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RESULTS	No woman treated with acyclovir had a cesarean for herpes , compared with nine of 25 ( 36 % ) of those treated with placebo ( OR 0.04 , CI 0.002-0 .745 ; P = .002 ) .	No woman treated with acyclovir had a cesarean for herpes, compared with nine of 25 (36 %) of those treated with placebo (OR 0. 04, CI 0. 002-0. 745 ; P =. 002).
RESULTS	No patient in either treatment group experienced asymptomatic genital viral shedding at delivery .	No patient in either treatment group experienced asymptomatic genital viral shedding at delivery.
RESULTS	No neonate had evidence of herpes infection or adverse effects from acyclovir .	No neonate had evidence of herpes infection or adverse effects from acyclovir.
CONCLUSIONS	Suppressive acyclovir therapy reduced the need for cesarean for recurrent herpes in women whose first clinical episode of genital HSV occurred during pregnancy .	Suppressive acyclovir therapy reduced the need for cesarean for recurrent herpes in women whose first clinical episode of genital HSV occurred during pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS	Suppressive acyclovir treatment did not increase asymptomatic viral shedding and was not harmful to the term fetus .	Suppressive acyclovir treatment did not increase asymptomatic viral shedding and was not harmful to the term fetus.
OBJECTIVE	To compare the tolerance , efficacy , and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin deoxycholate ( Fungizone ) prepared in a parenteral fat emulsion ( Intralipid 20 % ) or glucose in HIV patients with candidiasis .	To compare the tolerance, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin deoxycholate (Fungizone) prepared in a parenteral fat emulsion (Intralipid 20 %) or glucose in HIV patients with candidiasis.
METHODS	Non-blind randomised controlled trial .	Non-blind randomised controlled trial.
METHODS	University hospital ; tertiary clinical care .	University hospital ; tertiary clinical care.
METHODS	22 HIV positive patients with oral candidiasis .	22 HIV positive patients with oral candidiasis.
METHODS	Amphotericin 1 mg/kg/day given on four consecutive days as a one hour infusion dissolved in either 5 % glucose ( amphotericin-glucose ) or parenteral fat emulsion at a final concentration of 2 g/l fat emulsion ( amphotericin-fat emulsion ) .	Amphotericin 1 mg/kg/day given on four consecutive days as a one hour infusion dissolved in either 5 % glucose (amphotericin-glucose) or parenteral fat emulsion at a final concentration of 2 g/l fat emulsion (amphotericin-fat emulsion).
METHODS	Clinical tolerance ( fever , chills , sweats , nausea , arterial pressure , and pulse rate ) ; biological tolerance ( serum creatinine , electrolyte , and magnesium values ) ; clinical score of candidiasis ; and serum concentrations of amphotericin .	Clinical tolerance (fever, chills, sweats, nausea, arterial pressure, and pulse rate) ; biological tolerance (serum creatinine, electrolyte, and magnesium values) ; clinical score of candidiasis ; and serum concentrations of amphotericin.
RESULTS	11 patients were enrolled in each group .	11 patients were enrolled in each group.
RESULTS	All the amphotericin-fat emulsion infusions were given without serious problem whereas four amphotericin-glucose infusions were stopped because of renal impairment ( n = 3 ) or severe chills ( n = 2 ) , or both .	All the amphotericin-fat emulsion infusions were given without serious problem whereas four amphotericin-glucose infusions were stopped because of renal impairment (n = 3) or severe chills (n = 2), or both.
RESULTS	For patients completing the amphotericin-glucose treatment creatine concentration increased by 42 mumol/l ; four of seven patients had at least one creatinine value > or = 133 mumol/l versus one of 11 receiving amphotericin-fat emulsion .	For patients completing the amphotericin-glucose treatment creatine concentration increased by 42 mumol/l ; four of seven patients had at least one creatinine value > or = 133 mumol/l versus one of 11 receiving amphotericin-fat emulsion.
RESULTS	Magnesium concentration fell significantly with amphotericin-glucose but not with amphotericin-fat emulsion .	Magnesium concentration fell significantly with amphotericin-glucose but not with amphotericin-fat emulsion.
RESULTS	Clinical side effects were noted in 36/38 infusions with amphotericin-glucose but 10/44 with amphotericin-fat emulsion .	Clinical side effects were noted in 36/38 infusions with amphotericin-glucose but 10/44 with amphotericin-fat emulsion.
RESULTS	Oral candidiasis score was reduced similarly in both groups .	Oral candidiasis score was reduced similarly in both groups.
RESULTS	Serum amphotericin concentrations were significantly lower and the volume of distribution of the drug higher after infusion of amphotericin-fat emulsion than after amphotericin-glucose .	Serum amphotericin concentrations were significantly lower and the volume of distribution of the drug higher after infusion of amphotericin-fat emulsion than after amphotericin-glucose.
CONCLUSIONS	Clinical and renal toxicity of amphotericin are reduced when the drug is prepared in fat emulsion .	Clinical and renal toxicity of amphotericin are reduced when the drug is prepared in fat emulsion.
CONCLUSIONS	Preparation is simple and cost effective .	Preparation is simple and cost effective.
CONCLUSIONS	Its efficacy is similar to that of conventional amphotericin .	Its efficacy is similar to that of conventional amphotericin.
OBJECTIVE	Rate control of atrial fibrillation ( AF ) has become a main treatment modality , but we need more knowledge regarding the different drugs used for this purpose .	Rate control of atrial fibrillation (AF) has become a main treatment modality, but we need more knowledge regarding the different drugs used for this purpose.
