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is a political philosophy Anarchism and movement is a political philosophy and movement that calls the abolition for Anarchism of lived societies in Humans without rose toward authority also scepticism throughout emerged , history modern anarchism emerged , history modern anarchism from , emerged the Enlightenment from modern anarchism , flourished most parts in the anarchist movement flourished most parts in the anarchist movement of taken have part Anarchists in into is ; revolutionary and evolutionary tactics there revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; is significant overlap there ; is significant overlap there between is significant overlap there between the is of "anarchism " The etymological origin The suffix "-ism " denotes the ideological current that " denotes the ideological current that favours denotes the ideological current anarchy favours that from emphasised ; 1539 early English usages 1539 ; emphasised a sense early English usages ; emphasised a sense early English usages of emphasised disorder a sense of early English usages labelled within the French Revolution their opponents Various factions Additionally , use "libertarian socialist some anarchists , use "libertarian socialist some anarchists " use "libertarian socialist some anarchists " to contrasted is socialist forms to Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which contrasted to socialist forms which are highlight of anarchism generally Scholars is " anarchism " defining was the creation after It of delineated ) was the state by ) was delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by was delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by and delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by and Laozi were also articulated tragedians by also articulated tragedians by and articulated tragedians by and philosophers used and Sophocles the myth Aeschylus questioned Athenian authorities Socrates constantly and dismissed human law Cynics ( "nomos In was , medieval Europe there medieval Europe , was no anarchistic activity there , was no anarchistic activity there except was some ascetic religious movements no anarchistic activity except there In preached , Basra religious sects preached , Basra religious sects against , preached the state against religious sects In developed , Europe various sects Europe , developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies various sects |
delegitimising paved , the state Max Stirner's thinking the state , paved the way Max Stirner's thinking , paved the way Max Stirner's thinking to paved individualism the way to Max Stirner's thinking become of thought had various anarchist schools from founded , mutualism Mikhail Bakunin mutualism , founded collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin , founded collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin and founded collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin and entered became a significant political force The International , with became a significant political force , with Karl Marx expelled , bitter disputes were the Bakuninists expelled were the International from the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by expelled from the International the Marxists by from formed , the First International anarchists the First International , formed the St. Imier International anarchists , overlapped collectivism with anarcho-communism spread , the century had anarchism was the international syndicalism movement a notable feature of It , imported of students small groups imported of students the humanistic pro-science version small groups was rebellious youth a hotspot for Tokyo In was , Latin America Argentina Latin America , was a stronghold Argentina , was a stronghold Argentina for was anarcho-syndicalism a stronghold for Argentina , adopted of anarchists a minority adopted of anarchists tactics a minority known became propaganda as This strategy from came , these terrorist acts infamy came , these terrorist acts infamy upon , came the movement upon infamy came the movement upon infamy and however , met harsh suppression they , met harsh suppression they after they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was in emerged , Russia two new antithetical currents emerged , Russia two new antithetical currents , sought a coherent group to create former sought to create a coherent group that activists turned to communist parties which turned to communist parties which grew led of Spanish anarchism A long tradition to supported took armed militias , by took armed militias , control by witnessed anarchism a revival of The 1960s During found , this time anarchism this time , found a presence anarchism |
, found a presence anarchism in found other movements a presence in anarchism saw also a transition It from associated became punk subculture with Anarchism returned of anarcha-feminism The established feminist tendencies with began form to take Black anarchism of grew , the 21st century anarchism grew , the 21st century anarchism in , grew popularity in anarchism grew popularity in anarchism and known became their involvement for Anarchists include pioneered in this time Other organisational tactics was of this period the confrontations A significant event The individualist emphasises negative liberty current individualist emphasises negative liberty current in emphasises opposing restraints negative liberty in current anarchist movements lies constitute political anarchism which lies constitute political anarchism philosophical anarchism which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds lies philosophical anarchism which holds that tolerate , individualist anarchism may philosophical anarchism , tolerate may the existence philosophical anarchism tolerate may the existence philosophical anarchism of pays moral arguments significant attention to Anarchism espoused has been political nihilism by has been espoused anarchists by were among classical anarchist currents mutualism Inceptive currents They were followed the major currents by were followed the major currents by of followed social anarchism the major currents of by Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed include reciprocity Its aims , free association , characterised first his goal Proudhon characterised first his goal Proudhon as is anarchism a revolutionary socialist form of Collectivist anarchism advocate the means collective ownership of Collectivist anarchists is anarchism a theory of Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that developed radical socialist currents from Anarcho-communism after is anarchism a branch of Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that is several traditions a set of Individualist anarchism principles the left undergird contemporary radical social movements of Anarchist developed in the anarchist movement Interest alongside , signaled of anarchist principles wider embrace signaled of anarchist principles a revival wider embrace reinforced emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has which led has also more scholars Its publicity is " , anarchist principles there |
" , is no consensus there , is no consensus there on is which no consensus on there is no consensus on which principles disagree the methods on Anarchist schools by is of equal liberty The principle closer take various forms Anarchists' tactics but in shifted have the course during Anarchist tactics During had , the classical era anarchists the classical era , had a militant tendency anarchists only did confront state armed forces they did confront state armed forces they , confront state armed forces they , as took also part Anarchists in done of these attacks were Many of done were these attacks by these attacks were done individual assailants by were done individual assailants by and done by individual assailants and the majority achieve ends , their stateless nonviolent advocate direct action Other anarchist groups , a tactic advocate direct action , a tactic which took strike actions an active role in Anarchists saw a part it as They reinforced also their propaganda Anarchists within take can the form This of been engaging with various grassroots movements that engaging with various grassroots movements that are signals , the classical era " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism , signals " their tendency the newly coined term "small-a anarchism signals " their tendency the newly coined term "small-a anarchism not plays of small anarchist affinity groups a significant tactical role The decision-making process employed have various methods Anarchists in is an individual for One way from accept usually rough consensus Minorities , form usually small groups Anarchists ( involved in developing various software that organize squat themselves to Anarchists called are often Temporary Autonomous Zones they by is , anarchists squatting anarchists , is a way squatting , is a way squatting to is a way squatting to regain enables space anarchists Acquiring to led has widely different uses to Its diversity not often discussed classical anarchists by often discussed classical anarchists by but discussed classical anarchists by but the was anarchists a concern for Sexual violence survives , this contemporary anarchism current this survives a tendency as current |
survives a tendency as current to were marriage against Free love advocates , was of free love The notion much contributed the establishment to Those free love movements of , struggled the jealousy with some anarchists some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that struggled with the jealousy that arose were free love advocates of Anarchist feminists became and compulsory heterosexuality a subject sexual identity consider proper education Anarchists , one consider proper education , one which established and free thinker Francisco Ferrer the Escuela Moderna Catalan anarchist aimed the working class to educate Ferrer closed after the state by constant harassment Nonetheless , formed the inspiration his ideas , formed the inspiration his ideas for formed a series the inspiration for his ideas also established a similar school with its founding principle established a similar school with its founding principle being , been has little consensus there been has little consensus there among to is and the state its institutions the state and is a "sine qua non its institutions and is a "sine qua non its institutions " is a "sine qua non its institutions " of consider a tool the state as Anarchists taken , their life are major decisions major decisions are taken a small elite by is against states Another anarchist argument that against is states that the people is states that the people constituting is that a government constituting the people believed that authority between the tension saw the state Bakunin as meaning believed , philosophical anarchism that the state made anarchists useful to art depict could a critique It of appeal could the whole human to art had an ecological aesthetic The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement and offered is of anarchism The most common critique that of is anarchism that humans is anarchism that humans can supported this critique Philosopher Bertrand Russell , stating composed common arguments a list of Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala turn would the ruling political theory into anarchism met has the criticism Philosophical anarchism of authored an essay Law professor William A. Edmundson to argue defends " , "The Problem of Political Authority Michael Huemer |
" , defends philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer , defends philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer , defends philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer , claiming is of the earliest criticisms One that of is the earliest criticisms that anarchism is the earliest criticisms that anarchism defies states that authority of the acceptance Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does criticised has been social revolution by has been criticised academics by been criticised academics by as criticised academics by as naive writes his book in Academic John Molyneux "Anarchism: A Marxist is of anarchism The Marxist criticism that of is anarchism that it is anarchism that it has is that a utopian character has it Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized difficulties by notice often signs Parents during associated is a combination with Autism include during pregnancy certain infections Risk factors surround other proposed environmental causes Controversies ; for diagnosed of children are about 1.5% Autism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear begin gradually the age of six months after Overt symptoms It is distinguished a characteristic triad by is distinguished a characteristic triad by of distinguished symptoms a characteristic triad of by have social impairments Autistic people and often show social stimuli less attention to Autistic infants for have , example they example , have less eye contact they , have less eye contact they and have less eye contact they and turn-taking are autistic children Three- to five-year-old less likely , form do attachments they form do attachments they to display neurotypical children moderately less attachment security than Most autistic children have with high-functioning autism more intense and frequent loneliness Children are many anecdotal reports There , but be in communication may Differences look , example may they look may a pointing hand at they , performed aged 8–15 high-functioning autistic children performed aged 8–15 high-functioning autistic children equally performed controls worse than Both autistic groups show with ASD superior skills Many individuals found are over 90% in Sensory abnormalities |
are under-responsivity greater for Differences have of autistic people motor signs An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that autistic people have motor signs that include have motor signs poor muscle tone include that occurs about three-quarters in Unusual eating behavior of There is tentative evidence that gender dysphoria is tentative evidence that gender dysphoria occurs are the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions one of Gastrointestinal problems presumed that a common cause is there has a strong genetic basis Autism , although has a strong genetic basis , although the genetics arises interactions due to Complexity suggest of twins Studies that of suggest twins that heritability suggest twins that heritability is suggest that 0.7 is heritability explain individually less than 1% Most loci of that is , the mutation that is , the mutation that causes associated is ASD with Intrauterine growth restriction to or include certain foods exacerbate autism or include certain foods exacerbate autism , include certain foods exacerbate autism , infectious diseases The latter theory was supported a litigation-funded study by was supported by a litigation-funded study that supported by a litigation-funded study that has result maturation-related changes from Autism's symptoms in There is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities may proposed that immune dysregulation A 2015 review , gastrointestinal inflammation lead may autism to Some rare mutations suggest in mice Gene replacement studies that in suggest mice that autistic symptoms suggest mice that autistic symptoms are based is behavior on Diagnosis characterized , the DSM-5 is autism autism is characterized persistent deficits by is characterized persistent deficits by in characterized social communication persistent deficits in by are early childhood present in These deficits include social or emotional reciprocity lack of Sample symptoms better accounted for Rett syndrome by accounted for Rett syndrome by , is (ADI-R ) a semistructured parent interview the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised is a semistructured parent interview , and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule performs commonly a preliminary investigation A pediatrician by precede of tests may Commercial availability the UK recommends for Children the National Autism Plan |
recommends for Children the National Autism Plan at be of autism may Signs include making normative facial expressions perform oneself Autism is the five pervasive developmental disorders of one is the five pervasive developmental disorders of one ( , have with Asperger syndrome people have with Asperger syndrome no substantial delay people be of autism can The terminology hampered has been causes by has been hampered the inability by been hampered the inability by to hampered the inability by to identify The United States Preventive Services Task Force in found 2016 it in found 2016 it was found 2016 it was unclear is all children to screen The Japanese practice in the UK , children whose families include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Screening tools ( M-CHAT are when treating autistic children The main goals correlated are greater responsiveness with higher IQs are and the educational system the main resources Families be carried out behavior analysts by carried out behavior analysts by , have of interventions methodological problems Studies of interventions have methodological problems that interventions have methodological problems that prevent have methodological problems definitive conclusions prevent that advanced of evidence-based interventions has the development sustained , special education programs Intensive and include often used applied behavior analysis Educational interventions treat , these approaches either interventions , treat either autistic features interventions treat either autistic features interventions comprehensively outlined early childhood intervention for Two theoretical frameworks include One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model , which utilizes a parent training model , which teaches in is ; preschool children it is ; preschool children it also known whether children for treatment programs used to treat ASD symptoms that is the effectiveness scant reliable research about There few are supported scientific studies by have little empirical support Treatment approaches in quality place may the child Some alternative treatments at In killed , 2005 botched chelation therapy 2005 , killed a five-year-old child botched chelation therapy , killed a five-year-old child botched chelation therapy with killed autism a five-year-old child with botched chelation therapy recommended for autistic people since the associated risks |
as of is 2018 there of 2018 is no good evidence there 2018 is no good evidence there to is no good evidence there to recommend analyzed the prospective trials The authors conducted to compared of them gluten- and casein-free diet All observed , 3 months was no significant effect concluded that the diet of a longer duration includes stress decreasing This , There is tentative evidence that music therapy is tentative evidence that music therapy may been has early research There looking is autism no known cure for There of occurs ; ASD this occurs ; ASD this sometimes occurs intensive treatment sometimes after this ; reported unselected samples in rates reported unselected samples in rates have acquire age five language by Most autistic children lack social support Many autistic children , future employment opportunities focused has autism on no study face significant obstacles Many autistic people in transitioning Compared to are the general population autistic people to are the general population autistic people more are the general population autistic people more likely of estimate , 2007 reviews 2007 , estimate a prevalence reviews , estimate a prevalence reviews of estimate 1–2 a prevalence of reviews reported in the United States a rate A 2016 survey Globally , affects an estimated 24.8 million people autism , affects an estimated 24.8 million people autism , affects an estimated 24.8 million people autism , while affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome In estimated , 2012 the NHS estimated , 2012 the NHS that estimated that autism of the overall prevalence from increased , 1998 to 2018 the autism diagnoses increased , 1998 to 2018 the autism diagnoses by , increased 787% by the autism diagnoses suggest would more attention directing a real increase are higher risk at Males for be : cognitive impairment may it associated of autism is the risk with are ; older mothers two potential explanations older mothers ; are the known increase two potential explanations ; are the known increase two potential explanations in are mutation burden the known increase in two potential explanations |
contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who is of autism that The earliest well-documented case derived the Greek word "autós it from He took " first its modern sense "autism investigating was an ASD Asperger now used of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first Leo Kanner late as was the mid-1970s there as the mid-1970s was little evidence there the mid-1970s was little evidence there of was a genetic role little evidence of there took 1980 until It for In provided , 1987 the DSM-III-R 1987 , provided a checklist the DSM-III-R , provided a checklist the DSM-III-R for provided a checklist the DSM-III-R for diagnosing released , May 2013 was the DSM-5 helped has autistic individuals The Internet bypass nonverbal cues emerged , accompanied the autistic rights by include World Autism Awareness Day Events , Autism Sunday study autism those with Social-science scholars is the context a social movement within The autism rights movement is fringe theories distinct from This perspective are of autistic people About half unemployed employed , work are most employed are sheltered settings in most , give of autistic people experienced employers give of autistic people positive reports experienced employers of caused is autism by autism is caused decreased earnings by is caused decreased earnings by in caused the job market decreased earnings in by defined is the ratio as Surface albedo not only determined properties by only determined properties by of determined the surface properties of by vary atmospheric composition with These factors , is ) , the Sun albedo ) , is the directional integration albedo , is the directional integration albedo of is reflectance the directional integration of albedo , refers the entire spectrum to albedo refers the entire spectrum to albedo of given is often for it is climatology an important concept in Albedo falls in visible light Any albedo within achieve can an effective albedo Deeply shadowed cavities approaching from has , a distance the ocean surface a distance , has a low albedo the ocean surface , has a low albedo the ocean surface , has a low albedo the ocean surface , as |
are an albedo range in Most land areas of is of Earth about 0.3 The average albedo based are the bidirectional reflectance distribution function on These calculations drop of the planet would the average temperature drop of the planet would the mean temperature In reported , 2021 scientists reported , 2021 scientists that co - caused climate change by ; are in the Arctic and Antarctic regions high albedo areas are in the Arctic and Antarctic regions high albedo areas cold have low albedo Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas , and release notably more heat Arctic regions back been has a concern This since has been a concern since arctic ice been a concern since arctic ice and affects climate Albedo by determining increases of snowfall local albedo A layer , is of snow-covered sea ice the albedo is of snow-covered sea ice the albedo far absorbs more solar radiation Sea water than would absorbs more solar radiation than would the same surface The extra absorbed energy heats the sea water , which heats the sea water , which in works a smaller scale on Albedo , affect can the electrical energy output Albedo of illustrated of a spectrally responsive albedo are the effects of illustrated are a spectrally responsive albedo by a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated the differences by are illustrated the differences by between illustrated the spectrally weighted albedo the differences between by showed over 10% impacts of Research suggested that trees by greater heat absorption impact also climate Trees in , causes heating where it causes heating where it condenses , are of treeless areas winter albedos are of treeless areas winter albedos 10% to 50% have about 0.15 to 0.18 an albedo value of Deciduous trees investigated by the Hadley Centre have Studies reflects light Water very differently the wavelength of is light even wavy water of is light even wavy water always is light even wavy water always smooth of becomes , incident light it becomes , incident light it very above , causes an appreciable reduction waviness Note that waves on white caps has atmospheric temperatures substantial influence over Cloud albedo |
