic expectorant effect of the reference drugs as was expected, whose clinical efficacy was already well established. Two proteolytic enzymes, serrapeptase and seaprose, were chosen for such a purpose. Though their chemical properties differ, both enzymes have so far been used as the effective mucolytics in the treatment of various disorders related to viscous sputum or pus, and their efficacies have been war-ranted to be more potent and reliable than those of a-chymotrypsin and others. Therefore, they have widely been used not only in Japan but also in. some other countries. Nevertheless, the pharmacological evidence which sub-stantiates their clinical efficacies, in particular, mucolytic expectorant effect, is insufficient, though they exhibit potent mucolytic activity in in vitro experiments [2, 3]. Bromhexine, a representative of the expectorants, was used as a control drug, because its mechanism of action is quite different from that of proteolytic enzyme, that is, it does not exhibit in vitro mucolytic activity and its main effect is known only by the increase in the volume of respiratory tract fluid (RTF) when it was examined by Perry and Boyd's method [4-7] using normal healthy rabbits. Further pharmacological study, for instance, the acting mechanism of mucolytic expectorant effect of intraduodenally administered enzymes will be described in the subsequent paper. 2. Materials and methods Animals and drugs Male rabbits of New Zealand White-strain, weighing 1.8 to 2.5 kg, were used. Serrapeptase (Danzen*, hereafter abbreviated as SER), a proteolytic enzyme (endopeptidase) prepared from the culture broth of. genus Serratia sp. E-15 (one of enteric bacilli in silkworm) which comes as grayish powder, was provided Evaluation of Serratia Peptidase in Acute or Chronic Inflammation of Otorhinolaryngology Pathology: a Multicentre, Double-blind, Randomized Trial versus Placebo A. Mazzone1, M. Catalan2, M. Costanzo3, A. Drusian4, A. Mandol5, S. Russo6, E. Guarini7 and G. Vesperini8 1 Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy; 2 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, 'Gradenigo' Hospital, Turin, Italy; 3 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, 'Villa Sofia' Hospital, Palermo, Italy 4 Ear Nose and Throat Department, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy 5 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, 'E. Fornaroli' Hospital, Magenta, Italy 6 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Lucca Hospital, Lucca, Italy; 7 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Civil Hospital, Lecce, Italy; 8 Ear, Nose and Throat Department, 'Madonna del Soccorso' Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy The efficacy and tolerability of Serratia peptidase were evaluated in a multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 193 subjects suffering from acute or chronic ear, nose or throat disorders. Treatment lasted 7 - 8 days, with the drug or placebo being administered at a rate of two tablets three times a day. After 3-4 days' treatment, significant symptom regression was observed in peptidase-treated patients. There was also a significant reduction in symptoms after 7 -8 days for patients in both treatment groups but the response was more marked in those patients receiving the active drug. Statistical comparison between the two groups confirmed the greater efficacy and rapid action of the peptidase against all the symptoms examined at both stages. Tolerance was found to be very good and similar for both groups. It is concluded that Serratia peptidase has anti-inflapimatory, anti-edemic and fibrinolytic activity and acts rapidly on localized inflammation. for publication 2 January 1990; accepted 16 January 1990. Address for correspondence: A. Mazzone, MD, Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy. The use of enzymes with fibrinolytic, I proteolytic and anti-edemic activities has gained increasing support in recent years for the treatment of inflammatory ear, nose and throat (ENT) conditions1. Included among these enzymes is the Serratia peptidase (Danzen® ), a protease obtained from non-pathogenic enterobacteria of the genus Serratia. This proteolytic enzyme, which is available in tablet form to enable it to be absorbed from the intestinal lumen, has been shown lo induce intense fibrinolytic. anti-inflammatory, and anti-edemic activity in a number of tissues and results suggest that its anti-inflammatory activity may be of particular use for the treatment of localized or 'closed' forms of inflammation, such as those frequently found in ENT pathologies.' ^ Another important feature of Serratia peptidase is its effect on pain, the enzyme acting by inhibiting the release of pain-inducing amines, such as bradykinin, from inflammed tissue.1.7 This peptidase induces fragmentation offibrinose aggregates and reduces the viscosity of exudates,"^ thus facilitating the drainage of these products of the inflammatory response and thereby promoting the tissue repair process, and clinical trials have confirmed that the use of Serratia peptidase resulted in fast resolution of the inflammatory process." ~ '° The aim of the present placebo-controlled multicentre study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the Serratia peptidase in the treatment of ENT who were recruited from ENT clinics throughout Italy, were all suffering from inherent acute or chronic inflammatory conditions. Any patients with serious concomitant conditions, such as severe renal and/or hepatic impairments, or who required additional drugs were excluded from the tnal, as this could interfere with evaluation of the parameters under examination, and the use of steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents was prohibited. Antibiotics were permitted when deemed necessary. tablets containing 5 mg Serratia peptidase or a placebo were provided in blister packs and patients were randomly assigned to receive two tablets of either drug, which they were instructed to take three times daily after meals for 7 -8 days. Clinical signs and symptoms were assessed on days 0, 3-4 and 7-8 of treatment on a scale of O-3 (0, absence of the symptoms: 3, maximum severity). Clinical parameters recorded were as follows: pain; quantity of secretion; difficulty in swallowing; nasal obstruction; anosmia; and body temperature. The appearance of the secretion was also recorded on a scale ofO-3 (0, normal; I, mucoid; 2, mucopurulent: 3, purulent). All evaluations were performed by an ENT specialist unaware of the treatment given. Tolerability of Serralia peptidase was evaluated on the basis of the presence, absence or severity of side-effects, recorded on the patients' All data were analysed by the most appropriate statistical tests (^-test and total of 193 subjects (96 males, 97 females), aged between 12 and 77 years (mean ± SD 38 ± 15.7 years), with acute or chronic ENT pathologies were recruited to the trial. Of these 193 cases, 97 (43 males, 54 females; mean ± SD 37.3 ± 15.2 years) were placed in group A and 96 The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomised double-blind controlled trial. Kee WH, Tan SL, Lee V, Salmon YM. Singapore Med J 1989 Feb;30(1):48-54 We evaluated an anti-inflammatory enzyme drug Danzen (Serrapeptase: Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.) on 70 patients complaining of breast engorgement. These patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, a treatment group and a placebo group. A single observer, unaware of the group the patients were in, assessed the severity of each of the symptoms and signs of breast engorgement before treatment was commenced, and daily for 3 days, during which therapy was administered. Danzen (Serrapeptase) was noted to be superior to placebo for improvement of breast pain, breast swelling and induration and while 85.7% of the patients receiving Danzen (Serrapeptase) had "Moderate to Marked" improvement, only 60.0% of the patients receiving placebo had a similar degree of improvement. "Marked" improvement was found in 22.9% of the treatment group and 2.9% of the placebo group. These differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). No adverse reactions were reported with the use of Danzen (Serrapeptase) is a safe and effective method for the treatment of breast engorgement. A multi-centre, double-blind study of serrapeptase versus placebo in post-antrotomy buccal swelling. Tachibana M, Mizukoshi O, Harada Y, Kawamoto K, Nakai Y. A multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to investigate the clinical efficacy of the anti-inflammatory enzyme serrapeptase in a total of 174 patients who underwent Caldwell-Luc antrotomy for chronic empyema. Eighty-eight patients received 10 mg serrapeptase 3 times on the day before operation, once on the night of the operation and 3 times daily for 5 days after operation; the other 86 received placebo. Changes in buccal swelling after operation were observed as a parameter of the response to treatment. The degree of swelling in the serrapeptase-treated patients was significantly less than that in the placebo-treated patients at every point of observation after operation up to the 5th day (p less than 0.01 to p less than 0.05). Maximal swelling throughout all the post-operative points of observation was also significantly smaller in size in the serrapeptase-treated group than in the placebo-treated group. No side-effects were reported.

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Exodus 32:4 – Replacing God While Moses is on Sinai receiving instructions for building the tabernacle, the people form their own god. The creation of the golden calf was an abandonment of the promises of God. Instead of asking God, "Why?" as so many lament Psalms do, the people created their own god. They don't so much abandon the old story as co-opt it. There is still the language of being brought out of Egypt but the celebration that ensues is quite different. The preceding chapters of instruction for building the tabernacle may have at one point circulated apart from the story of rebellion at Sinai, but in their present location they sharpen the indictment of Israel for its construction of the golden calf. The gold that could be used in building the tabernacle is used to construct an idol. They want a god who will go before them (32:1), but at the same time God is announcing to Moses how the continued presence of God will be made available (29:42-46). Israel was to make sacrifices and burnt offerings, but they were doing so in the wrong place, not before the tabernacle but at a place of their own making. Worship turned to revelry. The half-truths they told themselves were in fact full-blown falsehood. Each generation of God's people must stand before this text and investigate its own behavior. Disobedience and infidelity are not always crass idolatry. We may be giving ourselves false comfort when we think this text is only about making a statue-likely a small one at that. Whatever the vehicle, the issue is the broken relationship with God and the abandonment of the promises of God. Our unqualified insistence on autonomy can be an idol every bit as separating from God as was the golden calf. The significance of the breach does not reside in some fussiness about specific forms and locales of worship. Some die in the aftermath of the disobedience (32:28), but the greatest threat in the narrative is that God would no longer be present.

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In July 1995, near the end of the Yugoslav civil war, Bosnian-Serb troops overran the town of Srebrenica, a United Nations-designated protected area packed with tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims who had sought shelter there. The troops rounded up the population, deported the women and youngest children, and then systematically massacred all males over the age of 15. The 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group". And that is what happened in Srebrenica, according to a report issued in 2004 by the Commission for Investigation of the Events in and around Srebrenica. Later that year, the government of Republika Srpska, an autonomous region within Bosnia and Herzegovina, issued an official apology. But on August 14, 2018, the National Assembly of Republika Srpska, headed by ultra-nationalist President Milorad Dodik, rejected the 2004 report, calling it biased and untrue, and claiming that many of the nearly 8,400 victims are still alive. “The Republika Srpska Government’s adoption of the 2004 report on the Srebrenica genocide was an important step in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s reconciliation and in facing the difficult facts of the past,” said State Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert in a written statement. “The August 14 session of the Republika Srpska National Assembly is a step in the wrong direction. Attempts to reject or amend the report on Srebrenica are part of wider efforts to revise the facts of the past war, to deny history, and to politicize tragedy. It is in the interest of the citizens of Republika Srpska to reverse the trend of revering convicted war criminals as heroes, and to ensure their crimes continue to be publicly rejected,” she said. “The United States remains fully committed to assisting authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the state, entity, and cantonal levels, to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for crimes against all ethnic groups. The denial of established facts of prior wars will in no way advance these objectives or assist the country’s citizens,” she said.“The United States continues to firmly support peace, stability, and reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.”

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A Cold Fusion explanation that seems workable and can be a base for theory that the layperson can grasp is making its way around the world. This writer is going to put it out here for your perusal. (Please see below video) The idea is that cold fusion is an act of an artificial stimulation of atoms into a state where these atoms can be induced to artificial “quantum transition” as they are squeezed tightly down to a 50 nanometer sized lattice type of structure. The atoms are deuterium and the lattice is the metal palladium. The size at 50 nanometers and the lattice are key. Too big, as well as getting too small of a lattice and the fusion event doesn’t occur. This requirement is a dead on matter that derailed the efforts to repeat the famed Fleischmann and Pons rediscovery – now more than 20 years ago. When an experimenter has the palladium lattice sized right, the cold fusion effect is predictable for success although other factors can derail an experiment. But now the know how is high enough that predictability is reliable. Next up is to stimulate the atom electrically, which looks sort of like an electroplate or water splitting experiment. Hold the criticism, the cold fusion experiment is quite simple, and isn’t much more complex in design than these two simple electrochemical demonstrations. The electrical stimulation has to come in at the atom’s resonant velocity – 1,094,000 meters a second some 2/137ths of the speed of light. What the evidence suggests is when the atoms are duly packed into the right sized lattice with the correct stimulation applied, the strong nuclear field which holds an atomic nucleus together slips out of alignment ready for a proton coming in, but in the palladium lattice what gets in is another nucleus slipping in – and a fusion event occurs. That’s a very simple explanation, but it is eminently something that can be visualized in the imagination by many people. For the cold fusion experiment to work the electrical stimulation frequency is also getting clarified. It seems that the successful experimenters use 14 megahertz. This fits well, in physics the relationship between 14 MH and the 50 nanometer size offers a workable way to explain what’s going on. Now its gets deep. Stay with me . . . One of the major mysteries for the layperson in quantum physics is the “Fine Structure Constant” and another is the “velocity of the quantum transition” noted above. The velocity of the quantum transition has been question in search of an answer for quite some time and having it known would solve a bunch of quantum mechanics questions. The Fine Structure Constant is unit-less because it is a ratio of velocities, and those velocities cancel. The ratio is the velocity of the quantum transition, which is the velocity of light within the electronic structure of the atom, to the velocity of light in the vacuum of space. The velocity of light in the vacuum of space is well known and the successful cold fusion researchers have happened on the velocity of light within the electronic structure of the atom – some 1,094,000 meters per second or 2/137ths of the speed of light out in a gravity free vacuum. The atom’s strong nuclear force that ties the nucleus together has been accurately stated as a barrier with the name the “coulomb barrier”. Getting past the coulomb barrier is much easier by understanding the atom and its nature than trying to strong arm it by brute force. Hot fusion scientists have been assaulting the coulomb barrier and failing at for decades. Other ideas such as Bussard’s IEC and Lerner’s Focus Fusion will likely gain some insight when the Fine Structure Constant ratio is considered in their experiments. The short list of the variables to get to reliable specifications for a cold fusion reactor includes: the palladium metallurgy, the D2O purity, the type of electrolyte and concentrations, the electrochemical cell design, the electrode arrangement, the type of calorimeter, proper scaling of the experiments, the handling of metals, the current densities used, the duration of the experiments, the optimal loading of deuterium into the palladium, the use of additives, and on and on. It’s still a long road. The list of variables listed here defies a single research group of gaining a full specification. It’s going to require a large set of groups and extensive coordination or incredible serendipity. Cold fusion reactions as anomalies have been reported since 1927, when Swedish scientist J. Tandberg stated that he had fused hydrogen into helium in an electrolytic cell with palladium electrodes. Leveling all the horrifics at Fleischmann and Pons is simply indefatigable ignorance coupled with emotional immaturity. There is one more observation worth noting. Many of the deniers of cold fusion are the alarmists of global warming. Meanwhile around the world independent labs, serious sophisticated private researchers and even a smattering of high school students have managed to get reactors going such that a first reactor specification looks probable in the foreseeable future. Getting there will require funding and serious organization. But the payoff, now well understood is a turning point in human history. By. Brian Westenhaus

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Shelby Rice, Taylor Novak, Alexis Thieman, and Bailey Honeywell Most the United States have not passed laws to protect the LGBT community from discrimination in the workplace. Barack Obama signed an Executive Order on July 21st, 2014 that prohibits federal contractors from employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. This order bans employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identification for federal contractors but does not ban discrimination for all companies nationally (Pizer, Sears, et al.). Some states have passed laws to protect the LGBT community from discrimination in the workplace, but Nebraska is not one of them. The state of Nebraska came to an overwhelming consensus to reject a bill that would add the LGBT community as a minority, protecting them from discrimination. Even though Nebraska as a state rejected the bill, Omaha passed a law to include sexual orientation and gender identity in the nondiscrimination statement. The Omaha law requires companies to include these categories in the nondiscrimination statement, but does not require companies to extend benefits to the spouse of the same-sex couple. The information will be gathered from looking at the websites and policies of different Omaha based employers. This study is going to examine the policies of different employers in Omaha, looking to see if they incorporate the LGBT community in their nondiscriminatory policies. The analysis began by searching the websites of the top employers in Omaha for their nondiscrimination statements. The companies researched were: Methodist Health Systems, Union Pacific, Walmart, ConAgra Foods, and Omaha Public Schools. After finding that every company included sexual orientation and gender identity in their nondiscrimination statements, it was found on Omaha’s website that Omaha has a law in place requiring all companies to include those minorities. The focus of the project was then redirected to the benefits offered by the company, and if they are extended to the spouse of same-sex relationships. The benefits were found on the websites of each company, but a phone call had to be made to each of the companies to find out if the benefits were extended to the same-sex spouse. After collecting the data, trends were searched for in the information on each company’s website. Several themes emerged while interpreting the data. The themes are: Religion is incorporate in the company’s values, benefits are extended to same-sex spouses, variety of inclusiveness of categories in the nondiscrimination statement, visuals of their participation in the LGBT community, webpage devoted to nondiscrimination statements, and nondiscrimination statement is incorporated into a larger policy spectrum. Findings and Analysis After interpreting the data, it was found that each company extended the benefits to same-sex spouses. Figure 1 shows a pie chart of the data. This figure demonstrates that 100% of the studied companies extended benefits to the same-sex spouse and 0% did not extend benefits. This is controversial because Nebraska doesn’t recognize same sex marriages, but all the studied companies extended benefits to the same sex spouse so long as they were in a common-law marriage. Omaha is a very inclusive city and overall a very good place for the LGBT community to work and feel comfortable. The first theme that emerged is: Religion is incorporated in the company’s values. Methodist Health Systems (MHS) was the only company researched that had religion incorporated in their values. This was an important aspect of the company because some religions do not support the LGBT community, so if a company is religious it is unlikely that they will support the LGBT community as much as other companies do. MHS did in fact support the LGBT community like the other companies by including them in the nondiscrimination statement and extending benefits to the same-sex spouse. The article, “‘Out’ at Work: The Relation of Actor and Partner Workplace Policy and Internalized Homophobia to Disclosure Status” discusses what effect it can have on a same sex couple if their workplaces have different policies in place. For example, if one spouse’s work protects the LGBT community from discrimination and encourages them to express themselves but the other spouse’s work does not (a potentially religious company), it could get the other spouse into some unfavorable situations such as harassment, discrimination, and loss of their job. This would make it a difficult decision for the couple because if one spouse discloses the information that they are LGBT, the other spouse would be exposed and if their employer is not supportive – because of religion or other reasons – it could cause some issues. It could also cause issues if one spouse has not completely overcome the homophobia in the social environment and/or the homophobia incorporated into views of thyself. It would cause controversy and require compromising of the couple if one spouse is not mentally prepared to come “out” to the public but the other spouse wants to disclose the fact that they are a couple and are LGBT (Rostosky and Riggle). Extension of Benefits The second theme states: Benefits are extended to same-sex spouses. After calling each company because this policy was not stated on their website, the results showed that the five chosen companies all extended benefits to the same-sex spouse. For Nebraska, this is controversial because same-sex marriage is not honored in the state. The companies recognized this and still extend the benefits to the spouse if they are in a common-law marriage. The article, “In Good Companies” talks about how in 2004 the progression of gays in the workplace is significantly higher than the progress in 2003. The progress made discussed how companies are expanding their nondiscrimination policies and how benefits are beginning to be provided to the domestic partners of gay and lesbian employees the same they do to straight spouses. It has been over a decade since this study was done, which is a lot of time for progress (Henneman). Progress is seen in Omaha in the extension of benefits to the same sex spouse because the law does not require benefits to be provided, but 100% of the largest Omaha companies chosen extend the benefits regardless. This article connects to the theme because it measures progress by the LGBT community in the workplace by identifying if benefits are provided to the same sex spouse or not. Since 100% of the chosen Omaha companies extend benefits, it is safe to assume that the LGBT community is making significant progress in the workplace and are closer to equality than ever before. Variety of Inclusiveness The third theme is: Variety of inclusiveness of categories in the nondiscrimination statement. Each company included different categories in their nondiscrimination statement, some including more and some including less. “Gender Identity Issues and Workplace Discrimination: The Transgender Experience” is an article that talks about how transgender individuals feel in their work environment. Since over half of the United States does not require companies to include sexual orientation and gender identity in their nondiscrimination statements, many transgender individuals were concerned about losing their jobs when they came “out” to the upper management. Not only do they have to worry about losing their jobs, but they also worry about the discrimination that comes from their coworkers and the upper management, since they are not legally protected from that. This applies to the study being done because currently over half of the country does not protect the LGBT community from discrimination in the workplace, so the variety of inclusiveness of categories in the nondiscrimination statement would be less in those states. In Nebraska, it is not required to include the LGBT community but in Omaha it is. Other cities in different states may also be in the same situation. The variety of inclusiveness would be less because sexual orientation and gender identity would not be included in the nondiscrimination statements. (Dietert and Dentice). Safe Work Environment The fourth theme is: Promotion of a safe and inclusive work environment. Of the companies studies, three did not highly promote the LGBT inclusiveness nor a safe and inviting work environment. However, Walmart had a webpage where they included examples of how their workplace is safe for all people and they want the individual to express themselves. Walmart had a page dedicated to the LGBT community, which stated that discrimination against the community was prohibited. Union Pacific had a webpage where they stated they are the best place for the LGBT community to work, implying they have an open work environment and invite individuals to express themselves. The other 3 companies studied did not include a webpage like this. “Outing the Discrimination Towards LGBT People During the Hiring Process: What About Their Well-being” applies to this theme because it discusses how the discrimination during the hiring process affects the applicant’s psychological well-being. The study found there is a link between discrimination and a declination in psychological well-being. Several individuals stated they only came out to certain individuals in the workplace, some including the upper management. It was a risk because they could potentially lose their job, but also because of the discrimination and harassment they could encounter after coming out. Even the different treatment while joking around makes the individuals feel discriminated against, such as stopping mid-joke because the individual is in the room. When the individuals experienced discrimination, their psychological well-being decreased, which shows that when the work environment isn’t safe and inviting the individuals suffer from it. Some individuals in the study felt the need to quit their job due to the discrimination in the workplace after coming out. The study stated that 21% of the individuals interviewed had been harassed during their hiring process due to being LGBT. Another aspect the article discussed was the pay difference between LGBT and straight individuals. If the upper management discovers the individual is LGBT, they won’t get paid as much as if they were perceived as straight (Luiggi- Hernández, Torres, et al.). “Workplace Support, Discrimination, and Person-Organization Fit: Tests of the Theory of Work Adjustment with LGB Individuals” also applies to this theme because it assessed the frequency of workplace heterosexist discrimination. They asked if an individual had been in a situation where their supervisors or co-workers discriminated against them. The discrimination can include telling jokes about the LGB community. There was also a study done on the supportiveness in the workplace. It was hypothesized that a workplace with heterosexist discrimination is negatively linked to job satisfaction, and a LGB-supportive workplace has a positive link to job satisfaction. These hypotheses were supported by the results of the study, showing that a LGB-supportive workplace has higher job satisfaction than a workplace with heterosexist discrimination. This means that the individuals are happier in their workplace and feel safer going to work every day when they are supported (Velez and Moradi). Transformative Learning is being used in workplaces to help continue Sexual Identity Development in the workplace. The article, “A Transformative Learning Perspective of Continuing Sexual Identity Development in the Workplace” discusses what transformative learning is and how it is useful in the workplace. It helps co-workers understand how an LGBTQ adult copes with difficult topics such as politics and religion, and separating the effects of those topics on their personal lives from their professional lives. This type of learning focused on the cognitive process adults experience as the examine their values, beliefs, and assumptions that they may have never considered. It addresses the adult’s frame of reference. This learning style offers the time for an adult to reflect on their experiences and self-understanding framework. Adults will the experience change from the inside out. This is done through reflection on oneself, learning about all the terms that define someone, and action. The idea behind this exercise is for all adults to understand, recognize and appreciate the journey it takes for those who are members of the LGBT community to come to self-peace. The training then leads to the coworkers understanding the LGBTQ does exist and how to be aware of the individual’s feelings and understandings. It also gives them tools on how to handle learning about someone’s identity or orientation. Individuals are also taught about the process of coming out to oneself, this might include all the feelings one might feel in the beginning and how to deal with those feelings and sort through them. Then finally, they talk about what it takes for an individual to come out to others and all the obstacles they may continue to face once they have come out (King and Biro). Union Pacific does training for all team members on how to be conscious and aware of how to state and say specific things to others. They hire team members on the potential they seem in them and the new hirer’s ability to better the company. Union Pacific wants members on their team for their abilities. This means that everyone needs to be trained on hot topics, such as the LGBT community, because losing a member due to discrimination or comments that are said is a very sad loss for the company, as it is something that could and should been prevented (King and Biro). This applies to the fourth theme of creating a safe and inviting work environment because it is teaching the employees that it is important to be aware of other individual’s feelings, thus creating a safe environment for the not only the LGBT community, but for everyone. When individuals are aware of their coworker’s feelings and take them into consideration, it will likely make the LGBT individuals feel more safe to come out and express themselves in the workplace without being discriminated against. “Evidence of Persistent and Pervasive Workplace Discrimination Against LGBT People: The Need for Federal Legislation Prohibiting Discrimination and Providing for Equal Employment Benefits” also applies to theme 4 because it talks about a study done on discrimination in the workplace. A survey was conducted showing that even with the laws in place, discrimination towards the LGBT community is still occurring. The research also supported that discrimination is higher in states that don’t have laws in place protecting the LGBT community from discrimination. Many people choose to hide that they are LGBT to prevent discrimination towards them, which shouldn’t have to happen. This ties back to theme 4 because it shows that a lot of companies still allow discrimination of the LGBT community, and don’t provide a safe and inviting work environment. A work environment is safe, open, and inviting if the employees feel they can express themselves without the chance of discrimination (Pizer, Sears, et al.). The fifth and sixth themes arose from looking at each individual company’s website. Something that stood out was whether the company had a webpage devoted solely to the nondiscrimination statement, or whether they chose to include the nondiscrimination information on a larger web page. The article, “In Good Companies” by Todd Henneman explains that many companies talk about having a diverse work environment but don’t necessarily practice it. A study was conducted to depict 10 good places for LGBT individuals to work based upon information provided by the companies, insight from employees, and research published in the Human Rights Campaign’s 2004 Corporate Equality Index, which takes 379 companies and ranks them on a scale of 0-100. The list of companies is not the top 10 best places to work, but rather 10 places that have enlightened the workplace practices and protections. This would also connect to theme 4 because it is discussing the workplace environment and practices, and how the LGBT community is making progress in the workplace in terms of protection and nondiscrimination. As the data was analyzed, it was noticed that the LGBT community has continued to make significant progress in the workplace since the last study was done a year prior. It was found that several companies expanded their nondiscrimination policies, which connects to the fifth and sixth themes by the variety of inclusiveness in the nondiscrimination statements. If progress is being made and companies are expanding their nondiscrimination policies, there will likely be a webpage devoted solely to either the LGBT community or to the company’s nondiscrimination statement if there isn’t a webpage already devoted (Henneman). Additionally, “‘Out’ at Work: The Relation of Actor and Partner Workplace Policy and Internalized Homophobia to Disclosure Status.” speaks on the topic of “coming out” in the workplace. The article explains that people within the LGBT community are more likely to “come out” if they feel supported in the workplace, and that having workplace policies that are supportive of the LGBT community have positive impacts on both the employer and the employees. The emotional advantages of having policies that are supportive of the LGBT community are very apparent. If a person feels more comfortable being themself in their work environment, they will be able to put more effort into their actual job. Nondiscrimination policies indicate that a company is trying to normalize the workplace. If a company includes more information other than the normal nondiscrimination statement, that is going to tell their prospective future employee, or even a customer that they are putting in large efforts to make their company more accepting of the LGBT community, which in-turn makes for happier employees as well as happier customers in some cases (Rostosky and Riggle). When looking at the top five companies that were chosen for the current study, Omaha Public Schools had a plain webpage that was solely devoted to their nondiscrimination statement. MHS’s web page was dedicated to informing the public about the Methodist Hospitals as well as offering more information about the hospitals and affiliations. MHS also included a handbook that was dedicated to informing the future employee of certain procedures. Union Pacific included their nondiscrimination statement alongside their diversity training, policy and practices, and a portion on harassment. Walmart’s web page was perhaps a dream for the LGBT community. Their nondiscrimination statement is included along with an entire page dedicated to explaining how Walmart includes everyone and invites all individuals to express themselves. The LGBT community has their own category and their own section about the participation in the LGBT community. It was included that some Walmart stores lead certain pride events around the nation, as well as mentioning a man who organized Walmart to be awarded an honor for being the largest pride parade contingent. The webpage also includes many statements from Walmart store leaders on LGBT issues. ConAgra Foods is a tricky webpage to write conclusions upon. At the beginning of the project, ConAgra had a huge webpage devoted to the LGBT community. It explained how their company was one of the biggest leaders in the nation when it came to the LGBT community. The website explained that they participate in pride festivals, as well as how they have an LGBT network within their workplace. The old website included the quote, “We are the only large employer in Omaha that has a company-sponsored ERN for LGBT employees. Because of this, more employees feel comfortable being able to “be themselves” at work. In addition to our LGBT employees, our allies also feel comfortable participating in our events.” Additionally, it included that it was voted one of the best places to work for the LGBT community by the Equality Human Rights Campaign Foundation in 2010 for the third consecutive year. ConAgra has since then redone their website, and includes different information along with their nondiscrimination statement. They include a list of their ERN groups, which includes the ConAgra Asian Network, ConAgra Black Employees Network, ConAgra Illuminations- LGBT Employees and Allies, ConAgra Latino Network, ConAgra Veterans Network, ConAgra Women’s Network, and ConAgra Young Professionals Network. Although their “revamped” webpage includes significantly less amount of information on their involvement with the LGBT community, it still includes that the company has an LGBT network, it just doesn’t go into the community involvement aspect of it. Even though the state of Nebraska rejected the bill to protect the LGBT community from discrimination in the workplace, the city of Omaha passed a bill to protect those minorities. The Omaha law does not require employers to provide benefits to the spouse of a same sex marriage, but of the companies chosen to research, 100% of them extended benefits regardless of the Omaha law and if the company was affiliated with a religion. Overall, this shows that Omaha is an inviting and accepting city to the LGBT community despite the laws of the state. From here, researchers could take the project to a larger scale and explore the benefit extensions of all companies in Omaha. Dietert, Michelle, and Dianne Dentice. “Gender Identity Issues and Workplace Discrimination: The Transgender Experience.” Journal of Workplace Rights, vol. 14, no. 1, 2009, pp. 21-140. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.2190/WR.14.1.g. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. Luiggi-Hernández, José Giovanni, et al. “Outing the Discrimination Towards LGBT People During the Hiring Process: What About Their Well-being?” Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, vol. 26, no. 2, 2015, pp. 194-213. Academic Search Complete, http://search.ebscohost.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=117451503&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. Henneman, Todd. “In Good Companies.” Advocate, no. 924, 2004, pp. 38-44. Academic Search Complete, http://search.ebscohost.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=14832095&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. King, Kathleen P., and Susan C. Biro. “A Transformative Learning Perspective of Continuing Sexual Identity Development in the Workplace.” New Directions for Adults and Continuing Education, no. 112, 2006, pp. 17-27. Academic Search Complete, http://search.ebscohost.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24312694&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. Pizer, Jennifer C., et al. “Evidence of Persistent and Pervasive Workplace Discrimination Against LGBT People: The Need for Federal Legislation Prohibiting Discrimination and Providing for Equal Employment Benefits.” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, vol. 45, no. 3, 2012, pp. 715-779. Academic Search Complete, http://search.ebscohost.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=76923433&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. Rostosky, Sharon S., and Ellen B. Riggle. “‘Out at Work: The Relation of Actor and Partner Workplace Policy and Internalized Homophobia to Disclosure Status.” Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 49, no. 4, 2002, pp. 411-419. Academic Search Complete, http://search.ebscohost.com.leo.lib.unomaha.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=8781440&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. Velez, Brandon L., and Bonnie Moradi. “Workplace Support, Discrimination, and Person- Organization Fit: Tests of the Theory of Work Adjustment with LGB Individuals.” Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 59, no. 3, 2012, pp. 399-407. Academic Search Complete, doi:10.1037/a0028326. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016.

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Next week it will be Easter and the Spring equinox! This week let`s look at how Chinese people celebrate this worldwide known holiday. In China, Easter is only a special holiday for the Catholics, Orthodox and most established Christian churches. Millions of Christians celebrate in some fashion. And even beyond the religious implications, Easter has much significance in the Chinese culture. For them, Easter is an onset of spring which is celebrated on the spring equinox. Eggs, rabbits, and baby chicks form the symbols of the spring festival (Easter) in China which is quite similar to the traditions of Western countries. How people celebrate Easter varies widely. For Christians, the point of Easter is to commemorate Christ’s resurrection from the dead three days after crucifixion. Some of the established churches with buildings treat it like a mini Chinese New Year complete with red paper slogans called chūnlián (春联) on the church building and in the homes, special bands or music, and special decorations. For many people, especially for children, eating and painting Easter eggs (复活节彩色蛋, Fuhuojie caisedan) is the most important and fun custom on Easter Sunday. Among Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox around Russian influenced Heilongjiang Province, making, painting, and decorating Easter eggs is a special custom. Easter is one of the most important festivals for Russian Orthodox, and it is believed in Russia that Easter eggs means new life. The Russians and Chinese Orthodox love this custom. You might see pictures of a Chinese-looking Jesus painted on the eggs! These eggs are painted in a unique way by first draining them and then finely painting with intricate images of depicting women, sceneries, and other beautiful designs. Jade and woods are smoothed and carved into shapes of eggs to symbolize the “dragon egg”. All these are then given as gifts in wishes of growth and many children. You can always celebrate Easter with a fantastic meal with your family, preferably at Parkside Restaurant! Check our menu and order in or book a table and come by!

