Document Classification

Section Type: RESULTS

Text: Multivariate analyses demonstrated that age 67 years or less (TE -15. 7 vs. -11. 8 for age > 67, P = 0. 014) ; female sex (TE -15. 6 vs. -11. 2 for males, P = 0. 01) ; the absence of stomach problems (TE -15. 2 vs. -11. 3 for those with stomach problems, P = 0. 035) ; neurogenic claudication (TE -15. 3 vs. -9. 0 for those without claudication, P = 0. 004) ; reflex asymmetry (TE -17. 3 vs. -13. 0 for those without asymmetry, P = 0. 016) ; opioid use (TE -18. 4 vs. -11. 7 for those not using opioids, P < 0. 001) ; not taking antidepressants (TE -14. 5 vs. -5. 4 for those on antidepressants, P = 0. 014) ; dissatisfaction with symptoms (TE -14. 5 vs. -8. 3 for those satisfied or neutral, P = 0. 039) ; and anticipating a high likelihood of improvement with surgery (TE -14. 8 vs. -5. 1 for anticipating a low likelihood of improvement with surgery, P = 0. 019) were independently associated with greater TE.