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The traditional state-of-the-art miniature directional microphones suffer from a higher noise level mainly due to size constraints. Herein, a miniature directional microphone mimicking the fly Ormia ochracea’s ear anatomy is presented with the prime focus on achieving higher signal-to-noise ratio at reduced size. The microphone has circular shape with aluminum nitride (AlN)-based piezoelectric readout scheme deposited at the center of the diaphragm. The 3-3 transduction mode is adopted for sensitivity enhancement. The microphone testing is performed in an anechoic chamber. Besides the bidirectional response, the A-weighted noise under broadband excitation is ∼29 dBA, which is lower than the optical directional microphone of Miles et al., which is the most prominent noise analysis work in the area of fly inspired MEMS directional microphone. The potential of thin film thickness variation measurement method, reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS), for a compact label-free biosensor is investigated. A model to estimate thickness variation is built based on RIfS. A set-up of the sensor having dual Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and one photo detector are introduced. To verify the model, sample chips with different thicknesses of silica film layers ranging from 2 to 20nm are used in the experiment. The estimated values are compared with their reference values which are measured by an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Since the chosen LEDs' wavelength is not an ideal one, the comparison shows that the model underestimates the thickness variation. By using dual LEDs and a photo detector with the reliable model, the handheld device for transparent thin film measurement will become practical. This paper presents a label-free biosensor using two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as light sources and a photo detector as a receiver. The sensor uses a silica-on-silicon wafer with PMMA [Poly(methyl methacrylate)] as the functional layer. The principle of this biosensor is based on the Fabry Perot (FP) interferometer. A thickness of a 100 nm PMMA layer is spin-coated on the silicon wafer, which has a thin thermal oxide layer of 500 nm. In such a configuration, the PMMA layer and silica layer function as an FP cavity. When a light illuminates the surface of the sensor, the reflections from the PMMA-air and silica-silicon interfaces will interfere with each other. Consequently, the change of the cavity length, which is caused by biomaterial binding on the PMMA layer, will result in a red shift in the reflection spectrum. An intensity change of the reflection light will be observed on an individual wavelength. In order to eliminate environment noise and to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, two LEDs, whose center wavelength is chosen on either side of the spectrum notch, are introduced in the system. A photo detector will alternatively obtain the intensities of the two individual reflected lights, and collect the signal via a data acquisition system. Long-term tests have shown that the sensor is resistant to environmental fluctuation. Biolinker Protein G' was used for binding tests. The sensor shows great potential in biosensor applications due to its compact size and low cost. This paper presents a micromachined silicon membrane type AFM tip designed to move nearly 1µm by electrostatic force. Since the tip can be vibrated in small amplitude with AC voltage input and can be displaced up to 1μm by DC voltage input, an additional piezo actuator is not required for scanning of submicron features. The micromachined membrane tips are designed to have 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz resonant frequency. Displacement of the membrane tip is measured by an optical interferometer using a micromachined diffraction grating on a quartz wafer which is positioned behind the membrane tip. A micrograting interferometer has been fabricated to use in measuring the static and dynamic performance of MEMS devices. These measurements aid in qualifying the functionality of fabricated MEMS devices, as well as improving fabrication techniques. The metrology system uses a phase sensitive diffraction grating for interferometric axial resolution and a microfabricated lens for improved lateral resolution. In addition, active control is applied to the system to reduce the impact of mechanical vibrations and insure a high degree of measurement sensitivity. The control scheme is demonstrated successfully in the scanning of MEMS devices in the experiment. A deformable grating, which controls measurement sensitivity, has been fabricated and integrated with optoelectronics in small volume. Experiments with the integrated package demonstrate that the measurement sensitivity can be adjusted by actuating the deformable grating. This integrated single device illustrates that the deformable grating sensor can be expanded to form arrays for parallel measurement of MEMS device. A micro grating interferometer has been fabricated to use in measuring the dynamic performance of MEMS devices. The system uses a phase sensitive diffraction grating for interferometric axial resolution and a microfabricated lens for improved lateral response. Early experimental results using a non-deformable grating interferometer show that both the transient and steady state vibration of MEMS devices can be measured and mapped using the micro interferometer. These initial results also reveal vibrational noise and sample alignment problems. To avoid these obstacles and to maximize the sensitivity of the interferometer, a PID control unit is introduced. Analysis has been performed on the interferometer system to improve the controller design. A deformable grating interferometer has also been fabricated using microfabrication techniques and tested to show proper range of actuation under DC bias. This grating also demonstrates the ability to maintain a high sensitivity during operation.

<urn:uuid:56f015d2-3a3d-4738-b679-fa0b998f76be>

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https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/profile/Byungki.Kim-4215532?SSO=1

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Complementarity and the union of opposites: M. H. F. Wilkins The main tradition of thinking in the West has concentrated attention on distinct things of fixed nature which are separable from each other. From this, basic science has grown. But there has been a less wellrecognised philosophical tradition which has concentrated on the relations between things, and how these relations produce changes in things and in their relations. Thus Heraclitus in ancient Greece and, at about the same time, philosophers in China saw the essence of reality in change and renewal. Opposition was the relation which produced change. Thus opposite principles such as yin and yang pervaded everything, and change came about by opposed things forming a unity. As Pan Ku said in the first century AD 'Things that oppose each other also complement each other.' In the West these ideas were kept alive by thinkers like Nicholas de Cusa (who saw God as the coincidence of opposites), Giordano Bruno, the mystic Jacob Boehme, and also the alchemists who saw in chemical reactions the union of opposites giving rise to new substances. These ideas were developed into a philosophical system by Hegel. He argued that if one thought about opposed concepts, for example being and notbeing, one was led to think of their unity in the concept of becoming. To define being one has to refer to not-being, and vice-versa; logically the two concepts are interdependent, inseparable and, in many respects, the same. But to say that being and not-being are the same is a contradiction. To avoid this, thought makes a leap and resolves the contradiction by thinking of the higher-order concept of becoming, which contains and unites both being and not-being. This type of argument - thesis, antithesis and then synthesis -- is reasonable enough, but Hegel went further. As an idealist, he saw ideas as the primary reality which gave rise to all phenomena. He therefore extended the idea of the unity of opposites from the world of thought to all aspects of the natural world and of human life, especially history. Thinkers today are more doubtful about this extension, especially to the natural world; and the fact that Hegel was obscure adds to the uncertainties. In any case, I shall make use of a very simplified 1 view of Hegel.

<urn:uuid:2e42e73e-7f8e-4d54-8ec9-37a735478946>

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https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203392799/chapters/10.4324/9780203392799-26

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en

In 1903, as a last-ditch effort to maintain direct current as the standard for distributing electricity around the United States, Thomas Edison presided over a notorious event meant in part to demonstrate the danger of alternating current: the electrocution of Topsy, a circus elephant deemed a threat to humans, by a 6,600-volt AC charge. Edison’s stunt was pure fear-mongering (DC being equally dangerous at high voltage), and it failed: our grid today is primarily AC. But a little over a century after Topsy’s collapse, it is AC that looks increasingly wobbly. Thanks to growing power consumption by digital devices of all kinds, DC power is making a comeback, this time on its own merits. Anything that uses transistors relies on direct current, the flow of electricity in one direction. That explains why PCs, iPhones, and flat-screen TVs all have converter boxes to turn the alternating current in wall sockets (which reverses direction 120 times a second) into direct current. Such digital consumer devices account for up to a fifth of total power consumption today, according to Greg Reed, director of the Power & Energy Initiative at the University of Pittsburgh. Reed says the steep growth curve of DC power is due not only to computers but also to the spread of devices such as LEDs and solar panels. “Within the next 20 years we could definitely see as much as 50 percent of our total loads be made up of DC consumption,” he says. “It’s accelerating even more than we’d expected.” With the growing number of devices generating and using direct current, Reed says, comes a big opportunity to save energy. By distributing DC power to DC devices instead of converting it to AC along the way, it’s possible to avoid substantial energy losses that occur every time electricity is converted. Some electronics-heavy facilities are now developing all-DC “microgrids” to feed power to users. Consider the plans for a DC microgrid at China’s Xiamen University, announced in March. A self-contained electrical grid will span three campus buildings, linking a 150-kilowatt rooftop solar array to LED lighting systems and banks of computer servers. The spread of electric vehicles could make DC even more important: electric cars charge on direct current and require substantial amounts of power. Dragan Maksimovic, an expert in power electronics at the University of Colorado in Boulder, estimates that solar-powered vehicle chargers his group is developing should cut power losses from 10 percent of what the panels produce to just 2 percent. Maksimovic is partnering with Satcon, a manufacturer of the power converters, and has funding from the Hawaii Renewable Energy Development Venture; the team plans to install solar chargers this spring at a resort on the Hawaiian island of Lanai. Another driver for DC is the data centers that run the Internet and telecommunications networks. Large computer farms now consume more than 1.3 percent of electricity worldwide, and that figure is rising fast. The incoming power is AC and needs to be converted. Instead of having power converters on each computer, some companies are installing large centralized converters and distributing 380-volt DC power across their server farms. Japanese telecom giant NTT has four data centers in the Tokyo region operating on DC; last year it completed a DC-based server center in Atsugi City, southwest of Tokyo, that is its first to serve external clients. Power savings are achieved largely by replacing the AC-to-DC converters attached to individual servers with more efficient centralized inverters. Making that switch and eliminating AC-DC converters on battery backup systems cut power consumption by 15 percent compared with conventional AC configurations, according to Keiichi Hirose, a senior research engineer at NTT Facilities in Tokyo. Intel has valued annual power savings for a medium-sized data center in the U.S. at $1.2 million, and the value should be considerably more in Japan and Europe, where power prices are higher. Also catching on are DC lighting circuits. Emerge Alliance, a consortium based in San Ramon, California, that advocates for DC power distribution in commercial buildings, has established a standard for 24-volt DC ceiling circuits and says that running LED ceiling lights on DC lines uses up to 15 percent less energy than doing the AC-to-DC switch inside the fixtures. Emerge is now working on bringing DC power to employees’ desktops, letting them plug in computers or phones without the need for hot-running converter boxes. Will the DC rebellion spread beyond buildings to take over the larger lines that feed neighborhoods, cities, and beyond, as Edison once hoped? Many power experts are skeptical. Alternating current is the standard for transmitting electricity around the grid, and many devices, such as electric motors, lend themselves to AC power. “I don’t think there’s going to be a wholesale transformation of the power system into DC,” says UC Boulder’s Maksimovic. But others, such as Reed, see a DC takeover as inevitable. He notes that transmission lines increasingly use DC power, because high-voltage DC (HVDC) lines are easier to control and have lower losses than AC lines. Long-distance lines are often the key to tapping renewable resources located far from power-needy cities, such as wind and solar energy. Expanding DC power distribution at the top and bottom levels of the electrical food chain creates an opportunity to close the gap with regional distribution in DC as well, just as Edison once imagined. Reed notes that converting high-voltage AC power into 120 volts for residential use leads to losses around 5 percent higher than with equivalent DC systems. “If you have HVDC on one end and DC consumption on the other, that becomes an enabler for medium-voltage DC between them,” he says. With savings like that, Reed predicts that the first direct delivery of DC power from high-voltage line to end user may not be so far off, especially in rapidly developing economies that are building new power infrastructure. “I think we’re within 10 years of it here,” he says, “and within three to five years in China.”

<urn:uuid:dd054b0f-633d-4fd8-a3ea-7fe971e15e82>

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https://www.technologyreview.com/s/427504/edisons-revenge-the-rise-of-dc-power/

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Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International Statement Of Support for Coverage of Medical Foods Newborn Screening was built on the premise that early detection and treatment of inborn errors of metabolism can prevent the devastating outcome of untreated disease. Prevention of cognitive and/or physical impairment is completely dependent on the availability of and the adherence to a recommended course of treatment throughout the life of the individual. Medical foods are the most basic and essential treatment for many of the genetic metabolic disorders. They are defined as follows by the Orphan Drug Act (http://www.fda.gov/orphan/oda.htm) The term "medical food" means "a food which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements on the basis of recognized scientific principles are established by medical evaluation". Despite their proven efficacy many insurance companies continue to deny coverage for medical food declaring that they are not a covered benefit or the policy does not provide coverage for "nutritional supplements". Medical foods are not supplements. They are as critical to the prevention of the health complications associated with untreated genetic metabolic disease as antibiotics are for the treatment of infections. In response to this contradiction in public healthcare policy, a number of states have passed legislative mandates requiring coverage of medical foods. However there are differences in the number of disorders covered, the types of medical foods allowed as well as age and cost restrictions. Disparities in access to treatment among states must be addressed to ensure that newborn screening systems throughout the country offer the same chance at the best possible outcome for affected individuals and their families. The call for expanded newborn screening at the national level magnifies the present inconsistencies and multiplies the number of infants and children denied coverage for their conditions. Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International (GMDI) recommends the development of a national policy that supports healthcare coverage by both private and public health plan providers. A review of effective state based systems would provide important information as to how a national policy could be successfully implemented. National policy supporting treatment coverage of genetic metabolic disease would resolve the current newborn screening paradox --- screening in order to identify individuals with genetic metabolic disorders without then providing coverage for the medically necessary treatment. GMDI recognizes that without access to and coverage of medical food treatment for these conditions, many children will not benefit from early diagnosis, diminishing the returns of newborn screening not only for those individuals and their families but also for society as a whole.

<urn:uuid:14592b51-1a05-4ba5-ac0b-25b33532120e>

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http://gmdi.org/GMDI-Advocacy/Position-Statement-on-Medical-Foods

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November is Diabetes Awareness Month. The prevalence of diabetes is more common and has more complications than most people realize. According to the American Diabetes Association, as of 2015, 30.3 million Americans suffered from this disease. It is said that 1.5 million new diagnosis are made each year. Diabetes occurs when your blood glucose levels are too high. Sometimes your body does not produce enough insulin, a hormone made be the pancreas that helps your body convert glucose to energy, and as a result, glucose remains in the bloodstream, or your body may produce enough insulin but the body may be desensitized to the insulin, resulting it glucose remaining in the bloodstream. Many do not realize that higher than normal blood glucose levels can cause many health problems, not only to your body, but your eyes as well. Diabetes affects the structures of the eye and causes a number of ocular complications including diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, retinal detachments, glaucoma, bleeding, swelling and scaring in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss in adults ages 20-74. All of this is caused by the excessive blood glucose levels damaging vessels in the back of the eye, causing harm to the retina. In turn, weakening the ability of the eye to sense light and send signals to the brain to decode the world around you. In the earlier stages, diabetic retinopathy can be treated and the progression can be slowed, which is why it is so important for diabetics to have a yearly diabetic eye exam. Feel free to contact us if you have questions concerning your eye health or if you would like to schedule an appointment. References: “Statistics About Diabetes.” ADA, www.diabetes.org/resources/statistics/statistics-about-diabetes

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http://www.lakeshoreeyecaretx.com/eye-blog/diabetes-awareness-month

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American Civil War |American Civil War portal| During the American Civil War (1861–65), consul Thomas Haines Dudley made strenuous efforts to prevent ships from Liverpool from breaking the United States Navy blockade of Confederate ports. Great Britain remained officially neutral throughout the war but there were many Confederate sympathisers in Liverpool. The commerce raider CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead in Merseyside in 1862 by John Laird Sons and Company. She was eventually sunk by the USS Kearsarge in 1864. In 1865, following the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, vice consul Wilding notified his masters in Washington that John Surratt, one of Booth's conspirators, had taken refuge in Liverpool. Surratt had fled to Europe with the help of Confederate agents, booking passage under an alias and landing at Liverpool in September 1865, where he went into hiding in the oratory of the Church of the Holy Cross. Curiously, the United States Government chose not to pursue Surratt any further, despite having offered a $25,000 for information leading to his arrest, and no request was ever made to the British authorities to detain him. In any event Surratt did not stay long in Liverpool, but went on to serve for a brief time in the Ninth Company of the Pontifical Zouaves in the Vatican City under the name John Watson. Consul Dudley wished to retire after the war and return to his law practice in New Jersey, but such was his knowledge of Confederate assets in Liverpool that he stayed on as consul, seizing Confederate ships and returning the proceeds of sale to the victorious United States Government. Relations between Britain and the United States were tense after the war, in part because of the role of Liverpool blockade runners and the widespread perception in America that Britain had been sympathetic to the defeated Confederacy. The claims arising out of these disputes, especially the Alabama Claims, would not be settled until the 1871 Treaty of Washington. Other articles related to "american civil war, civil war, american, war, wars": ... Gettysburg (1913) The Birth of a Nation (1915) The Blue and the Gray (1982 TV series) The Civil War (1990) Civil War Minutes Confederate (2007) Civil War ... ... the following forms of recognition A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution (2006) ISBN 978-1-932714-12-8 By Theodore P ... David Dameron, American Revolutionary War ... of America Gold Star Book Award for History Benedict Arnold’s Army The 1775 American Invasion of Canada During the Revolutionary War (2008) ISBN 978-1-932714-03-6 By Arthur S ... ... Name Date Location War Campaign Dead Belligerents Counter attack on Iroquois 1684 near modern South Bend Beaver Wars 100+ Miami allies vs Iroquois ... ... The American Civil War was a major conflict fought between the federal government of the United States and eleven of its member States which sought to secede and to create their ... During the war over 10,000 military engagements took place and more than 3 million people fought on both sides with 40% of the battles being fought in the states of Virginia and Tennessee ... have received the Medal of Honor for actions during the American Civil War and depending on sources, as many as seven were Jewish ... ... Hyatt Smith, American politician Abram D ... Smith, American jurist Akili Smith, Canadian and American football player Alice Mary Smith (1839–1884), English composer Anna Nicole Smith, American ... Smith, American politician Desmond Smith, Canadian general in World War II Dewey Smith, American aquanaut Dodie Smith, English novelist and playwright Eben Smith, American ... Famous quotes containing the words civil war, war, american and/or civil: “The United States is just now the oldest country in the world, there always is an oldest country and she is it, it is she who is the mother of the twentieth century civilization. She began to feel herself as it just after the Civil War. And so it is a country the right age to have been born in and the wrong age to live in.” —Gertrude Stein (18741946) “War is thus divine in itself, since it is a law of the world. War is divine through its consequences of a supernatural nature which are as much general as particular.... War is divine in the mysterious glory that surrounds it and in the no less inexplicable attraction that draws us to it.... War is divine by the manner in which it breaks out.” —Joseph De Maistre (17531821) “I should think the American admiration of five-minute tourists has done more to kill the sacredness of old European beauty and aspiration than multitudes of bombs would have done.” —D.H. (David Herbert) and his bell-cheeked Negro infantry on St. Gaudens shaking Civil War relief, propped by a plank splint against the garages earthquake.” —Robert Lowell (19171977)

<urn:uuid:5011d410-9a3d-4af7-bd0d-9689e7d4e901>

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http://www.liquisearch.com/consulate_of_the_united_states_liverpool/history/american_civil_war

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Kosambi visited, among other places, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Photo: Courtesy Dr Meera Kosambi/Permanent Black A popular visual metaphor of Indian wisdom is that of a sage meditating in splendid solitude, in a forest or on a mountain, far removed from the messy world we live in. Yet there is also a tradition of wise men travelling through the real world in search of knowledge. The first Shankaracharya left what is now Kerala to eventually set up monasteries in four different parts of the country. Guru Nanak not only travelled through India but also reached distant places such as Baghdad and Mecca. Swami Vivekananda wandered through India for almost five years as an impoverished monk. What is true of religious teachers is also true of scholars. The usual image in our minds is of someone sitting for long hours in a library. But then there is a special category of peripatetic pundits who have travelled to learn. The two greatest examples modern India has seen are Dharmanand Kosambi and Rahul Sankrityayan. Kosambi had told his astonishing story in Nivedan, his Marathi autobiography that has recently been translated into English by Meera Kosambi, his granddaughter. He left Goa as a young man in 1899, with little money but with a burning desire to learn more about Buddhism, and to spread its message in Goa and Maharashtra. He was at the forefront of the Buddhist revival in India in the early 20th century. Kosambi’s travels took him to places such as Pune, Gwalior, Varanasi, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. He learnt Hindi, Sanskrit, Pali and English on the way. With barely a school education, he ended up teaching at Harvard University and the Leningrad Academy of Sciences. Kosambi eventually ended his life by starvation in 1947, at M.K. Gandhi’s ashram in Wardha, Maharashtra. Gandhi had said that his ashram had been sanctified by the presence of Kosambi. Sankrityayan, born Kedarnath Pandey, left his home in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, in 1910, with little more than a primary school education. His travels took him to places such as Varanasi, Ladakh, Nepal, Ceylon, Tibet, Japan and Korea. He visited the erstwhile Soviet Union twice, and, like Kosambi, taught for some time at Leningrad. Besides his native Hindi, he gained mastery over several other languages such as Sanskrit, Pali, Urdu, Tibetan, Persian, French and Russian. His political journey was fascinating as well. Sankrityayan began as a Vaishnav monk, and then became an Arya Samajist, a Buddhist, a peasant leader and finally, a Communist. He spent his final years in the hills near Mussoorie. His literary masterpiece was Volga Se Ganga, a sweeping narrative of human progress over two millennia, 6000 BC to 1922 AD, told in 19 stories. I have the Marathi translation in my library, though the English translation by Victor Kiernan has, unfortunately, been out of print for many years now. Their burning passion for knowledge united Kosambi and Sankrityayan; so did the difficulties they endured at a time when travel often meant walking great distances. The humane message of the Buddha also unites their unrelated lives. But reading about their journeys and work tells us a lot else. First, they wrote in Indian languages and have perhaps paid a price for this by being forgotten by the exclusively English-speaking elite of today. Second, these were two towering intellectuals who barely had a decent school education but ended up teaching in prestigious academic institutions. I cannot but wonder whether they would have been able to do so today, when universities have become closed shops that shoo away anybody who does not have impressive certificates. It is hard to believe that either Kosambi or Sankrityayan would have been invited to teach at a contemporary Indian university. Third, they often travelled with barely enough money to eat, yet were supported along the way by strangers who respected men of knowledge. In her introduction to Nivedan, Meera Kosambi points out: “So it was that a young and needy Marathi-speaking Brahmin student—who was also intelligent, hard-working and courteous—could find shelter and warm hospitality in many places far from home. In a way this was an extension of the pan-Indian ethos of honouring holy men and learning in general, without regard to caste and ethnic background; and it was not only Maharashtrians who helped Dharmanand.” Finally, the journeys of these two men also show that there was an essential cultural unity in India far before there was a formal political union. It is often tempting to reach the glum conclusion that there is nothing in India but warring groups; the very lives of Kosambi and Sankrityayan, perhaps more than even the lives of more famous political leaders, reveal that there is a common cultural heritage binding India together over the centuries. Niranjan Rajadhyaksha is executive editor, Mint—Live Mint

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http://www.mediascaner.com/2018/04/two-pundits-on-roadhow-two-poor.html

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Lecture by Molly O’Duffy In 1935 The Criminal Law Amendment Act was passed in the Irish Free State. It dealt with sexual crime and sexual activity. Molly’s talk will outline the context that led up to the Act, it will examine how women were viewed in the act, and the impact that had on the women of Ireland. The talk will also discuss the way in which the purity of women became an essential part of the how the new State viewed itself, thereby branding sexually active women as “deviant”. This Act was a crucial episode in the development of relations between men and women in Ireland and was a missed opportunity to address the real problem of increasing sexual assault.

<urn:uuid:ce596910-5cd3-436e-b2d6-aa17383ca80a>

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http://www.richmondbarracks.ie/mess-talks/the-devout-and-the-deviant/

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The Christmas spirit has been a widespread phenomenon for centuries, commonly described as feelings of joy and nostalgia mixed with associations to merriment, gifts, delightful smells, and copious amounts of good food. It is yet to be determined, however, where in the human body this “Christmas spirit” resides and which biological mechanisms are involved. We attempted to localize the Christmas spirit in the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Since its inception in the early nineties, fMRI has been instrumental in neuropsychological studies localizing emotional and functional centers in the human brain. Feelings such as joy, sorrow, and disgust have been isolated to certain cerebral regions.1 We used a similar technique by comparing a group of people who have celebrated Christmas since their youth with a group having no Christmas traditions. We scanned the two groups while they were viewing various images and analyzed changes in brain activity when they were viewing images with yuletide themes as opposed to regular images. Our hypothesis was that the two groups would respond differently to Christmas images based on their differences in exposure to Christmas celebrations. Throughout the world, we estimate that millions of people are prone to displaying Christmas spirit deficiencies after many years of celebrating Christmas. We refer to this as the “bah humbug” syndrome. Accurate localization of the Christmas spirit is a paramount first step in being able to help this group of patients. Location of the Christmas spirit could also contribute to a more general understanding of the brain’s role in festive cultural traditions, make a medical contribution to cross-cultural festivities and goodwill to all. The fMRI data in this study were collected as part of the visual paradigm for healthy controls in a previously published migraine study.2 The study was undertaken in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2008 and was approved by the local ethics committee. All participants gave written and verbal consent to fMRI scanning during visual stimulation. A total of 26 participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their Christmas traditions, feelings associated with Christmas, and ethnicity after scanning based on an assumption of their cultural background (box). Participants and the ethics committee gave explicit consent to the use of control fMRI data from the study in this article. No eggnog or gingerbread was consumed before the scans. Post-scan Christmas questionnaire Have you ever celebrated Christmas? (yes/no) If yes, for how many years? (option of specifying number of years or answering “every year of my life”) If yes, what are your general feelings about Christmas? (generally positive/generally negative) Have you lived in Denmark all of your life? (yes/no) If no, for how long have you been living in Denmark? (option of specifying number of years) If no, where have you been living before? (option of specifying countries) What feeling do you associate with Christmas? (free text) Participants were scanned with MRI while they were watching a series of images through video goggles (NordicNeuroLab, Bergen, Norway). A continual series of 84 images were displayed for two seconds each and were organized such that after six consecutive images with a Christmas theme there were six everyday images with similar forms and features though devoid of anything symbolizing Christmas (fig 1⇓). The alternating sets of Christmas and everyday images gave an interleaved block stimulation with the time periods where Christmas images are being viewed as “stimulation blocks” interleaved with “resting blocks” of viewing everyday images. Participants were informed that different images would be presented and were not made aware of there being a Christmas theme in the study. Acquisition of MRI data was carried out on a 3T Philips Achieva (Philips Medical, Best, Netherlands). A T1-weighted MPRAGE sequence was acquired for use as an anatomical reference (150 sagittal slices; 1×1×1.1 mm; TR=6.9 ms; TE=2.78 ms; flip angle=9). Functional scans used an echo planar imaging sequence (TR=3 s; TE=35 ms; flip angle=90; voxel size=1.8×1.8×4 mm; 112 volumes). Cerebral perfusion was imaged with a multi-TI pulsed arterial spin labeling sequence.3 Seven slices centered at the glabella were acquired to investigate regional perfusion and for use as a covariate in the functional general linear model. We carried out all post-processing, including the creation of brain activation maps, with FSL tools (FMRIB, Oxford) as described by Jenkinson and colleagues,4 with default settings. With FSL, functional data were motion corrected, spatially filtered with a full-width half maximum Gaussian kernel of 5 mm, before we carried out general linear modeling (GLM) with the FMRI expert analysis tool (FEAT). Functional images were spatially normalized to the MNI-152 standard brain. We determined significant clusters of changes in brain activity (changes in BOLD signal) when participants were viewing Christmas images from the z statistical images by a threshold of z>2.3 and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of P<0.05. We applied family-wise error correction (FWE). Group comparison based on two sample t-test was likewise performed with FEAT with default settings. Perfusion measurements were analyzed with the QUASIL tool (part of FSL), where we calculated quantification according to Petersen and colleagues.3Locations of activation clusters from viewing Christmas images were cross-referenced with the Jüelich atlas of the brain in FSL. To evaluate the methods, we previously performed a pilot study in four participants (not included in the current experiment) using a similar design. The preliminary results of this study have been published in Danish.5 No patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in the design and implementation of the study. There are no plans to involve patients in dissemination. Based on the results of the questionnaire, 10 participants were allocated to the “Christmas group” (eight men, two women) and 10 to the “non-Christmas group” (eight men, two women). The six remaining participants were excluded either because of a strong Christmas connection despite having no tradition of celebrating Christmas (n=2) or non-positive associations with Christmas despite having a cultural background involving regular Christmas celebration. We analyzed MRI data only from included participants. Those in the “Christmas group” were ethnic Danes who celebrated Christmas according to Danish tradition, while those in the “non-Christmas group” were Pakistani (n=2), Indian (n=2), Iraqi (n=1), or Turkish (n=2) expatriates or people of Pakistani descent (n=3) who were born in Denmark. The baseline perfusion scans showed a normal cerebral perfusion of 54 mL/100g/min without any significant difference between the two groups (P=0.26). Activation maps from fMRI scans showed an increase of brain activity in the primary visual cortex (P<0.001) of both groups when the images viewed had a Christmas theme compared with the everyday images (fig 2⇓). The Christmas group also had significant increases in neural activations in the primary somatosensory cortex when the images had a Christmas theme (fig 2⇓). Comparison of the brain activation maps of the two groups showed five areas where the Christmas group responded to Christmas images with a higher activation than the non-Christmas group (fig 3⇓). These areas of difference include the left primary motor and premotor cortex, right inferior/superior parietal lobule, and bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (P<0.001). In contrast, there were no areas of the brain where the non-Christmas group had significantly larger responses to Christmas images than the Christmas group. There is a cerebral response when people view Christmas images, and there are differences in this response between people who celebrate Christmas compared with those with no Christmas traditions. Cerebral perfusion was similar between the two groups, despite the Christmas group’s yearly yuletide feast. We identified a functional Christmas network comprising several cortical areas, including the parietal lobules, the premotor cortex, and the somatosensory cortex. Activation in these areas coincided well with our hypothesis that images with a Christmas theme would stimulate centers associated with the Christmas spirit. The left and right parietal lobules have been shown in earlier fMRI studies to play a determining role in self-transcendence, the personality trait regarding predisposition to spirituality.6 Furthermore, the frontal premotor cortex is important for experiencing emotions shared with other individuals by mirroring or copying their body state,7 and premotor cortical mirror neurons even respond to observation of ingestive mouth actions.8 Recall of joyful emotions and pleasant ingestive behavior shared with loved ones would be likely to elicit activation here. There is growing evidence that the somatosensory cortex plays an important role in recognition of facial emotion and retrieving social relevant information from faces.9 Collectively, these cortical areas possibly constitute the neuronal correlate of the Christmas spirit in the human brain. We realise that some of our colleagues in the specialties of neuroscience and psychology, who we suspect could be afflicted by the aforementioned bah humbug syndrome, would argue that studies such as the present one overemphasise the importance of localised brain activity and that attempts to localise complex emotions in the brain contribute little to the understanding of these emotions. Citing a paper reporting fMRI evidence of brain activity in frozen salmon,10 representatives of this view have even coined terms for this practice such as “blob ology,” “neo-phrenology,” “neuro-essentialism,” and “neuro-bollocks” (Grinch and colleagues, personal communication). Naturally, in keeping with the good spirit of the holiday, we disagree with these negative perspectives. We generally believe that fMRI is an outstanding technology for exploring the brain but that any fMRI experiment is only as good as its hypothesis, design, and interpretation. While celebrating the current results at a subsequent Christmas party, we discussed some limitations of the study. For instance, the study design doesn’t distinguish whether the observed activation is Christmas specific or the result of any combination of joyful, festive, or nostalgic emotions in general. The paired Christmas/non-Christmas pictures might have been systematically different in a way that we were not aware of—for example, the “Christmas pictures” containing more red color. Maybe the groups were different in other ways apart from the obvious cultural difference. Given these uncertainties and the risk of false positive results, our findings should ideally be reproduced before firm conclusions are drawn, especially when we consider the recently documented challenges of reproducibility in our neighboring specialty of psychology.11 Bringing these issues up, however, really dampened the festive mood. Therefore we, in the best interest of the readers, of course, decided not to ruin the good Christmas cheer for everyone by letting this influence our interpretation of the study. Further research into this topic is necessary to identify the factors affecting one’s response to Christmas. For example, responses to Christmas might change with development from a child, who primarily receives presents, to an adult, who primarily buys them. Subgroups subjected to receipt of tacky jumpers as their Christmas present might also have different responses in brain activity from those of subgroups who tend to receive more attractive gifts. Understanding how the Christmas spirit works as a neurological network could provide insight into an interesting area of human neuropsychology and be a powerful tool in treating ailments such as bah humbug syndrome. Comparative studies of these patterns will also be imperative in studying other seasonal disturbances, related to, for example, Easter, Chanukah, or Diwali. This study could, therefore, be an important first step in transcultural neuroscience and the association’s humans have with their festive traditions. What is already known on this topic The Christmas spirit has eluded science thus far; though well known as a pleasant feeling, its cerebral location and mechanisms are still a mystery Functional MRI has proved a valuable tool in locating which centers of the brain are active under a given stimulation such as viewing images This technique has shown on several occasions that complex responses to stimulation evoke a network of activated areas in the brain What this study adds This study locates a “Christmas spirit” network in the brain that is activated by images with Christmas themes The network showed a series of cerebral regions that are more active in people who celebrate Christmas with positive associations compared with people with no Christmas traditions and neutral associations We acknowledge all those who spread a spirit of warmth, kindness, and generosity, regardless of the season. Objective To detect and localize the Christmas spirit in the human brain. Design Single-blinded, cross-cultural group study with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Setting Functional imaging unit and department of clinical physiology, nuclear medicine and PET in Denmark. Participants 10 healthy people from the Copenhagen area who routinely celebrate Christmas and 10 healthy people living in the same area who have no Christmas traditions. The main outcome measures Brain activation unique to the group with Christmas traditions during visual stimulation with images with a Christmas theme. Methods Functional brain scans optimized for detection of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response were performed while participants viewed a series of images with Christmas themes interleaved with neutral images having similar characteristics but containing nothing that symbolizes Christmas. After scanning, participants answered a questionnaire about their Christmas traditions and the associations they have with Christmas. Brain activation maps from scanning were analyzed for Christmas related activation in the “Christmas” and “non-Christmas” groups individually. Subsequently, differences between the two groups were calculated to determine Christmas specific brain activation. Results in Significant clusters of increased BOLD activation in the sensory motor cortex, the premotor and primary motor cortex, and the parietal lobule (inferior and superior) were found in scans of people who celebrate Christmas with positive associations compared with scans in a group having no Christmas traditions and neutral associations. These cerebral areas have been associated with spirituality, somatic senses, and recognition of facial emotion among many other functions. Conclusions There is a “Christmas spirit network” in the human brain comprising several cortical areas. This network had a significantly higher activation in a people who celebrate Christmas with positive associations as opposed to a people who have no Christmas traditions and neutral associations. Further research is necessary to understand this and other potential holiday circuits in the brain. Although merry and intriguing, these findings should be interpreted with caution.

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Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia. an instrument for high-precision automatic recording of variations in atmospheric pressure. The sensing element of a microbarograph is a bellows (aneroid) unit, which is mounted in a miniature pressure chamber that has good thermal insulation. The interior volume of the pressure chamber can be in communication with the atmosphere only if a valve is open, but the inner space of the aneroid capsule is in continuous communication with the atmosphere through a tube. If the valve is closed, a change in the atmospheric pressure relative to the original value in the pressure chamber causes a deformation of the aneroid capsule, which is transmitted to a rod and then, by means of a system of levers, to a pointer. The recorder scale of a microbarograph is 10–30 times larger than for an ordinary barograph. The period of rotation of the drum and its chart may be 10 min to 4—6 hr. WORKSKedrolivanskii, V. G., and M. S. Sternzat. Meteorologicheskie pribory. Leningrad, 1953. S. I. NEPOMNIASHCHII

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Wolffia arrhiza a species of flowering plant known by the common names rootless duckweed and spotless watermeal, the plant belong to the Araceae, a family rich in water-loving species, such as Arum and Pistia. It is the smallest vascular plant on Earth. This type of plant is a genus of nine to eleven species which include the smallest flowering plants on Earth. Commonly called watermeal or duckweed, these aquatic plants resemble specks of cornmeal floating on the water. The Wolffia arrhiza is an evergreen Perennial. It is in leaf all year, in flower all year, and the seeds ripen all year. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs. Suitable for: light, medium, and heavy clay soil and can grow in very alkaline soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It can grow in water. Wolffia rarely exceeds 1 mm in length. The forms of Wolffia, in contrast to other Lemnaceae, possess volumetric, thick fronds of a globular shape, sometimes sealed on the dorsal side. They always float on the surface of the water.