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On 30 April 1945, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. The following day, his propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels also killed himself and the crumbling Third Reich passed to Admiral Karl Dönitz. The Nazis' position seemed hopeless. Yet remarkably, the war in the rest of Europe went on for another ten days. After Hitler looks at these days as a narrative day-by-day countdown but also as a broader global history of a European war that had seen some of the most savage battles in history. Relations between the 'Big Three' - the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union - suddenly plunged to near breaking point. This book reveals that tumultuous story. After Hitler also looks at the wider canvas of the war and the terrible humanitarian catastrophe uncovered in Europe. It describes those who felt the joy of freedom, but also those who faced a highly uncertain future. As Red Army soldiers joined forces with their British and American allies, Stalin's East finally came face to face with Churchill's and Truman's West. After Hitler tells of their growing mistrust, but also of moments of remarkable goodwill and co-operation - the brief but poignant hope that these great nations could together fashion a new and safer future. This is a fascinating exploration of the brief but crucial period that shaped the emerging post-war world.

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Trauma – Informed Yoga and Mindfulness What is Trauma Informed Yoga? Yoga comes from the Sanskrit root meaning “to yoke” or “to join.” Yoga is not a religion. It is a physical practice derived from Hindu spiritual traditions. The practice of yoga includes breath awareness, simple meditation and specific body postures. Trauma-informed yoga is the physical practice of yoga postures, meditation and breath awareness that have been informed by trauma recovery and attachment theories, neuroscience and Hatha yoga. Trauma-informed yoga is expertly designed to aid the recovery of those who have experienced complex trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Art to Healing’s trauma informed yoga approach draws also from Somatic ExperiencingTM, The Polyvagal Theory & Neurosequential Model of therapeutics (NMT). “The memory of trauma is imprinted on the human organism… I don’t think you can overcome it unless you learn to have a friendly relationship with your body” - Bessel van der Kolk What is Mindfulness? Mindfulness is the act of focusing and paying attention to the present moment. It can involve sitting down and focusing on a single thought or object or moving (i.e., walking or dancing) and paying attention to sights, sounds and the sensations within the body. The aim of mindfulness is to simply observe or witness sensations and experiences as they happen, without judgement or criticism. At Art to Healing, mindfulness is used to help women and girls to direct their attention to feelings and sensations as they happen in moment. The practice of mindfulness helps women and young girls who have experienced debilitating trauma to observe and connect to the sensations and feelings arising in their bodies. For many women and young girls who have been sexually abused and subjected to violence, their ability to feel sensations within their bodies has been lost. Mindfulness helps to re-train the brain to witness what is happening within the body, re-connect to sensations and subtle movements and to develop vital self-compassion. “Mindfulness not only makes it possible to survey our internal landscape with compassion and curiosity but can also actively steer us in the right direction for self-care.” ― Bessel A. van der Kolk Why Trauma-Informed Yoga & Mindfulness? Trauma is both biological and physiological. Trauma affects the body in complex ways. For women and girls that have been raped, tortured and sexually abused, it is simply unsafe for them to feel the sensations within their bodies. It is unsafe for them to truly be in their bodies. When the body cannot be inhabited, women and girls find it extremely difficult to heal the wounds of sexual abuse. In healing trauma, it is vital to address the sensations within the body and to help women and girls to reconnect with their bodies in a safe and gentle way. Trauma-informed yoga, together with mindfulness are tremendously effective in supporting women and girls to safely reconnect with their bodies. As we bring attention to the body and work towards healing it through yoga and mindfulness, the healing of the mind and opening of the heart swiftly follow. “Yoga has helped me to increase my self-care. Before practicing yoga, I was not connected to my body, and the idea of caring for myself. After participating in Art to Healing yoga programs, I have realised that I am also worthy of care and love from myself.” – Manju B.K, Nepal, Art to Healing participant The combination of mindfulness based practices and trauma-informed yoga help women and girls severely impacted by sexual abuse to: - Calm their nervous system and reduce debilitating stress and anxiety - Re-awaken to subtle physical sensations - Become fully present to the here and now - Practice developing mastery and making powerful choices - Create healthy, safe boundaries - Connect to their unique strengths and inner resources - Develop a trusting relationship and direct relationship with their feelings and instincts “Trauma victims cannot recover until they become familiar with and befriend the sensations in their bodies: The past is alive in the form of gnawing interior discomfort. Physical self-awareness is the first step in releasing the tyranny of the past.” ― Bessel A. van der Kolk

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What Is Coluracetam? Coluracetam is a new and unique member of the racetam class of synthetic nootropics. Originally developed as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and later considered as a treatment for depression and anxiety, coluracetam has become a popular nootropic known for improving mood, increasing motivation, and enhancing vision. Coluracetam was first synthesized in 2005 by Japan’s Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation as an Alzheimer’s disease treatment. After disappointing clinical trials, coluracetam was licensed to US biotechnology firm BrainCells Inc., which started testing the compound as a treatment for depression and anxiety. Though initial test results were positive and suggested that further study of coluracetam would be worthwhile, development was discontinued and BrainCells, Inc. closed in 2014. Coluracetam has been available for licensing since 2012. Coluracetam acts primarily as a choline uptake enhancer that selectively affects memory function. It specifically enhances high-affinity choline uptake, increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by providing more of the choline from which it is made. Since acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter most closely associated with memory and cognition, it is believed that this function is the primary source of coluracetam’s nootropic capabilities. Coluracetam is particularly potent and requires a much smaller dose than other racetam class nootropics. It’s fast-acting, reaching high levels in plasma within 30 minutes of ingestion, but within three hours levels are in decline. Coluracetam is unregulated in the US and is sold as a dietary supplement, but its legal status varies from country to country. In Canada and the UK, it cannot be legally sold except by prescription, but it can be legally imported and possessed. Benefits and Effects of Coluracetam There have been few documented human studies on coluracetam, so most of the information available is based on animal testing. However, research results, in combination with self-reports from users, suggests that coluracetam may provide a variety of both cognitive and physical/sensory benefits. Memory and Learning Coluracetam has been shown to improve cognitive function and memory in rats, and in theory, similar results may translate to humans. In a 2010 animal study, coluracetam improved artificially-induced memory deficits without producing any significant side effects. The positive results were still apparent three days after the last dose, even though the serum concentration of coluracetam was negligible. Some users say coluracetam dramatically improves short-term memory and free recall, increases memorization and recall abilities and enhances reading comprehension, and increases thought and learning speed and information retention. Depression and Anxiety The Phase 2a clinical trial of coluracetam suggested that it may be effective for treatment-resistant patients with both depression and anxiety. The six-week placebo-controlled study, which was one of the few coluracetam tests involving humans, determined that a dosage of 240 mg (split into three daily doses of 80 mg) was useful in treating major depressive disorder (MDD) with co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). At the end of the test period, the overall treatment group and the placebo group scored similarly on scales for depression and anxiety, but there was a measurable improvement in the subset of treatment group participants who had both MDD and GAD, and who had previously failed an average of two antidepressants. User reports on coluracetam’s effect on anxiety and depression vary considerably, with some saying it alleviates both and is a potent and reliable mood booster, while others say it can actually trigger depression and anxiety. Coluracetam’s effect on vision is frequently reported by users, who say it enhances color vision, shape recognition, and optical vividness. Some users describe the effect as “HD vision” while others say it makes lights brighter and intensifies contrast. Though enhanced vision is one of the most commonly reported benefits of coluracetam, there is no conclusive scientific evidence to explain or confirm this effect. How It Works Like most racetam compounds, coluracetam works mainly by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is strongly associated with learning, memory, and cognition. The means by which coluracetam modulates acetylcholine levels is unique, however; while racetams typically trigger acetylcholine production by stimulating the appropriate receptors, coluracetam does so by enhancing high-affinity choline uptake, or HACU. The HACU system determines the rate at which choline is drawn into neurons for conversion into acetylcholine. By increasing the rate at which choline is drawn into nerve cells, coluracetam promotes the production of acetylcholine and causes brain levels of this crucial neurotransmitter to rise. It has also been shown to create an increase in the high-affinity choline transporter molecule CHT1, which leads to the rapid availability of choline for uptake. Together these actions lead to higher levels of acetylcholine, which are associated with enhanced cognition and memory. Most of the research on coluracetam was done on animals rather than humans, so there are no universally accepted dosing guidelines. The active dosage range is generally described as 5–20 mg, though users report a wide range of doses taken both orally and sublingually. Many users note that tolerance may develop quickly, but there is no research data on that aspect of coluracetam. As is true with all nootropics, it’s generally best to begin dosing at the lower end of the range to determine your reaction to the substance and increase as necessary. None of the animal or human studies on coluracetam documented any side effects. The lack of adverse side effects was considered one of the most notable aspects of the animal study in which coluracetam was shown to offset artificially induced memory deficits in rats. The most commonly reported side effect associated with racetam class nootropics is headache, which can often be eliminated by taking additional choline. Coluracetam users have also reported intermittent nausea and daytime sleepiness as negative side effects, both of which were lessened by reducing dosage. Like most racetams, coluracetam stacks well with a choline source, such as alpha GPC, for added memory and cognitive benefits. The recommended doses for supplemental choline is 300–600 mg daily if you’re stacking with alpha GPC and 250–750 mg daily if you’re using CDP choline. Where to Buy Coluracetam is only available at certain online specialty vendors. We recommend PureNootropics.net as your source for coluracetam or any other nootropics you would like to buy. Coluracetam is one of the newer and less familiar members of the racetam class of nootropics, but it’s a favorite with many users. It increases levels of the “learning neurotransmitter” acetylcholine, which may boost cognition, and animal studies show that it can offset memory deficits without significant side effects. Though there’s little documented human research on coluracetam, the studies that exist indicate that it may be a valuable treatment for anxiety and depression. Many users count on it as a reliable mood lifter and memory enhancer that gives them better focus and concentration, and others say it gives them the equivalent of “HD vision,” making colors brighter, contrast more intense, and lights more radiant. Coluracetam is a potent compound, so dosage amounts are low, and it’s known to be fast acting. It’s sold as a dietary supplement in the US and can be legally imported into Canada and the UK in small amounts. There’s still much to be learned about coluracetam, but it appears to be safe for most users when taken responsibly. If you’re interested in adding something new and different to your nootropic stack, coluracetam could be one to consider. References [ + ] Planning to start a new supplementation regimen? See our medical disclaimer. This page was last updated on April 8, 2019.

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Following recent declines in monarch butterfly populations, the Keystone Policy Center brought together a diverse group of committed stakeholders, including scientists, conservationists, farmers, and the private sector, to find collaborative solutions to strengthen monarch populations and habitat. The Collaborative’s initial conversations, held in spring of 2015, have led to ongoing efforts to develop collaborative strategies to promote and implement actions that will support monarchs in agricultural landscapes. In May 2018, the Collaborative and the Honey Bee Health Coalition jointly submitted recommendations for enhancing honey bee, monarch butterfly, and pollinator habitat and forage to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Monarch populations have declined over the past two decades. Because they face serious challenges today, The Monarch Collaborative is working to identify how partnerships in the farming and ranching community can support and enhance habitat for a sustainable monarch population. Who We Are The Monarch Collaborative consists of national organizations representing farmers, ranchers, and land owners; businesses working along the agricultural supply chain; researchers and academic institutions; federal and state entities; and conservation organizations. Because farmers and ranchers are stewards of the land across much of monarch habitat, they are in a unique position to support sustainable monarch populations. Farmers, ranchers, and landowners already are engaged in conservation initiatives focused on water quality, erosion control, wildlife, and pollinator habitat. These efforts demonstrate that continuing innovation in agricultural practices can reduce environmental impacts, increase crop productivity, and be compatible with monarch conservation efforts. We support productive agriculture and livestock operations in concert with monarch conservation. An increase in milkweed and nectar plants appropriately placed in rural areas can benefit monarchs without inhibiting production. We are committed to making progress through voluntary efforts to restore, enhance, and protect monarch habitat while maintaining producers’ flexibility in their operations. The Collaborative is utilizing the expertise and experience of its members to: - Identify agricultural and conservation practices to support healthy monarch populations. - Increase awareness of those strategies with the agricultural community and other interested parties. - Promote the implementation of practices that will support monarch butterfly populations in agricultural landscapes. Why Our Work Matters Reversing this trend will require coordinated, collaborative efforts. Engaging in voluntary habitat conservation can be a win-win for all involved, and help ensure productive lands and resilient monarch populations endure for future generations.

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Rwanda is the second global biggest mover of change in improving children’s lives over the last two decades, according to a new report by Save the Children. Launched last week, the 2019 Global Childhood Report also named Rwanda as the country that made the most gains in the region in improving children’s lives. It says the country reduced under-5 mortality by 79 per cent since 2000, an achievement the report largely attributes to major health sector reforms, investments in health workforce, increased immunisation coverage, and increased exclusive breastfeeding. The report evaluates 176 countries across the globe on their ability to protect children ‘childhood enders’ – life-changing events like child marriage, early pregnancy, exclusion from education, sickness, malnutrition and violent deaths. Mothers and their children wait for vaccination at a clinic. Courtesy. “Many more children are in school and fewer children are married before age 18, with the out-of-school rate and child marriage rate both down by 60 percent. Rwanda also cut child labour, adolescent births and child homicides in half since 2000,” the report reads in part. Rwanda’s score rose 241 points, from 503 in 2000 to 744 in Save the Children’s “End of Childhood”, with the report indicating that the central African nation “improved on most indicators” 25 years after the Genocide against the Tutsi. Sierra Leone made the most dramatic progress globally, registering a 99 per cent reduction in the number of people forcibly displaced from home, with 1 in every 5 people displaced in 2000, compared to 1 in 700 today, the report adds. Ethiopia and Niger also made significant progress globally, with the report citing “political choices” as the single most important factor behind the successes in the four African countries. Globally, Singapore topped the rankings as the country that best protects and provides for its children, with eight Western European countries and South Korea completing the top 10. Rwanda is among the four countries in East and Southern Africa, – alongside Ethiopia, Angola and Zambia – that increased their index scores by 200 points, representing substantial improvements for children over the past 20 years, the report shows. But how did Kigali turn things around to become one of the most child-friendly countries on the continent? According to findings from the 2015 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS), the infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in the country had been declining significantly for the previous 15 years. Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is defined as the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births, while infant mortality rate (IMR) is probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. In 2000 alone, as many as 107 infants (IMR) and 196 children under the age of five (U5MR) died in Rwanda, official figures indicated. However, by 2014/15, these numbers had significantly plummeted, with IMR falling to 32 and U5MR to 50. Crucially, the study showed that the country had consistently been making progress over the years. For instance, in 2002 /03, IMR stood at 96 and U5MR at 173, with the mortality rates reducing in 2005 to 86 (IMR) and 152 (U5MR). In 2007 /08, the country covered more ground, with infant mortality rate reducing to 62 deaths and U-5 mortality rate to 103, before further progress was registered by 2010 when 50 and 76 deaths (for IMR and U5MR, respectively), were recorded. Beyond the numbers But what’s behind these numbers? This progress is in large part a result of a myriad of interventions and philosophy that drive public service delivery in the country, according to Dr Felix Sayinzoga, the division manager of maternal, clinic and community health at Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC). He cited a comprehensive policy approach that combines adolescent, maternal and child health which has been elaborated to ensure a continuum of care; starting from preconception period through five years of life. “A specific strategic plan for child survival was elaborated and the top killer diseases identified and targeted in what we call integrated management of childhood illness,” he told this newspaper. He cited diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria. In addition, Sayinzoga said, a community health programme, was rolled out and has resulted into the deployment of community health workers that have played a major role in improving the lives of infants, children, mothers and children at the grassroots level. There are four Community Health Workers (CHWs) in each village, the smallest administrative unit in the country. Two of these CHWs are in charge of treating under five children, specifically targeting the three killer diseases. To protect children from the three killer diseases, Sayinzoga said Rwanda became the first country in Africa to introduce both vaccines against rotavirus (which causes many of the diarrhea cases) and the pneumococcal vaccine against pneumonia. He said that a big proportion of under-five deaths occurs in the first days of life – known as the neonatal period – and the Government has rolled out several initiatives designed for that group of children. In addition, a neonatology unit has been established in all health centres to extend specialised care to newborns, such as Kangaroo mother care for babies born prematurely. Another initiative that has been commended for improving the health of infant is ‘Baby-to-Breathe’, which targets newborns in their first minute of life. “All health providers in maternity wards can help a baby to breathe and this has helped in avoiding preventable deaths,” said Dr Sayinzoga. All the while, he said, “all under-5 deaths are subject to clinical audits and this has been key to avoiding similar deaths in the future and inform next interventions.” A network of health care providers involved with neonatology, pediatric and maternity services, as well as professional associations such as Rwanda Midwives Association, Rwanda Pediatric Association and Rwanda Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians was also set up for continuous consultations and technical support.

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Seahorses in Ria Formosa, endangered? In 2002, the Ria Formosa was one of the places in the world with the highest density of seahorses, with an estimated population of two million. In 2008, only 300,000 were left. What happened to the Ria Formosa system in such a short time? Developed by the Research Group on Fisheries and Biology (CCMAR, the Algarve University) in partnership with Project Seahorse (University of British Columbia and Zoological Society London), is a project that aimed to determine the causes of the population’s decline and contribute to the preparation of a recovery plan and conservation of two seahorse’s species (Hippocampus hippocampus e Hippocampus guttulatus) in Ria Formosa. The results point to a cause-effect relationship between the boats traffic and the density of sehorses. This relationship does not exclude other factors, anthropogenic or not, related to density variations of seahorses.

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World Breastfeeding Week 2019 : Why it is important for every child? World Breastfeeding Week 2019 – It is every celebrated every year from 1 August to 7 August. This week is celebrated to raise awareness of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is important for both the mother and the child. It is crucial towards building mother-child bonding. Another biggest advantage of breastfeeding is it helps the child to get proper nutrition. Well, breastfeeding is equally important for moms. Here is a list of 5 health benefits of breastfeeding for new moms. Breastfeeding Week 2019 Theme Breastfeeding Week 2019 Theme is – ‘Empower Parents. Enable Breastfeeding’ Breastfeeding week is celebrated since 1990. An Innocenti Declaration was signed by the government, Policymakers, WHO, UNICEF, and other organisations to promote and protect, and support breastfeeding. According to the American Academy of Paediatrics and American College of Obstetricians, newborns should be breastfed for 6 months.It helps them to live a healthy life. Benefits of Breastfeeding for Mothers 1.It helps in burning calories Breastfeeding helps in burning calories. It can help you to shed some weight post-pregnancy. Weight loss post-pregnancy is a big task. You can’t shed without proper diet and exercise. But breastfeeding can help you a little. 2.Breastfeeding releases hormones oxytocin Breastfeeding releases hormones oxytocin, it helps the uterus to get back to its pre- pregnancy size. It also reduces uterine bleeding after pregnancy. 3.Helps you to bond better with your child It is an important step towards bonding with your child. Breastfeeding establishes that instant connection between the child and the mother. 4.Heals your body after delivery It helps in healing your body. It reduces post-pregnancy blood loss. Breastfeeding will your uterus return to its normal size quickly – at about six weeks of postpartum. And if you don’t breastfeed it could even stretch up to 10 weeks. 5.Lowers the Risk of Breast and ovarian cancer According to studies, women who breastfeed have a lower risk of cancer later in life. View this post on Instagram New dads & loved ones listen up! Its World Breast feeding week and this post is for you to know that you can be the biggest support and encouragement to a new mom! A mother may be depressed, lacking in confidence, worried, or stressed and it affects breastfeeding. These factors do not directly affect her milk production, but can interfere with the way in which she responds to her baby. This can result in the baby taking less milk, and failing to stimulate milk production. So be there for her . ❤️ Understanding the pressure on her physically and emotionally is the best thing you can do. Nothing like feeling loved at such an overwhelming time. 🙌🏻 . I would also like to give a shoutout to moms who have struggled with low milk production . This could happen due to a pathological reason including endocrine problems or a host of other factors .A few mothers have a physiological low breast-milk production, for no apparent reason, and production does not increase when the breastfeeding technique and pattern improve. There is no reason to shame them or make them feel any pressure in not being able to BF. we need to support all mothers and show love and respect 🍼. . #worldbreastfeedingweek2019 . @WABA_global @who @unicefindia Sameera Reddy’s Powerful Message on Breastfeeding Bollywood actress Sameera Reddy who has recently given birth to a baby girl has shared a powerful message. She has posted a picture with her baby Nyra and urged new dads to understand the emotional and physical of new moms. She said supporting her would be the best thing that every new dad will do to his wife. Note: The facts are generic and based on various studies. In case of any medical condition, visit your doctor Have a news story, an interesting write-up or simply a suggestion? Write to us at email@example.com

