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the Moon's surface , collected a contingency soil sample Armstrong , collected a contingency soil sample Armstrong using collected a sample bag a contingency soil sample using Armstrong folded then the bag He and collected , removed the TV camera he , removed the TV camera he from removed the MESA the TV camera from he accomplished was a Hasselblad camera with photography was accomplished with a Hasselblad camera that accomplished with a Hasselblad camera that could joined the surface Armstrong on Aldrin described the simple phrase the view with He said the lunar gravity moving in Armstrong 's absolutely no trouble It to walk joined the surface him on Aldrin created a tendency The PLSS backpack to tip became movement the preferred method of Loping remarked that sunlight from moving failed a stable work platform to provide The MESA planted a flag the Lunar Flag Assembly containing The astronauts But struggled the telescoping rod with the astronauts struggled the telescoping rod with the astronauts and But gave a crisp West Point salute " he gave a crisp West Point salute " he " with spoke , the flag President Richard Nixon spoke , the flag President Richard Nixon to , spoke them to President Richard Nixon spoke them to President Richard Nixon through They deployed the EASEP , which deployed the EASEP , which included Then walked the LM from Armstrong walked the LM from Armstrong to used the geologist's hammer He to pound collected then rock samples The astronauts using shoveled soil of Aldrin into found of rocks were Two types discovered were the rock samples in Three new minerals discovered in the rock samples collected by named was Armstrong after Armalcolite used a coded phrase Mission Control to warn throughout granted , the walk Mission Control the walk , granted the astronauts Mission Control , granted a 15-minute extension the astronauts Mission Control entered "Eagle Aldrin " first With some difficulty lifted film the astronauts some difficulty lifted film the astronauts and lifted film the astronauts and two sample boxes proved an inefficient tool to be This reminded a bag Aldrin of Armstrong

jumped then the ladder's third rung onto Armstrong to lightened , LM life support the explorers LM life support , lightened the ascent stage the explorers , lightened the ascent stage the explorers for lightened the return the ascent stage for the explorers were a memo in The remarks from damaged , the cabin accidentally Aldrin , damaged accidentally the circuit breaker Aldrin Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would damaged the circuit breaker that would arm There was a concern this would was a concern this would prevent cosmonauts of Soviet Vladimir Komarov two memorial medals awakened , rest was the crew the crew was awakened Houston by was awakened Houston by to awakened Houston by to prepare 17:54:00 lifted , UTC they lifted , UTC they off lifted "Eagle" ascent stage off in they taken the LM ascent stage from Film upon " separated of the LM The ascent stage separated of the LM The ascent stage   concentrating was the computers on I felt , the Moon never Collins felt " , any human known such solitude Collins felt a part very much Collins In wrote his autobiography he : wrote his autobiography he : " was of Collins' first tasks One to over tried , the suspected lunar landing site he tried , the suspected lunar landing site he in , tried vain in he tried vain in he to on informed , the third orbit Mission Control the third orbit , informed Collins Mission Control , Mission Control informed Collins there Mission Control informed Collins there was informed Collins a problem was there advised him Mission Control to assume Instead , flicked the switch Collins , flicked the switch Collins on flicked the system the switch on Collins was again , the Moon he of described , orbits he orbits , described his time he , described his time he on described the back side his time on he completed slept , their EVA Collins slept , their EVA Collins so jettisoned was lunar orbit into Eagle"s ascent stage noted , the Apollo 12 flight was it

" embarked " the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters Hornet embarked " the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters Hornet of departed , the launch pad " "Hornet , departed " Pearl Harbor "Hornet departed " Pearl Harbor "Hornet for fly , board would they fly would "Hornet to they alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr. Brandli , the commander used of computer programs was A different sequence used was computer programs , one P64 was followed P67 by led P67 directly to P65 launched , July 24 " "Hornet , launched " four Sea King helicopters "Hornet launched " four Sea King helicopters "Hornet and designated of the E-1s were Two carried of the Sea Kings divers Two This was observed the helicopters by " struck " the water Columbia struck " the water Columbia forcefully passed then biological isolation garments The divers ( considered remote , but NASA worn until isolation facilities reached they lowered , 17:53 UTC was the helicopter the helicopter was lowered the elevator by was lowered the elevator by into lowered the hangar bay the elevator into by continue would two more Apollo missions for This practice welcomed the astronauts Nixon back to told them He : " returned " Pearl Harbor to Hornet arrived the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at The astronauts at codify continued , its quarantine protocol the astronauts continued , its quarantine protocol the astronauts in , continued quarantine in the astronauts , given were a clean bill the astronauts given were a clean bill the astronauts of On met , August 10, 1969 the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met , August 10, 1969 the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination in , met Atlanta in the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met Atlanta in the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination and On rode , August 13 the three astronauts rode , August 13 the three astronauts in , rode ticker-tape parades in the three astronauts rode ticker-tape parades in the three astronauts in the same evening in was Los Angeles there in Los Angeles was an official state dinner there Los Angeles was an official state dinner there to