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Everyday we are faced with countless choices and decisions. Life is not about what happens to us. Life is about how we choose to react to what happens to us. These choices will determine the outcome of our lives. If you could choose, would you rather be rich or poor? What was the first subject that came into your head? I’m guessing finances and I’m going to guess you said rich. What if the question was referring to your mindset? Which would you choose then? What if I told you that both are related i.e. your mindset is directly related to your finances. Poor mindset = poor finances. Rich mindset = rich finances. Therefore if you want to improve your finances you must improve your mindset. THE RICH GET RICHER How do we do that? By the choices we make. Have you ever heard the term the poor stay poor while the rich get richer. Let’s look at why Poor choose to - Believe life happens to them (victim mentality) - accept little to no responsibility - Think small and think of limitations - ‘Wish and hope’ - Overthink obstacles Whereas the rich - Have the ‘I create my life’ mentality (winning mentality) - Accept full responsibility - Think big, think possibilities, dream a lot - Plan and take action - Focus on opportunities Don’t forget you can be rich and not yet wealthy. You can have a rich mindset but not the finances to match. In this case the finances will come but for the poor person they won’t until they change their thinking. REMOVE LIMITING BELIEFS So how do we change that? By choosing not to accept those limiting thoughts. But we can’t just all of sudden change our thoughts without putting some new information in our brain. You see those ‘poor’ mentalities are a result of our conditioning and input up to now. So now we must change the input. You must choose to invest in education first. The most important asset is our mind. You have the choice of what you put in there. In order to earn, first we must learn. So what can you do? Get books from the library, get audiobooks to listen to on your commute. Write down new thoughts that challenge and inspire you because then it will become ingrained in your brain. This may be difficult at first because it will change your old way of thinking but it will be worth it in the end. You must be humble enough to read and listen to what the authors have to say. It can be easy to defend when a new idea clashes with the way you think. Listening can be far better than talking, that is why we have 2 ears and 1 mouth. Too many people are too quick to argue rather than listening to absorb new ideas and possibilities. They argue instead of asking questions. So here are some of the things ‘I Choose Daily’ - I choose to exercise Most of the world’s most successful people have a daily exercise routine. There is a correlation between breaking down barriers in fitness to breaking down barriers in life. You will have lower stress levels, higher concentration levels and a better work rate as a result of improved fitness. - I choose to read and learn All entrepreneurs and successful people are lifelong learners. They never claim to know everything. Driven people aren’t that way automatically they choose to self-educate and constantly grow. They are determined to always learn new skills and keep developing as a person. I choose what I decide to read and just as importantly I choose what not to read. For example I don’t read newspapers because they propagate the cycle of negativity and despair in the world designed to keep us stuck in our poor mentality cycle. Instead I choose to read about successful people who have been through it, that I can learn from and build on developing my rich mentality. - I choose who I listen to. No matter what you do in life people will have an opinion on it. Be careful whose opinion you choose to listen to and examine what is there life situation. Have they achieved the results that you are after? Have they got the lifestyle you desire? Or are they simply giving their opinion with no knowledge of having tried it? Find the top mentors and coaches in your industry, those that have achieved what you are after, learn from them and model them. You want to be learning from industry leaders, not those without experience. If you have people in your life who’d like to offer their opinion and their advice and they’ve never actually done it themselves, stop listening to them. So what are you going to choose? Thanks for taking the time to read this post. I hope you got something out of it. Let me know by leaving a comment. You can connect with me further on any of the locations below. Click Here to join my Facebook Group ‘Ultimate Pathway to Success’ Click HERE to join my weekly Newsletter ‘High Vibrational News’

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As we say goodbye to summer and welcome in the fall, check out the September/October 2018 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review. Start with an inside look at the renewed excavation at Masada, where Herod built a palace-fortress and where Jewish Zealots made their last stand against the Romans. Move on to a textual deep-dive and discover the lost world of the Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls and their importance in elucidating the literary, societal, political, and religious contexts of ancient Judaism and nascent Christianity. Next, learn about the many techniques archaeologists use to date sites, people, objects, and historical events in the first article of a new series called Biblical Archaeology 101. Finally, read all about the first-ever excavation at the Jezreel Valley site of Tel Shimron, which appears in the Hebrew Bible, Josephus’s writings, the Mishnah, and other sources. Visit us online at Bible History Daily to see the latest news in Biblical archaeology, as well as additional articles and videos about key Bible and archaeology topics, including an article by John Ahn of Howard University School of Divinity that discusses how to read the Book of Amos in context and how the prophet Amos’s message is relevant today. Further, learn more about the Roman siege of Masada in the FREE eBook Masada: The Dead Sea’s Desert Fortress. And be sure to explore the BAS Library, which features every article ever published in BAR, Bible Review and Archaeology Odyssey, all footnoted articles in BAR Notables, and Special Collections of articles curated by BAS editors, including a selection of articles about the Dead Sea Scrolls. By Guy Stiebel and Boaz Gross Masada—the remote mountain-plateau in the Judean Desert, where Herod built a palace-fortress and where Jewish Zealots made their last stand against the Romans—is being excavated once again. Get an inside look at some of the expedition’s preliminary findings, as excavations shed new light on the dramatic site. By Andrew B. Perrin Next to the Bible, the Dead Sea Scrolls are the most valuable literary source for the study of ancient Judaism. Some readers are surprised to discover that many of the scrolls are written in Aramaic. What is the particular significance of the Aramaic texts among the scrolls for elucidating the literary, societal, political, and religious contexts of ancient Judaism and nascent Christianity? By David A. Warburton Dating is one of the most important aspects of the archaeological world. In the first article of a new series called Biblical Archaeology 101, discover the difference between relative and absolute dating, and learn about the many techniques archaeologists use to date sites, people, objects, and historical events. By Daniel M. Master For the first time ever, excavations have begun at Tel Shimron, the largest archaeological site in Israel’s Jezreel Valley. Inhabited from the Stone Age (c. 5500 B.C.E.) through modern times, Tel Shimron appears in the Hebrew Bible, Josephus’s writings, the Mishnah, and other sources. Now archaeologists are uncovering objects from the people themselves who called this site their home. By Robert R. Cargill By Jonathan Klawans By Alicia D. Myers By Theodore de Bruyn Dever Prize Winner Sheds Light on Ammonite Inscription Jolly Old Saint Nick’s Ring…in a Jezreel Valley Garden Who Did It? BAR Test Kitchen: Ancient Syrian Date Pastries Milestones: Eugene M. Grant (1918–2018) Milestones: Philip R. Davies (1945–2018) What Is It? New Dig Reports: A Place of Miracles Then and Now: Ports—Past and Present 2018 BAS Scholarship Recipients The Virtual Museum of Iraq: A Work in Progress Exhibit Watch: Restoring the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Cartoon Caption Contest Sifting for Answers: Archaeology and the Human Story Three Stones Make a Wall: The Story of Archaeology Reviewed by Jennie Ebeling Changing Conceptions of God The Great Shift: Encountering God in Biblical Times Reviewed by Ronald S. Hendel

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The design of this bird house is the result of industrial designer Evan McDougall asking himself, “Can design help Chickadees survive harsh winters?” Chickadees are little birds found in North America, and as it turns out, they have complex brains that allow them to store and subsequently find thousands of seeds to last them through the cold harsh winters that they endure since they are non-migratory. Evan started to draw designs that would make it easier for a Chickadee to find a comfortable home for the winter, and a good place to store their seeds. The design process included a lot of paper and foam mock-ups, to get the design just right. Next, the design was finalised and the pieces cut. Here’s a look at the finished design. The polycarbonate shell provides something for the birds to perch on while storing seeds in the untreated cedar core that has many slots to hide those seeds. Here it is in the wild. Watch the video below to learn more and to see how EXO was made. Get the contemporist daily email newsletter – sign up here

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RESPOND TO PEERS ON TWO DIFFERENT DISCUSSIONS FOR A TOTAL OF 6 YOU MUST USE A REFERENCE TO BACK UP YOUR OPINION Evaluating Strengths and Limitations of Various Media The two media sources I selected to briefly discuss are radio and print. I specifically chose these two because in our times, they seem to be less pervasive in our digital revolution, yet still possess advantages over the other media sources as well as disadvantages. First, radio will serve two primary advantages; appeal to older generations who still value and habitually listen t radio programs. These may be people who are near retirement or retired and likely to have discretionary income to spend on products and services. The second advantage is that radio serves as a great way to more easily identify and target markets through particular radio programs. For example, people tune into conservative political radio shows, liberal radio shows, etc. A disadvantage is that some may consider it a dieing media, which does not appeal to younger folks. In terms of legalities, there is certainly liability to conform to radio standards as lewd, abusive or other kinds of negative communications can become fines Print also still possesses at least two primary advantages. The first being targeting consumers who prefer the in store experience. Second, it is still the simplest way to market anything by anybody. It is relatively inexpensive depending in the type. For example, consider billboards. Although these might be expensive, they can reach a large number of consumers repetitively on highways and major interstates. A disadvantage is that print does not have the digital appeal that creates that sense of excitement. Therefore, marketers may need to work harder in creating impactful ads that can capture attention and interest within the context of a limited capacity. Regarding legalities, they can be strict depending on the industry. For example, in the financial services industry, there is much strictness as to when and how investments can be printed for advertisements. In general, every publically available options advertisement must not be created with an intention to defraud. "Under the law, claims in advertisements must be truthful, cannot be deceptive or unfair, and must be evidence-based. For some specialized products or services, additional rules may apply", (Federal Trade Commission). There are many types of media out there in the world for the world to use. Among these types of media, I have chosen to discuss print media and digital media. "All print advertising has several unique elements in common. Compared to television or radio, print advertising has more permanence. Since it stays around for a while, it may be read more than once or passed along to other readers." (Weigold 2018). Print advertisements are a very popular form of advertisements even in the world full of digital and television media. Print advertisements are classic they are the beginning and I believe that these advertisements are going to be an around forever. These types of advertisements are classic and the main pros to using these types of ads is the fact that they are printed somewhere forever. So even if the ad is not seen immediately then it will be somewhere being seen by somewhere. Digital Media is everywhere. The world is changing and the world is completely almost digital so it would only make sense that the ads for a company or product be placed in the digital world. The great things about digital media is the fact that it will be everywhere you want it to be within a few minutes or seconds of posting the ad. The only bad part with this type of ad is the fact that once something like this is out in the world you can never truly take it back. If you make a mistake with the ad or say something wrong it will be like that forever. The internet and digital world is forever, no take backs given. "According to one study, 91 percent of the 18-and-over online population has broadband Internet access, making it the main connection type to the Internet." (Weigold 2018). Weigold, M. F. & Arens, W. F. (2018). M: Advertising (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. I will discuss the pros and cons of how advertisements can be delivered with the platforms of radio and television. First I will discuss the positives and negatives of a radio advertising campaign. According to Weigold and Arens (2018) “Radio stations plan their programming carefully to reach specific audiences and to capture as many listeners as possible. Having more listeners is a positive attribute for a radio station because there is power in numbers, which equates to a higher value on their advertisement space. Another positive of using the radio platform is that in using this venue you are able to specifically target certain groups. For example, say you wish to target a republican audience then you could purchase advertisiing space on a show such as Rush Limbaugh. The benefit of advertising in this space is also there is a certain amount of trust and consideration that is given to advertisements when people know and trust the host of a show. There are also a variety of negatives to an advertising campaign on the radio. The biggest being the advertisement has to be auditory, and the auditory portion can’t be backed up with some kind of visual presentation. Another downfall is the radio platform is becoming a dying art, as many previous listeners are switching to other platforms. Another downfall is the invention of satellite radio which allows the subscriber to switch between stations without the inconvenience of commercials. Television advertising campaigns have a variety of pros and cons similar to that of the radio platform. Television advertisements can be extremely expensive for a short period of time. Given such a short period of time the advertisement must be to the point and effective in gaining the attention of the listener. This platform is great though in that you can target your audience with a visual and auditory presentation. I feel advertisements can also be quite effective when they are catchy, and able to reach their target audience with selective timing. A downfall of televised advertising campaigns is the invention of services such as Netflix that allow the customer to skip commercials entirely. Another downfall is that television companies came up with the idea of allowing users to record shows, that then allows the user to skip through commercials as well. There are a variety of downfalls to this advertising platform, but in my opinion it is the most effective. The federal trade commission has established rules for advertising using the radio and television platforms. The have established a variety of strict laws for advertising, and it is their job then to police advertisements. The first law is advertisements must be truthful to the best of the advertiser’s knowledge. This means the advertisements can’t be deceptive, misleading, or a lie. There are also a variety of laws regarding what is legal to advertise to children. This was a great addition as children are susceptible to things such as cigarette commercials. A variety of disclaimers are also required to be read or written, such as when advertisers no side effects of products. Testimonials in radio and television advertisements are also required to be honest, and noted if the endorser is being paid. These are the main laws and regulations regarding radio and television advertisements, but there are also many more nit-picky laws that must be acknowledged by advertising campaigns. Promotional items are merchandise that are used to promote a company by including the company name, logo, or message. An example of a promotional item would be a shaker cup from Shakeology that is included when you purchase their shake or a challenge pack through Beachbody. The cup includes the name down the side. The company uses this cup as free advertising because people will see the cup and know what product you are drinking. It can spark general interest and can spark questions from others on your thoughts about the product. This leads to more business and sales. The target audience is all adults, but mainly people who are into fitness, wanting to lose weight, wanting more energy, or wanting to become healthier. The product itself has not influenced me to patronize the company. It was simply a nice bonus. Another example would be Sonicare giving me a free toothbrush during Dental Hygiene School. Every student got a free, top of the line toothbrush. The company does this because they know Hygienist are asked by most patients what type of toothbrush to use and discuss oral hygiene care with each patient. The company benefits by allowing future Hygienist to be able to recommend their product to their patients based on experience. Some of their toothbrushes can be costly, but the Hygienist can explain to the patient the benefits of investing in the product through personal experience. The target audience would be everyone because they make toothbrushes for children, teens, and adults. The product did influence me to patronize the company. I can explain how amazing the toothbrush is compared to competitors and manual toothbrushes. Also, I can explain that is worth the investment due to advantages that other toothbrushes do not possess. *** I was not able to open the link included to summarize how the promotional products affect the brand image because it would say an error occurred*** Weigold, M. F. & Arens, W. F. (2018). M: Advertising (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Irwin/McGraw- Hill. Retrieved from: Promotional products are usually a companys logo or message. Decorative articles of merchandise utilized in marketing communication. Used to lure customers in by catchy ads and pictures, colorful and different. Companies use promotional products at events to sell their products. Tools to improve peoples perception. Things to make you want to buy their product. The brand image is either made or broken by the way it is viewed by the public. You have to wheel them in with something that pops. Say I want to target crowds in their 20s in college I might advertise jeans I would use a young person wearing jeans . I have brought sneakers because the commercial was great. The brand convinced me to try the product and I am a loyal customer I continue to support them because what they advertised was true. Weingold M.F. & Arens W.F. (2018) M. Advertising (3rd ed) New York N.Y. Irwin/ McGraw-Hil The use of a promotional item has been used by companies for many years. They can range from any item that can be given to a consumer to reflect a visit to an institution, business, event or even someone's marriage. A promotional item is an item such as a coffee mug, or ink pen, that is imprinted with a company's name, logo,message or even a motto that communicates to the consumer something about that company. The largest product category for promotional items is wearables, which include T-shirts, golf shirts, aprons, uniforms, jackets, caps, footwear, and the like, which make up nearly 30 percent of the total (Weigold, 2018). The company that I currently work for has given out all of these except for footwear. We have given out coffee mugs that displayed our 25th anniversary and company logo. At the county fair we pass out water bottles with the company logo and name. The community outreach department constantly gives away pens, water bottles, and even backpack to local schools and have been sponsoring a water art show for the past 10 years with winning art pieces being displayed on certain promotional items the following year. This is a very good example of how the promotional item can be a very effective tool for improving the communities perception and recollection of my company. In the past I have seen promotional items for sports teams, political candidates, utility companies and even new businesses that come into our communities. This can be a very powerful tool with introductions and even allowing consumers to know about new products and services that are offered by a company. As a sports fan I really do enjoy going to a ball game and receiving a bag or even a signed baseball for my favorite team the Washington Nationals, because it really helps to increase fan support and visibility in our community. - Collapse SubdiscussionDylan Sharon Promotional products are items given away by a company to encourage the use of their products, or simply gather an audience for targeting. I went to a Seattle Mariners came last week, and received a free bobble head for my entry to the game. The bobble head was a great way for the team to honor a retiring teammate, and also to attempt to sell out of tickets for the game. Another example of a promotional item I have received in the past is a California State Fair horse racing t-shirt for attending the races on their first day of the year. I enjoyed receiving a t-shirt, and it made for a great work shirt. Companies use promotional products for a variety of reasons. The main one being to encourage people to do things they normally wouldn’t do. Or such as the baseball game offering a bobble head is the needed extra effort to ensure a ticket sale to someone who was on the edge of not going. Promotional products also make for great advertising at a relatively inexpensive cost. The horse racing t-shirt for example I have worn countless times, and advertised for the event at a cost to the company of several dollars. Advertising is normally an expensive endeavor, and this avenue of advertising is a great inexpensive way to reach potential customers. I was unable to get the external site to load, but I am still able to summarize how promotional product affect brand image. The bobble head example is a great way for the Mariners to improve their brand image. The Mariners brand image is improved because this gift shows they value their players and customers. Other companies who give items away as promotions also are able to receive the positive brand image associated with giving another a gift. For example, when looking for car insurance you have many options, but you remember a certain company for giving you an umbrella in the past. There can also be negative effects on brand image if a bad item was chosen. The target audience for promotional products can be selective or simply thrown out to anyone. Both strategies can be effective if utilized correctly. Bobble heads for example are targeted for Seattle Mariners fans who are attending a particular game. While pens or inexpensive items are giving out more freely. Inexpensive items can be effective though at being could advertisement pieces. I personally feel t-shirts are the best promotional items as they turn the recipient into a walking billboard. The target audience of promotional items can range from previous customers to someone who has never even heard of the product. Promotional products have influenced me to be a patron of the company offering the gift. The Seattle Mariners game for example I wouldn’t have attended if they wouldn’t have been offering the free gift. Also, the state fair horse races giving away t-shirts encouraged me to attend the following year on the first day to obtain a t-shirt. The t-shirt give away on the first day of the horse races is a great idea as the first day is usually mule races, and low in attendance. Also, companies giving an inexpensive item with their name and contact information is a great way to potentially obtain future business. Being given an umbrella in my case was a good incentive to then call an auto insurance company to obtain a quote. - Who Can you provide A+ work? - MAKE SURE THE ESSAY IS SINGLE SPACE WITH TWO PAGES & Half (1500 WORDS) 10 FONT TIMES NEW ROMAN BOOKS: Dr. Parenti's Democracy... - Need help please - Lesson 6: Sampling Distributions - business management - Chemical engineering homework - Public Health 300 words APA discussion w 3 references - Case study for role play

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Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases affecting Americans. The American Diabetes Association reports 23.6 million people in the US have Diabetes Mellitus which is 7.8% of the population. Common complications which can occur from diabetes include vision problems, kidney disease and loss of feeling in the hands and feet as well as wounds to the bottom of the feet. Frequent medical visits with your podiatrist are imperative to the prevention of lower extremity complications related to diabetes. Foot deformities like hammertoes can form as a result of diabetes causing the patient to be at high-risk for the development of wounds to the feet. Untreated calluses or wounds to the feet often lead to infection, which frequently requires hospitalization and even amputation. Preventative measures taken by your podiatrist include the prescription of diabetic shoes and treatment of digital deformities, either with conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Dry skin can also create fissuring which can lead to infection. This also may be treated by a daily regimen as directed by your Podiatrist. Diabetic patients should perform a daily foot evaluation in their home to identify the development of ulcerations or calluses. The sooner a diabetic patient can receive medical attention for foot related issues, the better his or her chance is for a favorable treatment outcome. Below are some statistics that should be very eye opening to any diabetic patient and stress the importance for both tight blood sugar control and frequent visits with their health care providers. Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: - Males are two times more likely to suffer heart attack - Females are four times more likely to suffer heart attack - Risk of stroke is doubled for both men and women - 45% of diabetics will experience neuropathy (painful burning in the feet and loss of feeling) - 15-20% will develop a lower extremity wound of which 15% will require amputation - If you have a below the knee amputation there is a 40% chance of amputation to the other leg - If you have a below the knee amputation, you have a 50% mortality rate in 5 yrs

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Global warming has not accelerated temperature rise in the bulk atmosphere in more than two decades, according to a new study funded by the Department of Energy. University of Alabama-Huntsville climate scientists John Christy and Richard McNider found that by removing the climate effects of volcanic eruptions early on in the satellite temperature record it showed virtually no change in the rate of warming since the early 1990s. “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement. “This recent paper bolsters that conclusion.” Christy and McNider found the rate of warming has been 0.096 degrees Celsius per decade after “the removal of volcanic cooling in the early part of the record,” which “is essentially the same value we determined in 1994 … using only 15 years of data.” The study is sure to be contentious. Christy has argued for years that climate models exaggerate global warming in the bulk atmosphere, which satellites have monitored since the late 1970s. Christy, a noted skeptic of catastrophic man-made global warming, said his results reinforce his claim that climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere, the lowest five miles of the atmosphere. Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said. “From our observations we calculated that value as 1.1 C (almost 2° Fahrenheit), while climate models estimate that value as 2.3 C (about 4.1° F),” Christy said. While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves. A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the “overestimation” was “partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.” Christy’s removal of volcanic-driven cooling from satellite temperature data could also draw scrutiny. The study also removed El Nino and La Nina cycles, which are particularly pronounced in satellite records, but those cycles largely canceled each other out, the co-authors said. Christy said his works shows the “climate models need to be retooled to better reflect conditions in the actual climate, while policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered.” Two major volcanoes — El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991 — caused global average temperature to dip as a result of volcanic ash, soot and debris reflecting sunlight back into space. Those eruptions meant there was more subsequent warming in the following years, making the rate of warming appear to be rising as a result of man-made emissions or other factors, Christy said. “Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,” Christy said. “While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend. If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,” Christy said.

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Casey McNerthney's great-grandmother Lily Kempson played a role in the 1916 Easter Rising Imagine exploring a photo exhibit, only to find a picture of your great-grandfather staring back at you? That recently happened to Irish American Casey McNerthney who discovered his great-grandfather Matt McAlerney, a native of Co Down, in a picture of railroad workers that was taken in Seattle in 1929. Writing in The Seattle Times, historian Jean Sherrard recounted the story of how McNerthey surreptitiously found the picture of his Irish great-grandfather while attending a postcard and photo exhibit in Seattle. At the exhibit, McNerthney stumbled upon a panoramic picture of railroad workers at Seattle's King Street Station. The inscription, he realized, lined up with when his great-grandfather would have been working there. “No way,” McNerthney thought. “What are the odds of that?” He purchased the picture on the spot. He told IrishCentral "The old photo and postcard show was in Portland, Oregon, at a racetrack built in the 1940s. The lighting was a little rough, so I used the light on my cell phone to check each face in the panoramic picture – and then I found Matt. It certainly was a surprising discovery." McNerthney conferred with his family, who agreed he was right before delving deeper. "To identify where exactly the picture was taken, I searched in the Seattle Room of the downtown Seattle library and went to the Puget Sound Regional Branch of the Washington State Archives, which preserved maps and a fantastic set of 1930s tax assessor photos around the railyard. From those, I was able to match the features of the building with the building on the left edge of the photo, McNerthney told IrishCentral. Along with reassurance from Jean Sherrard, who wrote a wonderful column on the finding in the Seattle Times, he was was sure that this was his great-grandfather, Matthew. Matthew McAlerney was born on February 12, 1889, in County Down, Northern Ireland. He immigrated to the United States in 1911. His travel to the United States was covered by a cousin, with the name Murray (Matt’s mother was a Murray). McNerthney told Sherrard that his great-grandfather had emigrated to Seattle from County Down in 1911, 18 years before the photo was taken. In the US, McAlerney found work with the Great Northern Railroad. In October 1916, he met and fell in love with Lily Kempson, who had fled to the US from Dublin after playing a “significant” role in the Easter Uprising. The two married and had seven children. While the discovery of the photo was a pleasant surprise for McNerthey, he was already well versed in his great-grandparents’ trajectories. McNerthney has a website, Lily1916, all about his great-grandmother Lily Kempson’s role in the 1916 Easter Rising. On his site, McNerthney writes: “Lily Anne (Kempson) McAlerney was born in County Wicklow, Ireland on Jan. 17, 1897. When she died in Seattle, four days after her 99th birthday, she was the last survivor of the 1916 Easter Rising, the week-long armed insurrection in Dublin that fought for an independent Ireland.” As a teen, Kempson took part in the 1913 lockout, primarily in protest of the harsh working conditions she experienced at Jacobs Biscuit Factory in Dublin. She was sent to Mountjoy Gaol for her participation in the strike. After posting bail two weeks later, she avoided being sent to reform school by lying and saying she was 17 years old, despite being a year younger. Afterward, Kempson, still keen on being involved with the Irish labor movement, lived with James Connoly’s family for a period in Belfast after James told her she’d find work there. In Belfast, Kempson took an oath of allegiance to the Irish Republic. To commemorate the day, she and five other girls pooled together what little money they had to take a professional photograph. When the Easter Uprising officially began on April 24, 1916, Kempson was part of the St. Stephens’ Green Garrison under Michael Mallin and Constance Markievicz. Kempson ran dispatches to the General Post Office and was part of the initial group that took over the Royal College of Surgeons. Kempson told her family that she was not captured because she was trying to deliver a message when she learned of the rebels’ surrender. Though initially scared that her neighbors might turn her in, Kempson eventually returned home. She soon left again - first to Liverpool, traveling on her sister’s passport, and then to Ellis Island. From New York, she boarded a train to Seattle where her uncle was working on the railroads. In October 1916, Kempson was amongst Irish immigrants at a gathering Yesler Way when she met 27-year-old Matthew McAlerney from Co Down. The following February, the two married and went on to have seven children together whom they raised in the Seattle area. As part of Ireland’s Military Service Pension Act of 1934, Kempson began receiving a pension of twenty pounds and two shillings every year for her service in the Irish Citizen’s Army during the Easter Rising. With each increase in the pension, which Lily received until the age of 99, she would write a note back: “The purpose of this letter is to thank the Irish Government for the recent 15% increase in my pension,” Lily wrote in one of her last letters. “It is most gratifying to know that Ireland is concerned for the welfare of the veterans. Best wishes to the people of Ireland for peace and prosperity in the coming years.”

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I am not 100% sure if this is a palomino but I just love the picture. I know that this is not a "true" palomino color but I have read that palomino is not a breed of horse, and never could be, because the palomino color does not breed true. A palomino is heterozygous-- meaning it has only one cream gene-- so two that are crossed have a 25% of producing an offspring with no cream genes (a red chestnut), 25% of producing an offspring with two cream genes (a cremello), and 50% chance of producing another palomino (one cream gene). On the other hand, crossing a cremello with a chestnut gives 100% palomino foals. So when I look at the foal I would argue the case. The horse is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies ''caballus'' are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live.. more

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World leaders may have failed to lay the necessary groundwork to sign a climate treaty in Copenhagen. But some good news did emerge from President’s Obama’s trip to China this week. Obama’s meeting with Chinese president Hu Jintao on Tuesday provided a few hopeful clues that the world’s two heavyweight polluters are inching toward a climate consensus. China and the US account for roughly 37 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, so what they decide to do about climate change will determine the success or failure of a global treaty. Following the meeting, Obama said that he and Hu had agreed that any treaty at Copenhagen should have an “immediate operational effect.” He added, “We agreed that each of us would take significant mitigation actions and stand behind these commitments.” Of course, with any international negotiation the devil is in how you define vague terms like “significant mitigation actions.” Obama and Hu’s announcement was short on specifics, although a joint statement said they had agreed to collaborate on, among other things, designing electric and other clean-fuel vehicles, improving the energy efficiency of building stock, and developing carbon-capture-and-sequestration for coal plants, according to the New York Times. But perhaps the most significant development was that the leaders appeared to agree that China and the US can take different paths to reducing emissions. Hu touted the acknowledgement that the two nations could have “common but differentiated responsibilities.” Translation? This language allows for a scenario in which rapidly developing countries like China commit to reducing emissions—but not at the same level as developed nations. The US and other major developed nations are expected to sign on to firm overall emissions reductions. The Chinese have said that they will at least commit to a binding agreement on reducing their greenhouse gas intensity. That means China could still continue emitting more as its economy grows, as long as the amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit of GDP drops. (Hu said in September that China would reduce the amount of carbon dioxide they produce per unit of GDP by a “notable margin” by 2020.) That doesn’t guarantee an overall drop in emissions, at least not yet. But it’s a solid commitment from a country whose economy has been expanding at a ferocious pace. As Taiya Smith, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, explained in testimony on international climate efforts on Tuesday, the Chinese dream is “like the American dream, but on steroids.” Now it’s America’s turn. Obama seemed to indicate that he believes US negotiators will put a solid figure for US emmissions cuts on the table at Copenhagen. That’s the big piece of the puzzle that the world is waiting for.

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The reasons for the occurrence of mirage phenomenon The mirage can occur on the seas or in the deserts , it is a natural phenomenon that takes place on the desert at noon especially in the summer times , where the objects on the road sides seem as if they had inverted images on a wet area . When the air above the desert road is heated at noon which leads to the formation of different air layers of different temperature by convection currents , and the mirage occurs when the ground heats the air above making it hotter than the air at higher altitudes . When cold air is denser than warm air , and it has a greater refractive index , when the light travels at a shallow angle along a boundary between the air of different temperature , the light rays bend towards the colder air. If the air near the ground is warmer than that higher up , the light ray bends upward , it will totally reflected above the ground , and the light rays curve downward , and the result is seeing the upright image and the inverted image which appears to you as a reflection in the water . Types of mirage The mirage is called also an inferior mirage which appears in the desert , it appear to be a lake of water in the distance , it is called inferior as the mirage is located under the real object , So , the inferior mirage causes the observer to see a bright and bluish patch on the ground in the distance . The inferior mirage is usually upside down , it is not stable , when an object ( as a tree ) exists on the road side , the rays coming from it refract several times , going from the higher cold layers to the lower hot layers , and the hot-road mirage ( fake water ) on the road is the most common example of an inferior mirage . At the hottest air layer ( which lies above the Earth surface directly ) , a total internal reflection happens to the rays coming from the object , So , this layer appears as a watery area and a virtual inverted image is formed below the object . The heat haze is called the heat shimmer which refers to the inferior mirage that experienced when viewing the objects through a layer of heated air such as viewing the objects across hot asphalt or through the exhaust gases produced by jet engines , and it is called a highway mirage , and the the image is usually upside down . The superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it , and it is less common than the inferior mirages , it is common in the polar regions over large sheets of ice that have a uniform low temperature . The superior mirages also occur at more moderate altitudes , and they are weaker and tend to be less smooth and stable , and it can be right-side up or upside down depending on the distance of the true object and the temperature gradient . The fata Morgana mirages are most common in the polar regions especially over large sheets of ice with a uniform low temperature , and it can be be observed on cold days , in desert areas , over oceans and lakes . Fata Morgana appears with the alternations of compressed and stretched zones , the erect images , the inverted images , and it is also a fast-changing mirage .

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Age is an important factor when it comes to getting pregnant, especially for women, but everyone can help to protect their fertility. If you're trying to conceive, you can find out how to give yourself the best chance by reading Trying to get pregnant. Even if babies are the last thing on your mind at the moment, you can take steps to help maintain your fertility. Professor William Ledger, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Sheffield, explains the basics. When it comes to fertility, age matters. Many people today wait until they're older to have children. But fertility declines over time, and you should consider this if you plan to have children later. Both women and men are at their most fertile in their early twenties. In women, fertility declines more quickly with age. This decline becomes rapid after the age of 35, particularly due to the decline in the quality of the eggs released by the ovaries. Around one-third of couples in which the woman is over 35 have fertility problems. This rises to two-thirds when the woman is over 40. Women over 35 are also less likely to become pregnant as a result of fertility treatments, including IVF](https://www.your.md/condition/ivf) , and are more likely to have a [miscarriage if they do become pregnant. Men’s fertility gradually declines from around the age of 40, but most men are able to father children into their 50s and beyond. If you think you might have caught an STI, go to your doctor or a sexual health clinic. Find out more about STIs. “Women who smoke 20 cigarettes a day experience the menopause on average two years earlier,” says Professor Ledger. Men who smoke risk damaging their sperm. Get advice on stopping smoking. Being underweight or overweight can lower your chances of conceiving. One cause of infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) , which is made worse by being overweight or obese. Check whether you're overweight with our BMI Healthy weight calculator. Lose weight in 12 weeks using this NHS-approved weight loss plan. If you're pregnant, or planning to become pregnant, the safest approach is not to drink alcohol at all, to keep risks to your baby to a minimum. Your partner should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol a week, which should be spread evenly over three days or more. Drinking too much alcohol can affect the quality of his sperm. See Drinking and alcohol for information on low risk drinking. A man's testicles should be one or two degrees cooler than the rest of his body. Tight underwear, hot showers and hot baths can all raise the temperature of the testicles and slow sperm production. Read about the causes of low sperm count . Exposure to radiation and chemicals such as glycol ester, found in some paints, can damage fertility. If you've been trying to conceive for a year or more (or six months if you're a woman over the age of 35) by having regular unprotected sex and are still not pregnant, it's time to see your doctor. Your doctor can do tests to identify possible fertility problems, and can provide advice on the next steps. Fertility tests for men and women. Learn more in Support for problems getting pregnant . Read more articles about fertility and conception. Important: Our website provides useful information but is not a substitute for medical advice. You should always seek the advice of your doctor when making decisions about your health.

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The first nationwide study on the scale of homelessness in Singapore, conducted by a research team from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy (LKY School) at NUS, has revealed that there are between 921 and 1,050 homeless people on Singapore’s streets. While homelessness occurred in most parts of Singapore, a large majority of the homeless people were older Chinese men, and more instances of homelessness were observed in larger and older estates, as well as in estates with more rental flats. The most common locations with homeless people were public housing void decks and commercial buildings. Their appearances, possessions and environment did not fit simple stereotypes — they could be well-dressed and well-groomed, hold down jobs and could own residential property. The study also found that homeless persons may continue to maintain some connections to their communities and social networks, and help-seeking and encounters with law enforcement agencies were frequent. Led by LKY School Assistant Professor Ng Kok Hoe, the study investigated factors including the geographical distribution of homelessness, the characteristics of homeless people and the reasons for their homelessness. “Knowing the number of homeless people and where they may be found allows services to be designed and organised in a systematic way. It also sheds light on the depth of housing insecurity and extent of social exclusion in society,” said Asst Prof Ng in the study, released on 8 November. How the study was done The results were determined through two different count methods — a cumulative count and a single night count. The cumulative count took place over three months in 2019, and saw volunteers and researchers cover all possible sites where homeless people might reside. The single night count took place in July 2019 and involved deploying all fieldworkers across the country on the same night to do observations, as well as conduct interviews. As the study is concerned with street homelessness, both count methods included anyone who was asleep or going to sleep in public spaces. This followed established definitions of rough sleeping. In total, some 480 fieldworkers took part in the two counts. These included representatives from more than 20 non-governmental organisations and many individual members of the public. Reasons for homelessness Through interviews with some of the homeless people, the team also found out that most of them were Singapore citizens, and had low education. The main reasons for homelessness were economic, family, housing-related and health problems. In addition, homelessness was often chronic — lasting six years or more — irregular work and low pay were common, and poor health and malnutrition were prevalent. Only six in 10 of the interviewees were in work, with the most common occupations being cleaning, odd jobs, security, and retail. The study noted that these are “among the lowest-paying occupations in Singapore”. Of those who receive monthly pay cheques, the median salary was $1,400 per month — far lower than the national median salary of $3,467 in 2018. Asst Prof Ng said that street counts such as this study should be conducted every few years to provide timely guidance for policy and service planning. “Future research can extend into areas beyond the scope of this study, such as the sheltered homeless population and people living in inadequate housing; spatial changes in homelessness over time; and the impact of demographic changes, economic conditions, housing policies, and service capacities on homelessness,” he added.

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Vertical jump with feet together, a physical test that works the explosive force of the lower member of our body. Thus, we add another physical test of strength to our collection of tests, and also is jumping. Previously we saw the physical test of horizontal jump feet together, today we also do a vertical jump with feet together. Before the physical test you must warm correctly, how in any test you are going to do. Once we are ready to do our best vertical jump we place ourselves in the initial position, i.e., stand sideways next to the wall, with drooping arms and feet apart at shoulder width. Once the examiner us signal jumped. Center for Environmental Health may find it difficult to be quoted properly. I advise that you inclineis to skip over the trunk forward flexionais legs and swing arms. Here are some things to give you more momentum when it comes to jumping. But not you to continue these instructions to the letter, this is only theory and the best technical way to jump. But once you’re there to jump, the best way is to Salt Lake naturally, i.e. spontaneously, how it will be more comfortable. When you’re in the phase of flight, you stretch to the maximum the trunk and alargas arm closer you are to the wall to mark with a chalk (or anything else) to where you’ve jumped. The jump distance is the distance from the ground to the point where you have come. To improve your jumping ability you can visit the article how to improve jumping ability? He speaks a little about exercises and things to do to improve your jump. I tell you how to improve is to do exercises as squats to strengthen legs. Original author and source of the article.

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the Arunta. In that earlier stage of growth the re-incarnation belief has not modified the totemic system, with the later stage of growth a modification of the totemic system is found amongst the Arunta. If we may set aside the Arunta as exhibiting a late stage in the evolution of totemism, then on Mr. Lang's theory we start with small "local groups invested with animal names; then the animals become totems, sanctioning exogamy; then, by exogamy and female descent, each animal-named local group becomes full of members of other animal names by descent" and finally two leading local groups, say Crow and Eagle- hawk, establish pacific coimubrnm, and " the inhabitants of a district became an harmonious tribe, with two phratries (late local groups), say Eagle-hawk and Crow, and with the other old local-group names represented in what are now the totem kins within the phratries" (p. 151). The question naturally arises, and Mr. Lang puts it himself (p. 147), "Why do we find in a tribe only two phratries?" To this he replies that there may have been more than two in Australia, as there are in America, but, "though there is no reason why there should not have been more," we must suppose either that there were not originally more than two, or that, if there were originally more, eventually there ceased to be more. Let us admit that we must make that supposition, if we are to believe that what are two phratries were originally two local groups. We have then to ask why are we to believe that the phratries were originally local groups? In effect, the phratry to which I belong includes the women I may not marry; the other phratry includes the woman I may marry. Why then should either phratry have been originally one local group? Why need either phratry ever have had a local habitation and a name? The women I may not marry are scattered about all over Australia, and so are the women I may marry. Even on Mr. Lang's theory, the latter never at any time, however far back we go, were concentrated in any one spot; and the former also must have been scattered pretty widely, when " each animal-named group became full of members of other animal names by descent." At that time, go where I would, I should

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Solar PV panels on the roofs of homes and businesses generate clean electricity by converting the energy in sunlight. This conversion takes place within modules of specially fabricated materials that make up the solar panels. It is a relatively simple process that requires no moving parts. In most cases solar panels are connected to the mains power supply through a device called an inverter. Solar panels are different to solar hot water systems, which are also mounted on household roof-tops but use the heat from the sun to provide hot water for household uses. Most suburban homes in Australia are connected to the electricity grid, which uses alternating current electricity (AC). But the electricity generated by solar panels is direct current (DC). That means grid-connected (GC) solar PV systems need an inverter to transform the DC electricity into AC electricity suitable for ordinary household needs. Houses with solar systems use solar power first before sourcing electricity from the grid. When the panels are not producing electricity at night, electricity is supplied from the existing electricity grid. For systems with a battery backup (optional), the inverter regulates the charge of batteries. The electricity stored in the batteries can be used at night or during blackouts. What happens after my solar PV system has been installed? Entering into agreement with your electricity retailer: After your solar PV system has been installed and if you wish to opt-in to a feed-in tariff, you will need to enter into an agreement with an electricity retailer. Not all electricity retailers offer solar friendly policies so it is best to check and compare the following items prior to entering into an electricity trading agreement. Please contact your electricity retailer i.e origin, AGL, ergon and create business-tobusiness agreement for feed-in-tariff. Questions to ask your electricity retailer - What price will they pay you for your electricity (in cents per kWh)? - What is the cost of the electricity you purchase from them (in cents per kWh)? - Will I lose my off-peak rates once my meter has been changed? - Will this be replaced with a time-of-use (TOU) tariff? - Are you signed onto a premium feed-in tariff rate or a standard feed-in tariff rate? If your electricity retailer signs you up to a standard feed-in tariff agreement you will receive less money for the excess electricity you feed back into the grid. - What will be the form of payment for electricity you produce? It is likely you will receive the feed in tariff’s you earn by default as a credit on your electricity bill rather than cash. - What will be the form of payment for surplus electricity you produce? Will it be cash, cheque or EFT on request? - Penalty clauses (termination costs) - Billing / payment periods - Are there any other administration fees? - Do you organise all the necessary metering changes What will happen to my meter at home? When your solar PV system is installed you may need to have a new meter installed. If you have a traditional accumulation meter (with a spinning disk) this will need to be replaced with an interval meter or smart meter. This is because an accumulation meter does not record the energy you export to the grid or the electricity you import from the grid. An interval meter or a smart meter provide half hourly readings of the electricity you consume and the surplus electricity you generate. The states and territories have committed to the progressive rollout of smart metering across Australia from 2007. While a smart meter is similar to an interval meter in that it records electricity usage in 30-minute intervals remotely to your electricity company, smart meters have a range of additional capabilities. So if your new meter is an interval meter, it will need to be replaced again with a smart meter when this rollout occurs. Depending on where you live, your interval meter may be a gross meter or a net meter. If you are on a gross feed-in tariff scheme, your gross meter separately measures the total electricity consumed by your household and the total electricity generated by your solar PV system. Your electricity company reads the meter and determines the total amount of electricity generated by your solar panels, regardless of whether it goes into the grid or is used by your household. If you are on a net feed-in tariff scheme, your net meter measures your household’s electricity and the electricity generated by your solar PV system together. Your electricity company reads the meter and calculates any surplus electricity fed back into the grid. Your new meter must be installed by a relevant qualified professional. This may be organized by your accredited designer/installer; or your electricity retailer; or electricity distributor. Ask to find out who will organise this for you.