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From lobster claws and dog teeth to bee stings and snake fangs, every creature depends on a weapon. But some are armed to extremes that make no practical sense—whether it’s bull elks with giant 40-pound antler racks or tiny rhinoceros beetles with horns bigger than their body. What explains giant tusks, horns, and claws that can slow an animal down and even impair health and nutrition? NOVA investigates the riddle of outsize weaponry and uncovers a bold new theory about what triggers an animal arms race. In creatures as varied as dung beetles and saber-toothed tigers, shrimp and elephants, the same hidden factors trigger the race and, once started, these arms races unfold in exactly the same pattern. Join scientists as they crack the secret biological code that underlies nature’s battleground. More Ways to Watch Extreme Animal Weapons PBS Airdate: November 22, 2017 NARRATOR: Of the millions of species on Earth, only a few thousand are armed with something strange and special: huge weapons, growing from their bodies. DOUG EMLEN (University of Montana): Look at that set of antlers. Wow. NARRATOR: Antlers, horns and tusks, wielded in titanic battles against one another. What gives rise to these animal arms races? DOUG EMLEN: Wow. Look at that, out of nowhere. NARRATOR: How do some creatures develop these massive weapons? DOUG EMLEN: Why is it that this species gets sucked into an arms race and ends up with these huge weapons, and this species, which is otherwise incredibly biologically similar, does not? NARRATOR: What forces have driven animal weapons to evolve over millions of years? Are some weapons just for show? And can cheaters ever win at this evolutionary game? What are the secrets of Extreme Animal Weapons? Right now on NOVA. In Southwest Montana is a hall of wonders. DOUG EMLEN: Oh, my god. Wow, unbelievable! NARRATOR: It's a temple of bone, adorned with some of the most impressive antlers in the animal kingdom. DOUG EMLEN: Look at this. This is an antler from an elk, a bull elk from here in Montana. This is 20 pounds of bone. And they, of course, produce two of them, coming off the top of these animals' heads every year. Antlers are the fastest growing bones described from any living vertebrate. NARRATOR: Antlers are just one form of animal weapon. There are many others: horns, tusks, stings; nature's armory is diverse. Weapons can be used in attack or defense, and sometimes their purpose is a mystery. DOUG EMLEN: Almost any animal has a weapon of one sort or another. I mean, cats have claws, eagles have talons, even dogs have a respectable set of teeth, but those weapons stay small. NARRATOR: But sprinkled through the tree of life, there are species whose weapons are taken to an extreme. These have long fascinated biologist Doug Emlen. DOUG EMLEN: For me, I'm interested in the weapons of offense, weapons that are used in fighting and, in particular, the weapons that are big. NARRATOR: Why do some animals get drawn into an evolutionary arms race, with weapons getting bigger and bigger, while others do not? Right on his doorstep, in Montana, Doug can find one of the best examples of extreme animal weapons. DOUG EMLEN: Look at that guy. NARRATOR: Rancher Doug Averill keeps elk on his land. They are tagged so he can monitor them. DOUG AVERILL (Ranch Owner): Here comes another one. NARRATOR: Male elk use their antlers to control harems of females and fight off rivals every fall. The successful males get the most mating opportunities in the breeding season, known as the "rut." DOUG AVERILL: They're all going to size each other up here, when you get this many bulls together. This might get interesting. NARRATOR: Two bulls are approaching one another. DOUG AVERILL: This is pretty rare. I haven't seen this all summer. DOUG EMLEN: You can see they're totally locked together. NARRATOR: Elk rarely fight to the death, because the male with smaller antlers usually backs down. In this, case the bigger bull, on the right, has won. The loser still wants a fight… DOUG AVERILL: Got the temperament to be an aggressive bull down the road. NARRATOR: …and he charges Doug. DOUG EMLEN: Ha ha, that got my attention. NARRATOR: There is a downside to animal weapons like elk antlers. They require a huge biological investment. DOUG EMLEN: This is almost 20 pounds of bone. I mean, that would be like me producing another leg and wearing it around on my head. They'll shed this. They'll throw this away at the end of the season, and then they have to turn right around and start growing a whole, another one again. The only way they can grow a bone this big, this fast, is to shunt the calcium, shunt the minerals away from the rest of the bones in their body. So, they're literally pulling these things out of the rest of their skeleton and allocating it to the weapons. The biggest bulls and bucks have brittle bones at exactly the time of year when they're hurling themselves against each other in all-out battles. NARRATOR: Growing and maintaining a rack of antlers each year uses enormous amounts of energy. DOUG EMLEN: Often, by the end of the rut, bulls will have lost as much as a quarter of their body weight. They come out of that season starved and damaged, and they've only got a few short weeks to make up the calories that they've lost before winter, or they're not going to survive. NARRATOR: Elk need to stay strong. The weakest are the most likely to become prey. DOUG EMLEN: So, imagine the predators of these guys, something like a wolf. Wolves have to be fast, they have to be agile. Think about what would happen to a wolf if it had a set of antlers on the top of its head. A wolf that awkward wouldn't be fast enough to catch their prey; they wouldn't be able to turn quickly enough to catch their prey. But now, if you turn around and you look at the elk, well, it doesn't make sense there either. Considering what we know about the costs of these weapons, why would you ever want one? These structures are not helping the bulls survive. Across the animal kingdom there's a high price to being armed, and these armaments don't usually help animals live longer. NARRATOR: So what's the point of these extreme weapons? DOUG EMLEN: Survivorship isn't the only game in town, and in fact, when it comes to evolution, the thing that matters the most is reproduction. NARRATOR: Animals have a multitude of weird and wonderful traits that make them attractive to the opposite sex. The same evolutionary pressure that produces these characteristics is also behind many extreme weapons. It's known as sexual selection and elk bulls are a prime example. Bigger antlers help them win more battles and mate with more females, so the genes for the largest weapons are passed to the next generation. Research has shown that the biggest bulls sire the most offspring, over 80 percent of the time. This happens throughout the animal kingdom. Doug observed it while studying a creature much smaller than elk, but one that still wields an impressive armory. DOUG EMLEN: So, this is an example of a Japanese rhinoceros beetle. And, in this particular species, the males have a horn that's like a pitchfork, that sticks forward from the front of their heads. And in some of the specimens, these pitchforks can be almost as long as the whole rest of the body. This might look small, relative to an elk, but I assure you, as far as insects are concerned, this is big, every bit as impressive…it can be 30 percent of their body weight. That is literally like you or me wearing a coffee table around on the tops of our heads. NARRATOR: There are hundreds of thousands of different beetle species, but only a small fraction carry extreme weapons. Why do these few enter into an arms race? DOUG EMLEN: So, there's an animal with an incredible weapon. NARRATOR: The male Darwin's beetle, from Chile, has an enormous set of pincers for its size. These specially adapted jaws can make up half their body length. DOUG EMLEN: That is one of the biggest weapons of any living animal, ever. They've got mouthparts, or mandibles, that have been elongated so that they have these curved arcing pincers. And the pincers in these males can be even longer than the rest of the body of the animal. So, the males are fighting battles with rival males, so these are two males sparring and facing off against each other, trying to fling each other from the tree. For the loser, it's a long way down. NARRATOR: But what's the point of this epic battle? DOUG EMLEN: Beetles like this fight over wounds, sort of, marks or nicks on the sides of a tree, where sap will ooze out and drip down the side. Females feed on that sap. NARRATOR: By guarding the sap, a male beetle gains access to females. DOUG EMLEN: So, that means that if you're a male and you can hold onto that real estate, you have opportunities to mate with the females when they come in to feed. NARRATOR: Darwin's beetles use their weapons to keep other males away. But not all conflicts are tied to such a specific place or food source, and those battles have a different set of requirements. DOUG EMLEN: So, imagine things that whirl around in the water; sometimes animals are fighting over resources that can't be defended. Think about things like raptors, fighting in the air; they'll get into these big frenzied acrobatic mid-air snarls. In fights like that, things like agility or speed are likely to matter more than bulk and strength. For these kinds of fights, big weapons just aren't worth the price. NARRATOR: But male Darwin's beetles do have a specific resource to defend. DOUG EMLEN: The males that are able to win these battles or to hold onto that territory, I mean, the ultimate prize is reproduction. NARRATOR: This male has fought off all his rivals and now he's earned the opportunity to mate with a female. DOUG EMLEN: So, when we start to look at these animals and say, "What sets these species apart? Why do these particular species have such incredible weapons?" The first clue, the first piece to the puzzle is a defendable resource, against which the fights can take place. NARRATOR: Most animals with extreme weapons are keeping females away from male rivals. Male hippos use their enormous teeth to do this. Male white rhinos try to defend territories that females travel through. And male elephants use their tusks in combat to keep fertile females away from adversaries. DOUG EMLEN: Each of those tusks can be, like, a hundred pounds of ivory. These are huge teeth. Aaahh, his tusk shattered. Okay, there you go. That's the impact that we're talking about here. It shattered the tusk. NARRATOR: But across the animal kingdom, why do the largest weapons almost always belong to the males? DOUG EMLEN: Bull elephants have these massive tusks, but if we want to understand the tusks, we actually have to look at the females. NARRATOR: Female elephants also have tusks, but theirs are smaller and not used for fighting like the males. Unlike the males, females spend most of their time caring for offspring. Pregnancy lasts for 22 months, and after females give birth, they take care of their young for another two years. DOUG EMLEN: A female will only be fertile for five days out of every four years. That's an incredibly brief window of time. It's less than one half of one percent of a female's lifetime. NARRATOR: So, fertile females are extremely rare. DOUG EMLEN: Every now and then, a female will become receptive, and when she goes into that window of fertility, every male in the landscape enters into the fray. NARRATOR: It's common throughout the natural world that females are often unavailable to breed for long periods of time. After giving birth, most female mammals provide milk and care for their offspring until they can survive on their own. Only then can the mothers reproduce again. After laying their eggs, female birds usually incubate and raise their chicks before they can breed once more. Reptiles, fish, insects: the same trend is repeated in many classes of animals. Males are almost always ready to breed, but reproductive females are rare, and this imbalance sets the stage for huge competition among males. DOUG EMLEN: Competition is absolutely critical. In a sense, it's the fuel that drives the arms race. And all of these animals, where you get these massive weapons, the males, the bulls, the bucks, face fierce competition over access to females. NARRATOR: While males are usually the ones that compete, occasionally, the roles can be reversed. Thirty years ago, behavioral ecologist Stephen Emlen, Doug's father, helped capture some remarkable footage to illustrate this. STEPHEN EMLEN (Cornell University): Man, I haven't seen this in a long time. NARRATOR: The film features the unusual tropical bird that Stephen studies, called the jacana. STEPHEN EMLEN: We conducted all this study, basically, in Panama. Sometimes these are called "Jesus Christ birds," because they seemingly walk on water, 'cause their toes are so long they spread out their weight. NARRATOR: The smaller male jacanas incubate the eggs and raise the chicks, while the bigger females patrol large territories where males are usually found. STEPHEN EMLEN: So, timewise, the female, she's able to reproduce, in theory, about every 10 days. She could lay another clutch; he's stuck for almost three months tending the eggs and the chicks. DOUG EMLEN: So, the tables are turned, and that means that females have to compete with each other for access to the males? STEPHEN EMLEN: Absolutely. Smart son. NARRATOR: Stephen Emlen is an expert in animal breeding behavior. STEPHEN EMLEN: So, not only are the males doing the parental care, but it means the females are fighting over access to the males and the care they provide. And so, the expectation is they should have larger weapons than males. NARRATOR: These jacanas have a single sharp yellow spur on each wing. They are made of a tough fingernail-like material called keratin. The spurs of the females can be 25 percent larger than the males. They use their spurs in battles to control access to breeding males. DOUG EMLEN: So, jacanas actually teach us a lot about the evolution of animal weapons. They show us that when the roles are reversed, then the weapons are backwards, too. Competition, in this case, is stronger in females; they're the ones with the bigger weapons. NARRATOR: And the winner presses her advantage, claiming the territory, the lone male, and obliterating the previous female's as-yet-unhatched chicks. STEPHEN EMLEN: And this is, sort of, a horrendous thing to think about. Basically, she is now destroying his eggs. DOUG EMLEN: She wipes the slate clean. STEPHEN EMLEN: Exactly. DOUG EMLEN: So, how much faster? STEPHEN EMLEN: If he's on eggs like that one, where she destroyed the eggs, she's basically saved herself two months. She gains a reproductive male. NARRATOR: Instead of spending the next two months taking care of his eggs and chicks, the male is now available and mates with the female who killed his offspring. With their small but sharp weapons, female jacanas show how competition is a powerful evolutionary force, even when the roles of the sexes are reversed. But is it the only force at work? Many animals compete intensely for territory, food or a mate. Their fights can be vicious, but most of these species don't have giant weapons. Doug began to study dung beetles, looking for what else might be needed for extreme weapons to evolve. DOUG EMLEN: When you look at something like dung beetles, they're literally competing for the same piles of dung, and yet some of those beetles have these huge, I mean, spectacular weapons and others have nothing at all. There's two kinds of dung beetles. There's the kind of dung beetle that carves the balls and rolls them away, class one, the ball rollers. NARRATOR: The ball rollers are unarmed. They collect dung and move it to a safe place to raise their families. Sometimes they have free-for-all brawls for control of a dung ball, but they don't have large weapons. DOUG EMLEN: But then there's this other type of dung beetle that had been less well studied, and those are what we call the tunnelers. NARRATOR: The tunnelers have big horns. They don't move the dung; they dig straight underneath it. By comparing the two types of beetle, Doug believes he can find the crucial factor that launches an arms race. He set up a viewing system to see what the tunnelers were doing below the surface. He had to use red lights to avoid disrupting their natural behavior. DOUG EMLEN: The missing piece to the story was what happened underground. Females dig tunnels beneath the piles of dung, stashing it into these little "brood balls" they're called, and then she'd lay an egg, very carefully, at the end of each one of these. What you find is that the males plant themselves at the entrance to one of these tunnels. They brace themselves there. They've got hooks and spines on their legs that they can wedge into the soil, and they use their horns in fights with rival males. NARRATOR: Until Doug captured this unique scientific footage 20 years ago, nobody even knew these beetles fought. Doug revealed that males use their shovel-like heads and sharp horns as weapons. Rivals engage in brutal underground battles to control the females' brooding tunnels. DOUG EMLEN: These beetles will walk right by each other on the surface, not even bump each other, they couldn't care less, but you put them in a tunnel, and just like that, you've got a war. Any rival males have to enter one at a time, and they'd have to face their opponent face to face. NARRATOR: The difference between the tunnelers and the ball rollers is that the ball rollers fight in group scrambles, while the tunnelers, stuck in a confined space, engage in one-on-one battles. And these are the beetles with the weapons. Doug wondered if this kind of fight could be found in other types of animals. DOUG EMLEN: Chameleons have to be one of my favorite animals of all time. They are the quintessential ambush predator. So they sit tight, their eyes can swivel in different directions, so they move independently, and then their ultimate weapon…thwap! NARRATOR: A chameleon's tongue is able to extend to twice the length of its body. DOUG EMLEN: Wow. Look at that, out of nowhere. NARRATOR: It accelerates from zero to 60 miles per hour in one-hundredth of a second. But another type of chameleon has an additional set of weapons: big horns on their faces. DOUG EMLEN: So, there is a set of weapons. These guys look like little dinosaurs, like a triceratops, with the horns coming forward from the head. NARRATOR: Male Jackson's chameleons use their horns to fight one another over access to females. DOUG EMLEN: Think of this like Jurassic Park jousting, as these males push and pry and try to twist each other off of the branch. NARRATOR: The branch itself is the key. DOUG EMLEN: So, it turns out, it's the details of the fight that matters. If you look at this fight, they're approaching each other face to face, they're locking horns, they're pushing, they're straining. NARRATOR: It almost looks like they're dueling. DOUG EMLEN: When males face off one on one in a duel, males with bigger weapons win. NARRATOR: Chameleons use their horns to help win face-to-face battles. DOUG EMLEN: So, for me, the, the penny dropping, the moment, the epiphany when everything clicked and came together was the, the nature of the fight mattered and, in particular, duels were the crucial ingredient that could spark an arms race. NARRATOR: So, competition is not enough to set the stage for extreme weapons. The battles almost always include ritualized head to head combat. When this happens, the evolution of extreme weapons seems to outweigh the costs. DOUG EMLEN: Selection for big weapons becomes so strong that it eclipses any costs associated with these structures. Nothing else matters, launching their populations onto trajectories of explosive weapon evolution. NARRATOR: Extreme weapons have evolved many times over in the history of life. The rare species that possess them coming from a diverse range of animal families. DOUG EMLEN: So, in each of these cases, the conditions had to be just right, in order for the populations to launch on to this type of a trajectory, leading to these bigger and bigger and bigger weapon sizes. NARRATOR: This evolutionary mechanism dates back hundreds of millions of years. Fossils bearing extreme weapons have been found around the globe. Doug heads to Salt Lake City to examine the fossilized remains of a famous dinosaur family. Mark Loewen studies a group of dinosaurs called the ceratopsids. MARK LOEWEN (Natural History Museum of Utah): Welcome to the horned dinosaurs. DOUG EMLEN: They're amazing. MARK LOEWEN: I mean we have triceratops, the iconic horned dinosaur. So, these lived during the Cretaceous, between 80-million years ago and 66-million years ago, when most of the dinosaurs went extinct. Here we have a mega-herbivorous animal. This is like the rhino of the Cretaceous or the elephant. NARRATOR: Scientists estimate that some ceratopsids could weigh seven tons. They were probably preyed on by Tyrannosaurus rex. But did the ceratopsid dinosaurs use their horns in fights with each other, like male animals with weapons do today? In this collection, there are hundreds of different specimens of ceratopsid dinosaurs. MARK LOEWEN: Right here, we have actually the oldest of the ceratopsid dinosaurs; this is Diabloceratops, a really cool animal, 80-million years old. If we look in places where the horns would hit when these two animals locked together, here, we have a hole. This is a puncture wound into this bone that's been re-healed during its life. NARRATOR: Mark thinks that holes like these are puncture wounds from violent face-offs with other ceratopsids. MARK LOEWEN: So, this is totally consistent with head locking behavior and being punctured by the horn of another adult animal. DOUG EMLEN: So, that's just like what other animals do? MARK LOEWEN: Yeah. And, and this is something we can show quite conclusively in triceratops. NARRATOR: These scarred fossils suggest that horned dinosaurs were using their weapons in face-to-face contests, just like animals with extreme weapons do today. And like today's elephants and elk, these dinosaurs were herbivores. Their giant weapons were used in battles for dominance, not for dinner. It turns out that predators, from Tyrannosaurus rex to today's wolves and lions, don't usually wield extreme weapons. Their teeth and claws are relatively small. But there are exceptions. The most iconic example is another ancient extinct beast. DOUG EMLEN: We're looking at a fossil of a saber-tooth cat. And this is the actual fossil, it's not a cast. And the animal probably lived in California, about a million years ago. Saber-tooths actually teach us an awful lot about animal weapons. For one thing, you can't miss the teeth, right? I mean, the teeth are huge. But that's actually an interesting problem, because this is a predator. This is why saber-tooths are so exciting, they're the exception in this case. NARRATOR: While the enormous fangs may have helped attract females, their main use seems to have been to hunt for prey. DOUG EMLEN: Saber-tooths are special because they're ambush predators. Imagine what it would be like to get chomped on by something like that. They sit and wait and then lunge out with a quick strike to grab unsuspecting prey. NARRATOR: For most predators, heavy armories are simply too bulky; they'd slow them down. But for ambush predators that strike quickly, the evolution of big weaponry makes sense. DOUG EMLEN: And that logic works under the ocean for things like mantis shrimp and pistol shrimp. It works for antlions. It works even for those crazy deep-sea anglerfish that are essentially a big jaw with a tail. These guys had lures that they would dangle in front of them, that would pull the prey into them. NARRATOR: Ambush predators use their extreme weapons to capture and kill their prey. But most animals that are in an arms race aren't hunters. DOUG EMLEN: All of the rest of the species with big weapons, species with the biggest and the craziest things sticking off of their bodies, those animals are using their weapons for reproduction. NARRATOR: So, is mortality among these heavily armed males exceptionally high? How do they avoid lethal injuries when using their extreme weapons? A clue may come from a tiny animal with the largest known weapon proportionate to body size. DOUG EMLEN: All right, Brook, can I see the biggest weapon in the animal world? BROOK SWANSON (Gonzaga University): Sure. Here it is. DOUG EMLEN: That's it? That's not very big. BROOK SWANSON: So, these are fiddler crabs. DOUG EMLEN: Ow! Okay that was…maybe it's a little bit bigger than I thought. So, this is it? BROOK SWANSON: Grab one, too. DOUG EMLEN: The record holder. BROOK SWANSON: So, it may be a small crab, but this claw, the weapon, can be half of its body mass. So, the claw can weigh as much as the whole rest of the crab. It'd be like you walking around carrying my whole bodyweight as one of your arms. DOUG EMLEN: That's incredible. NARRATOR: Fiddler crab claws are proportionally bigger than any other known animal weapon on Earth. BROOK SWANSON: There's about 103 different species of fiddler crabs. They live all over the world, in the tropics, and they eat algae off the surface of the mud. NARRATOR: Brook Swanson studies the costs and benefits of this surprisingly large claw. BROOK SWANSON: So, females have two little claws, and they can actually eat twice as fast as the males. The males only have these giant claws and can't use their weapon claw to eat. NARRATOR: The huge claw comes at a great cost. Males must eat extra food to fuel their muscles, but they are only able to gather it half as fast as the females. DOUG EMLEN: All right, so he's bitten me three times already. Can you show me what these guys can do? BROOK SWANSON: We can use this force meter to measure how strong their claws are. DOUG EMLEN: This just measures how hard they squeeze? BROOK SWANSON: Exactly. We put their claw right there, they squeeze. That's about 20 newtons, so the crab is producing about 20 newtons with its claw, five pounds of force, so, like having a bag of sugar on a pin pushing on you. DOUG EMLEN: So, it's not just five pounds, it's five pounds concentrated on a very sharp point. BROOK SWANSON: Exactly. DOUG EMLEN: That's why it hurt so much. NARRATOR: So, is this strong enough to pierce another crab's shell? A machine in the lab can measure that, using the shell of a dead crab. BROOK SWANSON: That could take about five newtons of force. DOUG EMLEN: Five newtons, so, way less than the squeezing force. NARRATOR: The big claw's pinching strength is four times more than what is needed to pierce another crab's shell. DOUG EMLEN: So, this is technically a lethal weapon? BROOK SWANSON: Exactly. NARRATOR: Crab claws are powerful enough to kill a rival. But there's a paradox. BROOK SWANSON: So, they're plenty strong enough to kill each other, but when we keep them in the lab, we hardly ever see them fighting. And I've never seen one kill another one in the lab. And when you study these in the field, it's very rare to see them fighting there, as well. NARRATOR: Male fiddler crabs sometimes duel with their weapons on the beach, but they spend much more time using their giant claws in another way. BROOK SWANSON: So, here we have two male fiddler crabs, and their body size is about, about the same. But if you look at their claws—the claw's twice as big as the other one. DOUG EMLEN: Wow. That is so obvious. BROOK SWANSON: What they spend most of their time doing is not fighting with these claws, but waving them in the air. So, they walk around on the sand, and they wave the claw, and they're signaling to the other crabs how big and how strong they are. So, what makes the claw a good signal is that it's hypervariable. There's a lot of variation between crabs, and so, if you're looking at crabs by their claws, you can easily tell the difference. You can easily tell that this crab is bigger and stronger and a better fighter. And that's what makes the claw a good signal. DOUG EMLEN: This is awesome. You'd think that the species with the really big weapons would use them to fight all the time, and yet what we see is the reverse, that the species with the biggest weapons are actually the most peaceful. NARRATOR: It turns out that what's true for fiddler crabs is also true for a variety of animals with extreme weapons. Display and ritual are often more important than brute force combat. When rival male elk meet, they measure the prowess of their opponent with ritualized behaviors. They do this by strutting in parallel lines to assess the competition. Most of these encounters end with one animal backing off without a single blow. The fiddler crab's deadly claw is the ultimate example of a weaponized deterrent. DOUG EMLEN: So, we've gone from what was essentially a blunt force weapon to something that we now realize is a whole lot more than that, right? These biggest weapons of all are acting as a signal. They're behaving like a deterrent, settling dangerous contests without actual battle. NARRATOR: And the destructive claw still has another important purpose. BROOK SWANSON: It's not just the other males that are seeing this giant signal, this huge claw, but it's the females, too. The females will walk through groups of males that are waving their giant claws, and she'll make a choice. So, she'll choose the males with the largest claws, or the males that wave the claws the best. And so, it's not good enough for a male to be able to just win fights, he also has to be able to attract a female, and he does that with his claw. DOUG EMLEN: So, these are the ultimate signals. Both males and females are paying attention. I know what she would choose. NARRATOR: But what about individuals with less impressive weapons? Is there any chance for them to find a mate? Doug uncovered some sneaky tactics while he was studying dung beetles. DOUG EMLEN: So, one of the things that we were able to learn from these beetles is that the little beetles cheat. NARRATOR: Female dung beetles dig burrows, and big males guard the entrances. This female is dragging dung down to her nest, before she lays her eggs. DOUG EMLEN: You've got this main tunnel, you've got the big beetle guarding that tunnel. If you're another big beetle, you can challenge him in outright, open battle, but if you're tiny, you don't stand a chance. So, instead of fighting a losing battle, they go right next to a tunnel and they start to dig their own tunnel. They mine their way into the tunnel, come in beneath the guarding male, go straight down to the female, find the female, mate with the female, turn around and leave. NARRATOR: This small, sneaky male has found a way to evade the guard and mate with the prized female. Then he can escape up his own secret tunnel. DOUG EMLEN: Big males have the weapons; the big males fight the conventional battles. The little guys break the rules. NARRATOR: And that means that the biggest animal with the largest weapon doesn't always win. DOUG EMLEN: So, consider the cuttlefish. In cuttlefish, you've got all these little tiny males, I mean these wimpy tiny runts in these populations. There's no way they would win if they tried to fight by the rules, so they don't. NARRATOR: Big, dominant males guard fertile females. If an evenly matched contender challenges him, sometimes they will battle one another with sharp beaks and tentacles. DOUG EMLEN: I would not want to get caught up in a tangle with one of these guys. NARRATOR: The winners hover above the females, often smaller, with paler coloration. DOUG EMLEN: So, now we've got another cuttlefish coming up. This one looks like a female, but it's not a female. If you look closely, this is actually a tiny male, but he's cloaked himself in colors that make him look like a female. So, he can come right up to the guarding male unmolested. The sneaky male works his way right on in there, and by looking and acting like a female, he's able to get into a position where he can breed with the female, too. NARRATOR: When this female lays her eggs, her offspring will be a mix of some macho males and some tiny tricksters. These strategies appear in a variety of species. Back in Montana, bighorn sheep biologist Jack Hogg is taking Doug to an island on Flathead Lake to search for another underdog tactic. Bighorn sheep are famous for engaging in epic ritualized battles. During the rut, rival males size each other up. Occasionally, when it's an even match, they fight. Through a series of horn-to-horn clashes, the rams establish a hierarchy, with the dominant males at the top. During the breeding season, they will guard fertile females. JACK HOGG (Montana Conservation Science Institute): Largest horned, largest bodied rams search for and defend ewes during their fertile period. DOUG EMLEN: So, the biggest males, with the biggest weapons, their strategy is to guard access to the females for that one day when they're fertile. NARRATOR: In order to mate, the subordinate males have their own cunning strategy. Jack calls it coursing. JACK HOGG: The coursing strategy, in essence, is to do whatever it takes to evade the defense of a socially dominant ram who's defending a female during her fertile period. But it's whatever needs to be done, whatever dirty trick to force a mating. NARRATOR: The dominant male here is called Crud Horn. He's guarding a fertile female. JACK HOGG: The fertile female has a white spot, so we're calling her White Neck. NARRATOR: A large group of subordinate males are watching White Neck's every move. They want to mate with her, but Crud Horn is guarding her closely. JACK HOGG: So, Crud Horn has two important tasks in front of him. One is to mate with her during her fertile period, but he also has to defend the female against any male who wishes to breed with her. Typically, females run away from this group of large bodies that are, you know, interacting. She's, it's a dangerous place to be, so they run away, and that's what creates the chase. NARRATOR: White Neck attempts to escape the rush of coursing males. Crud Horn is trying to keep up with her and deflect the subordinate males during the chase. JACK HOGG: Crud Horn's defense, actually, is extraordinary. It's very good. He's very physical in terms of clashing and pushing and shoving the other rams. But every once in a while, one of these coursers will succeed in forcing a breeding. NARRATOR: One coursing male attempts to mate with White Neck while she's separated from Crud Horn by the melee. DOUG EMLEN: That's all it takes, is a few seconds? JACK HOGG: A few seconds. NARRATOR: He now has a chance of fathering White Neck's offspring. In this case, the smaller size of his weapons may have had some advantage. JACK HOGG: The coursing ram has succeeded in breeding the female. He has a ticket in the lottery: he has a chance of fathering the lamb that she produces next spring. DOUG EMLEN: 'Cause it's clever in a way. It's almost like they're able to use the bulk and the weight and the size of the weapons of the alpha males against them, by getting them to lunge in a particular direction and then taking advantage of being smaller and agile, by zipping around them and getting access to the female. So, if all these males are using these alternative strategies, is it even worth being the big alpha male? JACK HOGG: They do better. They have more babies, basically. A high-ranking male, he would be the father of 60 percent of the lambs produced by the females he defends. NARRATOR: White Neck's offspring is far more likely to be fathered by Crud Horn, the dominant male with the biggest horns, than all his rivals combined. DOUG EMLEN: To the victor go the spoils. We see this in every one of these animal systems, the biggest males are the ones that can afford to produce the biggest weapons, and these males win, in every sense of the word. NARRATOR: In nearly every species with weapons, cheating is the best strategy for the underdogs. But bigger weapons still provide the best opportunities for males to produce more offspring. Yet the balance of the animal arms race may be tipping. Weapon sizes in some populations, including bighorn sheep, elephants and caribou, are decreasing. And the trigger for this change is us. Human trophy hunters prize the biggest tusks, horns and antlers, but animals shot down can't have offspring. Trophy hunting removes the genes for the biggest weapons. In one elephant population, the average tusk size was reduced by 40 percent in just 25 years. And in another, the number of tuskless individuals increased by over 20 percent, threatening an evolutionary trend that has existed for millions of years. DOUG EMLEN: So, this has been quite a journey for me, a ride more wild than I ever could have imagined. Who'd have thought that the battles of beetles held lessons for weapons everywhere? NARRATOR: Whether in beetles or fiddler crabs, elk or elephants, extreme weapons have arisen independently many different times. Despite the enormous cost, in the right conditions, head-to-head combat with extreme weapons is still the best strategy evolution offers to help pass genes to the next generation. PRODUCED AND DIRECTED BY Peter Fison EDITED BY Mark Robertson CAMERA Stuart Dunn MUSIC Paul Hartnoll ANIMATION Hello Charlie NARRATED BY Eric Meyers PRODUCTION MANAGERS Helena Berglund Pauline Gates PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Sarah Janalli ASSISTANT PRODUCER Mary Melville ASSISTANT EDITOR Alan Neal ONLINE EDITOR AND COLORIST Mark Richard Adams AUDIO MIX Matt Coster Ben Wood RESEARCH Sophie Meyjes Guthrie O’Brien ARCHIVAL MATERIAL Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Oxford Scientific Films SPECIAL THANKS Andrew Farke Flathead Lake Biological Station Montana Conservation Science Institute Montana State Parks Natural History Museum of Utah Stephen and Natalia Emlen US Dept of Defense & Malmstrom AFB University of California Museum of Paleontology University of Montana Philip Wright Zoological Museum Emlen Laboratory INSPIRED BY THE BOOK ‘Animal Weapons’ by Douglas J. Emlen BBC SERIES EDITOR Roger Webb NOVA SERIES GRAPHICS yU + co. NOVA THEME MUSIC Walter Werzowa Musikvergnuegen, Inc. ADDITIONAL NOVA THEME MUSIC Ray Loring Rob Morsberger CLOSED CAPTIONING The Caption Center POST PRODUCTION ONLINE EDITOR David Bigelow DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC RELATIONS Jennifer Welsh PUBLICITY Eileen Campion Eddie Ward ASSOCIATE RESEARCHER Brian Kantor PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Linda Callahan DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL AUDIENCE RESEARCH Cory Allen PARALEGAL Sarah Erlandson TALENT RELATIONS Janice Flood LEGAL COUNSEL Susan Rosen DIGITAL MANAGING PRODUCER Kristine Allington SENIOR DIGITAL EDITOR Tim De Chant RIGHTS MANAGER Lauren Miller UNIT MANAGER Vanessa Ly SUPERVISING PRODUCER Kevin Young SENIOR PROMOTIONS PRODUCER AND EDITOR Michael H. Amundson BROADCAST MANAGER Nathan Gunner BUSINESS MANAGER Ariam McCrary SCIENCE EDITOR Caitlin Saks DEVELOPMENT PRODUCER David Condon PROJECT DIRECTOR Pamela Rosenstein COORDINATING PRODUCER Elizabeth Benjes SENIOR SCIENCE EDITOR Evan Hadingham SENIOR PRODUCER Chris Schmidt SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER Melanie Wallace DIRECTOR, BUSINESS OPERATIONS & FINANCE Laurie Cahalane DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRODUCER Julia Cort SENIOR EXECUTIVE PRODUCER Paula S. Apsell A BBC Studios and NOVA/WGBH Boston Co-Production © 2017 BBC Additional Material © 2017 WGBH Educational Foundation All rights reserved This program was produced by WGBH, which is solely responsible for its content. Original funding for this program was provided by Draper, 23andMe, the David H. Koch Fund for Science, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. IMAGE: Image credit: (Jackson's Chameleon) © Aernout Zevenbergen/Alamy Stock Photo - Doug Averill, Doug Emlen, Stephen Emlen, Jack Hogg, Mark Loewen, Brook Swanson

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Preparing Siblings for a Hospital Visit Call for more information:410-328-7440 410-328-7440 At the University of Maryland Children’s Hospital, we encourage you to involve siblings in the care of their hospitalized brother or sister by visiting the hospital and participating in special activities at home. For your child's health and well-being and for that of the other children in the hospital, check with your child's medical team about sibling visitation in that area. When Siblings Visit - Give siblings the choice to visit and respect their choice. Some may feel comfortable visiting and some may not. - Parents should prepare children for what they will see and hear during their visit. Describe what their brother or sister will look like or how they may act if different than normal. Child life specialists are available to help you with this preparation. - If their brother or sister is very ill, injured and/or not feeling well, we suggest siblings pack a bag of quiet things. We have a Ronald McDonald Room with toys and games where siblings can play, but sometimes those favorite things from home are most comforting. - If their brother or sister is feeling up to playing, siblings can play games or work on art projects together - If a quiet time activity is more appropriate, siblings can read a book, watch a movie or talk about their day with their brother or sister. Preparing Siblings for a Visit When preparing your children for a visit to their sibling in the hospital, parents should try to understand what's on their mind. For instance, what do you think your children's fantasies are of what their sibling is like right now? And which do you think is worse -- their fantasies or reality? To better understand what your child is thinking, these helpful books can be used to prompt discussion. In addition to trying to understand your children's thinking and expectations, consider these things that you, as a parent, already know about your children: - Ages of the visiting children - What they know about the hospitalization - How they usually handle stress - How they learned that their sibling was hospitalized Children's developmental levels influence how they understand and process events and information. The following section includes information about thoughts, fears and feelings common in children of various ages, as well as possible responses of interventions to address these developmental needs. When possible, use a photograph to aid in preparing children for what they will see and experience at the bedside. Briefly describe the room and medical equipment. |How Children May Think or Feel||How to Respond| |Believe that their thoughts, actions or wishes caused the accident or illness.||Learn from children what they believe made their sibling sick or injured, then address any potential issues…"Lots of children think that, but it rarely happens that way."| |Fear that this will happen to them.||Reassure them that this will not happen to them, if that is accurate. If the patient was involved in a trauma, ask the child what can be done to prevent that sort of accident.| |Feel anger and/or see a sense of abandonment with separation from parents during stressful times. They may believe that they deserve punishment or that further abandonment will result.||Acknowledge and accept their feelings…"If you were in the hospital, where do you think your parents would be? What do you think your parents would do?"| |Believe that staff members are hurting their sibling.||Say, "The nurses and doctors job is to help stop the hurting, or keep it from getting worse." "Here is how the nurse and doctor help…"| |Have a weak understand of internal bodies.||Use illustrations or children's anatomy books. Ask the children to draw what they think or imagine.| |Explanations of their siblings illness or injury may have nothing to do with reality.||Provide honest, accurate information, updating as necessary due to changes in patients condition or due to sibling needs.| |How Children May Think or Feel ||How to Respond |Wonder if something they did caused the illness or injury. "If I had done something differently, this wouldn't have happened".||Ask "What makes you think that?" Explain, “Lots of children think that, but it rarely happens that way." Give concrete examples: "If you wished this object to fall, could you make it happen?"| |Worry, "Can I catch it?" and may not want to touch or go near the patient.||Ask, "Do you think that you can catch this from touching?" Explain, "We wouldn't let you touch him or her if that would happen."| |Wonder, "Will the patient be the same?"||Possible responses: |How Children May Think or Feel ||How to Respond |Are likely to have a sense that they are being watched||Provide privacy as appropriate. Ask if they prefer to be alone or have family/staff close by.| |May talk in medical jargon without fully understanding meanings.||Ask what they understand about what is going on. Reassure them that there are adults who don’t understand many parts. Ask, "What does that mean to you?"| When Siblings Are at Home When at home, your children can continue to work through their feelings about their siblings illness or injury, and do things to comfort their sibling. They can: - Draw pictures to decorate their brother or sister's hospital room - Record themselves reading a book so their brother or sister can hear a favorite story read by a familiar voice (singing, general talking, music and storytelling are good ideas too) - Pick favorite or funny photos of family, friends and pets for their brother or sister to hang in their hospital room and share with hospital staff and friends - Pack a 'goody' bag of their brother or sister's favorite toys, books, stuffed animals, blankets and pajamas (including a special picture or note as a wonderful surprise) - Write a note in a journal and send to the hospital so their brother or sister can write a note back to them - Pick their brother or sister's favorite videos and music to send to the hospital - Make a sign with information about their brother or sister that can be hung at the child's bedside. This could include information like their sibling's favorite toys, books, colors, TV shows, songs, foods, dislikes, pets and special nicknames their sibling uses to identify certain items - Have friends from school make a "get well" or "we miss you" poster to send to the hospital - If the child in the hospital can take phone calls, arrange for a special phone call between siblings

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What might have been science fiction way back in the 1980s, has become scientific reality today. In the era of the Commodore, no one would have had the slightest idea that in 2013 most people would walk around with smartphones and tablets connected to the internet. Forecasting the future is not only restricted to authors like H.G. Wells and Jules Verne. Scientists like to fantasize about the future as well, notably about possible discoveries and developments in their research area. During this symposium, five scientists from the Jonge Akademie @ UT will give us a glimpse into what they think their research might look like in 2040. The participants are: Dr. Nathalie Katsonis, Biomolecular Nano Technology. Dr. Johnny Hartz Søraker, Philosophy of Technology. Dr. Lotte Vrijhoef-Steuten, Health Technology Assessment. Dr. ir. Djoerd Hiemstra, Database and Search Engine Technology. Prof. dr. ir. Alexander Brinkman, Quantum Transport in Matter. Dr. ir. Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis, Associate Professor of History of Science at the UT, will open the symposium with an introduction entitled: The History of the Future. Since the future was discovered in the late 19th century, scientists have given us marvelous visions of things to come. Dijksterhuis shows that visions of the future are mirrors of the now, reflecting the hopes and anxieties of our time

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June 11, 2019 Have you ever wondered why girls are considered to be a burden on the family? Apart from the age-old social norms that restrict them from receiving formal education and earn for themselves, certain social practices like dowry add an extra responsibility on parents’ shoulders, thereby making it harder for them financially. Even to this day, in certain conservative families when a woman gets pregnant, special poojas are done so that she gives birth to a baby boy. According to these families, a boy supports the family financially but a girl is known to loot them off their money. While that is far from the truth, unfortunately it’s what people believe. On the brighter side, as our society is slowly inching towards progressive attitudes and approaches, we can see tiny rays of hope in the form of change. There are people who stand up against dowry and take every opportunity to genuinely do something good, thereby making a difference. In a country where more than half of the population is poor, girls are considered to be expensive members which is one of the major reasons for female foeticides and infanticides. For them, education and equality are secondary because survival is what they struggle for. After all, it’s not easy to stand up against an archaic system all alone. But there are people who have decided to take a different road and say a no to dowry and fight against such practices that portray women in a feeble light. We consider such people as our true real-life heroes. Here are 5 such dowry stories that will restore your faith in humanity and sensible living. At least once in our lifetime we would have heard or read about a girl who was killed or abandoned by her in-laws in a case that’s related to dowry. In a world where women have become the head of a nation and traveled to space, girls in India are tortured for something as cheap and nasty as dowry. Komal Ganatra, a girl from Savarkundala, Gujarat has a similar story. After her graduation in Sanskrit, Hindi, and English Literature, when Komal was preparing for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) exam, her marriage was fixed. Even though her parents gave her freedom to a considerable extent and encouraged her to pursue her studies, her whole world came crumbling down when she got a marriage proposal from an NRI. Komal was married into an educated family and her husband worked in New Zealand. Sounds all merry, right? Well, it wasn’t. Sometimes, even the highly educated men behave like demons. When Komal was forced to give in to the dowry demands, she refused. Within 15 days of her wedding, she had to leave the house, and her husband went back to New Zealand. Komal being the brave-heart she is, moved to Bhavnagar, a small village where she worked as a teacher to earn a livelihood. In 2012, without the help of the internet or any coaching centers, Komal bagged the 591st rank in the UPSC exams. Today, she works in the administrative office of the Defence Ministry in Delhi. Denying dowry in a society where it’s an unsaid obligation in weddings, is as difficult as saving up for the dowry money itself. What do you do when your in-laws insist on giving you dowry but you’re completely against the idea? Here’s an example of how amazingly Saroj Kanta Biswal, a school teacher dealt with the situation. He asked his father-in-law to give him 1,001 saplings as dowry! He and his wife happily distributed the saplings among the villagers and wrote an inspirational wedding story. He also made sure that there were no unnecessary expenditures like that on a DJ, baraat, and fireworks. Isn’t he an amazing son-in-law, and moreover an amazing person? Vehicles are a favorite among the dowry demanders and it can range anywhere from a Maruthi 800 to an Audi. During a wedding that happened in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, the groom was given an ambulance as dowry! Yes, you heard it right. His father-in-law gifted him an ambulance which was quite surprising to everyone including the groom himself. Well, it was not such a bad idea considering the fact that the people of his village didn’t have a decent transport facility to medical centers in case of emergencies. Dowry issues not only suffocate India but also our neighboring countries like Bangladesh. When Farzana Yasmin’s parents were asked for an extra amount of dowry during the wedding ceremony, she stood up against her in-laws and walked out. She knew that dowry was involved in the marriage but her greedy in-law’s last moment demands that came like a threat made her realize that she wasn’t going to be happy in the family. We’re so proud of Farzana! Zubaria Raja from Islamabad told her to-be mother-in-law that she was not getting a daughter home, but she was selling her own son for dowry. The groom’s family had demanded Zubaria to bring in a house and the whole living set up for their son who didn’t have a stable career. When she got to know about the family’s demands, she not only refused to accept it but also gave them a piece of her mind. Her would-be mother-in-law, the woman who demanded the hefty dowry was the Principal of an educational institute! Isn’t that ridiculous? Why should anyone pay anyone to begin a new phase of life? If you educate your daughters enough, they can take care of themselves and the family. A family that demands dowry isn’t really an ideal place for a girl to be a part of and live with. It’s just the beginning of her crisis. What is your opinion about the system of dowry? Have you ever stood up against the system? Let us know in the comment section below.

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عنوان مقاله [English] In recent years the metabolic syndrome has been highly common among psychiatric patients. Since many factors including genetic factors contribute to the prevalence of this syndrome, it seems necessary to look for metabolic syndrome among Iranian psychiatric patients. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 130 female patients admitted to psychiatric ward of Mashhad 22 Bahman hospital since March 2009 until December 2009 to find whether they had metabolic syndrome. Questionnaires were completed for patients. Pregnant women and those who had had a delivery during the last 6 months were excluded. Data were analyzed through statistical tests such as t-test and chi square and SPSS software version 17. P-value less than 0.05 was regarded as meaningful result. In this study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was, according to criteria of NCEP (ATP III), 39.8%, which is deemed as significantly more than expectable range for healthy Iranian population. Older age, higher waist circumference ,BMI and weight, persistence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, low educational level and marriage status were proven to be associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome.(p-value<0.05) There were no meaningful relation between metabolic syndrome, duration of administration and type of drugs, and mental disorder. (p-value>0.05) In the present study, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was examined. And it was proved that the rate of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is more than what is typically found in similar studies among Iranian psychiatric population. no relationship was detected between metabolic syndrome and any specific drug, however, more extensive studies are suggested..

