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Kenneth R. Hirsch The decline pushup is a simple exercise that targets the muscles in your chest region. It is versatile and can be varied to activate additional muscles in the region or specifically isolate your upper pectorals. Decline pushups require no special equipment because the resistance is provided solely by your body weight and gravity. The benefits of decline pushups belie the exercise's simplicity. Decline pushups are a relatively simple exercise. According to Exercise Prescription, to perform a decline pushup, kneel on the floor with an elevation -- such as a weight bench or Swiss ball -- behind you. Place your hands on the floor, spreading them slightly wider than the width of your shoulders. Lift your feet up onto the elevation. Keep your back straight, in a plank position, as you raise your body off the ground until your arms are extended. Hold for two beats, then lower your body without arching your back and repeat. All you need to perform a decline pushup is your body and something on which to place your feet. Decline pushups require no special equipment and can be performed anywhere. You can use items as mundane as a doorstep, footstool or even a park bench as an elevation. Decline pushups can help replace chest flies if you travel on vacation or business and don't have time to find a set of weights. Perform variations of the decline pushup to increase or decrease resistance or target different muscles. In general, decline pushups target your upper pecs, or the clavicular head of the pectoralis major. Lower the elevation to activate the lower pecs. Increase the elevation to isolate your upper pecs even more, as they perform more of the work. Use stairs instead of a chair or bench to increase or decrease intensity. ABC Bodybuilding suggests putting weights on your back to build mass. A 2007 "Men's Health" article notes a variation known as the decline Spider-Man pushup. In the variation, bring a knee to touch an elbow once your arms reach a 90-degree angle. This variation has the added benefit of increasing mobility in the hips and shoulders as well as stepping up the challenge of the exercise. Decline pushups helps you strengthen and add bulk to the upper pecs, which enhances the appearance of your chest. A 2002 "Men's Fitness" article notes that all forms of pushups, including decline pushups, help to increase blood flow to the upper body. The additional blood flow to the region helps to reduce muscular soreness after your workout substantially.

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http://www.livestrong.com/article/521863-decline-pushup-benefits/

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Preterm babies are the babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The actual cause of preterm deliveries is still unknown; however factors such as maternal infections, inflammatory conditions, bleeding from the uterus, etc. are known to result in According to an analysis of data from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) conducted by the researchers of the Oxford University, Liverpool, Warwick, Leicester and National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, it was found that the babies born just prior to their term have bad health outcomes as compared to the babies born as About 18,000 infants born between 2000 to 2002 in U.K. were examined for the purpose of study. Their BMI, weight and height measurements were assessed at nine months, three years and five years. The parents were asked to report the number of hospital visits, long illnesses, disabilities or infirmities, wheezing, any prescribed medicine usage and overall child's health The study found that health outcomes were worse in premature babies, including those at moderate/late preterm (32 to 36 weeks) and early term births (37 to 38 weeks) as compared to full term babies (39 to 41 weeks). The risk of wheezing and asthma also increased in babies born between 33 and 36 weeks, which was not observed in full term babies. A strong connection was found by the study researches between the risk of bad health outcomes and declining gestation age. It was also seen that moderate or early term was the strongest and the greatest disease contributor at the age of 3 years and 5 years. researchers were of the opinion that it is wrong to categorize the babies only as term or preterm because the study revealed a "continuum of increasing risk of adverse outcome with increasing prematurity, even approaching full term In addition to this, the researchers also discovered that the mothers of preterm babies (less than 37 weeks) were more likely to be single and less likely to be educationally qualified or work in managerial positions. In comparison to women giving birth beyond 37 weeks, the mothers of early preterm babies generally did not breast fed their babies for more than four months and even resorted to frequent smoking. The study thus concluded that the health outcomes of the preterm babies are inferior to the term babies. This is true not only for early preterm babies, but also moderate to preterm babies and those at early term. advocated that additional studies are needed to find out the factors affecting the health status of preterm babies to plan the necessary obstetric arrangements and delivery of healthcare services to the preterm babies. 1. Effects of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 3 and 5 years of age: population based cohort study; Elaine Boyle et al; BMJ 2012; 344:e896.

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Leif the Lucky – A gorgeously illustrated bio on Leif Erikson Leif Erikson, the Viking explorer, is usually just briefly touched on in elementary school classrooms. But his rich story is a captivating one that any child – or adult – would enjoy. As a boy he moved from Iceland to icy Greenland, where his father established the continent’s first settlement. Eric grew up learning how to sail ships, throw spears, and catch sea animals for dinner. He played with baby polar bears and dreamed of adventures. As a young adult Leif sailed to Norway and charmed the king with a Greenland falcon on his fist and a bear cub at his side. The king granted him permission to explore the west (Leif’s father had once seen a speck of something west of Greenland on an earlier exploration), and Leif became the first European to set foot in America (Canada) – 500 years before Christopher Columbus “discovered” it. Soon Leif’s relatives settled in this new land – for a while – until, well, I won’t give the whole story away, but let’s just say they were chased off the new land and forced to hightail it back to Greenland.

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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins. 1The bark of the paper mulberry tree. - ‘Boys learn to plant, cultivate, cook, and fish; girls learn to cook and are taught how to prepare tapa for decoration or clothing.’ - 1.1 Cloth made from tapa, used in the Pacific islands. - ‘The attitude criticized in the words by the author quoted above also explains the importance of pigs, yams and taro for men and that of tapa and mats for women.’ - ‘The person is dressed in tapa, carries a whale's tooth, and is then seated on the ground for the tooth to be presented and listens to the speeches.’ - ‘The principal tasks for Wallisian men are the production of food in the form of root crops, pigs and seafood, whereas women produce tapa and mats.’ - ‘Beaded cloth from India, Indonesian batiks, and Hawaiian tapa are perfect for pillows or throws.’ - ‘On Wallis, there is no longer a central market but, as we have seen in the early sections of this paper, there is an important informal market for pigs, fish, tapa and mats.’ Early 19th century: of Polynesian origin. We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks. From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe. The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.

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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries? 1(forbearance)tolerancia feminineto show/display tolerance toward sb — mostrarse tolerante con algn - Little did I understand that by trying to educate my colleagues about the need for religious tolerance, I was encouraging them to suspect me. - He is likely to have little tolerance for those who disagree with his plans and desires. - This would be the blueprint for all schooling: I'd promote anti-racism and religious tolerance so pupils knew what it was. - Surveys of public opinion suggest widespread tolerance of legal abortion. - Racial and religious tolerance is critical for a peacefully existence. - What they may or may not understand is that there is probably a limit to public opinion's tolerance of what's going on. - Seemingly there is a long path ahead to ensure peace when sport is used as a weapon by those who care not a whit for political harmony or religious tolerance. - The basic premise of liberality is tolerance, open-mindedness, and diversity. - He wants a modernist, liberal Pakistan in which there is religious tolerance and respect for the law. - We are fortunate to experience good religious tolerance in our town, but sadly, your report is more likely to hinder than assist our efforts. - What are Europe's limits of tolerance and willingness to accommodate diversity? - Both loved freedom, both were deeply moral beings, and both were passionately committed to social and religious tolerance. - The Christian Right are critical of secular humanism and liberal tolerance in religious matters. - A unique and redeeming feature of Hinduism through the ages has been tolerance, a certain willingness to live and let live. - But there is a third position, beyond religious fundamentalism and liberal tolerance. - Good things automatically meet with approval; bad things test our ability to show tolerance. - London's character, its liberality, religious tolerance and diversity, is the very thing that makes it vulnerable. - I want a world where the cardinal virtue is tolerance of all behaviour, and where those who sin against this are demonised and expelled from polite society. - Both were advocates of religious tolerance and antagonists of untouchability. - One of the central tenets of a liberal agenda is to enshrine the principle of religious tolerance, and religious non-discrimination. - Experiments have shown that several species of coccolithophores have different light tolerances, in terms of the level at which photosynthesis, growth rate and calcification are saturated. - The difference among species may be caused by different tolerances for harsh conditions. - Winter rye is usually used as a winter cover crop because of its tolerance to adverse growing environments. - Plants for the lowest zone are selected for their tolerance to wet conditions. - For him, understanding the individualistic environmental tolerances and characteristics of species in nature was a fundamental part of any botanical inquiry. - In general, it is thought that tiger beetle larvae have narrower tolerances for physical environmental factors than adults do. - Different individuals seem to have wildly different tolerances of low temperatures. - The article also emphasizes how little is still known about the species make-up of such intricate ecosystems and the relative tolerances of these plants to the seasonally varied environment in which they thrive. - Because the plants were at the base of the major terrestrial radiation, they evolved increasing tolerances to demanding physical conditions and expanded the extent of the vegetated land surface. - The study of modern ecology and environmental tolerances of plant communities and plant species enables ecologists and biogeographers to determine how far climate can influence geographical distribution. - Drying rates also affect the desiccation tolerance of somatic embryos and immature zygotic embryos or seeds. - Great attention has been paid to the salt tolerance of halophytes at different seedling stages. - This grain is grown in arid and semiarid regions of the world due to its unusual tolerance to adverse environments. - A possible explanation of this difference is that the habitats of these species have different salinities and so the organisms may show markedly different salt tolerances. - Most patients develop a tolerance for opioid side effects with the exception of constipation. - The dehydration tolerances of desert tortoises are also exceptional. - Prior exposure to heat-shock temperatures has been shown to increase the tolerance of sensitive tissue to subsequent chilling. - The glasshouse experiment aimed to rank the cultivars according to their dehydration tolerance. - Many native species however, exhibit a characteristically wide range of ecological tolerances and their distributions reflect this. - Asparagus has a high tolerance for conditions such as salt and sandy soil, thus making it a vegetable that is grown all over the world. - You may have a problem if you have developed a tolerance to drugs or alcohol. - The only set-back is that Mrs Lee is developing a tolerance to the medication and she has to keep increasing her doses. - Initially, a drug abuser is prescribed slowly increasing amounts of methadone to increase tolerance to the drug. - Users who have recently left prison are most at risk, as their tolerance to drugs has been lost while inside. - New users may include women genetically or otherwise predisposed to venous thrombosis, whereas long term users have shown tolerance to the drug. - The decrease in lean body mass associated with aging results in decreased tolerance to alcohol. - But many studies report that regular consumers of caffeine develop a tolerance to it. - The coroner concluded that his tolerance to the drug had probably fluctuated which meant his body could not cope with it. - Doctors put me on meds but as soon as they start to work I have to switch again because I've built up a tolerance to them. - He found also that the applicant had a good tolerance to alcohol. - People are warned not to use a particular drug as a continued remedy for ill health because a tolerance and allergy can develop. - You can't build up a tolerance to any asthma or allergy medications. - Subjects tend to develop a higher tolerance to drugs that are self-administered. - This may be due to increasing tolerance to the drug over time. - Take a five-day break from capsules or liquid every one to two weeks to prevent your body from developing a tolerance to the herb. - Regular use over a long time results in an increased tolerance to the drug so that larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect. - After a while, the smoker develops a tolerance to the drug, which leads to an increase in smoking. - Some patients who respond well initially develop tolerance to the injections. - Users build up a tremendous tolerance to the drug and it is very expensive, so it can lead to crime if someone gets a serious habit. - The fact that our body can develop a tolerance to alcohol complicates how we judge alcohol's affect on our bodies. - Parts can be machined to extremely close tolerances. - The machines can operate with tight tolerances at speeds of 500 parts per minute. - Being the perfectionist that he is, everything is machined to the tightest tolerances and his finishing work is impeccable. - I understand that you are endeavouring to construct your moulds to achieve tighter tolerances. - All manufacturing tools and processes must constantly be improved and reinvented to address shrinking dimensions and tighter tolerances. - Extremely tight tolerances and uniform distribution means using less material than with other fillers. - In modern engines, which are produced to much finer tolerances, the amount of metal worn off is minimal. - Engineers sometimes must face the challenges of designing plastic parts that require machining because of their low quantities, close tolerances, or unusual shapes. - To maximize performance without excessively tight tolerances on dimensions, design a carefully optimized number of mechanical adjustments into the instrument. - Machining tolerances are held to a minimum throughout each step of production. - Those selecting the material should note that stock sizes and tolerances vary among the different plastics. - Harder than wrought iron, but with less carbon than true steel, mild steel was made in industrial-sized batches, and although it was easier to machine with close tolerances, it was harder for blacksmiths to forge and weld. - The intermediate arm is finished to a tolerance of 0.008 mm, and the cams controlling the eccentric shaft are machined to tolerances of a few hundredths of a millimeter. - Different manufacturers also used different tolerances, meaning parts often did not fit together when assembled in the field. - Manufacturing tolerances (being subject to the whim of the manufacturer, the machinist, wear and tear on the revolver and maybe even the tide) have a tendency to vary quite a bit. - This is what worries me about reels that are machined with fine tolerances. - I would inspect each individual unit to ensure it was within the allowable dimensional tolerances, using a tape measure, and the surface finish by visual inspection. - Machining this tough hardened steel is more time-consuming and difficult, but it allows parts to be machined to very tight tolerances. - However, provided these fittings are machined to fine tolerances and shaped appropriately, a high-pressure seal can be maintained. - Designed for earthmoving with tight tolerances, it can provide accuracy within 6 mm. English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages. Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence? As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.

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https://es.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/tolerance

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Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review Why Lesson Planet? Find quality lesson planning resources, fast! Share & remix collections to collaborate. Organize your curriculum with collections. Easy! Have time to be more creative & energetic with your students! Complete a variety of activities to examine the pros and cons and ethical issues behind genetic testing. Your high school students will role play and examine various scenarios to determine if genetic testing is justified. 62 Views 161 Downloads

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|HOMEPAGE | INFORMATION SHEETS | GAMES & PUZZLES | E-MAIL| 'Air pollution' is what we say to describe all bad gases in the air that we breathe and that are dangerous for us. But do not worry! Not all gases are bad! 500 years ago in Britain, the burning of coal was increasing in cities like London. Coal was used in factories and also used to heat homes. Coal, when burnt makes a lot of smoke, which makes the air very dirty. About 200 years ago, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Factories were built, and even more coal was burnt. Air pollution was becoming a really big problem, especially when the weather was foggy. With foggy conditions and light winds the smoke or air pollution covered the whole city, and would not move. Smoke and fog together create smog. Smog was a big problem in the winter. Because of the cold weather, more coal was burnt to warm houses and this made more smoke. When smog was stuck over a city, it became really hard to breathe and see clearly. In 1952, the Great London Smog occurred and more than 4000 people died because of the smog! New laws were created from this catastrophe in 1956 and 1968, so that it would not happen again. These laws are called the 'Clean Air Acts'. These laws were made so that air would become cleaner. The laws encouraged people to use less coal or use cleaner coal in their homes and switch to other fuels such as gas. Factories started using tall chimneys so that the smoke would go high up in the sky and no longer cover cities, and new factories were built outside cities in the countryside. Smog occurred less often and the air became cleaner. Have you ever noticed that the air in a city smells different from air in the country? One of the reasons is that exhausts from vehicles give off fumes, or gases, which can poison you. Today, when we think of air pollution, we should think of transport, especially cars. Today there are about 23 million vehicles on the road in Britain, and 20 million of them are cars! The fuel they use - petrol and diesel - releases a lot of pollution in the air. The car exhausts eject a lot of bad gases, which create air pollution. These gases can be very dangerous for children. Although the fuels are becoming cleaner, it will not be making that much difference because there are more and more cars. There is less pollution from coal, but today's modern world still creates air pollution. Today, air pollution has not really fallen, because new bad gases are released in the air, and there are a lot of them. Transport is not the only reason why we have air pollution. Factories also release bad gases in the air, even with the 'Clean Air Acts', it still causes a lot of air pollution. This air pollution that they make is the main cause of acid rain (see Acid Rain). We spend a large part of our lives at home and it does not often cross our mind that the air we are breathing may be polluted. Pollution inside homes is called 'indoor air pollution'. Indoor air pollution is usually very low. But a lot of things can increase it. Fresh paint is a cause of indoor air pollution and so is the burning of fuels such as coal and gas, in heaters, stoves and ovens. But one of the main causes of indoor air pollution is smoking. Smoking cigarettes and tobacco can be very dangerous for health. The poison in the smoke can cause heart problems, lung cancer and other lung diseases. If a woman smokes when she is pregnant, her baby will probably be smaller and become ill. Cigarette smoke is dangerous for people smoking but also for those who do not! Breathing in air, which contains other people's smoke, can cause you the same health problems, for example lung cancer. To reduce 'indoor air pollution', make sure the room is well ventilated while painting. Try ventilating your home often, you can open windows or use a fan. And if your parents or friends smoke, ask them to smoke outside. And best of all NEVER START SMOKING!!!

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The Story of an Experiment in Pretending Two groups of men between 70 and 80 took part in a study on the effects of perceptions and beliefs. Separately, the two groups went to a monastery that had been transformed to reflect an earlier period. All the news, magazines, memorabilia, clothing styles, music, food and even activities were from the 50’s or 60’s. The first group, before entering were told to spend the next five days pretending to be twenty-two years younger and healthier. In contrast, the second group arrived but were not told to act like they were younger and healthier. For the purpose of comparison, each group went through extensive examinations at the beginning and end of the study. The Researchers were stunned by the comparison of the before and after test results. The results showed that by all indications the men who had pretended to be younger became physically and mentally younger. Their posture, height, weight, gait, flexibility, memory, cognition, eyesight, bone length and blood chemistry had all shifted to reflect a healthier, younger version of themselves. In comparison, the control group that didn’t pretend to be younger showed no change. Conducting Your Pretending Experiment For the purpose of your pretending experiment, for the next week, make the shift mentally to pretend to love your work. In the morning when the alarm clock goes off and that thought of “another day at the grind” pops into your head. Stop. Interrupt that thought and say “I love my job! I’m excited to get to work and ______.” (Insert something that’s on your agenda for the day). At the end of the work day, as you’re walking out the door say “I love my job! A lot of things went well today.” Then go through that list of things that went well as you move to the next part of your day. Throughout the day, when a person at work is kind, does a job well, or you notice something in their personality, look them in the eye and say “Thank you. You’re one of the reasons I love my job” From the boss to co-workers, to customers, to the physical environment pretend to love your work. And the more you begin to think it, reinforce it by speaking it out loud. Say it to yourself and the people you are in contact with each day. Grab your journal and write a commitment to pretending to love your work for the next five days. Start right now by listing things about your work that don’t require pretending. Now list some more challenging areas. List some ways you can pretend to love those areas as well. Get playful with your list and your actions. After all, pretending is play. Play is the ultimate expression of authentic yourself. tweet And you having fun, seems a lot less like work.

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From: NASA Office of Inspector General Posted: Thursday, September 1, 2016 WHY WE PERFORMED THIS AUDIT Since the Space Shuttle Program ended in July 2011, the United States has lacked the domestic capability to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS or Station), instead relying on the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to ferry astronauts at prices ranging from $21 million to $82 million per roundtrip. Prior to the end of the Shuttle Program, NASA began working with several U.S. companies to develop commercial crew transportation capabilities. The final phase of the Commercial Crew Program began in September 2014 when NASA selected The Boeing Company (Boeing) and Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) to complete development of crewed spaceflight systems and, assuming the systems meet the Agency's safety and performance requirements, receive certification to begin flying astronauts to the ISS on a regular basis. In November 2013, we reported that although Boeing and SpaceX were making steady progress in the initial stages of development, the Commercial Crew Program faced several obstacles including an unstable funding stream, aligning cost estimates with Program schedule, providing timely requirement and certification guidance to the two companies, and increasing coordination with other Federal agencies that have a stake in manned spaceflight. We concluded that failure to address these challenges in a timely manner could significantly delay the availability of commercial crew transportation services and extend U.S. reliance on the Russians. This report is a follow-up to our 2013 review. Our objective was to evaluate NASA's management of the Commercial Crew Program and determine if the Program is meeting cost and schedule goals. We also examined Program risks and the Agency's management of the certification process for Boeing and SpaceX. To complete this work, we reviewed internal controls and relevant laws, regulations, and policies. We also interviewed key personnel at NASA, Boeing, and SpaceX, among others. WHAT WE FOUND The Commercial Crew Program continues to face multiple challenges that will likely delay the first routine flight carrying NASA astronauts to the ISS until late 2018 more than 3 years after NASA's original 2015 goal. While past funding shortfalls have contributed to the delay, technical challenges with the contractors' spacecraft designs are now driving the schedule slippages. For Boeing, these include issues relating to the effects of vibrations generated during launch and challenges regarding vehicle mass. For SpaceX, delays resulted from a change in capsule design to enable a water-based rather than ground-based landing and related concerns about the capsule taking on excessive water. Moreover, both companies must satisfy NASA's safety review process to ensure they meet Agency human-rating requirements. As part of the certification process, Boeing and SpaceX conduct safety reviews and report to NASA on potential hazards and their plans for mitigating risks. We found significant delays in NASA's evaluation and approval of these hazard reports and related requests for variances from NASA requirements that increase the risk costly redesign work may be required late in development, which could further delay certification. Although NASA's goal is to complete its review within 8 weeks of receipt of a hazard report, the contractors told us reviews can take as long as 6 months. We also found NASA does not monitor the overall timeliness of its safety review process. Given delays in the Commercial Crew Program, NASA has extended its contract with Roscosmos for astronaut transportation through 2018 at an additional cost of $490 million or $82 million a seat for six more seats. If the Program experiences additional delays, NASA may need to buy additional seats from Russia to ensure a continued U.S. presence on the ISS. WHAT WE RECOMMENDED To improve NASA's oversight of the Commercial Crew Program, we recommended the Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations (1) implement procedures to monitor the timeliness of NASA's review process for hazard reports to help reduce risk to the Program's schedule and (2) coordinate with Boeing and SpaceX to document a path to timely resolution for variance requests and hazard reports that have exceeded the review period goals. In response to a draft of this report, NASA managers concurred with our first recommendation and described responsive corrective actions. Therefore, the recommendation is resolved and will be closed upon verification and completion of those actions. NASA management partially concurred with our second recommendation, agreeing coordination with its commercial partners is necessary to ensure hazard reports and variance requests are addressed at the appropriate time and stating it will continue to have weekly discussions with the companies to develop a path for timely resolution. However, we believe NASA needs to take additional action to ensure timely review of hazard reports and avoid the possibility of costly redesign late in the development schedule. Therefore, this recommendation is unresolved pending further discussion with Agency officials. // end //

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According to the CDC, Teen Dating Violence is the physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, or verbal abuse within a dating relationship, as well as stalking. Teen dating violence can occur in person, online, on the phone, or via text messaging or email. Teen Dating Violence: A/K/A Other labels for teen dating violence include: Domestic Abuse, Domestic Violence, Dating Abuse, Relationship Abuse, Relationship Violence, and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Teen Dating Violence: Where Teen Dating Violence can occur anywhere: through social media websites, via SMS messaging or email, by phone, or in person. When abuse occurs in person it can happen at school, at your job, or in public. Although you might think that it's safest to just stay at home, that is actually the most common place for somebody to be abused. Remember: just because a teenager is at home that does not mean that they are safe from teen dating violence. Teen Dating Violence: Who Teen dating violence may occur between somebody that you are currently dating or somebody that you used to date. Teen dating violence can be between people of different genders, or the same gender. Teen dating violence can happen to anybody. Males and females can be abused or can be the abusers. So can poor people, rich people, short people, tall people, two-eyed people, and three-eyed people. Teen dating violence believes in equal opportunity and can affect anybody. Teen dating violence probably is more common that you realize. Here are some important statistics about teen dating violence.

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When you think about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, initial thoughts focus on the 1960s and the political turmoil that was going on during that time frame. It was the post-Reconstruction era and despite African Americans’ new freedoms, they were still being treated as second-class citizens and being denied their rights. The focus of the Civil Rights Movement was about achieving legal equality and abolishing racial discrimination, particularly in the southern states. Immediate national organizations that come to mind are the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Black Panthers Party, and famous people of the era were Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X. However, many people fail to take notice that the Civil Rights Movement began long before the 1960s. In Defining the Struggle: National Organizing for Racial Justice, 1880-1915, Susan D. Carle takes us back in time through a historical and strategic study of past national organizations that laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement that we learned about in history class. Specifically, she takes us through the early years of the Civil Rights Movement by focusing on important, but forgotten, figures and the late nineteenth and early twentieth century organizations that helped shape the ideas and plans that the NAACP, the National Urban League (NUL), and civil rights leaders used successfully. Carle, a law professor at American University Washington College of Law, begins her book with an argument saying why early organizations during the Nadir Period, decades following the end of the Reconstruction Period where conditions for African Americans were at their worst since the abolition of slavery, is an important area of history that is forgotten but influences later organizations of the Civil Rights Movement. In her argument, she stresses that these early leaders and organizations generated various legal ideas and initiatives that precede and influenced the later organizations of the twentieth century. NAACP and NUL learned both from the failings and successes of these older organizations and evolved their strategies to best tackle and initiate changes for the benefit of African Americans. Defining the Struggle covers thirty-five years of history, 1880 to 1915, discussing the people involved in early civil rights movements and early organizations that were predecessors to the NAACP including the Afro-American League, the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement. One of the first national civil rights organizations was the Afro-American League (AAL). The AAL was founded in 1880 and was largely founded based on the ideas and vision of T. Thomas Fortune. Mr. Fortune, a former slave turned leading intellectual activist, wanted a permanent, national organization that focused on gaining justice and the enforcement of African American rights by working with other interest groups, fund-raising, and conducting test case litigation. He firmly believed that the democratic process was the best way to stimulate change through the legislative and judicial process, but through self-help and intraracial advancement. In Mr. Fortune’s papers, he focused on the need to challenge the segregation of whites and African Americans in public accommodations, entertainment, and education. He believed in government reform to lead to racial and economic justice. Through the AAL’s many state-level activity, the members were involved in state legislation and test-case campaigns. Mr. Fortune himself won a case in New York involving racial discrimination he personally experienced in a New York pub. Despite this success and successes in Wisconsin and Michigan, the AAL did not last long and began to collapse in 1892. One of the main reasons for the failure of the AAL was because the state leagues that were part of AAL failed to transfer funds to the national organization to sustain the national operation. Another reason for the failure was because the members of AAL also had other agendas and did not show strong support for the organization. Although the AAL closed its doors, the organization did lay a foundation for the Afro-American Council, the Niagara Movement, and the NAACP. It proposed a basic strategy and substantive template that the NAACP would follow when it was founded a couple decades later. Following the unsuccessful attempt of the AAL to nationalize and mobilize sustained membership, the Afro-American Council (AAC) was founded in 1898 as an attempt to pick up where the AAL left off. The AAC was founded by the combined efforts of Alexander Walters, T. Thomas Fortune, and Reverdy C Ransom. Although a direct successor of the AAL, the AAC was different from the AAL in a number of ways, such as engaging in more national level activities, having national conferences at least bi-annually, and being an organization that was open to broad political views and allowing such views a place to be heard. Although the AAC suffered from tension between Booker T. Washington’s “accommodationist” views and Reverdy Ransom’s “radical” views, the AAC was able to develop its local leadership, engage in grassroots fundraising, have a national lobbying presence, and focus their test case litigation strategy. The test case strategy developed into focusing on constitutional challenges to the state laws in the hopes to bring it in front of the Supreme Court to get the state law declared unconstitutional. The AAC also encouraged African American communities to engage in self-help and pursue education to elevate the community as a whole. Despite the more focused approach of the organization, due to Washington’s attempt to seize control of the AAC and other failures, many members began to feel that the Council was no longer useful and thus began to form a new organization, the Niagara Movement. By presenting and giving light to both the AAL and the AAC, Carle enriches our understanding of the Civil Rights movement by providing us with a historical backdrop that the later organizations such as the NUL and the NAACP used to foster change. Her thoughtful analysis of all the players involved and how their thought-processes interacted and resulted in forgotten, but important contributions to the movement has significantly added to the literature to the Civil Rights Movement. Susan Carle’s book, Defining the Struggle is a great read. Staffer, Criminal Law Practitioner

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“Eponymy in science is the practice of affixing the names of scientists to what they have discovered or are believed to have discovered,’ as with Boyle’s Law, Halley’s comet, Fourier’s transform, Planck’s constant, the Rorschach test, the Gini coefficient, and the Thomas theorem” –Richard K Merton, “The Thomas Theorem and The Matthew Effect” There are a lot of scientific theories and discoveries that are named after the scientists that found them, too bad a lot of them did not deserve it. Do not forget to subscribe via iTunes, and leave Science Sparring Society a review in the store. Also, you can follow @acmescience on twitter for all your Science Sparing Society updates.