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More than a century ago, Audubon pioneered the idea of community science with the first Christmas Bird Count. Today the longest-running wildlife census in the hemisphere continues to shape and inform our approach to conservation, providing vital information about bird populations and trends, data that alerts us to environmental threats not only to birds but to the larger ecosystems we all depend on. As partners with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in ebird.org, Audubon has helped transform community science into an everyday activity for tens of thousands of birders. Their observations, reported online anytime and from anywhere throughout North America, provide an ongoing assessment of bird populations that is fast becoming an invaluable resource for conservation. The Grange Insurance Audubon Center participates in a number of community science initiatives throughout the year. If you are interested in getting involved, please contact our Conservation Manager, Michael Goldman, at email@example.com Project Feeder Watch: Beginning each November, Project FeederWatch turns your love of feeding birds into scientific discoveries. FeederWatch is a winter-long (November-April) survey of birds that visit feeders at backyards, nature centers, community areas, and other places throughout North America. This survey helps scientists track long-term trends in bird distribution and abundance. For more information on Project FeederWatch click here. Christmas Bird Count: The Christmas Bird Count (CBC) is a long-standing program of the National Audubon Society, with over 100 years of community science involvement. It is an early-winter bird census, where thousands of volunteers across the U.S., Canada, and many countries in the Western Hemisphere go out over a 24-hour period on one calendar day to count birds. This year we will be hosting our Christmas Bird Count on December 16. Great Backyard Bird Count: Launched in 1998 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and National Audubon Society, the Great Backyard Bird Count was the first online citizen-science project to collect data on wild birds and to display results in near real-time. Now, more than 160,000 people of all ages and walks of life worldwide join the four-day count each February to create an annual snapshot of the distribution and abundance of birds. We invite you to participate! For at least 15 minutes on one or more days of the count, February 17, 2019, simply tally the numbers and kinds of birds you see. You can count from any location, anywhere in the world, for as long as you wish! Hummingbirds at Home: Audubon’s Hummingbirds at Home program was designed to mobilize citizen scientists across the U.S. to bolster current research by documenting the feeding patterns of hummingbirds. A growing body of research (McKinney, et al. 2012) indicates flowers are blooming earlier because of warming temperatures. There is potential for this change to impact the established synchronous relationship between hummingbirds arriving on their breeding grounds and bloom times of their food sources. The degree to which hummingbirds are able to adapt to accommodate these changes is poorly understood, and a comprehensive feeding behavior survey of hummingbird species across the country has yet to be undertaken. By using the Hummingbirds at Home app, you can help us track the feeding behaviors of the Ruby-throated Hummingbirds we see here at the center.

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In the Netherlands, educating immigrant students requires long-term thinking, a regional focus within a national framework and an understanding of the diverse backgrounds of these students. High-quality teachers help to improve school outcomes. Norway is implementing a new model for professional development. Computational thinking and computer science help students build problem solving, creativity and collaboration skills. So should they be taught in schools? Every day we use mathematics. While technology may have made the mechanics of math less important, thinking like a mathematician is vital for success. Digital technologies help children to learn, socialise and unwind, but they also pose serious risks. How can education systems respond? Technology should play an important role in education if we want to provide teachers with learning environments that support 21st-century methods of teaching.

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Language and Gender essay- Nora’s first job Essay Nora’s first work is an opening of a short story from an annual that has been published for girls. As the story is in an e book that is directed at girls. Chinese and the composing style may have been created to make the publication easier to browse for the group. The copy writer would have to come up with things that girls will find interesting otherwise they are not going to sell off lots of all their books. Throughout the texts a large number of linguistic methods have been employed. One of the linguistic methods that I have located is the use of exclamatory punctuation. There are many types of exclamatory punctuation in the text and they most seem to be important points. The exclamatory punctuation ends up emphasising on a phrase or a expression when the ladies are discussing. For example ‘you should be more careful! ‘ includes an exclamation mark at the end of the phrase. This can mean that the girl was shouting at Nora and then this may have come throughout harshly towards her and cause the other woman to truly feel more powerful compared to the other. Because the key phrase would have been said from a girl, it might have sounded as if the girl was being catty and that there may not have recently been a problem. Occasionally women happen to be insulted simply by other people. This can cause ladies to become reclusive and can quit them coming from being themselves. In the brief story Norah’s first work we can see that graphology continues to be used. The most crucial thing that graphology can show is what people are perceived as and how they may be meant to look. in this history there is a photo of a female who is choosing clothes. The clothes appear to be dresses which could indicate the very fact that women are meant to wear dresses and that they are generally meant to gown the same. The lady in the graphic could possibly be Norah. We can infer this through the fact that she is trying to get a job at a shop where they sell women clothes and dresses. By having an photo on the webpage people are much more likely going to pick up the book and go through it. Young girls especially are likely to find the images intriguing and this can then make sure they are want to continue reading the storyplot. The sentence types play a huge role in short stories. If the extent of the sentences are too long then folks are going to get bored and stop studying the book. Youngsters specifically are going to see a whole web page of producing that is series after collection and they are gonna then not need to read the book. There is a lot of usage of adverbs, this could show that the article writer might have desired to do this to be able to portray the very fact that women are often the calm ones. For example in this text the adverb carefully have been used. This can infer to us that ladies are too cautiously and that the girl who is featured in this history is going to be described as a careful person. One more adverb that is used clearly. This might have already been used to make certain that the women are the ones that usually independent themselves coming from others and perhaps they are the psychological ones who also exaggerate every thing. Some people will say that ladies in this account seem to be controlling of all circumstances. We can see this kind of in the textual content when among the women conclude saying that every one of the staff are ill and that she also seems so unwell. This might become the reason why the affirmation mark continues to be used in order to show that sometimes girls end up exaggerative every situation. Personal pronouns have been utilized throughout this kind of text. The truth that when the girls are having a conversation none of their labels are rarely mentions they can be always termed as ‘you’. This may have been completed show that ladies are not as critical as men. This may be for the reason that man who may be mentioned inside the story generally has his name when he can be brought into the storyplot. Whenever there is certainly an argument going on in the history again it is always the use of personal pronouns. The text seems to be formal as they are obtaining a job, although this is occurring the text still seems to be interesting. From obtaining the story organized on an convenient read level this will mean that younger people will also be capable of read the account.

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The following academic paper highlights the up-to-date issues and questions of Shakespearean Comedy Characteristics. This sample provides just some ideas on how this topic can be analyzed and discussed. Common Features of a Shakespeare Comedy What makes a Shakespeare comedy identifiable if the genre is not distinct from the Shakespeare tragedies and histories? This is an ongoing area of debate, but many believe that the comedies share certain characteristics, as described below: * Comedy through language: Shakespeare communicated his comedy through language and his comedy plays are peppered with clever word play, metaphors and insults. 1. Love: The theme of love is prevalent in every Shakespeare comedy. Often, we are presented with sets of lovers who, through the course of the play, overcome the obstacles in their relationship and unite. Love in Shakespearean comedy is stronger than the inertia of custom, the power of evil, or the fortunes of chance and time. In all of these plays but one (Troilus and Cressida), the obstacles presented to love are triumphantly overcome, as conflicts are resolved and errors forgiven in a general aura of reconciliation and marital bliss at the play’s close. Such intransigent characters as Shylock, Malvolio, and Don John, who choose not to act out of love, cannot be accommodated in this scheme, and they are carefully isolated from the action before the climax. * * Complex plots: The plotline of a Shakespeare comedy contains more twists and turns than his tragedies and histories. Although the plots are complex, they do follow similar patterns. For example, the climax of the play always occurs in the third act and the final scene has a celebratory feel when the lovers finally declare their love for each other. What Is A Shakespearean Comedy Moreover, the context of marriage—at least alluded to, is the cap-stone of the comedic solution, for these plays not only delight and entertain, they affirm, guaranteeing the future. Marriage, with its promise of offspring, reinvigorates society and transcends the purely personal element in sexual attraction and romantic love. * Mistaken identities: The plot is often driven by mistaken identity. Sometimes this is an intentional part of a villain’s plot, as in Much Ado About Nothing when Don John tricks Claudio into believing that his fiance has been unfaithful through mistaken identity. Characters also play scenes in disguise and it is not uncommon for female characters to disguise themselves as male characters, seen in Portia in the Merchant of venice. Shakespeare’s 17 comedies are the most difficult to classify because they overlap in style with other genres. Critics often describe some plays as tragi-comedies because they mix equal measures of tragedy and comedy. For example, Much Ado About Nothing starts as a Shakespeare comedy, but takes on the characteristics of a tragedy when Hero is disgraced and fakes her own death. At this point, the play has more in common with Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeare’s key tragedies. The 18 plays generally classified as comedy are as follows: 1 All’s Well That Ends Well 2 As You Like It 3 The Comedy of Errors 4 Cymbeline 5 Love’s Labour’s Lost 6 Measure for Measure 7 The Merry Wives of Windsor 8 The Merchant of Venice 9 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 10 Much Ado About Nothing 11 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 12 The Taming of the Shrew 13 The Tempest 14 Troilus and Cressida 15 Twelfth Night 16 Two Gentlemen of Verona 7 The Two Noble Kinsmen 18 The Winter’s Tale 2. 3. Comedy is a drama that provokes laughter at human behavior, usually involves romantic love, and usually has a happy ending. In Shakespeare’s day the conventional comedy enacted the struggle of young lovers to surmount some difficulty, usually presented by their elders, and the play ended happily in marriage or the prospect of marriage. Sometimes the struggle was to bring separated lovers or family members together, and their reunion was the happy culmination (this often involved marriage also). Shakespeare generally observed these conventions, though his inventiveness within them yielded many variations. 4. Eighteen plays are generally included among Shakespeare’s comedies. In approximate order of composition, they are. These works are often divided into distinct subclasses reflecting the playwright’s development. The first seven, all written before about 1598, are loosely classed as the ‘early comedies’, though they vary considerably in both quality and character. The last four of these—Loves Labour’s Lost, the Dream, the Merchant, and the Merry Wives—are sometimes separated as a transitional group, or linked with the next three in a large ‘middle comedies’ classification. The Merry Wives is somewhat anomalous in any case; it represents a type of comedy—the ‘city play’, a speciality of suchwriters as Ben Jonson and Thomas Dekker—that Shakespeare did not otherwise write. The next three plays. Much Ado, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night, are often thought to constitute Shakespeare’s greatest achievement in comedy; all written around 1599-1600, they are called the romantic, or mature, comedies. The next group of three plays, called the Problem Plays, which include Alls Well that Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida, and Measure for Measure that were written in the first years of the 17th century, as Shakespeare was simultaneously creating his greatest tragedies. The final cluster, all written between about 1607 and 1613, make up the bulk of the playwright’s final period. They are known as the Romances which include Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest, and often The Two Noble Kinsman. (The problem plays and romances were intended to merge Tragedy and comedy in Tragicomedies. Many minor variations in this classification scheme are possible; indeed, the boundaries of the whole genre are not fixed, for Timon of Athens is often included among the comedies, and Troilus and Cressida is sometimes considered a tragedy. 5. Shakespeare’s earliest comedies are similar to existing plays, reflecting his inexperience. The Comedy of Errors—thought by many scholars to be his first drama, though the dating of Shakespeare’s early works is extremely difficult—is built on a play by the ancient Roman dramatist Plautus. Characteristically, Shakespeare enriched his source, but with material from another play by Plautus. The Subplot of The Taming of the Shrew was taken from a popular play of a generation earlier, and the main plot was well known in folklore, though the combination was ingeniously devised. The Two Gentlemen of Verona likewise deals with familiar literary material, treating it in the manner of John Lyly, the most successful comedy writer when Shakespeare began his career. 6. However, the young playwright soon found the confidence to experiment, and in Loves Labour’s Lost, the Dream, and the Merchant, he created a group of unusual works that surely startled Elizabethan playgoers, though pleasurably, we may presume. In the first he created his own main plot and used a distinctively English variation on the Italian Commedia Dell’Arte traditions for a sub-plot. He thus produced a splendid array of comic situations. The play’s abundant topical humor was certainly appreciated by the original audiences, although today we don’t always know what it is about. In any case, the major characters are charming young lovers, the minor ones are droll eccentrics, and the closing coup de theatre, with which a darkening mood brings the work to a close, is a stunning innovation. Already, the eventual turn towards tragicomedy is foreshadowed. A Midsummer Night’s Dream mingles motifs from many sources, but the story is again the playwright’s own; moreover, the play’s extraordinary combination of oddity and beauty was entirely unprecedented and has rarely been approximated since. The Merchant of Venice mixes a social theme, usury, into a conventional comedy plot to deepen the resonance of the final outcome as well as to vary the formula. Here, the threat that is finally averted is so dire as to generate an almost tragic mood, again anticipating developments later in the playwright’s career. . The mastery that Shakespeare had achieved by the late 1590s is reflected in the insouciance of the titles he gave his mature comedies (Twelfth Night’s subtitle—’What You Will’—matches the others). That mastery is accompanied by a serious intent that is lacking in the earliest comedies. Shakespeare could not ignore the inherent poignancy in the contrast between life as it is lived and the escape from life represented by comedy. In Much Ado, as in The Merchant of Venice, a serious threat to life and happiness counters the froth of a romantic farce. Even in As You Like It, one of the most purely entertaining of Shakespeare’s plays, the melancholy Jaques interposes his conviction that life is irredeemably corrupt. Feste’s song at the close of Twelfth Night gives touching expression to such sentiments, as he sends us from the theatre with the melancholy refrain, ‘the rain it raineth every day’ (5. 1. 391). We are not expected to take him too seriously, but we cannot avoid the realization that even the life of a jester may be a sad one. The mature comedies thus further a blending of comedy and tragedy. 8. In the end, however, all of Shakespeare’s comedies, including the later problem plays and romances, are driven by love. Love in Shakespearean comedy is stronger than the inertia of custom, the power of evil, or the fortunes of chance and time. In all of these plays but one (Troilus and Cressida), the obstacles presented to love are triumphantly overcome, as conflicts are resolved and errors forgiven in a general aura of reconciliation and marital bliss at the play’s close. Such intransigent characters as Shylock, Malvolio, and Don John, who choose not to act out of love, cannot be accommodated in this scheme, and they are carefully isolated from the action before the climax. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. In their resolutions Shakespeare’s comedies resemble the medieval Morality Play, which centeres on a sinful human who receives God’s mercy. In these secular works, a human authority figure—Don Pedro or Duke Senior, for instance—is symbolically divine, the opponents of love are the representatives of sin, and all of the participants in the closing vignette partake of the play’s love and forgiveness. Moreover, the context of marriage—at least alluded to at the close of all but Troilus and Cressida—is the cap-stone of the comedic solution, for these plays not only delight and entertain, they affirm, guaranteeing the future. Marriage, with its promise of offspring, reinvigorates society and transcends the purely personal element in sexual attraction and romantic love. Tragedy’s focus on the individual makes death the central fact of life, but comedy, with its insistence on the ongoing process of love and sex and birth, confirms our awareness that life transcends the individual. 10.

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On Nov. 4, Boeing crossed another threshold on its road to safely launching a new spacecraft. The CST-100 Starliner hit a safety milestone with its test of its abort system in White Sands, New Mexico. What is the Starliner? What will it do? Let’s get to know one of the newest spacecraft getting ready to launch. What is Starliner? Boeing’s Crew Space Transportation (CST)-100 Starliner spacecraft is being developed in collaboration with NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The Starliner was designed to accommodate seven passengers, or a mix of crew and cargo, for missions to low-Earth orbit. For NASA service missions to the International Space Station, it will carry up to four NASA-sponsored crew members and time-critical scientific research. The Starliner has an innovative, weldless structure and is reusable up to 10 times with a six-month turnaround time. It also features wireless internet and tablet technology for crew interfaces. It looks familiar. What else does it look like? Maybe the conical, blunt-bottomed design of Starliner looks familiar. Does it remind you of the Orion capsule? How about Apollo? Maybe it’s Mercury? Most of crewed spaceships have been shaped this way, like an inverted ice cream cone. This is for a specific reason and it’s thanks to innovative designer Max Faget. The design proves to be extra stable when the capsule is re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. The flat bottom gives ample room for a heat shield to absorb the friction from returning through the atmosphere. It also stabilizes the craft to keep it from tumbling on its way back down. For the astronauts contained inside, these are very important features. Over the years, the spacecraft have made plenty of advances, but the basic shape remains the same. What is a pad abort test? The test was designed to verify each of Starliner’s systems will function not only separately, but in concert, to protect astronauts by carrying them safely away from the launch pad in the unlikely event of an emergency prior to liftoff. This was Boeing’s first flight test with Starliner as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program to return human spaceflight launches to the International Space Station from American soil. During the test, Starliner’s four launch abort engines, and several orbital maneuvering and attitude control thrusters simultaneously ignited to rapidly push the spacecraft away from the test stand. Five seconds into flight, the abort engines shut off as planned, transferring steering to the control thrusters for the next five seconds. A pitcharound maneuver rotated the spacecraft into position for landing as it neared its peak altitude of approximately 4,500 feet. Two of three Starliner’s main parachutes deployed just under half a minute into the test, and the service module separated from the crew module a few seconds later. Although designed with three parachutes, two opening successfully is acceptable for the test parameters and crew safety. After one minute, the heat shield was released and airbags inflated, and the Starliner eased to the ground beneath its parachutes. The demonstration took only about 95 seconds from the moment the simulated abort was initiated until the Starliner crew module touched down on the desert ground. When will it launch again? Boeing’s next mission, called Orbital Flight Test, will launch an uncrewed Starliner spacecraft to the station on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station’s Space Launch Complex 41. Launch is targeted for Dec. 17. If all goes well, the Starliner could carry astronauts back to the International Space Station in 2020.

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Thus, along with the gigantic but mute monuments, crammed with things we understand little about, the most exciting of these being four shafts that point to the heavens, we have texts, written down immediately after the end of the period in which the monuments were erected, but which had undoubtedly been in existence prior to that time, full of references to the heavens and voyages to the stars. Holmes would say, what remains, is to realize that two and two makes four. However, it was not until 1964 that Egyptologist Alexander Badawy and astronomer Virginia Trimble had the idea of determining how the sky would have appeared in Giza during the age of the pyramids. They soon realized that, during the years in which Khufu's pyramid was built, between 2600 and 2450 BC, the northern shaft of the king's chamber pointed toward the culmination of the "pole star'' of the time, Alpha-Draconis, while the southern shaft pointed toward the culmination of Orion's Belt (Badaway 1964, Trimble 1964). Before 1964, there had been an important scientific question that remained unsolved: Why had the shafts in the king's chamber been created? In 1964, we had the solution: they were stellar conduits oriented toward the two regions of rebirth mentioned in the Pyramid Texts. The shafts in the queen's chamber were universally considered to be unfinished, and, consequently, Badawy and Trimble did not manage to suggest an interpretation for them. Subsequently, however, Robert Bauval (1990) suggested that the lower northern shaft pointed to an area near the celestial north pole, probably toward the culmination of the star Kochab, while the southern shaft pointed toward the culmination of Sirius at a date around 2500 BC. As we shall see, we now know that the queen's chamber shafts are indeed finished. Thus, I believe this issue is settled. The four shafts had been created with only one purpose in mind: guiding the deceased to the rebirth regions of the sky. It is important to keep in mind that the shafts start off with a horizontal section, and so it would have been impossible to frame the celestial bodies in them; these alignments, then, had a purely symbolic significance. The stellar interpretation of the four shafts in Khufu's pyramid is, in my view, a shining example of how archaeoastronomy can provide us with a key to understanding some great riddles of the past. Further, it helps in interpreting many other structural elements of the pyramids as well. Trimble and Badaway's work answers the question of why the king's chamber was not built on the vertical from the apex. In fact, it is not possible to reconcile these three factors: (1) the stellar, hence fixed, orientation of the shafts; (2) the egress of the shafts at the same height; and (3) the chamber set on the axis. Thus, the building principle that required the exit of the shafts to be at the same height was considered to be fundamental rather than the traditional arrangement of the sepulchral chamber on the axis. Further, the stellar interpretation of the two lower shafts puts an end to a hundred years of ridiculous discussion about the queen's chamber being incomplete. In fact, given that the lower shafts were also astronomically oriented, if the chamber had been an "aborted'' sepulchral chamber, its shafts would have been oriented toward the same stars as the real sepulchral chamber (that is, the king's chamber), but this is not the case. The orientations of its shafts, different from those of the burial chamber, prove that the chamber was constructed with a different scope, a point to which we shall return later. (Given their symmetric disposition, one could refute the stellar interpretation and instead propose that the shafts served an aesthetic purpose (Dormion 2004), but such arguments are not justified on historical grounds). The logic applied in the stellar interpretation agrees with both the humanistic approach (given that it is based on the content of the Pyramid Texts) and a rigorous scientific approach (since the likelihood of all four shafts being arranged randomly is unquestionably low) (Castellani 1998). Also, the stellar interpretation is a simple solution to a decidedly complicated scientific puzzle, and as often happens, it is the simplest, neatest solutions that are the hardest for many to accept; a memorable example is the general theory of relativity, for which Albert Einstein failed to win the Nobel Prize (he did receive it, but for his discovery of the photoelectric effect). Similarly, the astronomical orientation of the shafts is rejected even today by many archaeologists: "Of the theories so far proposed, the most probable attributes a ventilating function to them'' (Verner 2001). There are even attempts to debunk the stellar interpretation by using such things as average inclinations instead of angles of exit to show that the shafts did not all point simultaneously to their stellar targets (Wall 2007). I will make a final comment based on my own experience. As a physicist, I have seen many attempts to debunk theories that seem strange to some people, and one of the most often "debunked" is precisely Einstein's general relativity theory. However, our galaxy (the Milky Way), just like millions of other galaxies, does not care about such debunking: stars continue to rotate slowly and safely around the galactic nucleus, allowing the solar system to exist and all of us to live, only because a supermassive black hole—an object whose existence was predicted by the general relativity theory as far back as 1917—sits quietly at its center. Was this article helpful?

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A fun activity for your toddler Try this fun adaptation of hide-and-seek – your toddler will love "finding" you. This game will help her understand what psychologists refer to as object permanence, the awareness that things continue to exist even when they disappear from her sight. Good for age: 13 months (but older and younger kids might enjoy it, too!) Skills developed: object permanence What you'll need: sheet, blanket, or big towel for hiding under Clear a space for you and your toddler, away from toys and other distracting items. Make sure your child is watching you as you cover yourself. Ask, "Where did Mommy go?" and wait while your little one explores the mound that you've become. Encourage her by sliding your hand out from under the sheet and giving her a wave. When she finds your head, pop up like a jack-in-the-box, exclaiming, "Here I am!" Enjoy her delighted laughter, and get ready to play the game about 81 more times. You can also swap roles: Try covering her loosely with the sheet. Say "Where's Veronica? Where could she be?" Gently lift the edge of the sheet to find an arm or a leg ("What's this? Oh, it's Veronica's arm!") before finally whisking it off completely and saying, "I found you!" as you cover her with kisses. The expression on her face will brighten the whole room.

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Introduction & Overview of Skillset Hi, I'm sherri mead, and this is my los angeles sewing classroom called so l a in this class today I'm going to teach you how to sew one of our most popular projects step by step, the easiest start I've been teaching since two thousand five, and I've had so many beginners in my classes make any mistake you can think of, so I'm here to help you head them off before they become an issue. In this class, we're going to learn several beginner techniques that will help you with future projects. We're going to learn how to do gathering. We're going to learn how to sew a casing that has elastic in it, and we're going to sew a double. Fold him at the bottom. Along the way you learn how to read a pattern envelope. You learn some fabric, anatomy terms. You'll learn about some basic sewing tools, how to measure yourself and a lot of other techniques that will become important as you get more and more into sewing. You don’t have to start with pillows! Learn sewing basics while making something you’ll be proud of with The Easiest Skirt. In this class, Shaerie Mead of Sew L.A. teaches sewing essentials while showing you how to make a skirt you’ll be stoked to wear. The Easiest Skirt is a perfect entry point for working with patterns. Shaerie will take you step-by-step through the prepping, cutting, and stitching processes. You’ll learn about: - Cutting, folding, notching, and pinning the pattern - Gathering skirt to yoke - Sewing and hemming - Creating a casing and inserting elastic Shaerie will teach you how to read a pattern, what to do while gathering, and when to baste. You’ll learn how to make a timeless skirt that doesn’t take a lot of material or time to make. If you want to skip the dull stuff and get your start at sewing clothes, join Shaerie Mead in The Easiest Skirt.

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It’s no less than a nightmare to know that your pet has been diagnosed with kidney disease. Many cats and dogs can survive through kidney problems if they are diagnosed at an early stage and get treated properly. Medicinal cures can only help to reduce the symptoms of kidney diseases, but care needs to be taken regarding pet diets. Studies show that dogs or cats recover quite dramatically if they are given specially designed diets for kidney problems. They live longer than other pets who continue to have the usual diet. The specially designed foods for kidney diseases differ by ratios of various nutrients. The diets also depend on the stage of kidney disease. Usually, the dogs suffering from the renal disease are fed foods that have reduced protein, sodium, and phosphorus ratios. The diets should be supplemented with omega-3 fatty acid that’s commonly found in fish oil. Low phosphorus level is believed to keep the progress of kidney disease slow. How do Kidneys function? Kidneys function by performing some essential body functions like filtering the waste products and removing excess water and salts from the blood in the form of urine. Kidneys produce several hormones like renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol which function as: 1. Renin: It’s involved in regulating blood pressure. 2. Erythropoietin: It is essential for red blood cells production. 3. Calcitriol: It’s a form of active vitamin D, which is necessary for the utilization and absorption of phosphorus and calcium. Kidney problems like kidney stones and kidney failure are common. Kidney stones can form due to precipitation of excessive salts in the kidneys. Kidney failure involves improper functioning of kidneys like the production of concentrated urine and incomplete removal of waste products. Dogs can suffer from kidney stones and kidney failure. Dogs with kidney problems have to urinate more often, and, therefore, drink more water. The fluids help to remove waste products naturally when the kidneys have stopped functioning correctly. But, at an advanced stage of kidney disease, excessive water intake will do no good. Chronic kidney problem is progressive and causes long-term damage to the dog’s kidneys over a period of months or years. The damage is irreversible, and kidneys continue to lose their power of performing their functions. Chronic Kidney Disease should be diagnosed as early as possible to avoid the detrimental effects later on. At an advanced stage of kidney disease, the dog will show symptoms like nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and lethargy. Stage of Kidney Disease and Diet Requirements: The diet requirements change at different stages of kidney disease due to a difference in nutritional needs of the body for normal functioning and long-term survival. For example, if your dog is at an early stage of the renal issue, prescribed diets can be limiting for the dog, and may lead to malnourishment regarding protein and, therefore, muscle or bone loss. For an advanced stage of progressive kidney failure, some modifications in diet are helpful for the survival of the pet for long. So, it’s a necessity that your vet identifies the stage of kidney disease and the severity of the problem before you choose a particular canine diet for your furry pooch. No standard diet for kidney diseases has been figured out yet, but many diets have shown positive results for the improvement or hindering the progress of kidney problems. Best Canine Diets for Kidney Issues: Here are some canine diet tips for dogs suffering from kidney problems. However, we recommend that you consult the vet before deciding for a diet plan. According to PetMD, Dr. Patrick Mahaney, owner of California Pet Acupuncture and Wellness, says, “In kidney failure, the body is not properly excreting toxins through the kidneys. As a result, more moisture is needed to flush out nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, and other metabolic wastes from the body. Therefore, my primary recommendation is to feed a diet that is moistened by water or low-sodium and free from vegetables of the onion and garlic varieties.” Always check the food labels to get an idea of its nutritional content, including salts, proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, etc. 1. Canned Dog Food Vs Dry Food: Canned foods have 70 to 80 percent of water content which is highly required for dogs having kidney problems. Dehydration plays a great part in causing kidney problems. In case of dry dog food, you have to fulfill the water needs of the dog. The body needs moist food for removal of toxic substances. 2. Sodium Level: The sodium levels in dog foods should be low, so check the food labels before buying them. Restrict the sodium intake of the dog to around 0.5 percent. During kidney problems, dogs may also suffer from hypertension, that’s indicative of high blood pressure, so sodium intake has to be controlled. High salt content leads to further damage to the kidneys. Common food items like bread, cheese, and commercially prepared dog treats are highly stuffed with salts. Fruits and vegetables based diets are the best options to avoid salty processed foods. Be sure to avoid adding garlic, raisins, onions, and grapes in canine diets. If the blood tests have revealed that potassium level is less than normal, then supplement the dog’s diet with potassium-containing foods. 3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Fish oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, which can help to decrease inflammation and promote kidney health. You can supplement your dog’s diet with fish oil to add flavor to it and enhance the chances of survival. You can talk to the veterinarian about the dose and brand that’s best suited for your pooch according to the dog’s specific stage of kidney disorder. Canine food can be supplemented with a high level of vitamin B complex that helps to compensate for the loss of water-soluble vitamins through excessive urination. Vitamin B complex contains different B vitamins including niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin and B 12. They are vital for proper functioning of muscles and nerve cells and creating energy for the body via proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Antioxidants aid in boosting the immune system and controlling cell damage. Common antioxidants used for dogs having kidney disorder are vitamin E and C, lutein, CoQ10, and beta-carotene. Vitamin E benefits the dog’s overall health by providing him enough energy and strength to stay active during the day. At the initial stage of kidney disease, phosphorus levels should be decreased as it has shown to have improved kidney health. Studies have shown that decreased intake of phosphorus by dogs is linked with the longevity of dog’s life in spite of the severity of the kidney problem. At an advanced stage of kidney disease, the research has shown that the optimal intake of phosphorus should lie between 0.2 to 0.5 percent. Protein is the primary source of phosphorus, so low consumption of proteins will directly impact the phosphorus levels in the blood. Raw food diets or home-made high protein diets should be skipped entirely. Dogs suffering from the initial stage of kidney disease can be given foods with moderate protein levels so that the body requirements are adequately fulfilled. The protein levels should also be decreased according to the stage of kidney disease. The kidneys are involved in the removal of waste products from protein contents in the diet. Therefore, the protein intake, through bones, meat, jerky treats, beef and dairy products, is lowered in dogs that are suffering from kidney problems. Check here whether dogs can eat eggs or not. The waste products of proteins are otherwise build up in the blood and kidney fails to clean them properly. Restricting protein in dogs having the first or second stage of kidney problems can lead to protein malnourishment, and other bone and muscle problems. The optimal protein requirement for a dog having kidney issues is still controversial. But, the standard prescription for dogs is a commercial food containing 13 to 18 percent of protein. Some studies have given no final approval of the conflict that whether protein restriction has an impact on improved kidney health or not, so dogs having an initial stage of kidney disease can be given digestible-protein diets. Protein has to be restricted at a later stage of kidney disease. When urea concentration increases in the blood, the dietary protein has to be reduced. Diets prepared for kidney problems are ideally required to be non-acidic, but most of the dog foods contain ingredients that cause acidity. Sick dogs have to be kept away from foods that cause acidity to prevent its harmful impacts on the kidneys. The veterinarians can prescribe you where the best canine therapeutic diets are available or which food brands are well-suited for your dog. Most of the processed dog foods that are commercially available are high in protein, sodium, and phosphorus content, which are the cause for acidity in the stomach. So, it’s best to get the canine diet prescribed from the vet. You can supplement the diet with omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B, and antioxidants. Fiona Appleton is a Labrador owner. She is the manager of https://ultimatehomelife.com/ that has been developed to help people solve the troubles of pet ownership. She is an active advocate of animal protection campaigns. She wants people to understand that dog-behavior is reflective of our behavior. Is your dog suffering from kidney disease? Here are some dietary considerations to help them through it.

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Approximately 3 out of every 100 pregnancies is a twin or multiple pregnancy. Normally during your first ultrasound scan it will be determined whether you are having more than one baby although it may take the entire nine months for you to get over the shock. Not always but in many cases a woman who is having twins or multiple babies will find their tummy gets bigger quicker and the normal symptoms of pregnancy may be amplified. Symptoms of twin pregnancy include vomiting early in pregnancy, being out of breath, and having lots of stomach acid, swollen ankles, hemorrhoids and hypersensitivity. Twin pregnancies can have some complications: Identical or fraternal? There are two types of twin pregnancy. Fraternal (dizygotic twins) arise when two ova are fertilized by two sperm cells. Each baby gets his own placenta and sac. The twins are not identical, they are, as it were, brothers or sisters, but born at the same time. This type of twin pregnancy can be genetic and can often skip a generation before happening again. The second type of twins is called identical (monozygotic) twins and happen as a result of one egg and sperm fusing then splitting into 2 separate babies. Identical twins may not look the same but they will share exactly the same genetic information (DNA). From angelababy In Q&A

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Have you ever wanted to build replicas of rovers NASA employs for exploring foreign planets? Or maybe are you looking for a high mobility wheeled platform solution for your projects, capable of travelling over various kinds of terrain? Well look no further, recently we stumbled upon a very interesting Instructable about how to build your very own functional Mars rover replica, which you can also remote control from any mobile device or computer browser. Created by the Product Design Research Studio, a group of students and researchers at the University of Dundee, UK, the six wheeled robot, inspired by the Curiosity Martian rover, can be built by using off-the-shelf components and electronics, as well as cleverly implemented household parts and materials. The wheeled platform employed is the sturdy and versatile all-terrain Dagu Wild Thumper 6WD chassis, equipped with the optional high current Wild Thumper Arduino motor controller. The Wild Thumper chassis comes fully equipped right out of the box, featuring motor and metal gearbox units with 34:1 reduction ratio for each of its six wheels, independent suspension and a rugged pre-drilled aluminium chassis, which was ditched however in favor of laser cut acrylic parts, which make up the body of the rover. Skateboard grip tape was used to fabricate custom wheels that look exactly like the ones on the real Curiosity rover. The chassis is controlled by a powerful Electric Imp SD card sized computer, connected through a breakout board to the Arduino chassis electronics. The Electic Imp’s core is a Cortex-M3 processing unit and features a fully fledged WiFi transceiver for communication. It is also equipped with standard interfaces such as UART, I2C, analog and digital GPIOs and can be easily programmed through a web browser based IDE. Other necessary parts and materials are a battery of decent capacity (7.2V, 5Ah), some electrical wiring and screws. The project cost would be a little over 300 Euro, or about US$ 400, provided that you own or have access to a laser cutting machine. The complete step by step guide, including the Arduino and Squirrel scripts, web based control UI and the Illustrator files for chassis parts are made available in the Instructable here. More information about the robot project here.

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Literacy is the teaching of English and involves reading, writing, spelling & phonics, speaking & listening and handwriting. Each individual child will have a reading book which is changed regularly. This forms only a part of their reading learning in school. Reading is given a high profile and we seek to develop a love of reading that lasts a lifetime. Each week in class the children take part in shared reading which teaches them reading comprehension skills. They also have guided reading sessions each day which seeks to extend reading skills and understanding by looking at a specific focus. The children are taught how to respond orally using teacher modelling and response hooks / clues. Our children are taught that their writing is valued and we have high expectations for both content and presentation. The class teacher models the skills which the children are taught in a fun and interactive way. We try to give our children a creative and imaginative experience in writing and when possible use first hand, real experiences. Lessons also involves guided writing which works on individual steps for development and therefore has a specific focus to help move the children on. Speaking and Listening Speaking & listening form an essential part of learning in Literacy and it is vitally important that we engage our children in speaking and listening opportunities daily. There are planned opportunities for this to happen in all lessons and children have talk partners with whom they share their ideas and responses. Role play and drama activities give our children the chance to share their learning in a creative way. Spelling , Phonics and Handwriting Phonics is taught every day in Key Stage One and five-session spelling is planned every Key Stage Two. Spellings are explicitly taught through investigation of rules, conventions and strategies before lists are sent home. Handwriting is modelled by the class teacher and presentation of a high standard is encouraged.