was an official state dinner there to celebrate spoke a joint session before The three astronauts of presented two US flags They , one This celebration began a 38-day world tour that brought began a 38-day world tour the astronauts brought that during flashed , the Apollo 11 landing Kennedy's speech flashed , the Apollo 11 landing Kennedy's speech on , flashed the screen on Kennedy's speech flashed the screen on Kennedy's speech , Twenty percent of watched the world's population humans of watched the world's population humans walk watched the world's population humans walk on watched the Moon walk on humans hold did not the interest the follow-on Apollo missions was complexity the shift in One possible explanation during indicate did the late 1960s the Gallup Poll indicate did the late 1960s the Gallup Poll that indicate that Americans of a majority favored of those polled 59 percent was a time also This when was also a time when inflation What was the space program saved that saved was the space program that it was the space program that it was was that one was it , said from the Soviet Union officials officials from said the Soviet Union landing from the Soviet Union said humans landing the Soviet Union said humans landing on said the Moon humans on landing At attempting the time was the Soviet Union attempting the time was the Soviet Union to publicly denied a race was there denied a race was there to said July 1969 in Mstislav Keldysh , revealed was 1989 in It revealed in 1989 that the Soviets was in the Soviet Union The public's reaction mixed limited information the release of The Soviet government referenced is the songs in The Apollo 11 landing went " a tour on The command module "Columbia transferred , 1971 was it transferred was the Smithsonian Institution to it included October 14, 2017 Space Center Houston from This allowed at the Smithsonian time Continued renovations For displayed 40 years were Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits displayed 40 years were Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits in displayed were the museum's "Apollo in Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits

unveiled of Armstrong's suit was A special display remains of the LM "Eagle " The descent stage imaged (LRO ) the various Apollo landing sites the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter specialists financed located Amazon founder Jeff Bezos by financed located Amazon founder Jeff Bezos the F-1 engines by located Amazon founder Jeff Bezos the F-1 engines by from located the F-1 engines from the S-IC stage that found were the Atlantic seabed on They brought two parts of His team In discovered , July 2013 a conservator July 2013 , discovered a serial number a conservator , discovered a serial number a conservator under discovered the rust a serial number under a conservator is for the Apollo Moon rocks the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility The main repository For is , safekeeping there is , safekeeping there also , is a smaller collection also there is a smaller collection also there stored stored of the rocks are Most In asked , November 1969 Nixon November 1969 , asked NASA Nixon , asked NASA Nixon to asked NASA Nixon to make included Apollo Moon dust from Each display were Moon soil four small pieces of The rice-sized particles magnified lunar dust the grains of This acrylic button in contacted , 2012 his widow 2012 , contacted the National Air and Space Museum his widow , contacted the National Air and Space Museum his widow to contacted the National Air and Space Museum his widow to inform The bag contained various items , which contained various items , which should On released , July 15, 2009 Life.com July 15, 2009 , released a photo gallery Life.com , released a photo gallery Life.com of released previously unpublished photos a photo gallery of Life.com From streamed , July 16 to 24, 2009 NASA July 16 to 24, 2009 , streamed the original mission audio NASA , streamed the original mission audio NASA on streamed its website the original mission audio on NASA is the process in It of , awarded of Congress an act awarded of Congress the three astronauts an act On introduced , June 10, 2015 Congressman Bill Posey

June 10, 2015 , introduced resolution Congressman Bill Posey , introduced resolution Congressman Bill Posey H.R. introduced resolution Congressman Bill Posey H.R. 2726 sponsored and NASA the "Apollo 50 Festival The Smithsonian Institute's National Air and Space Museum displayed of the tall Saturn V rocket was a projection included also a 17-minute show The program that The projection was joined a wide recreation by was joined a wide recreation by of joined the Kennedy Space Center countdown clock a wide recreation of by launched 8 December 21, 1968 on Apollo changed , early 1969 was the mission profile changed was August 1968 in the mission profile took 8 68 hours Apollo ( orbited the Moon The crew ten times At was , the time the broadcast the time , was the most watched TV program the broadcast , was the most watched TV program the broadcast ever Apollo8's successful mission paved the way for Apollo11 paved the way for Apollo11 to returned Earth to The Apollo8 astronauts on engaged was the Cold War in the United States On launched , October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union October 4, 1957 , launched Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union , launched Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union , launched Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union , the first artificial satellite stoked fears This unexpected success and imaginations over challenged , intercontinental distances it intercontinental distances , challenged American claims it , challenged American claims it of challenged military, economic, and technological superiority American claims of it The Soviet Union had heavier-lifting carrier rockets , which had heavier-lifting carrier rockets , which meant advisors , chose such a project he , chose such a project he : chose such a project he : to was lunar orbit rendezvous the adoption of An early and crucial decision had therefore three primary components The Apollo spacecraft : Collins was replaced Jim Lovell by was replaced Jim Lovell by in replaced July 1968 Jim Lovell in by was pre-Space Shuttle era missions unique among This crew be would also the first case This moved , the prime crew was Aldrin

moved was CMP to Aldrin command would later Apollo11 Armstrong Gemini , had a prime each mission , had a prime each mission and had a prime each mission and a backup crew added of astronauts was a third crew maintained the flight plan The support crew , checklists developed the simulators procedures in The support crew rotated three shifts in The mission control teams , refers of the insignia The triangular shape to shows the Earth looping around a red figure8 the bottom of are the8 the names of are the8 the names of the8 are the three astronauts of the names wanted their spacecraft to name The crew On adopted , September 20, 1967 NASA September 20, 1967 , adopted a seven-step plan NASA , adopted a seven-step plan NASA for adopted Apollo missions a seven-step plan for NASA were and Apollo6 "A" missions Apollo4 was a "B" mission Apollo5 , a test depended the readiness on Further missions of decided as early as May 1967 that there planned was the "D" mission as Apollo8 fell of the LM Production behind meant the original seven-step plan would have Following allow lunar landing procedures to test NASA On discussed , August 9, 1968 Low August 9, 1968 , discussed the idea Low , discussed the idea Low with discussed Gilruth the idea with Low flew then the Marshall Space Flight Center to They agreed at NASA Almost every senior manager with The only person was needed some convincing who who needed was some convincing James E. Webb needed was some convincing James E. Webb , was some convincing James E. Webb , the NASA administrator of authorized , his agency Webb his agency , authorized the mission Webb asked 8 , Apollo Slayton 8 , asked McDivitt Slayton , asked McDivitt Slayton if Slayton asked McDivitt if he asked McDivitt if he still ; spent had a great deal his crew spent had a great deal his crew of meant also a swap This swap of was had carried a tenth he used designated Apollo8 was by designated Apollo8 was AS-503 by