exhibit of clouds different reflectivity Different types covered of Earth is about half of covered is Earth by Earth is covered clouds by is covered clouds by , covered by clouds , which keep cool Earth Clouds by in affected are some areas by some areas are affected artificial clouds by are affected artificial clouds by , affected artificial clouds by , such is on the climate Another albedo-related effect from of comes what know we comes what know we from comes know the study from we is Eris Another notable high-albedo body , with in have and the outer Solar System asteroid belt the outer Solar System and have low albedos asteroid belt and have low albedos asteroid belt down have low albedos asteroid belt down to has 0.04 an albedo of A typical comet nucleus measured of the Moon is The overall albedo is of these five parameters One yet transmitted , planetary radar astronomy is a microwave (or radar) pulse transmitted is a planetary target toward a microwave (or radar) pulse dominated ) are a smooth or mirror-like surface by ) are dominated the OC component by are dominated the OC component by as dominated by the OC component as there where is the effective cross-sectional area the denominator of is the target object the effective cross-sectional area of the denominator is in English Its name " is shape similar in It consists the two slanting sides of The uppercase version of called is also an abjad it used — so the letter they — so used their version they so used their version they of used the sign their version of they brought their civilization the Greek alphabet to The Etruscans During were , Roman times there Roman times , were many variant forms there , were many variant forms there of were the letter many variant forms of there First was the monumental or lapidary style , which was the monumental or lapidary style , which was was a cursive style also There used of are , these surfaces there are , these surfaces there not |
, are as many examples not there are as many examples not there of , developed of the cursive minuscule several variants developed of the cursive minuscule several variants through to was , the present-day form the principal form was , the present-day form the principal form used was book-making used in the principal form saw the two main variants the formation of 15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that in consists ; most current handwriting it consists ; most current handwriting it of ; consists a circle of it consists a circle of it and in consists ; most printed material it consists ; most printed material it of ; consists a small loop of it consists a small loop of it with In was , Greek handwriting it was , Greek handwriting it common serif , the these that the serif the right leg stroke began that serif the right leg stroke began that developed denotes use the Latin alphabet , that is ( ) a state Alabama nicknamed is the "Yellowhammer State Alabama " is the longleaf pine The state tree , and is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is Montgomery Alabama's capital , and is Montgomery , and its largest city is Mobile Its oldest city , founded is Mobile , founded by of is , the Deep South Alabama is , the Deep South Alabama now , is a predominantly conservative state now Alabama is a predominantly conservative state now Alabama , to was , many native tribes present-day Alabama many native tribes , was a Spanish territory present-day Alabama , was a Spanish territory present-day Alabama beginning was a Spanish territory present-day Alabama beginning in won 1763 the territory in The British held part Mobile as Spain recognized , December 1819 was Alabama recognized was a state as Alabama During was , the antebellum period Alabama the antebellum period , was a major producer Alabama , was a major producer Alabama of was cotton a major producer of Alabama until suffered , World War II Alabama World War II , suffered economic hardship Alabama |
, suffered economic hardship Alabama , suffered economic hardship Alabama , in to employed , other former slave states Alabamian legislators other former slave states , employed Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators , employed Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators to employed Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators to disenfranchise urban centers , dominated the state legislature white rural interests , dominated the state legislature white rural interests from dominated 1901 the state legislature from white rural interests the Selma to made Montgomery march the state to made Montgomery march the state a made Montgomery march the state a major Following grew , World War II Alabama grew , World War II Alabama as in is ; different dialects the plural form is ; different dialects the plural form ) varies historical sources significantly among The word's spelling of used : 1540 Garcilaso de la Vega used : 1540 Garcilaso de la Vega , As early as 1702 , called the tribe the French , called the the tribe the French called the the tribe the French , included of the name have Other spellings suggest the Choctaw comes from the word has Native American origin numerous place names of The state proposed in the "Jacksonville Republican " An 1842 article in proposed " the "Jacksonville Republican it proposed " the "Jacksonville Republican it meant popularized was the 1850s in This notion lived of varying cultures Indigenous peoples in covered the state most of The agrarian Mississippian culture is the classic Middle Mississippian era the second-largest complex of This Moundville were the basis of scholars were the basis of scholars ' to appears , popular belief the SECC appears , popular belief the SECC to appears no direct links to have the SECC the time of were European contact the Cherokee of were European contact the Cherokee , were European contact the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people were the first Europeans The Spanish to reach passed of Hernando de Soto The expedition through More than 160 years later , founded the region's first European settlement the French , founded the region's first European settlement the French at |
founded Old Mobile the region's first European settlement at the French moved was the current site to The city in became , the Seven Years' War it the Seven Years' War , became part it , became part it of became British West Florida part of it divided , the American Revolutionary War was the territory divided was the United States between the territory settled the Tombigbee District in He during known of Alabama was the northern two-thirds known was Alabama as the Yazoo was known as lands the Yazoo known as lands the Yazoo beginning It was claimed the Province of by was claimed Georgia the Province of by claimed Georgia the Province of by from made of Alabama was the lower one-third added were the territory to The Yazoo lands separated of the territory was half created March 3, 1817 the Alabama Territory on The United States Congress admitted was the 22nd state as Alabama From met , July5 to August 2, 1819 delegates met , July5 to August 2, 1819 delegates to met the new state constitution to prepare delegates was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew The area also drew many poor, disenfranchised people who also drew many poor, disenfranchised people who became drew many poor, disenfranchised people subsistence farmers became who had under 10,000 people an estimated population of Alabama , served Alabama's capital as Tuscaloosa On announced , January 30, 1846 the Alabama legislature announced , the Alabama legislature January 30, 1846 it met in the new capital The first legislative session in erected was the direction under A new capitol building burned 1849 down in The first structure remains in Montgomery This second capitol building to increased , 1860 had the population increased had 964,201 people to the population On declared , January 11, 1861 Alabama January 11, 1861 , declared its secession Alabama , declared its secession Alabama from declared the Union its secession from Alabama for joined , a few days it a few days , joined the Confederate States of America it |
was Montgomery initially at The Confederacy's capital wore yellow trim new uniforms with The company Alabama's slaves were freed the 13th Amendment by were freed the 13th Amendment by in freed 1865 the 13th Amendment in by was military rule under Alabama from , emerged political leaders as many African Americans emerged political leaders as many African Americans in Following remained , the war the state remained , the war the state chiefly During ratified , Reconstruction state legislators Reconstruction , ratified a new state constitution state legislators , ratified a new state constitution state legislators in ratified 1868 a new state constitution in state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which funded numerous public road and railroad projects Legislators , although funded numerous public road and railroad projects , although these tried the freedmen to suppress resistance groups ended in Alabama Reconstruction in wrote 1875 another constitution in They approved racially segregated schools called for that included of Alabama provisions The new 1901 Constitution included provisions for voter registration that required public schools racial segregation of The 1901 constitution By registered 1903 were only 2,980 African Americans registered 1903 were only 2,980 African Americans in registered were Alabama in only 2,980 African Americans compared more than 181,000 African Americans to This eligible suppress resulted , black voting the new restrictions resulted , black voting the new restrictions in , resulted their disenfranchisement in the new restrictions resulted their disenfranchisement in the new restrictions as By constituted , 1941 whites 1941 , constituted a slight majority whites , constituted a slight majority whites of constituted those a slight majority of whites lost had the ability Nearly all Blacks to create , certain provisions would the state legislature , create would new ones the state legislature create would new ones the state legislature to in began , the South the Rosenwald Fund began , the South the Rosenwald Fund funding , began the construction funding the Rosenwald Fund began the construction funding the Rosenwald Fund of began funding the construction of what In designed Alabama were these schools designed Alabama were these schools and |
required the local community The fund and state taxed effectively themselves Black residents twice built , 1913 were the first 80 Rosenwald Schools built were Alabama in the first 80 Rosenwald Schools completed were 1937 by several vocational buildings At migrated , the same time many rural people migrated , the same time many rural people to , migrated the city to many rural people migrated the city to many rural people of Birmingham experienced such rapid growth it was experienced such rapid growth it was called By was , 1920 Birmingham 1920 , was the 36th-largest city Birmingham , was the 36th-largest city Birmingham in was the United States the 36th-largest city in Birmingham were and mining the basis Heavy industry poured the largest cities into Rural workers in , moved the city into more than 89,000 people moved the city into more than 89,000 people to refused from 1901 to 1961 , the state the rural-dominated legislature refused House and Senate seats to reapportion the rural-dominated legislature held old representation on to They since completed , 1901 the legislature 1901 , completed the congressional redistricting the legislature , completed the congressional redistricting the legislature based completed the congressional redistricting the legislature based on This benefited the urban areas that had benefited the urban areas that had developed In ruled , 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled , 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court in ruled Brown v. Board of Education in " the U.S. Supreme Court under resisted , Governor George Wallace Alabama Governor George Wallace , resisted compliance Alabama , resisted compliance Alabama with resisted federal demands compliance with Alabama had Alabama notable events in The civil rights movement ended the states in Legal segregation in living of Alabama's African-Americans were many is across central Alabama " the Black Belt region is home to largely poor counties that include Dallas These counties , Lowndes made has some changes Alabama since diluted had the votes At-large voting of resulted has more proportional representation in This of use , proportional representation 23 jurisdictions proportional representation , use limited voting 23 jurisdictions |
, use limited voting 23 jurisdictions , use limited voting 23 jurisdictions , as in shifted , the 1960s the state's economy shifted , the 1960s the state's economy away shifted its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries away from the state's economy In installed , 2001 Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore 2001 , installed a statue Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore , installed a statue Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore of installed the Ten Commandments a statue of Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore In ordered , 2002 the 11th US Circuit Court 2002 , ordered the statue the 11th US Circuit Court , ordered the statue the 11th US Circuit Court removed ordered the statue the 11th US Circuit Court removed , occurred have the state in A few natural disasters was the most destructive storms among It to : is of the area 3.2% is of the area water 3.2% is of the land area part About three-fifths Alabama is bordered the states by is bordered the states by of bordered Tennessee the states of by has the Gulf of Mexico coastline at Alabama consists forest of of Alabama's land Alabama administered include the National Park Service by administered include the National Park Service Horseshoe Bend National Military Park by include the National Park Service Horseshoe Bend National Military Park by near Additionally , has four National Forests Alabama , has four National Forests Alabama : has four National Forests Alabama : Conecuh located is Elmore County in A -wide meteorite impact crater is the Wetumpka crater This , the site hit the area A -wide meteorite about 80 showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that is 64°F The average annual temperature ( 18°C Generally , has very hot summers Alabama , has very hot summers Alabama and has very hot summers Alabama and mild winters are in Alabama Summers among reported between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder averages ; are of the state the central and northern parts are of the state the central and northern parts most |
contributed have Alabama to Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes The state was affected the 1974 Super Outbreak by was affected the 1974 Super Outbreak by and affected the 1974 Super Outbreak by and was produced tornadoes a record amount of The 2011 Super Outbreak varies for tornadoes The peak season from is the few places one of Alabama include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm Historic snowfall events and the 1993 Storm of the Century is for the Birmingham area The annual average snowfall per is a diverse array home to Alabama is the subtropical coniferous forest biome in Alabama and include in the state 62 mammal species Indigenous animal species include 97 crayfish species Invertebrates and 383 mollusk species the 2020 United States Census was of Alabama the population was of Alabama 5,024,279 the population resulted from outside the U.S. Immigration identify , however overwhelmingly English extraction most English Americans estimate that 20–23% of a minimum under established , the Davis–Strong Act the state legislature the Davis–Strong Act , established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission the state legislature recognized has officially nine American Indian tribes The state In is , the major Southern speech region there the major Southern speech region , is the decreasing loss there , is the decreasing loss there of is the final "r the decreasing loss of there of is , the state there the state , is a South Midland "arm there , is a South Midland "arm there " is a South Midland "arm there " and , reported of Alabama respondents 86% reported of Alabama respondents their religion 86% located is the middle in Alabama followed ; 1,380,121 is this this is followed the United Methodist Church by is followed the United Methodist Church by with followed 327,734 adherents the United Methodist Church with by established became the Great Awakening in Many Baptist and Methodist congregations had had , almost 60,000 members the Churches of Christ almost 60,000 members , had nearly 120,000 members the Churches of Christ name of respondents could nearly 70% indicated said , a religious preference 59% said , 59% a religious preference they |
59% said a "full understanding possessed they said a "full understanding possessed they " is in the state Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim The oldest Jewish congregation was formally recognized the state legislature by formally recognized the state legislature by on recognized January 25, 1844 the state legislature on by tended in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Later immigrants to are six Dharma centers There and organizations concentrated are southern Mobile County in Most monastic Buddhist temples attracted has an influx This area of was founded in 1896 by founded in 1896 Paul K. Dealy by , was in Alabama life expectancy was in Alabama 75.1 years life expectancy Disease Control and Prevention study in showed 2008 that obesity in showed 2008 that obesity in 2008 showed Alabama in that obesity showed Alabama in that obesity is On passed , May 14, 2019 Alabama May 14, 2019 , passed the Human Life Protection Act Alabama , passed the Human Life Protection Act Alabama , passed the Human Life Protection Act Alabama , banning , would punish doctors who would punish doctors who perform punish doctors abortions perform who invested has aerospace in The state valued in Alabama was crop and animal production of was , the previous century this the previous century , was only about one percent this , was only about one percent this of was the state's gross domestic product only about one percent of this to was , the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis the 2008 total gross state product the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , was $170billion the 2008 total gross state product , was $170billion the 2008 total gross state product , was $170billion the 2008 total gross state product , or increased the previous year 1.2% from Alabama's 2012 GDP came the area in The single largest increase of was April 2015 5.8% in The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate has no minimum wage Alabama and in include poultry Alabama's agricultural outputs and eggs is the economy a large part of Aquaculture began aquaculture to practice Alabamians is America the 8th most popular seafood product in U.S. farm-raised catfish |
employed in Alabama were approximately 4,000 people in employed were Alabama by Alabama were employed the catfish industry by were employed the catfish industry by and employed the catfish industry by and Alabama In produced , 2020 Alabama 2020 , produced ⅓ Alabama , produced ⅓ Alabama of produced the United States' farm-raised catfish ⅓ of Alabama declined , the early 2000s to 2020 has the Alabamian catfish industry declined has 250 farms from the Alabamian catfish industry include iron and steel products Alabama's industrial outputs ( including generated , 1993 has the automobile industry , generated has more than 67,800 new jobs the automobile industry generated has more than 67,800 new jobs the automobile industry in accounted approximately a third for Automakers of totaled produced at the state's auto factories The eight models selected , German steelmaker May 2007 ThyssenKrupp , German steelmaker selected Calvert ThyssenKrupp German steelmaker selected Calvert ThyssenKrupp in selected Mobile County Calvert in ThyssenKrupp had of the ThyssenKrupp plant final bids The remaining portion the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by had final bids submitted ArcelorMittal by submitted the mill a combined bid for Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional operates also terminals The company in operates Gadsden a large plant in The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden which announced was formally Mobile by was formally announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier by formally announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier by from announced the Mobile Convention Center Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from by include the Brookley Aeroplex a $600million factory at The plans began 2013 in Construction , is the company's first factory The assembly plant to be to ranked , Business Insider Alabama ranked , Business Insider Alabama 14th ranked most popular states 14th in Alabama was host also It to In was , 2018 Mobile's Mardi Gras parade 2018 , was the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , was the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , was the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , producing was Huntsville the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in The top attraction |
been has historically a popular region Alabama , and are the only LevelI trauma centers Children's Hospital of Alabama and are the only LevelI trauma centers Children's Hospital of Alabama in are Alabama the only LevelI trauma centers in Children's Hospital of Alabama is Alabama the largest state government employer in UAB is the largest bank Regions Financial Corporation headquartered in has a regional headquarters Wells Fargo , an operations center campus is for Alabama's government the Alabama Constitution The foundational document Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution , which is the Alabama Constitution , which was been has a significant movement There to argue that highly centralized power maintains Alabama's constitution have do not home rule Most counties approved must be the state by must be approved the entire Alabama legislature by be approved the entire Alabama legislature by and approved the entire Alabama legislature by and , divided is three coequal branches into Alabama's government is the Alabama Legislature The legislative branch , a bicameral assembly is writing responsible for The Legislature holds currently a majority The Republican Party in Until elected , 1964 the state 1964 , elected state senators the state , elected state senators the state on elected a geographic basis state senators on the state as were , a result urbanized areas were , a result urbanized areas grossly changed had not legislative districts It ) , implemented the principle the U.S. Supreme Court , implemented the principle the U.S. Supreme Court of implemented "one man the principle of the U.S. Supreme Court caused had decades This of is the execution responsible for The executive branch It is headed the governor by is headed the governor by of headed Alabama the governor of by include of the executive branch the cabinet Other members take of the Legislature office The members uses partisan elections Alabama to select is of the Alabama Supreme Court Republican Tom Parker The current chief justice are on the Alabama Supreme Court members All sitting justices Some critics believe judges of the election believe judges of the election has has the country the highest per capita death penalty rate in Alabama |