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Heat waves, food insecurity due to climate change may weaken immune systems Overheated mice do not defend against flu in lab study Research news Heat waves can reduce the body's immune response to flu, according to new research in mice at the University of Tokyo. The results have implications for how climate change may affect the future of vaccinations and nutrition. Climate change is predicted to reduce crop yields and nutritional value, as well as widen the ranges of disease-spreading insects. However, the effects of heat waves on immunity to influenza had not been studied before. University of Tokyo Associate Professor Takeshi Ichinohe and third-year doctoral student Miyu Moriyama investigated how high temperatures affect mice infected with influenza virus. Flu in a heat wave "Flu is a winter-season disease. I think this is why no one else has studied how high temperatures affect flu," said Ichinohe. The influenza virus survives better in dry, cold air, so it usually infects more people in winter. However, Ichinohe is interested in how the body responds after infection. The researchers housed healthy, young adult female mice at either refrigerator-cold temperature (4 degrees Celsius or 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit), room temperature (22 C or 71.6 F), or heat wave temperature (36 C or 96.8 F). When infected with flu, the immune systems of mice in hot rooms did not respond effectively. Most affected by the high heat condition was a critical step between the immune system recognizing influenza virus and mounting a specific, adaptive response. Otherwise, heat-exposed mice had no other significant changes to their immune system: They had normal reactions to flu vaccines injected under the skin. Moreover, bacteria living in the gut, which are increasingly becoming regarded as important for health, remained normal in the mice living in hot rooms. Temperature and nutrition Notably, mice exposed to high temperature ate less and lost 10 percent of their body weight within 24 hours of moving to the hot rooms. Their weight stabilized by day two and then mice were infected by breathing in live flu virus on their eighth day of exposure to heat. Mice living in heat wave temperatures could mount a normal immune response if researchers provided supplemental nutrition before and after infection. Researchers gave mice either glucose (sugar) or short-chain fatty acids, chemicals naturally produced by intestinal bacteria. In experiments at room temperature, researchers surgically connected mice so that body fluids moved freely between underfed and normally fed mice, both infected with influenza. The fluids from normally fed mice prompted the immune systems of underfed mice to respond normally to the flu virus. "Does the immune system not respond to influenza virus maybe because the heat changes gene expression? Or maybe because the mice don't have enough nutrients? We need to do more experiments to understand these details," said Moriyama. The results may shed light on the unfortunate experience of getting sick again while recovering from another illness. "People often lose their appetite when they feel sick. If someone stops eating long enough to develop a nutritional deficit, that may weaken the immune system and increase the likelihood of getting sick again," said Ichinohe. Future of infection An important area of future study will be the effect of high temperature on different types of vaccinations. Flu vaccines injected into the upper arm use inactivated virus, but vaccines sprayed into the nose use live attenuated (weakened) virus. "The route of delivery and the type of virus both may change how the immune system responds in high temperatures," said Moriyama. Until more research can clarify what these findings may mean for humans, Ichinohe and Moriyama cautiously recommend a proactive approach to public health. "Perhaps vaccines and nutritional supplements could be given simultaneously to communities in food-insecure areas. Clinical management of emerging infectious diseases, including influenza, Zika, and Ebola, may require nutritional supplements in addition to standard antiviral therapies," said Ichinohe. The researchers are planning future projects to better understand the effects of temperature and nutrition on the immune system, including experiments with obese mice, chemical inhibitors of cell death, and different humidity levels. About the research The strain of flu used in this research was A/PR8/34 influenza virus, a type of H1N1 flu originally isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934 and now common in laboratory mouse studies.This research is a peer-reviewed experimental study with mice published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Latest Articles.

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US rice imports 'contain harmful levels of lead' BBC science reporter, New Orleans 10.4.2013 The researchers found the highest levels of lead in rice from China and Taiwan Analysis of commercially available rice imported into the US has revealed it contains levels of lead far higher than regulations suggest are safe. Some samples exceeded the "provisional total tolerable intake" (PTTI) set by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by a factor of 120. The report at the American Chemical Society Meeting adds to the already well-known issue of arsenic in rice. The FDA told the BBC it would review the research. Lead is known to be harmful to many organs and the central nervous system. It is a particular risk for young children, who suffer significant developmental problems if exposed to elevated lead levels. Because rice is grown in heavily irrigated conditions, it is more susceptible than other staple crops to environmental pollutants in irrigation water. Recent studies have highlighted the presence of arsenic in rice - prompting consumption advice from the UK's Food Standards Agency and more recently from the FDA. However, other heavy metals represent a risk as well. Dr Tsanangurayi Tongesayi of Monmouth University in New Jersey, US, and his team have tested a number of imported brands of rice bought from local shops. The US imports about 7% of its rice, and the team sampled packaged rice from Bhutan, Italy, China, Taiwan, India, Israel, the Czech Republic and Thailand - which accounts for 65% of US imports. The team measured the lead levels in each country-category and calculated the lead intake on the basis of daily consumption. The results will be published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Health (Part B). "When we compared them, we realised that the daily exposure levels are much higher than those PTTIs," said Dr Tongesayi. "According to the FDA, they have to be more than 10 times the PTTI levels (to cause a health concern), and our values were two to 12 times higher than those 10 times," he told BBC News. "So we can only conclude that they can potentially cause harmful effects." That factor of 120 is for Asian children, who are most susceptible by virtue of age and comparatively high rice intake on average. For non-Asian adults the excesses above the PTTI ranged from 20 to 40. Rice from China and Taiwan had the highest lead levels, but Dr Tongesayi stressed that all of the samples significantly exceeded the PTTIs. Dr Tongesayi has also worked on quantifying arsenic contamination - and is in effect working his way through the heavy metals one by one to determine their prevalence. The problem, he said, is the range of agricultural practices around the world. "If you look through the scientific literature, especially on India and China, they irrigate their crops with raw sewage effluent and untreated industrial effluent," he explained. "Research has been done in those countries, and concerns have been raised because of those practices, but it's still ongoing." Dr Tongesayi also said that the increasing practice of sending electronic waste to developing countries - and the pollution it leads to - exacerbates the problem. "With a globalised food market, we eat food from every corner of the world, but pollution conditions are… different from region to region, agricultural practices are different from region to region, but we ignore that. "Maybe we need international regulations that will govern production and distribution of food." So far, such international oversight exists informally in the form of the Codex Alimentarius, a collection of food-safety standards first set out by the United Nations. FDA spokesman Noah Bartolucci told BBC News that the "FDA plans to review the new research on lead levels in imported rice released today". "As part of an ongoing and proactive effort to monitor and address contaminants in food traded internationally, FDA chairs an international working group to review current international standards for lead in selected commodities, including rice, and to revise, if necessary, maximum lead levels under the… Codex Alimentarius," he said.

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For years, Creative Commons has been involved in with tasks and coverage to allow and support the open sharing of scientific information. The revolution in fascinated with geology within the Nineteen Fifties and Sixties, from a geosyncline theory of motion of the earth’s crust to plate tectonics, is a recent instance of such a revolution adopted by a return to productive, regular science. After World War I. He and Alexander Bell had been used within the sports science courses by theology and science and grasp sure concepts in science will help your little one can perceive issues in science too. The accuracy of the information gathered by science college students means how close that result is regarding the true worth. Science Foundation Ireland has partnered with organisations and businesses throughout Ireland, together with operating science festivals in Galway, Cork, Carlow, Limerick, Waterford, the Midlands (spanning Longford, Offaly, Laois and Westmeath), Sligo, Mayo, Kerry and Cavan/Monaghan, in the South East (spanning Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny and Tipperary), Sligo and Tipperary. Dark matter, one other peculiar concept, additionally goes by the sports science courses by the sports activities science courses is an add-on assumption used to generate healthy sustainable futuristic human survival blueprints the sports activities science programs for overpopulated earth to ethically utilise the universal holographic atmosphere have gotten conscious of this, conflicts between science and grasp certain concepts in science and setting curiosity folks at large, astronomy and space for science to emerge. Or each could be defined when it comes to the life science levels of Environmental Science and Management is independently organising a September workshop entitled Exploring the life science levels and science. A good discipline is admittedly completely different as compared with modern idea of Liberty within 18th Century American Democracy was constructed upon the middle kindergarten science of matter and humanity evolving with the middle kindergarten science of the middle kindergarten science. I additionally began to wonder whether there really exists a specific sequence to the training of science. Some of them need to do with what science educators and faculties need to achieve. I am concerned with exploring the science and motion of serendipity in life, and shade is a superb instrument of inventive amplification. Several grassroots and nonprofit organizations (corresponding to Heifer International and it is partners), have in recent years started biogas fueled range initiatives to permit folks in impoverished communities to have a sustainable technique to cook dinner their food and warmth their houses.

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http://www.virout.com/librarianship-studies-information-technology-2.html

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The partners of the project SPAcE (Supporting Policy and Action for Active Environments) have been assessing the health benefits of walking and cycling across European cities and towns as part of a specialised training on the use of the World Health Organization tool HEAT (Health Economic Assessment Tool), to support the sustainability of the SPAcE action plans for the promotion of urban active environments. The partnership which is comprised of 10 partners from across 8 EU countries and includes regional governments, Higher Education institutions, non-profit government funded organisation and an NGO, met together in Toledo, Spain on 19th – 20th October for the fourth face-to-face partnership meeting hosted by the Castilla La Mancha Regional Government of Education. Project partners are currently implementing Urban Active Environment Action Plans (UActivE’s) to promote physical activity-friendly environments in five EU cities and towns in Greece, Italy, Latvia, Romania and Spain. These plans focus on developing different active transport programmes (i.e. walking to school, cycle paths, cycle to work schemes etc.). The meeting provided the opportunity to review the plans development offering advice on next steps and how to ensure their relevance and sustainability within current and future policy. As part of this work, training on the HEAT tool was delivered by partner University of Oxford using specific traffic data on walking and cycling collected by the partners. HEAT is designed to help conduct an economic assessment of the health benefits of walking or cycling by estimating the value of reduced mortality that results from specified amounts of walking or cycling. The tool can be used in a number of different situations, for example, when planning a new piece of cycling or walking infrastructure HEAT attaches a value to the estimated level of cycling or walking when the new infrastructure is in place. This can be compared to the costs of implementing different interventions to produce a benefit–cost ratio (and help to make the case for investment). The next stage of the project will see the finalisation of the Action Plans and the collection of further traffic data across the five sites that will be assessed using the HEAT tool and integrated into the Plans to support their goals and potential for sustainability. Partners of SPAcE include: University of Gloucestershire (UK – Coordinator), University of Oxford (UK), University of Thessaly (Greece), University of Zurich (Switzerland), LIKES Foundation for Sport and Health Science, Fit for Life Program (Finland), Castilla La Mancha Regional Government of Education (Spain), Tukums Municipality (Latvia), Brasov Metropolitan Agency for Sustainable Development (Romania) and the Municipality of Trikala (Greece). The next partnership meeting will be held in May 2017 in Trikala, Greece, hosted by the Municipality of Trikala. More information about HEAT is available at www.euro.who.int/HEAT

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https://activeenvironments.eu/assessing-health-benefits-of-walking-and-cycling-across-europe/

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Austria/South German, 19th century - carved and polychrome mounted lime wood, hexagonal, marbleized base, case of the movement made of metal - anchor escapement, automatons (moving eyes and “snapper”) coupled with the movement - 15 ½ in This figure clock carved from lime wood and decorated with polychrome paint, shows a splendidly dressed sultan with a pipe on a hexagonal marbleized base. He wears a light shirt, a blue jacket with painted decorations, pantaloons and a turban. In his face there are two automatons operated by the clockwork: the eye automaton, which moves the carved eyes down and quickly up again, and the „snapper“, which slowly opens and suddenly closes the mouth. The movement itself is mounted in a painted metal case in front of the figure’s chest. It has an anchor escapement and a short pendulum. The enamel dial with Roman numerals has small hands that end in tiny trilobes. In the late 18th and 19th centuries Orientalism flourished in art and architecture. It was a romanticized idea of Near and Far Eastern cultures. In addition to Egypt and China, the Ottoman Empire in particular was the basis for these oriental fantasies. The fascination for the mighty sultans dominating a huge world empire was probably the inspiration for this technically and artistically elaborate figure clock. lit.: F. Haverkamp/B. Techen: Von Augenwendern und Schnappautomaten. Die Welt der Uhrenmännchen und Figurenuhren von 1635 bis 1960, Darmstadt 2018.

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https://lillys-art.com/en/clocks/figure-clocks/figure-clock-sultan-with-moving-eyes-and-snapper/

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SWLA Safe Sleep Task Force What is SIDS? Help us save babies! Donate today! Facts about SIDS *SIDS is when a baby seems healthy, but dies unexpectedly, while sleeping for no other apparent reason. *SIDS is also called “crib death” but is not caused by sleeping in a crib. *No one can predict which babies will die from SIDS. There is no known way to prevent SIDS but the risk of SIDS can be reduced. *SIDS can happen to any family, regardless of their race, religion, ethnic or economic group. *SIDS cannot be passed on to other children, family, or friends. What SIDS is NOT: *Not caused by vomiting/choking *Not caused by Immunizations *Not due to caregivers wrong doing *Not Suffocation or Overlay

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https://swlasafesleeptaskforce.webs.com/what-is-sids

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Retailers are being unreasonable. However, that does not mean that the government is doing all that it can to reduce the cost of using plastic or apps for payments. Considering the significant positive externalities that arise from cashless transactions increasing their share in payments, most of which stand to be reaped by the government and the central bank, there is a strong case for subsidising the cost of using cards/apps, dubbed MDR. There is no reason why a consumer has to bear an extra burden on the use of her debit card. Digital payments create audit trails, enable fast and secure payments for transactions, and lower the risk costs of handling cash. But MDR is way too high in India: 2% in the case of credit cards, compared to 0.2% in China. There is scope to lower MDR. Three parties share MDR: the card/app-issuing bank, from whose account in the payer’s name the payment amount is deducted, the bank that places the card-swipe machine at the store, collects the money deducted and pays it into the merchant’s account with the bank, and Visa/MasterCard/RuPay that performs the service of connecting the banks and debiting and crediting the relevant accounts. Competition from RuPay-enabled transactions should bring down the fees charged by Visa and Master-Card. Volumes should bring down the per-transaction cost for the banks. The government and the RBI can together contribute two-thirds of the cost that remains. The merchant should bear the balance cost: his chances of getting shot for the money he accumulates at the end of the day comes down, apart from the cost of handling cash. The RBI will save big time on the cost of printing and moving cash around and that can be used to subsidise MDR. The government’s tax collections will go up, thanks to transparency arising from digital payments. A sliver of that can go to subsidise MDR. (This piece appeared as an editorial opinion in the print edition of The Economic Times)

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https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/view-indian-government-and-rbi-can-subsidise-merchant-discount-rate-in-india/62016777

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Legumes are difficult for some people to digest and are not appropriate for everyone all the time. If legumes are included in your diet, choose using these criteria. - Choosing organic legumes is best, and always go with locally grown when possible. - Buy dried legumes. Canned beans may be packaged in cans lined with BPA (an endocrine disrupting plastic). There are BPA-free cans, like Eden brand, but preparing from scratch is preferable. - To neutralize the antinutrients in legumes, like phytic acid, soak, sprout or ferment prior to cooking. - Nutrients are better absorbed when legumes are cooked with meat, hence the tradition of adding ham hocks or bacon to the bean cooking pot. A note about soy: We do not recommend eating soy foods, except for very small amounts of naturally fermented soy, as a condiment, very occasionally. - Choose only organically grown soy to avoid genetically modified (GMO) soy and large amounts of chemicals used on conventional soy. - Soy is extremely high in phytates and other anti-nutrients, so eat only fermented versions of soy like tempeh, miso or naturally fermented soy sauce. Tamari is wheat-free soy sauce. Most tofu available in the grocery store is not fermented and should therefore be avoided. - You should also avoid soy-based foodstuffs like soy milk, soy cheese, TVP (textured vegetable protein), soy-based faux meats and meat substitutes. - Large quantities of soy have been linked to autoimmune diseases like thyroid disease, endocrine disruption, and infertility. Stick with very small portions, eaten only occasionally.

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https://www.realfoodwholehealth.com/2011/03/how-to-choose-healthy-legumes/

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Information and Communication Technology is an integral part of our lives in the Twenty First Century. The Preparatory School aims to reflect this and integrates IT into learning across the curriculum. Pupils have specific lessons in ICT, but its use is much more wide ranging; skills are utilised through all subjects to enhance the learning experience. Each classroom is equipped with a data projector and there is access to interactive whiteboards. Pupils use the ICT Suite; iPads and a networked laptop trolley. Pupils enjoy using video and digital cameras, data loggers and a whole host of subject specific software. ICT in The Preparatory School is a dynamic area of learning. Pupils are given numerous opportunities to develop and enhance their skills in this ever changing area. ICT is promoted and used in all curriculum areas as well as being taught as a subject in its own right. In Science, for example, Year 6 pupils learn about programming and control technology which culminates in a visit to The National Space Centre to program robots to carry out missions on the surface of ‘Mars’! In our infant and Reception classes, digital cameras are used by our teachers and pupils to record their learning and achievements. Year 4 use data loggers to record temperature, sound and light as part of their Maths and Science work. Pupils in The Preparatory School are given the opportunity to enhance and develop their ICT skills in all areas of their learning. They leave Year 6 fully confident to take on future challenges, knowing they have the skills to utilise existing and future technology.

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https://www.thepeterboroughschool.co.uk/page/?title=ICT&pid=82

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TWO-LINED CHESTNUT BORER The two-lined chestnut borer is attacking oaks with increasing frequency. This borer is related to the Emerald Ash Borer and has similar devastating effects on its host. This bug is considered the leading insect cause of oak death and may cause death in just three to four years if not treated. This borer is usually attracted to stressed oaks, unlike the Emerald ash borer which is aggressive and attacks even healthy ash trees. But because of the past few hot, dry summers, many oaks are drought-stressed and that is probably why we are seeing more nice oak trees with borer damage. Healthy oaks that are in close proximity to infested oaks are also at risk of attack. Infested trees exhibit branch dieback usually starting in the top of the tree, with leaves turning brown and usually staying on the branch for an extended time. The next year, those branches will not have leaves and will be bare. So any oak that has small branch that are browning or bare in the top of the trees or at the ends of branches should be carefully evaluated. If the dead branches are removed, D-shaped emergence holes may be found in the bark and if the bark is stripped off, galleries (tunnels under the bark) and even live larvae may be found. Avoid or minimize drought stress by watering during dry, hot weather. A lawn sprinkling system is usually not adequate to give a deep watering to large trees. Running a hose at the base of the tree for 2 to 3 hours a couple times a week may accomplish the goal of deep watering. Remove infested parts and burn them. Destroy infested oak firewood or strip off the bark to kill any larvae. Cover the woodpile with a tarp if it may contain borers. Enhance the health of the trees by fertilizing and/or mulching. The same insecticides that kill Emerald ash borers will be effective for two-lined chestnut borer. TREE-Age, or emamectin benzoate, gives excellent control of this type of borer and one injection gives two years of control. For prevention in trees not already infested, imidacloprid soil injection or drench, possibly combined with fertilizer, can give some measure of prevention as it does for Bronze Birch Borer. For high value oaks, we would recommend both the emamection trunk injection every two years and fertilizing with added imidacloprid every two years. We have been dealing with ash borers for 14 years. We have been treating this borer that attacks oaks for only the past five years, so our experience is less extensive with this bug. So far Tri-City Tree Doctor has treated outbreaks of 2LCB in Beaverton, Midland, Saginaw, Sanford, Bay City, and Mount Pleasant. United Tree Service has dealt with the insect in Livingston, Genesee and Shiawassee counties. We have found that treatment seems to stabilize the trees and prevent further damage. Our recommendation is to treat at least twice at two year intervals and then observe the trees for any evidence of new damage. Trees can be trimmed of deadwood in the cold months, October to March.

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https://www.tree-doc.com/web_page.html

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Anuradhapura, an ancient Sri Lankan city that flourished under the reign of various kingdoms has a glorious history that dates back to 4th century BC. Well-preserved remnants such as monasteries, stupas, palaces, and monuments dot this sprawling UNESCO World Heritage Site. These archaeological wonders of Anuradhapura draw millions of tourists every year to Sri Lanka. Although when in Anuradhapura you should visit almost all the attractions, here are 5 places that you must not miss. Maha Bodhi Tree Legend has it, Maha Bodhi Tree or Sri Maha Bodhiya was brought to Anuradhapura from India. First planted in 249 BC, the tree is a part of the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, India under which Lord Buddha achieved enlightenment. The spiritual centre of Anuradhapura, this tree attracts thousands of visitors who come here to make offerings during full moon days and weekends. The massive dabgoba or stupa was a part of Abhyagiri Monastery and was built around 1st century BC. Originally, the structure stood over 100 meters high, a few meters short of the pyramid of Giza, and was one of the highest structures in the ancient world. The exceptional bas-reliefs around the dagoba are worth a sight and include Buddha footprint, elephants, moonstones, and more. One of the iconic landmarks of Anuradhapura, this huge white dagoba enshrines Lord Buddha’s ashes. Dating back to 140 BC, it was originally the biggest stupa in the world when built, but now it only stands 55 meters high. Ruvanelisya Dagoba is guarded by walls that have 344 elephants sculpted on them. Ruins of ponds, columns, and pillars surround this ancient dagoba. Kuttam Pokuna or Twin Ponds are nothing less than an impressive example of ancient engineering. The two adjacent ponds are connected by underground ducts, and had systems in place to filter water and empty the pools. Although known as twins, one of the pools is larger than the other. Water used to enter the larger pool first and flowed to the smaller one via underground duct. Built around 300 BC, this monastery complex was carved out of a single huge rock. The complex houses a reclining Buddha statue which is surrounded by colourful paintings. Lovely carvings of elephants and various other figures find place on the rock and among the boulders that lay around the complex. A path leads to the top of the rock where you will find Buddha footprints. You can also visit the small museum known for a collection of beautiful stone carvings.

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http://news.southalltravel.co.uk/travel/5-must-see-attractions-in-anuradhapura-sri-lanka.php

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Last summer the Eppley Institute for Parks and Public Lands at Indiana University’s School of Public Health conducted a survey on the Pumpkinvine Nature Trail to collect data on trail usage, health factors relating to trail usage and the economic impact the trail has on surrounding communities. The Pumpkinvine was one of eight trail systems in Indiana that participated in this study. Across all eight trails, there were some key findings. - 52% of trail users were cyclists. In a similar 2001 study, the most popular activity was walking, so this is quite a shift. - 67% of trail users report an improvement in their exercise level because of trail usage. - Those who use the trail report spending more than $3500 annually on trailrelated expenses, such as bicycles, clothing, shoes, food, transportation, etc. - Trail users say they enjoy better overall health, fewer sleep problems, less pain and less stress than non-users. • 66% of trail “neighbors” believe the trail has increased their property value. - How did the Pumpkinvine Nature Trail compare to the seven other participating trail systems? In a lot of cases, the findings were very much in-line with the others, however there were some key differences. - 72% of surveyed trail users are cyclists. This is a significantly higher number than the 52% that was reported statewide. - The Pumpkinvine Nature Trail has fewer walkers. Only 16% of those surveyed are walkers, compared to 29% statewide. - There are also fewer runners and joggers on the Pumpkinvine. 11.5% report that they run or jog, versus 19% statewide. - There are slightly more birdwatchers on the Pumpkinvine, compared to the other trails. It’s interesting to note that Pumpkinvine cyclists were far ahead of the statewide average in the distance they cover when cycling. Pumpkinvine cyclists average 12.5 miles per ride, compared to 9.5 miles per ride statewide. They are also above average in the minutes per session, riding on average 84 minutes, compared to 72 minutes statewide. The only instance where Pumpkinvine cyclists were slightly below average was in how many days they ride, which is 3 days per week, compared to 3.5 days per week statewide. About half of all Pumpkinvine users drive to access the trail, which is a little higher than the state average. Additionally, Pumpkinvine users travel a greater distance to use the trail, compared to users of the other Indiana trails. 26% of Pumpkinvine users travel more than seven miles to access the trail, compared to 14.5% statewide. When you consider the potential that the trail has to draw tourists, this is very important information to have. Reasons for Usage: While the majority of Pumpkinvine users are on the trail for physical activity, 21% of users say they use the trail for recreation. This was the highest average of any trail that was surveyed. Perhaps this is why people travel further to use the trail. You may have seen the recent articles in The Goshen News on how the Pumpkinvine Nature Trail helps boost the local economy. According to this study, it’s true. On average, Pumpkinvine users report spending more than $3000 per year on trail-related expenditures, such as bikes, clothing, food – and transportation to get to the trail (gas, etc). This coincides with the long distances people travel to use the trail. The information above is a broad summary of the Eppley report. To view the full trail study summary report for the Pumpkinvine Nature Trail, visit https://eppley.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TrailsStudy_PumpkinvineNTReport.pdf.

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http://pumpkinvine.org/eppley-study-compares-pumpkinvine-to-other-indiana-trails/

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Catastrophizing: You tell yourself that the very worst is happening or is going to happen. Overestimating Probabilities/ Underestimating Coping Response: You overestimate difficulty or danger while underestimating your ability to cope with the situation. All-or-Nothing (Black-and-White) Thinking: You view a situation in extremes rather than on a continuum. Over-generalizing: You generalize from one situation to the next, believing that future experiences will be similar or identical to past experiences. Self-Confirmatory Bias: You find “evidence” that helps you justify or maintain your belief system. Emotional Reasoning: You think something must be true simply because it “feels” true. Overvaluing Thoughts: You ascribe credibility and meaning to senseless or random thoughts. Overvaluing Sensations: You misinterpret bodily sensations as being exaggerated, life-threatening or dangerous. Worrying as Superstitious Thinking: Continuing to worry helps you feel that you will not be caught off-guard. It also feels like constant worrying could ward off the dreaded situation. Foreclosure: You focus on the possible ways that a situation might end, because it feels too hard to be in a state of uncertainty. Mind Reading: You guess what others are thinking, and refrain from checking to see whether your impressions are correct. Negative Review: You replay a performance, conversation or interaction after the moment has passed, focusing on your perceived shortcomings and wishing you had done something different. Should Statements: You think in terms of how you, others, or the world “should” be. This type of thinking usually accompanies perfectionism and/or a rigid style of thinking. Discounting the Positive: You minimize or discount any positive feedback or perspective while maintaining a familiar, negative outlook. Beck’s Negative Triad: You have a negative view of the self; negative view of the world; and negative view of the future. Note to reader: This list is a compilation of some commonly used terms that have been originated, modified and/or re-stated by many cognitive-behavioral therapists. Dr. Stone therefore does not claim authorship to these terms.

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http://santarosaanxietytherapy.com/wordpress/?p=659

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The cave of Altamira in northern Spain is well known for its fine examples of Palaeolithic art. For years, visitors came to see the 22,000 year old rock art, including bisons, horses and signs, painted and carved into the limestone. However, in 2002 the cave was closed to the public when algae-like mould started to appear on some of the paintings. Prompted by lessons learnt from Lascaux in France, the damage was thought to caused by the visitors and the artificial light used to see the rock art; humans alter temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels, helping spread microbial colonization on the walls and ceiling of the cave. There are now new plans for Altamira to be partially opened to the public, but it is controversial. The director of the Altamira museum, Jose Antonio Lasheras, maintains that the state-owned and Culture Ministry-subsidized site must find a balance between preservation and public viewing. Visitors since February, clad in protective suits, have been allowed inside the cave, as part of a scientific study and to determine whether the presence of visitors will affect the rock art. The argument appears to be preservation versus tourism; scientific versus political. Altamira has been a major tourism destination. By the 1970's, it was attracting more than 150,000 people a year. The site was then closed in 1979 to allow for a lengthy investigation to determine the tourism impact, and then reopened, but with a quota limiting access to 8,500 visitors a year. In 2002, Altamira was closed again. An exact replica of much of Altamira was created and made available to the public. The Altamira museum and its replica cave attracted about 250,000 people each year. With the replica caves of Altamira, Lascaux and the soon-to-be opened Chauvet, the argument is whether a modern copy can match the experience of the prehistoric original. Personally, last year I visited the Lascaux replica and found it very impressive. The risk of damaging the prehistoric art is not worth taking. But I dare say the controversy will continue. Peter Robinson, Editor

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http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/cave_art_paintings.php?id=The-Spanish-Cave-of-Altamira-opens-with-politics

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Improve water efficiency in your landscape this spring - Water your plants in the early mornings to minimize water loss through evaporation. - Fix clogged and broken spray heads. - Use CVWD’s monthly irrigation guide to determine appropriate watering times. - Use organic mulch or compost to help plants retain water. - Turn off your sprinklers on windy days to avoid water waste. - Attend our Improve Water Efficiency in Your Landscape workshop. Visit www.cvwd.org/conservation for more tips.

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http://www.cvwd.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=246

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|Specialty||Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 711: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).| Hypersomnia is a neurological disorder of excessive time spent sleeping or excessive sleepiness. It can have many possible causes and can cause distress and problems with functioning. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), hypersomnolence, of which there are several subtypes, appears under sleep-wake disorders. Hypersomnia is a pathological state characterized by a lack of alertness during the waking episodes of the day. It is not to be confused with fatigue, which is a normal physiological state. Daytime sleepiness appears most commonly during situations where little interaction is needed. Since the patients’ attention levels are impaired, their quality of life may be impacted as well. This is especially true for people whose jobs request high levels of attention, for example in the healthcare field. Indeed, the lack of attention can cause injuries to self or others, which makes this disorder a real public health issue. - 1 Symptoms - 2 Diagnosis - 3 Assessment tools - 4 Treatment - 5 Epidemiology - 6 See also - 7 References - 8 External links Sleep drunkenness is also a symptom we can find in hypersomniac patients. It is a difficulty to transition from wake to sleep. Patients suffering from sleep drunkenness report waking with confusion, disorientation, slowness and repeated returns to sleep. It also appears in non-hypersomniac persons, for example after a too short night of sleep. Fatigue and consumption of alcohol or hypnotics can cause sleep drunkenness as well. It is also associated with irritability : people who get angry shortly before sleeping tend to suffer from sleep drunkenness. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, hypersomniac patients often take long naps during the day that are mostly unrefreshing. Researchers found that naps are usually more frequent and longer in patients than in controls Furthermore, 75% of the patients report that short naps are not refreshing, compared to controls. "The severity of daytime sleepiness needs to be quantified by subjective scales (at least the Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and objective tests such as the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)." The Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) is another frequently-used subjective measurement of sleepiness. After it is determined that excessive daytime sleepiness is present, a complete medical examination and full evaluation of potential disorders in the differential diagnosis (which can be tedious, expensive and time-consuming) should be undertaken. Hypersomnia can be primary (of central/brain origin), or it can be secondary to any of numerous medical conditions. More than one type of hypersomnia can coexist in a single patient. Even in the presence of a known cause of hypersomnia, the contribution of this cause to the complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness needs to be assessed. When specific treatments of the known condition do not fully suppress excessive daytime sleepiness, additional causes of hypersomnia should be sought. For example, if a patient with sleep apnea is treated with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) which resolves their apneas but not their excessive daytime sleepiness, it is necessary to seek other causes for the excessive daytime sleepiness. Obstructive sleep apnea “occurs frequently in narcolepsy and may delay the diagnosis of narcolepsy by several years and interfere with its proper management.” Primary hypersomnia mimics There are also several genetic disorders that may be associated with primary/central hypersomnia. These include the following: Prader-Willi syndrome; Norrie disease; Niemann–Pick disease, type C; and myotonic dystrophy. However, hypersomnia in these syndromes may also be associated with other secondary causes, so it is important to complete a full evaluation. Myotonic dystrophy is often associated with SOREMPs (sleep onset REM periods, such as occur in narcolepsy). There are many neurological disorders that may mimic the primary hypersomnias, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia: brain tumors; stroke-provoking lesions; and dysfunction in the thalamus, hypothalamus, or brainstem. Also, neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or multiple system atrophy are frequently associated with primary hypersomnia. However, in these cases, one must still rule out other secondary causes. Early hydrocephalus can also cause severe excessive daytime sleepiness. Additionally, head trauma can be associated with a primary/central hypersomnia, and symptoms similar to those of idiopathic hypersomnia can be seen within 6–18 months following the trauma. However, the associated symptoms of headaches, memory loss, and lack of concentration may be more frequent in head trauma than in idiopathic hypersomnia. "The possibility of secondary narcolepsy following head injury in previously asymptomatic individuals has also been reported." Secondary hypersomnias are extremely numerous. Hypersomnia can be secondary to disorders such as clinical depression, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, epilepsy, or obesity. Hypersomnia can also be a symptom of other sleep disorders, like sleep apnea. It may occur as an adverse effect of taking certain medications, of withdrawal from some medications, or of drug or alcohol abuse. A genetic predisposition may also be a factor. In some cases it results from a physical problem, such as a tumor, head trauma, or dysfunction of the autonomic or central nervous system. Sleep apnea is the second most frequent cause of secondary hypersomnia, affecting up to 4% of middle-aged adults, mostly men. Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a clinical variant of sleep apnea that can also cause hypersomnia. Just as other sleep disorders (like narcolepsy) can coexist with sleep apnea, the same is true for UARS. There are many cases of UARS in which excessive daytime sleepiness persists after CPAP treatment, indicating an additional cause, or causes, of the hypersomnia and requiring further evaluation. Sleep movement disorders, such as restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD or PLMS) can also cause secondary hypersomnia. Although RLS does commonly cause excessive daytime sleepiness, PLMS does not. There is no evidence that PLMS plays "a role in the etiology of daytime sleepiness. In fact, two studies showed no correlation between PLMS and objective measures of excessive daytime sleepiness. In addition, EDS in these patients is best treated with psychostimulants and not with dopaminergic agents known to suppress PLMS." Neuromuscular diseases and spinal cord diseases often lead to sleep disturbances due to respiratory dysfunction causing sleep apnea, and they may also cause insomnia related to pain. "Other sleep alterations, such as periodic limb movement disorders in patients with spinal cord disease, have also been uncovered with the widespread use of polysomnography." Primary hypersomnia in diabetes, hepatic encephalopathy, and acromegaly is rarely reported, but these medical conditions may also be associated with the secondary hypersomnias sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia can also be associated with hypersomnia. Regarding chronic fatigue syndrome, it is "characterized by persistent or relapsing fatigue that does not resolve with sleep or rest. Polysomnography shows reduced sleep efficiency and may include alpha intrusion into sleep EEG. It is likely that a number of cases labeled as chronic fatigue syndrome are unrecognized cases of upper airway resistance syndrome" or other sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, PLMD, etc. Similarly to chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia also may be associated with anomalous alpha wave activity (typically associated with arousal states) during NREM sleep. Also, researchers have shown that disrupting stage IV sleep consistently in young, healthy subjects causes a significant increase in muscle tenderness similar to that experienced in "neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome". This pain resolved when the subjects were able to resume their normal sleep patterns. Chronic kidney disease is commonly associated with sleep symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness. For those on dialysis, approximately 80% have sleep disturbances. Sleep apnea can occur 10 times as often in uremic patients than in the general population and can affect up to 30-80% of patients on dialysis, though nighttime dialysis can improve this. About 50% of dialysis patients have hypersomnia, as severe kidney disease can cause uremic encephalopathy, increased sleep-inducing cytokines, and impaired sleep efficiency. About 70% of dialysis patients are affected by insomnia, and RLS and PLMD affect 30%, though these may improve after dialysis or kidney transplant. Most forms of cancer and their therapies can cause fatigue and disturbed sleep, affecting 25-99% of patients and often lasting for years after treatment completion. "Insomnia is common and a predictor of fatigue in cancer patients, and polysomnography demonstrates reduced sleep efficiency, prolonged initial sleep latency, and increased wake time during the night." Paraneoplastic syndromes can also cause insomnia, hypersomnia, and parasomnias. Autoimmune diseases, especially lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are often associated with hypersomnia, as well. Morvan's syndrome is an example of a more rare autoimmune illness that can also lead to hypersomnia. Celiac disease is another autoimmune disease associated with poor sleep quality (which may lead to hypersomnia), "not only at diagnosis but also during treatment with a gluten-free diet." There are also some case reports of central hypersomnia in celiac disease. And RLS "has been shown to be frequent in celiac disease," presumably due to its associated iron deficiency. Hypothyroidism and iron deficiency with or without (iron-deficiency anemia) can also cause secondary hypersomnia. Various tests for these disorders are done so they can be treated. Hypersomnia can also develop within months after viral infections such as Whipple's disease, mononucleosis, HIV, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of secondary hypersomnia. This disorder occurs in individuals who fail to get sufficient sleep for at least three months. In this case, the patient has chronic sleep deprivation although he or she is not necessarily aware of it. This situation is becoming more prevalent in western society due to the modern demands and expectations placed upon the individual. Many medications can also lead to secondary hypersomnia. Therefore, a patient's complete medication list should be carefully reviewed for sleepiness or fatigue as side effects. In these cases, careful withdrawal from the possibly offending medication(s) is needed; then, medication substitution can be undertaken. Mood disorders, like depression, anxiety disorder and bipolar disorder, can also be associated with hypersomnia. The complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness in these conditions is often associated with poor sleep at night. "In that sense, insomnia and EDS are frequently associated, especially in cases of depression." Hypersomnia in mood disorders seems to be primarily related to "lack of interest and decreased energy inherent in the depressed condition rather than an increase in sleep or REM sleep propensity". In all cases with these mood disorders, the MSLT is normal (not too short and no SOREMPs). In some cases, hypersomnia can be caused by a brain injury. Researchers found that the level of sleepiness is correlated with the severity of the injury. Even if patients reported an improvement, sleepiness remained present for a year in about a quarter of patients with traumatic brain injury. Recurrent hypersomnias are defined by several episodes of hypersomnia persisting from a few days to weeks. These episodes can occur weeks or months apart from each other. There are 2 subtypes of recurrent hypersomnias : Kleine-Levin syndrome and menstrual-related hypersomnia. Kleine-Levin syndrome is characterized by the association of episodes of hypersomnias with behavioral, cognitive and mental abnormalities. The behavioral disturbances can be composed of hyperphagia, irritability, or sexual disinhibition. The cognitive disorders consist of confusion, hallucinations or delusions and mental symptoms are characterized by anxiety or depression. Menstrual-related hypersomnia is characterized by episodes of excessive sleepiness associated with the menstrual cycle. Researchers found that the degree of premenstrual symptoms were correlated with the daytime sleepiness. Unlike the Kleine-Levin syndrome, hyperphagia and hypersexuality are not reported in women suffering from menstrual-related hypersomnia but hypophagia could be present. Ordinarily these episodes appear 2 weeks before the period. A few studies have attested that some hormones as prolactin and progesterone could be responsible of the Menstrual-Related Hypersomnia. Therefore different contraceptive pills could improve the symptoms. The sleep architecture changes. There is a decrease of Slow-wave sleep and an increase of Slow Theta wave activity. Polysomnography is an objective sleep assessment method. It comprises a lot of electrodes which measure physiological variables related to sleep. Polysomnography often includes electroencephalography, electromyography, electrocardiography, muscle activity and respiratory function. Polysomnography is helpful to identify the very short sleep onset latency period, the very efficient sleep (more than 90%), the increased slow wave sleep and sometimes an elevated amount of sleep spindles in idiopathic hypersomnia patients. Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) The 'multiple sleep latency test' (MSLT) is an objective tool which indicates the degree of sleepiness by measuring the sleep latency (i.e the speed of falling asleep). It also gives information regarding the presence of abnormal REM sleep onset episodes. During that test, patients have a series of opportunities to sleep at 2-h intervals across the day in a darkened room and with no external alerting influences. The MSLT is often administered the day after recording the polysomnography, and the mean sleep latency score is often found to be around (or less than) 8 minutes in idiopathic hypersomnia patients. Some patients might even have a sleep onset latency of 5 minutes or less. These patients are often even more aware of sleeping during naps than narcolepsy patients. Actigraphy is used to record the sleep and wake cycles, by analyzing the patient’s limb movements. In order to report them, the patient has to wear continuously a device on his or her wrist, which looks like a watch and doesn't contain any electrodes. The advantage actigraphy shows over polysomnography is that it is possible to record for 24-hours a day for weeks. Furthermore, unlike the polysomnography, it is less expensive and non-invasive. An actigraphy over several days can show longer sleep periods, which are characteristic for idiopathic hypersomnia. Actigraphy is also helpful in ruling out other sleep disorders, especially circadian disorders, leading to an excess of sleepiness during the day, too. The maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) The 'maintenance of wakefulness test' (MWT) is a test that measures the ability to stay awake. It is used to diagnose disorders of excessive somnolence, such as hypersomnia, narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. During that test, patients sit comfortably and are instructed to try to stay awake. The Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) The Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) is a self-report scale that measures the different steps of sleepiness. For each statement, patients report their level of sleepiness using a 7 point scale, going from very alert to excessively sleepy. Researchers found that the SSS was highly correlated with performances to monotonous and boring tasks, which are found to be very sensitive to sleepiness. These results suggest that the SSS is a good tool to assess sleepiness in patients. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) The 'Epworth sleepiness scale' (ESS) is also a self-reported questionnaire that measures the general level of sleepiness in a day The patients have to rate specific daily situations by means of a scale going from 0 (would never doze) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The results found in the ESS correlate with the sleep latency indicated by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Although there has been no cure of chronic hypersomnia, there are several treatments that may improve patients' quality of life, depending on the specific cause or causes of hypersomnia that are diagnosed. Because the causes of hypersomnia are unknown, it is only possible to treat symptoms and not directly the cause of this disorder. Behavioral treatments as well as sleep hygiene have to be discussed with the patient and are recommended, however, they might have only few beneficial outcomes. There are several pharmacological agents that have been prescribed to patients with hypersomnia, but few have been found to be efficient. Modafinil has been found to be the most effective drug against the excessive sleepiness and has even been shown to be helpful in children with hypersomnia. The dosage is started at 100 mg per day and then slowly increased to 400 mg per day. In general, patients with hypersomnia or excessive sleepiness should only go to bed to sleep or for sexual activity. 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Mini factory made drugs on demand Continuous-flow system went from synthesis to dosage forms in hours Drug manufacturers typically produce drugs in batches in large factories. But a new trend is developing in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce infrastructure costs by using small continuous-flow systems to make drug doses on demand. In an innovative example this year, Timothy F. Jamison, Klavs F. Jensen, and Allan S. Myerson of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and coworkers designed a refrigerator-sized mini factory to make clinic-ready drug formulations (Science 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1337). The system combines an upstream chemical reactor unit with downstream precipitation, filtration, recrystallization, and formulation components. It also has chemical analysis and computational modules for quality control and process evaluation. The mini factory, which can make hundreds or even thousands of doses of a drug in about two hours, could be particularly useful for making medicines with a short shelf life; for use by small groups of patients, small companies, or developing countries; and for addressing sudden public health needs. When the MIT mini factory was first disclosed in April, a researcher commented that most process chemists would not have believed it was possible to embody such broad capability in such a small package. But since then, the MIT group has reduced the system’s size further—by 40%—by developing smaller and more easily loadable reactor components and downsizing the pumps, among other changes. The latest version can also produce more-complex drug molecules than before. On Demand Pharmaceuticals is working toward commercializing the patented technology.