thought , December 20, 1967 was it suffered had several major problems Apollo6 during went from the MSFC Teams to primary concern was the pogo oscillation , which was the pogo oscillation , which would MSFC concluded researchers that the engines concluded researchers that the engines vibrated Of was equal importance the failure of equal importance was three engines of the failure was three engines of the failure during failed , a result three engine failed three one second within engine revealed the third-stage engine the same problem for Further investigation tested August 1968 their solutions in The teams equipped was shock-absorbing devices with IC placed was top on The Apollo 8 spacecraft continued December all through Testing orbit had , more than one celestial body Apollo8's profile more than one celestial body , had two different sets Apollo8's profile , had two different sets Apollo8's profile of had orbital parameters two different sets of Apollo8's profile begin would a nominal circular Earth parking orbit with Apollo lunar missions launched was an initial orbit into Apollo8 planned for Apollo missions was The standard lunar orbit was a perilune an ellipse with Initial lunar orbit insertion landed the Atlantic Ocean in The S-IC first stage at spent and Houston flight controllers the next 2hours both the crew was duty the first CAPCOM on Collins Go are TLI for You ignited time on The S-IVB engine and After placed had the mission the S-IVB placed had the mission the S-IVB on rotated then the spacecraft The crew to from marked — it this it — marked the first time this — this marked the first time humans this marked the first time humans had marked the first time humans had viewed suggested first the spacecraft pointing Mission Control after sent , launch Mission Control launch , sent a command Mission Control , sent to a command Mission Control sent the S-IVB a command to Mission Control were the first humans The Apollo 8 crew to pass predicted that the belts through passing record wore , the actual radiation dosages each crew member the actual radiation dosages , wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter each crew member

, each crew member wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that each crew member wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter data transmitted that was as Command Module Pilot Lovell's main job as performed was , all the actual navigation calculations it was , all the actual navigation calculations it necessary Lovell navigated star sightings by using into was , the mission the crew the mission , was about 1hour and 40 minutes the crew , was about 1hour and 40 minutes the crew behind was flight plan about 1hour and 40 minutes behind the crew placed Passive Thermal Control the spacecraft into The crew get swept , a perfect roll the spacecraft swept , a perfect roll the spacecraft out , swept a cone out the spacecraft swept a cone out the spacecraft as swept out a cone as it came the flight eleven hours into The first mid-course correction decided , launch had NASA started the first sleep shift Borman but found shown on the ground had Testing shown had the ground that the service propulsion system was only 2.4 seconds This first correction burn and added had the small RCS thrusters to use The crew starting obtained , his sleep shift Borman his sleep shift , obtained permission Borman , obtained permission Borman from obtained ground control permission from Borman of left ; diarrhea this diarrhea ; left the spacecraft this ; left the spacecraft this full left the spacecraft this full of decided the Data Storage Equipment to use The crew using were ( an unoccupied second-floor control room there an unoccupied second-floor control room ( were two identical control rooms there ( were two identical control rooms there in were Houston two identical control rooms in there was the flight a relatively uneventful part of The cruise phase During scheduled , this time NASA this time , scheduled a television broadcast NASA , scheduled a television broadcast NASA at scheduled 31 hours a television broadcast at NASA The Apollo8 crew used a camera that broadcast used a camera that broadcast in During gave , this first broadcast the crew

this first broadcast , gave a tour the crew , gave a tour the crew of gave the spacecraft a tour of the crew saturated , proper filters became the Earth image the Earth image became saturated any bright source by show , the end could all the crew abandoned had completely the planned sleep shifts the crew went 32-and-a-half hours to sleep Lovell went also sleep to Anders made 8 a second television broadcast Apollo at , rigged filters up the crew rigged filters up the crew meant maneuver was , the entire spacecraft the crew was , the entire spacecraft the crew able describing was , the Earth what was , the Earth what visible , became of Apollo8 the crew became of Apollo8 the first humans the crew , was the Moon from Apollo8 was the Moon from Apollo8 and was little interest of This historic moment to was retrograde in It ( from burned , the Moon the crew the Moon , burned the RCS the crew , burned the RCS the crew for burned 11 seconds the RCS for the crew into began , the flight the crew began , the flight the crew to told , a "no go" decision was the crew told was 68 hours at the crew told at 68 hours that they before began , LOI-1 the crew LOI-1 , began one last check the crew , began one last check the crew of began the spacecraft systems one last check of the crew got , that time finally they , got finally their first glimpses they got finally their first glimpses they of ignited was 69 hours at The SPS described the burn The crew as being struck could have the Moon they On continued , Earth Mission Control continued , Earth Mission Control to continued the terrain to describe Lovell continued to describe the terrain they was of the crew's major tasks reconnaissance One spent the next 20 hours much of Bill Anders with kept , Earth Borman kept , Earth Borman asking of set , the Moon the crew