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Once believed to be a subspecies of the western red colobus, the Niger Delta red colobus was only discovered in 1993 and declared a full species in 2007. The red colobus, endemic to the western Niger Delta and the upper canopies of this region’s forests, is now considered one of the most elusive and critically endangered primates in Africa. It shares its habitat with a diverse range of other primates, from chimpanzees to other colobus subspecies. Unlike other red colobus populations, this Niger Delta species spends a large portion of its day traveling. It relies strongly on a diet of young leaves and leaf buds, supplemented with seeds, flowers, and flower buds in the upper canopy. It’s up here, though, that the red colobus must always remain alert for its main predator—the crowned eagle, a fearsome raptor whose nests have been found to contain the skulls of the medium-sizes primates. Not much is known about the colobus beyond its tendency to travel in large family groups of about 15 to 80 members. Most groups contain two or more males, with females spending a majority of their time grooming others within the group. With population estimates hovering around 500—due in large part to an 80 percent decrease over the past 30 years—the Niger Delta red colobus faces environmental pressures from deforestation, crude oil harvest, the bushmeat trade, and a lack of government protection, with its swampy habitat bearing the brunt of massive oil spills and logging incursions. The species was recently listed in The World’s Top 25 Most Endangered Primates by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. While its ecology and mating habits are still shrouded in mystery, various researchers have worked to pull back the veil to better protect this species and its environment. One is Nigerian biologist Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh, who is additionally working to protect the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee with grant support from AWF’s African Apes Initiative. “There is really nothing that can be compared to observing a large group of monkeys in the wild, feeding, playing, and scurrying off from human view,” she said. Pictured is a Ugandan red colobus. Photo: Craig Sholley Mike Rooney, Direct Marketing Associate for AWF, grew up with a passion for wildlife, particularly African wild dogs. As an anthropology major at the University of Notre Dame, he developed an interest in how local communities and the environment intersect. He plans on one day making it to Africa and taking some time to do the things he never has. AWF Blogs bring you to the critical landscapes we work in, where conservation benefits both wildlife and people alike. The blogs are written by our staff - men and women who have dedicated their lives to Africa's wildlife, people and wild lands. 12:01pm Mar 28th 11:00am Mar 27th 12:00pm Mar 26th 12:00pm Mar 25th 12:01pm Mar 24th 12:01pm Mar 23rd 9:45am Mar 22nd 6:07pm Mar 21st 1:44pm Mar 21st 12:01pm Mar 20th

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What kind of antennas is employed for TV Transmission and illustrate any one of them with appropriate sketches. Sketch the block diagram showing the signal flow in the monochrome television receiver and illustrate the function of each block. prepare down the limitations of simple AGC and how to overcome them. prepare down the function of limiter in receiver sound system. How to disconnect U and V signals in colour signal decoding? Illustrate out the principle of noise canceller employed in TV Receiver. What do you understand by the term AFC? Why it is employed in TV Receivers? Sketch and illustrate the single ended AFC circuit.

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3D Printing Principles: Now that you know about the history of 3D printing, you might ask what are the principles involved in 3d printing. "Additive manufacturing" is quite an intricate process. Nevertheless, anyone who wants to get a glance of what 3D printing is, and the processes involved, should take some time to get to know the principles involved in 3D printing. 3D Printing Principles - Modeling The first stage involved in 3D printing is additive manufacturing, wherein computer-aided design (CAD) takes virtual blueprints or animation modeling software. They are then cut into digital cross-sections, which the machine will use as their guide for printing. The type of machine being used here will determine the material, or binding material, which will be deposited on the build bed or platform. This will be done until the material, or binder layering, is accomplished. The modeling stage ends once the final 3D model has been "printed." 3D Printing Principles - Printing Here, the machine scans the design and adds layers upon layers of liquid, melted plastic, dry powder, or sheet material. This is done by building the model from a series of cross sections. They are then fused to reveal the final shape of the image. What’s great with this technique is that it has the ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature - from 'bottom to the top'. The thickness and XY resolution is described by printer resolution dots per inch. This is also called, 'micrometer'. An average layer thickness would be around 100 micrometers or 0.1 mm. Other machines, on the other hand, like the Objet Connex series and 3D Systems' ProJet series has the capacity to print even the thinnest layers, around 16 micrometers. Molding and other forms of traditional printing techniques are more affordable especially when manufacturing polymer products in large quantites. However, additive manufacturing is way faster, more flexible, and more affordable when printing in smaller quantities. 3D printers enable designers and concept developers, with the advantage of producing parts and concept models, with the help of a desktop-sized 3D printer. While the printer-produced resolution is workable for various types of applications, printing an enlarged version of the item in standard resolution, and then eliminating the material with a higher-resolution subtractive process, is only possible when you opt for higher-resolution. A number of additive manufacturing strategies have the capacity to use different materials when constructing parts. Other strategies also utilize supports when building. These can be removed or dissolved upon, once the print is completed and are used to support overhanging features during construction.

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The urban forest is where we live, work, and play. It’s in our back yard, our front yard, and our parks. It’s by the river, by the office building, and on the street corner. The majority of Canadians live in the urban landscape, where the trees and shrubbery of our public spaces and private properties are, in day-to-day life, our deepest connection to nature. So, whose job is it to nurture the living giants of our cities? More often than not, it’s the municipality’s responsibility. At the provincial and federal levels, few laws or regulations govern the urban forest, except in cases of specific problems or threats. Many cities hire professional foresters, and establish advisory committees. Some work with agencies to manage public spaces, like the National Capital Commission in Ottawa, the Commission de la Capitale nationale in Québec City, and the Wascana Centre Authority in Regina. Municipalities often receive funding support for urban forest projects from non-government organizations and companies. That’s what we aim to do with our programs like TD Green Streets and Greening Canada's School Grounds. As much as people around the world associate Canada to be a "Forest Nation" or "Forest People", in reality 78% of Canadians live in urban centres. For most Canadians, the forest they most closely associate with are the woodlot remnants, riparian borders and street trees that constitute the urban forest.

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This preview shows page 1. Sign up to view the full content. Unformatted text preview: Congress chartered the Second Bank in 1816 for a twenty-year period, giving it thirty- five million dollars in startup funds. A board of twenty-five directors controlled the Bank, but only five were publicly appointed by the Presidentthe rest came from stockholders. The directors controlled branches, invested funds, and oversaw operations. Over time, the Bank proved quite good at managing credit and providing profits for the stockholders and governmentperhaps too good. In 1819, the Bank had caused a financial panic by calling in credit from smaller state banks, forcing many of them into bankruptcy. This Panic of 1819 led to such a depression that western regions of the country still suffered in the late 1820s. By Jackson's administration, the Bank had expanded into twenty-nine branches and was doing roughly seventy million dollars of business a year, handling twenty percent of... View Full Document This note was uploaded on 12/27/2011 for the course HIST 101 taught by Professor Womer during the Fall '08 term at Texas State. - Fall '08

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This lesson discusses features of Romanesque art and architecture. Image of Interior of Santiago de Compostela, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SantCompostela18.jpg; Image of Interior of Saint-Etienne, Caen, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caen,_%C3%89glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne_01.jpg; Interior of Durham Cathedral, Creative Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg A long journey, expedition or crusade A storage container for relics. The styles of sculpture, painting, decoration or architecture during the period from 9th-12th century.

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As many of you know I teach a Civil War seminar. The class is structured around two components, including research on the Valley of the Shadow as well as roundtable discussions of scholarly articles. This second component is very important as it teaches students to see history as more than just a collection of facts to be memorized. I want my students to understand that historical studies involve interepretation and this requires a formal argument. In pursuit of this goal I have students write 2-page thesis summaries of each article. This forces the student to read carefully with an eye towards picking out both the thesis and the evidence used to justify the thesis. Learning to write an analytical 2-page essay is great practice as many of my students are seniors and getting ready to start college. Last week we read an article by well-known Civil War historian Gary W. Gallagher. The article is titled, “When Lee Was Mortal” and appeared in Military History Quarterly (Spring 1998). The author is John Gregory. Feel free to offer constructive feedback as John is eager to respond. With the exception of Abraham Lincoln, no other figure is more closely associated with the American Civil War than General Robert E. Lee. In this article, Gary Gallagher attempts to get to the roots of Lee’s iconic status and discover how even in life a man could have risen to a place of such high esteem in the hearts of so many people. Gallagher argues that Lee gave hope to Southern civilians through his victories in 1862-1863 that sustained their faith in the Southern cause through the dark days of 1864 and 1865. Gallagher asserts that Lee was very popular with his soldiers because they believed in his invincibility and overall that Lee was the personification of the Southern man. Gallagher also disputes competing accounts of Lee including Alan Nolan’s portrayal of “Lee the butcher.” Gallagher weaves his tale of Lee like any great American story, from failure to success. After giving a brief history of Lee’s antebellum military career in the Mexican-American War and at West Point, Gallagher follows Lee’s path after his agonizing decision to resign his military commission in favor of his home state of Virginia. Lee went from one unimportant desk job to another in Richmond, and when he was finally given a command in western Virginia, he met with little success. Even after his somewhat more successful responsibilities involving the fortification of the South Carolina coast, he was still widely criticized. It was only as Union General George B. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign reached the gates of Richmond that Lee rose to the forefront, assuming command of the Army of Virginia after the wounding of General Joseph Johnston. Gallagher believes that this moment in the summer of 1862 was the turning point of Lee’s career, and the course of the war. Gallagher shows how in the next year Lee turned the tide of the war in favor of the Confederates temporarily by taking the fight to the enemy, which galvanized his reputation as a military leader and as a man. The major criticism of Lee early in the war was that he lacked aggressiveness; he was frequently called “old stick in the mud.” When desperation forced Lee into command he didn’t disappoint; once he had a large army on the battlefield, he continually engaged in offensive movements. Lee soon became known for his aggressiveness as he drove back the Union army, and won a string of impressive victories over the next year. This success not only made him popular with the Southern people but gave them a beacon of hope for their dreams of Southern independence. According to Gallagher, Lee served as a figurehead that everyone in the South could rally behind and believe in, as he continually delivered success on the battlefield. Even after the war turned in 1863, Southerners still believed in Lee and that kept them going to the end of the war. The idea of Lee as a figurehead is also prominent, as Gallagher points out, in Lee’s realization of the ideal Christian gentleman whom embodied honorable Southern values. Not only was Lee a great success on the field of battle but stood for everything elite white Southerners believed in, which only heightened his popularity. Lee’s success not only translated into popular civilian support but also in the loyalty of his soldiers. Gallagher opens his paper with a description of the final review of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1864 and the enthusiasm and awe his presence inspired in the sixty thousand Confederate soldiers. Both soldier and civilian believed so strongly in Robert E. Lee’s leadership and invincibility that they didn’t believe that Gettysburg was a defeat, and that as long a Lee was in command that the South had a good chance of victory and gaining independence. Gallagher captures this last point very well by emphasizing that when Lee surrendered to Grant in April of 1865 there were still Confederate armies fighting, but the surrender of Lee sent the message that the war was over, and the remaining units soon surrendered as well. Gallagher also refutes the thesis of Alan Nolan who argues that Lee’s command of the Army of Northern Virginia was detrimental to the Confederate cause because his campaigns cost too many human lives. Gallagher argues that while the loss of life was high, about 90,000 causalities in one year of Lee’s command, and mourned by the South, the victories, and confidence that Lee brought to the southern people in sustaining their confidence in the war was far more important than the human losses. He also states that even a largely defensive war would have been very costly in human lives, citing the examples of some of the unsuccessful Confederate generals in the West, and that the aggressiveness Lee displayed by attacking the Union Army was crucial in keeping the civilians supporting the war. While Gallagher’s primary argument that Lee’s leadership generated popular civilian support for the war that keep the South fighting for three more years is very persuasive and probably correct on a certain level, there are still some holes. Unpopular wars have been waged by governments throughout history and been won, and while it is nice to have an inspired civilian population they are not the ones fighting the war. In this particular case, Lee’s popular support could only have done so much because of the grave difficulties faced by the Confederate government in fighting a war within a government based on the ideologies of states’ rights. Instead of focusing on the way Southern civilians faithfully supported Lee, Gallagher might have focused on the confidence the Southern soldiers had in Lee, as they continued to follow him and fight a war against an increasing larger and better equipped army. Lastly, the Gray Fox became known for his aggressive style which may not have been the greatest strategy for the war the South was waging. Traditionally, smaller nations that are fighting for independence in their homeland do not attempt to win the war but rather fight in a defensive or guerrilla style that demoralizes the enemy soldiers and civilians into ceasing the war. With the war protests that erupted in the North in response to Grant’s costly overland campaign in 1864, is it possible that Lee’s overly aggressive tactics earlier in the war should have been replaced by the hit and run defensive tactics he used later in the war that brought about such outcry in the North? Either way, despite leading a losing effort and raking up a costly bill in human life, Lee still remains immensely popular to an extent which still defies explanation.

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I recently figured out a way to use GPS 3-dimensional velocity data and the direction-cosine-matrix information in real time as a plane flies along, to estimate the 3 dimensional wind vector, and the 3 dimensional air speed vector, without a pitot tube or any other sort of airspeed sensor. It has been tested, and it works quite well. The core of the theory for estimating wind speed is described here. The basic idea is to first estimate the airspeed vector by relying on the fact that the determinant of the direction cosine matrix is equal to one. Therefore, when a plane rotates, the magnitude of the change in the GPS velocity is equal to the magnitude of the airspeed, times the magnitude of the change of the appropriate column of the direction cosine matrix. Then, once you know the airspeed vector, you can compute wind vector. Built into the algorithm is an immunity to any yaw error in the matrix. The algorithm only works when the plane is rotating around the yaw or pitch axis, but not much rotation is needed, and once the wind vector is measured, it can be locked in during straight flights, and used to compute the airspeed even if the plane no longer yaws or pitches. However, when the plane is yawing and pitching, the algorithm produces a steady stream of up-to-date wind estimates, so it will work in situations (like the field where I fly) in which the wind varies in time and space. As a bonus, the algorithm includes the vertical component of the wind, which of course is the slope or thermal lift, so we plan to develop a lift-seeking algorithm for sailplanes. I want to thank Peter Hollands, who contributed a great deal to the development of the algorithm. He implemented the wind-compensation portion of the computations, made a lot of test flights, and wrote scripts to convert the raw telemetry to spreadsheets for analysis, and to kmz files for display in Google Earth. Here is a jpg file, a spreadsheet, and a Goolge Earth kmz file, from one of Peter's flights. Note in the kmz file that Peter has a plane icon to indicate which way the plane is heading, as determined by the direction-cosine matrix. Note that there is a very clear indication of the crab angle of the plane, so the firmware knows which way the plane is pointing, which way it is moving and which way the wind is blowing. Peter's tests were successful, he was able to fly comfortably in heavy winds, including landing the plane in RTL mode. Wind compensation is presently an option in the MatrixPilot code under the Source tab in the project repository, and will be available in the next release of the download code. Once again, thanks to Peter Hollands and the rest of the UAV DevBoard team.

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by Y. Nagano Have you ever heard of a living creature called pygmy seahorse? It is very tiny seahorse which has only recently been discovered. It was difficult to spot due to its mimicry capability and small size. The classification of Pygmy seahorse is still being debated, but it is a member of the seahorse family. Any seahorse with a length of about 20mm is called pygmy sea horse. Therefore, there is not a regular classification called pygmy seahorse. Range & Ecology It is said that pygmy sea horse has many place witch were just discovered in 1999 years and have not been discovered yet. Therefore, specification of distribution is not yet understood. As a known place,they are temperate areas and tropical areas, such as South America and Africa,globally. Pygmy sea horse is seen in Japan in Kashiwajima, Hachijozima, Okinawa, Kishuu, Izu, etc. Since pygmy sea horse seen in Japan differs in appearance, it is called Japanese pygmy seahorse. Use & Conservation Pygmy sea horse is new! Therefore, for a diver, it is extremely popular. Of course, a diver trade association will profit, if the diving position which pygmy seahorse inhabits is known. Then, scramble of pygmy sea horse is carried out. This is actual to an ashamed thing in Japan. Argument does not cease between diver contractors or among communities by that. In order to prevent these, the statute which does not break the ecology of pygmy sea horse is required. For that purpose, it must be indicated as a new species. Where to see in Kochi The place where pygmy sea horse is seen in Kochi is kashiwazima. Kashiwajima is a place where tides, such as the Japan Current, collide, and it is famous for the four seasons in the sea. Much coral which colors the sea is the highlights. The kind of fish gathering in kashiwazima drops to 1/3 of whole Japan. How about searching, when diving by Kashiwajima? You can see pygmy sea horse, if you have diving ability.

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Cities 101 -- At-Large and District Elections The form of municipal elections varies from city to city, with three common variations: some cities elect their local representatives by at-large elections, some by district, and some using a mixed system. The election system of a given city is determined by the nature of the council members' constituency and by the presence or absence of party labels on the ballot. With regard to the first feature, there are two types of constituencies for city council members: at-large and district. All at-large members are elected to serve the same constituency, which is the population of the city as a whole. At-large election proponents favor having council members elected by the entire city because: - Council members in an at-large system can be more impartial, rise above the limited perspective of a single district and concern themselves with the problems of the whole community; - Vote trading between councilmembers may be minimized; and - The number of candidates available for election tends to be larger. However, at-large elections can weaken the representation of particular groups, such as people of color, especially if the group does not have a citywide base of operations or is an ethnic or racial group concentrated in a specific ward. At-large election systems are prevalent at the municipal level and a considerable majority make use of at-large voting in some way. At-large elections tend to be more practical in small cities and more homogeneous areas. These elections select a single council member from a corresponding geographical section of the city, called a district or ward. District election proponents favor having council members elected to represent individual wards because: - District elections give all legitimate groups, especially those with a geographic base, a better chance of being represented on the city council, especially communities of color. Several court decisions have forced jurisdictions to switch from at-large elections to district elections, and in most cases the reason was to allow more representation by specific ethnic and racial groups acknowledging that the prior system was a denial of equal access to the city’s political process. (See: McNeil v. City of Springfield, IL, 1987; and Williams v. City of Dallas, 1990; and Montes v. City of Yakima, 2014); - District councilmembers are more attuned to the unique problems of their constituents, such as crime levels, small lot development, trash pick-up, potholes, and recreation programs; and - District elections may improve citizen participation because councilmembers who represent a specific district may be more responsive to their constituency. However, councils elected by district elections may experience more infighting and be less likely to prioritize the good of the city over the good of their district. Larger municipalities tend to use district elections (Chicago and Philadelphia are examples). More than twenty percent of municipalities combine these two methods by electing some council members at-large and some from districts. Mixed systems which provide more district seats than at-large seats are more likely to stand Constitutional scrutiny. Morgan, David and Robert England. Managing Urban America, 5th Edition. New York, NY: Seven Bridges Press, LLC, 1999. Moulder, Evelina. "Municipal Form of Government: Trends in Structure, Responsibility, and Composition." In The Municipal Year Book, 2008. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, 2008. Renner, Tari and Victor S. DeSantis. "Municipal Form of Government: Issues and Trends." In The Municipal Year Book, 1998. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, 1998. Svara, James H. Two Decades of Continuity and Change in American City Councils. Washington, DC: National League of Cities, 2003.

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New Zealand statesman. He represented the interests of the rural poor, including the Maori. Though he was a member of the conservative Reform Party, he advanced the New Zealand tradition of state action for the public good, developing roads and railways, the state hydroelectricity programme, afforestation, and aiding Maori farming schemes. In coalition with Forbes during the Depression he broke the authority of the private banks, established the Reserve Bank, and laid the foundation for economic recovery. Subjects: Contemporary History (Post 1945).

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Presentation on theme: "Formative Assessment Evidence, Practice and Teacher Change"— Presentation transcript: 1Formative Assessment Evidence, Practice and Teacher Change Christine HarrisonSchool of EducationKing’s College London 2Formative AssessmentAn assessment activity can help learning if it provides information to be used as feedback, by teachers, and by their students, in assessing themselves and each other, to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged.Feedback is two-wayStudent to teacherTeacher to studentFeedback can beoral or writtenshort term or medium term 3Evidence of Effects Black and Wiliam (1998) review 30 control/experimental studiesEffect sizes 0.4 – 0.7Many rigorous studies show that standards are raised by formative assessment.The positive effect is greater as the range of the formative feedback is expanded.King’s project work with schoolsStandards were raisedTeachers happy about the way they had changed 4KMOFAP King’s Medway Oxfordshire Formative Assessment Project 24 teachers (science and maths)Qualitative evidenceQuantitative evidenceStandards were raisedTeachers happy about the way they had changed 5Qualitative evidenceFeedback in Discussion Questioning in ClassMy whole teaching style has become more interactive. Instead of showing how to find solutions, a question is asked and pupils given time to explore answers together. My Year 8 target class is now well-used to this way of working. I find myself using this method more and more with other groups(Nancy, Riverside School) 6Feedback in Discussion Questioning in Class No hands Unless specifically asked pupils know not to put their hands up if they know the answer to a question. All pupils are expected to be able to answer at any time even if it is an ‘I don’t know’.Supportive climate Pupils are comfortable with giving a wrong answer. They know that these can be as useful as correct ones. They are happy for other pupils to help explore their wrong answers further. (Nancy, Riverside School) 7Changes in Questioning Teachers role : move from presentation to exploration of students’ ideas, involving them in the explorationStudents role : more active, realising that learning depends on readiness to express and discuss, not on spotting right answersTeachers spend more effort on framing questions to explore issues critical to development of students’ understanding 8Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Those given feedback as marks are likely to see it as a way to compare themselves with others (ego-involvement), those given only comments see it as helping them to improve (task-involvement): the latter group out-perform the former.Feedback given as rewards or grades enhances ego rather than task involvement (Butler, 1987). 9Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Previously I would have marked the work and graded it and made a comment. The pupils only saw the mark and/or credit. After a credit they lost the motive to improve. Now they get a credit after we have gone over the work so they have an incentive to understand the work.Rose, Brownfields School. 10Feedback on Written Work Comment-only marking Comment only marking has made a difference in that students do now read what I write. I now give rewards to those who respond to my written questions or instructions and make it clear that this is the easiest way to get merits. The whole faculty moved to comment only assessment policy in September in the light of the [project’s] work. I am not aware of a single parent expressing concern over the lack of grades/levels/marks. James, Two Bishop’s School 11Peer marking• The kids are not skilled in what I am trying to get them to do. I think the process is more effective long term. If you invest time in it, it will pay off big dividends, this process of getting the students to be more independent in the way that they learn and taking the responsibility themselves Tom, Riverside School• We regularly do peer marking—I find this very helpful indeed. A lot of misconceptions come to the fore and we then discuss these as we are going over the homework. I then go over the peer marking and talk to pupils individually as I go round the room Rose, Brownfields School 12Putting it into practice As well as assessing and marking (through discussion and clear guidance) their own work they also assess and mark the work of others. This they do in a very mature and sensible way and this has proved to be a very worthwhile experiment. The students know that homework will be checked by themselves or another girl in the class at the start of the next lesson. …... They take pride in clear and well presented work that one of their peers may be asked to mark.Alice, Waterford School 13Changes in MarkingTeachers changed their view of the role of written work in promoting learningTeachers were challenged to compose comments which address the needs of the individual and reflect key aspects of the subjectTeachers had to give more attention to differentiation in feedbackStudents changed their view of the role of written work as part of their learning 14Quantitative evidence Effect SizesReported on reality of classroom practice19 teachers and 23 classesMajority between 0.2 and 0.3Mean effect size 0.34 15Teacher change Categorised practice experts moving pioneers static pioneerstriallersNo obvious trend in effect size but interquartile range of effect sizes reduce as teachers become more expert. 17Contact details Web-site: www.kcl.ac.uk/education/research/kal.html Web-site:Inside the Black Box Black and Wiliam nferNelsonWorking Inside the Black Box.Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall & WiliamnferNelsonAssessment for learning : Putting it into practice Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall & Wiliam2003 Open University Press

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Another important study from Alison Head: Head, Alison J. Learning the Ropes: How Freshmen Conduct Course Research Once They Enter College Seattle, WA: Project Information Literacy, 5 December 2013.(http://projectinfolit.or This paper presents findings about the challenges today’s college freshmen face, and the information-seeking strategies they develop, use, and adapt as they make the transition from high school to college and begin to complete college-level research assignments. Included are data from a comparative analysis of library resources in 30 US high school and 6 college and university libraries; interviews with 35 first – term freshmen from 6 US colleges and universities; and an online survey with 1,941US high school and college student respondents. Findings indicate a majority of freshmen find it difficult to effectively search academic library portals. To a lesser extent, they struggle with reading and comprehending scholarly materials once they are able to find them and have trouble figuring out faculty expectations for course research assignments. Taken together, our findings suggest the Google-centric search skills that freshmen bring from high school only get them so far with finding and using trusted sources they need for fulfilling college research assignments. Moreover, many freshmen appeared to be unfamiliar with how academic libraries and the vast array of digital resources they provide can best meet their needs. Included are recommendations for how campus-wide stakeholders — librarians, faculty, and administrators — can work together when instructing freshmen to be better researchers. The major findings are as follows: “1) Once freshmen began to conduct research in college for assignments, they soon discovered that their college library was far larger and more complex than their high school library had been. The average college library in our sample had 19 times as many online library databases and 9 times as many books and journals as the average high school library. 2) It was daunting to conduct online searches for academic literature. Nearly three – fourths of the sample (74%) said they struggled with selecting keywords and formulating efficient search queries. Over half (57%) felt stymied by the thicket of irrelevant results their online searches usually returned. 3) Learning to navigate their new and complex digital and print landscape plagued most of the freshmen in our sample (51%). And once they had their sources in hand, more than two-fifths of the freshmen (43%) said they had trouble making sense of, and tying together, all the information they had found. 4) Most freshmen said their research competencies from high school were inadequate for college work. As they wrapped up their first term, freshmen said they realized they needed to upgrade their research toolkit. 5) Many freshmen were in the process of trading out Google searches that satisfied high school assignments for searching online library databases that their college research papers now required. Yet other students said they still relied on their deeply ingrained habit of using Google searches and Wikipedia, a practice that had been acceptable for research papers in high school. 6) In the short time they had been on campus, a majority of first-term freshmen said they had already developed some adaptive strategies for shoring up their high school research skills. Most often, this meant they were becoming accustomed to reading academic journal articles. Some had discovered the usefulness of abstracts to save time and help them make selections. 7) Freshmen said they found campus librarians (29%) and their English composition instructors (29%) were the most helpful individuals on campus with guiding them through college-level research. They helped students chart a plan for tapping the wealth of research resources available through the library and formulating a thesis for their papers. 8) By the end of their first year in college, many freshmen appeared to have begun using the same kind of information resources that college sophomores, juniors, and seniors were already using, according to the results of our national survey conducted as part of this study.”