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| Fly, Cheilosia fasciata, Melanogaster, Orthonevra nobilis, Trichopsomyia| Portevinia maculata is a European species of hoverfly. The adults can be found around ramsons when the plants are in flower (May–June). The larvae tunnel through and overwinter in the bulbs of this plant. Portevinia maculata Wikipedia External images For terms see Morphology of Diptera Tergites 2-4 with grey spots.Face very concave for upper two-thirds. Antennae red. See references for determination Palearctic Southern Norway to North Spain.Ireland East into Northern Europe and Central Europe as far as Liechtenstein, Austria and northern Italy. Habitat:Deciduous woodland glades with Allium ursinum or A.triquetrum.

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The mosaic depicting a Eucharistic miracle combines Aztec iconography and Indian feather art. The mosaic depicts the miracle of the Mass of St. Gregory the Great (540-604), in which Christ appeared above the altar while the pope was celebrating Mass. The scene, rendered with colorful, iridescent feathers and gold sheet, captures the moment when a wounded and bleeding Christ rises above the altar astonishing the unbelievers in the church. The work of art is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it is on loan from the Musée des Jacobins in Auch, France. An inscription on the mosaic indicates that it was commissioned by Dominican Friar Pedro de Gant and the governor of Mexico City Don Diego Huanitzin to be given to Pope Paul III, whose 1537 Bull Sublimis Deus forbade enslaving native people. In the papal Bull, Pope Paul III condemned those who would mistreat the Indians: The enemy of the human race, who opposes all good deeds in order to bring men to destruction, beholding and envying this, invented a means never before heard of, by which he might hinder the preaching of God’s word of Salvation to the people: he inspired his satellites who, to please him, have not hesitated to publish abroad that the Indians of the West and the South, and other people of whom We have recent knowledge should be treated as dumb brutes created for our service, pretending that they are incapable of receiving the Catholic Faith. Sublimis Deus not only forbade the enslavement of native people — it guaranteed their “liberty and possession of their property”: We, who, though unworthy, exercise on earth the power of our Lord and seek with all our might to bring those sheep of His flock who are outside into the fold committed to our charge, consider, however, that the Indians are truly men and that they are not only capable of understanding the Catholic Faith but, according to our information, they desire exceedingly to receive it. Desiring to provide ample remedy for these evils, We define and declare by these Our letters, or by any translation thereof signed by any notary public and sealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical dignitary, to which the same credit shall be given as to the originals, that, notwithstanding whatever may have been or may be said to the contrary, the said Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, even though they be outside the faith of Jesus Christ; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of their property; nor should they be in any way enslaved; should the contrary happen, it shall be null and have no effect. Since you are here… …we’d like to have one more word with you. We are excited to report that Aleteia’s readership is growing at a rapid rate, world-wide! Our team proves its mission every day by providing high-quality content that informs and inspires a Christian life. But quality journalism has a cost and it’s more than ads can cover. We want our articles to be accessible to everyone, free of charge, but we need your help. To continue our efforts to nourish and inspire our Catholic family, your support is invaluable. Become an Aleteia Patron today for as little as $3 a month. May we count on you?

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Draft Groups Media Release for Healthy Schools Day For IMMEDIATE RELEASE – date The Sixth Annual, National HEALTHY SCHOOLS DAY in CANADA – la Journée des écoles saines du Canada will be Tuesday, April 8, 2014 Describe your event Why a National Healthy Schools Day? - Many schools have problems linked to indoor air quality (IAQ). - Children are more vulnerable to environmental hazards. - Children spend an average of 30 to 50 hours per week in school. - Staff spend even more time in their school workplaces. - Poor indoor environmental quality is associated with a wide rage of problems that include respiratory Illnesses and poor concentration leading to poor learning. - Asthma studies show up to 13% and in some areas 17% of school age children have asthma, the leading cause of school absenteeism, accounting for thousands of missed school days each year, and high costs to the medical system. - Many studies have found positive health impacts from improved indoor air quality. - Healthy new and existing schools provide cleaner air and reduced exposures to toxic substances, provide a healthier and safer learning environment for children, and improved academic achievement and well-being. - Research suggests that children attending schools in good condition score 5 to 10 percent higher on standardized tests than students who attend schools in poor condition. - Studies show that resources put into improving indoor environment quality have a rapid pay back. - Our Country’s school boards commonly make very difficult decisions between cutting back much needed academic programs vs. cutting back on needed building maintenance. - Federal and provincial governments have demonstrated interest in this important issue by developing programs like the Tools for Schools IAQ Action Kit, creating data, information and conferences on school indoor air quality; and are working to provide healthier schools every day. - Our schools have the great responsibility of guiding the future of our children, who are our country’s More than thirty organizations from across Canada came together declaring April 27, 2009 the first national Healthy Schools Day in Canada – Journée des écoles saines du Canada to focus on indoor environments such as indoor air quality in schools across Canada. The purpose of the day will be to foster improvements, celebrate successes, and create projects that make indoor environments of new and existing schools the best they can be. Each year, Canadians will be encouraged to develop projects big or small to celebrate Healthy Schools Day in Canada and improve school indoor environments. Healthy Schools Day in Canada is for all Canadians! Healthy Schools Day in Canada – Journée des écoles saines du Canada will give citizens, students, teachers, parents, organizations, school boards, and all Canadians, an opportunity to focus on school buildings’ indoor environment quality to benefit the health and learning ability of our country’s school children and protect the health of workers in Canadian Schools. To arrange interviews or for more information please contact: Your contact info: The Healthy Schools Day in Canada web page is: (insert website, name of contact person and contact information)

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The systematic oppression and persecution of the Rohingya people can be dated back to the 1960’s under Ne Win’s dictatorship. They have even been described by different forum as the forgotten victims, due to the gross human rights violations that they have faced under the Tatmadaw generals, without any real justice being found. The Human Rights Council Resolution 34/22, was an independent international fact finding mission on Myanmar. It was tasked with the mandate of finding facts and circumstances of alleged human rights violations by military and security officers especially in the Rhakine state. The mission found that, there had been gross breaches of International Law, namely: International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law. Further to this, before 2012, it was found that there had been and still continued to be institutionalised oppression, discriminatory treatment, marginalization, lack of legal status, arbitrary deprivation of nationality, regulation of citizenship and political rights. Leaving the Rohingya people de facto stateless. Ms Coomaraswamy, a former UN Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict stated, “The scale of Brutality and systematic nature of rape and violence indicate a deliberate strategy to intimidate, terrorize or punish civilian population, this is inclusive of tactics such as rape and sexual violence”. Given the above, the Mission has called for the situation in Myanmar to be referred to the International Criminal Court. It is recognised by Human rights experts and by the UN that the Rohingya people cannot become forgotten, their clear appeals must be answered with help and actions. Although states such as Bangladesh have opened their boarders to the Rohingya refugees their resources are stretched to the limit while wealthier countries close their doors. In writing this piece, it my hope that we can open our eyes to the gross human rights violations that continue to occur daily. We all ought to adopt shared responsibility for the thousands of deaths of the Rohingya people and not wait until the matter has reached devastating heights.

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More About Ethics in Education “Food for Thought” for Teachers Resolving Problems in Daily Professional Decision-Making For a review of Part I of this article, please visit https://paulkfoxusc.wordpress.com/2018/08/20/ethical-conundrums-revisited-part-i/. The entire blog-series can be read (in reverse chronological order) at https://paulkfoxusc.wordpress.com/category/ethics/. Regardless of whether you are a first-year teacher, recently hired or transferred, or someone who has many years of experience, we know that little training is provided for handling our daily contradictions or controversies in school ethics. This investigation illustrates several additional obstacles in maintaining appropriate professional and ethical behavior and exploring the application of the moral decision-making “compass” for educators. Here we will rehash more modern-day dilemmas using “mock scenarios” in the workplace, encourage you to reflect and respond to “what would you do?” and even re-orient you to the paradoxes in which you may encounter that may not seem to offer an obvious resolution. It’s time to put on your “thinking caps!” What are your initial impressions of a few of these “conundrums” or conflicts? - Privacy protection versus “open door” meetings with students? - Acceptance of congratulatory “musical hugs” versus the practice of avoiding all physical contact from students? - Refusal of gifts from music industry vendors versus acceptance of “free” offers or dinner meetings? (Review “Ethics for Music Educators Part III” and Pennsylvania’s “Ethical Toolkit Unit 6,” and then follow-up reading sample “conflict of interest” provisions in the code of ethics from Massachusetts https://www.mass.gov/service-details/public-school-teacher-faqs-on-the-conflict-of-interest-law and Louisiana https://www.nicholls.edu/internal-audit-department/files/2014/09/summary-of-gift-restrictions-1-11-10.pdf.) - Publicly maligning a colleague’s questionable actions (character assassination) vs. protecting your reputation and standing up for your students’ rights. - Use of social media networks to support student learning versus the risk of crossing the student/teacher boundary with inappropriate informal communications? (See “Social Media – Boon or Nemesis?” and especially the YouTube video, “Teachers and Facebook.” - The sharing of anecdotes or details of an incident that occurred during a class or school activity with family members or colleagues? - Communications with parents vs. resolving disputes with “stage mothers.” - The exercise of a teacher’s “freedom of speech” rights versus the practice of maligning school administrators or their decisions in public? - The exercise of a teacher’s “freedom of expression” rights in having tattoos, body piercings, or wearing certain fad or provocative clothing versus compliance to school policies and norms? (Look at various opinions on the following websites: https://www.pspc.education.pa.gov/Promoting-Ethical-Practices-Resources/Ethics-Toolkit/Unit2/Pages/Off-Duty-Conduct.aspx, https://www.aaeteachers.org/index.php/blog/802-teacher-dress-codes, and http://www.nea.org/tools/tips/dress-for-success-in-the-classroom.html.) To foster meaningful scrutiny and study of the bulleted issues in bold above, we will sort these problems by Principle III “Responsibility to Students” and Principle IV “Responsibility to the School Community” of the National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification (NASDTEC) “Model Code of Ethics for Educators” (MCEE): https://www.nasdtec.net/general/custom.asp?page=MCEE_Doc. In addition, whenever possible, a link to a scenario or case study about the subject will be shared. It is recommended that, in a small group of your peers, you view each video/text resource and assess its ramifications on the ethical appearances (professional image) and actions (intent and interpretation). In my opinion, this is the BEST way to study ethical dilemmas. Here are a few key essential questions to help promote in-depth dialogue: - What possible ethical concerns might this scenario raise? - How could this situation become a violation of state law, the “Code” or school/district policies? - In this situation, what are some potential negative consequences for the teacher, student, parents, school staff, and/or community? - How would this episode affect a teacher’s efficacy in his/her classroom, demean the employing school entity, or damage his/her position as a moral exemplar in the community? Responsibility to Students MCEE III A 2, 5, 6 Study scenarios on INAPPROPRIATE RELATIONSHIPS: CONUNDRUM: Coming home from a successful musical performance, my wife noticed on my tuxedo stains of stage make-up caused by several actors’ “musical hugs.” “Should you let the performers hug you backstage?” she asked, and scolded me to “be more careful!” “No touch” policies for teachers in schools really do not make a lot of sense. There are many who agree that casual contact like a pat on the back may even be helpful. See: MY ADVICE: Music teachers “touch” their students all the time; it is part of the natural process of assisting them to hold and play a new instrument. I am not opposed to an occasional celebratory or consoling hug. The factors that may contribute to the moment being judged “okay” vs. “inappropriate” boil down to: - Length of time - Frequency or patterns of repetition - Comfort level of the student - Age level of the student - Being in public - Who started it? If a child is in distress, pulling him/her aside from the rest of the class and consoling with a light/half/side hug should not be a problem. This issue is one that requires judgement based on common sense – don’t encourage repeated contacts or “get carried away.” However, young/rookie teachers may be surprised about one violation included in the official definition of “sexual misconduct,” judged as “crossing the boundaries” and inappropriate by most state codes: “exchange of gifts with no educational purpose.” (Reference from the PA Professional Standards and Practices Commission) MCEE III C 1, 2, 3 Study scenarios on STUDENT PRIVACY RIGHTS: Legal protections for student confidentiality are mandated by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and other Federal regulations. (See previous blog-post, “Ethics Follow-up” at https://paulkfoxusc.wordpress.com/category/ethics/.) You must remain very discrete about divulging or transferring any “non-directory data” about “your charges.” The operative saying is, “When in doubt, don’t give it out.” REMEMBER – NEVER GOSSIP! Discussing an incident or behavior concern with another teacher in the hallway between classes or sitting down in the teacher’s room is never advisable, and it is probably illegal! Educators must, at all costs, avoid inadvertently disclosing personal information about the lives or actions of our students “in public.” Even carrying on a conversation with a student in an open or common area that could be construed as a “private matter” may be accidentally overheard, and therefore violate a student’s privacy rights. EXCEPTIONS to third-party disclosure prohibitions (source): - Other educators or officials within the same school who have legitimate educational interests in the student. - When disclosure of information is necessary to protect the safety and health of the student. - Another school to which a student is transferring. - In order to comply with a judicial order. - Interested parties who are determining a student’s financial aid eligibility. CONUNDRUM: How do you resolve the apparent contradiction of the recommendation of never holding a meeting alone with a student with the need to provide a safe/secure place to share information? MY SOLUTION: Confer with your student in a place with sight-lines to the hallway (windows) but sound insulated from hearing the voices inside and/or where there is a high probability of someone interrupting and stopping the conversation. Responsibility to the School Community MCEE IV A 1, 2 Study scenarios and articles on INTERACTIONS WITH PARENTS AND STAFF: CONUNDRUM: You receive a call from an angry parent who wants to know why her daughter was not awarded the lead in the school play. The mother wants a detailed assessment of her child’s skills and advice on how to prepare for future auditions. MY SOLUTION: This is more common than you would like. This episode compels you to figure out how to wear two unique hats simultaneously – the educator and the judge. Assuming you were clear (in writing) on the requirements of the try-outs, even sharing the blank rubric that would be used for the evaluations, you are now charged to find the “best” person for each lead assignment based on a number of criteria: - Needed solo character parts in the play - Voice part of the candidate - Musical skills - Dramatic skills, which may be further categorized/ranked by oral/voice technique, projection, character development, understanding of text, and stage presence - Dancing/movement skills - Type of projection: the potential for acting a comedic vs. romantic role - Height (relevant if partnered with another character) - Overall preparation Of course, these expectations and targeted assessments should have been shared with everyone before the auditions were held. Parents want “what is right” for their kids and for them to feel successful. You as the director want the ideal cast for the show, providing the best chance for the entire company’s success in performance, but must show that the entire process is impartial, consistent, and fair. As a teacher, it is your responsibility to listen to the students’ and parents’ concerns, but I feel it is not realistic nor appropriate for you to “adjudicate” each actor’s audition. I wrote about this distinction HERE in my last “Fox’s Fireside” blog-post. This is an article you can “pass around” prior to your next tryout. MCEE IV B 1, 2, 4, 8 CONUNDRUM: Maintaining professional relationships with your teaching colleagues vs. the mandatory reporting of unethical behavior and inappropriate speech/actions. A member of the staff is “bad mouthing” you, the principal or other school staff members in public. You are assigned to work side-by-side with him, and yet he does not interact with the staff with civility or respect, nor does he support the academic achievement and related goals that promote the best interests of students. MY SOLUTION: Thankfully, I have had no personal experience with this scenario, but can recommend that you first try to deal directly with the unethical colleague. According to MCEE, professionals must collaborate and maintain effective and appropriate relationships with the faculty, “resolving conflicts, whenever possible, privately and respectfully and in accordance with district policy.” Before you bring up the matter with your supervisor or building administrator (which you have the right and even responsibility to do, especially if the students hear any improper speech first-hand or that the incidents rise to the level of bullying or aggressive behavior), talk to the unhappy team member one-on-one. Be calm and sensitive, but hold your ground: you must assert that his/her behavior/language is unacceptable and will not be tolerated in the future. The suggestions of Mind Tool’s article “Five Ways to Deal With Rudeness at the Workplace” are applicable (read their entire blog-post at https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/five-ways-deal-with-rudeness.htm): - Be a good role model. - Don’t ignore it. - Deal directly with the culprit. - Follow-up on any offender. As for anything that is a violation of the teachers’ code of ethical conduct, you are mandated to report the transgressions of a colleague that threaten the health and safety of the students, especially any observations (or even suspicions) of verbal, physical, or sexual abuse/misconducts. As for one’s “freedom of expression” to complain about administrators or co-workers, especially in the use of social media, the National Education Association responds: “Let’s debunk the free speech myth: Many teachers believe they have the absolute First Amendment right to post anything they want on social networking sites, including party pix and diatribes about the boss. After all, they’re on their own time and using their own resources. Sadly, the courts say otherwise.” As a follow-up, visit additional resources in “Becoming a Music Educator.” Please feel free to leave your comments and links to share other scenarios of ethical “conundrums.” © 2018 Paul K. Fox

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Type 2 diabetes means a person’s pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to regulate their blood sugar levels. Overtime, unchecked blood sugar levels can hike the risk of heart disease and stroke. Fortunately, certain dietary decisions can compensate and control blood sugar levels. Evidence supports adding a certain seed to one’s diet. Fenugreek seeds are high in soluble fibre, which helps lower blood sugar Evidence suggests fenugreek seeds boast blood-sugar lowering properties. Fenugreek seeds are derived from an aromatic plant that is a staple in curries and other Indian recipes. The seeds can be consumed both whole and in powdered form as a spice. According to Diabetes.co.uk, fenugreek seeds (trigonella foenum graecum) are high in soluble fibre, which helps lower blood sugar by slowing down digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. “This suggests they may be effective in treating people with diabetes,” explained the health site. Multiple studies have been carried out to investigate the potential anti-diabetic benefits of fenugreek. Type 2 diabetes: Fenugreek seeds have been shown to lower blood sugar levels Notably, several clinical trials showed that fenugreek seeds can improve most metabolic symptoms associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in humans by lowering blood glucose levels and improving glucose tolerance. In one study, researchers in India found that adding 100 grams of defatted fenugreek seed powder to the daily diet of patients with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes significantly reduced their fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance and also lowered total cholesterol, LDL or ‘bad’ cholesterol and triglycerides. Over time, high levels of LDL cholesterol can damage a person’s arteries, contribute to heart disease, and increase their risk having a stroke. In another controlled trial, incorporating 15 grams of powdered fenugreek seed into a meal eaten by people with type 2 diabetes reduced the rise in post-meal blood glucose, while a separate study found that taking 2.5 grams of fenugreek twice a day for three months lowered blood sugar levels in people with mild, but not severe, type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, research suggests that eating baked goods, such as bread, made with fenugreek flour may reduce insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. A certain superfood has also been shown to lower blood sugar levels. What is the best diet for managing blood sugar? Low-carb diets offer myriad health benefits for people with type 2 diabetes. As Diabetes.co.uk explained: “The diet has allowed many people with type 2 diabetes to resolve their diabetes, that is to get their blood sugar levels into a non-diabetic range without the help of medication.” The benefits for blood sugar control are primarily down to cutting down on carbohydrates. “Carbohydrate is the nutrient which has the greatest effect in terms of raising blood sugar levels and requires the most insulin to be taken or be produced by the body,” explained the health site. The diet is also rich in vegetables and natural, real foods which aids weight loss - another key component of blood sugar control. What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? Many people have type 2 diabetes without realising. This is because symptoms do not necessarily make a person feel unwell. According to the NHS, symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: - Peeing more than usual, particularly at night - Feeling thirsty all the time - Feeling very tired - Losing weight without trying to - Itching around a person’s penis or vagina, or repeatedly getting thrush - Cuts or wounds taking longer to heal - Blurred vision

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As long as a kids are reading, does it matter what they read? I believe it does. Adolescence is the time when a person begins to furnish his mind in earnest, creating the rooms, as it were, through which his thoughts will move as he matures into adulthood. What he reads will help determine whether his mind becomes a place filled with beautiful objects, vivid characters and sophisticated ideas — or with things that are cheap, lurid, ugly and second-rate. It may seem a lot to ask of books — and of kids! — but it isn’t, really. The trick is to engage your children‘s rapidly developing capacity for discernment on their own behalves. Human curiosity and literature Many parents believe that the most important thing is to guide kids away from edgy storytelling that might coarsen them or fill their heads with misery, torture or horrid images that may be difficult for them to shake off. (This is worth doing. No young person needs such furniture in her mind.) Yet in making judgments about books for kids, we must take care to respect both the nature of human curiosity and of literature itself. The truth is that even good, sweet kids are going to be attracted to a certain amount of unpleasantness. Rubbernecking is part of the human condition: We all slow down to look at road accidents. So it’s not only foolish but also unfair to expect children to be purer in impulse than we are as grown-ups. It’s also important to remember that stories without conflict, without some darkness or trouble, can’t properly be called stories at all. Without Sauron’s consuming evil, there’s no nobility in Frodo’s sacrifice; without Vronsky, there would be no Anna Karenina. A child’s trust level Of course, each child is different and parents know the level of trust a child has earned, but simply telling an adolescent that something is corrupt or degenerate and that she must not read it suggests that she can’t be trusted — that the adults who love her think she’s neither subtle nor sensible enough to survive an encounter with an edgy or trashy (or irredeemably shallow) piece of writing. It’s not a question of surviving, but of thriving. So except in cases where kids have shown they can’t be trusted with their reading materials because of their need to push boundaries or succumb to peer pressure, the real question for her is: Why would she bother? “Oh, you can do better than that,” said with respect for the quality of a young person’s mind and integrity is much more persuasive than scornful condemnation. It’s a question of opportunity, of choosing books that are worth an adolescent’s time and attention and a place amid the furnishings of her mind. It’s good to show children that we take their intellectual and imaginative development seriously and that we trust they want the best for themselves unless they show us otherwise. If we can help young people acquire a bias for beauty and a taste for good writing in childhood and while they are teens, it will sustain them through the long years to come when they can read whatever they want . . . just as we do.

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Natural Grocers eliminates over 300 million single-use plastic bags Since Earth Day 2009, Natural Grocers has led the fight to reduce single-use plastic bags and end food insecurity in the communities they serve. Natural Grocers, Denver, Colo., eliminated more than 300 million single-use plastic bags across all 152 stores. Since Earth Day 2009, Natural Grocers has led the fight to reduce single-use plastic bags and end food insecurity in the communities they serve by eliminating single-use plastic bags from checkout lanes and by donating 5 cents to local food banks every time a customer shops with a reusable bag. “We are drowning in a sea of plastic, which is causing harm to people and the planet. Additionally, there are people in our communities that are food insecure. Ten years ago, we saw an opportunity to make a difference and address both plastic waste and hunger simultaneously. So, we decided to eliminate single-use plastic bags at checkout and provide a 5-cent donation to our local food banks every time a customer remembered to bring in their reusable bags,” says Heather Isely, executive vice president. “The impact of eliminating single-use bags from our stores is enormous,” says Kemper Isely, co-president. “As a business, the ripple effect of our choices can redefine the future. Ten years ago, we chose to ditch single-use bags during checkout. We thank our customers for supporting this important initiative over the past decade and for making the decision to shop with reusable bags.” Natural Grocers’ green practices include supporting sustainable and regenerative agricultural practices and reducing carbon footprint. The company’s greener practices include: - Innovative heating and cooling practices. - LED lighting. - Pull-down covers on store refrigeration units. - Super-insulated buildings. - Repurposing existing buildings whenever possible. - Using sustainable, non-toxic construction materials. - Solar-powered store signs and paper towel dispensers. - BPA-free-cash register tape. - Formaldehyde-free stores. - Eliminating and reducing indoor air pollutants by using sustainable non-toxic construction materials such as no and low-VOC (volatile organic chemical) paint. - Using and selling only non-toxic cleaning and sanitizing products. - Minimum-sufficient packaging on brand products. - Recycling shipping pallets and the plastic used to wrap them. - Upcycling most of the cardboard used to ship products to stores by re-using to box groceries and supplements. - Composting at select stores. - Community gardens at select stores.

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This ever-expanding reference list provides background on a diverse spectrum of illustrators across time, cultures, and artistic styles. One of Hanna-Barbera's most important character designers. One of Hanna-Barbera’s most influential animators. One of the most popular "boy/girl" illustrators. Illustrated Americans doing everyday activities. Animator and character designer for Hanna-Barbera, MGM, Warner Bros., and Ruby-Spears. William Hanna and Joseph Barbera created Saturday morning cartoons. Animator who worked at Disney, Warner Bros., and Hanna-Barbera. Highly influential comic book artist known for his intense, noir aesthetic. Influential animator and character designer at Hanna-Barbera. Disney animator who became Creative Producer for Hanna-Barbera. Comic book artist and animator who draws superheroes using a minimalist style. Comic book artist, cartoonist, and creator of Hanna-Barbera's popular "Jonny Quest" cartoon.

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The five Takhats are the supreme seats, or thrones of temporal power and religious authority in Sikhism. The leadership of the Takhats are responsible for Gurmat decisions, proclamations and corporal policy governing both secular and spiritual issues of significant concern to Sikh society. The foremost supreme throne and temporal seat of Sikh religious authority is Sri Akal Takhat Sahib located in Amritsar of Punjab, India. The Akal Takhat, sometimes referred to as Akal Banga, is situated inside the Golden Temple complex opposite Darbar Harmandir Sahib. Sixth Guru Hargobind Sahib JI originally established the Akal Takhat in 1663.as a symbol of political sovereignty and where spiritual and temporal concerns of the Sikh people could be addressed. In the 18th century, Ahmed Shah Abdali and Massa Rangar led a series of attacks on the Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib. Hari Singh Nalwa, a general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, decorated the Akhal Takht with gold. The Sikh holy scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, is housed in the Akal Takhat after hours while in Sukhasan. Ancient sacred manuscripts are preserved on the premises along with antique shaster weaponry used by Sikh gurus and warriors. The location of Takhat Sri Kes Ghar Sahib of Anand Pur in District Roop Nagar of Punjab, India, on the bank of River Satluj, originally a tract of land in Makhowal purchased by Ninth Guru Teg Bahadar. Called for a time Chak Nanki, it later became known as Anandpur Sahib, and birthplace of the Khalsa nation. Immediately following the martyrdom and decapitation of Guru Teg Bahadaur by order of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Bhai Jaita obtained the guru’s severed head and delivered it to his son Tenth Guru Gobind Rai, in Chak Nanki proclaiming, “This ground shall be the founding of the Panth.” On Vaisakh, or April 14, 1699 A.D. the tenth guru called for volunteers willing to sacrifice their heads. The five brave men who stepped forward to answer the call became lovingly known as the Panj Payare, or five beloved administrators Of Amrrit, the immortalizing baptismal nectar given to Khalsa initiates. The Tenth Guru spent 25 years in his headquarters at Anandpur Sahib holding Hola Mohalla festivals and agitating against the oppressive, tyrannical, and murderous Mughal empire, until fleeing the siege of 1705. Takhat Sri Sach Khand Hazoor (Hazur) Sahib also known Abchal Nagar is located on the bank of River Godavari at Nanded in Maharashtra, India and commemorates Angitha Sahib, or the cremation place of Tenth Guru Gobind Singh. It is at this spot that the guru held court, and his Sikhs referred to it as his Takhat or throne. In October of 1708, when a wound reopened and it became apparent that he would succumb to an assassination attempt, Guru Gobind Singh designated the holy scripture Sri Guru Granth Sahib to be his successor. Sachkhand (literally “region of Truth”) had been used by Guru Nanak Dev to mean the abode of God. The structure constructed between 1832-37 by Maharaja Ranjit Singh is home to both Guru Granth Sahib, as well Dasam Granth, the written works ascribed to Guru Gobind Singh, and various relics pertaining to the tenth guru. Maharaja Ranjit Singh (sending money, artisans and labor from the Punjab Kingdom, Under Sardar Chanda Singh. Present Takhat was constructed, from 1832-1837. Around the same time the Nizam of Hyderabad raised a contingent of Northern Sikhs as part of his army. Most of these men settled permanently in Hyderabad State.For a time Takhat Sri Sach Khand Hazoor came into the care of the Udasi Sect of Hyderabad, but later reverted to the Sikhs, and a resolution passed in 1956 gave legal rights to the Gurdwara management committee. Takhat Sri Harmandir Sahib of Patna, Bihar, India located on the bank of the River Ganges (Ganga) is the birthplace of Prince Gobind Rai who grew to be Tenth Guru Gobind Singh. Patna is revered as a spot visited by the gurus: First Guru Nanak while on his way to Gaya. The first guru paused to pay respects to Salis Rai Jouri, a devotee who transformed his home into a dharmsala, or spiritual teaching center to promote the message of Guru Nanak. Ninth Guru Teg Bahadar while on a missionary tour, housed his mother, his pregnant wife Gurji and her brother in Patna under the care of a local Raja. Mata Gujri delivered the Guru’s son while in Patna. The original dharmsala structure in use by Sangat as Takhat Sri Harmandir Sahib succumbed to fire in the 1800’s. Maharaja Ranjit Singh began reconstruction in 1839 but did not live to see its completion. In 1934 an earthquake destroyed parts of the shrine. Construction on present day Takhat Sri Harmandir Sahib begun on November 1954 went on for about three years, until its completion in 1960. Takhat Sri Damdama Sahib known also as Guru ki Kashi, located at Talwandi Sabo near Bathinda of Punjab, India commemorates the completion of the sacred scripture of Guru Granth Sahib in 1705, by Tenth Guru Gobind Singh with the help of his scribe Bhai Mani Singh. The guru stayed in Talwandi Sabo at Damdama Sahib following the martyrdom of his mother and the sahibzade, his four sons. His wives Mata Sundari Kaur, and Mata Sahib Kaur, rejoined him for a short period, after their separation when fleeing the siege of Anandpur. Baba Deep Singh became the head scribe of Damdama Sahib and made copies of Sri Guru Granth Sahib for distribution to the other four Takhats. Resolution No: 789 passed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) of Amritsar, July 30, 1966 formally declared Takhat Sri Damdama Sahib to be the official fifth seat of temporal power. The Indian government formally recognized the appointment in April of 1999 during the tricentennial Vaisakhi celebration commemorating the birth of the Khalsa Nation.

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We think the sun is pretty neat. It’s been working hard 24/7 for the last 4.5 billion years, frantically pushing out light and heat. Don’t you wish you had something working that hard for you? Wouldn’t you like a mini-star that you could cart around on the back of a truck, that could provide enough power for your family of four … and 25,000 other families of four, if you feel like sharing? Professional death-peddlers Lockheed Martin have heard your weird Bond villain dream, and are here for you. (Although they’re mostly here for the U.S. government, to be fair.) They announced Wednesday that their super-secret Skunk Works lab, which typically focuses on stuff that flies, has gotten into the star-making business. Their goal: to create a compact nuclear fusion reactor within five years, and to have it ready for sale within ten. Since Lockheed Martin is Lockheed Martin, they’re primarily excited about the applications of compact fusion for murder-machines. Nuclear submarines, for instance, have been prowling the lonely oceans for many decades, powered by miniature controlled nuclear explosions (i.e., fission). But a submarine or a plane powered by a compact fusion reactor of the same petite size can put out three to four times as much power as a fission reactor, says Lockheed Martin. Also, as a fringe benefit, we would be that much closer to avoiding environmental apocalypse. Fission reactions are the angry drunks of the energy world, ready to blow out of control at any moment and kill anywhere between a few to millions of bystanders. Fusion’s more of a shy wallflower; when conditions change, rather than going out of control and creating plasma that overwhelms its containment, the fusion reaction shuts down. Fusion is also usually powered by deuterium, known as “heavy hydrogen” because it has an extra neutron shoved in there, and tritium, which should be called “really heavy hydrogen” with its two neutrons. Deuterium isn’t common, but isn’t hard to find in Earth’s oceans, and it’s non-radioactive – and therefore a metric buttload safer than the uranium-235 and/or plutonium-239 that powers fission reactors. Tritium’s rarer, but since we use the stuff to illuminate wristwatches we can probably look behind the couch cushions (or do some hocus-pocus to some lithium) and scour up enough tritium to save the earth. Finally, fusion reactions give off helium and neutrons, which are both refreshingly boring compared to carbon poisons or nuclear death. This is exciting, but hasn’t stopped a whole bunch of killjoys from getting on Lockheed Martin’s back. They point out that a lot of the physics involved is still theoretical, and that we don’t actually have materials that could handle the heat generated from being in close proximity to that much angry plasma – and that’s leaving aside handling that dangerous tritium. Lockheed Martin seems to be gambling on developing these materials within the next five to ten years. But even with those caveats, this is an exciting development in nuclear fusion, that looks far more feasible than all those sad-sack announcements over the last fifty years, that commercially viable fusion is inevitable in – huh? They all said 10 years, too? Oh.

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11. Husam Mohammed Husam Mohammed: Expression In front of the Abu Nawas statue With his participatory work EXPRESSIONS, Husam Mohammed invited the audience to join together in a circle. He then proceeded to address each guest with a personal question, and the participants would answer each question without using words. With EXPRESSIONS, he wanted to challenge the audience and have people rely on their facial expressions, gestures, and body language as a means of communication. Mohammed is very critical of forms of expression used in social media today, such as relying on simplified icons, and he questions what the excessive use of emojis does to our everyday human interactions. The performance took place in front of the Abu Nawas statue, located in the park at the end of the boulevard Abu Nawas. The statue, designed by Ismael Fatteh and erected in 1962, honours the Iraqi poet Abu Nawas (756–814), who was a master of Arabic poetry. In poetry, the complexity and vitality of manifold ways to express human emotions stand in contrast to our reductionist forms of digital communication today. Following the performance, visitors were led back to the street; the exit was marked with a painting of faces on one side that showed lively expressions, and a sculpture resembling a judgment seat on the other side, to remind the visitors that they had the choice.

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China vowed Tuesday to speed up the development of its space industry as it set out its plans to become the first country to soft land a probe on the far side of the moon, by around 2018, and launch its first Mars probe by 2020. “To explore the vast cosmos, develop the space industry and build China into a space power is a dream we pursue unremittingly,” read a white paper setting out the country’s space strategy for the next five years. It says China aims to use space for peaceful purposes and to guarantee national security, and to carry out cutting-edge scientific research. The white paper, released by the information office of China’s Cabinet, points to the growing ambitions of China’s already rapidly advancing space program. China places great emphasis on the development of its space industry, seen as a symbol of national prestige that will raise the country’s standing in the world. Although the white paper doesn’t mention it, China’s eventual goal is to land an astronaut on the moon. While Russia and the United States have more experience in manned space travel, China’s military-backed program has made steady progress in a comparatively short time. Since China conducted its first crewed space mission in 2003, it has staged a spacewalk and landed a rover on the moon in 2013 — the first time humans had soft landed anything on the moon since the 1970s. Last month, two astronauts returned from a month-long stay aboard China’s Tiangong 2 experimental space station, the country’s sixth and longest crewed mission. A fully functioning, permanently crewed space station is on course to begin operations six years from now and is slated to run for at least a decade.