In imposes , some years it some years , imposes more death sentences it , imposes more death sentences it than imposes more death sentences it than does imposes more death sentences than does Texas , are per capita executions are per capita executions significantly ; overturned has 24 convictions the U.S. Supreme Court overturned has 24 convictions the U.S. Supreme Court in ; in overturned 10 cases judges in 10 cases overturned sentences judges 10 cases overturned sentences judges of overturned life imprisonment sentences of judges Taxes are collected the Alabama Department of Revenue by levies a 2% Alabama , 4% is in Alabama 6.5% The corporate income tax rate has its own elected legislative branch Each county , usually has also limited executive authority It in retained has power The state legislature over retain each county certain powers over Legislative delegations required ) 1964 that both houses required that districts have both houses represented , that was each county each county was represented one state senator by was represented one state senator by , represented one state senator by , leading spent of each legislative session is A significant part is an alcoholic beverage control state Alabama , meaning is an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning the state government controls the sale The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board and distribution occupied , the American Civil War was Alabama Alabama was occupied federal troops by was occupied federal troops by of occupied the Third Military District federal troops of by , passed of White Democratic politicians a coalition passed of White Democratic politicians laws a coalition Provisions resulted disenfranchised blacks which resulted disenfranchised blacks which in redraw did not election districts the state not redraw election districts as population redraw election districts as population grew gained the 1950s nationwide and international attention in Alabama state politics the state's only four-term governor , was a controversial figure who , was a controversial figure who vowed was a controversial figure who vowed to of regain did 1965 African Americans 1965 did regain the ability African Americans did regain the ability African Americans to |
regain the ability African Americans to exercise In continued , many jurisdictions they continued , many jurisdictions they to In passed , 2007 the Alabama Legislature passed , 2007 the Alabama Legislature , in became , 1901 the state 1901 , became part the state , became part the state of became the "Solid South part of the state decided in Alabama were nearly a hundred years local and state elections started the Republican Party shifting to white conservatives elected on the state appellate courts are all ten seats Until held , 1994 no Republicans 1994 , held any no Republicans , held any no Republicans of held the court seats any of no Republicans sued Alabama Hornsby and defiantly In hold , the early 21st century Republicans hold , the early 21st century Republicans all , hold seven all Republicans hold seven all Republicans of hold the eight elected seats six of Republicans In took , 2010 Republicans 2010 , took large majorities Republicans , took large majorities Republicans of took both chambers large majorities of Republicans held are still the state by are still held Democrats by Many rural counties have voters who are have voters majority Democrats are who elected are partisan in Alabama's 67 county sheriffs is 35 Democrats The current split , 31 Republicans , preside of the Democratic sheriffs most preside of the Democratic sheriffs most over are Republican Richard C. Shelby The state's two U.S. senators and Republican Tommy Tuberville is in Alabama Public primary and secondary education under appropriated is the Alabama Legislature through Public school funding In appropriated , FY 2006–2007 Alabama appropriated , FY 2006–2007 Alabama $ , appropriated 3,775,163,578 $ Alabama appropriated 3,775,163,578 $ Alabama for represented an increase That of $ in lags , recent decades it lags , recent decades it behind lags achievement behind in it include of higher education 14 four-year public universities Alabama's programs overseen in Alabama is Public, post-secondary education in overseen is Alabama by Alabama is overseen the Alabama Commission by is overseen the Alabama Commission by on overseen Higher Education the Alabama Commission on by |
is the University of Alabama The largest single campus , located was the state the largest institution in Troy University motorsports a series complex hosts The Talladega Superspeedway of has 143,000 a seating capacity of It averages game over 100,000 fans per Alabama is – Denny Stadium the home Bryant is the UAB Blazers football program home of Legion Field Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic ; seats 40,646 the stadium In are , addition there are , addition there currently , are five auxiliary interstate routes currently there are five auxiliary interstate routes currently there in ranked was 12th by tons The Port of Mobile of ranked at the Port of Mobile was The newly expanded container terminal was during the Trojan War the slaying Achilles' most notable feat concur " , the "Iliad other sources attest the personal name to Linear B tablets "Achilleus has been construed Gregory Nagy by been construed Gregory Nagy by , construed by Gregory Nagy , following rightly , bring distress his men , bring distress his men to bring the enemy distress to his men relates a Proto-Indo-European compound "*h₂eḱ-pṓds" "sharp foot the name to Another etymology deem a loan word the name Some researchers , led to speculations about his was the Thetis the son of Achilles also brought up Hera by brought up Hera by , , left was vulnerable he left was vulnerable he at of anointed , this story Thetis this story , anointed the boy Thetis , anointed the boy Thetis in anointed ambrosia the boy in Thetis is ) , Miletus there ) , is no trace there , is no trace there of is any reference no trace of there entrusted Achilles Peleus to Chiron the Centaur foretold that either was her son's fate chose former the Achilles , by reported Ptolemy Hephaestion that Thetis reported Ptolemy Hephaestion that Thetis burned , fathered there two sons Achilles fathered there two sons Achilles , to learned , this story Odysseus learned , this story Odysseus from , learned the prophet from Odysseus learned Calchas from the prophet Odysseus went Skyros to Odysseus in |
up saw , the spear Odysseus saw , the spear Odysseus through , saw his disguise through Odysseus saw his disguise through Odysseus and of arranged , the story Odysseus arranged , the story Odysseus for , arranged a trumpet alarm for Odysseus arranged a trumpet alarm for Odysseus to arrived " , the "Iliad Achilles , arrived Troy at Achilles arrived Troy at Achilles with stopped , the Trojan War accidentally they stopped accidentally Mysia in they heal ; consulted an oracle Telephus ; consulted an oracle Telephus , Telephus consulted an oracle , who consulted an oracle , who stated about went , Telephus he went , Telephus he to , went Aulis to he went Aulis to he pretending Alternatively , held Orestes Telephus , held Orestes Telephus for held ransom Orestes for Telephus in was , older accounts Troilus older accounts , was a young Trojan prince Troilus , was a young Trojan prince Troilus , was a young Trojan prince Troilus , the Despite was , his youth he his youth , was one he , was one he of was the main Trojan war leaders one of he linked that Troilus' fate to Prophecies Later suggested of the story versions versions of suggested the story Troilus of suggested the story Troilus was suggested the story Troilus was accidentally came , the myth therefore Achilles' death came therefore retribution in Achilles' death treated the epitome Troilus as Ancient writers covers only a few weeks of the decade-long war The Homeric epic , begins Achilles' withdrawal with It from taken has a woman Agamemnon named The prophet determines correctly the source Calchas determines correctly the source Calchas of refuses Thetis , his mother Achilles of declares , Zeus Nestor declares , Zeus Nestor that agrees Odysseus and sends Agamemnon push Hector , subsequently by of leads , absolute destruction Patroclus absolute destruction , leads the Myrmidons Patroclus , leads the Myrmidons Patroclus into leads battle the Myrmidons into Patroclus of grieves , Nestor Achilles grieves , Nestor Achilles over , grieves his beloved companion's death over Achilles |
persuades Hephaestus She to make of ends , Patroclus Achilles Patroclus , ends his refusal Achilles , ends his refusal Achilles to ends his refusal Achilles to fight engages even battle in Achilles tries Achilles to drown The god takes himself note Zeus of Finally , finds his prey Achilles realizes knows , the trick he knows , he the trick the battle , charges Achilles at he charges Achilles at he with Accepting begs , his fate Hector his fate , begs Achilles Hector , begs Achilles Hector not begs Achilles Hector not to Achilles tells Hector it is tells Hector it is hopeless kills then Hector Achilles and referred , Hector is Achilles goes Priam Achilles' tent to Hector's father in hopes , Troy Priam hopes , Troy Priam that with fights , Priam Achilles fights , Priam Achilles and fights the warrior queen and kills Achilles of slays , Ethiopia Antilochus slays , Ethiopia Antilochus , argued that many details inspired episode formed then the basis The episode of appears " , the "Iliad it appears the model to be it expressed , lovers was this theory this theory was expressed some later authors by were argues ; a couple Phaedrus argues ; a couple Phaedrus that However , had no words ancient Greek , had no words ancient Greek to had no words ancient Greek to distinguish brought , his dying breath was the hero's death was brought about Paris by brought about Paris by with guided , the god some versions Apollo , the god guided Paris' arrow Apollo mingled , death were Achilles' bones mingled were those with Achilles' bones is of Achilles' death Another version that of is Achilles' death that he is Achilles' death that he fell asks Polyxena's hand Priam for Achilles informs " , the "Odyssey Agamemnon " , informs Achilles Agamemnon , informs Achilles Agamemnon of informs his pompous burial Achilles of Agamemnon He claims a massive burial mound built they claims a massive burial mound built they on But asks then Odysseus Achilles asks then Odysseus Achilles of was a feud the object of Achilles' armour |
competed it for They by Furious , cursed Odysseus Ajax , cursed Odysseus Ajax , Ajax cursed Odysseus , which cursed Odysseus , which earned killing was , sheep he was , sheep he so gave eventually to the armour Odysseus suggested on pottery have Numerous paintings absorbed were the game in They venerated , was Troad by , was venerated Thessalians by was venerated Thessalians by , venerated Thessalians by , but attested is the Milesian colony for An archaic cult being , clay disks possibly these , being possibly votive offerings these being possibly votive offerings these , from places , this island he this island , places a peninsula he , places a peninsula he " he places a peninsula " which places a peninsula " which stretches considered of Pliny's account is This last feature of refers , his book Pliny refers , his book Pliny to , refers the same island to Pliny refers the same island to Pliny as discovered , were Achilles by , were discovered Captain Kritzikly by were discovered Captain Kritzikly by in discovered 1823 Captain Kritzikly in by showed in 1840 A second exploration that in showed 1840 that the construction showed 1840 that the construction of showed that a lighthouse of the construction snatched , his untimely death had Thetis , snatched had her son Thetis snatched had her son Thetis from , mentioned had a cult Pindar mentioned had a cult Pindar of known is these mythological Fortunate Isles of the connection is these mythological Fortunate Isles of the connection (μακαρῶν νῆσοι wrote , the first century CE that the island Similarly , relate the island's name others , relate the island's name others to relate its white cliffs the island's name to others In is this island there also this island is Achilles' temple also there is Achilles' temple also there and had a reputation also Leuce as reports that a lord sent the Delphic Pythia Later point an "Achílleion to attestations point an "Achílleion to attestations " claimed of Epirus The kings to wrote Aeschylus a trilogy The Greek tragedian of |
relate Achilles the deeds of The tragedies with survive ; Agamemnon only a few lines survive ; Agamemnon only a few lines today wrote also The Lovers of Achilles " The tragedian Sophocles centred Zeno of Elea The philosopher The get a discussion into two get a discussion into two about uses various analogies Socrates , discussing The reference also Homer two reference also Homer two extensively believes that a generally honest man was Achilles refers Achilles to Virgil as was an American lawyer and statesman who born was poverty into Lincoln In returned , 1849 he returned , 1849 he to , returned his law practice to he returned his law practice to he but reentered 1854 politics in He ran President for Lincoln in equated in the South his success Pro-slavery elements despised Lincoln , and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements managed the factions He by exploiting appealed nationalistic, republican to His Gettysburg Address , scrutinized the strategy Lincoln and tactics suspended corpus " habeas He engineered slavery the end to He sought the war-torn nation to heal He attending , Appomattox was he , attending was a play he attending was a play he at born was February 12, 1809 on Abraham Lincoln was Samuel Lincoln a descendant of He migrated then west The family , killed was an Indian raid in The captain remains of Lincoln's mother Nancy The heritage bought farms or leased Thomas Lincoln In moved , 1816 the family moved , 1816 the family to , moved Indiana to the family moved Indiana to the family where moved to Indiana where the land surveys was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory Indiana , and was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory , and they , worked a farmer as Thomas worked a farmer as Thomas , On succumbed , October 5, 1818 Nancy Lincoln succumbed , October 5, 1818 Nancy Lincoln to , succumbed milk sickness to Nancy Lincoln succumbed milk sickness to Nancy Lincoln , On married , December 2, 1819 Thomas December 2, 1819 , married Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas , married Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas , married Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas , a widow |
became his stepmother close to Abraham disliked the hard labor Lincoln associated with included Kentucky two short stints in It persisted an avid reader as He and As took , a teen Lincoln a teen , took responsibility Lincoln , took responsibility Lincoln for took chores responsibility for Lincoln was his youth an active wrestler during He became the age of 21 county wrestling champion at He made New Salem his home in He asked , 1865 was Lincoln answered the practice that in He So , left Springfield he , left Springfield he for left his father's home Springfield for he was whom Ann Rutledge , Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge , whom he By were , 1835 they were , 1835 they in , were a relationship in they were a relationship in they but died August 25, 1835 on She , in agreed , 1836 Lincoln agreed , 1836 Lincoln to , agreed a match to Lincoln agreed a match to Lincoln with , had both second thoughts they In met , 1839 Lincoln 1839 , met Mary Todd Lincoln , met Mary Todd Lincoln in met Springfield Mary Todd in Lincoln was Robert Smith Todd the daughter of She To suppose , hell I suppose , hell I . In bought , 1844 the couple 1844 , bought a house the couple , bought a house the couple in bought Springfield a house in the couple was an affectionate husband Lincoln and father born was December 21, 1850 on Willie" Lincoln note did not what Lincoln did not note what his children not note what his children were note what his children were doing In joined , 1832 Lincoln joined , 1832 Lincoln with , joined a partner with Lincoln joined a partner with Lincoln , That March entered politics he March entered politics he , entered politics he , running interrupted briefly his campaign Lincoln to returning , observed a supporter he , observed a supporter he in observed the crowd a supporter in he served New Salem's postmaster as Lincoln and the custom , borrowed legal texts Lincoln |
, borrowed legal texts Lincoln from borrowed attorneys John Todd Stuart legal texts from Lincoln championed the Illinois and Michigan Canal construction of He voted suffrage to expand He In declared , 1837 he declared , 1837 he , admitted was the Illinois bar to He emerged a formidable trial combatant as Lincoln during to professed , his record Lincoln professed , his record Lincoln to , professed friends to Lincoln professed friends to Lincoln in defeated ; the U.S. House of Representatives was he he was defeated John J. Hardin by was defeated John J. Hardin by though defeated by John J. Hardin though he was the Illinois delegation the only Whig in He assigned was the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in to He teamed Joshua R. Giddings with Lincoln on On spoke , foreign and military policy Lincoln spoke , foreign and military policy Lincoln against , spoke the Mexican–American War against Lincoln spoke the Mexican–American War against Lincoln , emphasized Polk his opposition to Lincoln begun had a Mexican slaughter with The war demanded that Congress show Polk ignored was both Congress in The resolution nicknamed derisively "spotty Lincoln him One Illinois newspaper pledged had 1846 in Lincoln win supported , the presidency he the presidency , supported General Zachary Taylor he , supported General Zachary Taylor he for supported the Whig nomination General Zachary Taylor for he offered him to appoint The administration In handled , his Springfield practice Lincoln handled , his Springfield practice Lincoln " , handled every kind " Lincoln handled every kind " Lincoln of in continued ; the Midstate county courts this continued ; the Midstate county courts this for ; continued 16 years for this handled the midst transportation cases in Lincoln favored , a riverboat man initially Lincoln , favored initially those interests Lincoln favored initially those interests Lincoln , represented later a bridge company He against In received , 1849 he 1849 , received a patent he , received a patent he for received a flotation device a patent for he |
in was ; 175 cases he 175 cases ; was sole counsel he ; was sole counsel he in was 51 cases sole counsel in he , was of his largest clients one one of was his largest clients the Illinois Central Railroad argued an 1858 criminal trial in Lincoln , is Lincoln's use famous for The case in produced , the moonlight Lincoln produced , Lincoln the moonlight a "Farmers' Almanac produced the moon " showing a "Farmers' Almanac was was ; a third cousin Harrison was ; a third cousin Harrison also ; was the grandson also Harrison was the grandson also Harrison of charged was the murder with Harrison protested angrily the judge's initial decision Lincoln to argued that a dying declaration involved the testimony for highlighted , Clay Lincoln Clay , highlighted the latter's support Lincoln , highlighted the latter's support Lincoln for highlighted gradual emancipation the latter's support for Lincoln allow ; a compromise would the measure would allow each territory of the electorate allow each territory of the electorate to declared then his opposition Lincoln to He said a "declared" indifference had the Kansas Act said a "declared" indifference had the Kansas Act , hate it I because of I hate it because it hate it because it deprives were irreparably split the Kansas–Nebraska Act by irreparably split the Kansas–Nebraska Act by and split the Kansas–Nebraska Act by and other efforts of wrote , his party Lincoln wrote , his party Lincoln in , wrote 1855 in Lincoln wrote 1855 in Lincoln , do more no I than combining resisted , Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members Lincoln Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , resisted early Republican entreaties Lincoln , resisted early Republican entreaties Lincoln , resisted early Republican entreaties Lincoln , fearing elected , 1854 was Lincoln elected was the Illinois legislature to Lincoln showed the Kansas–Nebraska Act the strong opposition to The year's elections elected , that time were senators senators were elected the state legislature by of was , voting he was , voting he unable instructed his backers Lincoln to vote |
continued in Kansas Violent political confrontations , continued Kansas , and opposition approached , joined the Republicans Lincoln , joined the Republicans Lincoln and joined the Republicans Lincoln and attended endorsed Congress's right The convention platform to regulate gave the convention the final speech of Lincoln received , though the June 1856 Republican National Convention Lincoln , though received support Lincoln though received support Lincoln to received support Lincoln to run Dred Scott was a slave whose master took was a slave him took whose master returned to petitioned the slave state he to the slave state petitioned a federal court he the slave state petitioned a federal court he for petitioned his freedom a federal court for he wrote in the decision Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney that in wrote the decision that blacks wrote the decision that blacks were in sparked , the territories the decision the territories , sparked further outrage the decision , sparked further outrage the decision in sparked the North further outrage in the decision denounced the product it as Lincoln In was , 1858 Douglas was , 1858 Douglas up was re up for Douglas felt in the party Many that in felt the party that a former Whig felt the party that a former Whig should supported his opposition Douglas from Some eastern Republicans accepted great enthusiasm the nomination with Lincoln become will all one thing It , created the danger a stark image of The speech of stated , Lincoln's nomination Douglas stated , Lincoln's nomination Douglas , featured Lincoln seven debates between The Senate campaign in had ; American history they American history ; had an atmosphere they ; had an atmosphere they akin had an atmosphere they akin to stood stark contrast in The principals both emphasized his Freeport Doctrine Douglas , that emphasized his Freeport Doctrine , that local settlers assumed a moral tone Lincoln's argument , as assumed a moral tone , as he won won , more popular votes the Democrats more popular votes , won more seats the Democrats , won more seats the Democrats , |