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Primary Care of HIV Infected & Exposed Children: Training Tools Return to the Primary Care of HIV Infected & Exposed Children index - Online Training Series on Evidence-Based Malaria Social and Behavior Change Communication Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs. January 2014. - Training of Trainers: Supporting Parents and Caregivers of Children Living with HIV Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information Dissemination Service. 2009. - Nursing Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS: Facilitator's Guide FHI 360. March 2008. - Nursing Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS: Participant's Guide FHI 360. March 2008. - Zimbabwe Paediatric HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care Training Manual for Health Care Workers International Training and Education Center on Health. September 2007. - ANECCA Comprehensive Paediatric HIV Care Training Curriculum: Participants' Manual African Network for the Care of Children Affected by HIV/AIDS. 2007. - The Rights of Children and Youth Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS: Trainers' Handbook Save the Children UK. July 2003.

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by Pamela Rogow Last month, the city of Portland, Oregon, once again, and resoundingly, rejected the addition of fluoride to its municipal water system, voting about 60 to 40 against it. With 900,000 citizens, Portland is the largest U.S. city without fluoride, excepting San Jose, California, which has been taking steps in the opposite direction. The Portland news was celebrated locally by biochemist Vivian Schatz of Mt Airy who lit up as she outlined evidence, in a recent interview, that fluoride is a contaminant that is “added like a medication to everyone’s water.” For openers, she handed me a book, “The Case Against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water…and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics that Keep it There,” by Paul Connett, PhD; James Beck MD, PhD; and H.S. Micklem, DPhil., published in 2010 by Seven Stories Press. To me the book is a real page-turner. Among the arguments made by the authors are these: • The fluoride used in public water is an effluent created in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer. It was originally obtained as a byproduct of aluminum smelting. • Soon after World War Two, the manufacture and use of phosphate fertilizer skyrocketed. This new industry found itself with a waste product — fluoride — that was creating new environmental problems downstream. So the fertilizer titans re-cast the effluent and sold it to the public as a health aid. (Some readers may remember this period in history, when even some cigarette ads touted the “liberating effects” of smoking.) • The benefit of using fluoride, if any, to reduce tooth decay comes from topical application, not systemic ingestion of this medication. • The foundational principle of ‘informed consent’ (by patients) for taking medication is violated by fluoridating water since almost everyone is subject to drinking public water. • Fluoride is a component of sulfuryl fluoride, a fumigant for food in warehouses, manufactured by Dow AgroSciences and classified by the EPA as a “protected pesticide”. • Fluoride is a also key component in manufacturing Teflon, refrigerants, waterproof clothing, Prozac and Cipro, steel and circuit boards. Yes, this means that “special interest” money protects it. And that’s just the opening act of Vivian’s discussion with me. She has been working the fluoride issue for 60 years. In the mid-‘50s, her husband Albert Schatz, who discovered the antibiotic streptomycin, became concerned about fluoride. Vivian’s own academic training reinforced their commitment to protect the public from mass fluoridation; she became a doctoral candidate at the University of Pennsylvania, completing all but her dissertation toward a PhD in microbiology. Now 88, she vividly recounts when Albert became concerned about fluoride. At the time he was a professor at an agriculture college in Doylestown. “An uncle who was a dentist would come from New York and work in the lab on occasion. One week, he brought along another dentist who was vehemently opposed to fluoridation.” It was 1955. “Albert went to conferences to learn more. In 1962, we moved to Santiago, Chile, where he was a professor. His job was to foster research in various faculties at the university — the departments of chemistry, dentistry, education and agriculture, among them. There Albert received data about a fluoride experiment in a small town, Curico. It had fluoridated, but a nearby town had not. “He examined data from both towns and saw that the town with fluoridated water had a major increase in infant deaths and in several conditions. This increase corresponded exactly with the increase in the use of fluoridation. The problems did not exist prior to the addition to fluoridation in the water.” Albert published the results in a Chilean dental journal and sent copies to every national health organization and to medical and dental associations in the Americas. He sent copies to professors on the faculties of medicine, pharmacy and dentistry. “Shortly thereafter, fluoridation was discontinued in Chile,” said Vivian, “but he was never able to have that article published in a dental journal in the U.S. Pakistan published it in English, and Rodale Press published it here. “Around the same time, Ian Rapaport — he was born in Romania and trained in Paris but had more recently come to the University of Wisconsin — identified links between Down Syndrome and natural fluoridation, which he published in French journals. He surveyed some places where fluoride was natural in the ground, not added. In 1961, I translated one of his articles from French into English. As a result of publishing this article, Dr Rapaport lost his teaching job in Wisconsin. “Later he and his family moved to Elkins Park, and we would visit. His daughter, Pola — she’s now in her 40s — was a teenager then. She went on to become an accomplished documentary filmmaker and has begun a film on her father’s work in this arena. She came with a crew and spent the day interviewing me not long ago.” Schatz and Rapaport were not the only important scientists to view fluoride studies with alarm. Nobel Laureate Arvid Carlsson (awarded in Medicine/Physiology in 2000) is quoted in the introduction to “The Case Against Fluoride”: “Sweden rejected fluoridation in the 1970s, and in this excellent book, these three scientists have confirmed the wisdom of that decision. Our children have not suffered greater tooth decay, as World Health Organization figures attest, and in turn our citizens have not borne the other hazards fluoride may cause.” In “The Case Against…,” the Head of Preventive Dentistry at the University of Toronto, Hardy Limerack, is quoted: “For anyone who has ever wondered why cities add fluoride to water and questioned whether they should, ‘The Case Against Fluoride’ carefully lays out the arguments…and concludes convincingly that it should now be considered ‘harmful and ineffective.’” Vivian can cite other scientists and international studies that show damage to health and particularly the nervous system. She adds, however, “I no longer spearhead anything. I’m 88, but I’m an activist.”

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You cannot learn how to safely turn and ride a motorcycle solely by reading about it. Rider courses, such as the ones offered by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation, give you hands-on experience along with personal instruction, and will teach you how to safely handle your bike, make good judgments on the road and how to ride defensively. It is strongly recommended that you take such a course before you start as a new rider. As part of the rider course, you will learn to turn your motorcycle safely. Turning a motorcycle at speeds above 15 to 20 mph -- depending on the bike -- requires a rigid riding stance that keeps your body in line with the vertical axis of the bike. In other words, you must lean your body at the same angle as the bike so that your weight loads directly onto the bike, instead of leaning to the side, which will try to stand the bike up or sharpen the turn. Turning at speed also requires a technique called counter-steering, which essentially steers the front end of the bike away from the desired turn until the bike leans over into the turn. Turning at Low Speed Turning at speeds below 15 mph allows you to take a more relaxed stance. Keep your body vertical to the horizon and allow the bike to lean beneath you. Initiate your turns with a slightly exaggerated counter-steering motion, then steer into the turn to catch the bike and prevent it from turning too sharply. Counter-steer into the turn, again with a slightly exaggerated motion, to bring the bike back into the vertical and stop the turn. Turn your head and look through the turn as you enter it, and avoid looking at the entry of the turn. This helps you to find a natural radius to follow, and prevents over-corrections during the entry. Bear in mind that your position in the lane when exiting the turn is the most important consideration when choosing your speed and radius through the curve, and ideally you should be able to make your entry and exit in the appropriate slots within the lane with no drastic corrections in steering or speed. The front brake is safe to use in moderation during gentle curves at speed, but be careful not to use it in slow turns as it can cause you to drop the bike. Decrease speed before the turn if you are unsure about the conditions ahead, then hold your speed or slightly increase it smoothly through the turn. - Photo Credit shaunl/iStock/Getty Images How to Make a U Turn on a Motorcycle Anyone can ride a motorcycle in a straight line. In fact, a bike will not fall down as long as it is... How to Ride on the Back of a Motorcycle Feel the wind rushing across your face, your hair blowing into the depths of your helmet. Taste the tiny bugs as they... How to Wire Motorcycle Turn Signals Although they serve their purpose, most motorcycle turn signals are large, bulbous appendages that stick out like sore thumbs. Even on the... How to Change Motorcycle Turn Signals There are many aftermarket turn signals available for motorcycles if you're considering upgrading those ugly amber, stock turn signals to a fresh... How to Take Motorcycle Curves Riding a motorcycle through a ribbon of curvaceous roads is one of the greatest joys of the two-wheeled sport. Unfortunately, many new... How to Take Off the Factory Turn Signals on a Motorcycle A motorcycle's factory-equipped turn signals are designed to be as visible and noticeable as possible to ensure that other motorists see them.... How to Calculate a Motorcycle's Turn Radius The turning radius (or turning circle) of a motorcycle is one of the most crucial aspects of its low-speed performance, especially where...

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William James was born at the Astor House in New York City. He was the son of Henry James Sr., a noted and independently wealthy Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James family milieu and the remarkable epistolary talents of several of its members have made them a subject of continuing interest to historians, biographers, and critics. William James received an eclectic trans-Atlantic education, developing fluency in both German and French. Education in the James household encouraged cosmopolitanism. The family made two trips to Europe while William James was still a child, setting a pattern that resulted in thirteen more European journeys during his life. His early artistic bent led to an apprenticeship in the studio of William Morris Hunt in Newport, Rhode Island, but he switched in 1861 to scientific studies at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. In his early adulthood, James suffered from a variety of physical ailments, including those of the eyes, back, stomach, and skin. He was also tone deaf. He was subject to a variety of psychological symptoms which were diagnosed at the time as neurasthenia, and which included periods of depression during which he contemplated suicide for months on end. Two younger brothers, Garth Wilkinson (Wilky) and Robertson (Bob), fought in the Civil War. The other three siblings (William, Henry, and Alice James) all suffered from periods of invalidism. He took up medical studies at Harvard Medical School in 1864 (according to his brother Henry James). He took a break in the spring of 1865 to join naturalist Louis Agassiz on a scientific expedition up the Amazon River, but aborted his trip after eight months, as he suffered bouts of severe seasickness and mild smallpox. His studies were interrupted once again due to illness in April 1867. He traveled to Germany in search of a cure and remained there until November 1868; at that time he was 26 years old. During this period, he began to publish; reviews of his works appeared in literary periodicals such as the North American Review. James finally earned his M.D. degree in June 1869 but he never practiced medicine. What he called his "soul-sickness" would only be resolved in 1872, after an extended period of philosophical searching. He married Alice Gibbens in 1878. In 1882 he joined the Theosophical Society. James's time in Germany proved intellectually fertile, helping him find that his true interests lay not in medicine but in philosophy and psychology. Later, in 1902 he would write: "I originally studied medicine in order to be a physiologist, but I drifted into psychology and philosophy from a sort of fatality. I never had any philosophic instruction, the first lecture on psychology I ever heard being the first I ever gave".

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A National Medical Device Curriculum is using fictional case studies to give students and science and technology innovators core information about the medical device regulatory pathway to market. The curriculum, developed by the FDA-established Medical Device Technology Innovation Partnership, stems from the belief that delivery of new therapies to patients can be accelerated if medical device innovators understand the agency’s regulatory processes, according to CDRH senior science advisor Francis Kalush. Writing in an FDA Voice blog post, Kalush says the curriculum grew from collaborations with several universities. It includes an understanding of the expertise needed to design, test, and clinically evaluate devices; identify the root causes of adverse events and device malfunctions; develop designs for devices with repetitive functions; and navigate the agency’s regulatory process. Four learning tools developed so far cover the regulatory pathways for medical devices, safety assurance and risk management planning, and the regulatory pathways for novel devices and/or for devices that are substantially equivalent to already marketed predicate devices. Each of the fictionalized case studies includes a student module and an instructor’s guide with ideas for exercises and class discussion. Kalush says the curriculum has been tested at several universities and given high praise. “More case studies are being planned to help train the next generation of entrepreneurs and keep the U.S. a leader in medical device innovation,” she writes. “Regulatory training is particularly important in the development of medical devices, as the industry is heavily populated by small companies that may not have the expertise to navigate FDA’s requirements.” Jim Dickinson is MD+DI's contributing editor. [image courtesy of FDA]

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A Focus on American Political Thought and History Bringing a well-known, founding document such as the Declaration of Independence into the classroom can be exciting, but it can also be daunting. TeachingAmericanHistory.org provides the transcribed text of the Declaration and related documents that can help teachers and students place it into a larger historical context, including the rough draft of the Declaration, Thomas Jefferson's notes on debates in Congress, and the Constitution of Virginia. These are just a sampling of the many resources available on this website created by the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University in connection with their nine TAH partnerships with school districts and education service centers in Ohio, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Audio lectures and podcasts on a range of topics are among universally useful materials. Two special exhibits focus on the U.S. Constitution, one on the Constitutional Convention and the other on ratification. Created primarily by Dr. Gordon Lloyd, a professor of public policy at Pepperdine University, these exhibits present a range of materials, from introductory essays to a table with expected and final votes, from original notes on the debates in state conventions to an interactive painting of the signing of the Constitution that provides biographical information on the signers. Various introductions and essays raise and discuss provocative questions about the tactics of the Federalists and the legacy of Antifederalist ideas. In addition to the Declaration of Independence and surrounding documents, TeachingAmericanHistory.org provides a range of primary sources, mostly texts, (letters, speeches, or documents) and secondary sources (links to websites, audio lectures, and bibliographies). Materials are arranged chronologically into eight eras (e.g., Colonial Era, Progressive Era, and Modern Era) and six thematic categories (e.g., legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government). Many of these sources, such as the Federalist Papers or Presidential inaugural addresses are available elsewhere, but they are conveniently located here with the express purpose of presenting the best resources available on the significant people and events in American political thought and history. A long list of summer institutes and application materials is provided, but perhaps the audio lectures available via the website in Real Audio or as podcasts are the most useful for a national audience. With the stated goal of "encourag[ing] teachers to seriously examine significant events in American history in light of the principles of the American founding," these classroom lectures cover a range of topics from The Causes of the Civil War to Ideas and Traditions in American Foreign Relations to Calvin Coolidge and the Staid 1920s.

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Acupuncture comes from the Latin word “acus” which means needle and “punctura” which means to puncture. It is a key component of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is a form of alternative medicine which involves the insertion of extremely tiny needles through the skin at strategic acupuncture points. Not only that, it can also be associated with electroacupuncture, moxibustion, cupping therapy, Chinese herbs and guasha. Acupuncture can be done with the application of pressure, laser light or heat to the same points. Traditional Chinese medicine views acupuncture as a technique for balancing the flow of “qi” or energy flowing through meridians or channels in our body. Eastern acupuncture practitioners believe that people get sick because there are imbalances between yin and yang and by inserting these needles, our energy flow will re-balance. On the other hand, Western practitioners view acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, connective tissue and muscles regulating blood flow and by this stimulation, our body’s natural painkillers will be released. Though acupuncture is used to treat a wide range of conditions, it is commonly used for pain relief. Majority of people who comes in for acupuncture do so for musculoskeletal disorders such as neck pain, shoulder stiffness, low back pain, knee pain, and fibromyalgia. Acupuncture can be used alone or as an adjunct to other treatment modalities. Below listed are the diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture has been proved – through controlled trials—to be an effective treatment by the World Health organization (WHO): Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy Allergic rhinitis (including hay fever) Depression (including depressive neurosis and depression following stroke) Dysentery, acute bacillary Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders) Induction of labour Low back pain Malposition of fetus, correction of Nausea and vomiting Pain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction) Periarthritis of shoulder Traditional acupuncture is not based on scientific research but rather on philosophy and intuition while in modern acupuncture, consultation is followed by tongue inspection and pulse taking on both arms. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, disease is usually perceived as an imbalance in energies such as yin, yang, zang-fu, qi, xue and disharmony of the interaction between our body and the environment. Therapy is based on which pattern of disharmony, for example, some diseases are believed to be caused by excess of cold, damp and wind invading the meridians. In order to determine which disharmony is at hand, four diagnostic methods are being used. First, inspection which focuses on observing the patient’s face, particularly the tongue, its shape, size, color, presence of teeth marks along the edges and tongue coating. Second is inquiry which focuses on the seven inquiries namely chills and fever; perspiration; appetite, thirst and taste; defecation and urination; pain; sleep; menses and leukorrhea. Third, auscultation and olfaction which involves listening for particular sounds such as wheezes, quality of breathing and attending to body odor. Lastly, palpation which focuses on bodily tender points or “A-shi” points and feeling of both radial pulses. Through these steps, practitioners then decide on which points to acupuncture. The number and frequency of acupuncture sessions vary, but most practitioners do not think one session is enough. Depending on the patient’s condition and response to therapy, a common treatment plan for a single complaint usually involves eight to twelve sessions to be carried out once, twice or thrice weekly over a few months. During acupuncture session, patients are either asked to sit or lie down while the skin is sterilized and a number of sterile needles are being inserted. This can be manipulated manually including flicking, spinning, moving up and down relative to the skin or can be attached to electrical stimulation (electroacupuncture), heat, laser light or moxibustion and will be left in place for thirty to forty minutes. A quick insertion of the needle is recommended to lessen the pain since most pain is felt in the superficial layers. Once the needle is inserted, patient usually feel a dull, localized, aching sensation that is called “de qi” or the arrival of qi. De-qi refers to a sensation of distension, numbness or electrical tingling at the needling site which radiate along the corresponding channel or meridian. If de qi sensation is not achieved immediately upon needle insertion, various manipulations can be applied to promote it. Once de qi is achieved, further techniques can be used to influence the de qi which aim either to tonify or sedate qi. De qi is more important in Chinese acupuncture while some Japanese or Western practitioners may not consider it a necessary part of the treatment. Acupuncture needles are usually made of stainless steel, making them flexible thus preventing them from rusting or breaking. Needle length varies, ranging from 0.51 to 5.12 inches (13 to 130mm) and diameter ranging from 0.006 to 0.018 inches (0.16 to 0.46) with shorter and finer needles used in the face and around the eyes and longer needles in areas with thicker tissues such as the thigh and buttocks. Acupuncture needles are disposed after each use to prevent contamination. The tip of the needle is usually blunt to prevent breakage, though blunt needles cause more pain. Other needles used include three-edge needles, nine ancient needles, copper needles. Generally, acupuncture is not painful. Patients usually feel numbness or heaviness where the needles are inserted and this is normal. In the hands of experienced, well trained acupuncturist, acupuncture is safe and has no side effects. Sometimes, patients get bruises but this will fade in 1-2 days with warm compress. There are generally no contraindications to acupuncture but just some reminders to keep in mind. Patients are usually advised not to take shower or cold drinks three hours after acupuncture. Pregnant and menstruating women can have acupuncture but they have to tell their acupuncturist that they are pregnant to allow your acupuncturist to avoid points that induce labor. Maintenance medications can be taken as usual. Patients can return to their usual activities after acupuncture, however, if you feel sleepy and tired after acupuncture, kindly do so. This will help you recover faster. Buy and Learn more about Acupuncture

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Identifying, Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms to Address Outcomes Associated with Poverty for Adolescents with Disabilities Exposure to poverty during childhood and adolescence predicts lower student achievement and higher dropout rates. The detrimental effects of poverty extend across students’ lifespans and can reduce long-term educational and occupational attainment. In a new project funded by the Institute for Educational Sciences, assistant professor Bonnie Doren and her team will seek a better understanding of the effects of poverty on key school and post-school outcomes in adolescents with disabilities. The study will inform the development of school-based prevention efforts designed to reduce exposure to risk factors and processes. Findings also will inform school-based interventions designed to promote positive school and post-school outcomes among adolescents with disabilities living in poverty.

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This topic contains a lot of vocabulary that students may not have previously encountered. I find it useful to take time in the lesson to discuss the meaning of key words to help students understand the function or location of different aspects of the nervous system. Please note, a version of a lesson **PowerPoint** has been included should you wish to use/edit/amend it. (Slide 1) Get talking….Slide 1 poses a series of scenarios to students to get them thinking about the role of the nervous system. - What do you know about the spinal cord? Students may have some awareness of the function and location of the spinal cord so allow them the opportunity to share this with others. They may mention (or you could introduce) cases of spinal cord injury such as Christopher Reeve or Paralympian athletes to demonstrate the role of the spinal cord in sending messages to and from the brain. - How do you feel when riding a roller coaster? Discussing the sensations while on the ride introduces the fight or flight response and associated physical changes in breathing and heart rate. Students may mention this happens automatically (you don’t need to tell yourself to experience a stress response). Thinking about how you calm down once exiting the ride introduces the role of the parasympathetic nervous system. - Focus on your breathing – what does it feel like? Focusing on their breathing makes us aware of an automatic process and so students might find their breathing chance. Take this opportunity to ask students why it is important, breathing is an automatic process, ask if they can identify other automatic processes e.g. heartbeat. (Slide 3) Introduce the divisions of the nervous system and warn students they will need to remember this diagram later in the lesson. Talk through the different components making reference to the starter questions where relevant. I also like to mention word meanings here to help students’ memory of the function and location of various components. For example, Central nervous system – ‘central’ as it runs down the centre of the body. Peripheral nervous system – ‘peripheral’ for periphery/on the edge – in this case nerves on the edge/outside of the central nervous system. (I have found students are often unfamiliar with the word periphery.) Somatic – means ‘relating to the body’ so mention the sensory system consists of sensory and motor neurons that help your body respond to the environment. Autonomic – ‘involuntary or unconscious’ – I remind students the word looks a little like ‘automatic’ and so this system is responsible for actions you perform automatically without thinking such as breathing and digestion. Sympathetic – I will admit this one is a bit of a stretch but as this system helps us respond to emergencies (fight or flight) I tell them to think of it as feeling sorry for you (sympathy) and so helps you out by creating the stress response. Parasympathetic – this system helps you relax after the sympathetic branch has led to a response to the emergency. As they work together students could think of ‘para’ as parallel – one system stirs you into action, the other calms you down. Again, a bit tenuous but students could also think of ‘para’ as parachute – it gently brings you back down from a heightened response. (Slide 4) Once each division has been introduced set the team challenge. First provide all students with a statement card (see handout **handout**) outlining one division of the nervous system. Students need to work out which division their card refers to. Students now find someone else in the class who would be considered their contrasting division (slide 4 contains a helpful hint – click once to reveal the contrasting divisions). Finally students from groups create a visual image of the whole nervous system. A visual image means positioning each member of the group in way that explains the organisation of the nervous system as shown on slide 3. There should be 8 students to each group (the overall term – ‘nervous system’ is not included in the statement cards). As students formed contrasting pairs in task 2 each pair needs to join with three other pairs. Depending on class size you could have two groups or more. If you have an odd number, students could share a statement card or nominate a student to act as an expert and visit each group to help with any questions or confusions. When creating the visual image challenge students to do this without looking at their notes/textbook/slide 3 of the PowerPoint. Some statement cards could be considered easier to work out than others so you may wish to assign these to students who may struggle with the more complex divisions. Hands up review. Students raise the appropriate finger to show their response to the questions shown on slides 5 -9. **slides 5 -9 ** The central nervous system consists of the brain and ….? Answer – ring finger: spinal cord. The brain stem is responsible for regulating automatic functions such as…? Answer – thumb: breathing, index finger: swallowing and little finger: heartbeat. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a relaxed state following the action of the….? Answer – index finger: sympathetic nervous system The somatic nervous system is made up of….? Answer – middle finger: 12 cranial nerves, ring finger: 31 spinal nerves The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system form the ….? Answer – little finger: autonomic nervous system.

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aches they make a cut across the forehead, and also on the arms and legs, to draw blood from several parts of their bodies. One of the two we had taken, and who was in our ship, said that the blood did not choose to remain in the place and spot of the body where pain was felt. These people have their hair cut short and clipped in the manner of monks with a tonsure: they wear a cord of cotton round their head, to this they hang their arrows when they go a-hunting.... When one of them dies, ten or twelve devils appear and dance all round the dead man. It seems that these are painted, and one of these enemies is taller than the others, and makes a greater noise, and more mirth than the others: that is whence these people have taken the custom of painting their faces and bodies, as has been said. The greatest of these devils is called in their language Setebos, and the others Cheleule. Besides the above-mentioned things, this one who was in the ship with us, told us by signs that he had seen devils with two horns on their heads, and long hair down to their feet, and who threw out fire from their mouths and rumps. The captain named this kind of people Pataghom, who have no houses, but have huts made of the skins of the animals with which they clothe themselves, and go hither and thither with these huts of theirs, as the gypsies do; they live on raw meat, and eat a certain sweet root, which they call Capac. These two giants that we had in the ship ate a large basketful of biscuit, and rats without skinning them, and they drank half a bucket of water at each time. We remained in this port, which was called the port of St. Julian, about five months, during which there happened to us many strange things, of which I will tell a part. One was, that immediately that we entered into this port, the - "Et lient leur membre dedans le corps pour le très grand froid." - On account of their large feet.

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Saint Fermin is believed to have been the son of a Roman senator who converted to Christianity and later became a priest. He was martyred in France in AD 303. The San Fermin festival begins on July 6 with a rocket launch from a balcony of Pamplona’s city hall. The next day there is a procession in which a statue of Saint Fermin is paraded through the streets joined by dancers, musicians, and the “gigantes” and “cabezudos” (giants and big-heads). The running of the bulls takes place on July 7 and continues each day of the festival, which lasts until July 14. Runners are pursued by six bulls and six steers down a roughly half-mile route that ends at the bullring in Pamplona. Before the run begins, participants pray to Saint Fermin and chant three times asking for his protection. The run begins when a firecracker is set off to alert the runners that the bulls have been released. Since hundreds of people participate, the firecracker signal is necessary so that people will be prepared to start running. Although approximately 15 people have been killed running from the bulls, about 250 people are injured every year, usually from falls.