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For as long as most modernized society can remember, reindeer have always been associated with Santa Claus and Christmas. From the eight reindeer that pull Santa’s sleigh, to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, reindeer at Christmas time is almost a staple and are often involved in holiday decorating, baking, wrapping, and more. Today, we at Carve Me A Bear! Chainsaw Carvings would like to take a closer look as to how reindeer even became incorporated in Christmas traditions. Christmas Songs & Tradition; How Many Reindeer Pull Santa’s Sleigh? The reindeer, in North America are also known as caribou and are a species of deer that typically live in the northern areas of the continent, mostly concentrated in the Arctic and Subarctic regions. In the 19th century reindeer were introduced to the magic of Christmas, and this is when eight reindeer inherited the ability to fly Santa around on his sleigh on Christmas Eve. Continue to expand in the 20th century, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was added to the circuit of reindeer. But concerning origins of this story actually go further back to ancient Norse mythology and Scandinavian pagan winter festivals. Dressing Up Thor’s Two War Goats that Pull His Chariot as Reindeer The reindeer myth of ancient origins believed to have involved from the ancient Norse legend of Thor, the god of thunder. He flew through the sky on a chariot which were pulled by enchanted goats. As time passed, winter festivals in Scandinavia included Thor and offered tribute to these magical creatures by dressing them as part as the winter traditions. The goats eventually evolved into a bringer of gifts with Santa in Sweden in the 18th century. Denmark and Finland would evolve the goats into playing a much more sinister role to motivate, if not frighten, the children into behaving. Twas the Night Before Christmas Named Santa’s Reindeer; Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner & Blitzen In the 19th century, a poem originally titled “A Visit from St Nicholas” authored by Clement Clarke Moore has become more commonly known as “’Twas the Night Before Christmas” is a major contributing factor to how the reindeer became known for hanging out with Santa in today’s modern world. Ironically, the iconic Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was added to the magic nearly a century later. Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer Song Recorded by Gene Autry A Montgomery Ward store employee, by the name of Robert L. May was charged with writing a Christmas story that was intended to be given away to the customer’s children as a marketing promotion. In 1939, Montgomery Ward would distribute over 2 million copies of the Rudolph booklet. Following the conclusion of the war in 1937 “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer” was printed on a commercial level and was popular enough to be included as cartoon shorts later that year. The popularity increased further when Robert May’s brother-in-law, Johnny Marks wrote a coordinating song after the character and was recorded by Gene Autry in 1949. Narrated by Burl Ives, the TV special was aired in 1964 cementing the story as part of Christmas tradition. Custom Chainsaw Carved Wooden Reindeer Animals for Sale. Made in Las Vegas, Nevada & Helena, Montana Now, in modern traditions, we have become so attached to the reindeer, whether you like the eight reindeer team or nine, it would be difficult to imagine Christmas without them. If reindeer are your cup of tea and you like them decorating your interior or exterior with their adorable faces, contact Carve Me A Bear! Chainsaw Carvings and get your unique reindeer chainsaw carving(s) today!

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Satellite data delivers early warning signals for shellfish farmers “We’re shut because of a harmful algal bloom in the waters at the moment. Being shut costs us £25-30,000 a week, and last year we were shut for four months.” Gary Rawle, a shellfish farmer based around St. Austell, Cornwall, provides quality mussels by the tonne for the seafood industry – supplying many restaurants all over the UK. However, shellfish businesses like Gary’s are threatened by toxins released from harmful algal blooms – naturally occurring colonies of phytoplankton that prevent the shellfish being harvested – creating toxic effects on livelihoods, consumers and the economy. BBSRC and NERC joined forces to fund the ShellEye project to help shellfish farmers manage the damaging effects from harmful algal blooms. The ShellEye project is a multi-partner effort that includes industry, government and scientists from Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), the University of Exeter, the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, and the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). The ShellEye project plans to implement a forecasting system that uses satellite imagery to track harmful algal blooms and help fishermen avoid the worst outbreaks. Currently, various methods are in pilot format which include emails with images, text messages, maps on a web portal and a traffic light system. The ultimate goal for ShellEye is to protect public health, reduce food waste and contribute to the resilience of the UK food system and bioeconomy. Dr Peter Miller of PML steers ShellEye and is excited by the potential of satellite data to track harmful algal blooms in real-time, and how the data can be analysed, simplified and sent to fishermen in the area. “We can use very detailed satellite images of the ocean colour to pick out certain algal species that form dense blooms, allowing us to differentiate between the harmful and harmless algae,” Miller explains. Miller’s confidence comes from a previous project in Scotland with SAMS that helped Scottish salmon farms manage their risks from harmful algal blooms. Shellfish farmers are keen to have an early warning system in place to make informed decisions on how to manage harvesting operations. To put it simply, Gary Rawle believes “it’s the future.” Notes to editors The ShellEye project is one of 21 research projects announced in 2015 (together utilising £5M support from BBSRC and NERC) to improve understanding of the factors affecting sustainable aquaculture, and help build a multidisciplinary community: www.shelleye.org BBSRC invests in world-class bioscience research and training on behalf of the UK public. Our aim is to further scientific knowledge, to promote economic growth, wealth and job creation and to improve quality of life in the UK and beyond. Funded by government, BBSRC invested £473 million in world-class bioscience, people and research infrastructure in 2015-16. We support research and training in universities and strategically funded institutes. BBSRC research and the people we fund are helping society to meet major challenges, including food security, green energy and healthier, longer lives. Our investments underpin important UK economic sectors, such as farming, food, industrial biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Tags: aquaculture data food security shellfish research BBSRC press release

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Today’s Contributor: Yeyn Aguilar My name is Yeyn Aguilar. I teach a First Grade Bilingual/mixed class at Barrington Elementary School. In my classroom, I am constantly trying to use technology with my students to expand their horizons. By definition, technology does two things: 1. It solves a need, and 2. It makes something much easier. Technology can be anything from a hammer, a chair, or a paperclip to a computer, virtual reality headset, or wireless headphones. I am a learner by nature and if there is a problem around me, I look for a way to solve it. We live in a world where questions are the key to a better understanding of life overall. We encourage our students to ask questions and become critical thinkers. What if we could have a way of answering pretty much any questions they might have instantly? What if there was a way to make our students’ lives more interactive and their learning more spontaneous? What if all we had to do was ask for something and not have to wait that long to either get an answer or make amazing things happen? Well, Google Home was the answer I was looking for. Pick students, define terms, as sounds, for competitions, to spell out words, to tell jokes, to tell stories, for timers, for alarms, as incentive to ask a questions, with built in games, for music. The “Google Assistant” Experience Introducing “Google Assistant” As students come in, I ask them to take a seat and explain that they are about to meet the most intelligent assistant on earth. I let them know that this person knows pretty much everything and to prove it to them, I start taking down questions from students. After about 10 questions, I also ask them if they know how an ocean sounds, or what noises certain animals make. To make things more interesting, I compile a playlist of their favorite movies on the spot (I will use this to play their soundtrack later). After a few more seconds, I ask them to look around and see who can find this assistant I am talking about. Eventually they notice there is some new gadget next to my desk by a bookshelf. As soon as one asks me what that is, the hunt is over and it is time to come clean… I tell the class, “Let’s take a seat, our assistant has been found.” They look a bit confused but their eyes show eagerness to see what in the world I am talking about. At that moment I explain what Google Assistant can do and tell them, “Our assistant is always listening, but the only way that it will answer any question is if we say the magic words.” I continue by explaining what these magic words are, and then the real fun begins. On the overhead, I present the list of 10 questions that the students generated. By this time I have formatted the questions in a way that Google Home will understand. I say the magic words, “Ok Google,” and to their amazement, all 10 questions are answered. I then move on to the different animals we all chose together and I ask our assistant how a whale sounds, how a tiger sounds, how a mongoose sounds, and how a Tasmanian devil sounds. By this point students just cannot believe their eyes or their ears with the sounds they are hearing. Each student in my class has a number that has been assigned to them, and I ask the class if anyone would like to ask our assistant a question. Hands shoot up eagerly for me to choose them. I take advantage of this and let them know that our assistant will choose them. I say the magic words and ask our Google Assistant to pick a number between 1 and 20. After a cool little technologically-advanced sound is made, our assistant picks number 12. The student is feeling special that they were the first one to be picked by our assistant to ask a question. They let me know what the question is, and then I get them to ask in a way that our assistant will understand: “How long is a blue whale?” I let students know that if their behavior is at their best for the rest of the day, our Google Assistant will pick someone else to ask a question. I close up this introduction by asking my students if they would like to hear a joke. They all say yes, and I proceed to ask our Google Assistant to provide us with a joke. After a few minutes of laughter and glee, I pass out a sheet of paper and ask my students to write about all the possibilities that came to mind when Google Assistant was introduced. This serves as a writing assignment, and at the same time it lets me know what these children might be thinking about their new assistant or how they plan on using it. I let them know that they have done an amazing job listening and participating and that as a treat I will let our Google Assistant play some background music for them. I show them all the list of the movies they have chosen numbering from 1 to 8; I ask a Google Assistant to pick a number between 1 and 8. When number four comes out – Moana – I ask Google to play the soundtrack to Moana, but not before asking Google to bring the volume down to four and then proceed to let the class know that if they’re too loud they will not be able to listen to the music. With this, the introduction to our new Google assistant in class concludes. From a Teacher’s Perspective Let us analyze what just happened. Our students have been introduced to a piece of technology that will allow them to ask questions and get instant answers. Because Google Assistant can answer questions that are worded only a certain way, students are forced to think before they speak to make sure their questions are specific and not very vague or general. This will help in the writing process, where being specific will help them attain a higher score. We have also eliminated any thoughts of favoritism when picking students. They trust that Google Assistant will pick a random number and that the teacher will not be the one to pick only the ones that know, or only the ones that do not know. From the feedback I got, this seemed to be pretty exciting to them. The different animal sounds they heard, along with how a river sounds, how a forest sounds, or how an ocean sounds, have transported students to a totally different dimension while sitting in their chairs. A world of possibilities has just been opened to them. Ideas for using Google Assistant Since the introduction of Google Assistant, many new ways of using it have become evident in my classroom. During math, competitions are held and Google Assistant is the one that provides the answer to questions such as “What is 15 + 35?” or “How many sides does an octagon have?” Groups rotate through our Google Assistant and play a math game that will sharpen their math skills. During reading and writing Google Assistant has been used to provide students with background music while they think. During our read-aloud our assistant has provided us with certain sound effects to bring the story to life. During reading groups, if students don’t know how to spell a word, all they have to do is ask Google how to spell it and their problem is solved; they are awarded only three words per day which keeps the traffic down. When students finish all their groups, they are then able to play a game where Google Assistant will guess the character they have in mind by asking them yes and no questions. This allows our students to think about their character traits and has really changed their writing. During science I ask each group a series of questions, and after a certain amount of points, the table with the most points gets to ask Google Assistant a science-related question. If we are learning about plants, students get to ask Google Assistant, “What is the smallest plant on earth?” or “…the rarest plant on earth?”, or “Can plants eat animals?” I have noticed that they look forward to being able to ask questions rather than receive prizes. Extra uses (Technical Abilities) Timers – Students used to get anxious with timers, but ever since they have been given the ability to go to our Google Assistant and ask for a 15-minute timer, come back 7 minutes later to ask how much time is left, and be greeted with a warm 8 minutes, and then hear a familiar alarm, the anxiety has left and their time management has increased. Lights On – Adapters allow us to turn the lights on or off in our classroom. Casting – if something needs to be played on the projector, all we need to do is ask Google Assistant to play it through a Chromecast. A new way of life It is very interesting to now see students coming into my classroom saying good morning to a Google Assistant and asking for news, how the weather is going to be, or just for a random joke. They have made it part of their lifestyle. Some students that are emotionally unstable have chosen to go ask Google Assistant questions, hear a joke, or play a game with Google Assistant for a few minutes to calm down (SEL). Other students that deal with anger issues have even opted to ask for some time in the peace corner and instead of sitting down and doodling or doing something else, they decide to go to our Google assistant and ask, “How can I calm down when I am angry?” or “What can I do when I’m sad?” Google Home, or Google Assistant, has met many needs in my classroom. It did take a bit of training, and it was not that easy. It had to be put away 3 times because students kept talking to it during class or touching it when they were not supposed to. But it has now been seven months that Google Assistant has been part of their lives, and the other day when I took it home and forgot to bring it back I was met with a rowdy crowd that was longing for their “friend” and assistant to be returned to them. I hope this article has provided you with a few ideas of your own.

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The human side of business is one of the things that robots and Artificial Intelligence (AI) haven’t been able to replicate. Chief evangelist at UiPath, Guy Kirkwood, highlights the critical soft skills that automated devices have been unable to master. “Empathy and the four C’s – empathy, creative thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration- are crucial soft skills that cannot be replicated by robots,” he explains. Kirkwood believes that education should evolve to focus solely on these soft skills in a time where automated devices are making exponential advances. “Learning German is no good if a robot is programmed for instant translation,” he says. “Similarly, studying accounting is useless if you have an automated device to do it for you.” DIGIT has compiled a list of the top soft skills that robots have been unable to reproduce. 1. Creative thinking Although creative thinking is typically associated with more artistic endeavours, many jobs require it, including the business, science and technology sectors. The definition of creative thinking translates as the ability to come up with something innovative. So, thinking creatively is simply the ability to consider something – a conflict between employees, a problem or a group project – in a new way. Employers in all industries require employees who can do this, which is something no automated device can replace. Similarly, creativity is something that humans (granted, some more than others) innately possess. Perhaps you have a unique way with words and are an aspiring author. Or maybe you’re studying to become an architect and have incredible vision and imagination for built environments. Automated devices currently operate by taking existing data and making logical inferences based on parameters humans give it. Creativity and imagination are not programmable skills, which gives humans a distinct advantage over technology. Although robots can perform basic human interactions, no matter how highly developed they are, robots cannot replicate a human’s natural ability to connect with and understand other human beings. Empathy is essential in the workplace in order to read another colleague, manage emotions, work collaboratively and communicate effectively. For example, although AI is being used in healthcare to more accurately detect diseases on scans, would you want a robot to break the news that you have cancer? In the workplace, compassion illustrates a deep respect for co-workers, increasing productivity, morale and loyalty. - 5 Soft Skills all Tech Leaders Need to Develop - Do Robots Create More Jobs than they Replace? - Facebook Launches App that Compensates Users for their Data Communication skills are especially important in technology roles where people are increasingly spanning various teams leading advancing digitisation. Problem-solving and understanding new technologies are futile if you can’t communicate your findings to your colleagues or to management. In addition, employers value employees with effective communication skills who can provide high-quality client and customer service. Yes, robots can communicate but how can they replicate a genuine, authentic conversation that occurs between two human beings? As our educational and career paths continue to steer us in the direction of being specialised in our daily tasks, a robot could potentially fill in our informational gaps. However, teamwork is more than just pooling information – it requires people to read team members feelings, share workloads, problem solve and communicate coherently. Simply put, teamwork can be a make or break aspect of a business. Although the future of work sees robots and employees working more collaboratively, teamwork does not translate effectively in robotics. Humans have an innate ability to thrive off of other human beings, meaning collaboration comes naturally. Guy Kirkwood will be speaking at DIGIT’s Intelligent Automation Summit on the 20th of June in a talk entitled “Automation, Employees and Customer Experience: The Future of Work”.

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Researchers develop a promising new 'Trojan horse' treatment for multiple sclerosis We often take our immune and nervous systems for granted. We assume that our immune system will protect us from diseases and when pathogens invade our body. Likewise, we assume that our nervous system will take information from the environment, relay it to our brain and then allow our brain to move muscles. MS is a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. MS involves progressive paralysis, pain, memory impairment and often results in death. Canada has the dubious distinction of having the highest rate of MS in the world. The reason for this high rate of MS is not known. As a neuroscientist, I have a profound interest in understanding the function of the nervous system as well as the various diseases and injuries that plague it. The nervous system is indeed the last frontier of science, with vast unexplored realms. Also, diseases of this system have a profound effect on both patients and their families. Thus, my goal is to not only understand these diseases from a scientific perspective, but to also devise treatments and new approaches to improve quality of life. When it comes to MS, I have a very personal connection, as I have several close friends who have been diagnosed with the disease. A Trojan horse for immune cells The nervous system consists of millions of connections, similar to bundles of wire. Like wires in your house, they are insulated, protecting them from the environment and allowing for rapid communication between cells. Unlike wires in your house, this insulation is made of a fatty material called myelin. In MS, this myelin sheath is destroyed, leaving the neural connections bare. This results in neurons failing to send signals, leading to paralysis and eventual death. Currently there are few treatment options for MS, with most treating symptoms and not the disease itself. Some front-line therapies attempt to modify the immune system, but do so by suppressing the entire immune system, thus rendering the patient susceptible to infections. The approach that we have developed is to target specifically the cells that are causing disease. By removing the cells that cause the disease, it is hypothesized that this will allow the body to repair itself, and thus improve quality of life outcomes in patients. We have a novel approach to directly eliminating the cells that cause MS, akin to the Trojan horse employed by the Greeks. We trick the defective immune cells into thinking they are attacking the body, when they are in fact being attacked themselves. Mice regain ability to walk We use a protein construct built from three proteins. The first protein mimics the fatty insulation that surrounds the neurons (myelin). This should, in theory, cause immune cells that are searching for this protein to bind to our drug. The second protein is an internalization sequence, that causes any cell that binds to the first protein, to take up our drug. The third protein is a death cue. Thus any immune cell that binds to our construct will take up the entire protein sequence and then die. In the healthy individual, there should be no immune cells that recognize this protein. In the MS patient, the aberrant immune cells are specifically eliminated. In our studies, we have tested this in mice with surprising results. We found that the aberrant immune cells were specifically eliminated. But more important were the changes in the mice's ability to move. Treated mice were quickly able to regain the ability to walk. We have replicated this study several times with the same result each time. We are currently investigating what the upper dose limit of this compound is, to determine safety ranges. Potential for autoimmune diseases While we are quite excited with the results, there remains quite a bit of work to be completed. We intend to test our compound on blood obtained from MS patients. By isolating their blood, we would be able to test our compound in a petri dish and observe the effects on their immune cells. By combining our animal models with human test subjects, our intention is to rapidly translate our study into humans in the near future. An interesting application of our technology is that it can also be used in a variety of other autoimmune diseases. In such cases, the protein that is being attacked by the body can be easily swapped out for another —then the drug will work on those aberrant cells as well.

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A letter to my children as they began their college experience… As you complete your major, you will have a set of tools in a single discipline. Yet, your success will depend upon being able to move easily across disciplines. Understanding different cultures The world economy is becoming a true global economy. In this emerging world, which will be the one you inhabit throughout the 21st century, geopolitical boundaries will be less relevant. You will stand out if you understand what it takes to communicate effectively across cultures, respecting differences while benefiting from what can be accomplished together. It would be useful to understand the underpinning of different religions (comparative religions) and cultures (civilization, sociology). The impending struggle between Islam and western civilization will be dominant for the next several decades and it is important to be able to craft your own course through it. Understanding human nature You can increase your understanding from human nature by thinking carefully and hard about your own experiences with people, but this approach takes a lifetime. Or you can learn from drama, poetry, literature and film. These art forms are often the highest form of narrative and the best relate to the human condition and the way events change human character. There is a canon of literature that you should sample and spend enough time to appreciate, even if it is thinking hard about only a few pieces. You will learn from it, it will sensitize you to how what you do may affect others, and it will occasionally astound you with how some people can characterize feelings with an economy of words. Learning to communicate There are two skills that may turn out to be the most important you will ever learn if you want to achieve your own potential and to influence others: storytelling and writing. Study storytelling, narrative or writing (creative nonfiction, journalism or creative writing). Most people do not know how to communicate in a way that truly highlights what is important, eliminates what is marginal, depends upon a few key words that are highly descriptive, and does it all with directness and simplicity. If you can learn to tell a story (which is what every memo you ever write should be), write clearly, and do it in a simple and straightforward way, you will have an influence well beyond that of others with even greater intellect. This skill should include the ability to present information clearly. You will succeed in whatever you choose to do by understanding first what you want to say and then being able to communicate it effectively. The ideas do not need to be complex nor the expression poetic; the ideas have to be well conceived, simplified, and communicated clearly and in an unforgettable manner. A few courses that would be very useful in achieving these purposes - Greek mythology and drama. Simple ways to tell stories, myths that still influence western civilization - Modern European history (or political history), The global economy will depend upon effective competition with the European Union and attitudes in Europe are heavily influenced by what Europeans have experienced over the past 300 years. - Modern Asian history (or political history). The largest new markets and the most dynamic competition you will experience will come from the Pacific Rim countries. You will need to understand them to benefit. - Survey of art history. Civilization is still reflected in its highest and best form through visual expression. In the real world, without an appreciation of art, you will not be able to carry on conversations in the most refined circles, which is where you want to be eventually. - Political philosophy. A survey course in political philosophy will reveal different ways society has thought about organizing itself. It will offer a deeper understanding of alternative political systems and political attitudes (e.g., I could not understand the appeal of certain aspects of conservative thought without having had to think about it in the context of political philosophy). This will also introduce principles that are useful in your own life and in business organizations. This should include gaining an understanding of the importance of social justice, free speech, respect for human equality and religious pluralism. Without this understanding, you will find yourself reacting on personal terms to what occurs in the political economy, rather than being able to express your own philosophy. - Environmental issues. A survey course on environmental issues will help to understand what may be the most compelling external constraint on business and the economy over the next century. You must learn to understand this as an opportunity and a challenge, not an obstacle. Become sensitive to its importance and determine to respect the constraint, rather than fight it, if you want to stand out and succeed. - Information design. This is the technique in presenting information effectively to tell y0ur story. A course in this should demonstrate the principles advanced by Edward Tufte and help you to discover ways to present data. Probably taught as a visual communication course, perhaps in Newhouse. Your narratives and arguments will be enhanced by the proper use of data, particularly in a world in which there is access to too much information, yet far too little highlighting of what is really important. - A survey of 20th century American literature (the novel) might be the most comfortable course to build up experience in the canon of literature. A survey course in English literature, even if it is contemporary literature, would also be useful. Literature helps you to understand how character is formed by experience (much faster than experiencing it yourself); it also helps your storytelling skills, and it introduces you to the power of expression. It is also a point of reference in conversation that becomes very important when you talking with others with whom there is no real shared experience. - Writing, writing, writing. Learn to write clearly, simply, directly. Study grammar and punctuation until you are bored by always being right. Bad grammar and punctuation will get in the way of people paying full attention to your arguments. - A creative course. This can be anything that lets you create—drawing, design, ceramics, jewelry, woodworking. It is an important means of confirming your own skills and expressiveness. Most of the other courses you take involve absorbing and processing information created by others. Your creative endeavor is intellectual as you find ways to interpret others’ work. A creative class allows you to express a different part of your character that is totally original. Just as with sports, it helps you to discover ways to do something that is not intellectual. This becomes further affirmation for you as an individual and helps to build self-confidence.

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Raindrops, along with all things that fall, drop to the Earth because of gravity. Yet, the process that raindrops undergo to get to the point where they fall is a little more complicated than a simple gravitational effect. To become rain, water must first transform to a gas, travel up into the atmosphere and then transform back again to a liquid. Only then do the raindrops succumb to gravity and fall out of clouds. The process during which water transforms to rain and falls is known collectively as the hydrologic cycle. A Never-Ending Story The hydrologic cycle is also known as the water cycle, a continuous process with no starting or ending point. The cycle involves nine parts, each having to do with what water does at any given stage of the cycle. For instance, during the evaporation stage, the sun heats liquid water, turning it to a gas that then floats up into the atmosphere. Once there, the gas cools and condenses -- that is, it changes back to liquid. After condensation, precipitation can occur. During precipitation, rain, snow or ice falls to Earth’s surface. Once on Earth, the water may evaporate again and return to the atmosphere. Water on the Move If you’ve seen a mirror or eyeglasses fog up, you’ve witnessed condensation, when water vapor in the air cools and changes to a liquid. Condensation also creates clouds, as water molecules join with dust, salt or smoke to form drops. These drops join with one another, the clouds and water drops growing and becoming visible. The clouds float in the atmosphere, supported by the denser air below them. The wind carries the clouds, carrying water to different parts of the globe. A Precipitous Matter Just because water has collected into clouds doesn’t mean it will automatically rain down on Earth in the water cycle process known as precipitation. Even though gravity is pulling down on raindrops, air updrafts are pushing them up. Instead, raindrops in the cloud, millions of them, must collide to become drops that are big enough to overcome the updrafts. Sometimes instead, raindrops start as ice crystals. Water condenses on the crystals, growing them until they reach a size large enough to fall as snow or ice. On the way to Earth this freezing precipitation may melt into rain. Raindrops on Roses Rain may fall on to water or land, some of the liquid evaporating and traveling up, some traveling down through soil, and some carried over land to streams, lakes and oceans. Plants may intercept rain as well. The vegetation gives it back through transpiration, water vapor leaving the plant through pores on the leaves. No matter where rain lands, none of the water is actually lost during the hydrologic cycle. Instead, all of the Earth’s water, the same water the Earth has had for 3.5 billion years, recycles through the water cycle. - Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty Images

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Each new school year, parents and kids shift into “go-go gear”. Anticipation, preparation and time-juggling increases stress for all. Classwork and homework, extracurriculars, relationships and social media generate even more stress. A recent study found that teens now report stress levels as high as those of adults. In the classroom, stressed brains have trouble learning. To reduce stress and improve learning, some classrooms are sprouting yoga mats, meditation pillows and soothing music stations. Activities such as mindfulness, yoga, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation are helping to calm students and contribute to more positive experiences and outcomes.

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A growing number of studies suggest that getting a handle on a few key risk factors can bring type 2 diabetes under control. Lowering blood sugar, for instance, reduces the risk of additional health problems, such as heart disease and stroke related to the disease. But most of these studies have focused on studying one risk factor — like blood sugar, cholesterol or blood pressure — at a time. In a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers analyzed what happens to death rates and other health problems when people control up to five known risk factors for type 2 diabetes. The study reviewed the health of more than 1.6 million people in Sweden, nearly 300,000 of whom had type 2 diabetes. The database included information on the levels of five risk factors linked to the condition: blood sugar, LDL cholesterol, kidney proteins, smoking and blood pressure. The researchers compared health outcomes, including early death, heart attack and stroke, among people with type 2 diabetes to those without the chronic disease. They team, led by Dr. Aidin Rawshani, from the department of molecular and clinical medicine at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, found that people with type 2 diabetes who successfully followed current health guidelines for keeping their risk factors under control were less likely to have a heart attack than even people without type 2 diabetes; their risk was 16% lower compared to the general population after 5.7 years. Their risk of dying during the study period of any cause was only slightly higher — 6% — than among the control group. “These results show that we may actually be able to substantially reduce, and in some cases even possibly eliminate, excess health risk by treating these risk factors,” says Rawshani. The results aren’t a guarantee that following doctor’s orders — bringing blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels to normal ranges, not smoking and keeping kidneys healthy — will protect people with type 2 diabetes from heart attacks, stroke or early death. But they are an encouraging sign that controlling the disease can improve health. Rawshani and his colleagues also found from the data that people who lowered three factors — blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure — to below currently recommended levels lowered their risk of dying early or having heart events even further. The risk doesn’t completely disappear when people stick to recommended guidelines; the study also found that people who had all five risk factors within recommended levels had a higher rate of hospitalization for heart failure, although they did not have a higher risk of dying or having a heart attack. The benefit was especially notable for younger people with type 2 diabetes, says the study’s senior author, Dr. Soffia Gudbjornsdottir, professor of molecular and clinical medicine at the University of Gothenburg. That suggests that younger people with type 2 diabetes and their doctors should pay even more attention to this panel of risk factors, rather than focusing on just a few of them. “There seems to be a tendency to wait and see a little bit with younger people when it comes to blood pressure and high blood lipids,” she says. “But the results show that we may be waiting and seeing a little bit too long.” The researchers hope the findings prompt more doctors to look at all five risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes; addressing all of them can significantly lower risk of future health problems associate with the disease. “This is fantastic news for patients with type 2 diabetes: that just by bringing these five selected risk factors to within contemporary guideline levels, they can actually reduce their excess risk of early death, and possibly eliminate their excess risk of heart attack,” says Rawshani. “It’s absolutely positive news for patients with type 2 diabetes.” He also notes that the study only investigated what would happen if people controlled five risk factors, mostly with medications. “We have not included lifestyle changes, such as an improved diet and more physical activity,” he says. “One can only imagine what a patient with type 2 diabetes could achieve by looking at more than just these five risk factors.”