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The Catechism of the Catholic Church has the following to say about the virtue of temperance. 1809 Temperanceis the moral virtue that moderates the attraction of pleasures and provides balance in the use of created goods. It ensures the will’s mastery over instincts and keeps desires within the limits of what is honourable. The temperate person directs the sensitive appetites toward what is good and maintains a healthy discretion: “Do not follow your inclination and strength, walking according to the desires of your heart.” Temperance is often praised in the Old Testament: “Do not follow your base desires, but restrain your appetites.” In the New Testament it is called “moderation” or “sobriety.” We ought “to live sober, upright, and godly lives in this world.” To live well is nothing other than to love God with all one’s heart, with all one’s soul and with all one’s efforts; from this it comes about that love is kept whole and uncorrupted (through temperance). No misfortune can disturb it (and this is fortitude). It obeys only [God] (and this is justice), and is careful in discerning things, so as not to be surprised by deceit or trickery (and this is prudence). Temperance was certainly one of Fr Doyle’s characteristic virtues. He had a very hearty appetite, but he restrained it, both as a penance and as a form of self-mastery. Circumstances in the war also meant that, like many of the soldiers, he sometimes had to go without food. But on other occasions he also gave his food away to the troops. Fr Doyle was also a friend and supporter of Fr James Cullen SJ, the founder of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association. This movement, which is still going strong, was established to help combat excessive alcohol consumption, a real social problem in Ireland, both then and now. Fr Doyle was on the governing council of the Pioneers, and Fr Cullen was even thinking of him as a potential successor as leader of the Pioneers. Fr Doyle was wearing his pioneer pin when he was killed and he is known to have urged men to “take the pledge” to become Pioneers in order to combat the spread of alcoholism in Ireland. Fr Doyle was certainly temperate in his use of the bed (he would sometimes sleep on the floor, and even that for only a short amount of time), and temperate in his use of heat, often refusing to a fire in his room. But it is in the matter of food, and the control of his appetite, that he really showed his capacity for the virtue of temperance. We will conclude today with Alfred O’Rahilly’s description of Fr Doyle’s temperance with respect to food. As always, Fr Doyle’s ascetism is, for most of us, more to be admired than imitated… Moreover, between sugarless tea, butterless bread and saltless meat, he converted his meals into a continuous series of mortifications. Naturally he had, in fact, a very hearty appetite and a keen appreciation of sweets and delicacies; all of which he converted into an arena for self-denial… We find him pencilling this resolution on the first page of the little private notebook he kept with him at the Front: “No blackberries. Give away all chocolates. Give away box of biscuits. No jam, breakfast, lunch, dinner.” …Just after giving a retreat in a Carmelite convent, he records: “I felt urged in honour of St. Teresa to give myself absolutely no comfort at meals which I could possibly avoid. I found no difficulty in doing this for the nine days. I have begged very earnestly for the grace to continue this all my life and am determined to try to do so. For example, to take no butter, no sugar in coffee, no salt, etc. The wonderful mortified lives of these holy nuns have made me ashamed of my gratification of my appetite.” That he by no means found this mortification easy we have many indications. Thus on 5th Jan., 1912, he writes: “During Exposition Jesus asked me if I would give up taking second course at dinner. This would be a very great sacrifice; but I promised Him at least to try to do so and begged for grace and generosity.” “A fierce temptation during Mass and thanksgiving,” he records a year later (18th Sept., 1913), “to break my resolution and indulge my appetite at breakfast. The thought of a breakfast of dry bread and tea without sugar in future seemed intolerable. Jesus urged me to pray for strength though I could scarcely bring myself to do so. But the temptation left me in the refectory, and joy filled my heart with the victory. I see now that I need never yield if only I pray for strength.” On the subject of butter there are many resolutions in the diary. Materially the subject may seem trivial, but psychologically it represents a great struggle and victory…It is in such little acts that man rises above the beast and fosters his human heritage of a rational will. So Fr. Doyle’s butter-resolutions are not at all so unimportant or whimsical as they who have ever thoughtlessly eaten and drunk may be inclined to fancy. “God has been urging me strongly all during this retreat,” he writes in September 1913, “to give up butter entirely. I have done so at many meals without any serious inconvenience; but I am partly held back through human respect, fearing others may notice it. If they do, what harm? I have noticed that X takes none for lunch; that has helped me. Would not I help others if I did the same?” “One thing,” he continues, “I feel Jesus asks, which I have not the courage to give Him: the promise to give up butter entirely.” On 29th July, 1914, we find this resolution: “For the present I will take butter on two mouthfuls of bread at breakfast but none at other meals.” To this decision he seems to have adhered. …This relentless concentration of will on matters of food must not lead us to suppose that Fr. Doyle was in any way morbidly absorbed or morosely affected thereby. For one less trained in will or less sure in spiritual perspective there might easily be danger of entanglement in minutiae and over-attention to what is secondary. All this apparatus of mortification is but a means to an end, it should not be made an end in itself…This persistent and systematic thwarting of appetite helped Fr. Doyle to strengthen his will and to fix it on God. He never lost himself in a maze of petty resolutions, he never became anxious or distracted.

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https://fatherdoyle.com/2015/08/14/preparing-for-fr-doyles-anniversary-day-7-the-virtue-of-temperance-in-the-life-of-fr-doyle-2/

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Definition Error in Statistics: Error in statistics means the difference between true value and the estimated value. It is different from the mistakes which may be done while making calculations or observations. Reasons of Error in Statistics: The errors in statistics may arise due to following reasons: - Measurement approximations: For example-height or weight is measured in round figure so there will be difference between observed value and true value. - Rounding approximations: For example-values are taken to the nearest hundreds or thousands etc. - Biasness on the part of the investigator - Biasness due to wrong collection and analysis of data The reasons of errors are highlighted in form of figure below: Also Read: Types of errors in statistics

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Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs and is particularly devastating to elderly adults. As with many medical conditions, an early diagnosis provides the best possible outcome for treatment. When pneumonia is left untreated or they symptoms are ignored, it can lead to serious health issues in the elderly and even death. Family caregivers that are dedicated to providing elderly care and support to aging relatives need to learn about the symptoms of pneumonia in their loved ones so they can get medical attention quickly. What is Pneumonia? Pneumonia takes place when there is a respiratory infection and the air sacks in the lungs fill with fluid. The fluid reduces the amount of oxygen that can go from the lungs to the bloodstream. With reduced oxygen in the bloodstream, the body starts to divert precious resources to vital organs, which causes neglect for other areas. The infection can also introduce bacteria and viruses into the bloodstream and deliver these organisms elsewhere in the body. Seniors are at a high risk of developing pneumonia due to age-related conditions and a weakened immune system. They are also more likely to be struggling with other health problems that can be further complicated by pneumonia. The bad news is that many family caregivers dont know the early symptoms of pneumonia in seniors and therefore dont recognize when their loved one needs help. Recognizing Symptoms of Pneumonia in Seniors When most family members think about pneumonia symptoms, they immediately imagine deep coughs that produce phlegm. However, elderly adults may only complain of a tightened chest or shortness of breath because they often cannot cough strongly anymore. Other typical early symptoms of pneumonia in the elderly include a fever, weakness, lethargy and increased heart rate. Elderly people with pneumonia often feel cold and shiver frequently. They may report a loss of appetite and may feel dizzy or confused. If they are not seen by a doctor or admitted to the hospital with these early symptoms, they could easily develop complications. Because the actual symptoms vary from person to person, family caregivers should be safe and take their elderly loved one to the doctor if they notice anything out of the ordinary as it related to a lung infection. If they wait until the elderly persons body is full of infection, thats when complications arise and health problems are compounded. Elderly care is all about looking after an aging relative that cannot do as much for themselves any more. Family caregivers have to be the ones to monitor their overall health and wellness. This includes getting an early diagnosis for seniors with pneumonia so they can overcome the disease. If you or an aging loved one are considering elderly care in Minnetonka, MN, and the surrounding areas, please contact the friendly staff at CareBuilders at Home Minnesota. Call today 612-260-2273.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.carebuildersathomemn.com/elderly-care-in-minnetonka-mn-early-diagnosis-is-best-for-seniors-with-pneumonia/

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en

In a recent study, combining moderate alcohol consumption (within legal limits for driving) and moderate sleep restriction led to greater drowsiness and increased deficits in attention, compared with either sleep restriction or alcohol intake alone. The synergistic effects lasted between 2 and 3 hours. Also, peak impairment occurred not at peak alcohol levels but 30 to 60 minutes after, despite receiving rest intervals in between testing. The findings suggest that individuals who have previously had inadequate sleep should refrain from performing safety critical tasks for several hours after the consumption of alcohol, even when their breath alcohol content is lower than that required by law. As performance impairment is still apparent with frequent breaks, breaks without sleep should not be seen as safety measures to mitigate impairment. “Many individuals may make a decision to drive based on the amount of alcohol consumed and the time since consumption. Our data suggest this represents an unperceived risk following inadequate sleep, since performance impairment remains many hours after alcohol was consumed,” said Dr. Clare Anderson, co-author of the Human Psychopharmacology study.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.healthcanal.com/public-health-safety/239293-dangers-driving-restricted-sleep-moderate-alcohol-intake.html

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Specifying the right flooring is a slippery area, particularly when materials react differently depending on the conditions. Peter Mayer of BLP looks at the options. It’s an extraordinary statistic but the Health and Safety Executive estimates that one serious slip accident occurs every three minutes in the UK. There are many contributory factors to this type of accident – the presence of contamination, type of footwear and human factors (commonly it is elderly people who slip). However, in commercial projects there is an obligation for specifiers to ensure floor surfaces are suitable for their purpose under the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. The bad news for specifiers, especially when imported products are considered, is that there are several ways of measuring slip resistance that give differing results. Although slip resistance may be calculated, in practice the risk varies. For example, most flooring surfaces have lower slip potential when dry than when wet. Surface wear can also increase the danger. The good news is that there is a preferred method to determine slip resistance: the BS 7976 pendulum test using UK Slip Resistance Group guidance. The higher the slip resistance value (SRV) the lower the risk. (Other terms used for SRV include: the pendulum test value and British pendulum number). A high risk of slip (that is, greater than one in five) has an SRV of between 0 and 24, while a low risk (less than one in a million) is classed between 36 and 64. Most level floor surfaces, when dry and clean, have satisfactory slip resistance, with SRVs in excess of 50. It’s an altogether different story in wet conditions. For example vinyl, linoleum and rubber have low SRVs when wet. Even “safety” vinyls may only have moderate slip resistance. Ultimately the specifier needs specific data for individual products. Floor coverings that claim slip resistant properties are manufactured from materials that provide rough surfaces, but remember to check the basis of declared slip resistance values, in particular whether they apply to wet or dry conditions. Softer floor coverings tend to wear more quickly than hard surfaces, resulting in shorter lives, while the slip resistance of vinyl can be enhanced by incorporating abrasive material grits (BS EN 13845). Synthetic resin thin finishes are typically based on epoxy, but also include polyurethane and acrylics. Thicknesses vary from 150 microns to 6mm, and angular aggregate or carborundum particles can be applied, but these rough superficial layers wear off in time. It is also worth remembering that the method of grouting ceramic tiles can reduce slip resistance, particularly flood grouting. Design and whole life costs Slip resistance varies with use and wear. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to predict changes and it needs to be measured over time to inform the maintenance and replacement regime. With the compensation culture in the UK on the rise, preventing slips, trips or falls is a less costly strategy than hoping they will not happen. To do this, the correct specification of flooring and suitable maintenance are essential. Numerous organisations provide information on safety floors: the Health and Safety Executive, the Centre for Accessible Environments, BRE, Resin Flooring Association, Contract Flooring Association and CIRIA publication C652, 2006, Safer Surfaces To Walk On. Capital cost £/m2 Net present value for 60 years £/m2 service life years Slip resistant vinyl sheet flooring to BS EN 649 and BS EN 13845, minimum 2mm thick, Use class 34 for very heavy commercial use, installed to BS 8203 Slip resistant vinyl sheet flooring to BS EN 649 and BS EN 13845, minimum 3mm thick; grit particles throughout the thickness; Use class 34/43 for very heavy commercial use, installed to BS 8203 Three pack polyurethane resin floor system to BS 8204-6, minimum 4mm thick incorporating hard angular aggregate throughout. For heavy duty commercial use. Three pack epoxy resin floor system to BS 8204-6, 2– 4 mm thick incorporating hard angular aggregate throughout. For heavy duty commercial use. Quarry tiles to BS EN 14411 Group A1, with enhanced slip resistance throughout, 15mm thick minimum. Installation to BS 5385. Unglazed, ceramic floor tiles to BS EN 14411, with enhanced slip resistance; carborundum aggregate throughout the body of the tile; 8mm thick minimum. Installation to BS 5385. A discount rate of 3% is used to calculate net present values. Life cycle costs include capital costs for the flooring surface only, component replacement, commercial cleaning regime and an allowance for minor repairs. Ceramic tiles include for regrouting. A cost analysis based on project specific information is essential for a realistic best value appraisal. This analysis is generic, SRVs have not been stated to avoid being misleading. SRVs should be confirmed for individual products by the manufacturer or independent testing.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

http://greenspec.co.uk/building-design/slip-resistant-flooring/

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All the devices we use on a regular basis like cell phones and microwaves to power lines that enable the use of appliances always emit some sort of radiation. This is called as electro-pollution. Recent studies suggest that this can have an adverse impact on our health and more so on the health of our dogs. Here in this article, you can learn what these effects are how can your pets be protected from them. In the past two decades, the use of wireless technology has skyrocketed. Most people around the globe, especially in urban areas are residing in a sea of different types of radiation, the most abundant being electromagnetic radiation (EMR). According to statistics, the amount of electromagnetic radiation has increased over 100 to 200 million in just a century. Studies suggest that the balance within our bodies and that of our pets are upset drastically with the increase in the EMR levels. This is terrible news to us all as it can have numerous health consequences. The oly good thing to come ffrom the advancement of the technology for dogs is the Dog Wash Machine. These Pet Washing Machines are great as they are fun for both the dog and its parent. Dog wash is not a chore anymore with these machines. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields EMF’s have been shown to cause immense damage to cells and DNA. The damage from the sources reduces considerably the further away you get. Despite numerous studies that have been conducted to show the damage that EMF has on our body, most people choose to ignore it and carry on with their life thinking that they don’t need to worry about it. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also classified radiation as a possible carcinogen in 2011 and in 2013 it classified it as a probable carcinogen. According to experts, the biological stress induced by electro-pollution can compromise the communication between cells along with the normal physiology of both humans and pets. This will lead to the breakdown and disintegration of healthy cellular processes. To be more specific, the functionality of the cells deteriorates, the membranes of the cells harden, there is free radical damage, optimum nutrients will not be able to enter the cells and the excretion of toxins from the cells is hindered. Many studies on this topic have concluded that electro-pollution can adversely affect the nervous system, immune system, and the enzyme synthesis; all of which are critical elements that are crucial for the normal functioning of the bodies of both humans and their pets. Some other side effects are that there is a drastic change in behavioral pattern, moods and on learning. Because EMR can damage the body at a molecular, cellular and biochemical level, it is very hard to detect until the very end when the damage is already done. How Can You Protect Yourself and Your Pets According to the experts, there are three levels of interventions that can help in providing adequate protection from electro-pollution. - Primarily, you must try to reduce exposure as much as possible. What we mean by this is try to keep the usage of your device to the minimum and when needed use a pair of earphones while making calls. When you are not using your phone, switch it into airplane mode. - The second thing is to minimize the effects of the radiation. There are some materials that are known to minimize the effects of radiations. These come in different shapes and forms. From a pendant to an object you can place inside your house, there are a lot of options to choose from as per your needs and requirements. You can even put a pendant on your dog’s collar to protect them. - The third and final level is to strengthen the metabolic system of the body in order to support the correction of cell damage. This can be achieved through a healthy lifestyle and diet.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://icleandogwash.com/electro-pollution-effects-on-your-dogs/

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- A single-cylinder motorcycle engine. - A motorcycle with such an engine. As you might guess, they go thumpa thumpa thumpa thumpa when they're running. Torque is a vital characteristic of a motorcycle engine. While horsepower will give you top end speed, torque is what gives you pull and acceleration. Aggresively tuned multi-cylinder engines can produce plenty of horsepower, but single cylinder engines have gobs of low-RPM torque, making thumpers well suited to applications like dirt or dual sport bikes. So where race-tuned fours might lug and stall, the lowly single chugs along happy, delivering less power, but over a broader range of engine speeds.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://m.everything2.com/title/Thumper

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Escaping in memory from the season’s harsh, chill winds, I cast my mind back to the dandelion days of last spring, summer and early autumn. From March until October the vivid, cadmium yellow flowers of Taraxacum officinale, or common dandelion – and their superceding, globular silver seed-heads – are found to be distributed widely and in abundance across the gently dipping shoulders of the Don river valley. We have thus observed the dandelion – that most cosmopolitan of weeds – on many patches of wasteland and also, in naughty proliferation, across the cultivated lawns and pastures of Netherthorpe, Upperthorpe, Shalesmoor, Neepsend and Wardsend. The dandelion is such a common plant that it is all to easy to become blind to its two extraordinarily complex stages of fruit and flower … but it is equal in its mystery to any other of the botanical organisms that we have encountered on our journeys around these parts. Not least, it would appear to confound the efforts of taxonomists to define its species with any precision – which is perhaps no surprise when one gives due consideration to this humble plant’s very singular ability to propagate in such numbers and to spread it’s progeny so widely and with such abandon through the action of the wind. Taraxacum officinale, the common dandelion (often simply called “dandelion”), is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae (Compositae). It can be found growing in temperate regions of the world, in lawns, on roadsides, on disturbed banks, on the shores of water ways, and other areas with moist soils. Taraxacum officinale is considered a weed species, especially in lawns and along roadsides; but it is sometimes used as a medicinal and in food preparation. As a nearly cosmopolitan weed, the common dandelion is best known for its bright yellow flower heads that turn into round balls of silver tufted fruits that blow away on the wind. The dandelion grows from generally unbranched taproots and produces one to more than ten stems that are typically 5 to 40 cm tall but sometimes up to 70 cm tall. The stems can be tinted purplish, are upright or lax, and produce flower heads that are held as tall or taller than the foliage. The foliage is upright growing or horizontally orientated, with leaves that are unwinged or having narrowly winged petioles. The stems can be glabrous or are sparsely covered with short hairs. The 5–45 cm long and 1–10 cm wide leaves are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate in shape with the bases gradually narrowing to the petiole The leaf margins are typically shallowly lobed to deeply lobed and often lacerate or toothed with sharp or dull teeth and the leaves are all basal; each flowering stem lacks bracts and has one single flower head. The yellow flower heads lack receptacle bracts and all the flowers, which are called florets, are ligulate and bisexual. The calyculi (the cup like bracts that hold the florets) are composed of 12 to 18 segments: each segment is reflexed and sometimes glaucous. The lanceolate shaped bractlets are in 2 series with the apices acuminate in shape. The 14 to 25 mm wide involucres are green to dark green or brownish green with the tips dark gray or purplish. The florets number 40 to over 100 per head, having corollas that are yellow or orange-yellow in color. The fruits, which are called cypselae, range in color from olive-green or olive-brown to straw-colored to grayish, they are oblanceoloid in shape and 2 to 3 mm long with slender beaks. The fruits have 4 to 12 ribs that have sharp edges. The fruits are mostly produced by apomixis (a form of asexual reproduction through the seeds). It blooms from March until October. The silky pappi, which form the parachutes, are white to silver-white in color and around 6 mm wide. Dandelion plants have milky sap that has been used as a mosquito repellent; the milk has also been used to treat warts, as a folk remedy. Taraxacum officinale is a common colonizer after fires, both from wind blown seeds and seed germination from the seed bank. The seeds remain viable in the seed bank for many years, with one study showing germination after nine years. This species is a somewhat prolific seed producer, with 54 to 172 seeds produced per head, and a single plant can produce more than 5,000 seeds a year. It is estimated that more than 97,000,000 seeds/hectare could be produced yearly by a dense stand of dandelions. When released, the seeds can be spread by the wind up to several hundred meters from their source, the seeds are also a common contaminate in crop and forage seeds. The dandelion has historically had many English common names including: blowball, lion’s-tooth, cankerwort, milk-witch, yellow-gowan, Irish daisy, monks-head, priest’s-crown and puff-ball; other common names include: faceclock, pee-a-bed, wet-a-bed, canker-wort, and swine’s snout Carl Linnaeus named the species Leondonton Taraxacum in 1753. The genus name Taraxacum, might be from the Arabic word “Tharakhchakon“,or from the Greek “Tarraxos“. The common name “dandelion,” comes from the French phrase “dent de lion” which means “lion’s tooth”, in reference to the jagged shaped foliage. The taxonomy of the genus Taraxacum is complicated by apomictic and polyploid lineages, and the taxonomy and nomenclatural situation of Taraxacum officinale is not yet fully resolved. This situation has been further complicated in the past by the recognition of numerous species, subspecies and microspecies. E.g. Rothmaler’s flora of Germany recognizes roughly 70 microspecies. While the dandelion is considered a weed by most gardeners and lawn owners, the plant has several culinary uses. The specific name officinalis refers to its value as a medicinal herb, and is derived from the word opificina, later officina, meaning a workshop or pharmacy. Dandelion flowers can be used to make dandelion wine; and it has also been used in a saison ale called Pissenlit (literally “wet the bed” in French) which is made in Belgium. The greens are used in salads, the roots have been used to make a coffee-like drink and the plant was used by Native Americans as a food and medicine. Ground roasted dandelion root can be used as a coffee substitute. In Silesia, and other parts of Poland, dandelion flowers are used to make a honey substitute, to which lemon is added (so-called May-honey). This “honey” is believed to have a medicinal value, in particular against liver problems. Dandelion root is a registered drug in Canada, sold principally as a diuretic. A leaf decoction can be drunk to “purify the blood”, for the treatment of anemia, jaundice, and also for nervousness. A hepatoprotective effect of chemicals extracted from dandelion root has been reported. Drunk before meals, dandelion root coffee is claimed to stimulate digestive functions and function as a liver tonic. Paul Evans, 22 January 2012

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://occursus.org/2012/01/25/project-reflections-22/

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Story by Colleen Hawkes Photography by Paul Warchol Want to know more?Contact us Fortress-style stone walls anchor this house to the land, while its soaring glass forms open up to the tree canopy Residential architecture is often a response to the surrounding landscape. This house takes that concept one step further – it was designed as a topographical form in its own right. Architect David Jameson says the owners had two key requirements – they wanted an architecturally interesting house, and they wanted to be able to view the full height of the trees, as if from a distance. Consequently, the house, which comprises three distinct volumes, has a particularly close relationship with the site. Positioned beside a stream that bisects a wooded site, the house was designed to unveil the entire treescape. "The two stone wings act as walls within the landscape," Jameson says. "They are heavy, static forms firmly anchored to the ground. A crystalline glass prism between these solid volumes forms the central pavilion. The juxtaposition of heavy and light elements is a defining aspect of the design." The layered roofs are also a response to the topography, says Jameson. "The roof planes were conceived as conceptual extensions of the undulating landscape – they create their own topographical form. In addition, inverting the gables of the butterfly roofs was a way to open up the interior spaces to bring the picturesque tree canopy into view." The cantilevered roofs, which rise to more than 30ft, provide deep overhangs that shelter second-floor terraces while still allowing large amounts of natural light inside. Similarly, the stone walls act as sunscreens for the central glass pavilion. The walls feature carderock stone, quarried just two miles from the site. Jameson says where possible, materials were sourced locally – the carderock stone is indigenous to the Potomac River valley. "We specified extra-large blocks that have a taut linear quality. These create a tectonic wall – the mortar joints are virtually invisible." Slot windows in the walls, some of which are recessed, enhance the fortress look of the base and ensure the stone remains the dominant material. The separate volumes that define the house also determine its internal organization. The north wing on the right side accommodates the entry, library and guest suites, while the south wing houses the master suite, offices and exercise room. The central glass pavilion contains the more public spaces, including the open-plan living areas and kitchen. Jameson says he deliberately lowered the scale of the entrance, which is just 9ft high, to provide a dramatic contrast to the soaring 24ft living area. "Upon entering the central glass volume, you can see how the roof explodes into the landscape, allowing you to view the trees right up to the canopy. The glass walls visually disappear and one reads the stone walls beyond as the exterior threshold – the space grows exponentially. It is almost as though the glass walls are not there, such is the illusion of being outside." Jameson says the two different roof lines within the central pavilion add to the visual tension. "Folding the roof to a lower scale in the informal living area, and bending the glass outwards, allows the landscape to be experienced in a different way, and at a different scale." Further visual interest, and warmth, is provided by the 1820sq ft acoustic ceiling, which comprises thousands of small square blocks of African ribbon mahogany – a wood that also frames the inside of the doors and windows. The kitchen, however, features clear vertical-grain Douglas fir, which Jameson says is more organic, and was chosen to help ground the house within the wider landscape. The cabinetry also has a strong sculptural presence, in keeping with the gallery-like ambiance. "It is less about being a kitchen and more about being an art object – neither the 20ft-long island nor the storage cabinets touch the walls or ceiling," says Jameson. The kitchen's square, linear quality is enhanced by the sculptural overhead lighting bracket, which also accommodates a cube-shaped custom hood. First published date: 05 August 2008 More news from Trends |Exterior doors and windows||RKI Inc| |Flooring||Norwegian slate; American cherry wood parquet| |Cabinetry||Clear, vertical-grain Douglas fir, manufactured by Hill Enterprises| |Countertops||Hillgartner Natural Stone| |Furniture||Knoll; Furniture From Scandinavia| |Lighting||Iris; I/O; Hunza| |Architect||David Jameson, FAIA, David Jameson Architect Inc (Alexandria, VA)| |Structural engineer||McMullan and Associates| |Main contractor||Accent General Contracting| |Roofing||Flat seamed lead-coated copper by Prospect Roofing|

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), or Obamacare, was enacted with the goal of providing affordable health insurance options for millions of uninsured Americans. The ACA was designed to help underserved groups, including low-income individuals and families, women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and those unable to obtain health coverage due to medical history (such as pre-existing conditions). It was not necessarily designed with young adults in mind, but there are a number of ways in which ACA regulations have helped U.S. citizens in their late teens and twenties to receive the health coverage and access to essential health services they might otherwise have had to forego after becoming legal adults. With many insurance providers ousting adult children from parental insurance policies the moment they turned 18 prior to Obamacare, many young adults with limited funds were left uninsured. This is no longer the case. Thanks to a variety of provisions and subsidies listed in the Affordable Care Act, young adults now have many options to obtain affordable coverage, at least until they finish school and/or find gainful employment. This is good news since every U.S. citizen is required to maintain minimum essential coverage standards or face annual penalties for a failure to comply with ACA regulations. If you fall into this category and you’re curious about what options are available to you since the enactment of Obamacare, here are a few things every young adult should know about their rights under Obamacare. The best option for the majority of young adults is to stay on a parent’s insurance policy since this will confer the best coverage at the lowest cost in most cases. This is especially true for students that are unable to work and receive full-time benefits during their time in college. The good news is that Obamacare has increased the length of time a child (even an adult child) can remain on a parent’s insurance policy. The ACA has mandated that parents be allowed to continue adding children as covered parties until the age of 26. Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean that your parents will continue to pay for your insurance once you enter adulthood – only that they are allowed to. However, if your parents can’t afford to continue paying for your insurance, you may want to discuss payment options with them. If you can pay for your own coverage under their policy, it may end up costing far less than other options available to you while providing more extensive coverage. For students living on loans and/or part-time employment, this could be a smart strategy. Benefits through Employment At this point, most employers are required to provide benefits for full-time employees (except for companies with fewer than fifty full-time employees). This is due to the employer mandate portion of the ACA, which recently went into effect following delays. Unfortunately, most students are not full-time employees and may therefore be ineligible for employer-sponsored health benefits. That said, many companies have elected to provide health benefits for employees regardless of the size of the company or whether or not employees are full-time or part-time. Employers are encouraged to consider providing health benefits even if they aren’t required to by law and they may receive tax incentives for doing so. It’s always best to speak with your employer about whether or not you’re eligible to take advantage of benefits (even if you’re only a part-time employee) or seek jobs at companies that offer benefits for their part-time workers. Healthcare Marketplace Plans The healthcare marketplace is broken up into state exchanges. Whether yours is managed by your state, by the federal government, or through a partnership, your state exchange (for your state of residence) is the platform you’ll use to sign up for health insurance if you’re unable to maintain coverage under a parental policy or through your place of employment. Since the ACA mandates that every U.S. citizen, including young adults, must meet minimum coverage standards, you have little choice but to obtain health insurance, and the marketplace provides the most cost-effective options (as opposed to off-exchange carriers). You can, of course, choose to forego coverage, but you will be penalized, and with fines increasing annually you might end up paying as much as (or more than) you would have for coverage. Because many students fall into low-income categories, they may be eligible for assistance or even exemptions. However, you won’t know until you enroll through the healthcare marketplace. If you do qualify for an exemption, you’ll still have to fill out appropriate paperwork and gain approval if you want to avoid penalization. Keep in mind that health coverage you receive through your college campus (many have their own benefits in place for students) may not meet the standards for minimum essential coverage and will therefore not comply with ACA requirements. Because many young adults have yet to find gainful employment, and many won’t work at all during their time in college, most qualify for cost assistance. This means that they can receive coverage at a discount or even for free in some cases through the health insurance marketplace. In many cases, low-income young adults will qualify for coverage through Medicaid. According to the Obamacare Facts website, 6 out of 10 young adults are eligible for subsidies that will reduce health insurance premiums to less than $100 per month, and in some cases, less than $50 per month. You may also continue to receive coverage under CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program) up to the age of 19 in some states. This coverage is reserved for children whose parents do not qualify for Medicaid but also don’t earn enough to pay for health insurance coverage. Until the age of 19, young adults are also eligible to continue receiving pediatric dental and vision care (provided parents don’t opt out of this coverage). Once young adults reach the age of 26 and are no longer eligible to receive coverage under a parental policy, they will have no choice but to obtain their own insurance. Luckily, there are subsidies in place in many states to help young adults find affordable health insurance. Submit your questions below or start a conversation in the comments!

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

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Columbus Hopes to Plant 20,000 New Trees in April, 300,000 by 2020 Spring is finally here, and Columbus can now start on the city’s Branch Out Program’s goal of planting 300,000 trees by the year 2020. The Branch Out program, introduced by Green Columbus, had a waiting season after its launch last September. As the days get longer, Columbusites will soon have an opportunity to participate in the program and help to grow the city’s canopy. The initiative was developed in response to a report revealing the sparseness of the urban tree canopy after the Emerald Ash Borer wiped out a sizable portion of the city’s Ash forests. Combined with damage from the Asian Long-horned Beetle the report says Columbus can expect to lose 200,000 trees. Starting April 1 the Green Spot Backyards program will be offering $100 rebates on native tree purchases for eligible residents. Using that incentive and by generating excitement around Earth Day, Erin Miller, Environmental Steward for Columbus, said 20,000 trees will be planted. Earth Day Columbus is partnering with Green Columbus to help achieve this lofty goals, and there are a few ways for people to get involved. Anyone can contribute to the cause by simply registering the trees they plant on their own. In coordination with Earth Day, people can donate one of the trees that will be planted, volunteer to plant, or host their own service site. These steps toward increasing the urban tree canopy will help to address the city’s main concerns with conserving energy, stormwater reduction and mitigating the urban heat island. When there is a severe lack of trees in urban areas there is no shade keeping the ground cool. The radiating heat is bad for the environment and unhealthy for people. This effect, called the urban heat island, is disproportionately affecting lower income neighborhoods. Trees provide a reduction in energy use in the summer by providing shade and in the winter by reducing wind. They can also be integrated to help manage stormwater, specifically when targeting impervious surfaces, like sidewalks, parking lots and roads. The report says the main goal for the city should be to increase its canopy from its current 22 percent cover to 27 percent. For more information on how to get involved in Earth Day efforts or how to register a tree, visit www.earthdaycolumbus.org or www.columbus.gov/branch-out/.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.columbusunderground.com/columbus-hopes-to-plant-20000-new-trees-in-april-300000-by-2020

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en

There are more than 300 different species of willows in the world with the majority native to northern temperate regions. A fast-growing tree, willows prefer moist soils. The trees are generally short-lived and are replaced by other trees that can tolerate its wet growing conditions. Three types of willow tree are commonly found in Ontario, Canada: shining willow, pussy willow and peachleaf willow. The shining willow is a small, shrub-like tree that reaches a height of 25 feet. Found in isolated wetland areas, it provides habitat for migrating waterfowl, according to "The Encyclopedia of North American Trees" by Sam Benvie. It has a short trunk with dark brown and red bark that is thin and smooth, and becomes slightly grooved as the tree ages. The oval leaves are 6 inches in length and shiny green, turning yellow, then purple in the fall. The roots are shallow and its fruit ripens in early summer. The pussy willow is also considered a shrub or small tree with a maximum height of 20 feet. The tree is found in wet meadows, along rivers and streams and in swamps. The bark is gray and scaly and the twigs, which are harvested by florists, are hairless, according to “Eastern Trees” by George A. Petrides. The shiny green leaves are 4 inches in length with a white-green underside. The tree flowers from February to May. The peachleaf willow, also known as the almond willow, grows to a height of 65 feet. Found mainly along creeks, the peachleaf is the largest willow west of the Western states, according to “The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees of the Americas” by Tony Russell, Catherine Cutler and Martin Walters. The bark is light brown and soft and its light green leaves are lance-shaped, growing to 4 inches. The tree flowers in the spring. - What Are Willow Oak Trees? - Kinds of Oak Trees in Michigan - Trees That Survive in Winter - Identify Willow Trees - Silver Birch Tree Facts - Flowering Trees in Ontario - Grow Australian Tea Trees (Leptospermum laevigatum) - Different Kinds of Willow Trees - About Globe Willow Trees - Drought-Resistant Shade Trees - Identify a Persimmon Tree - Identify Flowering Trees in Michigan in June

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International Space Station to get an AI-powered robot crew member CIMON will help astronauts repair parts of the ISS, giving them more time for research An AI-powered robot is currently on its way to space to help International Space Station (ISS) astronauts carry out repair missions, NASA has announced. CIMON (Crew Interactive Mobile Companion) was placed aboard a SpaceX rocket, which took off on Friday as part of a resupply mission to the ISS. CIMON is a voice-activated piece of kit that can display instructions to fix parts of the spacecraft without an astronaut having to use their hands at all. The robot is ball-shaped, with a screen that resembles a face, it can fly thanks to tech developed by Airbus, and can recognise voices using IBM's Watson tech. It'll also guide crew on research projects or experiments, with everything stored in a huge database. Although it's pretty smart, it'll have to pass a few training projects before it can be used for the more important tasks, NASA explained. German astronaut Alexander Gerst will be in charge of testing its intelligence using CIMON to experiment with crystals and a Rubik's cube. He will also test its capabilities as part of a medical experiment, where the robot will be expected to fly and record footage. The robot has already been programmed to respond to Gerst's voice, saving time once it arrives at the ISS, so he can commence testing whether AI could have a future helping astronauts in volatile environments. If the collaboration between IBM, Airbus, the German Aerospace Center and Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital in Munich is successful, it could give the go-ahead for others to develop AI robots for use in space. "The aim of the CIMON project is to examine the current capabilities of artificial intelligence in a complex environment such as the International Space Station, in order to provide the best possible support to people in such conditions," said Matthias Biniok, IBM's lead Watson architect in Germany. "These skills can be individually trained and enhanced within the context of their respective application. Artificial intelligence also makes particular use of artificial neural networks." The partnership is somewhat ironic given SpaceX founder Elon Musk's staunch criticism of artificial intelligence and its potential to replace human workers. He once described work in the field as "summoning the devil", and last year said the technology posed an existential threat to humanity. The essential guide to cloud-based backup and disaster recovery Support business continuity by building a holistic emergency planDownload now Trends in modern data protection A comprehensive view of the data protection landscapeDownload now How do vulnerabilities get into software? 90% of security incidents result from exploits against defects in softwareDownload now Delivering the future of work - now The CIO’s guide to building the unified digital workspace for today’s hybrid and multi-cloud strategies.Download now

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Hope to initiate a regional framework on reducing the amount of ocean garbage. Eyler new book notes that in the dry season of 2016, the Mekong dropped so low in the Laotian capital, Vientiane, that people could almost walk across it to Thailand. Not only Thailand, but also other Asean member countries should cooperate with Laos to help the country transform its position from being landlocked to creating a land link within the region. “We lost so much in the conflict. Now there is no more conflict, but we have lost our land, and we don’t know if we will ever get it back.” Now the scientists suspect that the steady departure of bigwigs caused the water system to fall into disrepair and ultimately fail. “Due to climate change, [mango] flowers were destroyed by too much rain and now there is drought coming. The ponds in some areas are slowly drying up.” Thailand’s military government has bypassed many environmental protection regulations to push its flagship development project, bringing severe environmental and health impacts. The Southeast Asian nation has emerged in recent years as a key transit hub for the multi-billion dollar illicit wildlife trade.