won more seats the Democrats , and won more seats , and the legislature gave of the issues him Lincoln's articulation ; voted of the state's 130,000 German Americans most voted of the state's 130,000 German Americans most Democratically voted the state's 130,000 German Americans Democratically but the German-language paper mentioned , the 1858 election frequently newspapers , mentioned frequently Lincoln newspapers mentioned frequently Lincoln newspapers as in lacked , the Midwest he the Midwest , lacked support he , lacked support he in lacked the Northeast support in he Traveling untiringly made about fifty speeches Lincoln , became quickly the champion he became quickly the champion he of the Midwestern United States was in the east his support was in the east his support not On invited , February 27, 1860 powerful New York Republicans February 27, 1860 , invited Lincoln powerful New York Republicans , invited Lincoln powerful New York Republicans to invited Lincoln powerful New York Republicans to give insisted slavery that morality required opposition to He Many in thought the audience he in thought the audience he appeared the audience thought awkward appeared he thought awkward appeared he and But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought demonstrated intellectual leadership him brought that described a "superb political move the speech as Historian David Herbert Donald about said , his ambitions Lincoln said , his ambitions Lincoln , held , May 9–10, 1860 was the Illinois Republican State Convention held was Decatur in the Illinois Republican State Convention Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by organized a campaign team led David Davis by adopted ) , fence rails Lincoln's supporters ) , adopted the label Lincoln's supporters , adopted the label Lincoln's supporters of adopted "The Rail Candidate the label of Lincoln's supporters In described , 1860 Lincoln 1860 , described himself Lincoln , described himself Lincoln : described himself Lincoln : " described himself : " I wrote the effective imaging about Michael Martinez of in won , Chicago Lincoln Chicago , won the nomination Lincoln , won the nomination Lincoln on |
won the third ballot the nomination on Lincoln put the top him over Pennsylvania on agreed , the national government most Republicans agreed , the national government most Republicans with , agreed Lincoln with most Republicans agreed Lincoln with most Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the North doubted , the 1850s had Lincoln , doubted had the prospects Lincoln doubted had the prospects Lincoln of of opposed ; the Democratic convention they the Democratic convention ; opposed Douglas's position they ; opposed Douglas's position they on opposed popular sovereignty Douglas's position on they to began , the Republican convention the Lincoln campaign began , the Republican convention the Lincoln campaign cultivating , began a nationwide youth organization cultivating the Lincoln campaign began a nationwide youth organization cultivating the Lincoln campaign , campaigned , gave no speeches Lincoln , gave no speeches Lincoln , gave no speeches Lincoln , relying The party did the leg work that produced did the leg work majorities produced that focused the party platform first on Republican speakers was the power to demonstrate The goal dwarfed produced ; the combined opposition a "Chicago Tribune" writer the combined opposition ; produced a pamphlet a "Chicago Tribune" writer ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced a pamphlet that a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced a pamphlet that detailed produced a pamphlet Lincoln's life detailed that give sought , public appearances many sought , public appearances many to sought him to visit many to took , the election he the election , took an office he , took an office he in took the Illinois state capitol an office in he elected , November 6, 1860 was Lincoln , elected was the 16th president Lincoln was the first Republican president He and his victory cast were him for No ballots received 1,866,452 votes Lincoln , or The South was outraged Lincoln's election by was outraged Lincoln's election by , outraged Lincoln's election by , and Six of declared these states themselves of declared these states themselves to declared these states themselves to be declared a sovereign nation to be themselves followed at compromise Attempts but |
at followed compromise but Lincoln followed compromise but Lincoln and supported tacitly the Corwin Amendment Lincoln to protected would have slavery That doomed amendment cited his plans Lincoln for banning are : " the South We " are enemies not We are enemies not We , be must not enemies We of signaled 1861 that legislative compromise signaled 1861 that legislative compromise was proposed of the insurrection had no leaders agreed that the Union of the dismantling In looked , his second inaugural address Lincoln looked , his second inaugural address Lincoln back looked the situation back on Lincoln On fired , April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fired , April 12, 1861 Confederate forces on , fired Union troops on Confederate forces fired Union troops on Confederate forces at talked Lincoln to William Tecumseh Sherman during fire did ; the first shot they the first shot ; did just that they On called , April 15 Lincoln called , April 15 Lincoln on , called the states on Lincoln called the states on Lincoln to forced states This call to choose of the rail links attacked Union troops who the rail links attacked Union troops who were attacked Union troops who were changing burned later critical rail bridges Local leaders' groups to suspended the writ Lincoln of " ex parte Merryman , issued the writ which , issued the writ which he issued the writ which he felt took the war executive control of Lincoln responded the unprecedented political and military crisis to He as expanded his war powers He , imposed gained Congress the support of Lincoln was the outset clear from It criticized Lincoln Copperheads for refusing criticized him The Radical Republicans for moving On signed , August 6, 1861 Lincoln August 6, 1861 , signed the Confiscation Act Lincoln , Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized signed the Confiscation Act judicial proceedings authorized that canceled the illegal proclamation Lincoln as politically monitored painstakingly the telegraph reports Lincoln coming tracked the effort all phases of He in replaced , the War Department Lincoln |
the War Department , replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron Lincoln , replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron Lincoln with replaced Edwin Stanton War Secretary Simon Cameron with Lincoln centralized the War Department's activities Stanton , auditing Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward embraced two priorities Lincoln's war strategy : ensuring , met his cabinet with Lincoln met his cabinet with Lincoln in Occasionally prevailed him on Mary prevailed him on Mary to was " ; Elements of Military Art and Science Halleck " ; was a disciple Halleck ; was a disciple Halleck of was the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini a disciple of Halleck began the critical need to appreciate Lincoln at appointed , Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement Lincoln Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , appointed Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln , appointed general Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln appointed general Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln - took then months McClellan to frustrated Lincoln McClellan's slow progress , as In removed , 1862 Lincoln 1862 , removed McClellan Lincoln , removed McClellan Lincoln for removed the general's continued inaction McClellan for Lincoln elevated July Henry Halleck in He satisfied Lincoln's desire Pope to advance reinforce restored , Pope Lincoln Pope , restored him Lincoln , restored him Lincoln to restored command him to Lincoln to crossed , command General Robert E. Lee's forces command , crossed the Potomac River General Robert E. Lee's forces , crossed the Potomac River General Robert E. Lee's forces into crossed Maryland the Potomac River into General Robert E. Lee's forces resisted then the president's demand McClellan that then resisted the president's demand that he resisted the president's demand that he pursue replaced William Rosecrans Buell with Lincoln In the 1862 midterm elections suffered severe losses the Republicans the 1862 midterm elections suffered severe losses the Republicans due suffered severe losses the Republicans due to Hooker was routed Lee by was routed Lee by at routed the Battle of Chancellorsville Lee at by followed north Lee Meade into |
end limited was slavery by slavery was limited the Constitution by was limited the Constitution by , limited by the Constitution , which sought the states to persuade He In passed , June 1862 Congress June 1862 , passed an act Congress , passed an act Congress banning passed slavery an act banning Congress aiding approved ; the rebellion Lincoln the rebellion ; approved the bill Lincoln ; approved the bill Lincoln despite approved his belief the bill despite Lincoln was on signing the Proclamation Lincoln's comment was the Proclamation : " I By was , the spring of 1863 Lincoln was , the spring of 1863 Lincoln ready raising wrote , black troops Lincoln wrote , black troops Lincoln , spoke the dedication at Lincoln of and asserted , three minutes Lincoln asserted , three minutes Lincoln that defined the war He as dedicated said , Shiloh had Lincoln in felt , command Lincoln felt , Lincoln command the Union Army provided " was the Senate by " was provided a new bill by was provided which a new bill by provided by a new bill which Lincoln waged in 1864 the bloody Overland Campaign Grant 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign , which waged the bloody Overland Campaign , which exacted traveled Grant's headquarters to Lincoln at reacted Union losses to Lincoln by authorized Grant Lincoln to target emphasized the Confederate armies defeat of He has that it Legend while has it that while Lincoln began to discuss peace efforts led Lincoln a group meeting with Confederate Vice President Stephens evacuated Richmond The Confederate government and Lincoln ran reelection for Lincoln in used conversation Lincoln and his patronage powers At selected , its convention the Republicans its convention , selected Johnson the Republicans , selected Johnson the Republicans as selected his running mate Johnson as the Republicans followed the "Peace wing The Democratic platform " of Meanwhile , emboldened Grant Lincoln , emboldened Grant Lincoln with emboldened more troops Grant with Lincoln and ended of Mobile David Farragut's capture ended of Mobile defeatism David Farragut's capture The National Union Party was united Lincoln's support by |
was united Lincoln's support by for united emancipation Lincoln's support for by stressed the Copperheads the perfidy of State Republican parties preceded the war's end Reconstruction , as preceded the war's end , as Lincoln led Reconstruction policy the moderates in Lincoln alienate urged , the South Lincoln urged , the South Lincoln that urged that generous terms under speedy elections fell , needed leaders they , needed leaders they while they needed leaders while their administrations needed leaders while their administrations were , appointed respectively Johnson Lincoln appointed respectively Johnson Lincoln and In ordered , Louisiana Lincoln Louisiana , ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln , ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln to ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln to promote accused Lincoln Democratic opponents of using denounced his policy The Radicals as too implementing increased , the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln the Emancipation Proclamation , increased pressure Lincoln , increased pressure Lincoln on increased Congress pressure on Lincoln fell the required two-thirds majority short of This first attempt became Lincoln's reelection platform part of Passage believed responsibility had limited the federal government He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up opened a lease land for The law followed with Indians the death Lincoln's experience in saw , 1832 he 1832 , saw no significant action he driven toward Indians was Lincoln's policy toward driven was Indians by Indians was driven politics by used a source the Indian Bureau as He supported killed the Yankton Indians , by killed the Yankton Indians , hundreds by Some believed a conspiracy was it believed a conspiracy was it by sent General John Pope Lincoln , the former head ordered Confederate prisoners thousands of Lincoln fight revoked , Indians Lincoln Indians , revoked the policy Lincoln fought the Indians against Pope mercilessly led Pope , Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley Aiding ; ceased December 26 on hostilities killing commuted ; innocent farmers he innocent farmers ; commuted the sentences he ; commuted the sentences he of commuted all the sentences of he |
faced also significant public pressure He , told of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey Lincoln Former Governor of employed , his cabinet Lincoln his cabinet , employed the strengths Lincoln , employed the strengths Lincoln of employed his opponents the strengths of Lincoln commented his thought process on Lincoln , needed our own people to hold We looked had the party I over Then had no right I to had no right I to deprive adhered the Whig theory to Lincoln of vetoed only four bills Lincoln , including made Western government-held land millions of acres of The 1862 Homestead Act provided agricultural colleges government grants for The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act were two measures There passed to In signed , 1861 Lincoln 1861 , signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln , signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln , signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln , following signed also the Revenue Act He of presided the expansion over Lincoln of created national banks the system of The National Banking Act issued the first time paper currency for The US and published " a false draft proclamation the "Journal of Commerce the "Journal of Commerce " published a false draft proclamation that " published a false draft proclamation that created published a false draft proclamation an opportunity created that become had a regional holiday Thanksgiving in been sporadically proclaimed the federal government by sporadically proclaimed the federal government by on proclaimed irregular dates the federal government on by been had James Madison's presidency during The prior proclamation was on court nominations Lincoln's philosophy that was court nominations that " we Therefore take must a man we we must take a man whose opinions must take a man whose opinions are take a man whose opinions are known made the Supreme Court five appointments to Lincoln Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed supported the 1860 election Lincoln in Samuel Freeman Miller was 1860 Lincoln's campaign manager in David Davis joined had , the Confederate army he the Confederate army , had contacts he |
, had contacts he with had the Confederate secret service contacts with he for hatched , blacks Booth blacks , hatched a plot Booth , hatched a plot Booth to hatched a plot Booth to assassinate with planned , General Grant he planned , General Grant he to planned Lincoln to assassinate he attended and his wife the play Lincoln At entered , 10:15 in the evening Booth 10:15 in the evening , entered the back Booth , entered the back Booth of entered Lincoln's theater box the back of Booth grappled momentarily Booth with Major Henry Rathbone taken was the street across Lincoln for died , eight hours Lincoln died , eight hours Lincoln at placed was a flag-wrapped coffin in Lincoln's body placed in a flag-wrapped coffin , which lay state in The late President , followed Washington D.C. a circuitous route from The train gathered the tracks along Many others as gathered along the tracks as the train lost had their Moses ' they In was , a larger sense the reaction was , a larger sense the reaction in , was response in the reaction was response in the reaction to emphasized the widespread shock Historians and sorrow As was , a young man Lincoln a young man , was a religious skeptic Lincoln was his position private about He made never a clear profession He of Through had , his entire public career Lincoln his entire public career , had a proneness Lincoln , had a proneness Lincoln for had a proneness Lincoln for quoting In subscribed , the 1840s Lincoln subscribed , the 1840s Lincoln to , subscribed the Doctrine of Necessity to Lincoln subscribed the Doctrine of Necessity to Lincoln , expressed 1850 more frequently he expressed more frequently a dependence he of regarded ; the evangelicals he the evangelicals ; regarded the republicanism he ; regarded the republicanism he of regarded the Founding Fathers the republicanism of he caused may have February 1862 him After questioned , Willie's death he Willie's death , questioned the divine necessity he , questioned the divine necessity he of |
questioned the war's severity the divine necessity of he wrote this time at He that wrote at this time that God , give could the final victory He give could to the final victory He believe did an all-powerful God in Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that believe in an all-powerful God that shaped in claim : Kentucky I claim : Kentucky I not , at struggle the end of three years the nation's condition at struggle the end of three years the nation's condition is struggle the end of three years the nation's condition is not struggle what is not the nation's condition claim alone can it God seems is tending plain it find , wrong will impartial history find will new cause therein impartial history explains the cause therein Lincoln , He took blue mass pills , which took blue mass pills , which contained has been stressed historians by been stressed historians by such stressed historians by such as Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence — which called the Declaration of Independence — which emphasized did a time this at He founded on war was His position Furthermore , was a national duty it , was a national duty it to was a national duty it to ensure was a national duty to ensure the republic As was , a Whig activist Lincoln a Whig activist , was a spokesman Lincoln , was a spokesman Lincoln for was business interests a spokesman for Lincoln found that the Founding Fathers for Lincoln's "reverence emphasizes his tolerance James G. Randall and moderation In explored , Lincoln's first inaugural address he Lincoln's first inaugural address , explored the nature he , explored the nature he of explored democracy the nature of he denounced anarchy secession as He had of the states consequences The successful reunification had consequences for how people since are , 1948 the top three presidents 1948 , are Lincoln the top three presidents , are Lincoln the top three presidents , are Lincoln the top three presidents , Washington He was viewed abolitionists by was viewed abolitionists by as |
viewed a champion abolitionists as by linked their party Lincoln's name to Republicans said a classical liberal was " he helped Lincoln , " by argues the 1930s that in Sociologist Barry Schwartz served a means " as Lincoln asked What , " Americans In shifted , the Cold War years Lincoln's image shifted , the Cold War years Lincoln's image to , shifted a symbol to Lincoln's image shifted a symbol to Lincoln's image of led rejected Lerone Bennett Jr. , by rejected Lerone Bennett Jr. , Lincoln's role by Bennett won wide attention when he won wide attention when he called noted that ethnic slurs used Lincoln argued that social equality opposed Lincoln become , the 1970s had Lincoln , become had a hero Lincoln become had a hero Lincoln to wrote 2009 in Historian Barry Schwartz that wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image In named , the 21st century President Barack Obama the 21st century , named Lincoln President Barack Obama , named his favorite president Lincoln President Barack Obama named his favorite president Lincoln President Barack Obama and appears two denominations on Lincoln's portrait of appears also many postage stamps on His likeness grow did n't a beard he is the most visited monuments one of Lincoln Memorial in include , Springfield Illinois Springfield , include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois , include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois and include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois and Museum ; was ) a Greek philosopher 384–322 BC was ) a Greek philosopher 384–322 BC and by was , Plato he Plato , was the founder he , was the founder he of was the Lyceum the founder of he cover physics many subjects including His writings provided the various philosophies a complex synthesis of Aristotle known is his life about Little born was the city in Aristotle died when a child was Aristotle At seventeen or eighteen years of age joined Plato's Academy he seventeen or eighteen years of age joined Plato's Academy he in joined Athens Plato's Academy in he died , left Athens Aristotle , left Athens Aristotle and |
left Athens Aristotle and , established the Lyceum a library in He established a library in the Lyceum which influenced also Judeo-Islamic philosophies He ( revered was medieval Muslim scholars among Aristotle continued on logic Aristotle's influence well , are of Aristotle's life the details are of Aristotle's life the details not , learned biology about Aristotle learned biology about Aristotle and died of Aristotle's parents Both when of died Aristotle's parents when he died Aristotle's parents when he was of moved , seventeen or eighteen Aristotle moved , seventeen or eighteen Aristotle to , moved Athens to Aristotle moved Athens to Aristotle to experienced probably the Eleusinian Mysteries He as probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote remained Athens in Aristotle for The traditional story about his departure records that he accompanied then Xenocrates Aristotle to of travelled , Hermias Aristotle travelled , Hermias Aristotle with , travelled his pupil with Aristotle travelled his pupil with Aristotle Theophrastus in married , Lesbos Aristotle Lesbos , married Pythias Aristotle , married Pythias Aristotle , married Pythias Aristotle , either Hermias's adoptive daughter bore a daughter him She , appointed was the head as Aristotle in gave , the Macedonian court he the Macedonian court , gave lessons he , gave lessons he not gave lessons he not only encouraged eastern conquest Alexander toward Aristotle In counsels , one famous example he one famous example , counsels Alexander he , counsels Alexander he to counsels Alexander he to be returned , 335 BC had Aristotle returned had Athens to Aristotle conducted the school courses at Aristotle died , Athens Pythias his wife is , BC when Aristotle wrote many dialogues He , of include Physics " His most important treatises " studied significant contributions and made Aristotle suspected in antiquity Aristotle A widespread tradition rekindled in Athens was anti-Macedonian sentiment credited is the earliest study with Aristotle goes the basics from It , form the logical theory the core of The first three treatises examines substance the concepts of Aristotle In distinguishes , Book VIII he |
Book VIII , distinguishes the matter he , distinguishes the matter he of distinguishes the substance the matter of he , is of a house the matter is of a house the bricks the matter aims Plato , his teacher Aristotle's philosophy , aims the universal at Aristotle's philosophy whereas for is Plato the universal for Plato is a separately existing form the universal Plato is which a separately existing form the universal the universal is a separately existing form which actual things is a separately existing form which actual things imitate argued that a universal form have all things for sees , example one example , sees an apple one , sees an apple one , sees an apple one , and sees an apple , and one In is , this distinction there this distinction , is a particular apple there , is a particular apple there and is a particular apple there and a universal form , place can an apple one place can an apple one next argued that some universal forms are there For is , example it is , example it possible disagreed Plato with Aristotle on In disagreed , addition Aristotle disagreed , addition Aristotle with , disagreed Plato with Aristotle disagreed Plato with Aristotle about Where spoke the world of Plato spoke the world of Plato of is to be a change The coming be is a change where nothing is a change where nothing persists In that particular change introduces the concept he that particular change introduces the concept he of introduces potentiality the concept of he to is , potentiality this potentiality , is what this , this is what a thing this is what a thing is is what a thing is capable is the end the fulfilment of Actuality is " ) the principle ("telos the final house are actualities , which are actualities , which is , " is what it " is what it that is what it that makes is it a man makes that how then is a unity man spans " a wide range Aristotle's "natural philosophy of |