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…sounds like a terrible horror movie from the mid-‘50s. It is in fact an excellent resource from our friends at the National Endowment for the Humanities! Their EDSITEment page has tons of lesson plans and other teaching resources for social studies, language arts, art and foreign languages, and one such fine example is found in this unit for Greek mythology. Caravaggio’s Narcissus – One of the more “modern” references to mythology utilized in this lesson plan. Most lesson plans I’ve found online are the basic “who’s who,” usually featuring a worksheet that compares the Greek and Roman names for the Olympians. Frankly, I find this quite boring. As I TA’d my university’s mythology class, the focus was quite different, and in my opinion much more interesting. We looked at the ancient takes on the myths, but also modern ones, listening to arias from famous operas, reading English poetry, and watching the occasional episode of Mr. Rogers. This is the approach of the NEH lesson plan. The first classroom activity, for example, uses an audio interview with Rick Riordan, author of the Percy Jackson series. (Many students middle-school-aged and older will be familiar with his works, either from the books or the mediocre 2010 film, so they’ll be able to relate.) Then students discuss the connections between mythological heroes and more modern ones, like superheroes. Another activity features an online scavenger hunt, where the students use websites of most excellent art museums for famous works of art that depict various stories from Ovid. The author of the lesson plan recommends it for grades 3-5, but I think it could easily be adapted for higher grades. Throw in a 2-4 page writing assignment and some Shakespearean references, perhaps, and you’re golden. Also try hunting around for other images of myths (not hard to find) to expand the scope of the unit. Here’s that link again: It Came From Greek Mythology.

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Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review Why Lesson Planet? Find quality lesson planning resources, fast! Share & remix collections to collaborate. Organize your curriculum with collections. Easy! Have time to be more creative & energetic with your students! In this newspaper worksheet, learners read 4 excerpts from a newspaper and identify each one as: news, sports, editorial or advertisement. 11 Views 78 Downloads Identifying Author’s Purpose in a Newspaper Between news articles, editorials, and comic strips, many different types of writing are presented to readers in a newspaper. The first lesson in this series helps children make sense of all this information by teaching them the key... 3rd - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed Identify the Parts of a Newspaper features of informational text, newspaper format Young readers make sense out of the wealth of information in newspapers with this helpful reference document. Pointing out basic features like headings, articles, bylines, and captions this resource is a great tool for introducing... 3rd - 6th English Language Arts Keep It Real—Newspapers, the Ultimate Informational Text Newspaper in Education (NIE) Week, celebrated annually during the first full school week in March, recognizes the accomplishments of NIE programs across the country and around the world. Take part in the celebration with the lessons and... 3rd - 9th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Teacher's Guide: The Newspaper The 10 lessons in this teacher's guide to the newspaper not only model how to read a newspaper, but also focus on the unique characteristics of the front page, the types of news stories, features, illustrations, advertising, and editorials. 4th - 8th English Language Arts Power Pack: Lessons in Civics, Math, and Fine Arts Newspaper in Education (NIE) Week honors the contributions of the newspaper and is celebrated in the resource within a civics, mathematics, and fine arts setting. The resource represents every grade from 3rd to 12th with questions and... 3rd - 12th Math CCSS: Adaptable Getting the Most out of Teaching with Newspapers No matter what subject you're teaching, you'll find some fun and innovative ideas for using newspapers in your classroom with a helpful resource. Based on Getting the Most Out of Teaching with Newspapers by Rebecca Olien, the series of... 4th - 7th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Activity Plan 5-6: Class Newspaper Students learn about different parts of a newspaper. In this class newspaper lesson, students create their own class newspaper. After studying different parts of an actual newspaper, students plan and develop their own sections of a... Pre-K - 8th English Language Arts

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Using the steps outlined in the decision-making models in your readings, select one ethical decision-making model and use the model to analyze the case provided. A 6-year-old develops a high fever accompanied by violent vomiting and convulsions while at school. The child is rushed to a nearby hospital. The attending physician makes a diagnosis of meningitis and requests permission to initiate treatment from the parents. The child’s parents are divorced. The mother, who is not the biological parent of the child, has primary custody. She is a Christian Scientist who insists that no medical treatment be offered for religious reasons. The biological father, who resides in another state, is also contacted. He insists that treatment be given and seeks independent consultation from another physician. In a formal, written paper of 800-1,200 words, answer the following questions: What is the ethical dilemma here? Describe the decision-making model you selected from your readings. How would you resolve this dilemma using the model? Include, at the end of your paper, a 200-word dialog in which you explain your decision to the family. (Remember to use language that the family would understand). A minimum of three references must be used. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.

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Find Resources For: |Addiction Disorders||Body Image & Eating Disorders| |Anxiety Disorders||Gender Identity/Sexual health| |Autism Spectrum Disorders||Learning and Attention Disorders| Learning and Attention Disorders National Resource Center on AD/HD Provides comprehensive information and resources about AD/HD, diagnosis and treatment, dealing with systems, educational issues, and living with AD/HD. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry This site, specifically targeted to children and adolescents, offers a specific section called "Facts for Families" containing articles on topics such as the transition to college with a mental disorder, ADHD, Autism, depression, eating disorders, and advocacy; a medical professional finder, and more. National Alliance on Mental Illness NAMI is a mental health advocacy organization. Its goals include offering hope, reform, and health to the American community by providing education, support, and advocacy. The NAMI website has information on a wide range of mental illnesses, medications, and support resources. Mental health information from the American Psychiatric Association. MedlinePlus is a health information website sponsored by the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. It provides current and authoritative information on prescription and nonprescription drugs, specific diseases and conditions, and clinical trials. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The SAMHSA website has information and publications on substance abuse and mental health issues. There are also tools for finding treatment services nearby. From tips on managing stress and creating balance, to information on treatable mental health conditions like depression - LawLifeline is your confidential, online resource for taking care of your emotional health. If you or a friend are having a hard time, you can take our anonymous screening tool, get the facts on common mental health conditions, or find support and resources on your campus. Taking Charge of Adult ADHD by Russel Barkley, 2010 This book provides step-by-step strategies for managing symptoms and reducing the impact of ADHD symptoms, gives hands-on self-assessment tools and skills-building exercises, and clear answers to frequently asked questions about medications and other treatments. Specific techniques are presented for overcoming challenges in critical areas where people with the disorder often struggle—work, finances, relationships, and more. Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and Adults by Thomas Brown, 2005 A leading expert in assessment and treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder dispels myths and offers clearly written, science-based, practical information about treatments. Dr. Brown proposes a new understanding of ADD/ADHD and offers compelling examples of the daily life challenges it presents for children, adolescents, and adults. Scattered Minds: Hope and Help for Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by Lenard Adler, 2006 This book presents the latest findings on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in adults. It reveals hidden warning signs, debunks common misconceptions, and offers information on obtaining an accurate diagnosis, along with treatment options that include medications and proven coping strategies. A screening quiz is also included. ADD and Romance: Finding Fulfillment in Love, Sex, & Relationships by Jonathon Halverstadt, 1998 This book outlines how ADD can impact romantic relationships and provides guidance for managing ADD and maintaining healthy relationships. What I learned From Lighting Fires at the Dinner Table. by Blake Taylor, 2007 Blake Taylor`s memoir, written when he was 17, offers a young person`s account of what it`s like to live and grow up with ADHD. ADHD Grown Up by Joel Young, 2007 This book presents an overview of adolescent and adult ADHD which provides practical information and guidance for the general public and treating clinicians.

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[select all collections] [de-select all collections] Please select the collections below you wish to search within. Title: The Crescent City Pictorial Published in 1926, The Crescent City Pictorial serves as a visual testament to African American life in New Orleans during the early 20th century. Published by former school teacher and newspaper publisher O.C.W. Taylor, the booklet contains photographs, taken by Villard Paddio, of African American homes, businesses, schools, churches, and social organizations. Taylor dedicated his publication "to the Progress of the Colored Citizens of New Orleans, Louisiana, "America's Most Interesting City." Contact: Jeff Rubin, email@example.com, 504-289-7168 More information about this Collection Browse items in this Collection

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Facebook Can Trigger Asthma A group of doctors in Italy suggested people with asthma to be careful in using Facebook social networking site. According to The Lancet Medical Journal, asthma attacks are triggered by psychological stress. “There are cases that indicate that Facebook, and other social networks, could be a source of psychological stress,” said Dr. Gennaro D’Amato. Doctor of Naples had a case of an 18 year old teenager who had asthma which often recurrent. Strangely, an asthma attack occurred after the teen viewed a women’s profile on Facebook who recently dumped him. After deleting the asthma patient from her “Friend List”, the woman added a row of young men as her “friend”. The teenager who insisted to get back together then create a new account with another name, so they can go back to being “Friends” and saw her ex’s picture. “That’s when his asthma occurred,” said D’Amato. He noted that the breathing ability immediately dropped to just 20 percent. Patients should receive inhaled medications or inhalers to get back to normal breathing. The teenager was later persuaded to no longer access the profile of his ex. “Asthma attacks stopped after he was asked to stay away from the virtual world,” said D’Amato. D’Amato and two colleagues studied the case and and reported it in the Journal of Medicine, the latest edition, The Lancet.

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|Trim Size / Pages||9.3 x 6.5 in / 256| A lively and authoritative reinterpretation of the Battle of Bosworth Field, where the Wars of the Roses ended and the Tudor dynasty began. On August 22, 1485, at Bosworth Field, Richard III fell, the Wars of the Roses ended, and the Tudor dynasty began. The clash is so significant because it marks the break between medieval and modern; yet how much do we really know about this historical landmark? Michael Jones uses archival discoveries to show that Richard III's defeat was by no means inevitable and was achieved only through extraordinary chance. He relocates the battle away from the site recognized for more than 500 years. With startling detail of Henry Tudor's reliance on French mercenaries, plus a new account of the battle itself, the author turns Shakespeare on its head, painting an entirely fresh picture of the dramatic life and death of Richard III, England's most infamous monarch. Michael K. Jones, PhD, is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a member of the British Commission for Military History, and works now as a writer and media consultant. He has written books on the battles of Agincourt, Stalingrad, and Leningrad, and most recently The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III and The Retreat: Hitler's First Defeat. For the last few years has conducted battlefield tours of the Eastern Front. He lives in England. “A brilliant rethinking of Richard III, whose reign ended at the bloody Battle of Bosworth, the decisive fight in the Wars of the Roses. Anyone interested in military history will appreciate this vivid and well-written reconsideration of a major military encounter, while those with an interest in the English monarchy will value this new light cast on a notably dim figure.” Library Journal (starred review) “An exciting reinterpretation that transforms our understanding of what happened on that fateful day.” A. J. Pollard, PhD, author of 'The Wars of the Roses' “An admirable, revisionist update on a widely misunderstood king.” Kirkus Reviews “British historian Jones draws on the discovery of King Richard III’s bones and other archeological finds to provide new information on the Bosworth site in this update to his study of the battle that ended the Plantagenet dynasty in England. The result is a classic example of psycho-history.” Publishers Weekly “Most exciting. A remarkable tale. Extraordinary.” The Guardian “Jones’ account of the battle and the major figures involved is sober, sometimes provocative, taking full advantage of the recent archeological revelations, including the discovery of the remains of Richard III. He recounts the actual battle in easily understood terms for laymen and offers unusual insights into the role of foreign fighters. A well-done reexamination of the conflict that truly altered the course of history.” Booklist “An insightful and rich study of the Battle of Bosworth. No longer need Richard play the villain.” Times Literary Supplement “An entirely new analysis of Bosworth. A lively read.” BBC History Magazine

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WALT - to use inventories to identify characteristic features of different types of people in Tudor times. - to draw conclusions about life in Tudor times from different sources of information. - know that there are different ways of interpreting the same information. WILF - summarise differences between the homes of two different people living in Tudor times - use evidence in inventories to make inferences about peoples lifestyles Inventories Inventories were using in Tudor times to record all the items a person owned when they died. They showed the value of each item and gave a total value at the end. This can be used to show if a person was rich or poor. An inventory can also show us facts linking us to facts about a persons lives Look at the following inventories. Which one do you think is one of a rich person and which is on of a poor person? What makes you suggest this? Inventory of William Robinson, a farm worker. Died in 1600 Money and clothes20s In the living room 2 brass pots,2 small pans cauldron 18s 8 pewter dishes, 3 salt cellars, 3 candles sticks7s a cupboard6s 8d A table, a forum, a plank, a chair 2 stools, 2s8d a milk churn, 6 bowls, 2 barrels a poker, a spit, iron reckons attached to a gallow balk 2s In the Parlour 2 cows£4 3s 4d A young pig3s A cockerel and 2 hens12d In the Chamber A bed, a wash tub and warming pan.3s A covering for a feather mattress17s 6 pillows, 5 blankets, 5 pillow cases, 2 napkins6s 8d 4 chests5s ------------------------ - Total£8 18s 8d Inventory of Richard Arnold, a yeomans son. Died in 1598 2 jerkins3s 2 Dublets10s one pair of hose and stockings5s 2 shirts6s 8d 1 hat 3s 1 pair of shoes3s ------------------------ - Total35s 8d Compare both Inventories look at which is for a rich person and which is a poor person? Using text books and work youve done over the previous weeks create an inventory for a Tudor person. Remember to use Pounds, Shilling and pence when considering money. Only use items used during Tudor times.

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Shift between overlapping objects on slides easily. Using the mouse to move between a complex collection of overlapping objects on a slide can prove tricky. Try Tab to move between them instead. Select the previous object on a slide. Shift+Tab works the same as above, but in the other direction. Create duplicate objects. When creating complex diagrams or screen simulations, duplicate objects may be useful. Left-click, copy, click off first object, right-click paste, gets shortened to Ctrl+D. That’s also one less keystroke than Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V!

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|Barked: Sun Aug 19, '07 12:20am PST | |Related, but not as closely as other canids. Fudge pretty much has it covered, but here's another figure for ya': Amount of chromosomes in species of various canids: gray wolf (canis lupus) -- 78 maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyrurs) -- 76 bush dog (Speothos venaticus) -- 74 crab eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) -- 74 bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) -- 72 fennec fox (Alopex zerda) -- 64 arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) -- 50 raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) -- 42 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) -- 36 This info comes from the book, "Genetics, An Introduction For Dog Breeders" by Jackie Isabell, in a section from chapter one, titled "Evolutionary Genetics". There's a little evidence that foxes and dogs can actually inter-breed, I think, but the offspring isn't really all that viable, and I don't think they produce fertile offspring at all. |my page | msg me | gift me | become pals|

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Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases. What is included with this book? Although an anthropologist’s first field experience may involve culture shock, Napoleon Chagnon reports that the long process of participant observation may transform personal hardship and frustration into confident understanding of exotic cultural patterns. After reviewing the controversy surrounding Napoleon Chagnon’s fieldwork among the Yanomanö, the author concludes that the latest battle in the anthropology wars is journalistic spin-doctoring of what is, for the most part, solid science. In transforming an anthropologist into one of their own, villagers of Punjab say, “You never really know who a man is until you know who his grandfather and his ancestors were.” In this way, Richard Kurin finds, selecting a village for fieldwork is a matter of mutual acceptance and mutual economic benefit. Anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee gives an account of the misunderstanding and confusion that often accompany the cross-cultural experience. In this case, he violated a basic principle of the !Kung Bushmen’s social relations—food sharing. Recent archaeological findings have led to revolutionary new theories about the first Americans—and to a tug-of-war between scientists and contemporary Native Americans. When language is used to alter our perception of reality, its main function—that of communication between people and social groups—is in grave danger. As fundamental elements in human communication, directness is not necessarily logical or effective, and indirectness is not necessarily manipulative or insecure. Each has its place in the broader scheme of things, depending upon the culture and the relationship between the speakers. Since family members have a long, shared history, what they say in conversation—the messages—combine with meanings gleaned from past memories—the metamessages. The metamessages are formed from context—the way something is said, who is saying it, or the very fact that it is said at all. It is often claimed that great literature has cross-cultural significance. In this classic article, Laura Bohannan describes the difficulties she encountered and the lessons she learned as she attempted to relate the story of Hamlet to the Tiv of West Africa in their own language. The traditional hunters’ insights into the world of nature may be different, but they are as extensive and profound as those of modern science. Living in the midst of tourist traffic and straddling two nations struggling to modernize, the Masai have retained their traditional culture longer than virtually any other group of people in East Africa. Among the lessons to be learned regarding reciprocity is that one may not demand a gift or refuse it. Yet, even without a system of record-keeping or money being involved, there is a long-term balance of mutual benefit. Modern-day egalitarian bands of hunters share their food—and their political power—as did their forebears. But when agriculture was invented, people settled down, produced surpluses, and began to accumulate private property. As control of a group’s resources fell to select individuals, big men, chiefs, and, eventually, presidents emerged. While the custom of fraternal polyandry relegates many Tibetan women to spinsterhood, this unusual marriage form promotes personal security and economic well-being for its participants. Anthropologists have long contended that the functions of marriage include the creation of the nuclear family, the continuation of the extended family over time, and the binding of otherwise separate kinship groups into a unified social network. But what happens in the institution of marriage does not even exist, even in the ritualistic sense? The Na of China show us. In the shantytowns of Brazil, the seeming indifference of mothers who allow some of their children to die is a survival strategy geared to circumstances in which only a few may live. Cross-cultural research in child development shows that parents readily accept their society’s prevailing ideology on how babies should be treated, usually because it makes sense in their environmental or social circumstances. When a brother and a sister marry a sister and a brother, there is more than just the convenience of forgoing the bride price. The double wedding is part of the families’ strategy to forge and maintain favorable political and economic alliances. Arranging a marriage in India is far too serious a business for the young and inexperienced. Instead, the parents make decisions on the basis of the families’ social position, reputation, and ability to get along. The term “dowry deaths” refers to a newlywed bride who is harassed over the gifts and cash she brought to the new marriage, leading to her murder or suicide. Although the custom of dowry is rooted in marriage traditions, a full understanding must take into account the current state of India’s caste system and economy. Paradoxically, Japanese families seem to survive not because husbands and wives love each other more than American couples do, but rather because they perhaps love each other less. As love marriages increase, with the compatibility factor becoming more important in the decision to marry, the divorce rate in Japan is rising. Ernestine Friedl relates that the extent of male domination over women depends on the degree to which men control the exchange of valued goods with people outside the family. As women gain increasing access to positions of power in industrial society, they may regain the equality that seems to have been prevalent among our foraging ancestors. Not all societies agree with the Western cultural view that all humans are either women or men. In fact, many Native American cultures recognize an alternative role called the “berdache,” a morphological male who has a nonmasculine character. This is just one way for a society to recognize and assimilate some atypical individuals without imposing a change on them or stigmatizing them as deviant. Anthropologist Meredith Small’s study of the ritual of seclusion surrounding women’s menstrual cycles has some rather profound implications regarding human evolution, certain cultural practices, and women’s health. Gender identity ceremonies may involve genital alterations. Practiced by many African women, these rituals are deeply embedded in people’s lives. A full understanding requires a consideration of the cultural factors involved. In a rite of passage, some Nigerian girls spend months gaining weight and learning domestic customs in a “fattening room.” A woman’s rotundity is seen as a sign of good health, prosperity, and feminine beauty. In virtually every society, certain rites and ceremonies are used to signify adulthood. This article describes the Maasai circumcision ceremony that initiates an individual into adulthood. Unlike modern doctors, African healers take a “holistic” approach to medicine, treating both the patient’s spiritual and physical well-being. Western biomedicine cannot be imposed on Africans; it must be made consistent with indigenous African medical culture. When someone we know or love dies, there seems to be a natural impulse to get the body back. Since the rituals and the reasons for them vary from one cultural setting to another, an investigation reveals much about the various ways people have lived and died. In seeking scientific documentation of the existence of zombies, anthropologist Wade Davis found himself looking beyond the stereotypes and mysteries of voodoo and directly into a cohesive system of social control in rural Haiti. The ritual beliefs and taboos of the Nacirema provide us with a test case of the objectivity of ethnographic description and show us the extremes to which human behavior can go. Professional baseball players, as do Trobriand Islanders, often resort to magic in situations of chance and uncertainty. As irrational as it may seem, magic creates confidence, competence, and control in the practitioner. When colonial governments force the conversion of subsistence farms to cash crop plantations, peasants are driven onto marginal lands or into a large pool of cheap labor. In either case, the authors maintain, they are no longer able to feed themselves. The most deadly weapon that colonial Europeans carried to other continents was their germs. The most intriguing question to answer here is why the flow of disease did not move in the opposite direction. The African herders’ lifestyle remained viable for thousands of years because they used effective strategies for coping with drought. Today, claims Brian Fagan, Western-style political and economic institutions have brought repeated crises and famines, marginalized millions of people, and killed thousands. As traditional cultures are sacrificed to the process of modernization, tribal peoples not only lose the security, autonomy, and quality of life they once had, but they also become powerless, second-class citizens who are discriminated against and exploited by the dominant society. The relatively benign use of psychoactive drugs, such as betel and kava in the Pacific Islands, is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and patterns of social interaction. Today, as a result of new drugs and disruptive social and economic changes introduced from the outside, a haze hangs over Oceania. Just 25 years before this article was written, the Ibatan lived in near total isolation from the world. Now, they have running water, Christianity, satellite TV, and their own variation on the global divide between the haves and have nots. The resurgence of the potlatch among the Indians of the Northwest Coast is a reflection of a renewed pride and identity. It also serves as visible evidence of the continuity of a people and of their ceremonial and artistic traditions. The images of Native Americans conveyed in our educational institutions have resulted in ignorance and indifference on the part of the general public. To make matters worse, such self-serving stereotypes are being perpetuated by corporate TV sponsors.

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The road to liberty was hard. In American Revolution the “Gaspee Affair” sparked patriotism amongst colonists that laid a strong base for American Revolution in later years. Many historians urge the importance of Gaspee Affair in American Revolution for liberty. In 1772, a ship that belonged to the Queen was cleverly destroyed by colony men in order to seek revenge on taxation policies that looted the locals. Events that led to the Gaspee Affair British had fought hard for acquiring new colonies in Canada, West Mississippi river side and lands in Florida. And in order to defend their new lands British implanted stern tax policies on the American Colonies. It was in 1764, that the new taxation policies hindered the trade of commerce in many places. One such place that was hit badly in terms of day to day trade was the Rhode Island. Except the Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was a small colony with limited source of trade and income. The residents of Rhode Island with their meagre income avoided paying exaggerated tax amount by smuggling goods to the ports. When the Royal Kingdom got a whiff of these illegal activities they commissioned a strict and loyal British, William Dudingston to check the trade activities in Narragansett Bay. William Dudingston was infamous for capturing ships and boats that threatened the Royal Regulation of Trade and Commerce. He was also looting the ships that belonged to the sons of liberty for no apparent reason. Bringing down the Gaspee In 1772 on June 9 a schooner that belonged to the British forces called ‘HMS Gaspee’ was taken by William Dudingston to sail across Narragansett Bay to check upon illegal trade activities. There was a boat called Hannah that belonged to a small merchant from Rhode Island called Benjamin Lindsey. William spotted the boat and chased in order to seize the boat. Benjamin Lindsey was clever enough to lead Gaspee to an area in sea that was shallow with low tide. It was famously known as Namquid point among the local fishermen. Gaspee was caught in the point and Hannah escaped the attack successfully. Sensing the opportunity to rebel against British, John Brown a wealthy businessman gathered other men from the colony and set out to hunt the Gaspee. About sixty men sailed near the Gaspee and thankfully there were not seen in the dark night by William. As the men inched toward Gaspee to attack, William ordered his men to start the fire but the men took no chance and attacked William. As William was down with the blow, the sixty men took their revenge on the Royal Kingdom by looting the Gaspee and capturing the men in the ship. Finally the Gaspee was burnt to a The significance of Gaspee Affair The Gaspee Affair would have remained as a simple act of rebellion in the history but the aftermath of the incident laid a strong foundation to an independent America. There were no efforts done in covering up the act by the men. The sixty men were proud and did not deny the involvement. To add more insult to the British Government, none of the residents of Rhode Island acknowledged the event. A disappointed Royal Kingdom suggested taking the suspects to England for the court proceedings to which all of the local courts disagreed. Suspects had no support or witness to gather if they were to be tried in England. Moreover colony men felt a deep disgust towards the King as they felt their rights for justice in the local court was violated. Media took use of this incident and Gaspee Affair was widely publicised. The British parliament was upset however, they could not punish the suspects. Such furore resulted in patriotic movement which helped the colony men to unite and fight for their liberty in later years.

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With the drama and urgency of a sportscaster, statistics guru Hans Rosling uses an amazing new presentation tool, Gapminder, to debunk several myths about world development. Rosling is professor of international health at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, and founder of Gapminder, a nonprofit that brings vital global data to life. This tool easily allows data to be visualized as either maps or scatterplots. On the scatterplots each point can be represented by a bubble that represents the population of the country or other indicators. This site allows a user to easily explore data showing some of the huge changes – in things such as urbanization, life expectancy and population – that have occurred over past decades.

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by Moussa P. Blimpo (the author is a Ph.D. candidate in Economics at NYU from Togo.) A prominent university professor in the US goes back to his home country in Africa with his American Master’s student who wanted to get some field experience. The professor is unable to schedule a meeting with a key political leader whereas the student does get a meeting with the African leader. Last summer, in a heated discussion with some friends and graduate students at the University of Lome in Togo, a pre-doctoral student says: I need to find a white guy on my committee. In 2000 when I got to France to start college, I asked to take one year of prerequisite courses before I started the normal 4-year math degree because I believed that my high school diploma from Togo was not on par with the French equivalent. Fortunately my brother attended the same university and he convinced me then that we actually cover more materials in Togo than the French. By and large, it seems that Africans have a negative bias toward their own capability and the aptitudes and that of other Africans. This bias is present at all level of the African society. There are many possible explanations for this: - It seems to most that white people made most modern scientific advancements and discoveries in human history and this is subconsciously promoted through our normal schooling. - A rational choice and statistical discrimination: Given the rampant corruption and the resulting mediocrity of the decision makers and the servants, any foreigner is de facto assumed to be able to do better. - Legacy of slavery and or colonization: Just as recent research has suggested a relation between trust and slavery, it is likely that many other social attitudes and perceptions persist. - The continued presence of the predominantly white aid workers and the importance and attention given to them by the leaders. Local scholars are marginalized in favor of westerners who work under the banner of the international organizations. For example, it is much easier for any World Bank consultant to meet with and to be listened to by a minister or to appear on national tv in Africa than professors in African universities. This attitude could be a big impediment to the much-needed innovation in African societies. Spreading technologies is great in that it avoids reinventing the wheel. But in my view, many innovations respond to contextual needs and demands. Therefore, homegrown innovations to solve day-to-day challenges are a must to development. My view is that point 2 and 4 are the dominant. Readers’ thoughts are welcome.