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en

The warm weather is here and now is the time to go out and enjoy the summer sun! Due to the increased time we spend outside, we will be exposed to more sunshine. Sun exposure is necessary because many of us benefit from Vitamin D and sun exposure is a primary source. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for the body because it helps us absorb calcium for stronger and healthier bones. Vitamin D also plays a role in the health of other areas in the human body. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that is important for maintaining a strong immune system, protecting us against certain diseases including cancer and supporting the cardiovascular system. Sunlight contains three types of ultraviolet rays: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA rays cause skin aging and contribute to skin cancer, such as melanoma. UVA rays pass effortlessly through the ozone layer and make up the majority of our sun exposure. UVB rays also can be dangerous, by causing sunburns and skin cancer. Melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer, is thought to be associated with severe UVB sunburns that occur before the age of 20. Most UVB rays are absorbed by the ozone layer, but enough of these rays can pass through to cause serious damage to the skin. UVC rays are the most dangerous, these rays are blocked by the ozone layer and don’t reach the earth. A point to mention, not all sunlight is “equal” in UV concentration. The intensity of the sun’s rays depends upon the time of year, as well as the altitude and latitude of your location. UV rays are strongest during summer. Extra protection is required near the equator, where the sun is strongest, and at high altitudes, where the air and cloud cover are thinner, allowing more damaging UV rays to get through the atmosphere. UV rays react with a chemical called melanin that is found in skin. Melanin is the first defense against the sun because it absorbs dangerous UV rays before they can cause serious skin damage. Melanin is found in different concentrations in the skin, which results in different skin colors. The lighter the skin color, the less melanin in the skin. As the melanin increases in response to sun exposure, the skin tans. Sunburn develops when the amount of UV exposure is greater than what can be protected by melanin in the skin. There are a number of ways to prevent sunburn: - Avoid the sun’s rays when they are the strongest, which is usually between 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. If you must be in the sun between these hours, be sure to apply and reapply sunscreen. - Sunscreen is essential if people are going to be outdoors. What matters most in a sunscreen is the degree of protection from UV rays it provides or the SPF (sun protection factor) numbers on the labels. Select an SPF of 30 or higher and apply sunscreen about 15 to 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply sunscreen often, approximately every 2 hours. Reapply after sweating or swimming. - Apply sunscreen even on cloudy, cool, and overcast days. UV rays can travel through the clouds and reflect off sand, water, and concrete. Often, people are unaware that they are susceptible to sunburn on a cooler day because the temperature outside keeps the skin feeling cool. - Another way to protect yourself from UV rays is to cover up. Clothes, umbrellas, sunglasses or other sun protective gear can screen out harmful UV rays. Some medications increase the skin’s sensitivity to UV rays. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if any prescription (especially antibiotics and acne medications) or other over-the-counter medications can increase sun sensitivity. Enjoy the summer and remember to protect your skin!

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Q. "How does lead get into drinking water right now?" A. Primarily, trace amounts of lead get into drinking water due to aging infrastructures, such as old pipes and plumbing systems parts. The Plumbing Manufacturer's Institute (PMI) states that over the past decade, lead levels in plumbing fixture fittings have been reduced to insignificant levels due to improvements in modern manufacturing processes. Q. "How does lead content in brass faucets affect me?" A. Water is a solvent, probably the best known solvent on earth. As such, water will absorb metals, minerals, and chemicals that it comes in contact with over a period of time. A faucet that has brass waterways can be susceptible to this process. Water sitting in your faucet can leach the lead out of the brass and enter your water system. Q. "What does it mean to have ANSI Certification for lead free plumbing products?" A. Laws requiring plumbing products that come in to contact with drinking water to be essentially lead-free (0.25% weighted average) were passed in the United States Congress, U.S. Senate Bill No. S.3874, amending Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act with new public law (P.L.111-380). In January 2014, in order for companies to ship and sell plumbing products used for use in potable water applications they must be ANSI certified lead free. Q. "What is CA AB 1953, LA Act No.362, MD HB 372, and VT S.152 and how is this different from previous low-lead legislation?" A. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the amount of lead in drinking water under guidelines established in the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (passed in 1974; amended in 1988 and 1996). This Act originally defined "lead-free" as not more than 8% lead in pipes and fixture fittings. New legislation adopted in CA (AB 1953) VT (S.152) LA (Act 362) and MD (HB 372) in 2010 prompted new lead free law revisions to the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. The Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act (public law P.L. 111-380) in January 2014 revised the Safe Drinking Water Act definition of lead free to mean 0.25% or less (weighted average) in pipes and fixture fittings used for potable water. Q. "What states are affected by the new lower lead laws?" A. In January 2014, the "Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act" (public law P.L. 111-380) a revision of the Safe Drinking Water Act, became law nationwide. In addition to the 50 U.S. states, the federal Lead Free law also applies to Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Q. "How are these laws enforced, and who enforces them?" A. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with implementing this law, but primary responsibility for enforcing the law is left to the states. Responsibility is mostly passed to cities, towns and municipal utilities who use plumbing and health codes to aid enforcement. In addition to the lead laws, California also requires product certification by an independent third party, and certifying to NSF 61 standards is becoming more common. Q. "How is something determined to be Lead Free?" A. In 2014, Lead Free legislation reduces the permissible levels of lead in the wetted surfaces of pipes, pipe fittings, plumbing fittings and fixtures to a weighted average of not more than 0.25%. Products that meet this standard are referred to in the law as "Lead Free." Per the language of U.S. Senate Bill No. S.3874, the weighted average lead content of a pipe, pipe fitting, plumbing fitting, or fixture is calculated as follows: For each wetted component, the percentage of lead in the component is multiplied by the ratio of the wetted surface area of that component to the total wetted surface area of the entire product; this results in a "weighted percentage" of lead of the component. The weighted percentage of lead (of each wetted component) is then added together, and the sum of these weighted percentages equals the weighted average lead content of the product. The lead content of the material used to produce wetted components determines compliance as "not more than a weighted average of 0.25 percent lead when used with respect to the wetted surfaces of pipes, pipe fittings, plumbing fittings, and fixtures. Q. "How can I tell if a product meets the requirements of the lead free laws?" A. Many manufacturers have chosen to mark their products or the packaging with an identifying mark, indicating that the product is compliant with the law. However, some items that have always been compliant with the 2014 lead free legislation may have no identifying mark, even though they are compliant. If a question arises regarding the lead content of a product, we recommend consulting with the manufacturer. Q. "Are all plumbing components included in the new laws?" A. Pipes, pipe fittings, plumbing fittings or fixtures that are used exclusively for non-potable services such as manufacturing, industrial processing, irrigation, outdoor watering, or any other uses where water is not anticipated to be used for human consumption are not included in the law. Toilets, bidets, urinals, fill valves, flushometer valves, tub fillers, shower valves, service saddles, or water distribution main gate valves that are 2 inches in diameter or larger are excluded from this legislation. Q. "Who is affected by the new laws?" A. The law will affect everyone. It makes it illegal to sell or install pipes, fittings and fixtures in applications providing water for human consumption that do not comply with the new standard. For suppliers and plumbers, that means whether you sell or install these products, you will need to supply products compliant with the new law. For individuals it will mean that you cannot use non-Lead Free items in installations that will be used for human consumption.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

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Castelo de Aljezur This Moorish castle dates back to the 10th century and was was one of the last Moorish strongholds in the Algarve. Built to guard Aljezur when it was a river port providing direct access to the sea the castle did its job admirably. It was only in 1249 that the castle fell to the Christians lead by king D. Afonso III Positioned upon an 88m high hilltop, the castle offers beautiful panoramic views of the surrounding floodplain, the hills of Monchique and the coast. The castle is built to an irregular polygonal plan and still retains two of the original towers - one semicircular and the other rectangular in shape. With the mud and stone walls measuring 1.5 metres thick and over 9 metres high this was a castle built to withstand most enemies. However, they were not strong enough to survive the great 1755 earthquake intact and it was not until the 1940s that the walls were restored to their former glory. There are also signs of habitation including the foundations of what were houses and a sizeable cistern with an arched doorway and vaulted ceiling. Food silos were also uncovered which give as an insight into the diet of the people who would have lived here. As with many ancient defensive locations the history of the site far predates the current structure. This is certainly the case for Aljezur castle with archaeological excavations on the castle mound revealing various artefacts from the Bronze Age to the sixteenth century.Further studies have suggested the site has been continuously and successively occupied by several peoples: the Lusitanians that it made a hillfort here; the Romans a lookout post; the Visigoths, also used it as a lookout; and finally the Moors who built the castle and founded of the town.

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More than 300,000 households in Wisconsin depend on federal programs for food. Now, more than 25,000 households in the state are at risk of losing some of those benefits. The United States Department of Agriculture, which runs the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), is proposing removing a so-called “loophole” that makes it easier for families to access SNAP benefits. The proposed changes would not only impact families that rely on these benefits for hunger relief, they could also hurt local economies that depend on money from the program. "SNAP is a critical part of our local economy: it keeps the grocery store industry in business, it employs lots of people. There’s a huge benefit to the SNAP program on an economic level," says Sherrie Tussler, executive director of the Hunger Task Force based in Milwaukee. It operates a food bank and works to prevent hunger. Charity organizations are frequently relied on to step in when these federal programs purge households from their services. But Tussler says this solution is inadequate and that organizations like Hunger Task Force don't have the resources to feed everyone on SNAP. "When the government shut down back in January, the [annual] Hunger Task Force budget — which supports all the food pantries, soup kitchens, and homeless shelters here in Milwaukee — it's about $16 million. A single month of SNAP benefits [for the region] was twice that," she explains.

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Health officials in the west African country of Mali confirmed a single case of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus infection in a 10-year-old boy from Ouléssébougou. This case was identified through laboratory investigations into three suspected yellow fever cases. All three samples tested negative for all arboviruses included on the molecular panel, namely: dengue, West Nile, RVF, chikungunya, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Ebola. However, one sample was anti-RVF virus IgM positive on serology testing by ELISA. Earlier this month, the district rapid response team was deployed to the affected village to conduct outbreak investigation. The team observed that the affected village is served by a large diameter well, with shepherds in seasonal movement with their livestock living nearby and regularly visiting the village. Score of samples were taken from villagers and domestic animals. Test results are pending. The World Health Organization says the occurrence of a sporadic case of RVF in a village in Mali is not surprising. During August-November 2016, communities in the Tahoua Region, Niger (on the border with Mali) experienced an outbreak of RVF. And in January this year, OIE confirmed RVF virus as the cause of abortions in sheep and goats across the border in Menaka, Mali (some 1,700 km from the abovementioned outbreaks). Nevertheless, the detection of even a single case warrants an immediate emergency response, as such cases are often an early indication of widespread infection in livestock populations, associated with abortions with devastating economic impacts. Though the disease in humans is often subclinical or mild, 8-10% of cases develop severe symptoms, including ocular disease, encephalitis and/or haemorrhagic fever. - Kenya reports nearly 300 kala-azar this year in two counties - Burundi: Malaria outbreak continues unabated - Cholera in Africa: DRC, Kenya, Angola and Tanzania - Yemen: Cholera epidemic tops 350,000 cases - UNICEF/WHO release troubling vaccination data

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2 Microsoft Office XP Microsoft Excel Entering Text and NumbersFormatting Text and Performing Mathematical CalculationsNumbers and Mathematical CalculationsCreating Charts 3 Entering Text and Numbers Start > Program > Microsoft Office > Microsoft Office Excel 4 Entering Text and Numbers The Title BarThe Menu Bar 5 ToolbarsThe Standard ToolbarThe Formatting Toolbar 6 Show full menusPoint to the word Tools, which is located on the menu bar.Click your left mouse button.Press the down arrow until customize is highlighted.Press Enter.Choose the Options Tab by clicking on it.If Always Show Full Menus does not have a check mark in it, click in the Always Show Full Menus box.Click Close to close the dialog box. 11 The Formula BarIf the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address displays in the Name box on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar. Before proceeding, make sure the Formula bar is turned on. 15 Wrapping Text Return to the Cell Choose Format > Cells from the menu.Choose the Alignment tab.Click Wrap Text.Click OK. The text wraps. 16 Entering Numbers as Labels or Values Labels are alphabetic, alphanumeric, or numeric text on which you do not perform mathematical calculations.ValuesValues are numeric text on which you perform mathematical calculations 17 Enter a number: Enter a value: Move the cursor to a cell. Type any number.Press Enter.Enter a value:Move the cursor to a Cell .Type '100. 19 Formatting Text and Performing Mathematical Calculations 20 Setting the Default Font Choose Format > Cells from the menu.Choose the Font tab.In the Font box, choose desire Font .In the Font Style box, choose the desire style.In the Size box, choose the desire size.If there is no check mark in the Normal Font box, click to place a check mark there. Your selections are now the default.Click OK. 24 Addition Move your cursor to cell A3. Type a number. Press Enter. Type another number (Value) in cell A4.Type =A3+A4 in cell A5.Press Enter. Cell A3 has been added to cell A4, and the result is shown in cell A5. 26 Subtraction Move your cursor to cell A3. Type a number. Press Enter. Type another number (Value) in cell A4.Type =+A3-A4 in cell A5.Press Enter. Cell A3 has been added to cell A4, and the result is shown in cell A5. 28 Multiplication Move your cursor to cell A3. Type a number. Press Enter.Type another number (Value) in cell A4.Type =A3*A4 in cell A5.Press Enter. Cell A3 has been added to cell A4, and the result is shown in cell A5. 30 Division Move your cursor to cell A3. Type a number. Press Enter. Type another number (Value) in cell A4.Type =A3/A4 in cell A5.Press Enter. Cell A3 has been added to cell A4, and the result is shown in cell A5. 34 Automatic Calculation If you have automatic calculation turned on, Microsoft Excel recalculates the worksheet as you change cell entries. You can check to make sure automatic calculation is turned on. 35 Automatic Calculation Choose Tools > Options from the menu.Choose the Calculation tab.Select Automatic if it is not already selected.Click OK. 40 More Advanced Mathematical Calculations When you perform mathematical calculations in Microsoft Excel, be careful of precedence. Calculations are performed from left to right, with multiplication and division performed before addition and subtraction 41 More Advanced Mathematical Calculations Go to cell A1.Type =3+3+12/2*4.Press Enter.Note: Microsoft Excel divided 12 by 2, multiplied the answer by 4, added 3, and then added another 3. The answer, 30, displays in cell A1. 42 More Advanced Mathematical Calculations To change the order of calculation, use parentheses. Microsoft Excel calculates the information in parentheses first.Double-click in cell A1.Edit the cell to read =(3+3+12)/2*4.Press Enter.Note: Microsoft Excel added 3 plus 3 plus 12, divided the answer by 2, and multiplied the result by 4. The answer, 36, displays in cell A1. 43 Cell AddressingMicrosoft Excel records cell addresses in formulas in three different ways, calledabsolute,relative,mixed. 44 Relativecell addressing, when you copy a formula from one area of the worksheet to another, Microsoft Excel records the position of the cell relative to the cell that originally contained the formula 45 Exercises Go to cell A7. Type 1. Press Enter. Go to cell B7. 46 Exercises You should be in cell A10. Type =. Use the up arrow key to move to cell A7.Type +.Use the up arrow key to move to cell A8.Use the up arrow key to move to cell A9.Press Enter.Look at the Formula bar while in cell A10. Note that the formula you entered is recorded in cell A10. 47 Copying by Using the Menu You can copy entries from one cell to another cell. To copy the formula you just entered, follow these stepsYou should be in cell A10.Choose Edit > Copy from the menu. Moving dotted lines appear around cell A10, indicating the cells to be copied.Press the Right Arrow key once to move to cell B10.Choose Edit > Paste from the menu. The formula in cell A10 is copied to cell B10.Press Esc to exit the Copy mode. 48 Copying by Using the Menu Compare the formula in cell A10 with the formula in cell B10 (while in the respective cell, look at the Formula bar). The formulas are the same except that the formula in cell A10 sums the entries in column A and the formula in cell B10 sums the entries in column B. The formula was copied in a relative fashion 49 Absolute Cell Addressing Refers to the same cell, no matter where you copy the formula. You make a cell address an absolute cell address by placing a dollar sign in front of both the row and column identifiers. You can do this automatically by using the F4 key. 50 Exercises Go to cell A7. Type 1. Press Enter. Go to cell B7. 51 Exercises Move the cursor to cell A10. Type =. Use the up arrow key to move to cell A7.Press F4. Dollar signs should appear before the A and before the 7.Type +.Use the up arrow key to move to cell A8.Press F4.Use the up arrow key to move to cell A9.Press Enter. The formula is recorded in cell A10. 52 ExercisesCopy the formula from A10 to B10. This time, you will copy by using the keyboard shortcut.Your cursor should be in cell C10.Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "c" (Ctrl-c). This copies the contents of cell C10.Press the right arrow once.Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "v" (Ctrl-v). This pastes the contents of cell A10 in cell B10.Press Esc to exit the Copy mode.Compare the formula in cell A10 with the formula in cell B10. They are the same. The formula was copied in an absolute fashion. Both formulas sum column A 53 Mixed Cell AddressingReference a cell that is part absolute and part relative. You can use the F4 key.Move the cursor to cell E1.Type =.Press the up arrow key once.Press F4.Press F4 again. Note that the column is relative and the row is absolute.Press F4 again. Note that the column is absolute and the row is relative.Press Esc. 54 Numbers and Mathematical Calculations Microsoft Excel has many functions that you can use. Functions allow you to quickly and easily find an average, the highest number, the lowest number, a count of the number of items in a list, and make many other useful calculations 55 Reference OperatorsReference operators refer to a cell or a group of cells.There are two types of reference operators,rangeunion. 56 RangeRefers to all the cells between and including the reference. A range reference consists of two cell addresses separated by a colon. The reference A1:A3 includes cells A1, A2, and A3. The reference A1:C3 includes A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, and C3. 57 UnionConsists of two or more cell addresses separated by a comma. The reference A7,B8,C9 refers to cells A7, B8, and C9 58 Functions A set of prewritten formulas called functions. When using a function, remember the followingUse an equal sign to begin a formula.Specify the function nameEnclose arguments within parentheses.Use a comma to separate arguments 59 Functions Here is an example of a function: =SUM(2,13,A1,B27) In this function:The equal sign begins the function.SUM is the name of the function.2, 13, A1, and B27 are the arguments.Parentheses enclose the arguments.A comma separates the arguments 60 Entering a Function by Using the Menu Type 150 in cell C1.Press Enter.Type 85 in cell C2.Type 65 in cell C3.Press Enter. Your cursor should be in cell C4.Choose Insert > Function from the menu.Choose Math & Trig in the Or Select A Category box.Click Sum in the Select A Function box.Click OK. The Functions Arguments dialog box opens.Type C1:C3 in the Number1 field, if it does not automatically appear.Click OK. Microsoft Excel sums cells C1 to C3.Move to cell A4.Type the word Sum. 61 Calculating an Average You can use the AVERAGE function to calculate the average of a series of numbers.Move your cursor to cell A6.Type Average. Press the right arrow key to move to cell B6.Type =AVERAGE(B1:B3).Press Enter. The average of cells B1 to B3, which is 21, will appear. 62 Calculating an Average by Using the Sum Icon In Microsoft Excel XP, you can use the Sum icon to calculate an average.Move your cursor to cell C6.Click the drop-down arrow next to the Sum icon.Click Average.Highlight C1 to C3.Press Enter. The average of cells C1 to C3, which is 100, appears. 63 Calculating MinYou can use the MIN function to find the lowest number in a series of numbers.Move your cursor to cell A7.Type Min.Press the right arrow key to move to cell B7.Type = MIN(B1:B3).Press Enter. The lowest number in the series, which is 12 appears. 64 Calculating MaxYou can use the MAX function to find the highest number in a series of numbers.Move your cursor to cell A8.Type Max.Press the right arrow key to move to cell B8.Type = MAX(B1:B3).Press Enter. The highest number in the series, which is 27, appears.Note: You can also use the drop-down menu next to the Sum icon to calculate minimums and maximums. 65 Calculating CountYou can use the count function to count the number of items in a series.Move your cursor to cell A9.Type CountPress the right arrow key to move to cell B9.Click the down arrow next to the Sum icon.Click Count.Highlight B1 to B3.Press Enter. The number of items in the series, which is 3 appears. 66 Filling Cells Automatically You can use Microsoft Excel to fill cells automatically with a series. For example, you can have Excel automatically fill in times, the days of the week or months of the year, years, and other types of series. Days of the week and months of the year fill in a similar fashion 67 Exercises Move to cell A1. Type Sun. Move to cell B1. Type Sunday. Highlight cells A1 to B1.Bold cells A1 to B1.Find the small black square in the lower right corner of the highlighted area. This is called the Fill Handle.Grab the Fill Handle and drag with your mouse to fill cell A1 to B24. Note how the days of the week fill the cells in a series. Also, note that the Auto Fill Options icon appears 69 Creating ChartsUsing Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart. You can choose from a variety of chart types. And, as you change your data, your chart will automatically update. 70 Creating a Column Chart To create the column chart shown above, start by creating the spreadsheet below exactly as shown. 71 ExercisesHighlight cells A1 to D4. You must highlight all the cells containing the data you want in your chart. You should also include the data labels.Choose Insert > Chart from the menu.Click Column to select the type of chart you want to create.In the Chart Sub-type box, choose the Clustered Column icon to select the chart sub-type. 72 Click Next.To place the product names on the x-axis, select the Columns radio button.Type Server in the Chart Title field. Server will appear as the title of your chart.Type Server in the Category (X) Axis field. Products will appear as your x-axis title.Type Location in the Value (Y) Axis field. Location will appear as your y-axis title.Choose the Data Labels tab.Select Value in the Labels Contain Frame to display the data labels as values.Choose the Data Table tab.Select Show Data Table. The data table will appear below your chart.Choose As Object In Sheet1 to make your chart an embedded object and part of the worksheet.Click FinishYour chart will appear on the spreadsheet

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Australia remains one of the last English-speaking countries in the developed world not to legally recognise same-sex marriage. If the upcoming postal survey indicates public support for marriage equality, a conscience vote will be held in parliament. If not, it’s unlikely that same-sex couples will be able to marry for as long as the current government remains in office. Further information - Mathias Cormann on the same-sex marriage postal survey This would be quite a harmful outcome for the health of same-sex attracted couples, who are already at higher risk of poorer mental health outcomes and suicide than their heterosexual counterparts. This is directly associated with the stigma and discrimination to which they are exposed on a daily basis. Research shows that in countries and jurisdictions that have legalised same-sex marriage, there is a much smaller gap between the rates of poor mental health among same-sex attracted and heterosexual people. This is particularly the case with young people, for whom suicide rates have a been a significant national concern for decades. Just this week, a national study by the Australian Institute of Family Studies found that 10% of 14-15-year-olds reported that they had self-harmed in the previous 12 months, and 5% had attempted suicide. Legalising same-sex marriage will go a way towards lowering suicide rates in this group, as well as across the board. Negative health impacts where same-sex marriage is banned Young same-sex attracted people in particular already experience feelings of social discrimination, which could increase if same-sex marriage is not legalised. Same-sex-attracted young people are roughly twice as likely to be diagnosed with a mental health disorder, more than six times more likely to have thoughts of suicide, and five times more likely to make a suicide attempt than their heterosexual peers. These inequalities are exacerbated in jurisdictions that do not support same sex marriage and where discrimination is therefore institutionally endorsed. For example, a US study found that psychiatric disorders such as mood and anxiety disorders, as well as problems with alcohol, increased significantly among same-sex-attracted people who lived in states that banned gay marriage during the 2004 and 2005 elections. There was no such increase among people living in states without such constitutional amendments, or among heterosexual people living in those same communities. Another US study found that sexual minority people (whose sexual identity, orientation or practices differ from the majority) living in communities that were highly prejudiced against them showed substantially elevated rates of both physical and mental illness, as well suicide. It also showed the average age of suicide among sexual minority individuals was significantly younger in these “high-prejudice” communities when compared to other areas. Health benefits where same-sex marriage is legalised Such inequalities – between the mental health of homosexual and heterosexual people – do not necessarily exist when same-sex couples are afforded the same rights with regard to institutionally recognised marriage. This finding persists among middle-aged men and young people. In Denmark same-sex married men experienced a reduction in rates of premature death after the implementation of a registered partnerships law in 1989. Similarly, in the United States, implementation of same-sex marriage policies has been associated with a 7% relative reduction in the proportion of high school students attempting suicide. The association was strongest among sexual minority students. Based on figures from the Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing this would equate to almost 3,000 fewer suicide attempts made by Australian secondary school students per year. These benefits are not necessarily attributed to marriage per se, but rather the legal right to marry. They are also not restricted to mental health, but have also been reported in terms of financial factors, physical health and health care costs. The likely effects of a ‘no campaign’ A small number of studies have also examined the impact of plebiscites and their associated “no campaigns” on the mental health and well-being of communities. These consistently report that exposure to repeated negative messaging about same-sex marriage creates a unique form of social stress resulting in poorer psychological outcomes. While the specific impact of these campaigns on suicide related outcomes remains unknown for the time being, the relationship between minority stress, mental illness and suicide is well established. It is therefore likely that risk will increase throughout this process. Indeed, mental health and crisis support services are already reporting an increase in the rate of contacts, an increase that has been attributed to the debate currently underway. The Australian government has given a significant amount of attention and resource to the treatment of mental ill-health and prevention of suicide, including among young people, over recent years. Yet, the institutional inequalities and the already toxic debate currently underway (despite assurances on the part of government that any debate will be respectful) will undoubtedly increase the risk of both. This risk needs to be taken extremely seriously over the coming months. If this article has raised issues for you or if you’re concerned about someone you know, call Lifeline on 13 11 14. Note: The first sentence has been amended to reflect that Australia is not the “only” English speaking developed country to not yet recognise same-sex marriage.

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meaning is what we know does something mean something, can we say anything about it? when we look at something, name it, believe in it, we are saying about it what is – our grey matter celebrates! meaning not only looks at everything we do. an answer is not just an answer: an answer is a recognition, an understanding – a knowing. meaning is itself a being: the object is the knowing. a formal logic which says ‘a thing is itself’ means something only if it is known to know something is to possess it it takes the thing and the knowing without the knowing: nothing exists! or something so simple, it asks a question that physical geometry (pic) expresses that: A is A. there is a structure to this and in fact this is the language of being sculpture is theoretical: by the FLATNESS theory and by transitivity. (transitivity is itself broken down into three dimensions. each dimension is a reflective.) Transitivity ‘contains’ the point, while Flatness expresses it. flatness is the cube on the face of the cube! (Corollary of “…the integrity of the picture plane….” Clement Greenberg, Rosenberg and Steinberg.) Euclid’s ‘imaginary line’ is the distance between two points, and so is reflective. a cube on the face of a cube is reflective: is the language of awareness. therefore ‘flatness’ is reflective. flatness and transitivity merge at reflection; but transitivity … carries us to two points! … A = B = C at the one end (the thing) and A = B = C at the other (cognition). sculpture proves this!

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Beets and Swiss Chard Beets are a cool season crop which can tolerate frosts and light freezes. They are raised both for greens and roots. The best quality is obtained when beets are grown under conditions of good sunlight and cool temperatures (50°F to 65°F). The higher temperatures of summer result in zoning with alternating light and dark rings and lower sugar content. They grow best in deep, friable, well-drained, sandy loams to silt loams. High organic content in the soil is desirable and will help maintain an adequate moisture supply. Composted manure, cover crops or green manure crops help maintain organic content of soil. Organic matter should be well decomposed to avoid scab problems with beets. For Current information on production methods (including varieties, spacing, seeding, and fertility), weed, disease, and insect management, please visit the New England Vegetable Management Guide website.

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I am a great believer in making learning fun, exciting and engaging for my children. We have loose topics that are based around the interests of the children, and this week our theme is “Charlie and The Chocolate Factory” Lots of our children have been talking about Charlie, so we decided to use this as a theme to hooks lots of learning onto. The children have gone for it great guns, it’s only day two and already we’ve had lots of fab observations covering all of the characteristics of Effective Learning. Despite having an “In the moment” kind of planning format, we also plan very carefully for our focussed sessions. Many of my followers often ask what we do, and how we do it. Each day we have a focused phonics, literacy and maths session. We plan very carefully to ensure it not a “Chalk and Talk” session, and that the children are as active and engaged as they possibly can be, whilst ensuring the learning is being firmly embedded. In our maths focus today we used the idea of the chocolate game. I am sure many of you will have played this game at parties as youngsters, but basically you roll a dice, and if you roll a 6, you begin putting the hat, scarf and gloves on and begin eating the chocolate whilst the dice gets passed around until the next 6 is thrown. We innovated this idea somewhat, and rolled the dice twice, and added together the two numbers rolled. If we could find the total, we then began to put on the hat, scarf and gloves. The dice was then passed to the next person in the circle. If they could too roll the dice and add the numbers they could then take charge of the hat/gloves etc. It was a fantastic game to play, as ALL children we involved and engaged. Even if they were not throwing the dice, they also had to add the numbers together to check the dice roller called out the correct answer. It was lovely to see a competitive side come out in children who very rarely show this side of their character! Once the game was finished I talked to the children and asked them what they thought they had learnt from this game… Their answers were amazing (I have taken a picture of these answers but they said …) * Counting on * Racing against time * Putting on gloves and hats * Being quick * Having fun * Taking turns * Playing fair * Reading dice I love the fact that they are able to see the learning through their play and verbalise this. On reflection of this activity, there are a couple of thing I would do differently should we play it again. 1. Smaller groups (we did it whole class, and although all of the children were engaged, it was a long time for them to wait their turn) 2. A blank dice written with higher numbers for more able 3. Use numicon to help some children who were struggling Please feel free to use this game, do let me know how you get on

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The Houndsfield Curriculum Our curriculum has 3 main drivers that we aim to thread through all the National Curriculum subjects: -Health and well-being Please see here to read about our curriculum drivers. Our curriculum covers all of the statutory National Curriculum subjects including English, maths, science, PE, computing, history, geography, modern foreign language (Spanish), art, music and design technology. We teach RE using the Enfield SACRE scheme of work and have our own PSHE curriculum that also includes our relationships and sex education. As a core curriculum driver, reading is threaded through everything so that children’s skills are developed across the whole curriculum. Children who are new to English or need additional support with phonics are put into a RWI group during whole class reading time. In KS1 we are following the ‘Read, Write, Inc’ scheme for systematic synthetic phonics teaching and we use the RWI Book Bag Books for home reading books. Maths and writing sit as separate core subjects. We use Power Maths as our whole-school maths scheme from reception to year 6 We also look at how each subject fits within our curriculum drivers Our curriculum in key stages one and two is theme based, with three themes per term. Each theme links to one of our core curriculum drivers. We do this by carefully defining the end of topic outcome and ensuring the content in terms of knowledge and skills explicitly links to one of the drivers. We make links across subjects where this supports the development of knowledge about a topic. These links are made explicit in our progression documents for each subject. Where links are not appropriate, the subjects are taught discretely. In our two year-old nursery, main nursery and reception we follow the Statutory Framework for EYFS and use RWI for phonics. Please contact the Deputy Headteacher if you require any additional information about our curriculum.