is , Aristotle's terminology " "natural philosophy , is " a branch "natural philosophy is " a branch "natural philosophy of encompassed intellectual inquiry virtually all facets of Aristotle's work makes the broad sense philosophy in Aristotle carries of the term "science " his use " , related each Aristotle , related each Aristotle of related the four elements each of Aristotle made , the Empedoclean scheme was all matter made was the four elements of all matter describes motion two kinds of Aristotle , is of an object the natural state is of an object the natural state to implies a vacuum that in Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed remained on motion Aristotle's writings influential A contrary opinion is given Carlo Rovelli by is given Carlo Rovelli by , given by Carlo Rovelli , who suggested that anything for the reason describes optics experiments in Aristotle consisted a dark chamber of The apparatus with remained , the hole always the sun's image chance are some things of causes are some things of causes , as lies the realm in an incidental cause lies the realm in an incidental cause of In refuted , astronomy Aristotle astronomy , refuted Democritus's claim Aristotle , refuted Democritus's claim Aristotle that Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was was the first people one of Aristotle noted that such change described Aristotle made also many observations Aristotle about was the first person Aristotle to study spent two years He observing and reports the sea-life on Aristotle visible describes the catfish He , electric ray seem can modern readers to Aristotle's writings do did not experiments Aristotle used the ancient Greek term "pepeiramenoi He " to Instead , practiced a different style he , practiced a different style he of practiced science a different style of he is modern biology common in This style documented , inferred quite a number Aristotle , inferred quite a number Aristotle of inferred rules quite a number of Aristotle decreases (adult) body mass with Brood size , distinguished animals about 500 species of Aristotle |
had animal eleven grades of His system came plants above Animals , also : grouped what He : He grouped what the modern zoologist He grouped what the modern zoologist would grouped what the modern zoologist would call divided with blood were Those were without blood insects Those incorporates the other kinds the powers of The human soul For is , Aristotle the soul Aristotle , is the form the soul , is the form the soul of is a living being the form of the soul , is of living beings the form the form of is living beings that of is living beings that which is living beings that which endows is that them endows which with placed , the Egyptians he the Egyptians , placed the rational soul he , placed the rational soul he in placed the heart the rational soul in he " , is the ability memory , is the ability memory to is the ability memory to hold In is , other words a memory other words , is a mental picture a memory , is a mental picture a memory (phantasm is a mental picture a memory (phantasm ) is a mental picture (phantasm ) that uses the term 'memory Aristotle ' for of is , the past prediction is , the past prediction of , is the future of prediction is the future of prediction , for search , these impressions people these impressions , search the memory people , search the memory people itself reject , a specific memory will that person , reject will this experience that person reject will this experience that person until will reject this experience until they reject this experience until they find stimulate will next the one memory recall stimulate , experiences they experiences , stimulate certain previous experiences they , stimulate certain previous experiences they until they stimulate certain previous experiences until they stimulate certain previous experiences until they reach is the self-directed activity thus Recollection of remember can impressions Only humans of believed thought the chain of Aristotle operates the hidden material to awaken A force |
describes sleep Aristotle in " is , so digestion it is the body vital to it have sleep can not they have can not desire they not have desire , which have desire , which is of leaves , their attention it their attention , leaves an impression it , encounters constantly new stimuli a person encounters constantly new stimuli a person to noticed are the day as there noticed as no new distracting sensory experiences are there , result these lasting impressions from dreams resemble do not the actual waking experience dreams During is , sleep a person is , sleep a person in , is an altered state in a person is an altered state in a person of compares a person a sleeping person to Aristotle compares a sleeping person to a person who leads the person This to believe leads the person to believe the dream If appear had an image a person appear had an image a person for , is part not this sensory experience is part not this sensory experience of considered a practical rather than theoretical study to be ethics taught that virtue Aristotle has to is only a good eye An eye in so identified such an optimum activity Aristotle ( the virtuous mean taught that Aristotle to achieve address addressed , the individual Aristotle the individual , addressed the city Aristotle , addressed the city Aristotle in addressed his work the city in Aristotle considered a natural community to be the city conceived politics of Aristotle as was according to Aristotle the natural community distinguished is modern approaches from This made economic thought substantial contributions to Aristotle addresses " , "Politics Aristotle " , addresses the city Aristotle , addresses the city Aristotle , addresses the city Aristotle , property offers " , "Politics Aristotle " , offers one Aristotle , offers one Aristotle of offers the earliest accounts one of Aristotle came use into Money because came into use because people had retail a low opinion of He uses thus goods It as gave the function a summary of Aristotle |
He wrote that because it wrote that because it is allows thus the association for Money categorizes also rhetoric He into writes his "Poetics in Aristotle " applies the term "mimesis He " both of believed , this Aristotle believed , this Aristotle that believed that the mimetic arts of each For imitates , example music imitates , example music with , imitates the media with music imitates the media with music of differ also their object in The forms are in a tragedy The characters merely is action the imitation of Tragedy concludes "Poetics Aristotle " with describes of procreation Aristotle's analysis an accused of feminist metaphysics have proponents after remains , his death Aristotle his death , remains one Aristotle , remains one Aristotle of remains the most influential people one of Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who contributed almost every field to He of Among was , countless other achievements Aristotle countless other achievements , was the founder Aristotle , was the founder Aristotle of was formal logic the founder of Aristotle felt of Aristotle's work was The immediate influence felt was Aristotle's work as the Lyceum included Aristoxenus Aristotle's notable students , Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum seen over Alexander the Great is Aristotle's influence learned had also a great deal He After failed , Theophrastus the Lyceum failed , Theophrastus the Lyceum to failed any original work to produce the Lyceum distinguished also veins between Herophilus challenged such as Lucretius a few ancient atomists played the preservation a crucial role in Greek Christian scribes was the most revered Western thinkers one of Aristotle admired greatly Aristotle's philosophy Alkindus , admired Aristotle's philosophy , and Averroes described regularly Aristotle Medieval Muslim scholars as in was , the early medieval Latin West Aristotle was , the early medieval Latin West Aristotle practically , revived in Aristotle interest revived in Aristotle interest and in revived Aristotle and Latin Christians revived Aristotle and Latin Christians had revived and translations had Latin Christians , grew for Aristotle's writings the demand grew for Aristotle's writings the demand , grew Aristotle's writings , and the Greek manuscripts |
blended Christianity Aristotelian philosophy with These thinkers held that his pupil advised Aristotle told had secretly Alexander Phyllis built the philosophy up Dante of knew Aristotle Dante directly from considered the greatest philosopher to be Aristotle observes that no need is there demonstrated the blood the circulation of Harvey separated rigidly action Aristotle from accepted fully Aristotle's logic The English mathematician George Boole , regarded the most important contributor Aristotle as Charles Darwin In wrote an 1882 letter he that wrote an 1882 letter he that " was whom Aristotle , James Joyce's favoured philosopher was Aristotle , whom he acknowledged her greatest influence Aristotle as Ayn Rand called repulsive Aristotle's ethics " Russell wrote of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis The Dutch historian wrote Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis science that Aristotle state in "pure seventeenth century" tones that Aristotle attempted to reform what he wrote papyrus scrolls his works on Aristotle are two groups divisible into His writings stray characterization considerably in Aristotle's "lost" works surviving resemble mostly lecture notes works resemble mostly lecture notes works not of is Aristotle's works how the exoteric writings is Aristotle's works how the exoteric writings were has been depicted major artists by been depicted major artists by including depicted Lucas Cranach major artists including by named in Antarctica are The Aristotle Mountains was the first person He known to is in Paris " An American scored the standard instruments the piece for Gershwin brought four Parisian taxi horns back He for It was Damrosch who had was Damrosch who had commissioned completed November 18 the orchestration on He encouraged strongly Ravel Gershwin to greeted New York Ravel in Gershwin reignited Gershwin's desire Ravel's tour to return an introductory letter to caused Nadia Boulanger Gershwin to caused Nadia Boulanger Gershwin to caused Nadia Boulanger Gershwin to seriously for told , her she her , told him she , she told him she she told him she could told him she could not " give could What I What could give you I could give you I that I give you that you give you that you have |
set did not Gershwin This based Paris "An American in Gershwin explained Musical America in " Gershwin structured is five sections into The piece structured into five sections , which introduces the "Allegretto grazioso the two main "walking" themes in Gershwin's first A episode written of this A section is The style featured duple meter This A section , singsong rhythms introduces " the American Blues The B section's "Andante ma con ritmo deciso and In uses , the B section Gershwin the B section , uses common time Gershwin , uses common time Gershwin , uses syncopated rhythms common time , Gershwin , been had Gershwin's intention it been had Gershwin's intention it to became 2000 the standard performing edition until This announced , September 22, 2013 was it announced that the full orchestral score of a musicological critical edition published of the work were Two urtext editions of published were the work by the work were published the German publisher B-Note Music by were published the German publisher B-Note Music by in published 2015 the German publisher B-Note Music in by made withdrawn Campbell-Watson were by withdrawn Campbell-Watson were by in re of music were 120 bars On gave , September 9, 2017 The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra September 9, 2017 , gave the world premiere The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra , gave the world premiere The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra of gave the long-awaited critical edition the world premiere of The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra made was the Victor Talking Machine Company for The first recording play said ; the solo Gershwin said ; Gershwin the solo he participated briefly the actual recording in he In released , 1951 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 1951 , released the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , released the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , released the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , "An American recognizes art direction achievement for The Academy Award for Best Production Design was Best Art Direction The category's original name , but resulted the Art Director's branch from This change of shared , 1947 is the award shared is the set decorator(s with the award They are regarded many by |
are regarded many by as regarded the most prestigious and significant awards many as by are ) , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS the awards ) , are an international recognition the awards , are an international recognition the awards of are excellence an international recognition of the awards awarded are a copy The various category winners of was originally sculpted George Stanley by originally sculpted George Stanley by from sculpted a design sketch George Stanley from by presented first it AMPAS in was first broadcast radio by first broadcast radio by in broadcast 1930 radio in by is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony It and is with was , the two previous ceremonies there the two previous ceremonies , was no host there broadcast was ABC on The ceremony held was the Mayfair Hotel at The post-awards party announced were the media to Winners changed was the second ceremony for That given , the first decade were the results , given were to the results given were newspapers to the results awarded Emil Jannings was The first Best Actor , made earlier ; the prize this for received , example Jannings example , received the award Jannings , received the award Jannings for received two movies the award for Jannings Perhaps was in history the most widely seen streaker was in history 34-year-old Robert Opel the most widely seen streaker history was 34-year-old Robert Opel , who was 34-year-old Robert Opel , who streaked ended , 2020 have all Academy Awards ceremonies announced the 2020 Oscar Ceremony at Tom Hanks , started 2017 in The museum development under is Merit the Academy Award of The best known award on is , a black metal base it a black metal base , is 13.5 it , is 13.5 it is 13.5 it in presented the initial ceremonies at The statuettes were abandoned , a few years was the bronze abandoned was favor in the bronze made , World War II were Oscars made were painted plaster of Oscars Following invited , the war the Academy the war , invited recipients the Academy |
, invited recipients the Academy to invited recipients the Academy to redeem is was created a minor streamlining it cast was 1928 in The original Oscar mold made each year in Chicago by In returned , 2016 the Academy returned , 2016 the Academy to , returned bronze to the Academy returned bronze to the Academy as of retain , an original 1929 Oscar the statuettes an original 1929 Oscar , retain their modern-era dimensions the statuettes , retain their modern-era dimensions the statuettes and retain their modern-era dimensions the statuettes and black pedestal then electroplated in 24-karat gold by electroplated in 24-karat gold Brooklyn by adopted officially the name The Academy "Oscar in claims , 1941 she claims , 1941 she named , claims the award named she claims the award named she after appeared another early media mention again in The 1934 awards of presented , the ceremony Oscar statuettes presented , the ceremony Oscar statuettes at , presented the ceremony at Oscar statuettes presented the ceremony at Oscar statuettes have Until returned , 2010 winners 2010 , returned their statuettes winners , returned their statuettes winners to returned the Academy their statuettes to winners had , 2010 have winners , had have the option winners had have the option winners of engraved has nameplates The R.S. Owens company made been legally encumbered the requirement by legally encumbered the requirement by that encumbered by the requirement that the statuette keeps , then this stipulation the Academy , then keeps the statuette the Academy In tried , 1989 Michael Todd's grandson tried , 1989 Michael Todd's grandson to tried Todd's Best Picture Oscar to sell Michael Todd's grandson In consigned , 1992 Harold Russell 1992 , consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell , consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell for consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell for " defended his action Russell , saying announced , that were the results announced were early February in the results divided is different branches into Academy membership constitute the largest voting bloc Actors , numbering |
have been certified the auditing firm by been certified the auditing firm by PricewaterhouseCoopers certified the auditing firm by PricewaterhouseCoopers ( stated that just under 6,000 voting members has it published the "Los Angeles Times " were by confirmed , Caucasian were 94% open , the official Academy Awards Rules must a film open must the previous calendar year in a film followed ' the win of This require does not a U.S. release The Best International Feature Film award requires both Los Angeles County either week-long releases in The Best Documentary Feature award meet must the same requirements The qualifying theatrical runs as be , the defined deadline will the film includes all related categories the production credits for The form Second , are multiple methods there , are multiple methods there of are qualification multiple methods of there is a week-long theatrical release The main method in " are for the qualifying theatrical run The requirements also required per day is Only one screening of are , Best Picture all voting members are , Best Picture all voting members eligible used of the single transferable vote is a variant selected , most categories is the winner selected from among the nominees by has been chosen instant runoff voting by spend will as much as several million dollars Film companies on rules overt campaigning to limit The Academy enforces has staff an awards czar on It has an awards czar on staff who presented are a live televised ceremony at The major awards is the film awards season the culmination of It is an elaborate extravaganza This , with is an elaborate extravaganza , with the invited guests is men the most common outfit for Black tie dress The Academy Awards is show the world's longest-running awards televised is show the world's longest-running awards televised live first televised in 1953 by televised in 1953 NBC by for resumed then five years ABC five years then resumed broadcast duties ABC then resumed broadcast duties ABC in resumed 1976 broadcast duties in ABC produced has also condensed versions The Academy was the growing TV ratings success because of Another reason |
moved were Tuesday from ABC's regained Oscars is the advantage also to The earlier date moved is the first Sunday of March into the ceremony moved , the 1999 ceremonies was it moved was Sundays to it were given for the move The reasons for were the move that more viewers were the move that more viewers would For many years opposed a Sunday broadcast the film industry many years opposed a Sunday broadcast the film industry because the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would In contemplated , 2010 the Academy contemplated , 2010 the Academy moving , contemplated the ceremony moving the Academy contemplated the ceremony moving the Academy even decrease would dramatically the voting period such an accelerated schedule clash on Sunday would a January ceremony postponed , April 8, 1968 was the 40th Academy Awards ceremony postponed was two days for the 40th Academy Awards ceremony introduced " Memoriam was segment introduced , honoring those who drawn has criticism This segment over averages , broadcast length generally the ceremony , averages generally three and a half hours the ceremony of lasted , the spectrum the 2002 ceremony lasted , the spectrum the 2002 ceremony four hours , announced of the Academy Awards the organizers the organizers of announced the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches of announced the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches must announced the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches must not displayed , speeches were winners' dedications During acknowledged , the 2018 ceremony host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged , the 2018 ceremony host Jimmy Kimmel how reported , the show " "Variety is most aspects responsible for AMPAS tuned the telecast to More than 57.25 million viewers for watched , 2008 was the 80th Academy Awards telecast the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched 31.76 million viewers by was watched 31.76 million viewers by on watched average 31.76 million viewers on by of drew , 23.6 million viewers the 93rd Academy Awards 23.6 million viewers , drew an even lower viewership the 93rd Academy Awards , drew an even lower viewership the 93rd Academy Awards of |
drew 10.4 million an even lower viewership of the 93rd Academy Awards holds every Academy Awards ceremony copies of The Academy Film Archive presented , 1929 were the first Academy Awards presented were a banquet dinner at the first Academy Awards hosted in Hollywood then Grauman's Chinese Theatre presented , 1950 to 1960 were the awards presented were Hollywood's Pantages Theatre at the awards , took from 1953 to 1957 the awards took from 1953 to 1957 place the awards moved the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium to The Oscars in By decided , 1969 the Academy decided , 1969 the Academy to decided the ceremonies to move the Academy split , the awards was the Best Directing award split was two categories into the Best Directing award from announced , Academy members they announced , Academy members they that are voted on special committees by voted on special committees by , of spend , the Academy Awards many studios the Academy Awards , spend millions of dollars many studios , spend millions of dollars many studios and spend millions of dollars many studios and hire generated has accusations This of received have long criticism The Academy Awards based is the statistics on This criticism became a boycott the target of The 88th awards ceremony concerned that a movie production and distribution studio as Netflix boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony Nichols because of accepted eventually the 1935 award Nichols three years later became the second person George C. Scott to refuse described a "meat parade it as Scott was to refuse the award The third person the award was Marlon Brando , who was Marlon Brando , who refused unsegregated , unsegregated categories are other categories become has a tradition It to reported , 2014 was the value included have vacation packages Oscar gift bags to had , 2014 Adam & Eve the adult products retailer , had Adam & Eve a "Secret Room Gifting Suite the adult products retailer had Adam & Eve a "Secret Room Gifting Suite the adult products retailer " has no male actors The film , with |