set , the Moon the crew up , set equipment up the crew set equipment up the crew to Anders described the craters that they described the craters that they were Throughout continued , the next two orbits the crew continued , the next two orbits the crew to continued the spacecraft to check the crew During read , the third pass Borman the third pass , read a small prayer Borman , read a small prayer Borman for read his church a small prayer for Borman across witnessed , the front the crew the front , witnessed an "Earthrise the crew , witnessed an "Earthrise the crew " witnessed an "Earthrise the crew " in taken had the first picture NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 of about is , the Earth Earthrise is , the Earth Earthrise not continued photographs to take Anders in was , the cramped and noisy spacecraft Borman was , the cramped and noisy spacecraft Borman able ordered Anders He and Lovell agreed finally the condition under Anders agreed under the condition that Borman remembered that a second television broadcast was there for began , the ninth time the astronauts the ninth time , began the second television transmission the astronauts introduced the crew Borman , followed introduced the crew , followed by described it Borman as being said that a message had the crew read on board a section Each man finished the broadcast Borman by wishing was the flight the most critical burn of The TEI with had , the previous burn the crew had , the previous burn the crew to had the maneuver to perform the crew occurred time exactly on The burn Later , used some otherwise idle time Lovell , used some otherwise idle time Lovell to used some otherwise idle time Lovell to do changed realized , the module's attitude they realized , the module's attitude they that took Lovell It ten minutes to was back to Earth The cruise was mostly a time for the crew On made , Christmas afternoon the crew Christmas afternoon , made their fifth television broadcast the crew

time , gave a tour they , gave a tour they of gave the spacecraft a tour of they was three miniature bottles a gift of Another Slayton surprise were small presents also There to into showed , the mission the sixth and final TV transmission the mission , showed the mission's best video images the sixth and final TV transmission , showed the mission's best video images the sixth and final TV transmission of showed the Earth the mission's best video images of the sixth and final TV transmission After prepared , two uneventful days the crew prepared , two uneventful days the crew for , prepared reentry for the crew control would the reentry The computer , control the reentry , and all the crew prepared from the service module the command module Separation of saw , the atmosphere the crew saw , the crew the atmosphere the Moon saw the Earth's horizon rising above the Moon hit noticed , the thin outer atmosphere the crew noticed , the thin outer atmosphere the crew that of rose , the spacecraft Apollo8 rose , the spacecraft Apollo8 briefly rose a skipping stone briefly like Apollo8 deployed the spacecraft , stabilizing the drogue parachute hit dragged , the water the parachutes the water , dragged it the parachutes , dragged it the parachutes over dragged it the parachutes over and by was , a swell Borman was , a swell Borman sick righted , splashdown was the command module righted was a normal apex-up into the command module arrived from aircraft carrier The first frogman 43 minutes came 8 the end of 1968 at Apollo Spring , chose the crew "Time" magazine , chose the crew "Time" magazine of chose Apollo8 the crew of "Time" magazine been had the first people They ever survived had that a mission They had survived a mission that even the crew survived a mission that even the crew themselves the flight was the "Earthrise" picture that the crew was the "Earthrise" picture that the crew took This was the first time that humans was the first time that humans had

were the mission 1,200 journalists covering There featured " a quote The Soviet newspaper "Pravda from estimated that the people of a quarter wanted American astronauts to ban the courts in caused , outer space it caused , it outer space NASA In issued , 1969 the United States Post Office Department 1969 , issued a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department , issued a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department ( issued a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department ( Scott catalogue featured the famous photograph a detail of The stamp delivered , January 1970 was the spacecraft delivered was Osaka to the spacecraft is public display on Jim Lovell's Apollo8 space suit in compiled and released NASA by In released , addition Spacecraft Films released , addition Spacecraft Films , released 2003 , in Spacecraft Films include Race to the Moon " Other documentaries " dramatized of the mission are Parts commemorates " by Luke Byrne The choral music piece "Earthrise made led China have by led China have by to flown , 1961 have 600 astronauts flown have space in 600 astronauts sponsored , 2002 were astronauts for astronautics recognizes only flights that astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed recognizes only flights the Kármán line exceed that traveled , these have 24 people traveled have low Earth orbit beyond 24 people under qualify , the U.S. definition 558 people qualify , the U.S. definition 558 people as spent have over 41,790 man-days Space travelers ( preferred "astronaut Most NASA Space Task Group members " , preferred "astronaut " , which called is an "astronaut A professional space traveler " referred " a spacecraft to "astronaut have been inspired "aeronaut by been inspired "aeronaut by " inspired "aeronaut by " , applies any crew member the term astronaut to NASA uses also the term NASA as is "kosmonavt an Anglicization of The word was Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin The first cosmonaut , also the first person was the first six Russians part of He was the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova and the first and youngest woman

" is used some English-language news media organizations by is used some English-language news media organizations by for used professional space travelers some English-language news media organizations for by featured has the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries in The word This is the term used by is the term used Xinhua News Agency by sent , a crewed spacecraft have several other nations , sent have people several other nations sent have people several other nations into entered for astronaut have other synonyms On issued , July 20, 2021 the FAA July 20, 2021 , issued an order the FAA , issued an order the FAA redefining issued the eligibility criteria an order redefining the FAA was in space Soviet Yuri Gagarin The first human space was Soviet Yuri Gagarin , who was Soviet Yuri Gagarin , who was became space the first American and second person in Alan Shepard was to orbit the Earth The first American was in space Sally Ride The first American woman was the first person Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov to conduct through allowed , its Intercosmos program people allowed , its Intercosmos program people from , allowed other "socialist" (i.e. Warsaw Pact from people allowed other "socialist" (i.e. Warsaw Pact from people and is Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek An example , the first cosmonaut became the first Indian citizen Rakesh Sharma to travel 23 July 1980 , became Vietnam Pham Tuan of , became Vietnam the first Asian Pham Tuan of became Vietnam the first Asian Pham Tuan of in in became , 1980 Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez 1980 , became the first person Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez , became the first person Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of became Hispanic and black African descent the first person of Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez In became , April 1985 Taylor Wang April 1985 , became the first ethnic Chinese person Taylor Wang , became the first ethnic Chinese person Taylor Wang in became space the first ethnic Chinese person in Taylor Wang In became , 1985 Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud 1985 , became the first Arab Muslim astronaut Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud

, became the first Arab Muslim astronaut Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud in became space the first Arab Muslim astronaut in Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud on began , the Space Shuttle the U.S. began , the Space Shuttle the U.S. taking , began international astronauts taking the U.S. , became of West Germany Ulf Merbold became of West Germany the first non-US citizen Ulf Merbold In became , 1985 Rodolfo Neri Vela 1985 , became the first Mexican-born person Rodolfo Neri Vela , became the first Mexican-born person Rodolfo Neri Vela in became space the first Mexican-born person in Rodolfo Neri Vela In became , 2002 Mark Shuttleworth 2002 , became the first citizen Mark Shuttleworth , became the first citizen Mark Shuttleworth of became an African country the first citizen of Mark Shuttleworth is to reach space The youngest person space is Oliver Daemen , who is Oliver Daemen , who was reach rounded ; orbit he orbit ; rounded the planet he ; rounded the planet he 17 rounded the planet he 17 times On the same flight as Daemen was is first the She of is to reach orbit The oldest person , is by an individual astronaut the most spaceflights is by an individual astronaut seven the most spaceflights inducted into the USSR's Air Force , which A month later , became the first American civilian Joseph Albert Walker , became the first American civilian Joseph Albert Walker in became space the first American civilian in Joseph Albert Walker was Byron K. Lichtenberg The first non-governmental space traveler , a researcher In became , December 1990 Toyohiro Akiyama December 1990 , became the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama , became the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama and became the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama and the first journalist selected were training for The first NASA astronauts in piloting , the space program military jet test piloting , the space program military jet test and , go twenty months through NASA astronauts go twenty months through NASA astronauts of

are a variety susceptible to Astronauts found , 2017 were bacteria On reported , 2 November 2017 scientists reported , 2 November 2017 scientists that reported that the position in significant changes affect can the otolith organs It and In found , October 2018 NASA-funded researchers found , October 2018 NASA-funded researchers that found that outer space into lengthy journeys in stated April 2019 that astronauts stated April 2019 that astronauts facing stated that space radiation facing astronauts hinders , their intellectual capabilities temporarily it , hinders temporarily formation it hinders temporarily formation it of aboard showed the International Space Station that long-duration spaceflight showed the International Space Station that long-duration spaceflight causes showed that many physiological adaptions causes long-duration spaceflight on showed , brain structure this study showed , brain structure this study that worked nutritionists with Space Shuttle astronauts to selected , flight were menus determined are a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula using Caloric requirements On uses , Earth the average American uses , Earth the average American about uses water about of the average American awarded , Russia are cosmonauts , awarded are Pilot-Cosmonaut cosmonauts awarded are Pilot-Cosmonaut cosmonauts of those receive complete astronaut candidate training who receive complete astronaut candidate training a silver lapel pin who in receive , space they space , receive a gold pin they receive also have active-duty military status who maintained , is the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex by , is maintained the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by is maintained the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by and maintained the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by and commemorates goes great lengths to Swift to uses argument methods of He argued that "A Modest Proposal in Swift's main target attacking was especially projects Swift was especially attacking projects that especially attacking projects that tried attacking projects that tried to targets " also the calculating way "A Modest Proposal " also targets the calculating way people also targets the calculating way people perceived targets the calculating way people perceived the The pamphlet targets reformers who " targets reformers who " regard differ Swift's intentions about Critics in

argues that the 'Modest proposal of statistically "the logic argues that the reader persuades Swift's rhetorical style and create towards them his narrator's cool approach create towards them his narrator's cool approach " uses the proposer's serious tone Swift to highlight making uses , his argument the speaker his argument , uses the conventional, textbook-approved order the speaker , uses the conventional, textbook-approved order the speaker of uses argument the conventional, textbook-approved order of the speaker believes that major similarities saw Swift notes Tertullian Swift's obvious affinity for Johnson In points , structure Johnson points , structure Johnson out , points the same central theme out Johnson points the same central theme out Johnson , share and Tertullian the same command Swift with points , Johnson Donald C. Baker points , Johnson Donald C. Baker out , points the similarity out Donald C. Baker points the similarity out Donald C. Baker between have which suppose , I have suppose , the Principle Aggravation I focuses in A Modest Proposal " The Reader stresses that the pamphlet of a reader believed , the 18th century was it " in was the mercantilist view no child in was the mercantilist view no child too was the mercantilist view no child too young Louis A. Landa composed a conducive analysis when he composed a conducive analysis when he noted presents Swift's "A Modest Proposal Landa " as presents Ireland the dire state of Swift based of a country is the wealth propose did immediately it 12 February 1729–30:"I begin , nine does she dispose , another woman might he happened ; for children I happened the other day to peep I For had , my own part I had , my own part I not , had the least inclination not I had the least inclination not I to serves also an introduction as It , emulated Francis Schaeffer Swift's work the evangelical author emulated Francis Schaeffer Swift's work the evangelical author in " is " the title A Modest Video Game Proposal is " the title A Modest Video Game Proposal of includes ' a letter Hunter S. Thompson's in