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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins. The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. - ‘We did the lungs, the heart, the thymus gland, the larynx, and the mouth today.’ - ‘Elastic cartilage forms your outer ear and part of your larynx (voicebox).’ - ‘Cancer of various organs, not only the lung, but also the larynx, bladder and oesophagus.’ - ‘Smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney and several other organs.’ - ‘The larynx is the ‘voicebox’, the organ in the neck that plays a crucial role in speech and breathing.’ Late 16th century: modern Latin, from Greek larunx. We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks. From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe. The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.

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Practicing reading is important for a plethora of reasons. I get it. Yet, in my house, it can often be a major battle! As the parent of a child who has dyslexia, I often feel like I’m walking along a tightrope. How hard do I push reading practice vs down time? Should I just let him relax? Isn’t he exhausted from reading all day during school? And, like all parents, I often worry if I’m doing the right mix. Recently, my son has taken off with his love of books, so I wanted to share some strategies that we’ve found that work for us. Eye Reading – It All Counts! I used to spend hours upon hours searching for the “perfect” chapter book series – not too hard, and not too “babyish.” One day, a light bulb went off – ALL reading counts as practice! When I finally broke out of the chapter book mentality, a weight lifted off my shoulders. So, what do we do? - MagazinesMagazines are not baby books, yet they offer snippets of writing mixed in with interesting photos! This is perfect for reading practice! To Try: Ranger Rick or National Geographic Kids. - Poetry BooksPoetry offers OPTIONS – kids can flip through the books and find a poem that is “just right” – or they can challenge themselves with a more difficult piece. To try: Shel Silverstein’s A Light in the Attic - Comic Books Many kids with dyslexia LOVE comics. They offer small chunks of reading mixed with photos for a “brain break.” This is not as overwhelming to a struggling reader as a page full of only text. To Try: Babysitter’s Club or Capstone Nonfiction Comics Ear Reading – When to Follow Along with an Audiobook Like eyeglasses for a child who is nearsighted, embracing audiobooks opened up a whole new world for my son! Yet, even more questions emerged. Do I force him to follow along with the text? Just listen? Both strategies have merit. If your child chooses a book that is very close to their eye reading level, following along with a human-narrator can actually help improve reading fluency, demonstrate proper pronunciation of words, and help with word identification and comprehension. Ear Reading – Pure Audio Allows Many Benefits Too While following along does have several benefits, forcing a reluctant reader to follow along can also have serious drawbacks – like turning them off to reading all together! The good news is purely listening to books ALSO has some pretty big benefits! Most students who have dyslexia can comprehend books that are two or more grade levels above their current eye reading level. Forcing them to follow along with multiple words that are well above their decoding level can lead to frustration ….and the dreaded “I HATE reading!!!!” scream. Letting go of the “they must always follow along” mindset can actually foster a love of literature. Beyond that, they are still gaining vocabulary, background knowledge, and a self-esteem boost from being able to talk to their friends about books. In addition to reading in all kinds of ways at home, we also do Wilson Reading intervention at school. It’s a balance! At home, he decides what he wants to read, and that, in turn, leads to how he’s going to access the material – only eye, ear/eye combo, or only ear. We’ve found his independence, self-awareness and love of reading has truly blossomed! What are your tips? Leave them in the comments below! About the author: Jules Johnson is the social media leader for Learning Ally, a nonprofit that helps students and adults with print disabilities. To find out more about Learning Ally, including our library of over 80,000 human narrated audiobooks, log onto LearningAlly.org – Jules Johnson Subscribe To Our Newsletter Our newsletters will keep you up-to-date on important news in our community of parents, educators and volunteers who are committed to supporting student success.

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In the early days of Microsoft, Bill Gates' vision for the company was a "computer on every desk and in every home," all running Windows of course. And as John Gruber wrote in his short but astute summary of Microsoft's history, the amazing thing is that Gates actually realized this dream. By the mid-90s, if not a few years earlier even, we were living in a Windows world. At its peak, Windows share of the computer market checked in at an astounding 95+%. Even today still, the majority of desktop and notebook computers are running some variant of Windows. But the computing world today is vastly different than it was 20 years ago. While Bill Gates' original vision centered on a computer on every desk, the battle today is to put a computer in every pocket and in every hand. Over the past six years, mobile devices have flourished and our definition of "computer" has fundamentally changed. While the computer of yesteryear was essentially a clunky beige box paired with an frustratingly heavy and awkwardly shaped monitor, the modern definition has expanded to include tablets and smartphones; hyper-light and super portable devices capable of accessing the entire history of the world's information from anywhere in the world. That being said, Benedict Evans last week posted a chart which encapsulates how the dynamic of computing marketshare has been completely turned on its head in just a few short years. If we count iOS devices as computers, and indeed, there are more reasons to do so than not, last quarter marked the first time Apple sold about as many computers as Microsoft. A symbolic moment, this: in Q4 2013 the number of computers* sold by Apple was larger than the number of Windows PC sold globally. If you add Windows Phone to the mix they're more or less exactly equal. This quantum leap in mobile computing is precisely why Tim Cook has been so vocal in championing the notion that that we're currently living in a post-PC era. With the iPhone and the iPad, Apple finds itself at the forefront of the post-PC revolution that Microsoft keeps trying to convince itself isn't happening; hence the mishmash that is Windows 8. The following chart from Horace Dediu of Asymco further serves to illustrate how the computing landscape shifted with the advent of the iPhone and iPad. But the bigger story is how Apple's mobile platform has nearly reached the sales volume of Windows. In 2013 there were only 1.18 more Windows PCs than Apple devices sold. Odds are that in 2014 they will be at parity. At Macworld 1997, Steve Jobs said that the "battle for the desktop is over. And we lost." What was not apparent at the time was that the next battle would be fought over portable consumer technologies -- MP3 players, smartphones, and tablets. And now, 17 years later, Apple has finally caught up to Microsoft.

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As the New Scientist reports, Abadi and Andersen assigned each AI a task: Alice had to send a secret message that only Bob could read, while Eve would try to figure out how to eavesdrop and decode the message herself. The experiment started with a plain-text message that Alice converted into unreadable gibberish, which Bob could decode using cipher key. At first, Alice and Bob were apparently bad at hiding their secrets, but over the course of 15,000 attempts Alice worked out her own encryption strategy and Bob simultaneously figured out how to decrypt it. The message was only 16 bits long, with each bit being a 1 or a 0, so the fact that Eve was only able to guess half of the bits in the message means she was basically just flipping a coin or guessing at random. Of course, the personification of these three neural networks oversimplifies things a little bit: Because of the way the machine learning works, even the researchers don't know what kind of encryption method Alice devised, so it won't be very useful in any practical applications. In the end, it's an interesting exercise, but we don't have to worry about the machines talking behind our backs just yet. With open-source deep learning tools like Microsoft's Cognitive Toolkit, it might be interesting to see this play out on an even larger scale.

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For years, the role of computers in recreational water has been growing. From smartphone apps that turn on spa heaters to CAD-based design programs and 3-D virtual renderings to online shopping for pool supplies, computers have become an omnipresent feature of the pool and spa business. Until now, however, they had not been used to heat pools. That is about to change. A pool at the Butte aux Cailles centre, a health and wellness facility located in one of Paris' historic neighborhoods, is planning to utilize heat generated by an adjacent, underground data center to raise and maintain pool water temperature. The design and implementation of the system is being handled by Stimergy, a Grenoble-based start-up company that specializes in using data centers as a heat source for HVAC systems, and now a swimming pool. So far, the firm has used the concept to heat several blocks of social housing throughout France as well as a university gymnasium in Lyon. The notion of using computers as a heat source stems from the surprising fact that globally, data-center servers consume a whopping 3-percent of manmade energy and in the process generate a tremendous amount of heat, all of which typically goes to waste. Not only does harvesting that heat offer a source of free and otherwise castaway Btus, it also saves money on the server side of the equation. In fact, an estimated 40-percent of server operation costs come from running cooling systems, which are crucial to ensuring optimum server performance and longevity. Although certainly a novel idea, it's not too far-fetched to imagine that if the Stimergy system does indeed result in a more affordably heated pool along with cooler, better operating servers, the idea could catch on. So in addition to our traditional gas, electric, geo-thermal and solar pool heater technologies, we may soon add computer servers.

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Getting Started With Inform 7 Inform 7 is an extremely powerful tool for writing interactive stories. Unlike similar tools, Inform 7 uses a form of “natural language.” In other words, it allows a writer to create a work of interactive fiction by writing somewhat normal English sentences. However, the writer must follow a rather strict set of rules in creating sentences that will really lead to an interactive story. Some of these rules require precise use of tabs for indenting. It’s difficult to show such formatting in a typical Web page, and so we offer this Inform 7 tutorial as a .pdf document, which you can access, using this link. These days, almost all desktop and laptop computers can open a file like this one without difficulty. Unfortunately, tablets and phones may not be able to do so. At present, there are two ways to access the Inform 7 authoring system. To get all of Inform, you have to download it from the Inform 7 Website and install it on your local computer. Inform 7 is free of charge, and it runs on Windows, Linux, and MacOS. There’s also a website that offers a useful portion of Inform 7 in a convenient online form. It’s called Playfic. Playfic uses spaces, rather than tabs, for indenting.

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Plate Number: II 82 Bignonia Americana, capreolis donata, siliqua breviore These Plants usually grow on the shady Banks of Rivers, rising with many slender pliant Stems to the Height of twenty, and sometimes thirty Feet, being supported by Trees and Shrubs, growing near them, on which they climb and clasp their Tendrils. From the joints of these trailing Stalks shoot forth their Leaves, Flowers, and Tendrils, four Leaves grow at every Joint, set by Pairs on two horizontal short Stalks: The Flowers are set on Footstalks, of above an Inch in Length, are monopetalous, and divided into five sections, which reflect back, and are of a bright yellow within; but the outside of the Flower is of a bright Cinnamon Colour, and has within it four Stamina with a Stylus. The Seeds are winged, and fixed to a Placenta within a Pod. This elegant Plant is a Native of both Virginia and Carolina, and blows there in May, but in England not before August. N. B. In the following Plates are interspersed some remarkable Butterflies, whose Colours are so various and intricately blended, that their Figures and Descriptions, would give but a faint Idea of their Beauty, without being illuminated; which alone answers the Purpose. But as some Copies may appear uncoloured, it will be necessary to supply that Deficiency by Words.

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Geography of Greece questions This is a list of recently added questions about geography of Greece. Which country is named "Hellas" in its own language?Greece. Most of European languages derive the name of Greece from the Latin name Graecia. The only exception in Europe is the Norwegian language, where the native name "Hellas" is used. However, many Eastern languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, Hindi) derive the name of Greece from Ionia, the Greek region of Asia Minor.Created by: life-o-holicvery easy 88% GreeceGreece12593GeorgiaGeorgia739HondurasHonduras616FinlandFinland334country names riddles » What is the second largest Greek island? (after Crete)Euboea, with 3670 km2 (1417 sq.m.) is more than twice as large as the third largest island, Lesbos. Euboea is separated from mainland by just 40 m wide Euripus Strait. A bridge over the strait was first constructed in the twenty-first year of the Peloponnesian War (410 BC).Created by: globalquiz.orgvery hard 30% RhodesRhodes2876EuboeaEuboea1724LesbosLesbos449PelopponesePelopponese583islands of Greece riddles » Which Greek island is the largest?Crete is by far the largest of Greek Islands. With 8,336 km2, (3,219 sq. m.) it is more than twice as large as the second, Euboea. Created by: globalquiz.orgeasy 70% CreteCrete8959EuboeaEuboea744RhodesRhodes1685SicilySicily1334Mediterranean Sea riddles » Which part of Greece was never conquered by the Turks?Corfu is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, west of Greek Peninsula. It was long controlled by Venice, which repulsed several Turkish sieges, before falling under British rule following the Napoleonic Wars. Corfu was eventually ceded by the British Empire and unified with the modern Greece in 1864.Created by: Sumit Tamangvery hard 29% RhodesRhodes891CorfuCorfu1612SpartaSparta1060There was no such landThere was no such land1824history of Greece riddles » Where is the famous Shipwreck's Bay?In Zakynthos. The beach is named after a shipwreck of MV Panagiotis, a smugglers ship. It ran aground in 1980, probably while carrying contraband cigarettes and being chased by the Greek Navy. According to a popular story, locals raided the cargo, and for the following four years no 'official' tobacco products were sold on the island.Created by: globalquiz.orghard 57% in Cretein Crete1944in Rhodesin Rhodes4405in Zakynthosin Zakynthos10948in Kosin Kos1829Mediterranean riddles » Play Greece quiz and see all the questions.

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Watch Online Videos Download User Guide What is a Sparkline? A sparkline is a type of information graphic characterized by its small size and data density. Sparklines present trends and variations associated with some measurement, such as Annual Sales, Win-Lose, stock market activity, average temperature, etc, in a simple and condensed way. In Dashboard tools for Excel you will find a vast amount of sparklines that will improve the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. What is a Heatmap? A heatmap is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable, in a two-dimensional (or more) map, are represented as colors, size, background, etc. Mini charts heatmaps can value data with up to 5 different visual values at the same time, making the analysis of great amounts of information fast and easy. With Heatmaps you can analyze your data with up to 5 dimensions, using: 1. Font Size. 2. Font Color. 3. Font Type. 4. Background Color. 5. Inserting Images. prove the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. What is a MiniChart? Mini charts are small charts with an intensity of visual distinctions that will improve the visual reading of data making it faster and simple. Mini charts are very usefull when a sparkline is too small to represent the information you want to analyse. These charts are larger than sparklines but smaller than Excel's native graphics for that reason they are ideal for dashboards. Using Excel and Heatmaps in order to categorize reports What is a Bump chart? Bump charts have become quite common of late and are typically used to represent changes in the position of a given number of competing entities over a fixed time duration. Now, with DashBoard Tools for Excel, inserting these bump charts will be easier and you will be able to see changes in your data immediately. In this new version 12 types of Special Charts have been added into DashBoard Tools for Excel. |Cell's reference tracker| Model building & Analysis Tools Other Analysis Tools

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Monday, December 13, 2010 Sheila Rowbotham - Hidden from History But also it was true within personal relationships - Rowbotham shows how women often found their socialist partners would, once married, revert to the same expectations of the role of women in the family as their bourgeois contemporaries. But the author doesn't try to find some natural antagonism between men and women, she places such relations firmly in the context of a system that saw both the need to divide and rule, and to place the burden of raising the next generation of workers on the woman. The struggle for the right to vote for women forms the backdrop to most of the book, though the turning point comes with the first world war, with women entering the workplaces in large numbers for the first time. Even though this ended to a certain extent with the return of peace, the fact that women had taken on jobs seen as being exclusively male fundamentally shifted social attitudes. This even survived the mass unemployment of the 1930s. Further struggles were ahead, ones that weren't simply about economic equality, though these were important. But struggles over childcare, the right to abortion and access to contraception were ones that eventually became those of the whole movement.

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After 123 years, the Netherlands has a king, - Willem Alexander, who acceded to the Dutch throne and the headship of the royal House of Orange today upon the abdication of his mother, Queen Beatrix. She had been the third in the trio of Dutch Queens to reign in the Netherlands since 1890. The first of those three, Queen Wilhelmina, was one of the great symbols of wartime resistance to Hitler. Along with King Haakon of Norway, Charles DeGaulle of France, and Winston Churchill, she chose not to be on what then appeared to many to be "the right side of history" in 1940"). King Willem Alexander's grandmother, Queen Juliana presided - tearfully - over the independence of Indonesia and the effective end of the Dutch Empire. In its time, however, the Dutch Empire had once mattered on the larger world scene. Reminders of that are the orange bar on the flag of New York City (an acknowledgment of the Dutch role in the founding of one of the world's greatest cities) and the orange stripes on my academic gown (a celebration of the Dutch royal house, the House of Orange, and its pivotal role in England's "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, which ousted that country's last Catholic king and solidified the supremacy of Parliament over the monarch). King Willem Alexander's wife, Queen Maxima is an Argentinian by birth. It's been a good year for Argentina so far! The House of Orange links the modern Netherlands back to William the Silent's 16th-century revolt against Catholic Spain. By royal standards that's a short span of history. Some other reigning houses boast a longer lineage and link their 21st century peoples back a thousand or more years. It is one of the functions of royalty to connect and bind. Obviously the connection back to the nation's past binds a people to their heritage and is an important value in itself. But royalty also connect and bind their people in the present. Commenting on the recent British funeral of Margaret Thatcher, someone questioned the propriety of so much state ceremonial for a mere politician - the argument being that, unlike royalty, whose role is to unite a nation, politicians divide it. In today's world, perhaps an additional symbolic function of royalty is that kings and queens do not choose their jobs, but receive them as a civic calling, a secular vocation. That makes royalty a wonderful witness to the value of a life focused on something bigger than oneself, something so ncessary for civilization but so unvalued in today's world.

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Biography Born in Fairfield County, Connecticut Studied law for 4 years before having a sudden conversion experience Preached as a Presbyterian and started extensive religious revivals wherever he went Appointed as the professor of theology at Oberlin College in 1835, was later named president in 1852 In 1837 he was appointed as the minister of First Congregational Church in Oberlin, Ohio Revivalism Religious gatherings designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching Very emotional Swept across US in early 19 th century Finny & Revivalism “The father of modern revivalism” His most successful revivals were in Rochester, New York in 1830-1831 Emphasized the will of man in the process of regeneration and employed revival techniques Effects Life and writings influenced more people than any other preacher of the last century 1835: Lectures on Rivivals 1846: Lectures on Theology 1800: 1 in 15 Americans belong to a church 1850: 1 in 6 Bibliography "Charles Grandison Finney." College of Arts and Sciences & Conservatory of Music - Oberlin College. Web. 06 Apr. 2011.. Reforming American Society : pages 224+225 "Charles Grandison Finney." Revival Library. Web. 06 Apr. 2011..

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Panophobia, also called Pamphobia, Pantophobia or Panphobia, is a rare medical condition in which the sufferer literally fears everything. Alternatively, it may manifest as what is known as a "non-specific fear"; the sufferer finds themself in a state of fear but with no known target, and therefore no easy remedy. It has been described as "a vague and persistent of some unknown evil" . It is officially recognised by the National Institute of Health's Office of Rare Disease. Panophobia is most frequently found as a secondary condition to schizophrenia. Hypnosis is sometimes claimed as a cure. It should not be confused with pantaphobia; the fear of nothing.

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By Kathryn Carse, Assistant Lifestyle editor at the Staten Island Advance A group of students in the Conflict Resolution program at Susan Wagner High School are preparing a presentation at the United Nations to celebrate the Gandhi King Season for Nonviolence. The presentation seeks to dramatize the relevance of the words of King and Mahatma Gandhi and the choices teens are confronted with today. George Anthony, coordinator of the program, coached the students through their parts. In it, students Jubin and Jesus are ready to go at it, but are interrupted by students who inspire them to consider an alternative. It was in 1993 that a concern about race relations led the city's Board of Education to take advantage of Columbia University's training in conflict resolution and mediation strategies. Having a background in psychology, Anthony was sent to participate. He felt like his life's work found him. "We expect kids to make the right decision to cope with conflict, but kids need to learn the choices they have," said Anthony. The program he designed with fellow teacher Lindy Crescitelli combines a powerful mix of being able to speak up for yourself to clarify a situation, learning about the choices you have when confronted with conflict, including seeing walking away as an option that does not make you any less strong. Hot-button issues like homophobia, rumors, name calling are addressed. Ultimately the students are trained as mediators to help others find a peaceful solution. They learn in the most effective way -- by doing. Their belief in choosing nonviolence comes from the conviction of having experienced its power. "I used to be temperamental; got into fights, had a rap sheet, knew all the deans," said Jerlisa Jacobs. "Now I still know them, but in a different way. This program gives you responsibility; leads you to know you have three choices when you are confronted with conflict: isolation, confrontation or mediation. Mediation lets you vent and solve your problem." Being treated poorly because of someone's prejudice frustrates everyone. And it is an eye-opening experience when it comes from people you think you have nothing in common with. "When people look at me they see a little white girl, cheerleader. They don't see that I am also Puerto Rican and Jewish. It's harder to make assumptions when you get to know someone," said Danielle Stern. Kenan Herbert, a linebacker on the football team, left another Island school, stunned by the racism. He enrolled in Susan Wagner and landed in Anthony's class. "From day one, I could apply what I was hearing other people go through to my life. The program is diverse. It forces you to understand how people are similar. Now I handle my anger, then act on it." He also has learned to apply his skills to mediating for others. "A lot of the time you are helping people see it's a dumb problem that escalated. But you are also helping them see how something small can lead them to do things that will affect their future," he said. "Everyone loves a skill that works," said Crescitelli. "Dr. King said that we get peace through understanding and the foundation is love. But we need practical tools to communicate that love and understanding." One of those tools is listening, he said. Most of the time each side feels the other is not listening. "If you want another person to believe you are listening, you have to say back to them what you understood them to say. Then you can come to some agreement about what each needs." When young people experience understanding through listening, they grow in their confidence and ability to make a difference. Taking a day to reflect and honor those who lived courageously and died taking a stand has its role too. Joe Bonomo, ("Italian -- Sicilian") participated last year in a Web cast at the UN that went out to athletes in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Africa. "Sitting with 800 people from across the world who were working for peace made me realize I believe it can work," said Joe. A moment that reminds George Anthony and Lindy Crescitelli of the depth of this program occurred at last year’s SNV conference at the United Nations. Two students stood side by side speaking about working toward peace . One was Palestinian and the other Israeli. Amina Abdel uttered these words, “In Palestine there are walls put up to separate Palestine from the Israel. The walls are physical but they are also mental. They separate our human existence. But if you knew me and I listened to you then our words, our suffering can connect us to our humanity where our tears are real to each another.” Nick Tsiftis closed the conference with these words ‘each time anyone stands up for an ideal, or looks to improve the lot of others or simply seeks out injustice, you all send forth a tiny ripple of hope. Use this day, this Season, to become that force for change, and may your words cross oceans. Let your actions become the currents of change.” For George S. Anthony and Lindy P. Crescitelli each day affords them the opportunity to teach solutions, to bring each student closer to the “change they wish to see in the world.” The Season is a reason to believe each day that “peace is possible.” This year they have partnered with The United Federation of Teachers BRAVE campaign and the Association for Global New Thought to sponsor and host the New York City Season for Nonviolence Conference on April 1, 2014. The Catalyst is produced by The Shift Network to feature inspiring stories and provide information to help shift consciousness and take practical action. To receive The Catalyst twice a month, sign up here. This article appears in: 2014 Catalyst, Issue 4: Season of Nonviolence

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Gangs have existed in this country for decades. What started out as a male-dominated phenomenon in the early 1930s has evolved into a nongender-specific phenomenon. Adolescent females have become increasingly more involved in youth gangs and youth violence in the last 10 years, and as they engage in what is already considered high-risk behaviors, their likelihood for victimization and exposure to various health hazards increases. Young women have been involved in gang-related behaviors since the 1950s. During the early years, their roles were primarily to manage the money that was generated by the illegal enterprises of the male gang members. These enterprises included drugs, illegal arms sales, and prostitution. At that time, the women were not viewed as actual members of the gang, but rather were more often the spouses or girlfriends of the male members. However, in the early 1990s there was a noticeable change in this trend. Young women began to form their own gangs, usually a subgroup of one of the male gangs, and in doing so, established their own code of membership, rules, and guidelines, and initiation rites. There are many initiation rites in the gang culture. The two that are most often used are what is known as “jumping in” and “roll of the dice.” In the jumping in process, the prospective gang member is placed in the center of a circle of established gang members and physically beaten. The beating is a timed process and the object is for perspective members to defend themselves to the best of their ability and to remain on their feet. If they fall down, they may be subject to being kicked and stomped, and subsequently not allowed to become a member. In the event perspective members remain standing, they are then allowed to become a peripheral or intermediate gang member. Peripheral members are allowed to follow and be an “apprentice” to established members of the gang before they are given any rank and status. Intermediate members are allowed to actively participate in the activities of the gang, and are granted some status in the gang. In the roll of the dice initiation, the perspective member becomes a sexual object. Several of the established male gang members roll a set of dice; the numbers that come up determine the number of established male gang members with whom the initiate must have intercourse. This method is used primarily with perspective female gang members. If the perspective gang member participates willingly she is admitted into the gang as an intermediate gang member. If the perspective gang member refuses to participate, she is usually forced. If she still wants to become a member, she is granted peripheral status in the gang, and after a period of time may be granted intermediate status. Both of these methods present health risks to this population. The number of serious physical injuries during the jumping in initiations has been documented by the reports of increased numbers of young trauma patients, many of whom are adolescent females between the ages of 12 and 15 years, in the emergency rooms around this country. The sexual acts performed during the roll of the dice initiation are unprotected. This places the adolescent female in the high-risk category for sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. This also places the adolescent female at risk for an unwanted pregnancy. Another aspect of this alarming trend is the number of adolescent female gang members committing violent acts. There has been an increase in the numbers of adolescent and adult females being incarcerated for serious offenses ranging from aggravated assault to murder. The two reasons adolescent females give for joining gangs and putting themselves at risk are their need to belong to a family and/or family unit and the sense of power they get from belonging to the gang. Their perception of external power gives them a sense of internal power and control. A lot has been written about gangs and gang subculture, but little attention has been paid to the participation of females. As the trend in this area continues to grow, so does the need for more research. SEE ALSO: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Adolescence, Sexual abuse, Sexually transmitted diseases, Violence, Youth - Furr, A. L. (1997). Exploring human behavior and the social environment. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. - Molidor, C. E. (1996). Female gang members: A profile of aggression and victimization. Social Work, 41(3), 251—257. - Spergel, I. A. (1995). The youth gang problem: A community approach. New York: Oxford University Press. - female injuries gang initiation - gang culture and womens strikes - gang initiation ritual for girls involving dice - gang initiation rituals for females - how gangs roll

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Werner and Kaplan’s Symbol formation was published 50 years ago but its insights have yet to be adequately explored by psychology and other social sciences. This special issue aims to revisit this seminal work in search of concepts to work on key issues facing us today. This introductory article begins with a brief outline and contextualization of the book as well as of the articles that this special issue comprises. The first two articles were written by contributors who were part of the Werner era at Clark University. They explore the key concepts of the organismic and development, and situate them vis-à-vis other research at Clark and in American psychology more generally. The second two articles analyse Werner and Kaplan’s notions of ‘distancing’ and ‘physiognomic metaphor’, showing their roots in naturphilosophie and comparing them with contemporary theories. The last four articles apply the organismic-developmental approach to fields only touched in Symbol formation, such as magical practices, social structures, pictures and gesture. Culture and Psychology, 2013, Vol 19, Issue 4, p. 433-440