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This independent learning grid was taken from Dale Banham’s recent SHP conference resources. I have given my sixth form students a booklet of these grids, which I mark every two weeks and write questions and make points about what the students have been doing outside my lessons. Ideal for creating a learning dialogue which teachers must evidence according to the OFSTED criteria. Also this creates a point of discussion between teacher and student for any 1:1 feedback. I have also included a completed exemplar for my students as a guide. This created some interest on a recent Ukedchat on Twitter and hope that fellow tweachers find it as useful as I have.

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If this is the first time you’ve heard about the Pygmalion Effect, we want to assure you, a Pygmalion is not a type of tree-dwelling animal (wouldn’t that be a great name for one though?). Otherwise known as the Rosenthal effect, it’s a term used to describe the surprising link between higher expectations and an increase in performance. Read on to discover how the Pygmalion Effect takes hold in our workplaces to this day, and how you can adjust your approach to increase performance outcomes across your organisation. What is the Pygmalion Effect? The original study was conducted by social psychologist Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen in a Californian School in 1968. The findings from the study have proven that the expectation of a leader has a direct impact on the performance of the person they are leading. Or as Rosenthal describes it, “What one person expects of another can come to serve as a self-fulfilling prophecy.” While the study was originally conducted within a classroom setting, it has since been accepted that the Pygmalion Effect applies to all kinds of settings from elite sports teams to the modern workplace. Here’s an overview of the study to give you an idea of how the effect works: Students completed a test that was said to be able to identify ‘growth spurters’ – those who were poised to make strides academically. Teachers were then given the names of pupils who were about to bloom intellectually and like clockwork, these students showed a significant increase in performance compared to their classmates when tested again at the end of the year. But here’s the kicker: the ‘growth spurters’ were chosen at random. The only difference between them and their peers, as Rosenthal puts it, “was in the mind of the teacher.” It may seem like a small thing, but the expectations held in the mind of a teacher — or a parent, a manager, or a coach — can impact performance greatly. Wanna watch a video about it? Here you go: Why every manager should know about the Pygmalion Effect. While the Pygmalion Effect certainly calls for us to have higher expectations of the people we’re managing, it doesn’t mean that we should set our sights so high that they’re impossible to meet. Even the best painter in the world isn’t going to be able to replicate the Mona Lisa in an afternoon. So, how might leaders and managers communicate high expectations? In our view, there is power in taking a coaching approach with your team and using tools like a 90-day performance plan to allow your people to plan and set benchmarks for their best results yet. Rosenthal shared four key factors that help explain how the Pygmalion Effect works: - Climate – Warm and friendly behaviour - Input – The tendency for teachers to devote energy to their special students - Output – The way teachers call on those students more often for answers - Feedback – Giving more helpful responses to students who Knowing these factors, do you think you’re treating some team members differently than others? Are there people that report to you who you spend more time coaching than others? Take some time out today to think about how the Pygmalion Effect may be taking hold in your workplace. Here are some practical steps you can take to give all of the people you’re leading the expectation and support they need to thrive in their roles: 1. Make the time – block out some time in your calendar for dedicated one-on-one progress check-ins with your team members. Make the effort to have these convos outside of the office, at a local café, there’s science to back that up. 2. Ask better questions – the start of a better question is to ask the one that lies beneath the conversation you’re having. 3. Turn up with the right energy – some people light a room when they walk into it, where others light a room when they walk out of it…you choose which one you want to be. 4. Get to know them – find out what their strengths are, what lights them up and allow them to incorporate those things into their everyday workload. Thought this blog was a ripper? Be sure to grab the link and pass it onto a colleague, or better yet, share it on LinkedIn.

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Derived from ancient Greek words for short distance (brachy) and treatment (therapy), it is sometimes called seed implantation and is an outpatient procedure used in the treatment of different kinds of cancer. Radioactive “seeds” are carefully placed inside of the cancerous tissue and positioned in a manner that will attack the cancer most efficiently. Brachytherapy has now been used for over a century. Some of the diseases now treated with brachytherapy include prostate cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and coronary artery disease. Brachytherapy has been proven to be very effective and safe, providing a good alternative to surgical removal of the prostate, breast, and cervix, while reducing the risk of certain long-term side effects. In the treatment of prostate cancer, the radioactive seeds are about the size of a grain of rice, and give off radiation that travels only a few millimeters to kill nearby cancer cells. With permanent implants (for example, prostate) the radioactivity of the seeds decays with time while the actual seeds permanently stay within the treatment area. There are 2 different kinds of brachytherapy: permanent, when the seeds remain inside of the body, and temporary, when the seeds are inside of the body and then removed. Diseases treated with temporary implants include many gynecologic cancers. For more comprehensive information about brachytherapy, you can also visit www.aboutbrachytherapy.com. About Brachytherapy Techniques and Procedures This section of the ABS Web site will provide you with a "walk through" description of the brachytherapy techniques used for the treatment of prostate cancer. The procedures for treating other types of cancer with brachytherapy vary widely, so ask your doctor for specific information. Before the Prostate Brachytherapy Procedure You generally have tests before the brachytherapy procedure. These tests may include blood tests, an electrocardiogram (EKG), and chest x-rays: your doctor will determine which tests are performed. The results are used by anesthesiologists to determine what kind of anesthesia to use for the brachytherapy procedure. A few days before your procedure, you will be given specific instructions about preparation, including diet and enemas. These instructions are very important to follow, as they will make sure that the ultrasound image of your prostate will be clear. Either before or during your procedure, your doctor will locate your prostate and take several computer images showing the exact location and size of your cancer. These images help your doctor and practitioners to determine the number of seeds needed and their location to most effectively treat your cancer. During the Procedure Brachytherapy is usually an outpatient procedure, which means you most likely will not have to spend the night at the hospital or be admitted. The actual procedure takes approximately 1 hour. Most people receive spinal anesthesia, which means that you are numb from the waist down. You may also receive medication to make you feel drowsy. An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum, which will show the prostate gland on a television monitor, to aid the doctor in placement of the seeds. The seeds are then implanted into the prostate through very thin needles. Depending on different variables, between 50 and 100 seeds are used. The types of seed also vary and may include Iodine-125, Palladium-103, and echnogenic Iodine-125 seeds. The needles are inserted into the skin between the scrotum and rectum and are guided to the right place to most effectively treat the cancer. At the end of the procedure, a catheter will be placed in your bladder to help you pass urine during recovery. After the Procedure You will be taken to a recovery room after the procedure until the anesthesia wears off, and you can feel your legs again – this usually takes a couple of hours. While you are recovering, an ice bag is placed in the treatment area to help reduce swelling. The urinary catheter is usually removed when the anesthesia wears off, but is sometimes left in overnight. As with most outpatient procedures, you can usually go home the same day. Once you go home, you can resume your normal eating habits, have visitors, and get back to normal life. You should avoid heavy lifting and strenuous physical activity for a few days and follow the specific instructions that your doctor gives you when you are released from the hospital. Generally, patients resume their normal activities within 4 or 5 days. Immediate Side Effects Directly following the procedure, you can expect some soreness and swelling in the treatment area, sometimes accompanied by bruising. It is usually mild, and only lasts for a couple of days. Your doctor can prescribe pain medication if necessary. Short-Term Side Effects You may also experience some side effects in the first couple of days after the procedure caused by the instruments used during the procedure. These include slight bleeding or burning beneath the scrotum or blood in your urine. These side effects are normal and aren't causes for concern; however, if the bleeding becomes severe or there are large blood clots appearing in your urine, you should contact your doctor. You should always adhere to your doctor's instructions, and ask as many questions as you need to understand what has happened, and will happen to your body. There are side effects that don't appear for a week or two after the implant that are caused by the radiation that is being emitted into your prostate from the seeds. You may experience frequent, urgent, or uncomfortable urination. These symptoms usually decrease in severity as time goes on, as the seeds lose their radioactive strength. Your doctor will instruct you to drink plenty of water to help relieve these symptoms. Long-Term Side Effects There is a small chance that you may become incontinent or impotent. Patients over the age of 70 are more likely to be affected in this manner. Based on earlier reports, the rates of these long-term side effects seem to be much lower with brachytherapy than with radical prostatectomy.Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor. Safety of Radiation The seeds used in prostate brachytherapy emit a low level of radiation that doesn't travel very far. It usually doesn't travel beyond the prostate. Sometimes, very small amounts of radiation can reach other people when a seed is passed while urinating, or from the tiny amount of radiation that travels through the air. Because there is such a small amount of radiation involved, it is not considered a risk to others; however, small children and pregnant women are more sensitive to the effects of radiation, so additional precautions may be recommended by your doctor after the procedure. Ask your doctor questions about what the precautions should be, or any other questions that you have about the safety of the radiation used in brachytherapy treatments. Your doctor will tell you how often you need to be seen after the brachytherapy procedure. You need to be checked for treatment progress, treatment side effects and to make sure that the cancer has not recurred. The schedule will often be more frequent during the first 5 years following treatment.

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Bitcoin is a digital currency that exists in the Internet and is used globally. It is not issued by any institution, bank or government. Since transactions do not need to go through any intermediaries, the cost is much lower than that of other electronic payments. Bitcoin supports peer-to-peer transfer, and the transaction process is encrypted, but each transaction will be recorded in an open, transparent book to ensure that the transaction is secure. Bitcoin is a cheaper, safer and faster tool compared with a credit card or international telegraphic transfer.

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Water is always a focus of landscapes here in California. So why not utilize the amazingly beautiful native plants that grow right here and thrive in our sunny climate! They can handle the long dry year with almost no maintenance once established. And they play vital roles in the life cycles of many of our native and migratory critters. How do we do this? ~ We focus on creating plant designs that mimic nature. We consider where plants naturally grow and the relationship they have with the land and other plants. In doing so, it is important to understand the many different types of landscapes that exist in/around California (e.g. Oak woodlands, meadows, grasslands, wetlands, etc.). When we look at a person’s home, we don’t just look within the confines of the property line. We look all around at what trees naturally grow there, the soil, the geology, nearby waterways, and the micro-climate (to name a few). These elements help us determine the right plant for that place in the watershed. Of course, many landscapes are so disturbed it’s difficult to determine the natural plant community. We restore damaged and barren landscapes by reintroducing appropriate pioneer and climax plant species while protecting any bare soil with mulch and/or cover-crops until the natural leaf layer and/or canopy comes on.

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National Bullying Prevention Month Despite an increasing prevalence of bullying and its significant consequences, there is still an under reporting of such incidents today. This is mainly due to a lack of awareness and information regarding the identification an intervention for bullying. It is important to note that bullying is not restricted simply to the youth occurring solely in schools and colleges, but it also can be witnessed by almost all of us across our lifespan, including at our workplace, in the community, at a public place, amongst peers, or even within our own family. Forms of Bullying Bullying is most commonly thought of in terms of physical aggression, including hitting, kicking or pushing someone. However, bullying could be manifested in a variety of forms, for instance other physical forms of bullying could include making rude gestures, stealing or hiding or destroying others? belongings, or even making someone do something he or she doesn?t want to do. In addition, bullying could be verbal, including name calling, teasing, insulting or threatening, interpersonal, including avoiding to talk to someone, spreading rumours, isolating or alienating a person, or embarrassing the person. Role of bystander Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior which is intentional and leads to discomfort or harm. The basic premise underlying the dynamics between the bully perpetrator and a victim is the imbalance of real or perceived power. Further, in addition to the perpetrator and the victim, the bystander or witness also plays a significant role in determining the outcome of the bullying incident. A bystander could play different roles, being a passerby, an observer, a participant, a follower, a defender or an outsider. Such a person may choose to actively intervene to stop the bully, or to encourage the bully to continue, or might even choose to view the bullying passively. It is understandable that a victim of bullying may not always be willing to seek help. This is because of a combination of multiple reasons, including a fear of the consequences from the bully, a feeling of isolation or alienation, a fear of being perceived as weak or a tattletale, etc. Further, some of them might not even know whom to reach out to for help, and may not want others to know for fear of humiliation, fearing being rejected by their peers. And the worst case scenario could be when the person might consider him or herself to be guilty or responsible in some way for the bulling behavior. Therefore, it is important to create awareness amongst people, especially the young children, to know that asking for help is a sign of strength. First and foremost, it is important to understand that bullying is rarely meant to be spiteful in nature, and there are likely to be multiple factors contributing towards the bullying behaviour. Some of these factors could include less parental involvement, low threshold for frustration tolerance, and an exposure to violence, history of having been a victim of bullying, or difficulty in channelizing one?s anger. Thereafter, it becomes pivotal to understand the factors underlying the target of bullying, as it is usually the one who is perceived as different from their peers, as weak, or unable to defend self, who is chosen as an easy target. While it is necessary to equip all individuals with the necessary assertiveness skills to be able to know what to do in the moment and to learn how to stand up to the bully, it is also important to develop a multicomponent model to prevent such tendencies, especially in schools as it is the young children who are most vulnerable. The bystanders also need to be strengthened, encouraging a shared concern and sense of shared responsibility. The utmost need for awareness programs to be conducted extensively cannot be emphasized enough, as it is not just the children but the teachers, the parents, and the community at large which needs to be aware of the nature, consequences and skills required to deal effectively with bullying. There is also a strong need to create and implement school wide anti-bullying rules and policies, which helps the children know the consequences of such actions. At a classroom level, social and interpersonal skills training needs to be encourages, building healthy peer support systems, encouraging children to learn to take perspectives of each other, while at the same time focusing on teaching emotional awareness and regulation, and focusing on prosocial behaviours which inculcate the values of empathy, compassion, care and cooperation. There is a growing requirement of the creation as well the implementation of bullying prevention and intervention policies which are sensitive to the needs of the individuals in order to ensure their healthy psychological well-being. Due to the increasing prevalence of bullying in schools, it is imperative to ensure an early identification as well as intervention of such incidences in order to prevent the long lasting consequences on the children?s social, academic and psychological functioning. On the occasion of the national bullying prevention month, it becomes important to reiterate the need for implementing adequate strategies to check such behavioural tendencies.

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Our Neurodiagnostic Lab uses state-of-the-art equipment and Registered Technologists to perform a variety of diagnostic procedures. Services provided: An EEG is a non-invasive procedure that traces the brain’s electrical activity. During the procedure, electrodes are place on the scalp to study brain function. An EEG may be performed: NCV and EMG An NCV and EMG are complementary electrodiagnostic tests that work in combination to measure the electrical activity in nerves and muscles. Results are used to detect, process, and record electrical muscle activity in order to aid in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease. NCV is a test to evaluate the ability to send an electrical impulse through motor and sensory nerves of the human body. During the test patients will have surface electrodes attached on various areas, along the contour of the nerves, to record the electrical impulse. EMG tests the electrical activity of the muscles. This involves the physician placing a very thin needle into various muscles. EMG/NCV can help diagnose many muscle and nerve disorders, including:

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Andrew Pedry (George Mason University) Vexillum: Issue 3 (2013) Monk, exegete, political actor and reformer, Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was not just a man of his times; he was a man who shaped his times. Bernard’s writings on Christian morality and the transformation of the human spirit in the pursuit of God reverberated in his time and have remained influential through the Protestant Reformation and into the modern era. The apparent contradiction between his writings on love and those on warfare has resulted in an artificial separation of his writing by scholars; those who are studying monasticism or Bernard in general tend to ignore or gloss over his writings on violence, while those studying the Crusades, warfare, or masculine identity often only look at those writings while ignoring Bernard’s less topical work. This separation of his writings, though convenient, conceals a deep continuity which runs throughout Bernard’s corpus and cheats Bernard of his intellectual completeness. This paper explores Bernard’s writings on the issues of physical and spiritual violence, demonstrates that they are a coherent part of his wider set of beliefs and shows that, when studied side by side with his other writings, they clarify his thoughts on acceptable monastic and Christian life.

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Please fill out all the fields marked with an asterisk * and then click on "Send form". The article has been sent Thank you for your recommendationClose window German law stipulates that all batteries must be handed back when they are empty. The dustbin, however, would appear to be the route most people are choosing for their old lithium batteries. This can cause huge problems for the companies operating recycling and sorting facilities for residual waste and waste packaging. An ever-increasing number of fires are being caused by damaged lithium batteries. If the recycling plants are to be able to operate as they should, then it is vital that householders are made aware of their obligations. A deposit return scheme could be the answer here. The number of everyday devices that need a battery is growing all the time. In Germany alone, the use of batteries in devices has risen by 22% since 2009. With old batteries – and especially damaged batteries – posing such a high risk, the Battery Ordinance has already set out in black and white that they may not be thrown into the residual waste bin. Retailers are obliged by law to take back old batteries free of charge – the size of the battery is irrelevant. The use of batteries in devices has risen by 22% in Germany alone since 2009. Very few people, however, would appear to be meeting their obligations here. At present, 46% of old batteries are actually returned – whereby Germany just manages to meet the EU-wide collection rate of 45%. This figure is not good enough, especially looking at the rapid rise in consumption rates. A whole number of batteries are not being recycled. Even more importantly, in this particular case, throwing batteries into the wrong bin puts both humans and the environment at risk. If further sorting plants are forced to stop operating because of fires, there is a real danger that Germany’s recycling sector will suffer a setback that could last for years. If the country no longer has the capacity to sort the volumes of waste generated, then the short-term solution will be to send it to incineration plants or landfills. The former does not have the capacity to handle such volumes, the latter is – quite rightly – forbidden in Germany. Major fires are often caused by lithium batteries being thrown into the wrong bin No other collection scheme in Germany has been as successful as the deposit return scheme for PET bottles. The solution to the conundrum of how to keep batteries apart from the other waste streams is really quite obvious. Returning old lithium batteries to dedicated take-back points simultaneously solves both problems: the safety risks and the low recycling rates. Retailers can simply add a deposit to the sales price, which is then reimbursed when the consumer returns the battery. This can be tied in with the Battery Ordinance that already makes it obligatory to charge a deposit of €7.50 on car batteries.

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Strategies for Detecting Plagiarism If you suspect that a student may have plagiarized someone else's work there are several strategies you can use to help determine original authorship. - Find out if the passage in question appears in a previously published source or website. Search tools you can use for this research include Google, Google Scholar, and Summon. This method is effective for catching word-for-word or copy/paste instances of plagiarism. - Ask the student to describe or demonstrate their research method. Did he or she use library research systems like Summon or one of the library's databases? Did he or she consult a librarian or make use of any library InfoGuide? These are considered best practices for information research. - Request to see previous drafts of the student's writing, or require your students to submit multiple drafts of assignments so that you can see the development of their research and writing process. - Determine whether the student understands proper paraphrasing techniques. The library's LIV@RIT online tutorial series provides useful definitions and examples. Purdue’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) also has a highly recommended paraphrasing tutorial, though there are likely many more to be found on the web. - Assess whether the student understands proper citation. Make your preferences for a particular citation style or format explicit in your assignment descriptions and syllabus. Direct your students to the library's Citation Style Guides. Prior to the advent of online originality checking services such as Turnitin, the Cloze Procedure was proposed for plagiarism detection. Under this method, a student was given a suspicious passage from his or her own paper with every fifth word redacted (beginning with the fifth word of the passage). The student was then asked to fill-in as many redacted words as possible. A 1986 study found that "cloze performance was significantly better in nonplagiarizing than plagiarizing situations." For more information on using this method, please consult the following sources: - Glatt, B. S., & Haertel, E. H. (1982). The use of the cloze testing procedure for detecting plagiarism. The Journal of Experimental Education, 50(3), 127-136. doi:10.1080/00220973.1982.11011813 - Standing, L., & Gorassini, D. (1986). An evaluation of the cloze procedure as a test for plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 13(3), 130-132. doi:10.1207/s15328023top1303_7 - Torres, M., & Roig, M. (2005). The cloze procedure as a test of plagiarism: The influence of text readability. The Journal of Psychology, 139(3), 221-231. doi:10.3200/JRLP.139.3.221-232 Course instructors are responsible for “assembling evidence” and making an “initial determination” of whether or not cheating, duplicate submission, or plagiarism has occurred. If the instructor believes that a student is in violation of RIT’s policy, he or she is expected to follow the procedures outlined in RIT’s Governance Policy, Section D08.0: Student Academic Integrity Policy.

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While often used in many different types of liquid applications, a Y-Strainer is However, unlike steam high air pressure does not automatically mean high. A “Y Strainer” takes its name from its configuration and is most commonly used in They do this by utilizing a perforated metal, mesh or wedge wire straining element. Cast Y strainers can be installed into a pipeline or work flow application. A Y-strainer can be installed in either a horizontal or vertical position (Downward flow) with the screen Strainer - What do the minus (-) and plus (+) plus signs mean when describing mesh sizes? Here's a simple example of how they work. A Y-strainer can be installed in either a horizontal or vertical position It does this by altering the flow of the fluid to a second strainer once it. Much like the Y-Check Valve discussed in a previous article, the strainer is shaped like a lower-case “y” with the descending line of the letter as. You can see a picture of a y-strainer above (to the right). If you look inside a gas station pump, you'll find y-strainers doing much of the work. So, if the application requires infrequent cleaning and the process media is environmentally safe, a Y-Strainer should work. If the opposite is true and the strainer. A Y-strainer is an in-line filter for hydronic systems. As the strainer starts trapping dirt, resistance to flow (pressure drop) will increase. The various types of strainers work in different ways. Some can totally A y strainer can come with a blow-off connection for automatic cleaning. With liquids, y.

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The Los Angeles County Food Redistribution Initiative (LACFRI) is a county project that began in June 2016 which aims to provide resources to the public about safe methods to prevent, donate and recycle excess food, as well as support policies that divert food from landfills. Participants include several county departments, businesses, community members, and nonprofit organizations. To learn more about LACFRI, contact Bernadet Garcia-Silva, LACFRI Project Manager at firstname.lastname@example.org or call (626) 430-5454. The Food Recovery Hierarchy prioritizes actions organizations can take to prevent and divert wasted food. The top levels of the hierarchy are the best ways to prevent and divert wasted food because they create the most benefits for the environment, society and the economy.

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ST ANDREWS STUDIES IN FRENCH HISTORY AND CULTURE The history and historical culture of the French-speaking world is a major field of interest among English-speaking scholars. To enhance scholarly understanding of this monde, from 2010 the Centre has begun producing a unique series of midigraphs entitled “St Andrews Studies in French History and Culture”. The purpose of this series is to publish a range of shorter monographs and studies, between 25,000 and 50,000 words long, which illuminate the history of this community of peoples between the end of the Middle Ages and the late twentieth century. The series covers the full span of historical themes relating to France: from political history, through military/naval, diplomatic, religious, social, financial, cultural and intellectual history, art and architectural history, to literary culture. Titles in the series are rigorously peer-reviewed through the editorial board and external assessors, and are published as both e-books and paperbacks. Published paperback copies are available in leading world libraries, or through on-demand print from the Centre; and e-book files may be consulted and downloaded through this webpage and through Research@StAndrews:FullText at the University of St Andrews. In keeping with the mission of the Centre to enhance public understanding of the Francophone world, these publications are free at the point of delivery and come with no charge for consultation, downloading, printing or circulation, either for private use or for educational purposes. Copyright is asserted merely in order to protect the works as the intellectual production of individual scholars. TITLES IN THE SERIES The New enfant du siècle: Joseph de Maistre as a Writer edited by Carolina Armenteros and Richard A. Lebrun ISBN 978-1-907548-00-0 paperback ISBN 978-1-907548-01-7 e-book Published January 2010 Joseph de Maistre’s reputation as a writer is legendary. His style, unique and alive, moulded the French language anew. It sabotaged his attempts at anonymous publication and earned him, through the centuries, the praises of enemies and admirers. Yet the relationship between Maistre’s thought and writing remains ill-known. This collection is the first to examine how Maistre’s ideas – including his denunciation of the written word – intersected with his writing practices and personas. The essays disclose an author formed by duty and affectionate relationships, by the conventions of public combat, by an intense sense of history, and by the imperatives of Revolution. Caste, Class and Profession in Old Regime France: the French Army and the Ségur Reform of 1781 by David Bien with introductions by Rafe Blaufarb and Jay M. Smith ISBN 978-1-907548-02-4 paperback ISBN 978-1-907548-03-1 e-book Published July 2010 First published in French in 1974, David D. Bien’s essay on the nature of nobility in old regime France pivoted around the 1781 “Ségur regulation” that required four generations of nobility for most officers entering the army. Once seen as a classic manifestation of the so-called “aristocratic reaction” against commoners, the loi Ségur, in Bien’s deft analysis, instead emerges as a telling sign of tensions within an increasingly divided nobility. While exploding crude myths about class conflict and its causative role in the Revolution, Bien mounts a strong case for viewing eighteenth-century social tensions as the product of professional identity as much as social class. This study is presented here for the first time in English with a short preface by Rafe Blaufarb, and a wide-ranging introduction by Jay M. Smith that places Bien’s work in the wider context of historical thinking over the past half-century on the origins of the French Revolution. Proven patriots: the French diplomatic corps, 1789-1799 by Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey ISBN 978-1-907548-04-8 paperback ISBN 978-1-907548-05-5 e-book Published October 2011 This study analyzes a hitherto unexamined group, the French diplomatic corps during the Revolution (1789 to 1799), and focuses on the question of loyalty and conscience. For some diplomats choice was an illusion as their status often determined their fate. Some supported the king and continued to do so in spite of the high cost, often creatively sabotaging the Revolution. Others put nation, as they defined it, above king. Because the definition of loyalty constantly shifted the corps, like the army and the bureaucracy, was periodically purged. Those who had worked for or been sympathetic to the old regime or those who had allied with a certain political faction came under scrutiny. The turmoil in the diplomatic corps not only had international repercussions but also reflects larger societal trends, such as the attack on the aristocracy and the displacement of one elite by another. The French diplomatic corps was thus emblematic of many issues surrounding the revolutionary struggle of this decade Revisiting Geneva: Robert Kingdon and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion edited by Sara Barker ISBN 978-1-907548-07-9 paperback ISBN 978-1-907548-06-2 e-book Published January 2012 The late Robert Kingdon’s Geneva and the Coming of the Wars of Religion in France, 1555-1563 (1956) was not merely an engaging and challenging piece of scholarship, it came to dominate the study of Genevan Protestantism and the city’s relationship with other Reformed communities, particularly those in France. Based on the rich archival records in Geneva, Kingdon’s work would inspire many subsequent scholars to investigate the questions he first raised in the 1950s. This volume is testament to the breadth of material he first covered, and demonstrates the variety of fields in which he came to have influence, including printing history, the role of the nobility in the Reformation, the functioning of the Consistory and the lives of pastors. Born out of a conference celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of his original book, this volume now stands as a memorial to a life of exemplary scholarship “For the salvation of my soul”: women and wills in medieval and early modern France. edited by Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Kathryn L. Reyerson ISBN 978-1-907548-08-6 paperback ISBN 978-1-907548-09-3 e-book Published August 2012 This volume seeks to investigate the testamentary practices of women in medieval and early modern France, examining the experience of a cross-section of the population, from artisans to the elite, in Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, Marseille, Montpellier, La Rochelle, Brittany, and Burgundy. The making of a will was perhaps the single most prominent moment in women’s lives for the assertion of agency. Though constrained to some degree by customary practice and the increasing influence of Roman law, women demonstrated remarkable initiative in the formulation of their last wishes. Wills permitted women to reward friendship and loyalty, to designate universal heirs as major beneficiaries, to stipulate conditions of inheritance so that last wishes were carried out, and, perhaps most importantly, to make pious donations to the Church for the salvation of the testators’ souls. They chose their burial sites and arranged for funeral processions, and they endowed anniversary masses for their souls in perpetuity. Individual testamentary decisions differed, as did spousal strategies, but the reinforcement of family ties, even the assertion of relationship, was possible in wills. The Legacy of Iconoclasm: religious war and the relic landscape of Tours, Blois and Vendôme, 1550-1750 by Eric Nelson Published September 2013 This study explores the process of physically rebuilding, renewing and reinventing the relic landscape in the regions around Tours, Blois and Vendôme following the widespread iconoclastic damage of the French religious wars. The author takes a long-term perspective exploring developments over two hundred years, from the mid-sixteenth through to the mid-eighteenth centuries. The book explores what the physical renewal of the landscape can tell us about evolving beliefs and practices concerning relics during the Catholic Reformation and what reconstruction activities reveal about the meaning and experience of relic veneration. It pays particular attention to how the relic landscape evolved through relic translations and how communities that oversaw relic shrines remembered the iconoclastic acts of the religious wars through liturgical and ritual commemorations, memorials, artistic renderings, oral traditions and written accounts. Hold Still, Madame: Wartime Gender and the Photography of Women in France during the Great War by Nicole Hudgins Published July 2014 This study investigates French images of women during the First World War, the feminine postures and roles captured by photographers, how female images were used in the wartime media and by the state, and how captions and other textual modes strengthened an overarching message of total consent. By analysing the three most prominent genres of female imagery during the period – women in distress, feminine devotion, and women toiling for the war effort – this book seeks to demonstrate how photography assisted in the gender work of the war. Photographers and publishers showed how traditional feminine traits could contribute to a male-designed and directed war effort, while also concealing instances of female dissent, which included feminist, socialist, popular and pacifist objections to the war. Yet, although the archives contain few wartime images created by French women themselves, this work also introduces a small group of period photographs, lithographs, articles and literary works that disrupted the visual narrative of subordination. H-France review: http://www.h-france.net/vol15reviews/vol15no127hanna.pdf In search of the gentilshommes campagnards: noble diversity and social structure in Burgundy, 1682-1789 by Susan Carr Published July 2017 This study of the gentilshommes campagnards of Burgundy reconsiders the supposed decline of the population of old rural noble families during the last century of the ancien régime. Historical debate has focused on various contributing factors in this ‘decline’, such as government centralisation of the seigneurial system, venal ennoblement, noble poverty, and the social and cultural divide between aristocratic elites and minor nobility, old rural military landowning families and newer professional robe nobility. Re-visiting these themes, integrating them with an analysis of official records and surveys of the Burgundian noble population of the period, and looking afresh at notions of noble identity allows this volume to challenge the established view of a noble population and culture in decline. Contemporary sources not only reveal the existence of a sizeable community of gentilshommes, diverse in origins, identities and cultures, but also show that far from fading into provincial obscurity, this community had adapted and evolved, and continued to thrive right up to the eve of the Revolution. The Reform of Zeal: François de Sales and Militant French Catholicism by Thomas A. Donlan Published December 2018 The Reform of Zeal explores the origins, nature, and impact of François de Sales’s vision of Catholic douceur (gentleness) in the era of the French Wars of Religion. Since Natalie Zemon Davis’s pioneering work on the ‘rites of violence’, scholarship has focused on the militant Catholic cultures of early modern France. Taking a fresh approach to de Sales’s work as a missionary, spiritual director, and founder of the Order of Visitation, this volume documents the evolution of de Sales’s spirituality and his championing of religious cultures of nonviolence within French Catholicism. The Reform of Zeal argues that Salesian douceur not only constituted one of the most effective critiques of French Catholic militancy in the period, but also a unique source of religious renewal in the seventeenth century, independent of Leaguer and early dévot fervour. We are actively soliciting proposals and submissions for this series. Scholars interested in publishing work in this series should contact the editor-in-chief of the series Dr Justine Firnhaber-Baker, University of St Andrews (Editor-in-Chief) Professor Rafe Blaufarb, Florida State University Dr Sarah Easterby-Smith, University of St Andrews Dr David Evans, University of St Andrews Dr Linda Goddard, University of St Andrews Dr Peter Hicks, La Fondation Napolèon/University of Bath Professor Simon Kitson, University of Auckland Dr Alexander Marr, University of Cambridge Professor Darrin McMahon, Dartmouth College Professor Eric Nelson, Missouri State University Dr David Parrott, New College, University of Oxford Professor Andrew Pettegree, University of St Andrews Dr Michael Rapport, University of Glasgow Professor Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews Dr Bernhard Struck, University of St Andrews Dr Stephen Tyre, University of St Andrews Dr Malcolm Walsby, Université Rennes II Dr Sandy Wilkinson, University College Dublin Professor Andrew Williams, University of St Andrews Dr Akhila Yechury, University of St Andrews