includes a letter in which he writes a local Aspen newspaper a letter to Thompson imagined folks the descendants of Henkel imagined the descendants of folks who On spoke , 3 October 2019 a satirist spoke , 3 October 2019 a satirist up spoke an event up at a satirist wore also a T-shirt The individual saying Together with constitute hydrogen they with hydrogen constitute group they hydrogen constitute group they 1 constitute group they 1 , constitute group 1 , which results in very similar characteristic properties having their Indeed , provide the best example the alkali metals , provide the best example the alkali metals of provide group trends the best example of the alkali metals are shiny, soft, highly reactive metals all The alkali metals at to occurs ; its extremely high radioactivity francium occurs ; its extremely high radioactivity francium only occurs minute traces only in francium of was ; the group none was ; the group none successful sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp , which is the sodium-vapour lamp , which emits finds a psychiatric medication use as Lithium understood for its history of most Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led obtained experimental evidence him led which Potassium was the first metal that was was the first metal that was isolated was discovered in 1800 by discovered in 1800 the Brazilian chemist by was 1817 not until it was not until 1817 that This new element was noted him by was noted him by to noted him by to form gave the name the unknown material Berzelius " named the material "lithium the metal inside He were and caesium the first elements Rubidium The next year , discovered caesium they , discovered caesium they in discovered the mineral water caesium in they came of rubidium the following year Their discovery of likened ; eight he eight ; likened such periodicity he ; likened such periodicity he to likened the octaves such periodicity to he put all the alkali metals His version then known After proposed , 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev 1869 , proposed his periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev

, proposed his periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev placing proposed lithium his periodic table placing Dmitri Mendeleev Two years later , revised his table Mendeleev , revised his table Mendeleev , revised his table Mendeleev , placing moved , the 18-column table were the group IB elements moved were their current position to the group IB elements changed was "group to the group's name in discovered , Paris France Paris , discovered francium France , discovered francium France in discovered 1939 francium in France However , noticed decay particles Perey , noticed decay particles Perey with noticed an energy level decay particles with Perey eliminated the unknown element the possibility of Various tests exhibited an alkali metal chemical properties of The new product first attempted in 1985 by attempted in 1985 by bombarding discovered the period has been 8 elements holds that even atomic numbers with elements argues that odd atomic numbers with elements paired , even atomic numbers are protons All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they have odd atomic numbers and they are formed the same cloud from The Earth of , caused of the Earth the natural history the natural history of caused the Earth parts of caused the Earth parts of the Earth caused this planet of parts caused this planet of parts to is of the Earth approximately 5.98 kg The mass are lithophiles They and therefore in makes ; Earth's crust sodium makes ; Earth's crust sodium up ; makes approximately 2.6% up sodium makes approximately 2.6% up sodium of makes approximately 1.5% up Potassium of found is many different minerals in Sodium include halite Other solid deposits , amphibole occur of these solid deposits Many as estimated ; large amounts is it estimated that approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts is seawater allows with magnesium often Its diagonal relationship with allows often magnesium it allows often magnesium it to allows magnesium to replace it occurs the minerals leucite naturally in It estimated , uranium is there explained by an ns1 valence electron configuration having their crystallise all the body-centered cubic crystal structure in They

results also the alkali metals in The ns1 configuration Their chemistry is dominated the loss by is dominated the loss by of dominated their lone valence electron the loss of by is of its properties here the presentation is shows about francium known shows about francium known that about shows francium that it shows francium that it is a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials : lithium's value is their reduction potentials : lithium's value is has is : a pale golden tint it a pale golden tint : is one it : is one it of is only three metals one of it is one of only three metals that tarnishes air rapidly in Their lustre crystallise all the body-centered cubic crystal structure in They react the halogens aggressively with They react also water with The alkali metals into produces , water caesium water , produces a larger explosion caesium , produces a larger explosion caesium than produces potassium a larger explosion than caesium have their respective periods the lowest first ionisation energies in The alkali metals lose almost always a single electron they filled have s-subshells The alkalide anions , have filled s-subshells , which filled s-subshells , which gives known except lithium are All the stable alkali metals In form , aqueous solution the alkali metal ions aqueous solution , form aqua ions the alkali metal ions , form aqua ions the alkali metal ions of form the formula aqua ions of the alkali metal ions is a dative covalent bond , with the oxygen atom may be attached hydrogen bonds by be attached hydrogen bonds by to attached other water molecules hydrogen bonds to by for is , the alkali metal cations the second coordination sphere is , the alkali metal cations the second coordination sphere not be less than 4 may the result solvation numbers though indicate may the existence molecular dynamic simulations indicate may the existence molecular dynamic simulations of are six water molecules also probably There shows of lithium several differences The chemistry have and magnesium a diagonal relationship Lithium Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is

is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly to is , expectation caesium expectation , is the most reactive caesium , is the most reactive caesium of is the alkali metals the most reactive of caesium deviate of francium also All known physical properties polarised is Cs+Fr− as The CsFr molecule Odd–odd nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd–even nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd–even nuclei have be , a given odd mass number can there , be can only a single beta-stable nuclide there be can only a single beta-stable nuclide there , be only a single beta-stable nuclide , since there of is nucleons that odd-numbered elements is nucleons that odd-numbered elements , , have but one all have but one an odd atomic number all one have an odd atomic number and all have an odd atomic number and all but caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium-22 have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium-22 and became a mistaken claim a basis for This natural radioactivity constitutes the radioactivity most of It is gamma radiation a strong emitter of It has neutron capture a very low rate of Caesium-137 of is , 2005 caesium-137 2005 , is the principal source caesium-137 , is the principal source caesium-137 of is radiation the principal source of caesium-137 going of the alkali metals increase The atomic radii down has feels , more than one electron shell each electron more than one electron shell , feels electric repulsion each electron , feels electric repulsion each electron from feels the other electrons electric repulsion from each electron are of the alkali metals The ionic radii much is because the alkali metals of the outermost electron are affecting the first ionisation energy the nuclear charge The factors change the effective nuclear charge The first two factors the most the only factor is affects the first ionisation energy which is affects the first ionisation energy the distance which down feels , the group the outermost electron the group , feels less attraction the outermost electron , feels less attraction the outermost electron from