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Originality is everything in literature, as in art. “Originals never lose their value,” Ralph Waldo Emerson said. He may have been referring to Shakespeare and Wordsworth, but the statement is just as true of children’s literature. Of course, even originals owe something to the past — “we all quote,” Emerson acknowledged — but he did not envision the havoc that consumer culture might wreak upon original work. This is true especially in the children’s market, where the almost unimaginable monetary value of derivative merchandise, sequels, and spinoffs, and the control and manipulation of original creations through copyright and trademark, can degrade the very characteristics that distinguished the work in the first place. Perhaps no children’s book has been more subject to the corrosive influence of commerce than Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Its tangled publishing history features professional bullies more ruthless than Mr. McGregor (whose wife put Peter’s father in a pie) pursuing this hapless rabbit across time, committing acts of piracy, “copyfraud,” and criminally bad taste. Potter’s longtime publisher, Frederick Warne & Co., has joined their ranks, baking Peter into an unseemly sequel, The Further Tale of Peter Rabbit (about which more later). The bunnysploitation seems especially glaring in light of Potter’s unique gifts as writer and illustrator. Born in London in 1866, Potter was an assiduous student of animal anatomy and behavior from childhood on. She and her younger brother Bertram furnished their nursery with exotic pets, wild and domestic, bringing home mice, lizards, bats, frogs, birds, and, of course, rabbits. The children became determined amateur naturalists, documenting their finds in sketchbooks, never squeamish about studying dead specimens. (Indeed, when their captives succumbed, sometimes to rather outré diets, the young Potters would boil the skeletons and draw them as well.) Beatrix carried her affections into adulthood: Potter scholar Judy Taylor once compiled a list of the author’s named pets throughout her life, tallying eighty-nine. Among them was the rabbit Benjamin Bouncer, who perished after breaking a tooth on hard candy. But he and his successor, the beloved Peter, lived long lives, providing ample opportunities to study their attitudes and habits. With this intimate familiarity, Beatrix Potter became one of the finest observers of rabbits since Dürer. And not just rabbits: clothed or not, the mice, pigs, red squirrels, rabbits, hedgehogs, cats, foxes, and owls of her books are all true to life, animated by a keen eye for muscular and skeletal structure as well as by the common postures and characteristic movements she captured. Animals in her tales do fantastical things — mice embroider buttonholes; newt Sir Isaac Newton, clad in a species-specific “black and gold waistcoat,” dines on “grasshopper with lady-bird sauce” — but they do them plausibly. They are charming and convincing in large part because they are rendered naturalistically. This can be seen in all of her tales but also in a pen-and-ink drawing, the meditative masterwork “The Rabbit’s Dream” (c. 1899). A sleeping rabbit conjures itself under a counterpane in bed, surrounded by portraits of itself in over a dozen different positions — stretched on its side, prone with legs kicked back, with feet tucked under the body, with ears erect, ears folded back, ears parted over the shoulders, etc. A virtuosic performance, it remains among the most moving of Potter’s works, a testament to imagination enriched by experience. Potter first told the story of Peter Rabbit in 1893 in a picture-letter sent to the bedridden son of her former governess. Its simple line drawings introduce the principals — Peter and his siblings; his mother; and his nemesis, Mr. McGregor — while its tiny tale of temptation and trial in an English garden unfolds in simple perfection. Several years later, she borrowed the letter back, expanded it, and, after failing to interest publishers in producing a small, affordable book with a single color frontispiece and black-and-white illustrations (she felt color throughout was too expensive), printed it herself; it was snapped up by friends and relations. She quickly secured a contract with publisher Frederick Warne, agreeing to redo the illustrations in color. The book proved an immediate success on publication in October 1902, rapidly selling out a first printing of eight thousand copies. “The public must be fond of rabbits!” Potter wrote to the youngest Warne brother, Norman (to whom she would be briefly engaged, before his untimely death in 1905); “what an appalling quantity of Peter.” To her dismay, the firm failed to register copyright in the United States, leading to piracies and loss of revenue. Although she helped save the company in 1917, after embezzlement by another Warne brother nearly bankrupted it, she scolded them on quality, condemning a copy of Peter Rabbit’s Almanac for 1929 as “wretched.” She wrote sharply, “It is impossible to explain balance & style to people, if they don’t see it themselves.” While she enthusiastically crafted her own unique merchandise prototypes — including an extraordinarily soulful Peter Rabbit doll — she could have had no idea of the extent of commodification to come. After Potter died in 1943 at the age of seventy-seven, Warne cast itself as the guardian of her legacy. But eventually the guardian began behaving badly, seeking to wring profits from its most famous long-eared property. In 1983, Warne was acquired by Penguin, itself owned by the international conglomerate Pearson, the largest book publisher in the world. Then, as scholar Margaret Mackey chronicles in The Case of Peter Rabbit: Changing Conditions of Literature for Children, Warne embarked on the expensive process of remaking printing plates for Potter’s books. While the new reproductions were a welcome improvement, Warne festooned them with what Mackey terms “aggressive” assertions of copyright, although Peter was already in the public domain. (In the UK, copyright protection lapsed but was then extended until 2013 when the European Union “harmonized” copyright law.) Warne seized on its “re-originated” illustrations to declare itself “owner of all rights, copyrights and trademarks in the Beatrix Potter character names and illustrations,” going so far as to attach a “tm” to the scampering Peter on the cover. Back in 1979, the publisher had sued a competitor, claiming trademark rights to eight images from Potter’s books that, it argued, were identified in the public mind with Warne alone. The case was settled out of court, but Viva R. Moffat, a legal scholar who teaches at the University of Denver, has called Warne’s claims (in a paper on “Mutant Copyrights”) a “stretch.” Warne has applied for trademarks here and in the EU for every imaginable Peter Rabbit–related item that might feasibly be sold, from “books and texts in all media” to “toilet seat covers” and “meat extracts.” Moffat assails the practice of forcing trademarks to pinch-hit for lapsed copyright, while another legal expert, Jason Mazzone (who teaches intellectual property law at Brooklyn Law School), defines the placement of misleading warnings on public domain works as “copyfraud” in his book by the same name. Warne’s zealous pursuit of its rights has not deterred it from crass acts of its own. In 1987, the same year it published its painstakingly remade edition, the firm allowed Ladybird Books, a purveyor of cheap paperbacks owned by the parent company, Pearson, to market The Tale of Peter Rabbit with bowdlerized text, eliminating Potter’s dry wit, dispensing with the pie made of Peter’s father (Mrs. Rabbit instead explains that Mr. McGregor just “doesn’t like rabbits”), and replacing Potter’s illustrations with photos of stuffed animals. Warne was excoriated in The Times of London, which condemned the new edition as “Hamlet without the ghost, Othello without the handkerchief.” Undaunted, a few years later Warne took out an advertisement in The Bookseller — “Peter Rabbit™ Packs a Powerful Punch” — threatening those who wandered into its garden with “expensive legal action” (see below). Now the firm has set its hobnailed boot upon Peter again, muddying the same waters it sought to protect: publishing The Further Tale of Peter Rabbit, a large-format sequel written by actress-celebrity Emma Thompson and illustrated by Eleanor Taylor, whose previous books include Go-Go Gorillas. The idea did not originate with Thompson. According to her, Warne solicited the sequel, sending her two half-eaten radishes and a note purportedly written by the Rabbit Himself. The story finds Peter once again in Mr. McGregor’s lettuce patch (ground already covered in Potter’s own sequel, The Tale of Benjamin Bunny), climbing into a picnic basket, and being carried off to Scotland, where frenetic adventures involving a giant black rabbit named Finlay McBurney ensue. Smarmy in tone, the text relies heavily on italics and typographical tricks to engender interest. Its author clearly knows little about rabbits, suggesting that Finlay’s mother goes about with her ears “tied in a neat knot.” (One hopes an impressionable toddler will not do the same to a pet.) Saddled with a thankless task, artist Taylor produces soft-focus brushwork that seems timid and amateurish, lacking Potter’s precision and authority, her unerring color sense, and her humor. Taylor’s Mrs. McGregor is copied from Potter’s privately printed original and is more appropriation than homage, while poor Finlay’s chest juts above his kilt like a pouter pigeon’s. Missing are Potter’s beautifully detailed portraits of flora and fauna, from the water beetle in The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher to the Red Admiral butterfly in The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse. No one, it seems, has done more to dilute Potter’s work than her own publisher. Other ersatz sequels have proliferated recently, as publishing houses cash in on classics, from The Wind in the Willows to Winnie-the-Pooh to A Little Princess to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Indeed, there will be sequels to The Further Tale: Thompson has signed up for two more. Ultimately, such derivative stuff can’t harm the originals, just as a bad production of Shakespeare can’t touch the play itself. But sequels, it seems to me, are particularly confusing to the youngest readers, who are just developing notions of authorship. As the editor of the Library of America’s edition of Laura Ingalls Wilder’s Little House books, I’ve been asked by children where the recent sequels, written by an heir who never met Wilder, came from. From someplace hotter than the Dakotas, I think. What sets The Further Tale apart is that it presents inferior work to an audience of very young children who have not yet developed the intellectual capacity to distinguish between original and unoriginal text and art. In her discussion of the multiplicity of Peters, scholar Mackey quotes Margaret Meek’s essay on the profound influence of early encounters: “Children’s literature is undeniably the first literary experience, where the reader’s experiences of what literature is are laid down. Books in childhood initiate children into literature; they inaugurate certain kinds of literary competencies.” The competency that The Further Tale inaugurates is that of copying. It tells children, It’s acceptable to be unoriginal. It’s acceptable to exploit the work of others. And it’s acceptable — even desirable — to make money from that exploitation. This is being done in an era when publishing has been beset with scandals involving plagiarism and other unethical practices, the perpetrators of which are often young. With the model set by today’s publishers, this is hardly surprising. Perhaps Warne could learn a lesson from the original Peter: gluttony always leads to tears. From the May/June 2013 issue of The Horn Book Magazine.

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http://www.hbook.com/2013/05/choosing-books/horn-book-magazine/peter-rabbit-and-the-tale-of-a-fierce-bad-publisher/

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Abstract—The quality of sheet metal part is secured by the material flow into the die cavity. Drawbeads are often used in sheet metal forming to restrain the sheet from flowing freely into die cavity. In this paper, finite element method was used to optimize the location of a circular and rectangular drawbeads and analyse the strain and thickness variations during the cup drawing process. DYNAFORM and LS-DYNA, a commercially available explicit FEA code were used to model and analyze the forming process respectively. In simulation, a hemispherical cup of diameter 100mm was considered and simulation studies were carried out for all possible locations of drawbead-, and location which gave minimum Vonmises stress and maximum thickness was taken as the optimized location. Experiments were conducted using a die block of 102mm inner diameter and punch of 100mm diameter on cold rolled steel of thickness 1.02mm. Circular drawbead of specific height was made on the binder surface at the optimized location corresponding groove was machined on the die surface and forming of cup was completed. The experiment was repeated with rectangular drawbead also. Strain and thickness variations were measured for the cup drawing process. The results show good agreement between numerical method and experiment. On comparison, rectangular drawbeads restrain the material more than circular drawbead. —Drawbead, LS-DYNA, Plastic strain, Sheet metal forming. A. Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, S.R.M. University, Chennai, India, Pin – 603 203. firstname.lastname@example.org B. Principal, D.M.I College of Engineering, Chennai – 602 103 C. Professor and Head, Department of Production Technology, MIT, Anna University, Chennai – 44 Cite: Murali G., Gopal M. and Rajadurai A, "Analysis of Influence of Draw Bead Location and Profile in Hemispherical Cup Forming ," International Journal of Engineering and Technology vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 356-360, 2010.

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http://www.ijetch.org/show-32-461-1.html

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The main aim of this organization and the first pillar of its activities is the promotion of intercultural, interfaith and inter-civilizational constructive dialogue with all the necessary and possible means. We strongly believe that lack of dialogue and communication skills, as well as lack of empathy in general is one of the main causes of the multiple crises that our world faces now. People need to learn that the World cultural heritage belongs to all of us and it is necessary to protect and develop by all means as the biodiversity of our planet.Read More Promotion of Culture of Peace and assistance to Conflict resolution and transformation worldwide is the next pillar of ICIRLD activities. We believe that only having inner peace in the soul and culture of peace as a base for dialogue on can achieve his/her aims without harming the others. Mahatma Gandhi was saying that our civilization is sick. And the sickness is called “culture of war”. This is a situation when wherever two people, groups, nations, civilizations see a conflict of interests, the only “natural” solution they see is conflict. And whoever will be the strongest that one will win.Read More Our Planet nowadays is facing enormous amount of global challenges and in a no way it is possible to solve them on a level of a country, a group or on individual level. Poverty, Spiritual and Moral Degradation, Human Rights Problems, Environmental Catastrophes are just some samples of those global challenges. Today when various types of natural and social sciences are highlighting the importance of awareness of inter-connectedness on all the levels of Universe, it is a matter of great importance to mobilize people from various cultural backgrounds around ...Read More Espeditions and Study Visits to various countries like India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, Iran ad others in terms of reseraching their cultural heritage, religions and folklore are frequently organized by ICIRLD...More information on expeditions here ICIRLD has several possibilities for young people from Armenia and abroad to develop and serve to solutions of various socal challengesFind out about our possibilities

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http://www.intercultural.center/en/

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Trentino-Alto Adige Rock climbing3,299 routes in region First time here?theCrag.com is a free guide for rock climbing areas all over the world, collaboratively edited by keen rock climbers, boulderers and other nice folks.You can log all your routes, connect and chat with other climbers and much more...» go exploring, » learn more or » ask us a question The Dolomites (Italian: Dolomiti; Ladin: Dolomites; German: Dolomiten; Venetian: Dołomiti: Friulian: Dolomitis) are a mountain range located in northeastern Italy. They form a part of Southern Limestone Alps and extend from the River Adige in the west to the Piave Valley (Pieve di Cadore) in the east. The northern and southern borders are defined by the Puster Valley and the Sugana Valley (Val Sugana). The Dolomites are nearly equally shared between the provinces of Belluno, South Tyrol and Trentino. There are also mountain groups of similar geological structure that spread over the River Piave to the east – Dolomiti d'Oltrepiave; and far away over the Adige River to the west – Dolomiti di Brenta (Western Dolomites). There is also another smaller group called Piccole Dolomiti (Little Dolomites) located between the provinces of Trentino, Verona and Vicenza (see the map). One national park and many other regional parks are located in the Dolomites. In August 2009, the Dolomites were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Check out what is happening in Trentino-Alto Adige.

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The Interstellar Medium (ISM) is the stuff between the stars. Most of this stuff consists of gas and dust . The gas content of the ISM continually decreases with time as new generations of stars form from the collapse of giant molecular clouds. The collapse and fragementation of these clouds give rise to the formation of stellar clusters . Since the mass function of star formation strongly favors the formation of low mass stars, then each new star formation locks up available ISM gas into a reservoir of unevolving low mass stars. Click here for a schematic representation of the form of the mass function. The dust particles are sufficiently small that they short wavelength light more efficiently than long wavelength light. In fact, blue photons are scattered about 10 times more efficiently than red photons. Basic Principle of Photon Scattering No Scattering: Photon Source and

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This Georgia Health News article, authored by Andy Miller, is reprinted with permission from the publication. Blog: Infant mortality About 140,000 babies are born in Georgia every year. The Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) aims to make sure they all have a healthy start to life, which has a tremendous impact on the health of the community and the state. In 2011, the Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) reported that the state’s infant mortality rate had dropped to 6.8 deaths for every 1,000 live births. 2013 was a year of considerable progress for public health in Georgia, particularly on some of the key priorities identified by the Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH). But the state still faces many challenges for the new year. The Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) and the March of Dimes are reporting a drop in the state’s preterm birth rate for the second year in a row, meaning fewer babies risk the health complications of being born too soon.

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https://dph.georgia.gov/blogs?topic=361

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Fate of Bush Tax Cuts Uncertain As Expiration Approaches In 2001 and 2003, Congress passed, and the President signed into law, significant tax reductions for nearly all taxpayers. These cuts included marginal rate reductions, the introduction of a new 10% tax bracket, an expansion of the child tax credit, and a variety of other provisions. Both bills were passed using a Senate procedure known as “reconciliation” – a tactic that lowers the threshold for cloture to a simple majority of Senators (as opposed to a 60-vote supermajority.) This procedure, under the Congressional Budget Act, is not allowed for any bill which affects budget deficits beyond a ten-year window, so these tax cuts included a “sunset” provision which caused them to automatically expire at the end of 2010, in order to bypass that requirement. Throughout 2010, the President, and factions in Congress proposed various policy options to address the imminent expiration, ranging from letting them fully expire, to extending them partially for taxpayers under a certain income threshold, and full extending them. Finally, in December, a compromise was reached that extended them for an additional two years until the end of 2012. Below, see a selected list of the tax increases that could occur on January 1, 2013. These are only the most well known provisions of the Bush tax cuts that, if allowed to expire, would come to the immediate attention of the nation’s taxpayers. - The two “marriage penalty elimination” provisions will expire, so that: - The standard deduction for married couples will fall, no longer double what it is for single filers; and - The ceiling of the 15% bracket for married couples will fall, no longer double what it is for single filers - The 10% tax bracket will expire, reverting to 15% - The child tax credit will fall from $1,000 to $500 - The tax rate on long-term capital gains earned by middle- and upper-income people would rise from 15% to 20% - The tax rate on qualified dividends earned by middle- and upper-income people would rise from 15% to ordinary wage tax rates - The 25% tax rate would rise to 28% - The 28% rate would rise to 31% - The 33% rate would rise to 36% - The 35% rate would rise to 39.6% - The PEP and Pease provisions would be restored, rescinding from high-income people the value of some exemptions and deductions The plan outlined in the Obama administration’s budget is to allow only one of those 12 provisions to revert exactly to what it was in early 2001: - The top tax rate will revert from 35% to 39.6% Four of those major provisions will change, but they won’t go back to exactly what they were in 2001: - The rate on long-term capital gains will revert to 2001 law (rate of 20%) but only for couples with over $250,000 in AGI the year the gain is realized ($200K threshold for singles) - Dividends will be taxed as capital gains until AGI exceeds $250,000 ($200,000 for single filers) - The upper portion of the 33% tax bracket will revert to 2001 law (rate of 36%) and the income threshold where that bracket starts will shift up to $250,000 in AGI minus two personal exemptions and a standard deduction (couples), and $200,000 in AGI minus one personal exemption and a standard deduction (single filers), all indexed for inflation using 2009 as the base year. - The PEP and Pease provisions will be restored, rescinding from high-income people the value of some exemptions and deductions, but the income threshold where they start to pay more will shift up to $250,000 in taxable income (couples) and $200,000 for singles The other major Bush tax cut provisions for individuals listed above will be preserved as enacted during the Bush years. There are many other provisions that will expire, including EITC eligibility levels, education IRA provisions, and others, not to mention Obama’s biggest tax cut, the making-work-pay credit, which was a one-year tax cut in 2009 that was renewed for 2010. See the complete roster.

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https://taxfoundation.org/fate-bush-tax-cuts-uncertain-expiration-approaches/

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Exposures to sulfur-dioxide (7446095) (SO2) are reviewed. Worker complaints of effects of SO2 are cited, including nasal and throat irritation, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and more seriously, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, shortness of breath, and death. The history of the NIOSH priority of occupational exposures to SO2 and the proposal of a standard for exposure of 2 parts per million (ppm) is noted. Epidemiological studies are described that indicate statistically significant increases in respiratory diseases among workers exposed to SO2 and among the general population as the result of air pollutants. Evidence of mutagenicity and the cancer promotion of benzopyrene (50328) by SO2 is noted. Health effects of SO2 exposure are considered in the recommendation of a new standard of 0.5ppm for a time weighted average work day. The need for preplacement and annual physical examinations, particularly where SO2 exposures exceed 0.25ppm is stressed. The author recommends that employee information, training, and medical records should be maintained for at least 30 years after termination of employment for research on the effects of prolonged exposure.

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Student or Learner My teacher said "Who and what as the subject always take a singular verb". Is that true? Because I was reading a text and I saw a question "What were your learning? Thanks, but I am sure about it. This is the question: What were your learning? That's why I am confused. Mustn't it be what was your learning? What were you learning? - Not "your" but "you." The "were" goes with you. You were leaning math. What were you learning? I hesitate to say "always" to anything. If you are looking at a picture and it shows two boys, you could say "Who are these boys?" What are these marks? I'm not a teacher, but I write for a living. Please don't ask me about 2nd conditionals, but I'm a safe bet for what reads well in (American) English. If you actually saw "What were your learning?" in a book, then it was a typo. Remember - if you don't use correct capitalisation, punctuation and spacing, anything you write will be incorrect. ***** NOT A TEACHER ***** Perhaps your teacher was thinking of these rules: 1. When "who" and "what" are used to ask for the subject, they most often have singular verbs: a. Who is working tomorrow? Phil, Lucy and Shareena (are working tomorrow). b. What lives in those holes? Rabbits (do). 2. When "who" and "what" ask for the complement, they can have plural verbs: a. Who are your closest friends? (My closest friends are) Naomi and Bridget. 3. Relative what-clauses are normally the subject of a singular verb: a. What she needs is friends. (More natural than What she needs are friends.) [Personal note: Maybe some native speakers feel that "What she needs are friends" is more natural than "What she needs is friends."] Complete credit for those rules go to Mr. Michael Swan in his Practical English Usage (1995 edition, entry #509.3 on page 533). 4. Here are a few more examples from a very strict teacher named Wilson Follett in his Modern American Usage (1980 edition, page 233): a. What to watch for _____ such things as dry, sandy layers or hardpan. b. What they saw _____ the white sand cliffs on the eastern coast. c. What these gentlemen need _____ new moral values. Mr. Follett says that correct English requires the singular verb: is, was, is. [Personal note: in 2012, maybe many native speakers would have no problem with: are, were, are. Mr. Follett does admit that a "correct" sentence such as "The only thing untouched was the tents" is "awkward."] Last edited by TheParser; 30-Sep-2012 at 22:11. Reason: corrected a misspelled word

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https://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/178697-who-and-what-as-the-subject

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The frame with its bars is mounted on a metal stand (very occasionally on a wooden one) with wheels. The modern marimba is equipped with chromatically tuned wood bars arranged in two rows, usually on two levels with one about 4 cm higher than the other. The bars are ordered according to size and have holes drilled at their nodal points through which a string is threaded and held taut. The bars are suspended from this string, which rests on pegs mounted on the frame. This prevents the bars from sagging and at the same time ensures that they can vibrate freely. The number of bars depends on the instrument’s compass. Unlike vibrating strings, halving the length of a bar raises its pitch by two octaves. It is for this reason that the difference in length between the lowest bar and the highest is relatively small. The bars used on the marimba are made of rosewood and are somewhat softer than xylophone bars. In addition, the bars are thinner than the xylophone’s and wider and longer at the bottom end. Marimba bars can be broken by very hard marimba mallets and especially by xylophone mallets. The pitch of each bar is determined by its length, thickness and the density of the material; the width has no influence on pitch. The longer, thinner and denser the bar the lower the pitch. The shorter, thicker and less dense the bar, the higher the pitch. The bars can be tuned by adding or taking away material. When tuning, the following rule applies: if material is filed off the ends of the bar, the pitch of the fundamental note is raised. If, on the other hand, material is carved out of the center of the bar (either from the top or the bottom), thus making it thinner, the pitch of the fundamental note is lowered. By removing material from different parts of the bar it is even possible to tune single partials. If it is necessary to improve the tuning quickly, the fundamental note can be raised by adding lumps of wax, a practice common in Africa. Modern marimbas are generally tuned to 442 hertz equal temperament. However, marimba makers produce instruments in various tunings, because of the differences in tuning pitch used by orchestras in different parts of the world. Marimbas are equipped with resonator tubes on the underside, the resonators for the lowest notes being rectangular. Each bar has its own resonator. Resonators amplify the partial to which they are tuned by means of resonance: according to tradition this can be the 1st, 2nd or 3rd partial. The resonators of modern orchestra marimbas amplify the 1st partial (= fundamental). The plugs that close off the resonators at a certain depth can be moved, allowing precise tuning of the instrument. Resonators also have a mellowing effect on the timbre. To improve the instrument’s appearance there are often ”false” resonators between the ”black keys”, which are more visible to the audience than the ”white keys”. These extra resonators have no effect on the timbre.

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https://www.vsl.co.at/en/Marimba/Construction

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The locality of Hesperange was first mentioned in 867 / 868 by the name of Hasmaringa marca and was owned by the abbey of Echternach. The gallows in Howald as well as a pillory located near the castle until the late 18th Century were mentioned as early as 1277. The castle walls to the west of the keep extend to 18 metres. It's likely that the counts of Luxembourg gave the fief of Hesperange to the lords of Rodenmacher in the early 13th Century who erected a castle on this strategic site. When the Burgundians conquered the Duchy of Luxembourg in 1443, the lords of Rodenmacher sided with the French. After several battles between Gerard of Rodenmacher against Archduke Maximilian of Austria, husband of Mary of Burgundy, the latter dismantled the castle of Hesperange not just once but twice, first in August 1480 and again in May-June 1482, only to transfer it on 15th November 1492 to his cousin Margrave Christopher of Baden. The Lords of Baden -who led the high life- had to pawn the lordship of Hesperange on 29th December 1632 and could not reclaim it until 1740. On 25th July 1796, French revolutionary troops took possession of the castle and the seigniory of Hesperange. On 25th May 1798 the castle was nationalised by the French government and sold at auction. Subsequently, various parts of the ruins were sold and by 1820 seven houses stood in the grounds. In 1984, the Luxembourg State listed the ruins on its inventory of national protected monuments. They are still owned by private individuals.

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Last night the crescent moon joined a teeny tiny crescent Venus at dusk. Tonight you can watch for them again. While no optical aid is needed to enjoy a lunar crescent, Venus needs a helping hand. If you have binoculars that magnify at least 7x, point them at the planet and you’ll see a miniature replica of tonight’s crescent moon. It’s a sight not to miss. Why? Venus is rapidly approaching the sun from our perspective and will soon pass between Earth and the sun. As the angle it makes to the sun narrows, we see less and less of the planet illuminated by sunlight until little is left but a skinny crescent. It’s a big crescent too because Venus is the closest it’s been to Earth since June 2012. Comet next Saturday Jan.11, the planet undergoes inferior conjunction when it slides between sun and Earth. You won’t see it that day or for a week or two after as the planet will be lost in the sun’s glare. By about the 20th, Venus will “switch side”, rising in the east before sunrise. That’s why now is the time to catch the waning Venusian crescent before it’s too late. While we’re on the topic of sickle-shaped celestial objects, even Earth can look like a crescent moon from the right perspective. The photo was taken by the GOES-13 East weather satellite on New Year’s Day from geostationary orbit from a distance of about 22,200 miles (36,000 km).