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Jerusalem in Hebrew ירושלים is a city in the Middle East. It is about 4800 years old, is considered by two countries as their capital and is a holy city for the Judean religion and consequently important to Christians and Muslims. History of Jerusalem[edit | edit source] The city of Jerusalem was founded most likely by the Canaanites, who lost it to the Jews in their conquest of Canaan. It became the capital of the nation of Judah, and continued to be the capital after Judah broke into Judah and Israel. Much of the city had been improved by King Solomon, who constructed a large temple considered by some to be the most important temple of the Jewish religion and the world. Jerusalem was sacked by the Babylonians in their conquest of Judah, and much of it was destroyed. It was returned to the Jews by the Persians, and later made a part of Alexander the Great's empire, and even later part of the Roman Empire. During the Roman Empire, it was an important city for the Jews, and Jesus conducted many ministries there. Administrative status of Jerusalem[edit | edit source] After the end of World War I, the League of Nations mandates France and Great Britain to administer the Arabic regions of the defeated Ottoman Empire: Syria and Lebanon are then under French mandate; Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq are under British mandate. Jerusalem was then the capital of the British Mandate of Palestine, from its establishment in 1920 until its end in 1948. When preparing the expiry of the British Mandate of Palestine, the United Nations voted the so-called Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947 recommending the creation of two independent states, a Jewish one and an Arab one. A small territory including Jerusalem and Bethlehem would bear special international status for another 10 years before its population would decide on its destiny. Shortly after this decision, civil war broke out in Palestine and the UN plan was never implemented. When the British mandate actually expired mid May 1948, the Jewish State of Israel was immediately created and started conquer territory. An Arab state wasn't created; neighbouring countries opposed Israeli in what's called the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Within about ten months, Israel conquered a big part of the country, including part of Jerusalem (which would then be known as West Jerusalem). Jordan took control on the Eastern part of the country and the remaining part of Jerusalem (becoming known as East Jerusalem), including the old walled city. During the Six-Days War in 1967, Israel conquered East Jerusalem. Today, Israel considers Jerusalem as its capital but the international community doesn't recognize this status as legitimate because the Eastern part of the city was annexed illegally: it considers the status of Jerusalem to be agreed between parties as part of the resolution of the whole Israel-Palesine conflict. Indeed, Palestinians also consider Jerusalem as the capital of their State, although they say they would be open to a solution where Jerusalem would have a special status. References[edit | edit source] - 1 Chronicles. - 2 Samuel. - 2 Chronicles. |Geography Portal — Everything about geography, continents, regions, geology, water and climate...|

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://en.vikidia.org/wiki/Jerusalem

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I have chosen to do a modern version of “Romeo and Juliet;” it will be set in the 21st century. I have decided to use all the language in the original play but create my own settings, use up to date clothes and a collection of music. I am going to relate to the text and use my own interpretation of the text to present the balcony scene (act2 scene2). I have chosen to set the balcony scene in a theatre as I want to make sure that my ideas are purely my own. I feel that the recent version of “Romeo and Juliet” (featuring Leonardo Dicaprio and Claire Danes) would influence my ideas if I’d decided to run my production as a film. I also feel that it’s more challenging running “Romeo and Juliet” as a theatre production as I’ve never seen a proper stage production of the play. Since the nineteenth century, Juliet has been portrayed as an archetypal, ruined virgin, a nai?? ve, innocent, young beauty who has been ravished before our eyes, first by life and then by death. Juliet is a spirited, lively girl with a mind of her own. She has even been described as a ‘mellow dramatic, heroine’ as she plays her life as if she were watching it on stage. After researching Juliet’s character and looking at different ways in which people have interpretated her character, I have decided to use the stereotypical ‘nineteenth century’ Juliet. I believe that it’s very important to keep Shakespeare’s characters as he may have imagined them. I also think that it’s very important to keep to Juliet’s mentioned age in the play as her age is presented as an issue and appears more than once in the play. [Act1 Scene2] Capulet: My child is yet a stranger in the world, / She hath not see the change of fourteen years. Let two more summers wither in their pride / ere we may think ripe to be a bride. Paris: Younger than she are happy mothers made. Capulet: And too early marred are those so early made… Here Capulet discusses with Paris Juliet’s age and says that she is too young to marry. He states that she is not yet fourteen, and so does the Nurse. Nurse: She is not 14. / How long now to Lammas Tide? / Come Lammas Eve at night shall she be 14. I would imagine that in the Elizabethan times, a man would have played Juliet. It also made me wonder weather Shakespeare would have imagined her to be dark haired and olive skinned or maybe he imagined her to be fair; after all, in the Elizabethan times, the more fair the more beautiful (typical English Rose). Even so I have chosen to have a dark haired and olive skinned Juliet, as this is my stereotypical version of someone who is Italian. She is going to be a very young and dreamy character. Although she has a strong will she does not want to upset her parents or be disobedient. So much so that she feels that she has to marry Paris, and the only way to be with Romeo is to run away with him. Her parents are very strict and protective over there one and only daughter, we see this clearly when Paris tries to persuade Capulet that Juliet is ready to marry. I have considered many costumes for Juliet when she first appears in the balcony scene, I have even considered having her dress in some pink bunny rabbit pyjamas and matching bunny slippers! I think that would have a slight contrast though to Romeo’s speech as he uses religious imagery to describe how pure and beautiful Juliet is (to Romeo). So she must look her best. In the modern version of “Romeo and Juliet”(feat Leo and Claire) Juliet appears in her angel costume at the masquerade ball. I feel that the costume was very well suited too Juliet as she looked very angelic and innocent. Her character was showed well by the white dress, which, in its simplicity made Juliet look stunningly beautiful; without having to show any flesh or figure. There is no sex appeal about her, just pure beauty and class. I wish to present my Juliet in the same way; so I have chosen her to wear a long, white night gown, with a white lace trim. The neckline will not show her bust but shall be a scooped, high line, with thick straps. Although Clare Danes wore only natural makeup in the film, it is essential for Juliet in my production to wear quite a bit of makeup so her features stand out on stage. My ‘Italian’ Juliet will have an olive skinned complexion, and Spanish red lips. Her cheekbones will be highlighted with a rose pink blusher, and her eyes will be accentuated with natural brown eye shadow and black eyeliner on top of the eyelids. She will have very dramatic, romantic eyes. How old is Romeo? A question most people ask when casting such a character. However old he is; his age certainly affects the whole flavour of the play. If Romeo were played as young as Juliet then his youth would present him as an impetuous teenager. Indeed he seems helpless through his love for Juliet, as his meaning of life makes him a victim. ‘A young Romeo will have to work hard not to look like prototypes from babes in the Woods. ‘ (A quote by Kenneth McLeish author of “Shakespeare’s Characters”) I feel that Romeo should be youthful but still older than Juliet. He is certainly several years older than Juliet, as he, Mercutio and Benvolio speak to each other as mature (although quite irresponsible) grown men. Romeo’s conversations with Mercutio and Benvolio present him in a self-conscious witty manner. Even his miserable love affair with Rosaline is made a subject not for real sighs but for repartee. Juliet’s affect on Romeo makes him seem much younger than he actually is. He seems to lose his sophisticated grounded character and change to a very excitable young man, who has become fixated on Juliet or Juliet’s beauty as the case may be. I have therefore decided that Romeo will be in his mid teens (sixteen or seventeen), certainly no older than eighteen. I feel that it will be easy enough to show what a sophisticated character he can be. Although the age gap between the characters may seem large, Juliet’s intensity and Romeo’s enthusiastic, excitable character should be enough to quite easily close the age gap between them. I think that it is well worth considering that Juliet may be quite a mature, young teenager and Romeo, a vivacious young man. Romeo goes straight from the party to Juliet’s balcony, so he will obviously be still dressed in his masquerade outfit. When Leonardo Dicaprio played Romeo, he was dressed as ‘a knight in shining armour’. I thought that this was quite appropriate for Romeo as this is how Juliet sees him. He rescues her in a way from her arranged marriage and her over protective parents. Although I love the idea of Romeo dressed as a ‘knight in shining armour,’ I think I would like to explore my own ideas to further develop my character. A comical way of presenting Romeo would be to have him dressed in a Spiderman outfit. Then he would literally climb up the balcony! Although I feel that this is a very interesting idea, I have gone against the idea of it being a bit of a black comedy, as I love the intensity of the scene. My desired atmosphere is crucial for the balcony scene. Romeo shall wear a prince’s outfit. A gold crown and a white, long, cloak with shining, gold, armour underneath. This is to symbolise his position as Montague’s son. It also gives us the stereotyped version of a Prince. A Prince who fights for his princess, he has much charm and elegance about him. Although I want to incorporate music in my production, I don’t feel that the balcony scene actually needs any music, as the silence and pauses between characters will create an exciting atmosphere, as we wait in anticipation, just in case Romeo gets caught! Although I have decided that there will be no music in the scene, I have enclosed a CD, which contains various, modern, tracks which I have considered for different scenes and which have inspired me. The first track on the CD is called “clubbed to death,” and is by an artist named Rob Dougan. It is a very atmospheric piece of music, which I felt could be used to show the hatred between the two households, and to show the way in which they tore the lovers apart. I would use this piece of the music to present a fight scene maybe, although I feel that the track is too long, so I would probably half the time it ran for. When I first heard the track I imagined a dance-drama, a contemporary piece of dance showing how the families led Romeo and Juliet to their fate through their hatred and bitterness. I think a scene like this with this piece of music would be extremely affective, especially if I was going to do a dance or musical version of the play. Track two is an instrumental called “kissing you” which is an original track from the 1996 version of Romeo and Juliet. It takes place when Romeo first sees Juliet, when they first kiss and (as you will hear at the end of the track) when Juliet finds out that Romeo is a Montague. This would be the only piece of music that I would use for the balcony scene if any at all. “Blurry,” is by a band called; ‘Puddle of mud. ‘ This song captured my emotions; I think it’s a very powerful track. It made me think about how both Romeo and Juliet would have felt. Lonely at times without each other, and angry and frustrated with their family. I don’t think I’d use this track for my stage production as I think it would be too hard for the audience to concentrate on the stage with such a heavy and loud track. It has helped me to imagine how Romeo and Juliet would have felt not being able to see a loved one. Indeed, this track has inspired me. Track four is by Darren Hayes and is called “insatiable. ” I imagined this playing at a very intense, tender, romantic scene, maybe after the wedding. I think this kind of scene would work better in a film though, as the camera can create an ambience through use of different angles, affects etc. I think this kind of scene would be too static in a theatre production. Track five by Celine Dion and is titled “A new day has come. ” I can imagine this being played just after the scene where Romeo and Juliet have committed suicide and the families come together to mourn. I imagine Capulet and Montague coming together for the finale, being joined at the end by Romeo and Juliet themselves, for a standing ovation! I wish the stage setting to be very similar to when “Romeo and Juliet” was performed in the film “Shakespeare in Love. ” The scene was actually set in the Globe theatre. I will have a very similar stage layout, for example, gallery, inner space, heavens. But the actual stage will be much larger stage. A theatre like the queens theatre in London would be perfect or any theatres in the West End. I wish the stage to look more modern so I plan to do this by having the pillars; galleries etc built in another material. I have to consider how easy it would be to set up the scene so maybe something, which looks, clean and modernised; maybe a marble look material. Here is a sketch of my stage settings: I wish to have lots of flowers draped over the balcony’s and a trellis so Romeo can climb up to Juliet’s balcony. A water feature would also add to the scene to finish the ambience. I would also add French doors to Juliet’s balcony and white drapes to again modernise the scene. A very unusual idea for the scene was to have people as the pillars, trees etc. Although I felt this would take the focus away from Romeo and Juliet and make the duologue ineffective. I think this would be worth thinking about if you were doing a gymnast or dance version of “Romeo and Juliet” or maybe even a musical. It would work well if the script was not used, as the objects (and Romeo and Juliet) would be brought to life by their surroundings. I have made notations on the text to show where the lighting should fall and when. The lighting is very important as it shows what time of day it is. It adds to the ambience. For example, if it was too bright, it could take away some of the romance in the scene. I will use dim lights for this scene so we are still able to see the rest of the settings. I shall use brighter lights on the gallery, inner space, and water features when necessary, as this is where Romeo or Juliet will be situated on stage. I have incorporated where each character should enter and be, next to the text. The proxemics is very important as this gives the spectres the right impression of the characters and the way the characters are feeling about the other person on stage. It easily increases the intensity of the stage by having two characters closer together. The lighting physicality of the characters, proxemics, sound/music, pauses and silences all add to the scene to create a desired atmosphere. Weather its fear, passion or excitement; these things are a priority in any theatre production or film. Romeo talks about his feelings for Juliet and tells us what he is thinking when he fist arrives at the balcony scene alone. This can be described as a sililoquey. Romeo: It is my lady, o it is my love! / Oh that she knew she were! /She speaks, yet she says nothing. What of that? /Her eye discourses, I will answer it… Romeo is full of pea cocking wordplay, although a genuine feeling underlies it. We can quite see how easily he loses his sophistication through his excitement when he just sees Juliet. We quite easily find out Romeo’s thought and feelings through the soliloquy. This is quite a common drama technique when there is only one person on stage, especially in Shakespearean plays. The duologues between characters let us know more about the characters as it focuses on the just the two people. We find that each character talks personally about them-selves or talks and describes more about that other person. This is particularly clear in the balcony scene, a duologue between Romeo and Juliet. Romeo describes how beautiful Juliet is in the balcony scene, although he gives us an idealised description of her. He is absolutely mesmerised by her stunning looks. Romeo: I profane with my unworthiest hand/this holy shrine, the gentle sin in this/My lips two blushing pilgrims ready stand/ To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss… /… O then dear saint, let lips do what hands do. /They prey; grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. Romeo speaks this to Juliet when they first meet. He uses religious imagery to show how (idealising Juliet) innocent and beautiful Juliet is. He almost sees her as superior to himself and demonstrates this by saying things like “With my unworthiest hand. ” He calls Juliet a “Saint. ” This seems to make the gap between them bigger. It almost adds to the fact that they are Capulet, and Montague. Also notice how Romeo is looking up to Juliet, as she is right up in the gallery. Romeo sweeps Juliet off her feet with his charming, witty wordplay, and Juliet; she takes it all in. They both present very confident, eager, characters when they first meet, considering that they have only just met! This displays how unrealistic this whole play can be and how youthful the characters are. Shakespeare turns what could have been an over the top, teenage, mellow-dramatic play into one of the most compelling romance and tragedy’s anyone has ever written. The fact that the whole play is over the top and unrealistically romantic makes you want to read it more! This is again why I feel that modern day versions of Shakespearean plays do not work if the language has been altered, as this is what makes his play so magical. His use of language (oxymoron’s, wordplay) brings the whole thing to life and has everyone gripping on to the edge of his or her seat.

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East St. Louis, Illinois East St. Louis, Illinois East St. Louis Location of East St. Louis in St. Clair County, Illinois. Location of Illinois in the United States |Township||East St. Louis (coterminous)| |Founded||June 6, 1820| |Incorporated||February 16, 1865| |• Mayor||Robert Eastern III| |• Total||14.28 sq mi (36.99 km2)| |• Land||13.90 sq mi (36.01 km2)| |• Water||0.38 sq mi (0.98 km2)| | • Estimate | |• Density||1,936.42/sq mi (747.64/km2)| |Time zone||UTC−6 (CST)| |• Summer (DST)||UTC−5 (CDT)| East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States within Greater St. Louis. It is located directly across the Mississippi River from Downtown St. Louis and the Gateway Arch National Park. East St. Louis is in what is defined as the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a bustling industrial center, like many cities in the Rust Belt, East St. Louis has been severely affected by loss of jobs due to industrial restructuring during the second half of the 20th century. In 1950, East St. Louis was the fourth-largest city in Illinois when its population peaked at 82,366; as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,006, less than one-third of the 1950 census. A recent addition to the city's waterfront is the Gateway Geyser. Located on the grounds of Malcolm W. Martin Memorial Park, the fountain is the second-tallest in the world. Designed to complement the Gateway Arch across the river in St. Louis, it shoots water to a height of 630 feet (190 m), the same height as the Arch. - 1 History - 2 Geography - 3 Transportation - 4 Demographics - 5 Government and infrastructure - 6 Education - 7 Notable people - 8 Media - 9 Crime - 10 See also - 11 References - 12 Other sources - 13 External links Native Americans had long inhabited both sides of the Mississippi River; the Mississippian culture rulers organized thousands of workers to construct complex earthwork mounds at what later became St. Louis and East St. Louis; the center of this culture was the urban complex of Cahokia, located to the north of present-day East St. Louis within Collinsville, Illinois. Before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding. East St. Louis lies within the fertile American Bottom area of the present day Metro-East area of St. Louis, Missouri. This name was given after the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and more European Americans began to settle in the area; the village was first named "Illinoistown". East St. Louis was founded in 1797 by Captain James Piggott, a Revolutionary War veteran. In that year Piggott began operating a ferry service across the Mississippi River, connecting Illinoistown with St. Louis, which had been founded by ethnic French families; when Piggott died in 1799, his widow sold the ferry business, moved to St. Louis County and remarried. One of the Piggotts' great-great-granddaughters became known as actress Virginia Mayo (Virginia Clara Jones). The municipality called East St. Louis was established on April 1, 1861. Illinoistown residents voted on a new name that day, and 183 voted to rename the town East St. Louis. Though it started as a small town, East St. Louis soon grew to a larger city, influenced by the growing economy of St. Louis, which in 1870 was the fourth-largest city in the United States. Great Railroad Strike of 1877 A period of extensive industrial growth followed the American Civil War. Industries in East St. Louis made use of the local availability of Illinois coal as fuel. Another early industry was meatpacking and stockyards, concentrated in one area to limit their nuisance to other jurisdictions. In the expansion, many businessmen became overextended in credit, and a major economic collapse followed the Panic of 1873; this was due to railroad and other manufacturing expansion, land speculation, and general business optimism caused by large profits from inflation. The economic recession began in the East and steadily moved West, severely crippling the railroads, the main system of transportation. In response, railroad companies began dramatically lowering workers' wages, forcing employees to work without pay, and cutting jobs and paid work hours; these wage cuts and additional money-saving tactics prompted strikes and massive unrest. While most of the strikes in the eastern cities during 1877 were accompanied by violence, the late July 1877 St. Louis strike was marked by a bloodless and quick take-over by dissatisfied workers. By July 22, the St. Louis Commune began to take shape, as representatives from almost all the railroad lines met in East St. Louis, they soon elected an executive committee to command the strike and issued General Order No. 1, halting all railroad traffic other than passenger and mail trains. John Bowman, the mayor of East St. Louis, was appointed arbitrator of the committee, he helped the committee select special police to guard the property of the railroads from damage. The strike and the new de facto workers' government, while given encouragement by the largely German-American Workingmen's Party and the Knights of Labor (two key players in the organization of the Missouri general strike), were run by no organized labor group. The strike also closed packing industry houses surrounding the National Stock Yards. At one plant, workers allowed processing of 125 cattle in return for 500 cans of beef for the workers. Though the East St. Louis strike continued in an orderly fashion, across the river in St. Louis there were isolated incidents of violence. Harry Eastman, the East St. Louis workers' representative, addressed the mass of employees: Go home to your different wards and organize your different unions, but don't keep coming up here in great bodies and stirring up excitement. Ask the Mayor, as we did, to close up all the saloons... keep sober and orderly, and when you are organized, apply to the United Workingmen for orders. Don't plunder ... don't interfere with the railroads here ... let us attend to that. The strikers held the railroads and city for about a week, without the violence that took place in Chicago and other cities; the federal government intervened, and on July 28 US troops took over the Relay Depot, the Commune's command center, and the strike ended peacefully. Great Cyclone of 1896 On May 27, 1896, a tornado struck St. Louis and East St. Louis, it stands as the deadliest tornado to ever hit the cities. In approximately twenty minutes, this tornado resulted in destruction that killed 137 people in St. Louis and 118 in East St. Louis; the tornado's destruction spanned ten miles, including into the railyards and commercial districts of East St. Louis. During the storm, 311 buildings were destroyed and 7,200 others were severely damaged; the cost of this loss was estimated to be 10 to 12 million dollars. In 1896 this was a considerable amount of money, as a two-story brick house could be purchased at that time for $1,500. East St. Louis riots of 1917 East St. Louis in 1917 had a strong industrial economy boosted by America's economic participation in demands related to World War I; although war was declared in April, the nation did not meaningfully enter the war until that fall. Industry was dominated by European immigrant workers, who had been coming to industrial cities since the late 19th century. Here and across the country, they repeatedly tried to organize in efforts to gain better wages and working conditions. In the summer of 1916, 2500 white workers struck the nearby meat packing plants of National City. Companies recruited black workers, sometimes importing them from the South. While the white workers won a wage increase, the companies retained some black workers, firing white ones; such economic competition raised tensions between the groups in a period when the number of blacks in East St. Louis had increased dramatically due to the first Great Migration, when African Americans left poor rural areas of the South to escape Jim Crow oppression and seek jobs in the industrial cities of the North and the Midwest. From 1910 to 1917, the black population nearly doubled in East St. Louis. The United States established a draft which would bring in many workers to the military; as the war prevented immigration from Europe even before the US entered the war, major companies had begun to recruit black workers from the South to fill demand. When white workers went on strike in April 1917 at the Aluminum Ore Company, the employer hired blacks as strikebreakers; the American Steel Company also recruited blacks. They were available in part during this period because the US Army initially rejected many black volunteers in the years before an integrated military; this was also the period of resentment on both sides and the arrival of new workers created fears for job security at a time of union organizing and labor unrest, and raised social tensions. At a large labor meeting of white workers held in City Hall on May 28, men also traded rumors of fraternizing between black men and white women. An inflammatory speaker said, “East St. Louis must remain a white man’s town.” Three thousand ethnic white men left the meeting and headed as a mob for downtown, where they randomly attacked black men on the street. The Illinois governor called in National Guard to prevent further rioting, but rumors circulated that blacks were planning an organized retaliation and tensions remained high. On July 1, 1917, a black man attacked a white man. After hearing of this, whites drove by black homes near 17th and Market and fired shots into several of them; when police came to investigate a gathering of a large group of local black residents, their car was mistaken for that of the attackers, and several in the crowd at 10th and Bond fired on the police, killing two detectives. The next morning, thousands of whites mobbed the black sections of the city, indiscriminately beating, shooting and killing men, women and children; the rioters burned entire sections of the city and shot blacks as they escaped the flames. They also hanged several blacks, they destroyed buildings and physically attacked people; they "killed a 14-year-old boy and scalped his mother. Before it was over 244 buildings were destroyed.". Other sources say 300 buildings were destroyed. The city had thirty-five police officers, but they were seen to be doing little to suppress the violence; the governor called in National Guard troops to try to control the situation; they arrived July 3, but several accounts reported that they joined in the rioting. Most of the violence ended that day, but reports continued afterward of isolated assaults of blacks. Afterward the city Chamber of Commerce called for the resignation of the Police Chief and greater oversight of police operations. Losses in property damage were high, including railroad warehouses and carloads full of goods that were burned, as well as railroad cars. Though official reports suggested that the East St. Louis race riot resulted in the deaths of 39 blacks and 9 whites, other estimates put the figure much higher, with estimates of 100 to 250 blacks being killed. W. E. B. Du Bois of the NAACP came to investigate the riots personally. His organization's photographer published photos of the destruction in the November issue of The Crisis. Congress also held an investigation. In New York City on July 28, ten thousand black people marched down Fifth Avenue in a Silent Parade, carrying signs and protesting the East St. Louis riots; the march was organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), W. E. B. Du Bois, and groups in Harlem. Women and children were dressed in white; the men were dressed in black. East St. Louis continued to have an economy based on industry. Through and after World War II, many workers could make decent livings, it was named an All-America City in 1959 by the National Civic League. East St. Louis celebrated its centennial in 1961, it was known as the "Pittsburgh of the West." Its population had reached a peak of 82,366 residents in the 1950 census. In 1950, it was the fourth-largest city in Illinois. Through the 1950s and later, the city's musicians were an integral creative force in blues, rock and roll and jazz; some left and achieved national recognition, such as Ike & Tina Turner. The jazz great Miles Davis, who became internationally known, was born in nearby Alton and grew up in East St. Louis; the 1999 PBS series River of Song featured these musicians in its coverage of music from cities along the Mississippi River. The city suffered from the mid-century restructuring of heavy industry and railroads, which cost widespread loss of jobs; as a number of local factories began to close because of changes in industry, the railroad and meatpacking industries also were cutting back and moving jobs out of the region. This led to a precipitous loss of working and middle-class jobs; the city's financial conditions deteriorated. Elected in 1951, Mayor Alvin Fields tried funding measures that resulted in raising the city's bonded indebtedness and the property tax rate. More businesses closed as workers left the area to seek jobs in other regions; the more established white workers had an easier time gaining jobs in other localities, and the city population became increasingly black. "Brownfields" (areas with environmental contamination by heavy industry) have made redevelopment more difficult and expensive. Street gangs appeared in city neighborhoods. Like other cities with endemic problems by the 1960s, violence added to residential mistrust and adversely affected the downtown retail base and the city's income. The construction of freeways also contributed to East St. Louis' decline, they were constructed through and broke up functioning neighborhoods and community networks, adding to the social disruption of the period. The freeways made it easier for residents to commute back and forth from suburban homes, so the wealthier people moved out to newer housing. East St. Louis adopted a number of programs to try to reverse decline: the Model Cities program, the Concentrated Employment Program, and Operation Breakthrough; the programs were not enough to offset the loss of industrial jobs due to national restructuring. In 1971, James Williams was elected as the city's first black mayor. Faced with the overwhelming economic problems, he was unable to make much of a difference. In 1979, Carl Officer was elected as mayor (the youngest in the country at that time at age 25). Despite hopes for improvement, conditions continued to decline. Middle-class citizens continued to leave the city. People who could get jobs moved to places with work and a decent quality of life. Lacking sufficient tax revenues, the city cut back on maintenance, sewers failed, and garbage pickup ceased. Police cars and radios stopped working; the East St. Louis Fire Department went on strike in the 1970s. In 1990, the State of Illinois passed (65 ILCS 5/Art. 8 Div. 12) The Financially Distressed City Law. Under this law, Illinois Governor James R. Thompson provided $34 million in loans to East St. Louis, with the stipulation that an appointed five-member board, called the East St. Louis Financial Advisory Authority, manage the city's finances. In 1990 the state legislature approved riverboat gambling in an effort to increase state revenues; the opening of the Casino Queen riverboat casino generated the first new source of income for the city in nearly 30 years. In 1991, Gordon Bush was elected mayor. Several major industries operating in the area had gained separate incorporation as jurisdictions for the land where their plants are sited; these "communities" have virtually no residents, and the shell jurisdictions are outside the tax base of East St. Louis. Residents of the city, however, suffer from contaminated air and other adverse environmental effects of these sites. At the same time, the city's tax base is too poor for it to maintain its infrastructure, including the sanitary sewers, many of which have broken and overflowed in residential neighborhoods and schools. Since 2000, the city has completed several redevelopment projects: in 2001 it opened a new library and built a new city hall. Public-private partnerships have resulted in a variety of new retail developments, and housing initiatives; the St. Louis MetroLink light rail connects the city by transit to St. Louis, which has a stronger economy, and such efforts have sparked renewal. Because of depopulation, the city has many abandoned properties and extensive urban blight. Sections of "urban prairie" can be found where vacant buildings were demolished and whole blocks have become overgrown with vegetation. Much of the territory surrounding the city remains undeveloped, bypassed by developers who chose more affluent suburban areas. Many old, "inner city" neighborhoods abut large swaths of corn and soybean fields or otherwise vacant land. In addition to agricultural uses, a number of truck stops, strip clubs, and semi-rural businesses surround blighted areas in the city. In 2010, the East St. Louis community gardening movement began to develop plots for "urban farming", as has been done in North St. Louis. Inspired by Detroit's planned use of vacant land for green development, community associations, nonprofits and universities have collaborated to spark green development in East St. Louis. In the early 1990s, archeological surveys and excavations prior to construction of Interstate 55/70 revealed evidence of important prehistoric structures in the East St. Louis area. Both sides of the river had earlier been reported as having numerous earthwork mounds when Europeans and Americans first settled in the area. Most in St. Louis and on the east side were lost to development. Illinois researchers discovered the remains of several earthwork mounds. In the East St. Louis area, 50 mounds had been mapped before the Civil War, and seven remain visible today; the largest is estimated to have been originally 40 feet high and would have nearly covered a football field. Around the remains of this mound, researchers have discovered evidence of burial mounds, a large plaza, a wooden defensive palisade and several other Mississippian culture structures; these indicate that it was a ritual center. The 500-acre prehistoric site is now called the East St. Louis Mound Center; the state and University of Illinois are trying to develop coordinated projects with East St. Louis and businesses to use the mounds and artifacts as attractions for heritage tourism. It was built by the Mississippian culture, which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, it reached its peak in this region about AD 1100–1200 at the nearby major center of Cahokia, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site within the present-day boundaries of Collinsville. A complex urban center estimated to have had a population of perhaps 20,000, this site is about five miles from East St. Louis. In 2012, archeological work prior to construction of the Stan Musial Bridge across the Mississippi discovered artifacts and evidence of a formerly unidentified 900-year-old suburb of Cahokia in present-day East St. Louis; this site had not been mapped in the 19th century, and was unknown. The Mississippian culture site is in a present industrial wasteland. Researchers found evidence of more than 1,000 dwellings and the base of an earthen pyramidal mound, it would have been one of dozens of mounds when the community was active, based on the size of the residential population of this site. Discovery of the site led scholars to increase their estimates of the total population of the Mississippians at Cahokia and in the area, now thought to have been about 20,000, they did not have the time to excavate the entire area. It is on private land and subject to risk of destruction by development. East St. Louis is located at(38.616,-90.133). According to the 2010 census, East St. Louis has a total area of 14.37 square miles (37.22 km2), of which 13.99 square miles (36.23 km2) (or 97.36%) is land and 0.38 square miles (0.98 km2) (or 2.64%) is water. East St. Louis usually has cold winters and hot summers. On July 14, 1954, the temperature in East St. Louis allegedly reached 117 °F (48 °C), the highest temperature ever recorded in Illinois, it is not considered a formal record, however, as the city had no weather station. Interstate 55, Interstate 64, Interstate 70, and U.S. Route 40 run through East St. Louis and are linked to St. Louis by the Poplar Street Bridge and Stan Musial Bridge. Prior to its decommissioning, the fabled U.S. Route 66 also shared a concurrency with these Interstate highways. In addition, U.S. Route 50 also shared a concurrency prior to its being rerouted to run concurrently with Interstate 255. |U.S. Decennial Census| As of the census of 2000, there were 31,542 people, 11,178 households, and 7,668 families residing in the city; the population density was 2,242.9 people per square mile (866.2/km2). There were 12,899 housing units at an average density of 917.2 per square mile (354.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.74% Black or African-American, 1.23% White, 0.19% Native American, 0.08% Asian-American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population. There were 11,178 households out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.9% were married couples living together, 40.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.80 and the average family size was 4.02. In the city, the population was spread out with 32.8% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $21,324, and the median income for a family was $24,567. Males had a median income of $27,864 versus $21,850 for females; the per capita income for the city was $11,169. About 31.8% of families and 35.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.6% of those under the age of 18 and 25.2% of those 65 ages and older. Government and infrastructure The city is governed by an elected mayor and city council. Several social services organizations operate in East St. Louis, including Lessie Bates Davis Neighborhood House, Catholic Urban Programs, Christian Activity Center, and The Delta Childcare Center of Delta Sigma Theta sorority, East St. Louis Alumnae Chapter, and The Jackie Joyner-Kersee Foundation. The city of East St. Louis is protected by 53 paid, professional city firefighters, they are organized into three divisions of operations: Administration, Firefighting/Hazard Mitigation, and Fire Prevention/Arson Investigation. The department operates from three fire stations in the city: Engine 422 at 17th St. and Lincoln Ave., Engine 425 at 17th St. and Central Ave., and Engine 426 at 72nd St. and State St. The Chief of Department is Jason Blackmon. The East St. Louis Fire Department has struggled to provide protection and service while having to undergo repeated budget cuts due to city problems, it laid off some 22 firefighters in May 2013. According to a National Fire Report, approximately 49 percent of all emergency calls the East St. Louis Fire Department responds to are structural fires. The city is served by the East St. Louis School District 189. As of 2017, the district operates an early childhood learning center, 5 elementary schools, 2 middle schools, and one high school, East St. Louis High School. Until 1998, East St. Louis Lincoln High School also served portions of the city. Before desegregation, it was the school for black students. Starting in 1894, St. Teresa Academy was established by the Sister of the Most Precious Blood, as a high school for young women; the school closed in 1974. In 1929 Central Catholic High School for Boys was established with the name being changed to Assumption High School in 1953. Women were welcomed to Assumption in 1974 after St. Teresa Academy closed. Later, Assumption closed in 1989. One television station is licensed to, but does not operate from, the city; Ion Television affiliate WRBU (Channel 46), which serves the entire St. Louis market. In the past, it served as St. Louis's UPN and MyNetworkTV affiliate. On FM, sports station WXOS (101.1) and non-commercial Contemporary Christian music station WCBW (89.7) are licensed to East St. Louis, along with news/talk station KFTK (1490) on AM. The Metro-East Journal, originally the East St. Louis Journal, was published in the city from 1888 to 1979. The East St. Louis Monitor was established in 1963. It provides community news and event updates. A 2007 study in the journal Homicide Studies noted that "East St. Louis has consistently experienced a high violent crime rate and continues to report a substantial number of annual homicides." In 2013, the per capita homicide rate in East St. Louis was about 18 times the national average, and had the highest homicide rate of any city in the United States. According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, in 2015 East St. Louis (with a population of 26,616), had 19 cases of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, 42 cases of rape, 146 cases of robbery, 682 cases of aggravated assault, and 12 cases of arson. In 2016, NeighborhoodScout released rankings indicating that East St. Louis had the highest murder rate of any city in the United States. - "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 29, 2017. - "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved July 6, 2019. - Meier, Jenee. "Alumnus' book highlights history of East St. Louis". Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2007. - Nunes, Bill; Theising, Andrew (2011). East St. Louis. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. - Burbank, David T. (1966). Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike of 1877. p. 74. - "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 6, 2006. Retrieved September 2, 2006.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign - Curzon, Julian (1997). The Great Cyclone at St. Louis and East St. Louis, May 27, 1896. SIU Press. - "A Chronology of African American Military Service: From WWI through WWII" Archived July 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine - Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities, p. 22 - "Race Riot". Eslarp.uiuc.edu. July 2, 1998. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013. - "Previous All-America City Winners". National Civic League. Retrieved March 15, 2017. - Beeler, Michael. "Escape from N.Y.: Filming the Original". Cinefantastique. - Maronie, Samuel J. (May 1981). "From Forbidden Planet to Escape from New York: A candid conversation with SFX & production designer Joe Alves". Starlog. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. - "(65 ILCS 5/) Illinois Municipal Code. DIVISION 12. FINANCIALLY DISTRESSED CITY LAW". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2017. - Harrison, Eric (August 9, 1990). "UPDATE / EAST ST. LOUIS : Illinois Bails Out Troubled City Close to Bankruptcy : No one thinks the town's problems can be solved with $34 million, but the plan might increase investors' confidence". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 15, 2017. - Jonathan Kozol, "Life on the Mississippi: East St. Louis, Illinois", excerpted from Savage Inequalities, hosted at Third World Traveler, accessed April 2, 2015 - Eastside Gardens, Official website Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine - William Allen And John G. Carlton, "Much evidence of Mississippian culture has succumbed to bulldozer and plow", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 09 January 2000, Retrieved 31 October 2010 - Veronique LaCapra, "Ancient suburb near St. Louis could be lost forever", St. Louis Public Radio, June 2, 2012, accessed April 2, 2015 - "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 27, 2015. - "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2008. - "Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center." Illinois Department of Corrections. Retrieved July 10, 2010. - ":: Welcome to City of East St.Louis". Cesl.us. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013. - http://www.eslfire.com/#!services1/c8az Archived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine - American Military University (March 12, 2013). "Video: East St. Louis Fire Dept. showcases budget cut challenges". Firerescue1.com. Retrieved September 3, 2013. - "Our Schools | ESTL". www.estl189.com. Retrieved March 19, 2017. - Grady, ASC, Sister Mary Pauline. "Alma Mater STA 94-74.pdf". Retrieved August 1, 2019. - "Assumption High School, East St. Louis, Illinois". Retrieved August 1, 2019. - Adam M. Watkins & Scott H. Decker, "Patterns of Homicide in East St. Louis," Homicide Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Feb. 2007), pp. 30-49. - Sam Levin, Gun Control: Dick Durbin Wants to Lower East St. Louis Homicide Rate, 18 Times U.S. Average, Riverfront Times (March 28, 2013). - Tim Delaney, Social Deviance (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), p. 123. - Table 8: Illinois: Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by City, 2015, Crime in the United States, 2015. - "Top 30 Highest Murder Rate Cities in the U.S. 2016". Neighborhoodscout.com. Retrieved July 26, 2018. - Heaps, Willard Allison. "Target of Prejudice: The Negro". Riots, U.S.A., 1765–1970. New York: The Seabury Press, 1970. 108–117. - Kozol, Jonathan. "Life on the Mississippi". Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. Crown, 1991. 7–39. ISBN 0-517-58221-X - "Race Rioters Fire East St. Louis and Shoot or Hang Many Negroes; Dead Estimated at from 20 to 76". The New York Times, July 3, 1917. |Wikivoyage has a travel guide for East St. Louis.|