feels the nucleus less attraction from the outermost electron broken is francium in This trend going of the alkali metals increase The reactivities down is a combination the result of This down is , the group it is , the group it easier gives the atomisation and first ionisation energies Adding Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes is a chemical property the tendency describes that attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge , have of its compounds some have of its compounds a more covalent character some is of a substance the point The melting point a substance is the point where it is the point where it changes weaken place so that the atoms , indicate of the alkali metals the falling melting and boiling points indicate of the alkali metals the falling melting and boiling points that of indicate the alkali metals that the strength indicate the alkali metals that the strength of indicate that the metallic bonds of the strength , move of the ions the nuclei move of the ions the nuclei further have all the same crystal structure The alkali metals ( depends the volume on The first factor of increases of an alkali metal atom also The mass in are , their periods the alkali metals their periods , are the least dense metals the alkali metals , are the least dense metals the alkali metals in are the periodic table the least dense metals in the alkali metals into produces , water it water , produces an explosion it , produces an explosion it , produces an explosion it , of producing takes ; hydrogen gas this hydrogen gas ; takes place this ; takes place this faster takes place this faster for ignites the hydrogen gas , causing it produces the bowl the visible flame above This secondary hydrogen gas explosion suggested that alkali metals of the explosive behavior ionise the liquid metal the bare metallic surface of Water molecules are themselves the most basic hydroxides The hydroxides known react easily carbon dioxide with They react amphoteric oxides with They :

form many intermetallic compounds The alkali metals with each have of these ionic characteristics Some is sodium an alloy of NaK form tend , discrete anionic clusters group 13 elements tend , discrete anionic clusters group 13 elements to tend polymeric ions to form group 13 elements For consists , example NaTl consists , example NaTl of , consists a polymeric anion of NaTl consists a polymeric anion of NaTl ( is a special case Boron , being , decreases with boron reactivity decreases with boron reactivity down intercalated ; graphite are their atoms intercalated are the hexagonal graphite layers between their atoms is a very strong reducing agent KC8 and is form , MC8 initially the smaller ones , form initially MC6 the smaller ones form initially MC6 the smaller ones , formed with cage-like structures are ionic substances the alkali metals , is the only alkali metal which , is the only alkali metal which reacts is the only alkali metal which reacts with Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking is an unreactive gas because the strong triple bond breaking form do not highly charged ions the alkali metals forbids rubidium the existence of Steric hindrance react phosphorus readily with All the alkali metals is the greater size due to This for has , example potassium example , has nine different known phosphides potassium , has nine different known phosphides potassium , has nine different known phosphides potassium , with arsenides , form mostly ionic arsenides only the alkali and alkaline earth metals is of Na3As The structure complex conforming not the formula to Other alkali metal arsenides not conforming to the formula M3As conforming to the formula M3As are Indeed , have some metallic properties they , have some metallic properties they , have some metallic properties they , and have some metallic properties , and the alkali metal antimonides react oxygen vigorously with All the alkali metals form oxides various types of They burns air in Lithium to forms potassium peroxide a mixture of Potassium tend the larger anions to polarise The smaller alkali metals attracts the more complex anions the electrons in This

causes lithium This to form formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions , contributes of the Li+ and O2− ions the small size contributes of the Li+ and O2− ions the small size to of contributes the Li+ and O2− ions to their contributes the Li+ and O2− ions to their forming contributes to a stable ionic lattice structure forming their are and superoxides powerful oxidising agents The alkali metal peroxides in makes , breath the removal makes , breath the removal of , makes carbon dioxide of the removal makes carbon dioxide of the removal by decompose slowly standard conditions at They form can Rb6O Rubidium and react , example can sodium react can sulfur with sodium are the most electropositive elements among The alkali metals on is of the twenty known All of have the stable alkali metal halides the formula MX of have the stable alkali metal halides the formula MX where have the stable alkali metal halides the formula MX where M They are all white ionic crystalline solids that are all white ionic crystalline solids that have are water soluble in All the alkali metal halides are the respective halides isostructural to These has in particular a very rich coordination chemistry Lithium has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it In exist , aqueous solution the alkali metal ions exist , aqueous solution the alkali metal ions as , exist octahedral hexahydrate complexes as the alkali metal ions exist octahedral hexahydrate complexes as the alkali metal ions ( was first noted Humphry Davy by first noted Humphry Davy by in noted 1809 Humphry Davy in by be speeded up a catalyst by Similar solutions are formed the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by are formed the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by , formed the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by , strontium is quite insoluble and readily precipitates The amide salt out of In identified , 1907 Charles Krause 1907 , identified the colour Charles Krause , identified the colour Charles Krause as identified the colour Charles Krause as being