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In the central part of the Hotels lake district much of the local stone is not a very suitable building material except for rough work. The volcanic rocks are usually too hard and difficult to dress, so that farm buildings are often a jumble of pieces of different shapes and sizes. Originally no mortar was used and considerable skill had to be exercised to piece together the variable shapes. Both the outer and inner faces were built of larger stones, with smaller fragments forming a rubble infill. The greenstone of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series was favored for this type of wall and many of the buildings in places like Coniston and Ambleside made considerable use of it. Even some of the modern bungalows follow this traditional building technique where they have to conform to the planning requirements within the National Park. Many of the older buildings, in both the towns and rural areas, have suffered from a roughcast finish in concrete over the original stone, presumably to keep out the rain. The practice became widespread in the nineteenth century and now it is only in the more isolated corners of the Lake District, as in Long Sleddale, that many of the original farm build¬ings have remained unaltered. Great, roughly shaped blocks of greenstone form the cornices or lintels over the doors, with the rest of the wall a jumble of rocks carefully fitted together. Another favoured building stone, especially in the south around Windermere, is the flagstone from the local Silurian beds. Although hard, it splits relatively easily and has been much used in the past. Its grey or brown hue gives the whole building a rather somber appearance, especially under dull rain-laden skies. Where igneous rocks like granite are available for building, the picture changes considerably. The Eskdale granite, with its even-sized crystals, is especially pleasing and was extensively used in the past. The same is true of the Threlkeld granite, a bluishgrey rock with pink patches, which was formerly in demand in the Keswick district. The Roman Catholic Church in Keswick completed a few years ago was built of this stone but it seems likely to be the last, as the quarries at Threlkeld have now gone over entirely to making road metal. Perhaps surprisingly the Shap granite, in spite of its great demand for heavy construc¬tional work, makes little impact on the Lakeland landscape as a building material. Hardly a building in Shap itself uses the hard rock, preference being given to the more easily shaped limestone found only a few miles away. The limestone in fact is a very favoured building material in many parts of the outer Lake District. The whole character of a town like Kendal stems from the use of the local light grey rock quarried only a short distance away on the hillside. The fact that the limestone can be easily shaped and arranged in courses often with an ashlar facing gives a cleancut appearance to the building whether it be in the town Centre or in the old mills by the side of the River Kent. On a smaller scale, limestone has been used in the planned villages of the Lowther estate as at Newtown and Lowther itself . Nearby Askham, with its individual cottages and farms set well back from the road with a broad greens¬ward in front, is equally pleasing. Where iron staining has affected the limestone or calciferous sandstone beds, a delicately coloured grey rock results. This was formerly quarried near Dacre and used in the Georgian front of the house at Dalemain by the banks of the River Eamont. In its beauty the rock is rivalled only by light purple varieties of the Penrith Sandstone, once extensively quarried in the Eden Valley a few miles away to the east.

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Tornadoes, Fires, Floods: Are You Ready For A Disaster? By Mary Kuhlman, Indiana News Service Experts say advance preparation can help people better respond to and recover from the impacts of a disaster or other emergency. Preparedness Month is a good time to make or update those plans. Photo credit: Jane M. Sawyer/morguefile. (Indianapolis, Ind.) – Tornadoes, fires, floods and other disasters can strike at almost any time, and during Preparedness Month, state leaders are reminding residents about the importance of being ready for an emergency. Households should gather supplies they would need in the event they find themselves without power, heat or clean running water, said John Erickson, senior public information officer for the Indiana Department of Homeland Security. It’s also wise, he said, to have a family plan of action that includes how to contact one another. “Whether that’s text-messaging, whether you are going to designate an out-of-state contact – because sometimes, long distance calls are easier to make, because local lines can be congested with 911 calls and other urgent phone calls,” he said. Important items for an emergency kit,” Erickson said, include one gallon of drinking water per person per day, nonperishable foods that can last up to three days, flashlights, blankets and first-aid supplies. Erickson sais schools, businesses and community organizations also are encouraged to have contingency plans, so everyone is aware of what to do and where to go in order to stay safe. “They’re very important to help with situations where bad things happen,” he said, “and they’re going to help you react to those situations in the best way possible.” When talking to children about disasters, Erickson said focusing on safety can help them to feel better about the situation. “If they know how to get out of the house if there’s a fire, if they know where you’re going to meet, those things help them feel like they are helping the household, they are helping themselves,” he said. “They know what to do in those situations, and it gives them more confidence.” Preparing ahead of time, Erickson said, can help people better respond to, recover from and lessen the physical, emotional and financial impacts of a disaster or other emergency.

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Geothermal Energy as a Clean Source That Reduces DependenceDownload Audio Version Geothermal energy is in the form of heat that is found and used in different locations, from Iceland and Italy to Japan and Kenya. It is used to heat office buildings and residential units. Geothermal energy is produced by pumping systems, large power stations, and other types of technologies. This is an affordable and clean solution that allows states to reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels. Sources and Facilities Energy is captured through ground source pumps, hydrothermal convection systems, and other technologies. Geothermal springs are also exploited to generate heat and hot water. In Iceland and other countries, hot water is used to clean ice from the roads, process fish meat, heat houses, spa centers, and fish farms, and for oil extraction. Heat pumps are also used as a way of providing cooling and heating for residential units. Pipes are installed to transport antifreeze and air to buildings. This is a cost-effective and clean solution for areas with continental climates and countries with temperature extremes. The investment is worth making because the payback period is between 5 and 12 years. Consumers who use tax credits benefit from using heat pumps even more. Geothermal springs are also exploited to provide energy for power plants. Cool water is injected into the crust and is heated. Then steam and hot water rise to the surface. There are simple technologies to generate heat, and the design incorporates a condenser and a turbine. More complex designs also include a heat exchanger. Energy is generated through different systems, including binary cycles and flash and dry steams. Dry steam is a technology that pushes steam toward the surfaces and drives the turbines. This is the oldest technology in use. Benefits for Households and Communities While the type of system depends on the resource, geothermal energy has many benefits and applications. Energy is used for district and residential heating, resorts, agriculture, industrial applications, aquaculture, and more. It is used in gas and oil wells as well. This is a source of reliable electricity that generates minimal greenhouse gas emissions. New and conventional technologies create development and employment opportunities in many local communities and rural areas. Production facilities are often located in areas that have sizeable ethnic minority groups and suffer from high levels of unemployment. Poverty-stricken communities benefit the most from geothermal energy projects. Moreover, money, jobs, and technologies are not moved overseas. The energy is used for a variety of space heating, industrial, commercial, and agricultural applications. Another benefit is that geothermal power diversifies the mix of resources that are used to generate heat. Unlike fossil fuels, countries benefit from stable electricity prices. Renewable resources offer benefits in the form of incentives, royalties, and taxes. Power plants are among the biggest tax payers in many states. Many companies also build production facilities on private properties and state and federal lands for which they pay royalties. When it comes to economic benefits, this is a low-cost, environmentally-friendly form of energy. It has been used for millennia for water heating and cooking. Fuels and other non-renewable sources are associated with destruction of wildlife, extinction of rare species, emission of toxic compounds, land use and degradation, and health hazards. Benefits for the Environment The major benefit is that production facilities take less land resources than other extraction and power generation facilities. Developers use local resources, and transportation is not required. Moreover, heat is produced without burning oil, gas, coal, or other non-renewable resources. Binary plants release no harmful gases into the environment. Another advantage is that this form of energy is available regardless of the season and weather conditions. This cannot be said for wind and solar energy. Concerns and Environmental Issues One problem is that hydrogen sulfide is emitted during production. Long-term exposure is associated with loss of sleep, nausea, respiratory problems, and other health problems. Other side effects include dizziness, poor concentration, moodiness, and loss of appetite. Production facilities also release carbon dioxide which contributes to glacial melting, increased flood risk, and global warming. At the same time, geothermal emissions are negligible compared to coal emissions. Other potential problems are increased seismicity and subsidence. Subsidence refers to the gradual sinking of land due to underground mining, crustal deformation and reduced geothermal reservoir pressure. The negative effects associated with subsistence include destruction of farm land, vegetation, and structures. This leads to pot holes, disruption of water flows, drainage problems, slope changes, and more. The good news is that there are technologies that mitigate risks. Injection technology is one example. Increased seismicity is another problem associated with geothermal technologies. Low-magnitude earth quakes have occurred as a result of site exploitation. Again, the solution is to monitor activities, and developers take steps in this direction. The New Carbon Plan, Renewable Energy Certificates, Carbon Tax, and Other Ways to Reduce Emissions The new carbon plan of the U.S. administration aims to restrict emissions by 30 percent to improve air quality. The use of renewable sources of energy is encouraged to slow global warming and climate change. To this end, carbon targets have been adopted by legislators in some states, and these are... Tidal Power as a Source of Inexhaustible, Clean Energy Tidal power is the energy of tides that is used to generate electricity. There are innovative technologies to generate power from salinity gradients, ocean winds and currents, ocean thermal energy, and wave and tidal power. TidesA tide is formed by the fall and rise of sea levels and as a result of... Hydro Power as a Socially Responsible Way to Generate Electricity Hydro power is used to generate electricity and is derived from different sources such as running and falling water. There are power stations with a large production capacity, and the biggest ones are located in Paraguay and China. Types of Plants and DesignsThere are three types of facilities –... Solar Power Creates Jobs and Sustainable Communities Solar power is used to produce electricity through a variety of innovative and conventional technologies such as photovoltaics, cells, heating devices, and others. Solar towers and systems and also used. Energy for Households and Residential UnitsThere are different ways to maximize energy...

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A patient presented with long-standing symptoms of neuropathic pain in the upper jaw. There were no signs of infection, and the patient had been told by several dentists and physicians that there was no evidence of any pathology. Investigations eventually revealed the source of the problem as failure of root canal treatment. Diagnosis of neuropathic pain (and other orofacial neurogenic disorders) is often a process of exclusion, and this case underscores the need for clinicians to eliminate all possible causes before reaching that conclusion. Dentists see people in pain every day. Fortunately, in most cases the cause of the pain is relatively easy to diagnose, with periodontal disease, pulpitis (reversible or irreversible), infection and myalgia being the most common causes.1 Cracked tooth syndrome, vertical root fractures, myofascial pain and temporomandibular joint disorders may present with greater complexity, but can, with patience, be accurately diagnosed.2-4 However, atypical odontalgia, trigeminal neuralgia and neuropathic pain often present difficult diagnostic challenges.5 Accurately determining the source of a patient’s pain and selecting the most appropriate management technique should always be the goal. A 30-year-old woman presented with pain in the upper right jaw. She reported that she had been experiencing constant, throbbing pain for over 5 years. She noted that it began after she underwent root canal therapy on tooth 16 and that since then, she had never been completely pain-free. In the years between the initial treatment and the current presentation, she had seen 2 general dentists, both of whom reported no sign of infection or failure of root canal therapy, and 2 endodontists, who similarly advised that no endodontic treatment was necessary. She had also had a consultation with an ear, nose and throat surgeon, who confirmed no identifiable pathology. In Russia, her country of origin, she saw another physician, who took a brain scan to eliminate any pathology of the central nervous system. The patient did not know whether the mode of imaging had been computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging,6 but she reported that it too had yielded negative results. The patient reported that she had recently completed 3 courses of an antibiotic (amoxicillin), which had provided no relief. In response to questioning, she reported that she had tried nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketorolac), acetaminophen and acetaminophen with codeine, but nothing relieved the pain. She was frustrated and desperate for help. The patient’s medical history was noncontributory. Radiographic examination showed acceptable root canal therapy of tooth 16, but no treated fourth canal on the mesiobuccal (MB) root could be visualized (Fig. 1). There was no sign of apical pathology on any teeth in the first quadrant. Palpation of the soft tissues showed profound mechanical allodynia: all of the buccal tissues were extremely tender to the lightest touch; all of the teeth from the canine to the second molar were equally sensitive to percussion; and teeth 13, 14, 15 and 17 were equally sensitive to cold, although none produced a lingering ache. All probing depths were within normal limits (as far as could be discerned, given that all tissues were exquisitely tender to any touch), and no swelling or sinus tract was visible. The tooth had been restored with a direct composite, but no cracks on the clinical crown could be seen on microscopic examination. Discussion of the potential diagnosis and required treatment included the possibility of neuropathic pain, such as atypical odontalgia. The patient asked that the tooth be extracted, as she could not take the pain any longer. It was explained that extraction might not resolve the pain and could actually worsen it. It was also explained that there was no overt reason to perform root canal retreatment; however, the clinician suggested that retreatment be started, with the idea of looking for vertical cracks after the old root filling material had been removed. The clinician was not optimistic about the chance of success with retreatment, but the diagnosis of neuropathic pain could be reached only by excluding all other potential pathologies, including failure of the previous root canal therapy. Tooth 16 was anesthetized with articaine 4% with 1:200,000 epinephrine and lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine as a buccal infiltration. The tooth was isolated with a rubber dam, and the existing composite restoration was removed to ensure full exposure of the visual field and access to the pulp chamber. Three treated canals were observed, but the root fill (gutta-percha) had a “dirty” or “sludgy” appearance, consistent with infection. After removal of the gutta-percha, all canals were cleaned and shaped using a combination of hand and rotary files. An untreated mesiobuccal 2 (MB2) canal was located and was also negotiated to length. All canals were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and the smear layer was removed after instrumentation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The canals were then dried, and final microscopic inspection under high magnification revealed no cracks whatsoever. Calcium hydroxide was injected to length in all canals, and restoration was accomplished with a cotton pellet and temporary endodontic restorative material. Although no purulent or serous drainage was observed, there was a distinct odour that is typically present when teeth with failing root canal therapy are instrumented. The patient was given clindamycin 300 mg 1 tablet t.i.d. for 7 days and dexamethasone 2 mg 1 tablet t.i.d. for 3 days. As is typical with clindamycin therapy, the patient was advised to take a probiotic (e.g., yogurt and Lactobacillus acidophilus) in conjunction with the antibiotic, and to discontinue the drug therapy immediately if any significant adverse effects developed, such as diarrhea or a rash. At the scheduled follow-up appointment, 4 weeks later, the patient reported that she had experienced immediate relief from her pain. Before administration of anesthetic, the patient’s teeth and tissues were examined, but no tenderness to palpation or percussion was found in the first quadrant . The root canal retreatment was completed without complication (Fig. 2). Diagnosis of neuropathic pain is a process of exclusion. It involves methodically ruling out localized pathology in the form of odontogenic infection, periodontal disease, cracked teeth, caries or failed root canal therapy. This case underscores the responsibility of the attending clinician to be as thorough as possible when evaluating a patient who is experiencing pain. The patient may present with a variety of symptoms, rather than classical signs, and a comprehensive approach may be required to parse out the underlying etiology.7 In the case presented here, all of the dentists and physicians who examined the patient, including the current author, were certain that there was a neurogenic basis for her pain; nonetheless, it seemed worthwhile to investigate whether the tooth was cracked or the root canal therapy was failing. Retreatment was undertaken primarily because of the patient’s insistence and was ultimately successful. After years of frustration, this patient became her own greatest advocate. This case emphasizes the importance of the initial interview with any patient. - Kim JK, Baker LA, Seirawan H, Crimmins EM. Prevalence of oral health problems in U.S. adults, NHANES 1999-2004: exploring differences by age, education, and race/ethnicity. Spec Care Dentist. 2012;32(6):234-41. - Manolopoulos L, Vlastarakos PV, Georgiou L, Giotakis I, Loizos A, Nikolopoulos TP. Myofascial pain syndromes in the maxillofacial area: a common but underdiagnosed cause of head and neck pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(11):975-84. - Mathew S, Thangavel B, Mathew CA, Kailasam S, Kumaravadivel K, Das A. Diagnosis of cracked tooth syndrome. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4(Suppl 2):S242-4. - Gonçalves DA, Camparis CM, Franco AL, Fernandes G, Speciali JG, Bigal ME. How to investigate and treat: migraine in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(4):359-64. - Clark GT. Persistent orodental pain, atypical odontalgia, and phantom tooth pain: when are they neuropathic disorders? J Calif Dent Assoc. 2006;34(8):599-609. - Ibrahim S. Trigeminal neuralgia: diagnostic criteria, clinical aspects and treatment outcomes. A retrospective study. Gerodontology. Gerodontology. 2012 Oct 3. doi: 10.1111/ger.12011. [Epub ahead of print] - Oshima K, Ishii T, Ogura Y, Aoyama Y, Katsuumi I. Clinical investigation of patients who develop neuropathic tooth pain after endodontic procedures. J Endod. 2009;35(7):958-61.

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Prepend Text to a File at the Command Line You can easily prepend text to a file from the command line by using the following command syntax: cat file.txt | pbcopy && echo "Text to prepend" > file.txt && pbpaste >> file.txt In this case, the file to have text prepended to is ‘file.txt’, replace that with your own document. You may wish to use a backup of the file as you test this out until you understand how it works. The above command uses cat to dump the file, pbcopy to copy that, then an echo’ed block of text to paste into the file, making hefty use of the pbcopy and pbpaste commands – you may recognize them as the command line front to the Mac OS X clipboard. You can also prepend any text to the beginning of another text file by using the echo command in conjunction with temporary files: echo "Text to prepend" | cat - file.txt > /tmp/tempfile && mv /tmp/tempfile file.txt In case this is greek to you, prepending text basically means you are adding additional text to the very beginning of another specified text file. I prefer the pbcopy/pbpaste method but that is limited to Mac OS X, you can use the echo command in Linux and other Unix variants if you wish. This handy tip was sent in by Cedrik, who found it on OneThingWell.org.

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Created by Dale Olive and Randy Scoville Future Flight Hawai`i instructors Demonstration at a glance: Two students hold a test tube between them. A piece of glass tubing containing a bubble of colored water protrudes out of a one-hole stopper stuck into the test tube. When both students hold the test tube in their hands, the level of the liquid rises. Choose a large test tube and find a one-hole stopper that fits it. Carefully insert a 10-12 inch piece of narrow glass tubing into the one hole stopper so that an inch or two protrudes below the bottom. Make a batch of dark food coloring. Insert the end of the tubing, below the stopper, into the liquid and stop the liquid by holding your thumb over the hole in the tubing. Quickly insert the stopper and tubing into the test tube and release your thumb. The liquid should rise or at least stay inside the tubing. Anyone holding the test tube will now make the liquid rise inside the tubing. Whenever you heat up air in the test tube, with your hands or otherwise, the speed of the molecules inside increases. Because the tube is stoppered, the molecules have nowhere to go except up the tubing. As they pound against the bottom of the liquid in the tubing they push it up higher and higher. What you're really making here is a homemade thermometer that operates on the expansion of air due to heat. Measurements could be taken to study Charles law, which states that temperature and volume are directly proportional. As the temperature goes up, so does the volume of a gas. To demonstrate that gases contract when cooled, I stick the thermometer in cold water to show the liquid retreating down the glass tubing. Communications: Hawaii Space Grant Office This activity is featured in Future Flight Hawaii, a K-12 Education Project of Hawaii Space Grant Consortium. FEB 27 2001.

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The role of nutrition and mental health in an increasingly remedial society It is astonishing how many people think a junk food diet is cheaper than a healthy one and therefore, at a time when money is increasingly tight, believe such fare is an acceptable compromise. The physical consequences of habitually consuming processed convenience foods […] A cross-sectional study examined the eating habits of 80,000 people in Britain finding happiness and mental health are highest among those eating 7 portions of fruit and vegetables/day. Only a tenth of the population achieve this, whilst a quarter eat just one or no portions/day. Nutritional Science One Bite at a Time Part of the ’49 Ways to Well-being Series With the advent of modern processed foods, we have long forgotten the extent to which our diet can influence our health. We have become oblivious to the significance of our food and beverage choices and the impact on our mood […] Martina Watts, who both organised and spoke at this conference in December, reports: Last year, the food campaigner Sustain and the Mental Health Foundation reported how dietary changes may be one of the driving forces behind the rising tide of mental health problems. (see Foods Matter, Feb 2006). Depression has increased twenty-fold since 1945 and, […] A recipe for madness? The standard advice to “just eat a healthy balanced diet” is at least half a century out of date. What exactly is it that we are supposed to balance? Should we mix’n’match different pesticide residues in our food or change our preferred brand of flavoured crisps? The processed convenience food we […] How the Food in our Fridge can affect our minds. Article first published in ‘Mental Health Today’ journal, September 2008. Whenever I listen to debates about the benefits of drug and behavioural therapies in treating mental health problems, I am astonished that nobody mentions the most obvious therapy of them all. ‘Diet!’ I yell at […] The role of nutrition is fundamental to human health and well-being. It is, however, often overlooked when treating people with mental health problems.This handbook explains the science behind nutrition and its effects on mental health, in a clear, accessible way. It helps readers to think about the complex and dynamic relationship between mental health, diet […]

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About 20 years ago horticulturist and author Thomas Ogren became interested in allergy-free gardening because his wife suffered from allergies and asthma. He began research and went back to college to get his MS degree, focusing on plant/allergy connections. He discovered that many 'dioecious male' trees triggered severe allergies. Ogren lives in San Luis Obispo, CA. His books have been reviewed in dozens of publications, been the focus of a CBS Evening News special, and the Discovery Channel in Canada filmed a documentary about his research results. Pollen is the main culprit in allergies (although molds are also important). In 1972 a pollen scientist named Raynor demonstrated the importance of locality in allergy. A simplification of his findings boils down to: a male pepper tree in bloom in your yard will expose you to ten times as much allergenic pollen as a similar pepper tree in a neighbor's yard down the street. As gardeners, we can control what we plant and dramatically limit allergens in our own yards: the fewer allergenic plants in the garden, the less chance of exposure. Ogren realized that the allergy problem was increasing because male trees, which do not produce fruits, seeds, messy flowers or old seedpods, were being planted by the millions in California cities and landscapes. Perhaps we should digress and briefly discuss the sex of plants, since most people don't realize that some are male, some are female, and many are bisexual. Perfect flowered. Many flowers, such as apple blossoms or roses, have both male and female parts all inside the same flowers. These flowers may also be called bisexual or complete. The pollen in a perfect flowered plant doesn't have far to travel, and often, but not always, these plants cause few pollen allergies. Monoecious flowered. In Latin monoecious means "one house". In this system there are separate male and female flowers; however, they are both on the same plant. Corn is a good example of a monoecious plant. The tassels are male flowers and the silks in the undeveloped ears are female flowers. The pollen from the tassels drifts down to fertilize the silks and when one silk is pollinated a kernel of corn develops. Oak and cypress are two examples of monoecious flowered trees. They are pollinated by the wind and each is capable of causing allergy. Dioecious flowered. In this system, plants have flowers that are all male or all female, and the plants themselves are either all male or all female. In most cases, the pollen from male plants is carried to the female plants by wind. Dioecious plants include ash, willows, poplars, hollies, pepper trees, some maples, mulberry, all ginkgos, many palms, and others. Pollen from dioecious males is typically quite abundant and causes a great deal of allergy. Ogren's discovery. The relationship of plant sex to allergic reactions bears repeating. Ogren discovered that many 'dioecious male' trees triggered severe allergies. Male trees shed a lot of pollen. All the flowering plants, except 'dioecious females', have pollen. Through his intense research Ogren found several trees to be pollen-free or close to it. He rated more than a thousand species of plants on a scale of 1-10 with 10 being severely allergenic. A few examples of trees with a rating of 1-3 are firs, cedars, and strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), as well as the fruit trees like apricots, avocados, peaches, plums, nectarines, persimmon, pineapple guava, but also almonds and flowering red leaf plums, bronze loquat, and flowering pears. Also the female trees of ash, Chinese fringe tree, Chinese pistache, junipers, some named maples, palms, podocarpus, poplars, sour gum or tupelo, and willows. Some of the worst trees are acacia, alder, beech, birch, buckeye, CA pepper, camphor, catalpa, Chinese evergreen elm, cypress, liquidambar, mimosa, oak, olive, pecan, sycamore, walnut, and zelkova. Ogren's Best Plants. In general, the best plants for an allergy-free garden are those that produce large, very showy, lightly scented flowers, in which the male flower parts are either few in number or deeply recessed within the blossom (these are usually pollinated by insects and rarely cause pollen problems). Then there are the separate-sexed species, the 'dioecious females' that do not produce pollen. They are often commercially named or are easy to distinguish from the male tree (because they contain fruit clusters). Be aware that there are drawbacks to female trees. When pollinated they produce fruits/seed capsules that can be troublesome. Research your species before you plant as some trees are considered messy, while the fruit of another species are not a bother at all. Reference: Allergy-Free Gardening by Thomas Leo Ogren, 2000. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA

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This is a conventional system which sends a message to the mobile of the user, every time his account transaction is happened, through a GSM modem. The GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. This project is designed in such a way that the microcontroller is interfaced to the GSM modem through a serial line driver IC MAX232 along with an LCD. When ever the use does any transaction with his ATM card or account, the concerned description is sent as an SMS to the user mobile, thus the transaction is called as a smart transaction system. The LCD displays the status of the system. Here we use 8051 as a microcontroller with 5v DC Power supply. Serial (UART) protocol is primary concern here. The main heart of this project is GSM/GPRS modem and it work on GPRS AT commands.