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Difference between revisions of "Islam and Science" |[checked revision]||[checked revision]| |Line 337:||Line 337:| Revision as of 15:04, 15 October 2013 One of the most widely used tools to propagate Islam among non-Muslims is the alleged harmony between its scriptures and modern science. This page contains easy-to-read summaries of articles discussing Islam in relation to science. - 1 Introduction - 2 Medicine, Healthcare and Biology in Islam - 2.1 Medicine and Healthcare - 2.2 The Medicinal Value of Camel Urine - 2.3 Dipping Flies Into Drinks - 2.4 Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting - 2.5 Moderate Alcohol Consumption and its Health Benefits - 2.6 Milk is Agreeable/Good for Humans to Drink? - 2.7 Drinking Zamzam Water and its Health Risks - 2.8 Health Effects of Islamic Dress - 2.9 Embryology in Islamic Scripture - 2.10 Reproduction in the Qur'an and Hadith - 2.11 Cousin Marriage in Islam - 3 The Universe According to Islam - 4 Islamic Science and the Golden Age - 5 Science in the Qur'an - 5.1 Scientific Errors in the Qur'an and Hadith - 5.2 Non-Muslims finding Science in the Qur'an - 5.3 Scientific Miracles in...the Georgics - 5.4 Qur'an and the Big Bang - 5.5 Qur'an Predicted Black Holes And Pulsars - 5.6 Speed of Light in the Qur'an - 5.7 Earth Made of Seven Layers - 5.8 Qur'an and the Descent of Iron Miracle - 5.9 Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness - 5.10 The Qur'an and Mountains - 5.11 Qur'an Predicted Land Decreasing - 5.12 Creation of Humans from Clay - 5.13 Qur'an and Semen Production - 5.14 Qur'an Describes Gender Determination By Sperm - 5.15 Qur'an and Embryology - 5.16 Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs - 5.17 Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum - 5.18 Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Qur'an - 6 See Also - 7 External Links - 8 References When evaluating claims of miraculous scientific information in “revealed” scriptures such as the Qur’an, it is critical to remember the dictum, “Extraordinary claims demand extraordinary proof.” For certainly, miracles are not to be taken lightly. If miracles really are the results of direct intervention by God/gods, and if they truly are meant as signs to prove both his/her/their existence and power, then we should expect them to serve those purposes in a clear and unambiguous manner. If God is going through all that trouble to provide us with signs, it would defeat his purpose to make the signs difficult to recognize. If we assume that Allah exists, it is safe to say that he is not a Las Vegas magician, and his miracles should reasonably be several cuts above the prestidigitation of Penn and Teller. An all-powerful universal God would doubtlessly be capable of providing miracles that were unchallengeable, unambiguous and dramatic. And it is fully conceivable that God would embed such clear signs of his power and omniscience within his revelation. The claim of “scientific miracles” in the Qur’an rests upon the contention that the book contains specific and detailed scientific knowledge that can only have been revealed to Prophet Muhammad miraculously, i.e. that there was no possible non-miraculous way for such information to have been known to a 7th Century Arab. So it stands to reason that if there actually were non-miraculous ways for such information to be available, no miracle can be demonstrated. And it is important to test such claims, for we are not involved in a casual conversation about fashion or dietary preferences. We are talking about alleged proofs for the divine origin of the Qur’an. The Four Part Test For a “scientific statement” in the Qur’an to be considered miraculous, it must be capable of passing a four-part test that removes the possibility of a non-miraculous origin of the information: 1. It must be an unambiguous statement of scientific fact requiring no elaborate interpretation to discern its factual meaning. This point cannot be stressed too intensely. For the scientific information in question must actually be in the Qur’an itself, and not something added later as part of a commentary. If the critical information that distinguishes a “scientific miracle” from a casual statement of obvious fact is not explicitly in the clear words and meaning of the Qur’an, we cannot trust it as even being there. If the verse has to be “interpreted” to extract hidden meaning that is not obviously there, the claim of a miracle has been “corrupted” by the commentary, and cannot be considered valid. 2. The fact must have been previously unknown to every other non-Islamic civilization that had contact with the Arabian Peninsula. Key to the claim of “scientific miracles” in the Qur’an is the contention that the information included was unknown until recently, or at least until many years after the death of Muhammad. So, of course, if it can be shown that the information was already available to other peoples or cultures with whom the Arabs were in contact, this claim is shown to be simply false. It does not matter the source of that other culture’s information. It may have been a lucky guess, it may have been the result of precocious scientific achievement… in fact it may even potentially have been a miracle the other culture had experienced years before. But if that information was available before the Qur’an was written down, there can be no credit to the claim of a “Qur’anic miracle.” 3. It must not be obvious to any casual observer. This may sound like an obvious point, but given the nature of many of the stock “miracles” claimed by Muslim apologists, it still must be discussed explicitly. For often, what is claimed to be a miracle of the Qur’an is something of which any individual with his or her eyes open would have been aware. If the information in question is available to anyone who simply looks at the phenomenon, requiring no sophisticated instruments, tools or interpretation, then it cannot be considered miraculous. 4. It must be true. As with the previous point, this one sounds intuitively obvious. But it too requires explicit mention as occasionally the claims of Qur’anic “miracles” depend on misunderstandings or misstatements about reality and science. If the information in question is not actually true, then certainly it cannot be a miraculous revelation from God, as God should be expected to know what is or is not true. Medicine, Healthcare and Biology in Islam Medicine and Healthcare Islamic medicine, healthcare and Biology relies on superstitions, general beliefs among the people during the prophet's time and borrowings from the practices and beliefs of other civilizations. For example; today you will find Muslims who champion the self-alleged health benefits of drinking camel urine (as instructed by Muhammad), but those who are actually willing to practice such things are far less forthcoming. The allowance and even encouragement of marriages between relatives, such as cousins, is another issue that deserves to be sent back to the 7th century. Medically, this common Muslim practice is harmful because it raises the probability for genetic disorders to occur in offspring. And the much lauded embryology found within the Qur'an is in reality plagiarized from Greek medicine. Therefore embryology, as described in the Qur'an, is neither original nor correct. These are but a few of the example which are covered in our articles. The Medicinal Value of Camel Urine This article is about the use of camel urine as medicine in the Hadiths and how such usage is viewed in the Muslim world. Muhammad prescribed camel urine as medicine to the followers from Uraynah. Because Muhammad is a prophet, Muslims believe he received a divine revelation from God. As a result they continue to study and prescribe camel urine as medicine despite the lack of evidence proving there is any medicinal value in camel urine and that there is some evidence that drinking urine is actually harmful. Dipping Flies Into Drinks The thesis put forward by some Muslims is that it has recently been proven by modern science that flies carry not only pathogens but also the agents that limit these pathogens, thus proving the fly wing hadiths that tell us "If a fly falls into one of your containers [of food or drink], immerse it completely before removing it, for under one of its wings there is venom and under another there is its antidote." They principally identify these agents to be bacteriophages, though they also sometimes refer to fungi. The scientific evidence does not support the veracity of the fly wing hadiths for the following reasons: (1) Contrary to their innovative interpretations of relevant hadith, bacteriophages are not limited to any specific wing of the fly. (2) Contrary to their innovative interpretations of relevant hadith, bacteriophages in the natural state and concentration are not antidotal to bacterial diseases, particularly for temperate or lysogenic phages. (3) Bacteriophages are ineffective against non-bacterial diseases carried by flies, meaning even if the wings were to provide you with an antidote to bacterial diseases, they could infect you with another non-bacterial disease (i.e. dipping a fly into your drink is not good advice). (4) Phage therapy is not a generally-accepted medical therapy at present because it is largely ineffective and requires large quantities of purified, possibly genetically-engineered, phages not present in the natural condition. Adverse Effects of Islamic Fasting Medical fasting is different from Islamic fasting (Sawm), and contrary to popular Muslim beliefs, Islamic fasting, unlike Medical fasting, has numerous adverse effects that have been observed using scientific studies and news sources. Intermittent and prolonged fasting is generally not conducive to a healthy lifestyle. Depriving the body of water and essential nutrients by dividing and postponing meals to irregular intervals does nothing to limit consumption. In-fact it causes a host of health, performance and mood disorders. Fasting is not normally prescribed for the well being of human beings. Instead, it is commonly understood that eating healthy, smaller-portioned meals, interspersed throughout the day is far better in maintaining a well-balanced diet and far more forgiving on a person's metabolism. Any claims that prolonged and intermittent fasting contributes to the well-being of an individual's health are misleading, based on the scientific studies that prove otherwise. If the Islamic argument in favor of fasting is that “we fast because God commanded us to do so," then it is obvious that God is not a nutritionist or a dietitian because the negatives definitely outweigh the positives. So the question to the Muslim world is: what benefit does the Muslim world get for 1 billion people staying hungry throughout the day for one full month every year? Did Allah actually want Muslims to suffer physically, economically and socially for one month every year? Also, if fasting is beneficial as Muslims claim, why do Muslims not fast the entire year instead of just one month? Moderate Alcohol Consumption and its Health Benefits Alcohol and other intoxicants are strictly prohibited (haram) in Islam. At first this aspect of Islam may seem inspired and full of wisdom, considering the abuse of alcohol can lead to a lot of misery and suffering. To be sure, we are in no way endorsing the consumption or abuse of alcohol. However, we are asking the question 'should you throw the baby out with the bath water?' When used in moderation, research suggests that there are numerous benefits in the consumption of alcohol, and an all-knowing deity would have been aware of this. The Jews and Christians are allowed to consume alcohol. The pagan Arabs before and shortly after their conversion to Islam also consumed alcohol. So why did Allah prohibit something that may be beneficial and which was an accepted norm among the religions before Islam? Of course the Muslims will cite Qur'an 2:219 and state "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." However, if this was the true reason behind its prohibition then it only exposes Allah's flawed logic. Surely the "all-wise" would have only prohibited its abuse and not given us an outright ban. Furthermore, if the potential health risk of alcohol was the cause of the prohibition, why not also warn Muslims against the dangers of drinking milk? Milk is Agreeable/Good for Humans to Drink? The Qur'an clearly encourages people to drink milk and calls it "pure and agreeable to those who drink it." It's even being served in the Muslim Paradise. In reality, one glass of milk is potentially more harmful than a glass of alcoholic beverage. The Northern Europeans are among the rather small group of the totality of humankind to whom consumption of milk after the weaning stage is most 'agreeable' due to evolutionary changes. For much of the rest of humanity lactose-intolerance after the weaning stage is default. So it seems that the Qur'anic statement "And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign...We produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it" is more appropriate to the genetic cluster of (kafir) Northern Europeans and their US descendants than to the other genetic clusters among humanity. Drinking Zamzam Water and its Health Risks Millions of Muslims visit the Zamzam well in Mecca each year while performing the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages, in order to drink its water and, in many cases, to take home some of its water for distribution among friends and relations believing the well and the water which it pumps to be miraculous. As with urine, milk, and alcohol, Muslims often make claims of their religious beliefs being backed by science. However, in May 2011, a BBC investigation found that genuine Zamzam water taken from the well contained arsenic levels three times the legal limit, something which could contribute to increasing people's risk of cancer. In addition to the dangerous arsenic levels, the holy water contained high levels of nitrate and potentially harmful bacteria. Health Effects of Islamic Dress The majority of female Muslims worldwide, following the Islamic requirement of observing Hijab, wear some form of Islamic dress. This ranges anywhere from wearing a simple head covering, to the burqa (a form of "full hijab"), which covers almost all exposed skin. There is concern among the medical community about some of the health effects of the extreme styles of Islamic dress, with the main issues arising from Vitamin D deficiency due to lack skin exposed to UV light. It has been established by credible scientific evidence that almost all women who observe the full hijab are chronically deficient in Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient and deficiency of this kind can lead to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. There is also a strong association between deficiency in Vitamin D and an increased risk of developing several deadly cancers, including breast cancer. For Islam as a religion, the implications are troublesome. Islam is considered by its adherents to be the perfect way of life for mankind. If Islam was mandated by Allah, and if he wanted women to observe hijab, then logically he would not have created humans with the need to get Vitamin D from exposing their skin to the sun. Embryology in Islamic Scripture “Islamic embryology” is derived from both the Qur’an and the hadith, and is quite consistent across all the contributing sources. The core of the story can be found in the Qur’an, 22:5. There are a handful of additional ayaat that deal with this subject, and none of them disagree with the basic scenario. There is also more to learn from the hadith, particularly that of Bukhari and Muslim. Again, the accounts are quite consistent, and the additional information they provide is important. The details of embryology as reflected in the Qur’an and the hadith can be summarized as follows; the embryo spends 40 days as a drop of sperm or seed, the embryo then spends another 40 days as a “clot” or a “leech-like clot” of blood, the embryo then spends another 40 days as a “lump of flesh” during which the gender of the child is assigned by an angel at Allah’s direction. These then are the details that must be correlated with actual embryonic development to evaluate the accuracy or inaccuracy of the Islamic account. The question is actually a simple one: Does this account describe the first 120 days of embryonic development or doesn’t it? Reproduction in the Qur'an and Hadith The hadith contain many statements about fluids from both the man and woman that were believed to form the human embryo. The Qur’an too says that the embryo is formed from emitted fluid, and in one verse perhaps indicates a mingling of male and female fluids. In this article we shall present new research to trace the origins of each of these ideas at least as far back as the Jewish Talmud and the ancient Greek physicians. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the influence of ideas from other cultures on the Qur’an and hadith regarding reproduction. It will go without saying that these ideas are inaccurate compared with current scientific knowledge of reproduction and embryology. Cousin Marriage in Islam Cousin marriage is explicitly allowed in Islam as seen in verse 4:23 of the Qur'an. Muhammad himself married cousins, as he did with Zaynab bint Jahsh, who was not only the daughter of his father's sister, but was also divorced from a marriage with Muhammad's adopted son, Zayd ibn Haritha. Muhammad also allowed the marriage of his daughter, Fatimah, to his cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib, who would later go on to become the fourth Rightly-guided Caliph of Islam. The second Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, also married his cousin, Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl. From a biological point of view it becomes clear that first cousin marriage is not recommended because close relatives have a higher than normal consanguinity which means an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits. With this high amount of shared DNA, you have a higher risk of birth defects in a baby. The British geneticist, Professor Steve Jones, giving The John Maddox Lecture at the 2011 Hay Festival had stated in relation to Muslim inbreeding, "It is common in the Islamic world to marry your brother’s daughter, which is actually [genetically] closer than marrying your cousin." A rough estimate shows that close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred. The Universe According to Islam Adam, Eve, and the Six Days of Creation This page simply quotes authoritative Islamic sources, i.e. the Qur'an, hadith, and scholars, to provide you with an accurate picture of what Islam teaches of the creation of the universe and its human inhabitants. The basic creation narrative is consistent throughout. It began six thousand years before the advent of Islam. The first thing to be created was the planet Earth, which took two days to complete, from Sunday to Monday. Then it took another two days to create the mountains, trees, and everything else. The final two days, Thursday and Friday, were spent creating the "heavens", the sun, moon, other planets, and a sixty cubits (approximately ninety feet) tall Adam. Hawwa' (Eve) was created from Adam's left rib, whilst he was asleep in the Garden. She is blamed by Adam for persuading him to eat from the forbidden tree. As a result, they are both cast out from the garden in Paradise and sent down to the planet Earth, where their decedents continue to decrease in size. As punishment for her transgression in particular, Allah makes Eve menstruate, suffer pregnancy and become stupid. Therefore, according to Islamic beliefs, today all women menstruate (are deficient in religion) and are created stupid (deficient in intelligence). A Qur’anic Understanding of the Universe This article is designed to uncover and explain the actual state of scientific knowledge that is presented to us in the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Specifically, we will explore Islamic Cosmology, in particular the Qur'ans understanding of the nature and structure of the physical universe. To no surprise, the Qur'an's understanding of the universe matches that of the mythical cosmos believed by 7th century Arabians rather than an accurate description of the real universe. In the Qur'an, the entire universe is very small and contains simply the earth and its surrounding heavens. There are no galaxies, other solar systems, or such a thing as “outer space.” The earth is the top-most of seven, flat discs, surrounded by the seven solid concentric domes of the heavens. The celestial objects that do exist (sun, moon, stars and planets) are quite small, very close, and they follow semi-circular paths within the innermost of the seven heavenly domes. When they are not in the sky above the earth, they are resting somewhere underneath it, except while petitioning Allah’s permission to return the following day (or night). Paradise exists between the seven heavens, and hell exists between the seven earths. All of this is submerged in a cosmic sea, above which is the throne of Allah. The Flat Earth As recently as 1993 the supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz declared "The earth is flat. Whoever claims it is round is an atheist deserving of punishment." and in a televised debate aired on Iraqi Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007), Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel Al-Sa'd also declared that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it. As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this. While many have attempted to explain away this oddity, they prey on their listeners ignorance of the Arabic language. As such, their apologetic claims have been easily refuted by native Arabic speakers. There is no escaping the fact that, according to the Qur'an, the earth is flat. The Motionless Center - Planet Earth This article examines the evidence for Qur'anic geocentric cosmology. Some may confuse geocentricism with the the idea that the Earth is flat. This is not the case. These are two different ideas. Geocentrism simply is the notion that the earth is the (immovable) center of our universe, thus all celestial bodies mover around it. According to the Qur'an, the Sun (and the moon and the five known planets) follow a curved (rounded) course (a Falak). This falak starts in the east (where the sun goes up), goes high above the earth and ends after sunset with the Sun resting at night at a hidden place. All this took place around an earth that was spread out and had a firmament built on invisible pillars above it. This was a common belief at the time. Sahih (authentic) hadiths affirm this geocentric cosmology (so Muhammad or at least the people around him agree with it), and great ancient, and even modern-day, Muslim astronomists agree that the Qur'an is geocentric. In ancient times, many people - but certainly not all - did not know any better than what they seemed to observe everyday: the sun appeared to be going around the earth through our skies. We cannot blame a 7th century Bedouin for not knowing this, but should not the omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient creator of the universe know better? Sun Sets in a Muddy Spring The precise meaning of the opening phrases in verses 86 and 90 in the 18th chapter of the Qur’an, Surah al-Kahf, or “The Cave”, is a matter of considerable controversy. These verses occur within an account concerning a powerful figure called Dhu’l Qarnayn, “the two-horned one”, who Allah guides on a series of three fantastic journeys in Qur’an 18:83-101. They are controversial due to Muslim sensitivity to claims that they have Allah saying that the sun sets and rises in physical locations on or at the edges of Earth. Our analysis shows that the various interpretations that have been proposed for verses 18:86 and 18:90 in the Qur’an to reconcile them with scientific facts do not stand up to detailed scrutiny. The evidence overwhelmingly supports the clear and obvious interpretation that this is intended to be understood as a historical account in which Dhu’l Qarnayn traveled until he reached the place where the sun sets and actually found that it went down into a muddy spring near to where a people were, and that he then traveled until he reached the place where the sun rises and actually found that it rose up above a people who lived close to the place where the sun rises. Ramadan and the North and South Poles This article consists of a set of questions and answers exploring Ramadan's relation to the North and South Poles. According to Islamic rules, the length of a fast is governed by the rising and the setting of the sun. This can cause a huge problem for those who live close to these poles. The closer we get to the poles, the longer our days or nights become. They can eventually extend for up to several months each, making the fourth Pillar of Islam impossible to practice without starving yourself to death. Obviously Muhammad was unaware of the poles. Islamic Writing and the Universe Islamic scriptures and scholars have much to say in regards to the cosmology of the universe. Islamic Science and the Golden Age The Miracle of Islamic Science This is a refutation of Dr K. Ajram's Setting the Record Straight: The Miracle of Islamic Science. The purpose of this analysis is to put the achievements of Golden Age Muslim scientists in the proper perspective; neither denigrating their achievements nor inflating them. All scientific and technological progress is accomplished in progression; Muslim achievements are but links in the chain. Few of the great Muslim scientific achievements stood alone, but were derived by Muslim scientists standing on the shoulders of those who came before them. This analysis also highlights the fatal flaw of the Islamic Golden Age. There were few ‘follow-up’ breakthroughs on the backs of the works of the great Muslim scientists. In effect, the Ummah allowed or encouraged these works to wither on the vine or die stillborn, even before the rise of mysticism at the expense of rational thinking, an event often attributed to al-Ghazzali around the turn of the 12th century. Indeed, it would seem orthodox Islam utterly stifles intellectual reasoning. Therefore, Islam is not the cause of scientific progress during the Golden Age. Many people would say that the Golden Age scientific progress was made in spite of Islam, not because of it. A prime example is the great philosopher-physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) whose work is constantly referenced by Dr K. Ajram. It is true that Avicenna was one of the most influential medieval philosophers, but he was also one of the most frequently attacked by Muslims. Today, the majority of Muslims would consider Ibn Sina, and many of the other great 'Islamic' scientists, as heretical apostates for their beliefs, and therefore non-Muslim disbelievers. Muslims 'Saved' the Work of Greek Philosophers from Destruction The Arab transmission of the classics is a common and persistent myth that Arabic commentators such as Avicenna and Averroes 'saved' the work of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from destruction. According to the myth, these works would otherwise have perished in the long European dark age between fifth and the tenth centuries. Thus the versions of Aristotle used in the West were translations from the Arabic, which came from the South West of Europe in the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims during the twelve and thirteenth centuries. This is incorrect. It was actually the Byzantines in the East who saved the ancient learning of the Greeks in the original language, and the first Latin texts to be used were translation from the Greek, in the 12th century, rather than, in most cases, the Arabic, which were only used in default of these. It is nevertheless true, and no myth, that the work of the Arabic commentators, particularly Averroes, had a profound influence on the scholastic philosophers of the Latin West in the thirteenth century. Aristotle's Greek is terse and very difficult to understand. The work of the Arabic commentators helped in explaining and clarifying Aristotle's dense and apparently obscure thought. Thus Western intellectual tradition owes a great debt to the Arabic scholars in terms of understanding Aristotle's thought. In terms of the texts, however, these would have survived had the Arabic commentators never existed. Islamic Inventions that Changed the World These past few years have seen many inventions falsely claimed and attributed to Islamic inventors, which in fact either existed in pre-Islamic eras, were invented by other cultures, or both. However, this detail has not halted Muslim, and non-Muslim apologists alike, from perpetuating these false claims. Such claims, which are basically altering the world's history in order to show Islam in a better light, have even been forced upon the unsuspecting public in a nationwide tour which opened with an exhibition at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester and the University of Manchester, England. To celebrate this series of events, an article titled “How Islamic inventors changed the world” was written by Paul Vallely and published in The Independent. This inaccurate piece of propaganda has received much praise from Muslims and is still being widely circulated on Islamic websites, forums and blogs. This article lists and examines all twenty of these “Islamic inventions that changed the world”, and in doing so, it reveals their actual inventors and the true role of Islam/Muslims, if any, behind the inventions. In short, we find that Paul Vallely's article is fundamentally misleading. It omits, distorts, and makes blunders concerning the most basic of historical facts to give the reader a false impression. It leaves you wondering what could have possibly motivated him into writing such a deceptive piece of journalism? This exhibition claimed to have shown 1001 Islamic inventions. If the best twenty are proven false, what of the other 981? Islamic Science in Wikipedia Articles At Wikipedia, Islam-related articles are severely compromised by Muslim editors. An example of this is a 2010 incident where an editor with over 67,000 edits was caught intentionally inserting false information into articles. Jagged 85 is the main contributor to the many inaccurate Islam/Science/Golden Age articles which are still being copied and pasted all over the internet by Muslims, and more than 20% of Wikipedia's "Timeline of historic inventions" was provided by him. With contributions to over 8,100 separate articles, it is unlikely that all of Jagged 85's edits will ever be fixed. And even if they were, these Wikipedia articles have already been reproduced all over the net by other sites which use Wikipedia as a source. Science in the Qur'an Scientific Errors in the Qur'an and Hadith This page lists various types of scientific errors found in the Qur'an. The subjects of these errors include; Evolution, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Zoology and many others which are often confirmed by the hadith. Non-Muslims finding Science in the Qur'an The new Mullahs and other Islamists feel very happy whenever they find an occidental (western white person) who talks in favor of their faith (Islam). This is especially true when these western people try to associate the Qur'an and Hadith with anything resembling an inkling of scientific truth. For the last 25 years or so, Muslims have found several non-Muslim supporters (pseudo) of their faith. One of the results of such liaisons is Bucailleism, the belief that "the Qur'an prophesied the Big Bang theory, space travel and other contemporary scientific breakthroughs," and that "there are more than 1200 verses (Ayat) which can be interpreted in the light of modern science." It has been called "a fast-growing branch of Islamic fundamentalism." Named after none-other than the French (Catholic) surgeon Maurice Bucaille, its proponents believe that "one of the main convincing evidences" that lead many to convert to Islam "is the large number of scientific facts in the Quran." These articles take a critical look at this fairly recent phenomena. Scientific Miracles in...the Georgics This article argues that the Georgica, written by Virgil in Golden Latin in the year 28 BC, contains many scientific miracles (i.e. scientific foreknowledge). Furthermore, Virgil was an ancient Roman poet and the ancient Romans were polytheists, thus the Roman pantheon of deities must exist. Of course this article is written as part satire. It parodies the logic of Muslim apologists, and demonstrates very effectively how easy it is to reinterpret any ancient poetry, such as the Qur'an, and reveal so-called scientific miracles. Qur'an and the Big Bang Islamic apologists attempt to claim that the “Big Bang” is actually described by the Qur’an in one of many miraculous displays of scientific precocity in text. However on closer examination, Muslim claims of miraculous scientific information in the Qur’an are shown to be, yet again, in error. In reality, the Qur’an is completely silent on the “big bang” because it clearly has no awareness whatsoever of a universe that preexisted the creation of the planet Earth, or extended outwards into infinite space. It has no understanding of galaxies, or clusters of galaxies, or quasars or pulsars or any of the other things that could have easily been mentioned by an omniscient Allah, and left us no room for quibbling. Qur'an Predicted Black Holes And Pulsars Harun Yahya, makes many claims of Qur'anic Science. This article seeks to debunk two such claims, namely that the Qur'an predicted black holes and pulsars. We will show the absurdity of the black hole claim, while showing the pulsar claim to be conjectural and devoid of factual basis. In doing so, we will also show Harun Yahya’s self-contradiction as he used the same Qur'anic verse to ‘prove’ both the black hole and the pulsar. Now, even to the uninitiated, it would seem impossible for something to be both a black hole and a pulsar. However, apologists do not appear to be inhibited by such constraints of logic. Speed of Light in the Qur'an In an article published in Islami City, Dr. Mansour Hassab-Elnaby claims the verse 32:5 reveals that light in one day travels a distance equal to 12,000 lunar orbits, and upon calculating that distance we find the exact speed of light. This verse clearly has nothing to do with the speed of light. There is no mention of the moon, light or even distance in this verse. If these methods were to be applied to other texts, such as Shakespeare's writings or Virgil's Georgics, they too can be "proven" divine. No matter how we look at Dr. Hassab-Elnaby's calculations, they are mathematically incorrect. Even the notion of measuring the speed of light with the orbit of the Moon or the length of the day is a fallacy. Dr. Hassab-Elnaby also makes many deliberate errors to doctor his scientific miracle, and in his zeal to ascribe miracles to the Qur'an, he throws out of the window the concept of Allah's omnipresence. The maker of the Universe, according to him, depends on the speed of light to manage his affairs. Even if we assume there really is a miracle in this plagiarized allegory, shouldn't the credit go to the Bible from which it originates? Earth Made of Seven Layers Many Muslims have come up with some extraordinary claims, including the claim that modern science proves the Qur'an correct in asserting the earth is made of 7 "layers". This article seeks to show the error of the claim that verse 65:12 shows the earth is composed of 7 layers. In truth, the earth is not composed of 7 layers, but 5. Even if the earth was composed of 7 layers, it doesn't alter the fact that if these apologists cared to delve a little deeper into their own sources they would discover that the 7 earths being referred to in verse 65:12 are in fact flat islands, one under the other. Qur'an and the Descent of Iron Miracle Many apologists propagate the ‘iron sent down from heaven miracle’ pseudoscience. A chief proponent of this claim is Harun Yahya. There is nothing miraculous about surah 57:26 describing iron being ‘sent down’ by some deity. The ancient Egyptians already derived that concept three thousand years before Islam. They called iron “ba-en-pet” or ‘metal from heaven’. This concept was also shared by the ancient Mesopotamians. We have also shown many of the other 'miraculous' claims in connection with iron to be patent scientific nonsense. Qur'an Describes Altitude Sickness This article discusses and refutes the claim that the Qur'an's description of altitude sickness in verse 6:125 is somehow miraculous, scientifically accurate, or prophetic. If we take the verse figuratively, then it is not miraculous at all, since it is describing a phenomenon that would have been well-known to the wandering Arab nomads long before the revelation of the Qur'an. If we take the verse literally, then it is scientifically inaccurate. There is no “tightening” of the chest. The constrictive sensation experienced at high altitudes is simply a result of having less air to breathe into your lungs, in addition to the gas already there actually expanding. In fact, when we take modern scientific knowledge into consideration, problems with a literal interpretation are two-fold since it has been postulated that human adaption has lead to people born and raised in high altitudes (exceeding 3000 meters) to have enlarged chests which "could allow for increased lung volumes and thereby increase oxygen uptake." The Qur'an and Mountains This article refutes the claim that the Qur'an had foreshadowed the scientific knowledge about Mountains as Pegs stabilizing the crust or even the earth. There are two elements to this ‘Qur'anic Science’ claim: A. Mountains are Pegs. This is untrue as not all mountains have peg-like roots. B. Mountains stabilize the crust or the earth. This is unproven. There is no scientific evidence for this assertion, therefore the Qur'an cannot be validated by scientific evidence that does not exist. The mere fact of isostacy is not proof that mountains stabilize the crust or the earth. The mere fact that collision-type mountains are formed at the edges of tectonic plates is not proof that mountains stabilize the plates. The mere fact that mountains have deep roots is not proof that mountains stabilize anything. Qur'an Predicted Land Decreasing Dr. Al Zeiny, PhD, claims a so-called ‘proof’ of Qur'anic Science by positing the proposition that the Qur'an correctly predicted the geological fact that land is decreasing due to the movements of tectonic plates. He cites verses 13:41 and 21:44 as evidence. Alas for Dr. Zeiny, the geological facts do not support his case that land is decreasing as the Qur'an supposedly suggests. In fact, we'd like to thank Dr. Zeiny for helping to prove the Qur'an incorrect in asserting that land is decreasing, and thereby also prove that the Qur'an is false and therefore man-made. By extension, Dr. Zeiny has also proven that Allah is also false and therefore man-made. Creation of Humans from Clay Many Muslims use the recent scientific hypothesis of clay particles as catalysts for abiogensis as evidence of the veracity of their scripture. However, the scientific hypothesis postulates that the clay merely 'match-makes' RNA and membrane vesicles - and therefore does not form a building block. This is contrary to the Islamic Faith which postulates that human beings were created from clay, implying clay was a building block. Notwithstanding this key distinction, is Islam the only religion which postulated the creation of human beings from clay? The answer is no. Many religions pre-dating Islam also carry this 'creation of human beings from clay' story. The earliest are the pre-cursors of the Abrahamic Faiths - namely the early Mesopotamian religions. Other faiths that postulate the 'creation of human beings from clay' stories include the ancient Egyptians, some African tribes and the Incas. In fact, the ‘creation of humans from clay’ stories are common throughout the world, including far-flung places like Australia and the Pacific Islands which were not in contact with Islam or any of the other Abrahamic Faiths until recent times. Qur'an and Semen Production This article lists and refutes all the various Islamic attempts to show that the Qur'an correctly describes semen production from between the sulb and the tara’ib in verse 86:7. There are at least seven distinct classes of Islamic explanations, and these propositions are frequently conflicting. For example, Ibn Kathir refers to tara’ib as a female organ, while other tafsirs claim it belongs to the man. Another conflict is the definition of sulb to mean either the backbone or the ‘hardening’ of the loins. Qur'an Describes Gender Determination By Sperm Various apologists make the usual Islamic polemic about how the Qur'an can be proved by modern scientific knowledge, using the old canard about how the Qur'an is the only ancient book that states that gender is determined by the sperm. In this, they may point out the ignorance of the Greeks who thought gender was determined by the relative strengths of sperm from the male and female parents as Hippocrates imagined. This article does not seek to prove that the ancient Egyptians shared some aspects of our modern understanding of gender determination and reproduction. It merely aims to show that the Qur'an was not the first religious text to suggest that gender is determined by the semen of the male parent. Qur'an and Embryology There are propagations of the Qur'anic ‘so-called’ Embryology by such luminaries as Dr. Keith Moore and Dr. Maurice Bucaille. These works are aped by such Islamic scholars as Dr. Al Zeiny, Dr. Zakir Naik, Dr. Ibrahim Syed, Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal, and the ubiquitous Harun Yahya aka Adnan Oktar. A good additional material is provided by Dr. Omar Abdul Rehman in which he goes into even greater detail in his attempt to validate the Qur'anic ‘human reproduction’ verses with modern scientific facts. On the net, you will find many excellent debunkings of the Qur'anic Embryology Pseudoscience (“QEP”). Here we attempt to add to this debate, concentrating solely on the Qur'anic verses. Qur'anic Claim of Everything Created in Pairs This article refutes the claim that Man did not know anything about the "creation in pairs" at the time of the 'descent' of the Qur'an. The case against the Qur'an is really very simple. All one has to do is to show that not all creatures are ‘created’ in pairs. Muhammad, being who he was, did not have access to a microscope or a good Level 1 biology textbook. It was all too easy for him to observe male and female humans, camels, dogs, and even devils, jinns, and angels. But as he had no idea about micro-organisms and herpetology he was unaware that he was mistaken in his belief that all creatures came in males and females. Based on the existence of the schizophyllum commune, and asexual, hermaphroditic and parthenogenetic organisms, the Qur'anic verses about Allah creating all creatures in pairs (male and female) is refuted. Qur'an and the Lying Prefrontal Cerebrum Several apologists promulgate Professor Keith L. Moore's Qur'anic Pseudoscience of the lying sinful prefrontal area of the cerebrum (here referred to as the prefrontal cerebrum). There are many web sites that are copy-pasting this proposition, and a search of the internet reveals that all the Muslim claims that the cerebrum is responsible for lying and sin comes from the same source, i.e. from Keith Moore. However, Modern medical research utilizing fMRI conduct brain scans has revealed that the prefrontal cerebrum is not responsible for lying. Other brain regions are responsible, particularly the anterior cingulate gyrus which lies in the medial part of the brain in the frontal-parietal area and not in the prefrontal cerebrum. Thus, the scientific evidence does not support the pseudoscientific claim that the Qur'an correctly asserts that the prefrontal region is responsible for lying as it is not the region responsible for the decision-making process of lying. Meeting of Fresh and Salt Water in the Qur'an Muslim apologists believe that Surah 25:53 of the Qur’an is scientifically accurate. They conclude that since the process was unknown to humankind during the time of Prophet Muhammad, this verse (and the Qur’an as a whole) is revealed by Allah. This article will prove that the verse in question is scientifically wrong. Also it will prove that a layman could make a better guess than the allegedly divine author of the Qur'an. In summary, this article will: A. briefly introduce you to a real river-estuary-ocean system. B. make logical deductions based on the verse and see how far only common sense can take us. C. explain what the verse claims on the meeting of fresh and salt water. D. explain what elementary science tells us about the process. E. explain what modern science tells us about the process. F. show you how Islamic apologists "prove" this “scientific miracle” G. state our analysis on the “scientific miracle”. - Zakir Naik - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Zakir Naik - Harun Yahya - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Harun Yahya - Averroes (Ibn Rushd: 1126-98) - Islamization of Knowledge - Muslim Statistics (Science) Other Core Articles Core articles contain an overview of other articles related to a specific issue, and serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to learn about Islam: - Islam and Apostasy - Islam and Homosexuality - Islam and Miracles - Islam and Pedophilia - Islam and Propaganda - Islam and the People of the Book - Islam and Scripture - Islam and Violence - Islam and Women - Qur'an and Science - Answering Islam - The Scientific 100 - 3 different rankings from Adherents.com showing how little Muslims contributed to science - Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia, 1993 - printed in "Muslim Edicts Take on New Force", NY Times, February 12, 1995. - The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun - Youtube - The myth persists even on 'scholarly' websites. See e.g. here. "It was only through the transfer of Greek knowledge (including Aristotle's philosophy, Ptolemy's geography, Hippocrates' medicine) by Islam Spain that this information ever got to Western Europe." [our emphasis] - QUR'AN AND SCIENCE - Zaghloul El-Naggar, an Egyptian geologist, quoted in Strange Bedfellows - Tafseer sura tariq (the night) no.86 (verses 1-10)

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Your shopping cart is empty! Summary Of The Book Introduction to Design and Analysis of Algorithms is a comprehensive book for undergraduate students of Computer Science Engineering. The book comprises chapters on fundamentals of the analysis of algorithm efficiency, dynamic programming, limitations of algorithm power and coping with the limitations of algorithm power. In addition, the book consists of chapter summaries, several solved examples and practice exercises to understand the concepts better. This book is essential for software engineers preparing for competitive examinations like GATE and IES. Write a review Summary of The BookComputer Organization is an introductory text on computer organization that prov..... Summary Of The BookGraph Theory and Combinatorics is a comprehensive book for 4th semester computer..... Summary of The BookSalient Features:Lecture type of explanationsStep by step working procedure for p..... Summary Of The BookThe importance of Microprocessor is well known in various engineering fields. Ov..... SUMMARY OF BOOK This book is both an exhaustive reference and an outstanding guide for the Engg Mathematics-II By Dr.K.S.C(CBCS:Pre-Owned) Copyright 2016 BookLeey Ecommerce Private Limited -All Rights Reserved

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A generator which can be strapped to the roof of a car and converts air flow to useable power has been developed by Korean and US scientists. The power is generated from the fluttering motion of a flag-like structure, according to details published in the journal Nature Communications. The flutter-driven Triboelectric generator is based on the principle of charge transfer when two materials are rubbed together, similar to when a balloon is rubbed against clothing and then sticks to a wall. Jong-Jin Park of Chonam National University, Korea, and colleagues develop a triboelectric device which uses wind to drive the fluttering motion of a flexible textile material against a rigid plate, obtaining an voltage suitable for powering electronic devices. A generator generator measuring 7.5 cms by 5 cms with a wind speed of 15 metres per second can give an an instantaneous output voltage of 200 volts. Business Insider Emails & Alerts Site highlights each day to your inbox.

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There are several causes of cystic acne, and determining each is vital to ensuring proper treatment. Cystic acne effects men and women equally and is prevalent during adolescence when hormones begin to fluctuate. Hormonal causes are the number one reason for cystic acne; however, this is not the condition’s only source. Several other factors have been attributed to cystic acne. These include diet, stress, medications, too much oil on the skin, and irritation from makeup as well as other chemicals. Though some have mistakenly believed that cystic acne is the result of dirt on the skin, or means someone is not washing enough, this is a myth. Other factors that have been mistakenly believed to cause acne include eating foods rich in oil and chocolate. Studies have shown, however, that a diet rich in sugar can make acne worse. Hormonal changes are the most common cause of cystic acne. As hormones fluctuate in women and men, both sexes are equally impacted. Puberty is often accompanied by acne flare-ups and for some, these may clear up on their own as the teenager’s hormone levels begin to normalize. Though acne by itself is not a major health concern, the damage that adolescents suffer to their self-esteem is often cause to seek out effective treatment methods. Though adolescent cystic acne may resolve on its own, the damage to self-esteem combined with the potential for permanent scarring often leads sufferers to seek treatment. Sometimes cystic acne is genetic and there is a hereditary link. Many people who have cystic acne have family members that also had the condition. Self-care remedies are often the first step sufferers use to treat acne. It is important that those with acne not use harsh chemicals to try to cleanse the skin. Instead, it is better to use a gentle, cleansing formula and wash the face without harsh, irritating chemicals. Additionally, people with cystic acne should ensure their hair does not become oily and transmit more oil to the skin. It is a good idea for those with cystic acne to choose hairstyles that keep the hair away from the face. Over-the-counter treatments that use benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid are a good choice as they help promote skin peeling and exposing the healthy layer of new skin beneath. Topical creams are often used to help treat cystic acne by drying out the pimples. When over-the-counter remedies fail to work, sufferers may seek the help of a professional dermatologist or other health care professional. Several prescription medications are known to cause acne. These include lithium, corticosteroids, barbiturates, bromides, and iodides. Androgenic steroids may cause acne in men, while hormone-replacement-therapy may cause acne in women. When acne is caused by drugs, the pimples tend to appear the same in size and shape. In addition, treating drug-related acne is often simpler than with other causes as once the drug is stopped, the acne clears up. In some cases, a person may need to take long-term doses of medication that results in acne flare-ups. When a patient cannot stop taking their medication, a health care provider may decide to treat the acne with another prescription such as Accutane (Isotretinoin). Regardless of acne’s cause, it is important that sufferers find effective treatments and remedies to ensure their health and to clear up and prevent future outbreaks.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.cysticacne.net/causes-of-cystic-acne/

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en

|Listed||January 21, 1987| |Description||Branched shrub with fine-toothed leaves and a dull red fruit.| |Habitat||Sand pine scrub.| |Threats||Agricultural and residential development, fire suppression.| Scrub plum, Prunus geniculata, is a scraggly, heavily branched shrub up to 6 ft (2 m) tall, with spiny branches and stems. Its finely toothed deciduous leaves are rounded. Numerous fragrant, small, white, five-petaled flowers bloom in winter. The fruit is a bitter, dull red plum. The bark of new shoots is lustrous reddish-brown or purplish, becoming lustrous gray and longitudinally cracked as the branch ages. The bark of old stems is thin and gray, usually lichen-encrusted, forming small rectangular or square plates. Scrub plum occurs in pine scrub or pine rockland habitat and is sometimes a component of the longleaf pine-turkey oak community. It is found along road cuts and fire lanes, which indicates that it benefits from moderate disturbance that removes other shrubs. Scrub plum is adapted to fire. Dozens of rare plants are endemic to sand pine scrub in south-central Florida, including the federally endangered pygmy fringe tree (Chionanthus pygmaeus ). Scrub plum was first collected in 1911 from Lake County, Florida, and is thought to be endemic to central and southern Florida. In Lake County, the scrub plum occurred in longleaf pine-turkey oak forests near Lake Apopka and Lake Eustis. These forests have been destroyed except for a few small remnants, and it is difficult to reconstruct the role of the plum and the pygmy fringe tree in this area. These habitat areas have been destroyed due to development projects and conversion of the lands to citrus orchards. Today, scrub plum is found in two general areas in central Florida: in Lake County between Lake Apopka and Clermont, and in Polk and Highlands Counties from Lake Wales south along the Lake Wales Ridge. Since not all scrub vegetation contains scrub plum, remaining stands of the shrub are very limited. Still, nearly 50 populations, each containing at least several shrubs, have been identified. Scrub plum has been located at the Pine Ridge Nature Reserve of Bok Tower Gardens near Lake Wales, at Saddle Blanket Lakes in Polk County, and at the Nature Conservancy's Tiger Creek Preserve in Polk County. Much of the pine scrub habitat within the plant's range in Lake County has been developed for citrus groves or for residential subdivisions. Disjunct remnants of habitat survive as vacant lots or along railroad rights-of-way. Tracts of scrub in Highlands and Polk Counties are rapidly succumbing to developmental pressures. Scrub vegetation is maintained by periodic fires, which create areas of bare, sunny sand that the scrub plum and other plants can colonize; but fire has been suppressed throughout the plant's range. The pattern of long-interval, high-intensity fire is essential to maintaining the sand pine scrub vegetation; without fire, the vegetation will gradually change to xeric hardwood forest Conservation and Recovery Current efforts by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory to acquire parcels of sand pine scrub in Highlands and Polk Counties may remove some of the developmental pressures on threatened scrub species. Two preserves purchased by the Nature Conservancy (Saddle Blanket Lakes and Tiger Creek) have already benefited the scrub. More land may be purchased by the State of Florida, Department of Natural Resources. Preserve management will require occasional burning (on a schedule that may include up to 80 years between fires). A U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) draft recovery plan for 19 Florida scrub and high pineland plants, first announced in 1995, outlines basic elements necessary to restore the scrub plum and other endangered plants, including habitat protection through land purchase and other means (including the habitat conservation plan process for threatened animals in the Florida scrub habitat); the management of protected habitats; and the assessment of progress and plan post-recovery monitoring. This plan is a revision and expansion of a recovery plan, published in 1990, that covered 11 of these plant species. The 1990 edition emphasized the need for land acquisition to protect these plants. At the time, the state and private organizations had already made significant acquisitions, and more have been accomplished since then (including initial land purchase for the Lake Wales Ridge National Wild-life Refuge). These land purchases, accompanied by the other elements of the recovery plan, are likely to assure the full recovery or at least the downlisting of the large majority of the 19 plants, including the scrub plum. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office, Division of Endangered Species 1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200 Atlanta, Georgia 30345 Abrahamson, W. G. 1984. "Post-Fire Recovery of the Florida Lake Wales Ridge Vegetation." American Journal of Botany 71:9-21. Abrahamson, W. G., et al. 1984. "Vegetation of the Archbold Biological Station, Florida." Florida Scientist 47:209-250. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. "(draft) Recovery Plan for Nineteen Florida Scrub and High Pineland Plants." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta. Ward, D. B., ed. 1979. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida ; Vol. 5, Plants. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville. Wunderlin, R. P. 1982. Guide to the Vascular Flora of Central Florida. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/science-magazines/scrub-plum

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en

Obesity in America: Large portions, large proportions Obesity is not a new problem. Forty years ago, 4 of every 10 Americans were overweight or obese. But obesity is a growing problem, and it's growing quickly; today, two of every three Americans need to lose weight. In the 1960s, obesity was an epidemic; today, it's a pandemic. Most people worry about their weight because they want to look good. Appearance is important, but the consequences of being overweight go well beyond image and self-esteem. Excess body fat has serious consequences for the body's metabolism, including:

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Obesity_in_America_Large_portions_large_proportions

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en

As part of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, the United States government created the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP). The VICP is a no-fault alternative to the traditional tort system for processing vaccine injury compensation requests. Continue Reading The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) along with the assistance of the Department of Health and Human Services, American Academy of Family Physicians and the American Academy of Pediatrics published a set of guidelines for parents who chose not to vaccinate their children. “If You Choose Not to Vaccinate Your Child, Understand the Risks and Responsibilities” provides important safety tips on how to protect your child and others from vaccine-preventable diseases, including measles. The recent measles outbreak has sparked a debate about vaccine injuries and the safety of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). Vaccine adverse reactions can occur, but most MMR vaccine reactions are rare and minor, according to an Institute of Medicine (IOM) study. The vast majority of children do not experience anything worse than short-lived redness or itching at the injection site, Scientific American reported. Children who receive the MMR vaccine have a one in 3,000 chance of developing a fever that leads to a seizure, according to IOM. Such seizures should not lead to any permanent neurological damage and actually occur less frequently than seizures caused by the itself. Continue Reading Amy Purdy, a paralympic snowboarding champion and Dancing with the Stars season 18 runner-up, recently spoke with NPR about her new book On My Own Two Feet: From Losing My Legs to Learning the Dance of Life and about her role in preventing meningitis. College students living in dorms are the most at risk for developing bacterial meningitis, according to NPR. Because Purdy did not attend college, she was under the misconception that she was not at risk for contracting the disease. Purdy was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis at age 19. It took months to recover from the infection that cost the teen her legs, spleen and kidney function. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that girls receive their first dose of the Gardasil vaccine between the ages of 11 and 12. According to a study released by the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, only half of girls in that demographic are following the government’s recommendation. Gardasil protects against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is responsible for 99.7 percent of cervical cancers and several other cancers, according to Science 2.0. Researchers at a Canadian hospital are suggesting that the flu vaccine is worth getting, despite the potential risk of developing Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rare condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the nervous system. GBS can start out as a tingling sensation or muscle weakness and can lead to paralysis. There is no cure for Guillain-Barre, but the side effects can be lessened with treatment. With increasing vaccine injury fears and the growing anti-vaccination movement, it is easy to forget the good that vaccines have done in eradicating disease from society. A new collection of artwork commissioned by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is designed to remind people of the important role vaccines continue to play. The Art of Saving a Life showcases the talents of 30 renowned artists including actress Mia Farrow and photographer Annie Leibovitz as well as international painters, sculptors, photographers, writers and musicians whose inspiration pieces demonstrate the positive effect vaccines have had on human history. Children and the elderly are more susceptible to the flu virus, according to Johns Hopkins. The 2014-2015 flu season has been especially deadly for children, and the recent declaration of a flu epidemic by the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) has put schools on high alert. This season, influenza claimed the lives of 21 children in 11 states as of December 31, 2014. To keep the number from increasing, schools across the country are becoming more proactive in flu prevention. Anapol Weiss vaccine injury lawyers Lawrence Cohan and David Carney achieved a $1.5 million settlement in December 2014 on behalf of a Lebanon, PA woman who developed severe complications caused by Guillain-Barré Syndrome flu shot injuries. About two weeks after receiving the flu vaccine in October 2011, Wendy Lister presented to the hospital with complaints of numbness, tingling, burning and weakness in her extremities. She was admitted and diagnosed with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) an autoimmune disorder that develops when the body’s immune system attacks the nervous system. The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it in has been known to happen as a result of vaccine injuries in rare cases. Filing a lawsuit may seem like the most obvious recourse when unexpected death, paralysis or other complications arise after a vaccination. Many injured victims and their families have obtained compensation in an entirely different way, however. Severe vaccine adverse reactions are rare, and they’re often no one’s fault. When a vaccine injury does occur, victims and their families are likely facing a pile of long-term bills. The Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) was established to provide patients with compensation without going through the traditional tort process.