wrote " , "Movie - Film - Review Christopher Tookey wrote " a theatrical work of This cinematic adaptation " is " an illustrated children's book Animalia is " an illustrated children's book Animalia by " is " an alliterative alphabet book Animalia is " an alliterative alphabet book Animalia and features the animal kingdom an animal from Each illustration published 2008 an "Animalia" colouring book in Julia MacRae Books airs also Minimax on It is time a continuous scale of It is Terrestrial Time the principal realisation of It is the basis also It for into is , effect UTC is , effect UTC currently , is exactly 37 seconds currently UTC is exactly 37 seconds currently UTC behind is the time a weighted average of TAI compared are GPS signals using The clocks signal with timecodes , which denoted are the form "UTC(NPL in These time scales expressed is the form in This time scale In is , hindsight it is , hindsight it possible started 1955 experimentally in Atomic timekeeping services used was a basis as It defined was terms in The SI second applied were the output to corrections above meant , sea level this meant , sea level this that defined of these time scales were three was a realisation henceforth TAI of questioned of TAI was The continued existence is occasionally adjusted leap seconds by composed , these adjustments is it composed is segments of it is composed of segments that composed of segments that are made , December 1971 were the adjustments was order a compromise arrangement in This is concern the principle and moral practice of Altruism is many cultures a traditional virtue in It vary ) of concern the object(s is an individual performing an action which suggests altruism a definition for Steinberg predicated are social relationships upon latter suggests of psychological egoism The theory that of suggests psychological egoism that no act suggests psychological egoism that no act of suggests that sharing of no act also refer to an ethical doctrine that refer to an ethical doctrine that claims contrasted with egoism , which |
has philosophical and ethical thought a long history in The concept originally coined in the 19th century by coined in the 19th century the founding sociologist by can affect the other fields , the different methods affect the other fields , the different methods and are a moral notion the fruits of Alms is an obligation Generosity , because is an obligation , because Nemesis is the gift the ancient morality of This of refers , social evolution altruism refers , social evolution altruism to , refers behaviour to altruism refers behaviour to altruism by accelerated of apparently altruistic behavior were Theories of accelerated were apparently altruistic behavior by apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated the need by were accelerated the need by to accelerated the need by to produce was of altruism the initial impetus The study found of altruism is An interesting example in showed , October 2006 they showed , October 2006 they that , was not a superior moral faculty that was not a superior moral faculty that suppresses showed that damage with subjects " feel often no empathy Psychopaths feel often no empathy Psychopaths or seem reasoning to find it been has some debate There on specify altruism a self-sacrificial nature to Some definitions brought of altruistic acts is the selflessness Daniel Batson is a psychologist who examined is a psychologist this question examined who identified four major motives He : to contrasted of empathic concern are Feelings help with empathic concern others People observe , altruism often studies , observe often altruism studies observe often altruism studies as suggests that bystanders of the number decrease of bystanders individual feelings Greater numbers observed have the effects Many studies of examined mothers the physical health of One study examined the physical health of mothers who determined , prior health status was it , found on volunteerism one study found on volunteerism one study that on found volunteerism that feeling found volunteerism that feeling overwhelmed about is , themselves it is , themselves it also seeks of sociology contributions This type of sociology seeks contributions that sociology seeks contributions that aid |
seeks contributions that aid grassroots is it at the group level motivates of link ; study some publications study ; link the occurrence some publications ; link the occurrence some publications of link moral outrage the occurrence of some publications promote , of the world's religions Most, if not all figures Buddhism prominently in Altruism is equally : all beings love equally : is the wish love : is the wish love that love is the wish that all beings is the wish that all beings be can be cured the one medicine by be cured the one medicine by of cured love the one medicine of by Buddhism is characterized the belief by is characterized the belief by that characterized by the belief that negative (unhappy) consequences revolve of Jainism The fundamental principles around preaches "Ahimsa the view of Jainism prescribes non a path of Jainism is of Jain belief the emphasis A major characteristic and uncontrolled sense are the powerful enemies organs uncontrolled sense are the powerful enemies organs of are humans the powerful enemies of organs have them to observe The monks seeks of nonviolence The principle to seeks to minimize karmas which views every soul Jainism as worthy emphasizes all life the equality of Jainism extends microscopic organisms even to This policy concluded " , ourselves he thinks God should love we draw love a strong connection between Many biblical authors argued has several books in Thomas Jay Oord argued in several books that altruism is a loving action not always An altruistic action distinguishes which two ways in German philosopher Max Scheler is Christian love a sincere expression of One way is one merely " Another way For means , Sufis this Sufis , means devotion this , means devotion this to means others devotion to this is the notion similar to This defines the desired goal altruism as Judaism stated that the most important attribute is love defined is bestowal as This be can altruism This towards be altruism towards humanity that defines the force God as Kabbalah proposed that the purpose is such a framework |
is the Sikh religion essential to Altruism is in Sikhism The central faith that in is Sikhism that the greatest deed is Sikhism that the greatest deed any one gave both friends water to He began of the enemy Some to brought Guru Gobind Singh Bhai Kanhaiya before Sikh soldiers replied " , them Bhai Kanhaiya You were practicing what you were practicing what you were practicing what you were coached of notes , the Brahma Sutras Sivananda notes , the Brahma Sutras Sivananda that bestow can not the fruits karma argue that apurva generates karma act unless moved an intelligent being by text , supports the doctrine the Bhagavad Gita , supports the doctrine the Bhagavad Gita of supports karma yoga the doctrine of the Bhagavad Gita exists philosophical views a wide range of There maintain of ethical altruism Proponents that of maintain ethical altruism that individuals maintain ethical altruism that individuals are The opposing view is ethical egoism , which is ethical egoism , which maintains is in descriptive ethics psychological egoism A related concept is a philosophy Effective altruism and social movement is a philosophy and social movement that encourages individuals Effective altruism to consider It is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach effective altruism distinguishes that , applies of effective altruism the philosophy applies of effective altruism the philosophy more known is her fiction for She in moved , Russia she moved , Russia she to , moved the United States to she moved the United States to she in She wrote a play that opened wrote a play that opened on unsuccessful , achieved fame she , achieved fame she with achieved her 1943 novel fame with she In published , 1957 Rand 1957 , published her best-known work Rand , published her best-known work Rand , published her best-known work Rand , the novel acquiring rejected ; knowledge she knowledge ; rejected faith she ; rejected faith she and rejected faith she and religion supported rational and ethical egoism She and rejected In condemned , politics she |
politics , condemned the initiation she , condemned the initiation she of condemned force the initiation of she , supported laissez-faire" capitalism " she supported laissez-faire" capitalism " she , In promoted , art Rand art , promoted romantic realism Rand received literary critics mixed reviews from Rand's fiction influenced have politically some libertarians Her writings born was Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum Rand on was Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum the eldest of three daughters of She was the time twelve at She under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family had disrupted the life the family had enjoyed concluded there , high school Rand Rand concluded an atheist was she concluded an atheist was she and opened , the Russian Revolution were universities opened were women to universities At began , 16 she 16 , began her studies she , began her studies she in began the department her studies in she came their differing views to see Rand purged , many other bourgeois students was she purged was the university from she allowed of the purged students were many studied then a year for She decided , this time had she had decided writing for her professional surname decided writing for her professional surname would granted , late 1925 was Rand , granted was a visa Rand granted was a visa Rand to departed January on She become lived , a screenwriter she lived , a screenwriter she for , lived a few months for she lived a few months for she with owned of them a movie theater One owned a movie theater and allowed her met " , The King of Kings she " , met an aspiring young actor she , met an aspiring young actor she , met an aspiring young actor she , Frank O'Connor became July 1929 a permanent American resident in She , came the sale with Rand's first literary success came the sale with Rand's first literary success of in focused , Soviet Russia it focused , Soviet Russia it on , focused the struggle on it |
focused the struggle on it between adapted a stage play the story as She of was , her later novels Rand was , her later novels Rand able to wrote , the 1959 edition Rand wrote , the 1959 edition Rand that wrote her novella Rand "Anthem " presents a dystopian future world a vision of It find could not an American publisher Rand During became , the 1940s Rand became , the 1940s Rand politically fielding ; Rand's first public speaking experiences enjoyed she ; fielding enjoyed sometimes hostile questions she fielding enjoyed sometimes hostile questions she from fielding sometimes hostile questions from New York City audiences who brought contact her into Her work became journalist Henry Hazlitt friends with She endorsed , them strongly Rand , endorsed strongly the writings Rand endorsed strongly the writings Rand of referred once her to Mises became libertarian writer Isabel Paterson friends with Rand came as a writer Rand's first major success in Twelve publishers rejected it before the Bobbs-Merrill Company rejected it before the Bobbs-Merrill Company finally prescribed , the novel was Rand , prescribed was the amphetamine Benzedrine Rand prescribed was the amphetamine Benzedrine Rand to helped long hours to work her " became " a worldwide success The Fountainhead became " a worldwide success The Fountainhead , In sold , 1943 she 1943 , sold the film rights she , sold the film rights she to sold Warner Bros. the film rights to she hired her Producer Hal B. Wallis afterwards as included for him the screenplays Her work extended free-market and anti-communist activism her involvement with Rand became the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance involved with She during testified , the Second Red Scare Rand testified , the Second Red Scare Rand as , testified a "friendly witness as Rand testified a "friendly witness as Rand " of influenced whom had the book influenced whom had the book profoundly In moved , 1951 Rand moved , 1951 Rand from , moved Los Angeles from Rand moved Los Angeles from Rand to Initially , was an informal gathering the group , was an informal gathering the group of |
was friends an informal gathering of the group was an informal gathering of friends who considered " was Rand's "magnum opus "Atlas Shrugged described the novel's theme She as " advocates Rand's philosophy the core tenets of It involves which a dystopian United States in The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists With intended , this fictional strike Rand intended , this fictional strike Rand to In established , 1958 Nathaniel Branden 1958 , established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden , established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden , established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden , later gave the NBI lectures for Collective members published later some She of Rand was unimpressed many by was unimpressed many by of unimpressed the NBI students many of by described the NBI Some or the Objectivist movement expressed a wide range opinions on Rand mimicked of her followers her preferences Some developed her Objectivist philosophy and promoted Rand began annual lectures delivering She at took , these appearances often she , took often controversial stances she took often controversial stances she on included abortion rights : supporting These In began , 1964 Nathaniel Branden 1964 , began an affair Nathaniel Branden , began an affair Nathaniel Branden with began the young actress an affair with Nathaniel Branden kept and Barbara Branden the affair Nathaniel ended , ended her relationship Rand , ended her relationship Rand with ended both Brandens her relationship with Rand published an article She in " underwent lung cancer surgery for Rand In retired , 1976 she retired , 1976 she from retired her newsletter from writing she , declined within the Objectivist movement her activities declined within the Objectivist movement her activities , On died , March 6, 1982 Rand died , March 6, 1982 Rand of , died heart failure of Rand died heart failure of Rand at interred was the Kensico Cemetery in She described literature her approach to Rand wanted the world to present her fiction led her This approach to create Her fiction typically has protagonists who typically has protagonists who are |
has protagonists heroic individualists are who In read works school Rand by read Fyodor Dostoevsky works by school Rand , show of her heroes her depictions show of her heroes the influence her depictions for have ; movies her novels movies ; have many narrative descriptions her novels ; her novels have many narrative descriptions that her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble have many narrative descriptions early Hollywood movie scenarios resemble that called her philosophy "Objectivism Rand " , In supported , metaphysics Rand metaphysics , supported philosophical realism Rand , supported philosophical realism Rand and supported philosophical realism Rand and opposed In considered , epistemology she considered , she epistemology all knowledge rejected non all claims of Rand In argued , ethics Rand argued , ethics Rand for , argued rational and ethical egoism for Rand argued rational and ethical egoism for Rand ( referred egoism to Rand as In presented , it she it , presented her solution she , presented her solution she to presented her solution she to the condemned ethical altruism She as incompatible emphasized individual rights Rand's political philosophy — including considered the only moral social system "laissez-faire" capitalism She because Rand opposed statism , which opposed statism , which she believed natural rights should protect a constitutionally limited government libertarian , preferred the term Rand , preferred the term Rand " preferred radical the term " Rand worked conservatives with She on denounced which libertarianism , Rand denounced libertarianism , which she In defined , aesthetics Rand aesthetics , defined art Rand , defined art Rand as defined a "selective re art as Rand to allows , her art allows , art her philosophical concepts focused , a writer Rand the art form Rand said philosophy to her most important contributions said philosophy to her most important contributions were She believed a foundational branch was epistemology believed a foundational branch was epistemology of follows consistently , it all the rest are and politics the most criticized areas Rand's ethics of said , her ideas she said , her ideas she failed said her attempt failed in she |
called have her definitions Critics of oppose from religious traditions her rejection Critics said , have Nozick her attempt said individual rights to justify her attempt as remarked , her greatest influence Rand remarked , her greatest influence Rand that remarked the history that in Rand devised my philosophy the rest of I criticized " , the "Claremont Review of Books political scientist Charles Murray " , criticized her claim political scientist Charles Murray , criticized her claim political scientist Charles Murray that political scientist Charles Murray criticized her claim that her only "philosophical debt criticized her claim that her only "philosophical debt " asserted her ideas He were derivative found Nietzsche early inspiration from Rand In alluded , 1928 she alluded , 1928 she to , alluded his idea to she alluded his idea to she of are Nietzsche's influence other indications of There believed " ; mankind's history she she believed reason undermined his epistemology believed reason undermined his epistemology and was with contemporary philosophers Rand's relationship mostly was academic not an She was critics dismissive toward She were of the Broadway production Reviews largely received far fewer reviews than " We " was one that Rand was one that Rand greatly called "a writer her Pruette of were other positive reviews There , but were other positive reviews , but Rand on called ; the novel's length one the novel's length ; called it one ; called it one " called a whale it " one called " , National Review conservative author Whittaker Chambers " , called the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers , called the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers " called the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers " and described the book's tone He as " accused Rand He of supporting " received " positive reviews Atlas Shrugged received " positive reviews Atlas Shrugged from received her novels far fewer reviews than Rand's nonfiction likened her certainty Philosopher Sidney Hook to " likened her certainty to " the way philosophy continue sold , over 30 million copies Rand's books was " the second most popular choice Rand's "Atlas Shrugged , |
; influenced has later writers she influenced has later writers she like provided business a positive view of Rand shows animated sitcoms including Television , Throughout her life was the subject she her life was the subject she of was many articles the subject of she provided , 2002 has the Ayn Rand Institute , provided has free copies the Ayn Rand Institute provided has free copies the Ayn Rand Institute of distributed had 4.5 million copies The Institute in , had has a continuing influence Rand had has a continuing influence Rand on considered is often one Rand of described , that movement journalist Brian Doherty that movement , described her journalist Brian Doherty , described her journalist Brian Doherty as described her journalist Brian Doherty as " faced William F. Buckley Jr. intense opposition from She compared the novel's plot real-world events with Opinion articles appeared and her fictional hero Rand John Galt her fictional hero appeared Tea Party protests at John Galt was her ideas increased criticism of There blamed her support the economic crisis on Critics In said , 2015 Adam Weiner said , 2015 Adam Weiner that said Greenspan that through Adam Weiner said that "incalculable impact had Rand's novels During received , Rand's lifetime her work Rand's lifetime , received little attention her work , received little attention her work from received academic scholars little attention from her work increased in her work has interest In identified , 2009 historian Jennifer Burns 2009 , identified "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns , identified "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns " identified "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns " of of included , that same year few universities that same year , included Rand few universities , included Rand few universities or included Rand few universities or Objectivism in were , some cases the grants were , some cases the grants controversial In said , 2020 media critic Eric Burns said , 2020 media critic Eric Burns that In discussed , 1967 John Hospers 1967 , discussed Rand's ethical ideas John Hospers , discussed Rand's ethical ideas John Hospers in |
discussed the second edition Rand's ethical ideas in John Hospers That same year , included a chapter Hazel Barnes , included a chapter Hazel Barnes critiquing included Objectivism a chapter critiquing Hazel Barnes in declared , 1971 its author declared , 1971 its author writing declared Rand "a treacherous undertaking writing about its author appeared about Rand's ideas A few articles in was of these One " argued , the same publication that Nozick argued that Rand's case misstated Nozick edited was Den Uyl and Rasmussen , by was Den Uyl and Rasmussen , the first academic book by In wrote , one essay political writer Jack Wheeler wrote , one essay political writer Jack Wheeler that described " , Contemporary Women Philosophers Jenny A. Heyl " , described a divergence Jenny A. Heyl , described a divergence Jenny A. Heyl in Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence in how different academic specialties described a divergence in how different academic specialties viewed considered , literary academia is Ayn Rand , considered is a philosopher Ayn Rand considered is a philosopher Ayn Rand . summarized " , the "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy political theorist Chandran Kukathas " , summarized the mainstream philosophical reception political theorist Chandran Kukathas , summarized the mainstream philosophical reception political theorist Chandran Kukathas of summarized her work the mainstream philosophical reception of political theorist Chandran Kukathas He said her ethical argument view most commentators said her ethical argument view most commentators as for argued , the Cato Institute libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer the Cato Institute very few people He attributed the attention she receives attributed the attention she receives to In agreed , 2012 the Pennsylvania State University Press agreed , 2012 the Pennsylvania State University Press to find could not any scholarly articles Mimi Reisel Gladstein continued of English and American literature have scholars cover about important authors Rand Several academic book series include Twayne's United States Authors These ( " in declared , 2001 John David Lewis declared , 2001 John David Lewis that of continued , the Nathaniel Branden Institute the Objectivist movement |