OBJECTIVE	In this study , we aimed to compare the effect of four common rate-reducing drugs on exercise capacity and levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide ( NT-proBNP ) in patients with permanent AF .	In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of four common rate-reducing drugs on exercise capacity and levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with permanent AF.
RESULTS	We included 60 patients ( mean age 71 9 years , 18 women ) with permanent AF and normal left ventricular function in a randomized , cross-over , investigator-blind study .	We included 60 patients (mean age 71 9 years, 18 women) with permanent AF and normal left ventricular function in a randomized, cross-over, investigator-blind study.
RESULTS	Diltiazem 360 mg , verapamil 240 mg , metoprolol 100 mg , and carvedilol 25 mg were administered o.d. for 3 weeks .	Diltiazem 360 mg, verapamil 240 mg, metoprolol 100 mg, and carvedilol 25 mg were administered o. d. for 3 weeks.
RESULTS	At baseline and on the last day of each treatment period , the patients underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and blood samples were obtained at rest and at peak exercise .	At baseline and on the last day of each treatment period, the patients underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and blood samples were obtained at rest and at peak exercise.
RESULTS	The exercise capacity ( peak VO2 ) was significantly lower during treatment with metoprolol and carvedilol compared with baseline ( no treatment ) or treatment with diltiazem and verapamil ( P < 0.001 for all ) .	The exercise capacity (peak VO2) was significantly lower during treatment with metoprolol and carvedilol compared with baseline (no treatment) or treatment with diltiazem and verapamil (P < 0. 001 for all).
RESULTS	Compared with baseline , treatment with diltiazem and verapamil significantly reduced the NT-proBNP levels both at rest and at peak exercise , whereas treatment with metoprolol and carvedilol increased the levels ( P < 0.05 for all ) .	Compared with baseline, treatment with diltiazem and verapamil significantly reduced the NT-proBNP levels both at rest and at peak exercise, whereas treatment with metoprolol and carvedilol increased the levels (P < 0. 05 for all).
CONCLUSIONS	Rate-reducing treatment with diltiazem or verapamil preserved exercise capacity and reduced levels of NT-proBNP compared with baseline , whereas treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol reduced the exercise capacity and increased levels of NT-proBNP .	Rate-reducing treatment with diltiazem or verapamil preserved exercise capacity and reduced levels of NT-proBNP compared with baseline, whereas treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol reduced the exercise capacity and increased levels of NT-proBNP.
BACKGROUND	Post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies with cell culture vaccines by the conventional intramuscular regimen is very expensive .	Post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies with cell culture vaccines by the conventional intramuscular regimen is very expensive.
BACKGROUND	The World Health Organization has advocated two cost-effective intradermal regimens with cell culture vaccines for use in developing countries .	The World Health Organization has advocated two cost-effective intradermal regimens with cell culture vaccines for use in developing countries.
BACKGROUND	We evaluated these two regimens -- the 2-site and the 8-site regimens -- in terms of immunogenicity , safety and tolerance in people with category I exposure to rabies .	We evaluated these two regimens -- the 2-site and the 8-site regimens -- in terms of immunogenicity, safety and tolerance in people with category I exposure to rabies.
METHODS	Eighty-two subjects who had mild category I exposure to rabies were immunized using a purified chick embryo cell vaccine .	Eighty-two subjects who had mild category I exposure to rabies were immunized using a purified chick embryo cell vaccine.
METHODS	The first regimen given to 43 subjects , consisted of intradermal administration of 0.2 ml of vaccine at 2 sites on days 0 , 3 and 7 and at one site on days 28 and 90 .	The first regimen given to 43 subjects, consisted of intradermal administration of 0. 2 ml of vaccine at 2 sites on days 0, 3 and 7 and at one site on days 28 and 90.
METHODS	The second regimen , given to 39 subjects , consisted of intradermal administration of 0.1 ml of vaccine at 8 sites on day 0 , at 4 sites on day 7 and at one site on days 28 and 90 .	The second regimen, given to 39 subjects, consisted of intradermal administration of 0. 1 ml of vaccine at 8 sites on day 0, at 4 sites on day 7 and at one site on days 28 and 90.
METHODS	The mouse neutralization test was used to estimate titres of rabies neutralizing antibody in these subjects on different days after vaccination .	The mouse neutralization test was used to estimate titres of rabies neutralizing antibody in these subjects on different days after vaccination.
METHODS	The subjects were followed up for 1 year .	The subjects were followed up for 1 year.
RESULTS	Both regimens produced adequate neutralizing antibody titres from day 14 onwards , though the second regimen produced a more rapid antibody response and significantly higher titres ( p < 0.001 ) on all days tested .	Both regimens produced adequate neutralizing antibody titres from day 14 onwards, though the second regimen produced a more rapid antibody response and significantly higher titres (p < 0. 001) on all days tested.
RESULTS	There were minimal side-effects and both regimens were well tolerated .	There were minimal side-effects and both regimens were well tolerated.
CONCLUSIONS	Both the 2-site and 8-site intradermal regimens with purified chick embryo cell vaccine produce adequate levels of neutralizing antibodies but the 8-site regimen appears to be more immunogenic .	Both the 2-site and 8-site intradermal regimens with purified chick embryo cell vaccine produce adequate levels of neutralizing antibodies but the 8-site regimen appears to be more immunogenic.