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Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and Education - New Section on BGCI Website BGCI is pleased to announce a new section on the education section of the website. The pages at provide information about the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and details of how educators in botanic garden can get involved. It showcases examples of how educators in the UK are already providing valuable contributions to the GSPC in their education programmes and events. The aim of this new section is to encourage educators, from any environmental education organisation, to see their work as being directly relevant and important to realising the targets and of course the ultimate goal of the GSPC - to halt the current and continuing loss of plant diversity. Education - raising awareness of the need for plants and plant conservation, is a cross cutting aspect of the GSPC and vital to help achieve all 16 of the targets of the GSPC. As well as demonstrating the relevance of the GSPC to educators and education to the GSPC this new area provides ways in which educators can become involved - through voicing their opinions in a consultation on Target 14 "The importance of plant diversity and the need for its conservation incorporated into communication, educational and public-awareness programmes". These consultations will help decide on milestones and outcomes proving the achievements of educators in reaching the target. BGCI is also looking for educators to fill in a survey, examining their own education programmes, which targets are already being addressed in their garden and where there are gaps that need to be filled. Finally, there is information on who else is involved with the GSPC, where it all came from and what it means to botanic gardens and plant conservation. Have a look for yourself, check out Any comments or queries, contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Twenty fish – 10 mommies and 10 daddies. That's all it could take to establish a population of the invasive and ecologically destructive bigheaded or Asian carp in the Great Lakes, according to a new report out from the Canadian government. And depending on the activity of the females, even fewer than 10 males may be needed to start a population boom in the Great Lakes that would likely be impossible to stop. The problem with these bigheaded carp is that they are voracious eaters of plankton – the broad base of aquatic food chain – and have no natural predators. They can grow to more than 4 feet and 100 pounds. One particular species has become famous in videos for its tendency to jump high out of the water when near the sound of boat motors. They've already established themselves in the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, in some places accounting for 97 percent of the fish population. If they were to enter and set up shop in the Great Lakes, the region's $7 billion commercial and sport fishing industry could be in serious trouble. The report notes that this small population would have a greater than 50 percent chance of successfully spawning if they were to find a viable river access point to the lakes. Lake Michigan is the most likely target, and the Chicago Area Waterway System of rivers, sanitary canals and locks would be the most likely entry point. Already, the environmental DNA of carp has been detected as close as six miles from Lake Michigan. Some worry that the carp's entrance into the Great Lakes is inevitable. But officials aren't just standing by while these 4-footers swim their way toward the world's largest source of freshwater. Various efforts have been made to stop the carp from getting into the lake system. Officials have set up a series of "electric gates" along the Chicago Area Water System that send a low-level electrical current into the water, which causes the fish to turn around. This post from NRDC's Switchboard blog argues that the U.S. government isn't doing enough to make the infrastructural fixes needed to prevent carp from winding up in the Great Lakes. If they do finagle their way in, it won't be long before they take over the ecosystem. Within 10 years, carp would likely spread from Lake Michigan to Lake Huron and Lake Erie – an impressive impact from just 10 pairs of fish, but also a little scary. Top image: Crews search for invasive carp species near Chicago. Credit: USACEpublicaffairs/Flickr

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– By Mr.Sonu Agrawal, MD, Weather Risk Management Services Pvt. Ltd Though road accident incidences are quite prevalent in India, its alarming statistics clearly show that lessons have not yet been learnt and there is hardly any awareness of what exactly is at stake. 2015 witnessed over five lakh road accidents in India: one death every four minutes and sacrifice of 16 children daily. About 1,374 accidents and 400 deaths take place every day on Indian roads which further translates into 57 accidents and loss of 17 lives on an average every hour. Around 1,46,133 people lost their lives to road accidents in 2015, exceeding the number of deaths caused by all the wars India had fought till date. The economic loss to the nation due to road crashes have gone up to 3.8 lakh crore, estimated by the Planning Commission in its 2014 Report to be around 3% of India’s GDP. In 77.1% of the 2015 cases, the fault lay with the drivers, be it exceeding lawful speed (which accounts for a share as high as 47.9%) or be it drunk driving (which accounts for a share as low as 3.3%). The other reasons are: distracted driving (using mobiles, eating, having arguments and loud chats while driving), not using the essential safety gears (helmets and seat belts) as well as external factors such as weather conditions affecting the visibility (rain / mist / dust storm), overloaded and defective vehicles, deplorable road conditions and position of the speed breakers. Hit and run, over-speeding and head-on collision cases constitute the majority of the road accidents. But now Vehicle Telematics with its effective integration of telecommunications and informatics for numerous automobile applications has brought the thought of intelligent and better control over vehicles on the move into a reality. Concerted efforts in this field and measures developed over the decades have paved ways to new standards for safe user interfaces, introduced radars in automobiles for avoiding collisions and included high-tech communication systems to ensure enhanced driver and vehicle safety as well as improved traffic management. It uses a robust framework of vehicle systems including GPS navigation, emergency warning, driving assistance, wireless safety communication, fault detection and fleet tracking. Telematics improves driving performance by tracking and reporting vehicle location and status, speed, direction and distance travelled; harsh brakes and improper acceleration; car vibration; idle time; weather conditions, etc. The driver can receive all this information through a basic pre-registered SIM card. It provides wide-angle cameras and emergency call services as well as helps in parking management, automatic toll transactions to facilitate driving to the greatest possible extent. A number of useful applications are available to detect vehicle fatigue and ensure their timely maintenance; these apps will send warning signals to driver’s smartphone when a vehicle’s tyre pressure or fuel level needs checking. In a more streamlined vehicle maintenance strategy, Telematics offers targeted repair and replacement schedules based on individual vehicle data, enabling prior notification every time a vehicle part is in need of replacement, thus eliminating vehicle downtime to the maximum. With Vehicle Telematics, a single highway/ expressway management system may not be a distant future. There are applications to send a driver’s trip plans to the vehicle’s Global Positioning Navigation system and offer solutions to traffic congestion. Telematics does not only prevent vehicle accidents, it aids in accident and theft investigation as well. It analyzes driving behaviors and helps you maintain user-specific driving reports over a period, helping you recognize rash driving incidences (for instance, sharp acceleration or braking, speeding and sharp cornering) far more easily. In turn, it simplifies the seemingly complex process of identifying the training needs of each driving professional and addressing their pain points individually. After all, what gets measured gets managed. The scorecards, rankings, benchmarks and specific guidelines together establish drivers’ accountability and commitment towards safe and cost-effective driving and make them more competitive with regards to driving performance, leading to fewer accident claims. At the same time, the review system can evaluate their progress over a longer period of time and thus provides key insights about designing an effective training curriculum based on the most frequent and commonest driving problems they face. Such a system can also extend parental monitoring to ensure road safety for their teenage children. The success of the pilot project by LeasePlan, Italy, is just a case in point. The study revealed, compared to 2013, the accident claim frequency of a fleet of 16,000 vehicles (12,800 LCV 3,200 cars) equipped with telematics devices decreased by almost one third in 2015. The recovery rate of stolen vehicles also increased substantially, from 14% to 86%. Second-by-second driver analysis information has helped the insurance firms set premiums based on the accurate level of risk presented by individual drivers. Telematics coupled with an insurance policy that rewards drivers for safe driving is a powerful incentive for people to improve their driving behaviors. The new age technology can track seat belt usage and even drivers’ alertness by constantly monitoring their eye movements and notifying has there been an instance of drowsiness. Telematics eliminated unsafe and unnecessary distractions of technology and put in place an on – board entertainment system that is easy to use and requires less attention from drivers. It also regulates emission, reduces carbon footprints and contributes to the cause of a greener environment. Nimbu Mirchee, the fleet management vertical of Weather Risk Management Services Private Limited (WRMS) is one of the Indian pacesetters to leverage Vehicle Telematics. Their tagline ‘Aap ki gaadi ko nazar na lage’ rightly addresses the vehicle safety concerns of the car owners. Sonu Agrawal, the MD, WRMS, shares his vision: ‘I am a proud Indian; our nation is moving really fast and driving growth in several industries. As we are increasingly demanding speed and accuracy, WRMS will stay committed to the idea of ensuring every Indian greater safety on road as well as better protection and improved cost management for their vehicles. It’s time to get our act together and wage a war against road accidents.’ The benefits of Vehicle Telematics solutions are so immense that some automobile companies have even started using this technology for passenger cars. With new developments happening every day and every hour, VTS promises to understand and recognize risk on road as never before, taking into account each of the interacting influencing factors related to driving behavior, vehicle status and environmental conditions it operates in. It has also improved the understanding of the role played by the other factors in guaranteeing road safety such as locations (some of them are more accident prone compared to the rest), traffic and signal / junction interactions, speed controls and road designs. By 2025, it is being expected that telematics integration in new cars sold globally would reach 88%.

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Information on different US colleges, universities, and post-secondary trade schools. School information includes admission requirements, degrees & majors, contact info, test scores, student diversity, religious affiliations, athletics, tuition expenses, etc. Marriage therapists are psychological counselors who specialize in working with couples as a unit. The job of the marriage therapist is to evaluate and understand the dynamics between the two people, and then to plan and carry out a treatment intervention. Marriage therapists specialize in helping couples understand personal and cultural differences, communicate more effectively, resolve conflict more productively, and express emotions appropriately. They meet with the couple over a series of sessions with the goal of creating a healthier union. When it is inevitable that the couple wants to split up, the marriage therapist helps them to get the resources they need to take care of the situation and each of the partners in the best way possible. Marriage therapists must have an acute understanding of psychological theory as it pertains to development and to issues affecting individuals and couples. They must be able to sit with a couple and be impartial, helping the two people understand themselves and resolve their differences without getting personally attached to either party's point of view. Marriage therapists work best when they are insightful, perceptive, compassionate, just, and honest. They should be able to work independently but also be willing to collaborate with peers when necessary. The best marriage therapists understand themselves thoroughly as well and can recognize when their personal reactions are getting in the way of treatment. They must also be highly ethical and have an understanding of the kinds of troubles that couples face. Marriage therapists sometimes need to troubleshoot in very difficult or even dangerous situations, such as those involving abuse. Finally, marriage therapists keep good records of their sessions with clients. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for marriage therapists in 2008 was $44, 590 with the top earners making over $70,000. Training and Education Like other counselors, marriage therapists need at least a master's degree in a related field such as a social work (MSW). Marriage therapists not only take courses in many relevant areas such as ethics, psychological theory, and human development but their training typically includes supervised experience as an intern. Marriage therapists receive ongoing continuing education (and often supervision) as well. Almost all states require therapists to be licensed, although the requirements vary from state to state. The license in family and marital therapy (MFT) is highly recommended. Requirements for licensure typically include a master's degree, two years of supervised clinical experience, an exam, and ongoing education or conferences to stay current in your field. Marriage therapists can be employed at mental health clinics, hospitals, and group practices. A growing number of therapists have their own practices. The outlook for marriage therapists is favorable as counseling becomes more accepted in our society. Also, the continuing high rate of divorce makes some couples eager to seek treatment to avoid this option. With so much complexity and pressure in today's culture, marriage therapists help couples to cement their bond and function more effectively together. - M.S. in Christian Counseling of Substance Abuse and Addictive Disorders - M.S. in Professional Counseling with an Emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy - Bachelor of Science in Psychology - Consumer Behavior - Bachelor of Science in Psychology - Organizational Behavior

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Malaise is a non-specific term, meaning a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness. Malaise by itself is not diagnostic of any disorder. The early stage of an illness often has malaise as its only symptom: after a few hours, or even a few days, other more specific symptoms appear, which then allow the doctor to make a diagnosis. Malaise is hardly ever an emergency. In some acute illnesses, the condition can progress very quickly, so that the phase of malaise is short-lived. The specific symptoms then, are those needing the urgent attention, not the malaise which preceded them. As already stressed, many conditions have malaise in their early phase. Examples of important ones are: - Infectious endocarditis - Myocardial ischaemia - Rhythm disturbances - Heart failure - Virus infections like ‘flu and glandular fever - Bronchitis and pneumonia - Parasitic infestations - Thyroid disease - Liver and pancreas disorders, gall-stones - Liver and kidney failure - Severe anaemia - Auto-immune diseases - Secondary deposits, for instance in the brain Side effects of medications - Some psychiatric medications There is no treatment for malaise until the condition causing it has been diagnosed. Diagnosis begins with clearly identifying any other possible symptoms, and is followed by a thorough examination, looking for any clues which may point to an underlying cause. Only then can any blood tests or imaging be considered. If general malaise persists with no clear symptoms emerging, it is reasonable to do a few basic screening tests such as: - Full blood count and electrolytes, - CRP, PCT, - Kidney and liver functions, and - Chest X-ray. The results of these may point to other tests being necessary, for instance thyroid functions, or auto-antibody tests. (Dr AG Hall)

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NASA launches super-size Mars rover to red planet 26 11 2011 CANAVERAL, Fla. — An unmanned Atlas 5 rocket carrying a $2.5bn NASA Mars probe has lifted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The Mars Science Laboratory, a nuclear-powered rover as big as a compact car and nicknamed Curiosity, is scheduled to touch down on the 'Red Planet' on August 6, 2012, and will search for signs of whether it is or ever was suitable for life. It is powered by a nuclear-driven electrical system and is equipped with 10 of the most intricate scientific instruments ever sent into space. Curiosity, has 17 cameras and 10 science instruments, including chemistry labs, to identify elements in soil and rock samples to be dug up by the probe's drill-tipped robotic arm. The base of the crater's mountain has clays, evidence of a prolonged wet environment, said planetary scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology and the mission's lead scientist. Water is considered to be a key element for life, but not the only one. Previous Mars probes, including the rovers Spirit and Opportunity, searched for signs of past surface water. With Curiosity, which is twice as long and three times heavier than its predecessors, NASA shifts its focus to look for other ingredients for life, including possibly organic carbon, the building block for life on Earth. "It's a long shot, but we're going to try," Grotzinger said before launch. Curiosity is powered by heat from the radioactive decay of plutonium. It is designed to last one Martian year, or 687 Earth days

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Scientists confirm water extraction helped trigger deadly 2011 quake in Spain Massive extraction of groundwater helped unleash an earthquake in southeastern Spain last year that killed nine people, injured at least 100 and left thousands homeless, geologists said on Sunday. The finding adds a powerful piece of evidence to theories that some earthquakes are human-induced, they said. Seismologists were surprised by the May 11, 2011 earthquake which happened two kilometres (1.2 miles) northeast of the city of Lorca. The quake struck in the Eastern Betics Shear Zone, one of Spain’s most seismically active regions, where there has been a large number of moderate-to-large temblors over the last 500 years. But the May event was unusual because it was so devastating and yet so mild — only 5.1 magnitude — in terms of energy release. Researchers led by Pablo Gonzalez of the University of Western Ontario in Canada probed the mystery. Reporting in the journal Nature Geoscience, they found that the quake occurred at a very shallow depth, of just three kilometres (1.8 miles), so the shockwave swiftly reached the surface with little to dampen it on the way. The quake also happened on a complex but dormant fault that ripped open after water had been extensively pumped out of a neighbouring aquifer, causing a domino effect of subterranean stresses, they said. Gonzalez’ team first used ground-radar imaging by the European satellite Envisat to build a map of how terrain around Lorca changed before and after the quake. The picture confirmed that the event had occurred on the so-called Alhama de Murcia fault, which slipped between five and 15 centimetres (two and six inches). They then investigated the Alto Guadalentin Basin, an aquifer lying just five kms (three miles) south of the fault, where they found widespread evidence of subterranean subsidence from water extraction. Between 1960 and 2010, the level of groundwater from this aquifer fell by at least 250 metres (812 feet), according to records from local wells. A computer model put together by the team suggests what happens: lowering of the water table caused part of the crust, located next to the Alhama de Murcia fault, to break. This led to an “elastic rebound” of the crust that in turn cranked up horizontal pressure on the fault, bringing it that much closer to rupture. The investigation adds to anecdotal evidence that human activities, ranging from exploration for shale gas, quarrying and even water reservoirs, can cause quakes. “Our results imply that anthopogenic [man-made] activites could influence how and when earthquakes occur,” said the study. In a commentary, Jean-Philippe Avouac, a geologist at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) said water extraction at Lorca probably accelerated a natural process of stress accumulation rather than unleashed the earthquake by itself. Even so, “the consequences are far-reaching,” said Avouac. He pointed to carbon storage, a still-experimental technique in which carbon dioxide from a fossil-fuel power station is pumped into underground caverns rather than released to the atmosphere, where it would add to global warming. “For now, we should remain cautious of human-induced stress perturbations, in particular those related to carbon dioxide sequestration projects that might affect very large volumes of crust,” said Avouac. “We know how to start earthquakes, but we are still far from being able to keep them under control.”

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Imagine if there were only 352,271 people left on earth. Like the elephant’s trumpeting cry, that critical number would signal a clarion call for action. Such a finding is the latest measure of the population of the world’s elephants in Africa, as monitored by Seattle’s Vulcan Technology. The Seattle firm led by founder Paul Allen is developing solutions to track Africa’s pachyderms and protect the population againt attrition. Vulcan built a state-of-the-art system for counting, storing, visualizing, and sharing census data, providing a powerful science-driven way to inform policy and the public about the nature and scope of the elephant poaching crisis. Why count elephants? Having accurate and reliable data about elephant population numbers is essential to form long-term conservation management plans. Vulcan’s aerial survey – the first in 40 years – covered nearly 345,000 square miles over 18 countries. Gathering high-quality data is vital, because it helps identify challenges and zero in on the most effective approaches to attacking them. This directly leads to better approaches in stopping the decimation of elephant populations. • Savanna elephant populations declined by 30 percent(equal to 144,000 elephants) between 2007 and 2014. • The current rate of decline is 8 percent per year, primarily due to poaching. The rate of decline accelerated from 2007 to 2014. • 352,271 elephants were counted in the 18 countries surveyed. This figure represents at least 93 percent of savanna elephants in these countries. • Eighty-four percent of the population surveyed was sighted in legally protected areas while 16 percent were in unprotected areas. However, high numbers of elephant carcasses were discovered in many protected areas, indicating that elephants are struggling both inside and outside parks. A handful of countries are doing a pretty good job of protecting their elephants, and their approaches can serve as models for other nations whose conservation efforts have been failing. Relative success stories include Botswana, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, and the complex of parks spanning the border of Burkina Faso, Niger and Benin. Elsewhere, in countries where poaching is still rampant, such as Tanzania and Mozambique, the survey’s alarming results have spurred officials to strengthen protections for their surviving elephants, and to crack down on the criminal networks that are driving the slaughter. Only time will tell, though, if they can arrest both the poachers and ivory smugglers and reverse the sharp decline of their elephant populations. Still, now that the scope of the problem is well documented, we know where to concentrate more resources and can become more effective in our approaches. The Great Elephant Census is a collaboration between Vulcan and Elephants Without Borders, African Parks, the Frankfurt Zoological Society, theWildlife Conservation Society, the Nature Conservancy, the IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group and Save the Elephants, as well as a long list of conservation officials in the countries we surveyed. Many predicted such a Pan-African census was unlikely to succeed, if not altogether impossible. It required technological innovation, focus and unprecedented collaboration to bring the census to life. [24×7] About the Author (Author Profile) Larry Sivitz is founder, publisher and managing editor of Seattle24x7, the founder of SearchWrite Search Marketing, an SEO, PPC and Social Media Thought Leader, and an SPJ award winner for Seattle magazine.

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en

Domestic violence refers to a situation where two or more people in a close relation cannot peacefully coexist. This, according to Kenney, may be due to certain issues such as disagreements, economic disputes, divergent opinions or general failure of coexistence by member of the social set-up. Domestic violence can be studied from different angles. In the past studies, more emphasis has been laid on its meaning, forms, people that suffer from it its impact and possible ways to control the situation. According to Morgan & Chadwick, there are six major forms of domestic violence. These include physical abuse, psychological abuse, social abuse, economic abuse, spiritual abuse and sexual assault. It can, therefore, be realized that domestic violence not only involves physical harm, but may extent to non-bodily harm. There are no specific people that are bound to suffer from domestic violence. The effects are evident in people of all cultures, ages, sexes and backgrounds. However, the most vulnerable victims to domestic violence are children and women. In most cases, it is the women that fall victims of incidents as domestic fights, sexual assault and psychological abuse. Identification of domestic violence requires critical analysis of the signs that may be revealed in the victims. In most instances, the physical signs are easier to identify. Bodily harm may be a sign of domestic violence. This is in a case where the perpetrators engage the victims in fights or attacks that cause them injuries. Non-physical signs of domestic violence may be seen through the psychological disturbance and depression that the victims are subjected. Mental torture often arises due to a number of factors, domestic violence being a possible factor. The impacts that are created by domestic violence can be health-related, economic or related to social misfit. The most common ones are related to the health status of the victims. As a result of the negative impacts that are created by domestic violence, possible solutions have been made to bring the situation into control. For instance, different nations have set up laws to protect vulnerable groups as far as domestic violence is concerned. More awareness has then been created to mobilize the general public against domestic violence. In conclusion, therefore, domestic violence is a critical issue that needs to be solved from the various perspectives that are discussed in the previous section.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.skagitchildrensmuseum.org/easy-ways-to-compose-a-brilliant-dissertation-abstract.jsp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00114-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The empirical rule indicates that we can expect to find what proportion of the sample included between the following: Answer to relevant QuestionsThe mean lifetime of a certain tire is 30,000 miles and the standard deviation is 2500 miles. a. If we assume the mileages are normally distributed, approximately what percentage of all such tires will last between 22,500 ...According to Chebyshev’s theorem, what proportion of a distribution will be within k _ 4 standard deviations of the mean? Each year, NCAA college football fans like to learn about the up-and-coming freshman class of players. Following are the heights (in inches) of the nation’s top 100 high school football players for 2009. a. Construct a ...Did you know that 17.1% is more than double 15.6%? “Ridiculous!” you say. a. Explain how the graph suggests such a relationship. b. How could this misrepresentation be corrected? c. Redraw this graph to correctly show ...The U.S. Census Bureau posted the following 2007 age distribution for the people of Rhode Island. The 2005–2007 American Community Survey universe is limited to the household population and excludes the population living ... Post your question

<urn:uuid:fc0ef989-0b4d-4fdd-92f8-14327d68a918>

CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.solutioninn.com/the-empirical-rule-indicates-that-we-can-expect-to-find

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00114-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The percentage of non-smokers aged 12 or older who reported being exposed to smoke at home, in a vehicle or in a public place every day or almost every day over the previous year. Results are presented over time, by province/territory and by age group using data from the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. The 2011 Cancer System Performance Report. Every two years. Why measure this? Annually, more than 800 non-smokers die from second-hand smoke exposure.1 After smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke is the next leading cause of lung cancer.2 It also increases the risk of developing laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers.1 Most provinces and territories, as well as many municipalities, have legislation in place banning smoking in vehicles containing children and/or in public places. Monitoring exposure to second-hand smoke enables evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of such legislation. What are the key findings? Self-reported second-hand smoke exposure in Canadian homes and vehicles has been decreasing since 2003. By contrast, although exposure to smoke in public spaces dropped between 2003 and 2009, it has since increased, reaching 13.5% in 2013 (Figure 1.6). The percentage of the non-smoking population aged 12 or older reporting second-hand smoke exposure in public ranged from 6.7% in Yukon to 15.7% in Alberta in 2014 (Figure 1.7). Exposure at home was highest in the Northwest Territories (5.8%) and lowest in British Columbia (2.1%). Exposure in vehicles was also highest in the Northwest Territories (11.7%) and lowest in British Columbia (3.5%) (Figure 1.7). Second-hand smoke exposure was highest among individuals aged 16–19 in all categories (public, vehicle and home exposure) and lowest among individuals 65 or older (Figure 1.8). Definition: The percentage of non-smokers aged 12 or older who reported being exposed to smoke at home, in a vehicle or in a public place every day or almost every day over the previous year Numerator: Number of non-smokers aged 12 years and older who reported someone smoking near them every day or almost every day Denominator: Non-smokers aged 12 years and older Data source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Measurement timeframe: By province – 2014. For overall trends, Canada – 2003 to 2014 (no data for 2004 and 2006) Including both household members and regular visitors, does anyone smoke inside your home, every day or almost every day? In the past month, were you exposed to second-hand smoke every day or almost every day, in a car or other private vehicle? In the past month, were you exposed to second-hand smoke, every day or almost every day, in public places? Stratification variables: Province/territory, age group (12-15, 16-19, 20-34, 35-44, 45-64, 65+), setting (home, vehicle, public) Provinces/territories with data available: All provinces/territories Trend data were extracted from Statistics Canada’s CANSIM Table 105-0501 (Health indicator profile). Before 2009, all rates in this table are calculated including non-response categories (“refusal”, “don’t know”, and “not stated”) in the denominator. CCHS data are based on a representative sample which is then extrapolated to the overall population.

<urn:uuid:f681662e-f751-496f-91e3-9f84e5df921d>

CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.systemperformance.ca/cancer-control-domain/prevention/second-hand-smoke-exposure/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00114-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Repeated conversations among adolescent girls, known as co-rumination, can be unhelpful, particularly if it is about romantic disappointments. Frequently discussing the same problem can intensify into an unhealthy activity for those who use Facebook and other electronic means to obsess about it, according to the researchers. Psychology professor Dr Joanne Davila and her colleague Lisa Starr, at Stony Brook University in New York, interviewed 83 girls aged around 13 - the age when risk of depression starts to increase. They were contacted again a year later to follow them up. On both occasions they were tested for depressive symptoms and asked about romantic experiences considered normal for early teens, such as being asked out on a date and having been kissed. According to the report published in The Journal of Adolescence, it found higher levels of discussing problems with friends "significantly" linked with higher levels of depression while more romantic experience was linked both to excessive talking and more depressive symptoms. Dr Davila said: "Texting, instant messaging and social networking make it very easy for adolescents to become even more anxious, which can lead to depression." She added: "Lots of talking can help if those involved have strong problem-solving skills because it helps them reach a solution and it builds friendships." She said many teenagers have not yet developed effective ways of dealing constructively with their troubles, remarking that parents may need to be aware when they are obsessing about a setback. Although girls spend more time discussing their personal problems, Dr Davila said electronic communications could lead to more co-rumination between teenager boys. "It's most likely they are discussing the game last night or meeting up, but there's a possibility they could start discussing emotional problems more than in the past which would put them at risk," she said.

<urn:uuid:21cde857-a08f-41d2-b111-91b3110a5e97>

CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/4405741/Excessive-chatting-on-Facebook-can-lead-to-depression-in-teenage-girls.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00114-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The start of a new year is a good time to reflect on how much change there has been in Fremont and how the rich history of this area has played a part in the growth of our country and contributed more than its share of special people. This area has gone from a wilderness providing daily challenges and dangers to a place in the modern world with easy access to regions once virtually unreachable and instant communication to areas once virtually out of touch. It’s fair to say that the settlement of the area began in earnest about 200 years ago, about the time of the victories of the Americans at Fort Stephenson and on Lake Erie. Of course, Indian tribes had been here long before that. And, we can’t forget that those settlers didn’t arrive in a moving van and make a telephone call to their friends on the east coast, encouraging them to join them in a land of rich soil for farming on the edge of a navigable river and a great lake for transportation and fishing. Picture the Sandusky River impacted by the Black Swamp that made its tributaries deep and wide enough to also be navigable. The Sandusky River itself was said to be 100 yards wide in many areas and much deeper than today. Picture the Rev. Joseph Badger, a Presbyterian minister, a Revolutionary War veteran and one of the very first missionaries to serve this area at the turn of the 19th century, crossing the river, swimming his horse by the side of his canoe to get to the western shore. Rev. Badger’s labors included not only preaching and teaching, but helping the Indians raise crops, building his own boat, making a plow for a widow, gardening, digging for water and administering for the sick. I’ve read stories of wolves prowling the streets of the community, apparently hunting the livestock, some of which was kept right in the area we consider our downtown. And, I’ve read stories of families traveling from here to what is now Elmore and getting as far as Muskellunge Creek on the first day. Settlers cleared land thick with trees without the use of power tools. They struggled to travel through thick forests and nearly impenetrable swampy land. They faced the dangers of disease common to such an environment, and animals whose habitat they were invading. And they often had to rely on their neighbors to accomplish the very basics of life. The pioneer settlers of this area should be considered among the heroes of our community, along with the more famous individuals with whom most of us are familiar. Roy Wilhelm started a 40-year career at The News-Messenger in 1965, as a reporter. Now retired, he is writing about the history of Sandusky County and Fremont.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.thenews-messenger.com/story/news/local/2017/01/03/fremont-flashback-pioneers-should-considered-heroes/96102952/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin=

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en