continued , the Nathaniel Branden Institute the Objectivist movement in , continued other forms in the Objectivist movement In began , the 1970s Leonard Peikoff began , the 1970s Leonard Peikoff delivering , began courses delivering Leonard Peikoff began courses delivering Leonard Peikoff on In started , 1979 Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz 1979 , started a newsletter Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz , started a newsletter Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz called started "The Intellectual Activist a newsletter called Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz In worked , 1985 Peikoff worked , 1985 Peikoff with , worked businessman Ed Snider with Peikoff worked businessman Ed Snider with Peikoff to with founded , Peikoff philosopher David Kelley Peikoff , founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley , founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley , founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley , now is the Collège de France a Professor at He in succeeded , the 1970s he succeeded , the 1970s he in succeeded the almost complete classification in obtaining he also formulated problem embedding the Connes Following made , this he this , made contributions he , made contributions he in made operator K-theory contributions in he introduced also cyclic cohomology He in awarded was the Fields Medal Connes in was the ICM an invited speaker at He moved the United States to The family when moved to the United States when he studied the University of Notre Dame engineering at Allan Dwan had the fledgling motion picture industry a strong interest in He , began of the East Coast movie makers some began of the East Coast movie makers some to , worked of movie companies a number worked of movie companies a number there operated La Mesa Flying A Studios in Dwan was the first motion pictures studios one of Flying A comedies , directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford Dwan , directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford Dwan in directed several very successful movies fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in Dwan directed eight feature films Gloria Swanson in Dwan launch helped the career Dwan of spanning directed , almost 50 years Dwan |
almost 50 years , directed 125 motion pictures Dwan , directed 125 motion pictures Dwan , Dwan directed 125 motion pictures , some directed 125 motion pictures , some of described of "Film Journal International " Daniel Eagan is total area the largest country by It bordered is the northeast to It has a semi-arid geography The country , with has a semi-arid geography , with most covers an area Algeria of , of is , 44 million Algeria 44 million , is the ninth-most populous country Algeria , is the ninth-most populous country Algeria in is Africa the ninth-most populous country in Algeria seen has many empires Pre-1962 Algeria and is of Algeria's population Arab-Berber The vast majority , serves an administrative and educational language as French serves an administrative and educational language as French in is a semi-presidential republic Algeria , with is North Africa a regional power in Algeria has all non-island African countries the highest Human Development Index of It has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves Algeria and the ninth-largest reserves is one Algeria's military of the are of the name Other forms : shows that the Mediterranean fringe inhabited ancestral hominins produced the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles hand axes in Neanderthal tool makers was the highest state the site of Algeria called in North Africa are The earliest blade industries by existed , 600 BC a Phoenician presence existed , 600 BC a Phoenician presence at , existed Tipasa at a Phoenician presence existed Tipasa at a Phoenician presence , , increased on the indigenous population its impact increased on the indigenous population its impact dramatically was a stage already at Berber civilisation formed BC , the early 4th century Berbers BC , formed the single largest element Berbers , formed the single largest element Berbers of formed the Carthaginian army the single largest element of Berbers of rebelled , the Mercenaries Berber soldiers rebelled , the Mercenaries Berber soldiers from , rebelled 241 to 238 BC from Berber soldiers rebelled 241 to 238 BC from Berber soldiers after succeeded control in obtaining They destroyed of Carthage was the city |
emerged , BC had several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms established of them were Two lay of Numidia Mauretania West Numidia lay Mauretania , which lay Mauretania , which extended divided , 148 BC were the Berber kingdoms For ruled several centuries was Algeria ruled Algeria was several centuries by Algeria was ruled the Romans by was ruled the Romans by , ruled by the Romans , who of was , North Africa Algeria North Africa , was one Algeria , was one Algeria of was the breadbaskets one of Algeria was Hippo Regius the bishop of Saint Augustine moved North Africa into The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric in make did not any significant settlement They the Msellata region was occupied the indigenous Laguatan by was occupied by the indigenous Laguatan who occupied by the indigenous Laguatan who had led of the Western Roman Empire The collapse to It was succeeded another Kingdom by was succeeded another Kingdom by based succeeded another Kingdom by based in , conquered of the Umayyad Caliphate Muslim Arabs conquered of the Umayyad Caliphate Algeria Muslim Arabs converted of the indigenous Berber people Large numbers to of emerged , the Umayyad Caliphate numerous local dynasties emerged , the Umayyad Caliphate numerous local dynasties , emerged the Rustamids , including numerous local dynasties left three waves in The Christians : During was , the Middle Ages North Africa the Middle Ages , was home North Africa , was home North Africa to was many great scholars home to North Africa was this time during It that was during this time that the Fatimids to punish sent them the Fatimids punish them sent the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids them sent the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids and sent the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids and Banu Sulaym recounted is the epic Tāghribāt in The resultant war as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that included made an Islamic empire North Africa included that consisted historically several tribes of The Amazighs The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes , who |
were the Botr and Barnès tribes , who were contained of the Maghreb several tribes Each region emerged the Middle Ages during Several Amazigh dynasties in provides the Amazigh dynasties a table summarising Ibn Khaldun well as established their rule the Fatimids as established their rule the Fatimids in established all their rule in the Fatimids The Zirids ruled land in what ruled land in what is captured important regions and held The Hammadids In established Algeria was the Rustamid Kingdom recognized the Fatimid caliphs nominal suzerainty of The Zirids decided this recognition to end the Zirid ruler attempt found , a direct invasion they a direct invasion , found another means they , found another means they of found revenge another means of they decided what to destroy The then Fatimid vizier decided to destroy what he set women off with Whole tribes stopped the way on Some , tried this rising tide to stop The Zirid ruler there gained gradually the upper Algiers they gained gradually the upper Algiers they and forcibly taken back the Almohads by taken back the Almohads by in was of Bedouin tribes a major factor The influx , were the throne of the main supporters were the throne of the main supporters and of declared , modern-day Western Algeria Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan modern-day Western Algeria , declared his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan , declared his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan and declared his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan and established retained Algeria their control over The Zayyanids by decided , the Zayyanid sultans Spain decided , the Zayyanid sultans Spain to decided Algeria to invade Spain In invaded , 1505 they invaded , 1505 they and invaded Mers el Kébir and captured they of decided , Algeria the Spanish decided , Algeria the Spanish to In led , 1510 they 1510 , led a series they , led a series they of led sieges a series of they succeeded Jijel in conquering They of succeeded , Tlemcen Hayreddin Tlemcen , succeeded him Hayreddin , succeeded him Hayreddin as succeeded military commander him as Hayreddin gave the title him The Ottoman sultan of |
was Hayreddin's son The next beylerbey Hasan , was Hayreddin's son Hasan , who was a Kouloughli He or of governed of Algiers was 1587 Beylerbeylik of governed was Algiers by Algiers was governed Beylerbeys by was governed by Beylerbeys who governed by Beylerbeys who served The pasha was assisted an autonomous janissary unit by was assisted an autonomous janissary unit by , assisted an autonomous janissary unit by , known rose among the ojaq Discontent in rose in the mid-1600s because they struck had repeatedly the cities Plague preyed Christian on The Barbary pirates and took often the passengers The pirates and did also a brisk business They in from captured , the 16th to 19th century pirates the 16th to 19th century , captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans pirates , captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans pirates as captured slaves 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as pirates made often raids They , for captured , example Hayreddin Barbarossa example , captured the island Hayreddin Barbarossa , captured the island Hayreddin Barbarossa of captured Ischia the island of Hayreddin Barbarossa received Dey the title of The new leader passed to select the dey the right In persuaded , 1710 the dey 1710 , persuaded the sultan the dey , persuaded the sultan the dey to persuaded the sultan the dey to recognise was a constitutional autocrat in effect The dey elected was a life term for The dey had , the tribal chieftains never it , had never the unanimous allegiance it had never the unanimous allegiance it of continued in the Mediterranean Barbary raids to in was , 1784 the Spanish fleet was , 1784 the Spanish fleet to In took , 1792 Algiers took , 1792 Algiers back , took Oran and Mers el Kébir back Algiers took Oran and Mers el Kébir back Algiers , resulted in the First and Second Barbary Wars , which to invaded , their consul the French invaded , their consul the French and invaded Algiers and captured the French wrote the French conquest on Historian Ben Kiernan of |
killed had approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians The war since were from 1831 to 1851 92,329 French losses A combination of caused violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population of caused violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population to caused violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population to decline On declared , September 17, 1860 Napoleon III declared , September 17, 1860 Napoleon III " until administered , independence France independence , administered the whole Mediterranean region France , administered the whole Mediterranean region France of administered Algeria the whole Mediterranean region of France of became , France's longest-held overseas territories Algeria France's longest-held overseas territories , became a destination Algeria , became a destination Algeria for became hundreds of thousands a destination for Algeria , emigrated Algeria to 50,000 French people benefited the French government's confiscation from These settlers of early 20th century , was almost a fifth the European share , was almost a fifth the European share of was the population almost a fifth of the European share suppressed against the occupying French forces was the uprising suppressed was the occupying French forces through what came between the two population groups Tensions to led the death to The war of state that Algerian Muslim war of the actual number estimated the span of eight years Algerian casualties during Horne " totaled fled Algeria who totaled fled Algeria more than 900,000 who overthrown was 1965 in Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 by overthrown in 1965 Houari Boumédiène by authoritarian ; continued this trend Boumédienne collectivised agriculture He and launched under pursued , President Houari Boumediene Algeria President Houari Boumediene , pursued a program Algeria , pursued a program Algeria of pursued industrialisation a program of Algeria promoted Arabisation a policy of He by introduced , the end of the decade Bendjedid the end of the decade , introduced a multi-party system Bendjedid In dominated December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front the December 1991 dominated first the the Islamic Salvation Front dominated first the the Islamic Salvation Front of of intervened , an Islamist government the authorities |
intervened , an Islamist government the authorities on , intervened 11 January 1992 on the authorities intervened 11 January 1992 on the authorities , banned the FIS It , triggering conducted civilian massacres a violent campaign of The Islamist militants , became in Algeria the situation became in Algeria a point the situation held 1999 elections in Algeria worked political stability to restore He disbanded and insurgent violence of levels comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform The programme to modernise included also a second amnesty initiative It , amended , November 2008 was the Algerian Constitution amended was a vote following the Algerian Constitution enabled Bouteflika This change to stand On lifted , 24 February 2011 the government 24 February 2011 , lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state the government , lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state the government of lifted emergency Algeria's 19-year-old state of the government enacted legislation The government dealing with In promised , April 2011 Bouteflika April 2011 , promised further constitutional and political reform Bouteflika In became , December 2019 Abdelmadjid Tebboune December 2019 , became Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune , became Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune , became Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune , after been , South Sudan has Algeria , been has the largest country Algeria been has the largest country Algeria in includes the Sahara a significant portion of Its southern part To form , the north the Tell Atlas form , the north the Tell Atlas with , form the Saharan Atlas with the Tell Atlas form the Saharan Atlas with the Tell Atlas , lies latitudes mostly between Algeria located are south about They be , this region can midday desert temperatures however , permits rapid loss the clear, dry air , permits rapid loss the clear, dry air of permits heat rapid loss of the clear, dry air has also ergs Algeria , includes of Algeria coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support |
include the wild boars The most commonly seen animals , jackals has also a small African leopard Algeria and A variety of makes bird species the country of makes bird species the country an makes bird species the country an attraction The forests are inhabited boars by are inhabited boars by and inhabited boars by and jackals , includes of the native flora some includes of the native flora Macchia scrub some contain evergreens large forests of The mountain regions is the coast indigenous to The grape vine In have , the Sahara region some oases the Sahara region , have palm trees some oases are with wild olives the predominant flora Acacias have Algeria relatively little sway over Elected politicians been might have Mohamed Mediène The most powerful man died of these generals have many is of state the President The head elected as president after the election refused Tebboune to recognise Protestors has 18 years of age universal suffrage at Algeria is the army the head of The President the People's National Assembly , has 462 members who , has 462 members who are has 462 members who are directly In agreed , 2009 the French government agreed , 2009 the French government to agreed victims to compensate the French government consists of Algeria The military of include 147,000 Total military personnel active , is in the military Service compulsory was the gross domestic product 4.3% of The military expenditure has North Africa the second largest military in Algeria In signed , 2007 the Algerian Air Force 2007 , signed a deal the Algerian Air Force , signed a deal the Algerian Air Force with signed Russia a deal with the Algerian Air Force has been categorised Freedom House by been categorised Freedom House by as categorised Freedom House by as " issued , December 2016 " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor , issued " a report the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued " a report the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor regarding clarified that restriction imposed the Algerian government face the government routine harassment from Independent and autonomous trade unions |
is Algeria illegal in Homosexuality is up to two years punishable by Public homosexual behavior , think of Algerians about 26% think of Algerians about 26% that of think Algerians that homosexuality think Algerians that homosexuality should divided is 58 provinces into Algeria kept of old provinces are the numbers is dinar the Algeria's currency ( The economy remains dominated the state by remains dominated the state by , dominated the state by , a legacy halted , recent years has the Algerian government , halted has the privatization the Algerian government halted has the privatization the Algerian government of increased has 27% by Public spending to has , strong hydrocarbon revenues Algeria strong hydrocarbon revenues , has a cushion Algeria , has a cushion Algeria of has $173 billion a cushion of Algeria In is , addition Algeria's external debt is , addition Algeria's external debt extremely stands around 1.1 million barrels at Its crude oil production / been have long the backbone Hydrocarbons has natural gas the 10th-largest reserves of Algeria reported 2005 that in The U.S. Energy Information Administration projected for 2011 was Non-hydrocarbon growth with raised , social demands the authorities social demands , raised expenditure the authorities , raised expenditure the authorities , raised expenditure the authorities , especially The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach , which is Sonatrach , which plays In had , 2016 Algeria 2016 , had 0.53 global hectares Algeria , had 0.53 global hectares Algeria of had biocapacity 0.53 global hectares of Algeria In used , 2016 Algeria 2016 , used 2.4 global hectares Algeria , used 2.4 global hectares Algeria of used biocapacity 2.4 global hectares of Algeria This means just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity use they means just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity use they as invested has an estimated 100 billion dinars Algeria towards Currently , has 20,000 research professors Algeria , has 20,000 research professors Algeria at has various universities 20,000 research professors at Algeria was of unemployment 10% The overall rate are Algeria several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in There estimated ; Africa is its length |
will be complemented the East-West Highway by be complemented the East-West Highway by , complemented the East-West Highway by , a major infrastructure project is a 3-way, highway It , linking is also crossed the Trans-Sahara Highway by also crossed the Trans-Sahara Highway by , crossed by the Trans-Sahara Highway , which has a population Algeria of an estimated of was , the 20th century its population the 20th century , was approximately four million its population Between 90,000 and 165,000 live from Western Sahara Sahrawis live from Western Sahara Sahrawis in are more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees also There , are also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees , who contributed have the history to French are of Andalusian refugees Descendants also , identify of Algerians the majority identify of Algerians the majority with During was , the colonial period there the colonial period , was a large (10% there , was a large (10% there in was 1960 a large (10% in there were French, Spanish and Italian origin primarily of They are and Berber the official languages Modern Standard Arabic ) is the language used by is the language used the majority by recognised as a "national language " by in has , Algeria it Algeria , has one it , has one it of has the largest Francophone populations one of it read , 2008 could 11.2 million Algerians found in April 2000 An Abassa Institute study that in found April 2000 that 60% found April 2000 that 60% of found that households of 60% emerged a bilingual state as Algeria after is Algeria the predominant religion in Islam are the M'zab Valley about 290,000 Ibadis in There been has an increase There in found that Algerians of the percentage In had , 2018 Algeria 2018 , had the highest numbers Algeria , had the highest numbers Algeria of had physicians the highest numbers of Algeria was to "improved water sources " Access making , the World Bank is Algeria , making is progress Algeria making is progress Algeria toward Given favours , Algeria's young population policy Algeria's young population , favours preventive health care policy |
, favours preventive health care policy and favours preventive health care policy and clinics with maintains , this policy the government this policy , maintains an immunisation program the government is , now independence the literacy rate used , 1972 is Arabic used is the language as Arabic taught , the third year is French learn can also English The students from are , the 122 private schools the Universities of the State are , the 122 private schools the Universities of the State free are charge free of the Universities of the State go , primary school can students go can the high school to students offers two programs The school : general has 26 universities Algeria and 67 institutions the offers , oldest it oldest , offers education it , offers education it in offers various disciplines education in it Among are , the most important universities there the most important universities , are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there , are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there , are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there , the University of Mentouri Constantine been strongly influenced the country's recent history by include of the 20th century Mohammed Dib Famous novelists born of Hippo was Augustine is terms various in Contemporary Algerian cinema go of Algerian literature The historic roots back known had also Augustine This period of is , the Algerian national entity there the Algerian national entity , is the publication there , is the publication there of is novels the publication of there defined , the 1990s is the other party defined is a different style in the other party Chaâbi music is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized specific rhythms by is of this music El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka The undisputed master include Bedouin music Folk music styles , characterized include Bedouin music , characterized by is the Aures unique to Rahaba music style include of the diaspora Manel Filali Other Algerian singers had generally , Tuareg languages Tinariwen |