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Most IC-555 is used to generate frequency, and sometimes we need to know. Is it good or bad? But normal multimeter cannot check it. Thus, I make a simple 555 ICs tester circuit. Which is tested correctly and faster. How it works Resistors R1-R3 acts as limit current and reduce the voltage to LED1-LED3. Which are LEDs show state on “Trigger” or “Low” or “High”. The Diode D1 is set the voltage to pin 2 less than 1/3 VCC (0.7 volts). When slide switch S1 at position 2 (Trigger IC). The 555 IC Tester Circuit Before apply voltage to this circuit, we must put the test IC to socket completely. When entering voltage to the circuit and switch S1at position 3 (no trigger) will see LED1 (low) glow show that the output in state ” low” voltage at the B point about 0.2 volts. Next, trigger at pin 2 by slide S1 come to position 2 cause voltage at pin 2 about 0.7 volts. Thus the output voltage will change state is “high” voltage at point B about 3.5 volts. The LED2 ( High) and LED3 (Trigger) glow and when switch S1 come to position 3 will cause LED2 and LED3 go out. In this case, above will show that IC-555 is good. But apply the power supply to this circuit, then switch S1 to position 2. The LED1 will glow but after that slide S1 come to position 3 but LED1 still glow up. If when applying a voltage to this circuit then LED2 will also still grow (S1 at position 2). And slide S1 come to position 3 also still not change state show that this IC-555 bad. Also Tester Circuit GET UPDATE VIA EMAIL I always try to make Electronics Learning Easy. Up to $20 shipping discount on first order now: https://jlcpcb.com/quote

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Heidegger (as though) over and against Husserl Considerations on the course of future investigations are developed in the light of the question: Which thinking is more cogent, Husserl or Heidegger? The student has an advantage over the teacher since the teacher is directed by their masterly skill par excellence, while the pupil has not yet any more than an inkling of their path, and is not wholly forced into compromises at once, more so if the student is Heidegger and the teacher the extraordinary master Husserl. We must ask, according to the essential possibilities of thought, and according to the direct path of the thought, if Heidegger can lay claim to more cogency for thought than Husserl in his fundamental directive thought, that of the End of Metaphysics. For Husserl no such end is expected, nor has it arrived, nor would it be beautiful if it did. Investigation wants to stay at the starting point, and look at what is moving under the glance of thought. But in Heidegger, it is as though those plunged into the action of thought, dealing with the activity of looking, break off and spectate, isolated from their action as thinkers, and recoil into the sphere of the interpretation or the hermeneutic peculiarity. In Heidegger the grip on the movement of thought across the centuries is the most important exigency which everywhere quickens the pulse. If the rise of the principle of reason, out of the enigma of the unthought which is intimately operative in the non-presence of the West, of the history of metaphysics, if this is so broad and comes forth and holds sway infinitely over man as man, demanding what must be from what it renders to cognition as fundamental resource, as the cause and effect towards the perfection of fashioning or fulfilling unconstrained logistical power, if this is according to thought cogent, the spectation has grasped what the action of seeing alone, phenomenological looking, could not know. Thus if we awaken to the strength of the thesis, as guiding strand, we can not treat it as mere arbitrary projection. Yet, Nietzsche speaks all the time of Ariadne and the maze. As soon as one allows that the concern of Strauss can be put aside, that the primary evidence is the guidance of all research, proper to philosophy, and that Nietzsche brings a defective hearsay in his premise, i.e., that one can throw thought open to the abyss, to the constant glance into the fertility of thought, to that that is between spirit and life, namely the abyss, this masterly and commanding thinker then glances into the return to the logical grasp of the emergence of the End of Metaphysics so scornfully as to wither philosophy. Philosophy becomes thinking, it can no longer be philosophy, but thinking is completion, it finds itself, it is not arbitrary, for it is the completion of that metaphysics as the end in the “steadfast resolution” towards the leap. If one thinks of the discovery of, e.g., the axioms of Euclid, which the human race opened and discovered, this glittering activity, that of the inner vision over and against the brute nature, supplies the urspring of the historial movement in its root as a prime mover or God. If the God is cast down in the establishment of an ultimate refusal of gods, in the disbanding of the skeptical division between logos and physis, in the final contest, still alive amongst us, of nature naturing (natura naturans) and nature natured (natura naturata), the indication is the destiny in its ultimate movement of itself draws thought to think what is to be thought in the “end” of this metaphysics. Some thoughts can not be solved by philosophy, since it is guided by the god or first cause of reason. And not the sight of thought simpliciter. Drawn directly and without fanciful impediments from the various schools of thought now prevalent one would bring thought to establish its path to the question of this “drawing forth” as possibility or weird fancy. Such is the thing legislated by historial thinking.

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Winner of the European Inventor Award 2010 in the "Non-European countries" category Thanks to the inventions of Canadian engineers Ben Wiens and Danny Epp, electrochemical fuel cells are now a commercially successful alternative to fossil fuels. Ballard Power Systems, based in Vancouver, BC, sells the sustainable fuel cells around the world as a source of reliable backup electricity and of power for public buses. Inventors: Ben Wiens and Danny Epp, Canada Invention: Electrochemical fuel cell Company: Ballard Power Systems The burning of fossil fuels is still a major cause of greenhouse gases. According to a recent European Union study, energy generation accounts for 28% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, while the transport sector accounts for 21%. Fuel cells are a clean alternative to fossil fuels for powering vehicles and producing electricity - at least in theory. In practice, their high price and high operating temperatures, which mean energy‑intensive cooling, have stopped many industries from switching to fuel cells. Enter the inventions of Canadian engineers Ben Wiens and Danny Epp: their new fuel cells use a thin plastic film, called a solid polymer membrane, instead of heat-intensive ceramic elements, which enables them to operate at temperatures below 100°C, without needing extra cooling. Based on this technology, Ballard Power Systems launched the first commercially viable hydrogen fuel-cell system in 2001. The product has brought Ballard steady growth and success: in 2009, the publicly-traded company had 489 employees and a turnover of $46.7m. Marketed as the FCgen 1.6 kW Backup Power System, the fuel cells provide backup power during power outages for telecommunications stations in Canada, the EU and India. The cells replace lead acid batteries, which are highly sensitive to temperature and lose their charge. Ballard Power Systems has also developed fuel cells to power zero-emission public buses. To get this development "on the road" - and into mass production - Ballard partnered with international automotive companies Daimler-Benz and Ford. A spin-off company, Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation, emerged from this collaboration when Daimler and Ford purchased Ballard's automotive division in 2007 to expand their leading position in fuel cell technology. After going into mass production in 2004, fuel-cell buses are now in operation in 15 cities around the world, including Amsterdam, Barcelona and London, and have to date carried 7 million passengers. Vancouver added 20 fuel-cell buses to its public transport fleet for the 2010 Winter Olympics. This is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1 800 tonnes a year.

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CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical E_chelle Spectrographs) is an instrument designed an optimized to look for planets around stars smaller than our Sun. Because of their low small size and low luminosity, these stars are ideal to discover Earth-like exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zone. CARMENES is a unique instrument that uses the combination of two high-resolution (R=80000-90000) spectrographs collecting data in visible and infrared light (0.52 to 1.71 micron). The two spectrographs are enclosed in vacuum tanks with their temperatures, humidities and pressures stabilized to very precise values. This is the only way to guarantee that the measurements produced with CARMENES have the excellent accuracy necessary to detect small planets. CARMENES attains a formidable radial velocity precision of 1 m/s. This corresponds to measuring an immense ball of gas of half a million kilometers in diameter moving back and forth at the same speed as a person strolling. CARMENES was built by a consortium of 11 institutions from Spain and Germany and was installed and commissioned at the 3.5-m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory in Southern Spain in 2015. CARMENES will be surveying a sample of 300 stars in our immediate vicinity, lying just within 50 light years from the Sun, for a minimum of 3 years (from 2016 to 2018). This will produce an invaluable collection of several tens of terrestrial planets - our closest neighbors in the Universe. It is even possible that the first exoplanet found to host life is discovered by CARMENES, an instrument that will undoubtedly make history. Aim of our participation The Institute of Space Sciences has a prominent role in CARMENES. We are responsible for science preparation and exploitation through the figure of the Project Scientist. In this capacity, the Institute of Space Sciences led the selection of the stars that is being searched for planets, the collection of all necessary information to guarantee the best precision and the analysis of the data acquired to uncover habitable planets. Besides the scientific role, the Institute of Space Sciences is also responsible for key technology packages of the CARMENES spectrograph, which are the Instrument Control System (ICS) and the scheduling system. The ICS is the ?brain? of CARMENES and centralizes all the subsystems to control the proper working of the instrument, its performance, and environment variables. The ICS communicates and collects data from a variety of sources using the modern and versatile Internet Communications Engine architecture that ensures a robust operation. The scheduler is a complex piece of software factoring in a large number of variables (target properties, prioritization, environment variables) to find the optimum target to observe at each point in time. Proper scheduling is essential to maximize the science output of CARMENES as it optimizes its efficiency. CARMENES has been running in routine mode since Jan 1, 2016. On the technical side, the VIS channel has operated steadily at the expected performance level (about 1 m/s radial velocity long-term stability) but the NIR channel has undergone some upgrades that have improved stability to better than 3 m/s. The ICS has been running reliably for the entire observational campaigns and some functionality has been added as per the consortium and observer's requests. The full CARMENES instrument underwent formal acceptance by the Calar Alto Observatory in May 2017. The Institute of Space Sciences, as science lead, has been in charge of defining the observational strategy and the target priorities.Observations have been acquired routinely in the framework of the 300-star survey. Almost 10000 stellar spectra in each of the VIS and NIR channels have obtained so far, which is a treasure trove for exoplanet discovery and also stellar physics. The first results of the CARMENES instrument are being published, including new exoplanet detections and a variety of astrophysical results. Dozens of new planet candidates are being followed up and many additional publications are expected in the near future. - The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - HD 147379b: A nearby Neptune in the temperate zone of an early-M dwarf. Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Zechmeister, M.; Caballero, J. A.; et al. (including Morales, J. C.; Lafarga, M.; Guàrdia, J.; Colomé, J.; Gesa L; Herrero E.; Perger, M.; Vilardell, F.) arXiv:1712.05797 (2017) - The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars. Reiners, A.; Zechmeister, M.; Caballero, J. A.; Ribas, I.; Morales, J. C.; et al. (including Lafarga, M.; Guàrdia, J.; Colomé, J.; Gesa L; Herrero E.; Perger, M.; Vilardell, F.) arXiv:1711.06576 (2017) - The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems. Trifonov, T.; Kürster, M.; Zechmeister, M.; Tal-Or, L.; Caballero, J. A.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J.; Ribas, I.; et al. (including: Morales, J. C.; Lafarga, M.; Guàrdia, J.; Colomé, J.; Gesa L; Herrero E.; Perger, M.; Vilardell, F.) arXiv:1710.01595 (2017) - Efficient scheduling of astronomical observations. Application to the CARMENES radial-velocity survey Garcia-Piquer, A.; Morales, J. C.; Ribas, I.; Colomé, J.; Guàrdia, J.; Perger, M.; Caballero, J. A.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Jeffers, S. V.; Reiners, A.; Amado, P. J.; Quirrenbach, A.; Seifert, W.Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 604, id.A87, 16 pp (2017) Senior Institute members involved - CARMENES: The CARMENES instrument control software suite. Colomé, J.; Guàrdia, J.; Hagen, H.-J.; Morales Muñoz, R.; Abril, M.; Benítez, D.; Caballero, J. A.; Fresno, M. L.; García-Piquer, A.; Gesa, Ll.; de Guindos, E.; de Juan, E.; Schiller, J.; Vico, I.; Vilardell, F.; Zechmeister, M.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Seifert, W.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 9913, id. 991334 16 pp. (2016) , J. Colomé

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for books, i would suggest anything that has large lists, such as axelrods atlas. it doesnt really have much information in it, but its a great place to start. i often thumb through it, see a fish that catches my eye, and then just look up every bit of info i can about it online. there is a lot of misinformation online, but if you use a little common sense, its easy to tell when someone is being dogmatic and claiming "facts" from a very limited pool of experience. a good example is elassoma gilberti, gulf coast pygmy sunfish. there are references out there that say they NEED soft acidic water, with ph sometimes as low as 4. the fact that i have mine breeding happily in a ph of 8.7 in extremely hard water goes to show that the "facts" were prematurely determined by some literate individuals with access to a computer. it seems as if they had made the claim based on a single collection report from an isolated swampy location. i collected mine in hard alkaline water. anything new is going to be pretty much the same. people will make claims, write books, and draw conclusions without first exploring other possibilities. the best thing is to look up the fish, look up the experience of others, and if you cannot find the experience of others, look up info about their habitats or those of similar fish. for plants i usually jut google things from the list on wikipedia, or pull out the reference papers that i have accumulated ever the last several years.

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Most of us are aware of the harmful effects of the pollutants present in the air. But did you know that there are 10 times more pollutants present right in your household when compared to the air outside? In fact, indoor air pollution is the second highest killer in India, with an estimated death rate of 1.3 million people in a year. High blood pressure being the most deadly one and the outdoor air pollution occupying the fifth spot on the list, it only goes to prove that indoor air pollution is much deadlier and dangerous than the air outdoors. Unlike most western countries, India doesn’t have any standards or mandatory rules regarding indoor air pollution. According to WHO, the norm for the particulate matter levels for indoor air pollution is 20 ug/m3 (micrograms per cubic meter) whereas the average in India is 375 ug/m3. Because of such stark differences in these levels, environmentalists all over the country have been urging the policymakers to come up with national indoor air pollution norms. If you’re wondering how it could possibly be that your house is home to so many pollutants, let’s look at each of the culprits - Starting right from the fumes emitted during cooking, chemical products like air fresheners, perfumes and adhesives used in furniture, volatile organic compounds to the mold and asbestos found on the walls, all of them contribute towards reducing the quality of the air. Traditional methods of cooking and burning of incense sticks which is known to increase the concentration of particulate matter in the air up to 15 times more than the ideal level. Particulate matter - PM 1.0, PM 2.5 and PM 10 are small, tiny particles with diameters in the range of micrometres. They are present as pollutants in the air around us and because of their size, they easily get lodged in the respiratory tract and the lungs. A recent study showed that more than 80% of Indian women, who tend to spend a lot of their time indoors involved in activities like cooking, are affected by air pollution where they experience difficulty breathing, lung irritation, cardiovascular diseases and even lung cancer in extreme cases. Another study done by The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI) found that 27.5% of the mortality among kids under the age five is a result of indoor air pollution. With more and more studies like these highlighting the ill-effects of bad indoor air quality, it might be finally time for us to step forward and take some countermeasures to protect our loved ones from breathing toxic air. You can start by keeping the doors and windows of your home open for a few hours every day for ventilation purposes. Make sure to keep the surroundings in your home dirt-free by cleaning on a daily basis. The best thing you can do for your household is getting an air purifier that gets rid of the pollutants present in the air by using various filters. One of the best air purifiers we’ve found is Dr. Aeroguard air purifier. It consists of 9 stages of filters including anti-allergen, anti-microbial filter, active-HEPA filter, therapeutic filter that keeps the air free of large particles, microorganisms, VOCs, odour, pet dander etc. These modern air purifiers also release vitamin C and a combination of negatively charged ions which make the air healthy and energising to breathe.

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https://www.tinystep.in/blog/fact-of-the-day-indoor-air-pollution-kills-over-a-million-people-each-year-in-india-xyz?utm_source=direct&utm_medium=recommend&utm_campaign=es&utm_content=2

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Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is an attractive, accommodating perennial, which has many practical uses as a medicinal herb and edible plant, as well as being attractive to butterflies, bees and insects. The white wildflower can be found growing upright or in clumps and enjoys full sun in exposed or sheltered spots, says the UK’s leading plant organisation, the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The tolerant yarrow prefers well-drained soil, but is happy in others, and grows in acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions. The herbaceous perennial, which grows up to 90cm high and 60cm wide within five years, has cheerful, cream or pink flowers in summer and feathery, segmented green foliage, which is why it is called plumajillo (little feather) in Latin America. Each cluster consists of up to 40 tiny flower heads surrounded by up to eight small petals, which typically bloom in May and June. The sweet-smelling native species, which is just one of the 42 wildflower species in the Birds and Bees Meadowmat Mix, is perfect for attracting pollinators and is often seen in wildlife or naturalised gardens. Kitchen gardeners use it as a companion plant, as it is popular with predatory wasps, hover-flies and ladybirds that are beneficial against various pests. Traditional uses for yarrow Yarrow has been traditionally used to prevent bleeding, which is why it was given the name Achillea, from the mythical Greek Trojan war hero, Achilles. He is reputed to have used yarrow to heal wounded soldiers, which is why the plant is commonly called soldier’s woundwort and thousand seal. It is also known as nosebleed, because the leaves encourage clotting. Native North American people have many uses for yarrow, and pioneered the use of its stalk to relieve fevers, help against toothache, combat swelling and bruising and treat stomach ache, rashes, haemorrhoids and itching. According to Chinese texts, yarrow boosts intelligence and brightens the eyes. Others use it in tea to find relief from allergies, and it has also been used in the past to flavour beer. Throughout its history, the yarrow has also been used as a vegetable, as its young leaves can be cooked like spinach and added to soups, and they can also be dried and treated as a herb. Common yarrow can be propagated by seed or through dividing the root-ball in spring, and is ideal for cut and dried flowers.

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Before his second birthday, my son said his first three syllable word thanks to his brand new hearing aids: Banana. Biologically, his corrected age made him a year and nine months old. He was so thrilled, he said, “banana,” several more times before piling the whole thing into his mouth. Torran’s three month premature birth, and the multiple anoxic insults to his brain, caused auditory dys-synchonry with moderate to severe hearing loss. When Torran adapted to the hearing aids (which he first used in place of a soother) we thought our struggles with his hearing loss were over, however, my husband and I learned that putting hearing aids on our child was only a part of the solution. Modifying our behaviour, the way we talk to him, made all the difference to his ability to communicate with us. Here are our top 5 tips for talking to a child—or anyone—with hearing loss. Stay in the Magic Circle People with hearing assistive devices hear sound best within a four-foot radius, the “magic circle” of sound. For Torran, this meant being at the front during carpet time at school and staying within arm’s reach of the teacher during lessons that didn’t have additional amplification. When I have a conversation with him, I try to stay beside him, or at the very least, in the same room. Volume drops off significantly the farther away the person is from the source of the sound. Face Your Talking Partner Have you ever been at a wedding and the speech giver turns his head away from the microphone? It’s difficult to hear him, right? Sound drops off by 30% when you aren’t facing the person to whom you speak. Additionally, if your face is blocked by your hands or other objects (like a cell phone), a person with hearing loss may have a harder time hearing you. This is a particular challenge for Torran who also has Autism, and looks away from people during most of his conversations. Reduce Environmental Noise People who don’t have hearing loss (or an aversion to auditory stimuli) don’t realize how much we clutter our environment with sounds. Hearing assistive devices amplify all environmental sounds, not just the spoken word. In a location with background music, lots of people talking, or even near a busy street, it is harder for someone with hearing aids to hear the person speaking to them. Hearing aids may also distort sounds. I didn’t realize this fact until I “tried on” Torran’s hearing aids, and had an awakening to the constant drone of noise that I don’t hear or tune out. Pace Your Rate of Speech Even if the person with hearing loss is able to speak quickly, be mindful of how fast you talk—particularly when asking questions. This is something of which both my husband and I are guilty, given our professional employment (nurse and air traffic controller). We constantly have to remind ourselves to use simple sentences, ask direct questions, and avoid sudden changes in topic. I often use Torran’s name to start my sentence, capturing his attention, then count in my head for up to ten seconds as I wait for a response. However, pacing your speech (with or without raising your voice a little) shouldn’t look like a comic sketch with over-exaggerated words and volume. Speaking that way may be insulting to someone with hearing loss, and just as difficult for them to interpret. I attended a session by the school board about hard of hearing students in school. Surprisingly, student presenters said they preferred to watch television programs with closed captioning because they’re better able to follow the dialogue—even if they can hear the program. At home, we use a Phonak ComPilot (wireless Bluetooth streamer) near the TV speaker. The device transmits sound directly to Torran’s ears via the hearing aids, instead of cranking up the volume. I also use this device when we’re out in public places like festivals or theme parks, or even walking to school in the winter when layers of woollies cover his head and ears. I have the microphone clipped to my lapel, or held to my mouth, and he wears the receiver around his neck. It’s remarkable and so helpful! Bluetooth compatible hearing aids also help people with hearing loss use phones and computers, and Torran’s school has used both a sound field and an FM system to help him hear his teachers inside the classroom. Not sure if your baby is hitting her speech milestones? Check out this handy list from birth to 30 months of age and remember that hearing is a factor in speech development. After eight years, Torran no longer uses his hearing aids as chew toys; he recognizes that they are as essential to his daily function as wearing glasses is to me. Tweaking the way I talk to him no longer feels unnatural, in fact, it spills over to the rest of my daily activities. For example, I try to look up at people when I’m at triage, I make eye contact when I enter the room, and try not to talk as I’m leaving it. I look forward to integrating other great technologies into Torran’s future—like Bluetooth telephones and computers that provide the sound directly into his hearing aid with his own volume controls. At least that way, I won’t have to yell at him to turn down the volume on his music…

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HOW TO HOLD A FOUR DIRECTIONS CEREMONY: Life calls to open sacred space during pivotal events, such as birth or marriage, and for healing purposes. Whatever the reason is, the intention must carry an unyielding presence of love and focus for sacred space to open.When sacred space is created, the veils between the physical and spiritual worlds begin to thin and transformation ensues. THE MEDICINE WHEEL At the heart of the Shamanic path is the contract to live in harmony with nature, self, community and spirit. The Medicine Wheel, or Wheel of Life, is represented by the four directions. It symbolizes the cycle of life, without beginning or end, and provides guidance for living. While the Medicine Wheel varies by culture, it universally honors the core belief that all things on earth are living and all things are interconnected. The four directions, as taught through Native American knowledge, are deeply embedded with symbolism and guidance for transformation. EAST represents Spring and symbolizes victory, success and power. After a long winter, the renewed sense of life emerges. The color is red and it symbolizes protection. Red beads were used to call forth the red spirit for strong love relations, to heal from illness and to pray for longevity. Animals of the East are birds in flight such as the owl, hawk and hummingbird. Words are offered to the East so they may fly and soar with Spirit. NORTH represents winter and also a sense of trouble, hardships and sadness. As winter is the season of waiting and surviving, the Cherokee word for North literally means cold. North is the color blue. The animals representing the North include white buffalo, moose and bear. These animals are a reminder to be patient with the seasons. WEST represents Autumn and the final harvest as the end of a cycle. The West is black and it represents the death of summer’s cycle. The animals of the west include the beaver for teamwork to prepare for winter and the snake to remind us of how to shed our old skin for transformation. SOUTH represents Summer and is a time of great abundance. The summer holds fertility, passion, growth, joy and peace. The color is white. The animals of the South hold the lesson of strength, courage and pride. The eagle with her keen sight and the wolf, proud to be part of the tribe. ABOVE AND BELOW There are three more Sacred Directions: Up above to the stars is yellow, down below to the earth is brown and the center is green. The place of self or the “sacred fire” of the self which is the center of all paths. The medicine wheel holds meaning to life, death, birth, aftermath, rebirth and the sacredness of place along the path. FOUR DIRECTIONS CEREMONY: OPEN SACRED SPACE Call upon the four directions in this invocation from the Q’ero Shamans of Peru to ask for blessing from the spirits in your endeavors. Consider creating an altar representing each direction. To begin, take some deep breaths, let go of mental preoccupations and align with your heart’s intention to create sacred space. As you face each direction, smudge or fan sage, blow scented water, or shake a rattle and say the prayer aloud. Face the south with one arm up and the other palm open to receive: To The Winds of the South ~ Great Serpent Mother of the Life giving waters, Wrap your coils of light around me. Remind me of how to let go and shed old ways of being. Teach me to walk the way of beauty. Face the west with one arm up and the other palm open to receive: To The Winds of the West ~Mother Jaguar, Support me as I see my own fears. Teach me how to transform my fears into love. Remind of how to live with impeccability. May I have no enemies in this lifetime or next Face the north with one arm up and the other palm open to receive: To the Winds of the North ~ Royal Hummingbird, Ancient Ones, Teach me about your endurance and your great joy. Come to me in the dreamtime. With honor I greet you. Face the east with one arm up and the other palm open to receive: To the Winds of the East ~ Eagle or Condor, Great visionary, remind me to lead from my pure heart. Teach me to soar to new places, to fly wing to wing with Spirit Place one palm on the earth and the other arm up: Mother Earth, Pachamama, I ask for your healing. Let me soften into your wisdom. May I take great care of you so that my children and my children’s children may witness the beauty and abundance you offer me today. Raise both arms to the sky: Father Sun, Grandmother Moon, to the Star nations, Great Spirit- you who are known by a thousand names and you who are the unnamable One. Thank you for bringing me here at this time. CLOSE THE CEREMONY When you have finished your ceremony, sacred space must be closed. This can be done silently or spoken aloud, but it must be intentional. Thank the serpent, jaguar, hummingbird and eagle for their wisdom. As you release their energies back to their four directions, take a few deep breaths, acknowledge yourself back in the space you are in and witness any changes in your being. Take any inspiration gleaned from your sacred space and share them with the earth, your family and your community. ASSIGNMENT: FIND YOUR TRUE NORTH Knowing the cardinal directions and where you stand in relation to them is an essential aspect of connecting to the natural and spirit worlds. Ancient cultures of the world, in tune with the cycles of the seasons and the stars, knew how to orient themselves if lost and likely intuited their location naturally due to practice.Set a reminder to locate true north intermittently throughout the day; for example, at sunrise, midday and sunset, use a compass to find north. Stand facing north and notice the angle of the sun and landmarks that may guide you without a compass.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

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Climate change will cause Alaskan village to vanish under water within 10 years Kivalina is home to about 400 Inupiat people. Scientists say the tiny Alaskan village is falling prey to the effects of climate change — and might be uninhabitable within the next 10 years. The northwestern Alaskan village of Kivalina is perched on a remote and narrow strip of sand next to the frigid waters of the Chukchi sea. Its 400 residents are the descendants of an Inupiat tribe. And in just 10 years, these folk might just be America’s first climate change refugees. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers predicts that Kivalina will be completely uninhabitable by 2025, a victim of melting ice, coastal erosion and rising sea levels.

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21 top laws of swimming 1. Three of the most important components of swimming are: technique,technique, technique. 2. Strive for optimum, not maximum, performance. 3. Learn to balance, align, and stabilize your body first. Everything else will become easier. 4. Seek the path of least resistance. 5. Find the path of most resistance. 6. To become effortless requires great effort. 7. Listen to the water, feel the water, be one with the water. Swim quietly. 8. The mind leads the body. 9. The harder you work, the harder you can play. 10. Practice does not make perfect. Perfect practice makes perfect. What you do in practice will determine what you do in meets. 11. The fastest swimmers are the ones who slow down the least. 12. The fastest you ever travel is when you dive off the block and push off the wall. 13. Slice through the water, don't plow. Make your middle name"streamline". 14. Don't think of pulling the water. Learn to anchor your hands,wrists, and forearms, and hold onto the water. Learn to use your legs for balance and body stabilization. 15. Power is generated from the hips and torso. Use your shoulders for your recovery and to generate additional arm speed. 16. Relax from the inside out. 17. Never look back. 18. Attack your race, attack your opponent. 19. Embrace your opponents. They make you a faster, better swimmer. 20. Use visual and mental imagery of yourself achieving and surpassingyour goals. 21. Swim smart, use your head, and keep your head still. Jerry Heidenreich (February 4, 1950 – April 18, 2002) was an American swimmer and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, where he received a gold medal in 4×100 m medley relay, and a gold medal in 4×100 m freestyle relay. He received a silver medal in 100 m freestyle, and a bronze medal in 100 m butterfly.

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Make It Earth Day Every Day This Week in NWF History Since the first Earth Day in 1970, the National Wildlife Federation has helped people get outside and connect with nature through regional events, cleanups, and public service announcements from familiar faces. Although Earth Day is officially celebrated on April 22nd, we think every day should be Earth Day! Here are seven ways to make every day Earth Day: - Become a Butterfly Hero and pledge to plant milkweed and other native plant species in your yard to help the declining pollinator populations. (You can also win a free trip to Walt Disney World if you pledge by June 1.) - Create and certify a wildlife habitat at your home, business, or place of worship. National Wildlife Federation has certified over 220,000 properties and public facilities as wildlife habitats participating through our Garden for Wildlife program, engaging more than 1.5 million people. Certification involves the key steps to provide food, water, shelter and places for wildlife to raise their young. - Help a local school create and certify an educational Schoolyard Habitat for wildlife. National Wildlife Federation has certified more than 5,000 schoolyard habitats that help nearly a million students learn about local wildlife, pollinators and plants. You can even help your whole community become a certified wildlife habitat. NWF has more than 150 cities, counties, and towns active in managing or becoming Community Wildlife Habitats. - Join the Great American Campout this year and make your local park, state park, tree house, backyard—or any of your other favorite outdoor spots—home for the night. The Great American Campout has helped more than 1 million people to get outdoors and strengthen our bond with nature. - Help NWF plant more than a million trees in the next three years and have a direct effect on protecting wildlife for current and future generations. - Find one of NWF’s state affiliate partners near you to participate in local events, programs, and workshops. - Join the ranks of NWF’s active and enthusiastic members. You will receive the award-winning National Wildlife magazine and learn about opportunities to influence policy makers and help wildlife, water and habitats across the nation. Become a Member Today

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