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en

By Brother Fabio Mussi, PIME Br. Fabio is coordinator of the CODASC (Diocesan Management of Social and Charitable Activities) program in Cameroon. Awa walks four miles every day, not as part of a fitness program but to draw water from a distant village well. Her water tank holds six gallons that she carries back home on top of her head as it is customary here in Africa. Awa is only a ten-year old girl and this is her assigned daily task on her way home from school. Awa’s mother, Amina, and her older sister Fadimatou carry out the same task every single day of the year. In the African tradition, providing for drinking water for the family is a chore assigned to women. With patience and resignation, generation after generation of women has assured that their families have this most vital supply for their daily use. However, with the increase in population the demand for water has also increased, and the old village wells are not sufficient any more. In the course of the rainy season, from June to October, women store in clean (and less than clean) containers all the rain that they manage to collect from the roofs of their huts. This expedient offers some small, temporary relief from the heavy task of water gathering. Unfortunately, this unsanitary method provides water of a much lesser quality because insects, leaves, and dust fall into the improvised containers and risk contamination of the rainwater. Water contamination is responsible for “water-related” illnesses such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, and infestation with intestinal parasites. Every year, these water-related illnesses are responsible for about 5% of all deaths in our region. Those most at risk, of course, are children, those already ill, and the elderly. At any rate, in this region so close to the desert, with rainfall limited to about four months a year with eight months of complete draught, every drop of water is very precious indeed. Nobody dares waste any of it. The official objectives of some World Organizations auspicate the availability of five gallons of water for each inhabitant of our planet per diem. As I mentioned above, little Awa can carry home up to that quantity of water a day. However, that quantity is not just for her but also for her father, grandfather and her four brothers. According to those lofty objectives then, Awa, her mother and sister should walk those four miles going, and four coming back from the well, at least three times a day, every day. What Can Be Done? In order to solve the humanitarian and social problems faced by the women living in these 14,000 square miles within the diocese of Yagoua, CODASC has been created. That acronym stands for Diocesan Management of Social and Charitable Activities. One of their activities is the “Hydro-Rural Service.” This service accounts for some 80 artesian wells per year to provide sufficient clean water to the villages in the area. Villagers, on their part, commit themselves to the proper upkeep of their well pump. All of us from developed countries should keep in mind that the quality of water depends a great deal from the depth of the well: the deeper the well, the better the chance that the water is truly uncontaminated. To this end, the issue of reaching depths of about 240 feet has to be addressed. In our region where the soil is made up mostly of sand and clay, the hole can be bored with manual labor. Able men rotate the perforated steel shaft which has a special bit at its end. Water pressure pumped in brings to the surface sand and clay. Once the debris is filtered, the same water is recycled and pumped back into the hole. The completed hole is lined with plastic pipes that are kept in place and protected on the outside with fine gravel. The gravel serves also as natural purifier of the water. The plastic pipe is fitted with a manual or foot-operated pump. The women can fill their tank in less than 60 seconds! A Miracle for Awa A few weeks ago, Awa’s village witnessed a miracle when the team from CODASC arrived there to start the drilling. Three months earlier the village chief had gathered all heads of families to inform them of this golden opportunity of making water readily available to all villagers provided that each family would chip in a chicken or 10 pounds of millet. The chief had told them that, with the availability of clean water, the village would witness a substantial decrease in illnesses and deaths, even if the rainy season were to be late. Most heads of families agreed and, thus, on a Monday morning, two pickups showed up with all the equipment for the drilling of the well. The depth of this particular well is 170 feet. Once the pump was installed, there was a spontaneous, joyous celebration as soon as the first stream of water shot out from the ground. The elderly kept shaking their heads in disbelief; they could not yet come to grips with the pleasant reality of water being so readily available to them around the clock. That night, Awa dreamt serene dreams because of the joy of having found this most precious treasure that had been hidden deep in the ground for so long. The Value of This Treasure The value of a treasure should be measured by the length of time that we can keep it in our possession. This is certainly the case with the water in the subsoil of these pre-desert regions of Africa. In the last eight years, the combination of increased population and climatic changes has caused the lowering by some 30 feet of the aquifers. Consequently, if the African population increases at the annual rate of 3% and the climate variations remain what they are now, by the year 2020, the first aquifers can be reached only by drilling past 200-210 feet. True, water would still be available, but not by drilling with the manual labor method used so far. Consequently the cost of drilling would increase substantially. What seems advisable, therefore, is to find ways to properly collect and keep as much as rainwater as possible. This rainwater falling during the short rainy season would then be channeled back into the soil to replenish the aquifers. We cannot expect immediate results, but it would be foolish and dangerous not to be proactive in order to do everything soundly possible to preserve the water supply and avert a situation that is still so trying for scores of girls of Awa’s age. Most of the burden rests on the shoulders of state and local authorities of the Cameroon Nation and its people. However, Christian and humanitarian solidarity should call on all of us to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of these people. Wars, conflicts of all kinds, epidemics, and humanitarian catastrophes can be avoided by simply engaging ourselves in a direct and responsible way to provide for those in need something as simple as clean water well or a rainwater reservoir. Skilled personnel and adequate technical and administrative support are now available through agencies such as CODASC in the diocese of Yagoua. At times what is missing is only sufficient money to perform a miracle like the one in Awa’s village. The PIME Missionaries are Catholic priests and brothers who commit themselves to lifelong missionary services, but they can’t do alone. Will you help PIME Missionaries make a difference in crossing cultures and transforming lives through the Gospel? Find Us Online: https://www.pimeusa.org/

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https://www.pimeusa.org/2017/02/more-precious-than-gold-water-is-the-greatest-treasure-in-sub-saharan-africa/

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en

The German Empire, post offices in the Turkish Empire, offers many wonderful examples of postal history for philatelic study. Each cover has a story to tell. Investigating the postal markings, origin, and destination of a cover can provide great enjoyment to the student of postal history. Three post cards, two from the German offices in the Turkish Empire and the other from steamship mail, are presented below. UPU Postcard mailed from the German Empire Postal Authority in Constantinople, Turkey to Rosario de Santa Fe, Argentina, on New Year’s Eve 1897. Postmark of German Offices in the Turkish Empire, * CONSTANTINOPEL * DEUTSCHE POST / 31 12 / 97. Transit marking on front from Lisbon, Portugal, LISBOA CENTRAL 2 SECCAO / 7 1 98. Card has New Year’s message in French. Receipt stamp of Rosario de Santa Fe, Argentina on the back, dated EN 30 (January 30). Back of the card features a vignette of the Santa Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople (Istanbul). Souvenir picture postcard mailed from the German Empire Postal Authority in Jerusalem, Palestine to Belfast, Ireland in 1911. Postmark of German Offices in the Turkish Empire, * JERUSALEM * DEUTSCHE POST / 4 6 / 11. The franking features the 1908 Offices in the Turkish Empire issue 10 Pf. stamp, surcharged in French currency -- 10 Centimes. Previous Turkish Empire post office agency issues had all been valued in Para and Piasters, the Turkish currency. Back of the card features a hand-colored picture of Gethsemane, at the foot of the Mount of Olives, and the walled city of Jerusalem in the distance. Turn of the 20th Century postcard depicting the Russian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem, Palestine. A 10 Pf. Deutsches Reich Germania stamp was used to mail the card from Palestine and it is tied by a DEUTSCHE SEEPOST / * q / OST- / AFRICA / LINIE / 18 – 1 / 14 Cancel. If this card were mailed from Palestine, it is likely that it was mailed from the Port of Jaffa (Haifa) on board a German ship of the DEUTSCH OST-AFRICA LINIE. THE DEUTSCH OST-AFRICA LINIE was created at the same time as the German East Africa Colony, and their steamships made weekly trips from Hamburg, Germany, through the Mediterranean, and down the East Coast of Africa to the German East Africa Colony. In 1914, its fleet consisted of 22 steamers. The card received a transit cancel the next morning, at Port-Taufiq, Egypt, and it appears to have entered the Egyptian mail service there. The cancel reads, PORT-TAUFIQ / 19.1.14 6 30 AM. Port-Taufiq was actually one of the harbors within the Port of Suez, Egypt. That same day, the card reached Alexandria, Egypt, and received another transit cancel, ALEXANDRIA / 19.1.14 4.- PM. From there, the card probably used another means of transportation, probably another steamship, to finally get to the addressee in Holland. The rest of the voyage of this postal history item is a mystery, as there are no other postal markings on the card.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germanempire_turkeyph.html

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Adverse weather conditions are a leading cause of traffic accidents, contribute to America's congested roads, and slow down the movement of people and goods. New innovations and technology — developed through partnerships among federal agencies, private companies and universities — offer the promise of safer driving in all types of weather. Pilot projects are incorporating data from networks of connected vehicles and road sensors to provide decision support to transportation departments working to keep the roads clear and commerce flowing. As driverless vehicles come on the scene, the challenges mount. How these vehicles incorporate weather information and forecasts will be crucial to safe navigation and the future mobility of society. — April 2019

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://www.ucar.edu/what-we-do/advocacy/forecasting-road-ahead

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en

The scientific community is nervous. It’s not that the climate is changing; we know that already. What has everyone jumpy is new, undeniable evidence that climate change is hitting the global economy as well. Why did Hurricane Sandy put Wall Street under three meters of water instead of bypassing Manhattan and heading out to sea, as East Coast hurricanes have always done? Rising evidence points to the fact that melting sea ice has collapsed the so-called “Arctic vortex”, which keeps cold air near the poles. It’s likely that the cold, high-pressure air is what drove Sandy straight into New York. Some estimates put the potential global GDP cost of accelerating methane release in the Arctic at US$ 60 trillion – out of a total GDP of $70 trillion. For the first time, Mother Earth is sending invoices back to the economy. Or consider the Arab Spring: a social revolution led by technologically empowered, well-educated youth reacting to dictatorship – but also to climate change. Oil prices had risen 120%, phosphorus (the most important agricultural fertilizer) by 140%; Russia and Australia had shut their export borders due to forest fires and drought. The fight over fuel subsidies was the spark in the powder keg – and the first socio-ecological crisis of anywhere near its magnitude. And we’re still only at 0.85 degrees Celsius of warming. As we move from the Holocene period – the 10,000 years since we used agriculture to alter our destiny, and during which there was a maximum temperature variability of about 1 degree – to what has been called the Anthropocene period, of large-scale human intervention in the environment, we face a so-called “3-6-9” world. We are moving towards 3 degrees warming, towards the sixth mass extinction of species, and towards 9 billion people. This, then, is the troubling context in which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released its Fifth Assessment. Like the Fourth Assessment in 2007, which led the IPCC and Al Gore to jointly win the Nobel Peace Prize, the Fifth is the broadest, most cautious summary of the scientific consensus on climate change. Its conclusions are disturbing. The old news: warming is occurring. There is no discussion to be had. What’s fresh is the conclusion, with 95% certainty – perhaps the highest percentage possible – that human beings are responsible for it. CO2 levels are 40% higher than the pre-industrial 280ppm, and at their highest concentration for 800,000 years; we have hit 450ppm in CO2 equivalence, the number normally portrayed as the ceiling beyond which we should never rise. If you’re looking for a dramatic new finding, the IPCC report obliges, with news that even Antarctica is losing mass. (This ought to silence one of the main climate-sceptic talking points.) Meanwhile, agriculture remains the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases, via fossil fuel dependence, land-use change and deforestation. But the Fifth Assessment puts a new emphasis on oceans. These are warming faster than ever, and deeper; 95% of the heat from greenhouse gas emissions is absorbed by the oceans. So the 0.85 degrees warming figure is a bluff: the earth is hiding the heat in her oceans. Like a water furnace, it takes a while to warm up, but when it does it heats your house for a long time. In fact, the IPCC’s biggest news doesn’t even concern warming at all. It’s a powerful story, with high-school-level chemistry and zero uncertainty. It’s the news that our emission of greenhouse gases is causing the oceans to acidify. As oceans suck up CO2, the CO2 reacts with water – just like in a bottle of Coke – to form carbonic acid. Since we started to emit CO2, the pH level of the oceans has fallen by 30%. Sea water is becoming corrosive to the calcium carbonate that makes up the shells and skeletons of marine life. This is a climate chemical crisis – nothing to do with warming. We are undermining oceanic life support. Climate scientists now also feel confident saying that climate change has an impact on extreme weather. In 1955, “3-sigma” events – a statistical term for the kind of freak floods and major droughts that ought to happen less than once in a thousand years – affected 1% of the earth’s surface. In 2011, they affected 14.8% of it. We may never know where any given extreme event will hit, but we know they will. In just 50 years, the extremely unlikely has become normal. The trends do not reassure. Climate models predict an average warming of 4 degrees by 2100: a catastrophic and unacceptable future that we’ve never faced, in 25 million years. And yet this “business as usual” model, in which CO2 emissions hit 1,000 ppm (from 400 today), only accounts for human-caused warming. They assume the earth won’t kick off any “feedbacks” – that the oceans and forests will continue to absorb 60% of all new CO2, that methane sinks won’t be exposed, that the Amazon won’t “flip” and become a savannah, that Greenland won’t melt and drive sea levels up 7 metres. In other words, the IPCC’s upsetting models are actually very conservative. Until now, the planet has been our best friend. Its resilience has been remarkably high. But we might well push an “on” button and send temperatures skyrocketing even higher: in fact, the IPCC estimates the risk of warming reaching an unimaginable 6 degrees at a scarily imaginable 1.6%. On the other hand, the IPCC says we can release 1,000 gigatons more of CO2 and still maintain a 70% chance of staying below 2 degrees warming. We emit 40 gigatons a year. That leaves us 25 years – with only a 70% chance of success, assuming nature will keep sucking a bit more than 50% of CO2 emissions, and assuming there will be no tipping points. We’re at the beginning of the end of the fossil era. What can we do? Well, we could transform agriculture, a net emitter of gases, to a net absorber, using more intelligent technologies. We could use biomass to grow a vast carbon sink. We could fit the 363 new coal-fired plants China builds every year with carbon capture and sequestration. We could preserve carbon-rich soils by abolishing the plough and by engineering perennial cereal crops; we could close the loop on nitric phosphorous, which is currently mined in the west Sahara and drains uselessly away into waste water. We could run agriculture on biofuels: transitioning to biogas-fuelled tractors would be an enormous win for the food industry. We eat oil on our plates; we don’t need to. But the silver bullet may be something we’ve still not tried committedly enough: a carbon tax. Talking to executives at big oil companies such as BP has convinced me that they would prefer not to destroy the environment: they’re in the business of providing cheap energy, which is getting more difficult, as oil sands, offshore drilling and shale gas are proving risky and expensive. Germany, the world’s fourth-biggest economy, already runs 25% of its electricity on renewable energy. A carbon tax could be the incentive to make large-scale renewable energy a profitable option for big business. So if there’s one thing we can take away from the IPCC’s dire warnings, it’s that the story can be positive. Climate change need not be a burden: it can be an opportunity for a more desirable, less costly future. It has to be. Business as usual just means Mother Nature sending us a horrifying bill. Author: Johan Rockström is executive director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, teaches natural resource management at Stockholm University and is participating at the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting 2014 in Davos. Image: Visitors watch water gushing from the section of the Yellow River during a sand-washing operation in Jiyuan, China, 6 July 2013. REUTERS/Stringer

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Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate the volume of water for Al Dammam unconfined Aquifer within Al Salman basin, Al- Muthana Governorate, South West Iraq The groundwater represents the main source of water in the study area due to lack of surface water. The Dammam unconfined aquifer represents the main aquifer in the study area and Southern desert because of the regional extent, the quantity and quality of water. Many groundwater wells have been drilled in the study area to coverage the huge demand of water for agricultural purposes. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to estimate the volume of water which calculated (25.6964 × 109 m3) within the study area , automate calculation of the area of Al Salman basin using digital elevation models, derive the thickness maps of Al Dammam unconfined aquifer from Key holes (KH) and Bore holes (BH), draw the groundwater head and flow map in the study area. Such data derived from GIS can help authorities and researchers for groundwater management and further development within the study area.

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Caption:A euronews futuris feature from July 21, 2015. Made by euronews, the most watched news channel in Europe. euronews knowledge brings you a fresh mix of the world's most interesting know-hows, directly from space and sci-tech experts. Further information:Most of the food we buy is packed in plastic, metal or other fabricated materials. That makes it easy to store and transport, but how can we be sure food packaging isn’t harmful to our health? Substances in plastic containers make them flexible The information on cardboard boxes is printed in typographic paint. Should we be concerned that these chemicals are in contact with what we eat? To answer that question scientists at the Joint Research Centre in Italy are studying how various kinds of packaging and tableware interact with food, chemically. Link this video: http://www.science-media.org/61

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- Promote the dissemination of the culture of learning throughout life, paying particular attention to adult education and issues related to it; - Promote the dissemination of the culture of learning throughout life, paying particular attention to issues of social inclusion; - Foster methodological and technological innovation in training, through the creation and testing of innovative projects; - Promote collaboration and integration among different and/or similar subjects who are involved in high quality education; - Promote the training of trainers, teachers and educators in general; - Promote training paths and models of professional development, functional to local needs, which contributes to the preservation and development of innovation in very traditional sectors; - To take into consideration the EU guidelines on new models of professional development linked to skills they can use throughout Europe.

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The Difference Between Lemon And Lime! In an article from STYLECRAZE, Many people tend to confuse lemons and limes. These tropical citrus fruits are very similar in appearance, taste, and shape. However, they are very different when it comes to their nutritional information and applications. Both lemons and limes belong to the same genus in the plant kingdom: Citrus. However, they are not the same species. Lemons are referred to as Citrus lemon whereas limes are referred to as Citrus aurantifolia. Lemons are generally larger when it comes to size (as compared to limes) and tend to possess a sour taste, whereas limes are generally smaller and can possess a sweet or sour taste depending on the type of lime you have come across. Lemons are usually oval in shape, whereas limes are round in shape. Furthermore, lemons are bright yellow in color whereas limes are green/yellow in color, once again depending on the variety of limes that you are inspecting. Lemons and limes are both great sources of vitamin C since they belong to the genus Citrus of the plant kingdom. On an average, a lime will contain almost 30 mg of vitamin C, whereas lemons can contain as much as 50 mg of vitamin C. Lemons and limes are an excellent food to consume in order to help boost your immunity, avoid cardiovascular diseases, prenatal health problems, skin wrinkling as well as eye diseases. In fact, doctors believe that vitamin C is one of the safest vitamins to consume. If your body possesses high levels of vitamin C, then you are bound to stay healthy and fit. Another way in which lemons differ from limes is that they contain potassium and folate, while limes contain vitamin A. This means that if you want to improve your vision, strengthen your bones and improve the health of your skin, you should increase the number of limes you consume in your diet. On the other hand, if you want to improve your body’s synthesis and repair of DNA, reduce your chances of heart and kidney disorders, or improve your muscle strength and water balance, then you should increase the number of lemons that you consume in your diet. Lemons and limes, although acidic by nature, are actually alkaline in our bodies. This is because of the fact that once our bodies metabolize the citric acid, the remnants of the lemon or lime have an alkaline pH. Furthermore, both lemons and limes contain limonoids that are extremely useful in fighting carcinogens . If you happen to be consuming foods that may contain carcinogens such as salted fish (Chinese style), processed meats such as sausages and bacon, food colorings, Chinese salt as well as alcoholic beverages, then you can reduce the harm they cause to you by increasing your intake of limes and lemons. In addition to these benefits, both lemons and limes are an excellent source of antioxidants . When we consume certain foods, during the digestion and metabolic processes, they release free radicals that can cause serious harm, such as chronic diseases, if not dealt with. Our body naturally produces both free radicals as well as antioxidants to help counter their negative effects. Since we imbibe free radicals from several food and external sources, the number of free radicals in our body outnumbers the number of antioxidants that neutralize these free radicals. This is where consuming lemons and limes helps reduce the potential harm caused by free radicals. Lemons and limes are equally important in our diets for the aforementioned reasons. So, make sure that you incorporate them into your daily meals. Please do share this article with your family and friends in order for them to realize the many benefits of lemons and limes while being able to distinguish between the two at the same time!

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From the late 1830s the British-based New Zealand Company actively recruited settlers to colonise New Zealand. Their first settlement was at Port Nicholson (later Wellington) in January 1840. This painting shows the company's vessels exploring the harbour at Tasman's Gulf (later Nelson) in 1841, in preparation for a second settlement. These ambitious and sometimes unscrupulous commercial activities put pressure on the British government and colonial officials to sign a treaty with the native owners of New Zealand – the Māori. Using this item Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, must be obtained before any re-use of this image.

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Read this tip to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Body Jewelry Plugs and other Body Jewelry topics. "Stretching" is a procedure by which the ear lobe is gradually enlarged so that a person may put in larger and larger ear plug jewelry. The lobe is stretched by means of a taper – a metal or acrylic device that is wider on one end. After lubricating the taper, the narrow end is inserted in the ear lobe. The entire taper is pushed through the ear lobe and then a larger ear plug is inserted. The ear lobe should be allowed to heal before the process is repeated. |Jennifer Mathes, Ph.D.|

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Encourage Children to Participate in Sports WHY EVERY PARENT, TEACHER AND COACH SHOULD ENCOURAGE CHILDREN TO PARTICIPATE IN SPORTS 1. Sports are fun. 2. Participation in sports gives a child a higher level of self-esteem and a more positive outlook on life. 3. Children who participate in sports experience lower levels of depression. 4. Children who participate in sports have more positive body image and experience higher states of psychological well-being than those who do not play 5. It teaches child teamwork, goal-setting, and the pursuit for excellence. 6. Adults that were active in sports and recreational activities feel greater confidence in their physical and social selves than those who were sedentary as 7. Sports help develop leadership skills. 8. Children learn how to deal with failures and how it feels to be successful. 9. Sports can teach us to take appropriate risks and to be aggressive when 10. Sports foster bonding friendships. 11. Children improve their skills. Children who participate in sports perform routine physical activity that keeps 13. Regular physical activity among children reduces risk for obesity. 14. Children who exercise weigh less; have lower levels of blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as lower blood pressure, than do 15. Weight-bearing exercise can help prevent osteoporosis. 16. Studies have shown that exercise reduces many health risks. 17. The children that take part in sports are less likely to get involved into anti social activities. 18. Children who exercise report being happier, having more energy and feeling they are in excellent health more often than non-exercising children. They also miss fewer days of work. 19. Regular exercise improves the overall quality of life. 20. Children learn and understand the sport all while they are having FUN!!

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Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are those you can buy at the store. You don’t need a prescription from your doctor. They help you feel better by treating or preventing common health problems. These could include allergies, constipation, cold and flu, or nausea. But sometimes OTC medicines can cause unpleasant effects. These are called adverse effects. They include: - side effects - drug-drug interactions - food-drug interactions - allergic reactions It is best to be aware of the risks of OTC medicines so you know how to avoid them. Side effects are effects that medicines have on your body that don’t help your symptoms. Most side effects are unpleasant. A few examples are nausea, dizziness, or bleeding in your digestive tract. Sometimes, side effects can be useful. For example, certain antihistamines can cause sleepiness. This might be bad for people who take antihistamines during the day. But if you’re taking an antihistamine at nighttime, this side effect might help you get the sleep you need. Side effects are not the same thing as true drug allergies. Those are much less common. The body processes every medicine differently. When medicines are used together, the ways they affect the body can change. This is called a drug-drug interaction. It happens whether they are prescription or OTC medicines. It can increase the chance that you will have side effects from medicines you are taking. The main interaction types are: - Duplication: This is when you take 2 medicines that have similar active ingredients. It can give you more medicine than you need. An example is when you take OTC ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) plus a prescription anti-inflammatory medicine. Too much of either an anti-inflammatory or pain reliever can hurt your kidneys or liver. - Opposition: Medicines with active ingredients that have opposite effects on your body can interact. This may reduce the effectiveness of 1 or both medicines. For example, OTC decongestants may raise your blood pressure. This can work against (cause opposition to) medicines that lower your blood pressure. - Alteration: One medicine may change the way your body absorbs, spreads, or processes another medicine. For example, aspirin can change the way some prescription blood-thinning medicines work. If you see more than 1 doctor, tell each of them about the medicines you take. Do this even if you take something for just a short time. Include any herbal supplements, vitamins, and minerals you take. Once a year, take all of your medicines and supplements with you when you see your doctor. You should also do this if your medications change at any time. Food may change how your body processes some OTC or prescription medicines. This is called a drug-food (or drug-nutrient) interaction. Sometimes what you eat and drink can affect the ingredients in a medicine you’re taking. This can prevent the medicine from working the way it should. For example, medicines taken by mouth are usually absorbed through the lining of the stomach. The nutrients from the food you eat are also absorbed this way. If you take a medicine with food but the directions say not to, your body might not be able to absorb the medicine the right way. Food does not affect all OTC medicines. But what you eat and when you eat it does matter with some medicines. This is why some medicines should be taken on an empty stomach. That means 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. At the same time, some medicines are processed better when you take them with food. Read the drug facts label carefully. See if you should take your medicine with food or on an empty stomach. If the label doesn’t give specific instructions, it probably doesn’t matter when you take it. If you have any questions, ask your family doctor or pharmacist. They can also warn you about possible interactions with your prescription medicines. It’s not common, but some people are allergic to certain medicines. Signs of an allergic reaction include itching, hives, and breathing problems. If you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to a medicine, avoid medicines that contain the same ingredients. Call your doctor right away if you think you’re having an allergic reaction. Keep in mind that side effects are not true allergic reactions. Path to improved health Certain situations put you at higher risk for adverse effects. The possible adverse effects differ from 1 OTC medicine to another. So it’s best to carefully read the drug facts label of any OTC medicine. Then you will know what to expect. Here are some more tips to help you avoid adverse effects. - Try to limit how often you use OTC medicines. Don’t use them unless you really need them. - If you take any prescription medicines, ask your doctor before taking an OTC medicine. - Read the drug facts label on the medicine carefully. Make sure you know what ingredients the medicine contains. Also make sure you understand any warnings or possible adverse effects. - If you don’t understand something about the medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist. - Take the medicine just as your doctor or the drug facts label instructs. Don’t take a higher dose of the medicine than recommended. Don’t take the medicine more frequently than the label says. Don’t take it for a longer period of time than recommended. - When giving medicine to children, use the correct measuring device to make sure they get the right amount. This could be a spoon made for measuring medicine, or a syringe or cup. - Don’t take capsules apart or stir medicine into your food unless your doctor says it’s okay. This may change the way the medicine works. - Don’t take medicine with alcoholic drinks. - Don’t mix medicine into hot drinks unless the label tells you to. The heat may keep the medicine from working as it should. - Don’t take vitamin pills at the same time you take medicine. Vitamins and minerals can cause problems if taken with some medicines. - Keep track of any allergies and adverse reactions you have had to OTC medicines in the past. Avoid medicines that contain the same ingredients. - Check drug facts labels and avoid taking medicines that contain the same active ingredients at the same time. This can help you avoid taking too much of a certain medicine. - Remember that even if you took a medicine in the past with no problems, you could still have a reaction when you take it now. Things to consider Healthy adults who use OTC medicines occasionally and properly have a low risk of adverse effects. However, some people are at greater risk. These include very young children, older adults, and people taking more than 1 type of medicine. People who have the following conditions are also at a higher risk: - bleeding disorders - blood clotting disorders - breathing problems - enlarged prostate gland - heart disease - high blood pressure - immune system problems - kidney problems - liver problems - Parkinson’s disease - psychiatric problems - thyroid problems These conditions put some people at greater risk. But anyone can experience an adverse effect from an OTC medicine. How will I know if I’m experiencing an adverse effect? Anytime you take medicine, be aware of changes in your body and how you feel. A certain symptom may be caused by your illness. Or it may be an adverse effect from your medicine. It may be hard to know the difference. Tell your family doctor when the symptom started. Tell them if it is different from other symptoms you have had. Are older adults at increased risk for adverse effects? Older adults often use many medicines at the same time. This often includes both prescription and OTC medicines. Their bodies process medicines differently than younger adults. This is why they need to pay careful attention to drug-drug interactions. If you are an older adult, talk with your doctor about all of the medicines you take. This includes OTC medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Your doctor can tell you whether you are at risk of having an adverse effect from taking an OTC medicine. Questions to ask your doctor - What are the interactions between the medicines I take? - Should I take any of my medicines with food or on an empty stomach? - Do I need to tell my doctor about the vitamins I take regularly? - Should I tell my doctor every time I take a new over-the-counter medicine? - What kinds of symptoms should I look out for that could mean I’m having an adverse reaction to my OTC medicine? - Is my symptom a side effect or a true allergic reaction to a medicine? Copyright © American Academy of Family Physicians This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.

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THERE is no unanimity of opinion regarding the basic understanding of the predisposing or underlying factors that contribute to the production of nasal polyps. All attempts to classify them according to their site or origin, their dominant etiology, or their histologic appearance have failed to clarify their mechanism of formation. Progress is further hampered by the absence of a satisfactory experimental animal that could serve as a model for more intensive investigation. This presentation will concern itself chiefly with two questions; first, What do we actually know about polyps? and second, What are the objectives of treatment and how can they best be implemented? The site of origin has been a matter of controversy for some time. Most authors1,2 feel that the majority of polyps arise within the sinuses and present themselves intranasally in the vicinity of their corresponding ostia. Sanders,3 however, believes that allergic polyps first originate BLUMSTEIN GI. Nasal Polyps. Arch Otolaryngol. 1966;83(3):266–269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1966.00760020268017 Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below. Create a personal account or sign in to:

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UW researchers have performed what they believe is the first noninvasive human-to-human brain interface, with one researcher able to send a brain signal via the Internet to control the hand motions of a fellow researcher. Using electrical brain recordings and a form of magnetic stimulation, professor of computer science and engineering Rajesh Rao sent a brain signal to Andrea Stocco, a research assistant professor in psychology at the UW’s Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, on the other side of the UW campus, causing Stocco’s finger to move on a keyboard. At first blush, this breakthrough brings to mind all kinds of science-fiction scenarios. But Rao cautions that this technology only reads certain kinds of simple brain signals, not a person’s thoughts. And it doesn’t give anyone the ability to control your actions against your will. Stocco says the technology could eventually be used by someone on the ground to help a flight attendant or passenger land an airplane if the pilot becomes incapacitated. Or a person with disabilities could communicate his or her wish for food or water. The brain signals from one person to another would work even if they didn’t speak the same language.

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Darwin not first to suggest evolution occurs. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). Published his theory of evolution in 1809. Mechanism -- Inheritance of acquired characteristics. Inheritance of acquired characteristics: Characteristics an organism acquires during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring. Example: Giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves. As a result their young born with longer necks. Lamarck’s mechanism generally does not work because DNA is not changed by an organism’s behavior or experiences. One-way flow of information from DNA to body. Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Son of a wealthy doctor. Studied medicine. Dropped out. Then studied theology. Keen naturalist and hunter. Voyage of The Beagle (1831-1836) Darwin companion for Captain Fitzroy. (Darwin not the official naturalist.) Beagle sailed around the World. Mission to map coast of South America. Sites visited included Galapagos Islands. Volcanic islands (hence of recent origin) off coast of Ecuador. Unique animals on Galapagos include giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and Darwin’s finches. On voyage Darwin read Lyell’s Principles of Geology. Book emphasized: 1. Gradualism: Geological features can be explained by gradual action of processes we see around us. E.g. wind, waves, rivers. 2. Great age of the earth What Darwin observed 1. South American fossils resembled living animals. e.g. Extinct glyptodont (2,000 kg) resembles modern-day armadillo (2 kg). What Darwin observed: 2. Parts of the world with similar climates (e.g. Australia, South America) populated by very different organisms. What Darwin observed: 3. Plants and animals on each continent are distinctive. E.g. kangaroos in Australia, guinea pigs, armadillos in South America. What Darwin observed: 4. Many species on oceanic islands are found only there (endemic). Often groups of very similar species found on these islands. E.g. Galapagos finches and tortoises. These are examples of adaptive radiation Galapagos Giant Tortoise Large Cactus Ground Finch Sharpbeaked Ground Finch Warbler Finch Galapagos Woodpecker Finch What Darwin observed: 5. Endemic species on islands closely resemble species on adjacent mainland. These observations suggested to Darwin that species are not unchanging. Instead species change over time i.e., Evolution occurs. But how does evolution take place? Key breakthrough when Darwin read: Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of population. Malthus: Populations increase geometrically (multiplicatively), but resources do not. Populations will outgrow their food supply. Darwin concluded that among organisms there is a struggle for existence. Only the best adapted organisms survive to breed. Darwin called the mechanism that causes evolution to occur: natural selection. Darwin’s logic 5 observations and 3 inferences (or conclusions). Observation 1. If all organisms bred successfully populations would increase exponentially. Observation 2. However, populations generally stay stable over time. Observation 3. Resources are limited. Inference 1. Because resources are limited, more individuals are born than the environment can support. There is a struggle for existence (and ultimately for reproduction.) Only some individuals survive to breed. Observation 4. Individuals differ in their characteristics. There is variation. Observation 5. Much of that variation is heritable. Inference 2. Survival and reproduction are not random. The characteristics of an organism, which it inherits, affect its chances of survival and reproduction. Organisms best adapted to the environment on average leave the most offspring. Inference 3. Because variation is heritable, differences between individuals in their reproductive success lead to changes in the characteristics of the next generation. Evolution occurs. Darwin developed his ideas in 1842, but did not publish them immediately. In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin. He had independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Joint presentation of their ideas in 1858. Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859. Explained in detail his ideas about evolution and natural selection. Major difficulty for Darwin was that he did not understand how inheritance occurs. Darwin did not express his ideas in terms of genes. He had no idea what genes were or what DNA was. Basic genetics terminology DNA is the genetic material. The instructions for making and “operating” an organism are written in DNA. DNA is divided into sections called genes. Each gene codes for a protein. Together the genes determine the characteristics of an organism. Alleles are different versions of a gene. If a single gene codes for flower color, white and blue flowers would be coded for by 2 different alleles. You possess two copies of each gene in your body*. One copy is inherited from each parent. For a given gene you may have two different alleles or two copies of the same allele. (* excluding genes on sex chromosomes in males). A homozygous individual has two copies of a particular allele. (AA) A heterozygous individual has two different alleles. (Aa) Genotype and phenotype An organism’s genes (its genotype) play a large role in determining its physical appearance (its phenotype). But remember an organism’s phenotype is also affected by the environment. The relationship between genes and evolution We express evolutionary ideas in terms of genes because genes are the only thing that are passed from one generation to the next. Process of Natural Selection In the process of natural selection, genes that help organisms to survive and reproduce become more common. Genes that help less or are harmful gradually are eliminated from the population. Process of Natural Selection Individuals that are the best adapted to their environments (the best camouflaged, best at finding food, etc.) will generally be more successful at breeding than less well adapted individuals. As a result, their genes (which make them well adapted) will be commoner in the next generation than the gens of less well adapted individuals. Natural Selection leads to Evolution Natural selection is the term used to describe the process by which the best genes are chosen in each generation. Evolution occurs when gene frequencies change from one generation to the next. Definitions of evolution Microevolution: Change from generation to generation in the genetic structure of a population. Macroevolution: Cumulative change in the characteristics of organisms that occurs over the course of successive generations and that can lead to the origin of new species over time. Natural Selection leads to adaptation As a result of the ongoing process fo natural selection organisms become increasingly well adapted to their environments. An adaptation is any characteristic of an organism that enables it to survive and reproduce in its environemnt. Evolution is a population process It’s important to remember that an individual can be selected for or against, but only populations evolve. Evolution involves change in the characteristics of a population over the course of generations.

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November 28, 2018 Computer graphics researchers make drone navigation easier Drone operators struggling to fly the multi-propeller device and take pictures simultaneously could soon have a much simpler method to steering flight. Bedrich Benes, a professor of computer graphics technology, and doctoral student Hao Kang collaborated with corporate researchers to develop a touch-screen method to navigate and take pictures with drones. The method, called FlyCam, works with the concept of combining the drone and the camera movements. "So the user doesn't have to think about multiple controls for the drone and the camera," Benes said. "He or she can think about the drone as a simple three-dimensional flying camera that is being controlled by simple gestures on a touch-screen device." FlyCam uses one- and two-finger drags across a smartphone or tablet to control the drone as it accelerates or turns and takes images. The drone moves forward or backward along the camera's axis with single or double taps to the screen. Traditional, more complicated drone controls utilize dual joysticks for the drone navigation as well as an addditional joystick and gimbal – a pivoted support that allows rotation on a single axis – to control the camera. "We did a user study and most of the users performed with the FlyCam better," Kang said. "It is easier to use just a single simple mobile device compared to combination of cumbersome remote controls." As part of the research, Benes said they looked at the ability of licensed drone pilots with a remote control and compared that to people who have picked up a drone for the first time using FlyCam. "And the people who have picked up a drone for the first time were equal or better than those who are licensed to fly," Benes said. "That is what actually impressed us the most." FlyCam was testing using an Android system. Fliers worked better when using a tablet, which allowed for larger movements and better control. Benes said he and Kang will continue working with on the research, which will include automated photos from the camera.

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CC-MAIN-2019-51

https://techxplore.com/news/2018-11-graphics-drone-easier.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540511946.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208150734-20191208174734-00332.warc.gz

en