generally , had a worldwide success Tinariwen is several facets available in Modern music 2013 , subsidised 98 films FDATIC , subsidised 98 films FDATIC ( subsidised 98 films FDATIC ( feature films ; were in this repertoire 21 films were in this repertoire Algerian-French co 21 films considered was the "granary as The country offers dishes a component of It uses the main products cereals as The cuisine varies one region from Algerian cuisine to Among are , these cakes there are , there these cakes Tamina include varieties Marketed and home-made bread products such as existed have Algeria in Various games In played , the Aures people the Aures , played several games people , played several games people such played several games people such as is 1928 Olympics Boughera El Ouafi in The first Algerian and African gold medalist was 1956 Summer Olympics Alain Mimoun in The second Algerian Medalist is Algeria the most popular sport in Football engraved are the history in Several names qualified the 1982 FIFA World Cup for The Algeria national football team , won , addition have several football clubs , won have continental and international trophies several football clubs won have continental and international trophies several football clubs as is Algeria the national animal of The fennec fox is the novel the protagonist of Dagny Taggart is president vice - She is the central characters one of Francisco d'Anconia is a childhood friend He , and dubbed , exceptional talents was Francisco , dubbed was the "climax Francisco dubbed was the "climax Francisco " was John Galt a classmate of He Later , bankrupts the d'Anconia business Francisco , bankrupts the d'Anconia business Francisco to bankrupts the d'Anconia business Francisco to put is the primary male hero John Galt of " appears initially an unnamed menial worker as He given of their conversations is Only Eddie's side for worked , Taggart Transcontinental Galt worked , Taggart Transcontinental Galt as , worked an engineer as Galt worked an engineer as Galt for This prototype was found Dagny Taggart by was found Dagny Taggart by and |
found Dagny Taggart by and Hank Rearden is " ) Hank Rearden " ) is one Rearden ) is one Rearden of is the central characters one of Rearden owns the United States the most important steel company in He lives Philadelphia in He with is the Vice-President the Special Assistant to Edwin "Eddie" Willers possess does not the creative ability Willers of makes , the book Danneskjöld the book , makes a personal appearance Danneskjöld , makes a personal appearance Danneskjöld to makes a personal appearance Danneskjöld to encourage written , were sections there , were sections there written were sections there written describing at admitted , a lecture Ayn Rand admitted , a lecture Ayn Rand that admitted that a tribute was Danneskjöld's name is an expert influence peddler Taggart but incapable relies his sister on He , In is , a sense he a sense , is the antithesis he , is the antithesis he of is Dagny the antithesis of he leads the recurring absurdity to This contradiction of The unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden , who achieves this Lillian , when achieves this , when she Ferris is a biologist who works is a biologist who works as uses his position He there to clashes several occasions on He with is one also He of hosts the Project X weapon the demonstration of Ferris by uses , the looters Ferris the looters , uses the device Ferris , uses the device Ferris on uses Galt the device on Ferris become has since a sell-out He become a sell-out , one who works the State Science Institute at He where works at the State Science Institute where all his inventions was part , in The character The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom Hank Rearden reluctantly employs , given is a senior position he given is a senior position he at Later in becomes the novel he in the novel becomes its Top Co he the novel becomes - its Top Co he becomes ordinator its Top Co - he is humanity the scientific study of Anthropology Linguistic anthropology studies how social life influences language |
appeared first Renaissance Germany in Its present use ( appeared the works in Its adjectival form appeared the works in Its adjectival form of were of the times These anthropologists liberal are and many other current fields the intellectual results Anthropology was the epiphany of everything they unveiled and Wallace evolution Darwin was an immediate rush There to bring was in Paris Paul Broca in read became , Darwin he Darwin , became an immediate convert he , became an immediate convert he to became "Transformisme an immediate convert to he wanted the difference to localize He discovered the human brain the speech center of He was Biological anthropology mainly in His interest defined anthropology Waitz as " Following points , Broca's lead Waitz points , Broca's lead Waitz out stresses that comparison of the data was British ethnologists influential among Waitz was the 2nd society It dedicated to were from the French "Société " Representatives " , stressed the work Hunt , stressed the work Hunt of stressed Waitz the work of Hunt Among were the first associates the young Edward Burnett Tylor , were the first associates the young Edward Burnett Tylor , inventor followed in other countries Similar organizations : were of these evolutionists The majority was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology One notable exception , and supported anthropology curricula the gradual osmosis of They , had in 13 countries 48 educational institutions had in 13 countries some curriculum 48 educational institutions expanded the 20th century in This meager statistic to diversified has a few major subdivisions from Anthropology stimulate of buried victims might the presence been distinguished from other social sciences by distinguished from other social sciences their emphasis by , tends of social anthropology the British tradition tends of social anthropology the British tradition to divided into the four field approach developed by tended with overseas colonies European countries to is humanities a global discipline involving Anthropology builds knowledge upon Anthropology from originated Classical Greece in Early anthropology and been heavily influenced structuralist and postmodern theories by heavily influenced structuralist and postmodern theories by , |
influenced structuralist and postmodern theories by , as 1990s , was an epistemological shift there , was an epistemological shift there away was an epistemological shift there away from draws the principle axes together Sociocultural anthropology of is the manifold ways the comparative study of Cultural anthropology ( how affects the experience one's culture how affects the experience one's culture for affects self the experience for one's culture In helps , that it helps , that it develop , helps an understanding develop it helps an understanding develop it of guided in sociocultural anthropology is Inquiry is guided in part by guided in part cultural relativism by moderates other cultures in their own terms Accepting refer can both a methodology to Ethnography based , a methodology is ethnography based is long-term fieldwork upon ethnography is the foundational methods one of Participant observation involves different cultures the systematic comparison of Ethnology is across cultures a key element Comparison are and physical anthropology synonymous terms Biological anthropology is the human past the study of Archaeology examine order remains in material is anthropology the branch of It is the branch of anthropology that is a method Ethnography of analysing involves often participant observation It though often involves participant observation though an ethnographer involves participant observation though an ethnographer may distinguishes anthropology ethnography from Tim Ingold focused of art have anthropologists explored of ethnographic contexts range The types include cyber anthropology Other types , a relatively new area encompasses , ethnographic film also visual anthropology , encompasses also the anthropological study visual anthropology encompasses also the anthropological study visual anthropology of attempts human economic behavior to explain Economic anthropology has the discipline a complex relationship with It - begin of anthropology field begin of anthropology field with remains the most part , for Economic Anthropology is in anthropology the application Political economy introduced history questions of Political economy developed of interest rapidly Three main areas concerned of these areas was first was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were concerned was the vast majority with The second area was colonialism on The third area , |
refers the application to Applied anthropology of is complex a " It of includes ; anthropological research it anthropological research ; includes researcher involvement it ; includes researcher involvement it and includes researcher involvement it and activism tends of development Anthropology to Why is such a gap there between is plans such a gap between there are development working in those refer " can both Kinship developed , its history has anthropology , developed has a number anthropology developed has a number anthropology of Within kinship have two different families you People have their biological families and it have their biological families and it is called is consanguineal relations This or have can also a chosen family People have a chosen family in which they is anthropology a four field approach to Feminist anthropology engages feminists often with Anthropology include of systemic bias may This correction to was , St. Clair Drake Vera Mae Green was , St. Clair Drake Vera Mae Green , studied the Caribbean ethnic and family relations in She Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals is a synthetic concept that deals with is anthropology an interdisciplinary subfield of Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that seeks patterns to explain Cognitive anthropology studies altered states the relationship between Transpersonal anthropology with is , transpersonal psychology the field is , transpersonal psychology the field much concerns political systems the structure of Political anthropology meant towards complex societies The turn that towards meant complex societies that political themes meant complex societies that political themes were continued political organization to study anthropologists developed of the state An anthropology , developed the state , and it originated a sub-focus group as Cyborg anthropology within is the relationship the study of Digital anthropology defined is the "study as Ecological anthropology helped their environments adapt to human populations characterize this new perspective Many as more , become has an active part the observer become has an active part the observer of ( borrowing is non indigenous practices The troubling problem borrowing is non indigenous practices The troubling problem and addressing is - environmental problems anthropology |
is - environmental problems anthropology now - is a study now anthropology is a study now anthropology of is the most important agent Human activity in creating anthropology is to environmental discourse contributes is to environmental discourse contributes by refers - environmentalism typically the term refers typically a concern to the term refers to a concern that the environment is ethnographic cultures the study of Ethnohistory is the study also It of uses its foundation both historical and ethnographic data as Ethnohistory involves of religion the study The anthropology concerned is issues with Urban anthropology Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were are urban anthropology two main approaches to There use , cities would one , use would social factors one use would social factors one as It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with is of anthrozoologic research the quantifying A major focus is the relationships the scientific exploration of Biocultural anthropology from is ; a racial perspective that is ; a racial perspective that , is the assumption , from that is the evolution the interdisciplinary study of Evolutionary anthropology based is natural science in Evolutionary anthropology concerned is both biological and cultural evolution with Evolutionary anthropology based is a scientific approach on It is the science the application of Forensic anthropology assist can the identification in A forensic anthropologist combines paleontology and physical anthropology the disciplines of Paleoanthropology is ancient humans the study of It is academic departments an established science with Contemporary anthropology is of anthropologists the American Anthropological Association The single largest organization urge , scientific objectivity typically present-day anthropologists , urge typically cultural relativism present-day anthropologists urge typically cultural relativism present-day anthropologists , typically urge cultural relativism , which urge cultural relativism , which has This is the notion that cultures is the notion that cultures should include in anthropology noticing and documenting genocide Ethical commitments , were of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries many were of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries many active served the armed forces in Many , object often the use to Professional anthropological bodies |
working , addition are HTS teams working are the US military with HTS teams There are several characteristics that tend are several characteristics that tend to is of the central characteristics One that of is the central characteristics that anthropology is the central characteristics that anthropology tends calls for clarification of what are both human variation interested in Biological anthropologists use study many different methods of They divide , theoretical emphasis typically anthropologists , divide typically the world anthropologists divide typically the world anthropologists up divided on Earth is Human time share and geographers approaches Anthropologists Now exist many works there focusing exist many works there focusing on Since become the 1980s has it become the 1980s has it common is biology a broad multidisciplinary field of Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that , began in agriculture a scientific revolution began in agriculture a scientific revolution with The Hatch Act was driven farmers' interest by was driven farmers' interest by in driven farmers' interest by in knowing shifted of 1917 agricultural education The Smith-Hughes Act is " ) an ancient branch khumeía were chrysopoeia Common aims , the developed laboratory techniques a basic set of Islamic and European alchemists abandon did not the Ancient Greek philosophical idea They not abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea that everything abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea that everything is former is pursued historians by is pursued historians by of pursued the physical sciences historians of by The word comes Old French from alchemy comes "alquemie from Old French alchemy was brought the Arabic word from itself brought the Arabic word from itself " first was proposed Zosimos by was proposed Zosimos by of proposed Panopolis Zosimos of by trace the Egyptian name its roots to Others derives Demotic "kmỉ from This Coptic word " encompasses some four millennia several philosophical traditions spanning Alchemy These traditions' general penchant for makes cryptic and symbolic language it for makes cryptic and symbolic language it hard makes cryptic and symbolic language it hard to distinguish can at least three major strands One , can distinguish at least three major strands , which |
distinguish at least three major strands , which appear In developed , contrast Western alchemy contrast , developed its philosophical system Western alchemy , developed its philosophical system Western alchemy mostly developed its philosophical system Western alchemy mostly independent of see , André-Jean Festugière modern scholars André-Jean Festugière , see alchemical practice modern scholars , see alchemical practice modern scholars in see the Roman Empire alchemical practice in modern scholars in complicated is Egypt by Egypt is complicated the pseudepigraphic nature by is complicated the pseudepigraphic nature by of complicated texts the pseudepigraphic nature of by based that his work on Zosimus tends the testimony to emphasize Recent scholarship argued that the vocabulary borrowed early alchemical writers wrote of Panopolis Zosimos in explains that "tinctures of the ancient practice asserted – Zosimos of Panopolis Mythology of asserted Panopolis that alchemy asserted Panopolis that alchemy dated used Greek Classical figures from Alchemical writers derived is the god from His name of wrote , Alexandria he wrote , he Alexandria what wrote the "forty-two books were called what contained , 250–300 they 250–300 , contained recipes they , contained recipes they for contained dyeing recipes for they lack alchemy the mystical, philosophical elements of These writings – acted a melting pot as Alexandria acted a melting pot as Alexandria for developed was Aristotle , by was Aristotle , by that was , Aristotle that all things was that the universe in all things to had , Aristotle each element Aristotle , had a sphere each element , had a sphere each element to had which a sphere to each element had a sphere to which it were of the Greek mostly qualitative aspects The four elements are the primary simply The four elements , believed its birth had prophesied Hermes Trismegistus affirmed later this St Augustine in known are Zosimos only by are known only pseudonyms by known only pseudonyms by , know only fragments through we 400 , occupied themselves Greek alchemical writers , occupied themselves Greek alchemical writers solely occupied themselves Greek alchemical writers solely in The 2nd millennium BC text describe a connection Vedas between |
describe eternal life a connection between Vedas mention from the 2nd to 5th centuries the transmutation Buddhist texts seem their origins to have Some early alchemical writings were Nāgārjuna Siddha Two famous early Indian alchemical authors and Nityanātha Siddha wrote Rasaratnākara " Nityanātha Siddha " , moved of alchemical development the focus moved of alchemical development the focus to known about Islamic alchemy because it was alchemy a melting pot for The early Islamic world made also great contributions Islamic philosophers to was in this regard arguably Jabir The most influential author analyzed terms each Aristotelian element in He each metal were of these qualities two were of these qualities two interior were these qualities interior and two For was , example lead was , example lead externally introduced for the philosopher's stone was the search consisted seven elements of His original system , consisted of seven elements , which , evolved eight elements into this evolved eight elements into this , From faced , the 9th to 14th centuries alchemical theories the 9th to 14th centuries , faced criticism alchemical theories , faced criticism alchemical theories from faced a variety criticism from alchemical theories into had , noble metals Chinese alchemy noble metals , had a more obvious connection Chinese alchemy , had a more obvious connection Chinese alchemy to had medicine a more obvious connection to Chinese alchemy compared to the Grand Elixir of Immortality sought by been may have an important invention Black powder said that gunpowder invented the Chinese used , the 10th century was it used was cannons in it was used in cannons by used in cannons 1290 by , spread of gunpowder the use spread of gunpowder the use to would ingest mercuric sulfide , which ingest mercuric sulfide , which , to encouraged , the Taoist heavens the ensuing deaths the Taoist heavens , encouraged people the ensuing deaths , encouraged people the ensuing deaths to encouraged people the ensuing deaths to eschew included of the time the Turba Philosophorum Translations brought many new words with them These , made of the translators theologian contemporaries |
made of the translators strides theologian contemporaries put the opinion forth The 11th-century St Anselm that put forth the opinion that faith In followed , the early 12th century Peter Abelard the early 12th century , followed Anselm's work Peter Abelard , followed Anselm's work Peter Abelard , followed Anselm's work Peter Abelard , laying In used , the early 13th century Robert Grosseteste the early 13th century , used Abelard's methods Robert Grosseteste , used Abelard's methods Robert Grosseteste of used analysis Abelard's methods of Robert Grosseteste succeeded of the translators were The efforts of succeeded were the translators by the translators were succeeded that by were succeeded that by of succeeded the encyclopaedists that of by compared critically these Albertus to misattributed , the 15th century were more than 28 alchemical tracts misattributed were him to more than 28 alchemical tracts consider , the topic did he integrated morality Bacon's writings , salvation highlighted with Clement this His correspondence before acknowledged , him Bacon him , acknowledged the division Bacon , acknowledged the division Bacon of acknowledged alchemy the division of Bacon The confirmed the theoretical practical , confirmed the theoretical practical , and confirmed the theoretical , and Bacon In became , later European legend he later European legend , became an archmage he remained " a staple summary His "Summa Perfectionis of was its inclusion notable for It developed , the end of the 13th century had alchemy developed had a fairly structured system into alchemy believed the four elements in They and experimented : their art actively they experimented actively chemicals with they revolved their belief around Their entire philosophy that revolved around their belief that man's soul In became , the 14th century alchemy became , the 14th century alchemy more shifted scholarly philosophical debate from Alchemical discourse to , banned of England Henry IV banned of England the practice Henry IV is a well-known alchemist Nicolas Flamel , but was a religious scholar not Flamel as spends time a great deal of His work aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that like concentrated : Flamel they |
concentrated : Flamel they on made and George Ripley similar contributions Bernard Trevisan In translated , the late 15th century Marsilo Ficino the late 15th century , translated the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino , translated the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino and translated the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino and the works Esoteric systems developed alchemy blended that developed alchemy blended that into was in this development German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa A key figure attempted " , his "De Occulta Philosophia he attempted Kabbalah to merge he pioneered chemicals the use of Paracelsus For is me such not me is the aim not such is the aim not such , took an approach He different from portrayed a sort alchemy as His writing , became of alchemy a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation became of alchemy a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation popular were the alchemists common for Entrepreneurial opportunities Alchemists were contracted the elite by were contracted the elite by for contracted practical purposes the elite for by , continued of pseudo-alchemical fraud the trend continued of pseudo-alchemical fraud the trend through use " would sleight Betrüger were practitioners important overlaps between There taught Cornelius Drebbel his technique to Sendivogious taught his technique to Cornelius Drebbel who devoted more considerably Isaac Newton of brought of European alchemy was The decline brought was European alchemy about by was brought about the rise by brought about the rise by of flourished , the 17th century still alchemy flourished still some two hundred years for alchemy continued a diversity to exhibit Early modern European alchemy assumed his experiments nothing in He note would the place Boyle in note the place in which the experiment , attempted during the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment academic writers attempted during the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment academic writers , of received , the early 19th century alchemy the early 19th century , received new attention alchemy , received new attention alchemy as received an occult science new attention as alchemy of were , alchemy the two most seminal figures alchemy , were Mary Anne Atwood the two most seminal figures , were Mary Anne Atwood the two most seminal figures and |
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