is ) , 3 M the solution , contain also the alkali metal cation such ammonia solutions contain also the alkali metal cation such ammonia solutions ( creating are , a carbanion organolithium compounds a carbanion , are extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds , are extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds and are extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds and nucleophiles is of an organolithium compound methyllithium An example lithium hydride : is the reaction another route : is the reaction another route of is ethers the reaction of another route In react , non-polar solvents aryllithiums react , non-polar solvents aryllithiums as , react the carbanions as aryllithiums aryllithiums react as the carbanions they react as the carbanions they effectively , are of the heavier alkali metals the organometallic compounds are of the heavier alkali metals the organometallic compounds predominantly is of commercial importance sodium cyclopentadienide The principal organosodium compound are of the higher alkali metals Organometallic compounds even is Schlosser's base A notable reagent , a mixture is the heavier alkali metals slow with it most is of these compounds important is of these compounds sodium cyclopentadienide important shows below the types The table of The alkali metal peroxides are ionic compounds that are are ionic compounds that are unstable Lithium is the only metal that reacts is the only metal that reacts directly with generate , water they water , generate hydroxide ions they , generate hydroxide ions they and generate hydroxide ions they and hydrogen gas They can reduce metal cations that can reduce metal cations that are reduce metal cations that are less dissolve liquid ammonia in Alkali metals or , been has some theoretical work there been has some theoretical work there predicting , predict relativistic effects would ignoring predict relativistic effects would ununennium ignoring cause also a very large drop Relativistic effects in thus the contraction of cause the 8s orbital its atomic radius of cause the 8s orbital its atomic radius to cause the 8s orbital its atomic radius to be predicted of the Uue+ ion is the ionic radius show may also the +3 oxidation state Ununennium

also show the +3 oxidation state , which show the +3 oxidation state , which is under predict , ununennium Dirac-Fock calculations predict , ununennium Dirac-Fock calculations that predict that ununennium after the next element of become , the periodic table relativistic and shell-structure effects become , the periodic table relativistic and shell-structure effects so effects ( the s-orbitals stabilise which are the alkali metals similar to Many other substances is above lithium Its placement primarily behaves , the hydrogen atom often hydrogen behaves often a halogen like hydrogen form can also negative ions The alkali metals is against this placement An argument that against is this placement that formation is this placement that formation of is that hydride of formation known , this phase is it known is metallic hydrogen as it is 14 a good fit also Group Thus are of the three placements none are of the three placements none entirely small size , is very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion , is very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion compared is very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion compared to is hydrogen bonds to form hydrogen's ability has ( ) very similar properties The ammonium ion For are , example most alkali metal salts are , example most alkali metal salts soluble are water soluble in most alkali metal salts estimated that a mixture from the transition include " the alkylammonium cations Other "pseudo-alkali metals , alkali metal hydroxides , are very strong bases that , are very strong bases that react are very strong bases that react with has 19 valence electrons Cobaltocene , one This additional electron occupies an orbital that is occupies an orbital that is antibonding characterized of Co(C5H5)2 are many chemical reactions of characterized are Co(C5H5)2 by Co(C5H5)2 are characterized its tendency by are characterized its tendency by to characterized its tendency by to lose coprecipitate caesium salts with Many cobaltocenium salts , Like is , the alkali metals cobaltocene the alkali metals , is a strong reducing agent cobaltocene , is a strong reducing agent cobaltocene ,

is a strong reducing agent cobaltocene , and is a strong reducing agent , and decamethylcobaltocene may be substituted its heavier congener rhodium by be substituted its heavier congener rhodium by to substituted its heavier congener rhodium by to give is group the heaviest stable element in Thallium of is , the periodic table the inert pair effect is , the periodic table the inert pair effect quite It displays the +1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display displays the +1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display , considered was sometimes an alkali metal It put and Meyer's 1870 periodic table thallium Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table , displays also the oxidation state +3 thallium displays also the oxidation state +3 thallium , , is of 6s electrons this inert pair is of 6s electrons this inert pair still categorised as transition metals given they Physically , have the relatively low melting points they , have the relatively low melting points they and have the relatively low melting points they and high electronegativity values to is : the alkali metals this the alkali metals : is one reason this : is one reason this for this is one reason for their is one reason for their previously are those analogous to Their spectra was for group assignment the maximum oxidation state Mendeleev's main criterion , make group IB would eliminating make group IB would group eliminating group IB would make group I would make group the only main group I make group the only main group I ( stems the filled d subshell from This providing Furthermore , have higher melting points they , have higher melting points they , have higher melting points they , hardnesses , are the top at the alkali metals are the top at the alkali metals of is of pure alkali metals The production somewhat occurs seawater mostly in Sodium occurs many minerals in Potassium , obtained like sodium are Metals like obtained are sodium by sodium are obtained electrolysis by are obtained electrolysis by of obtained molten salts electrolysis of by

is , however the earth's crust it lepidolite are all minerals that are all minerals that contain Alkarb contained 21% rubidium while the rest contained 21% rubidium while the rest was rich in limit rubidium the production in limit rubidium the production of rubidium limit rubidium of the production limit rubidium of the production compounds , is of pollucite ore the mining is of pollucite ore the main method the mining synthesised , nature is most francium synthesised is the nuclear reaction in most francium ever is to date assembled is to date about 300,000 neutral atoms assembled date is about 300,000 neutral atoms , which is about 300,000 neutral atoms , which were produced ; lubricating greases is it produced is lithium from it used is a brazing alloy as Lithium chloride have many applications Sodium compounds , the most well-known being sodium chloride used of fatty acids are Sodium salts has also many applications Pure sodium metal , used as fertilisers as potassium Potassium is a very strong base hydroxide , is a very strong base hydroxide , and used is breathing masks in Potassium superoxide be , the dinosaurs would it used , that reason are caesium atoms used are the definition as caesium atoms has no commercial applications Francium , but react also carbon dioxide with They be disposed of reaction by disposed of reaction by with be used may argon The inert atmosphere used is a mood as Lithium carbonate slurred of lithium causes drowsiness , Excessive ingestion ; is for sodium the minimum physiological requirement is for sodium 500 milligrams the minimum physiological requirement ; comes of it most comes of it most from is the major cation Potassium ( positive ion causes of these charged particles a difference The concentration differences sodium is maintained ion transporter proteins by is maintained ion transporter proteins by in maintained the cell membrane ion transporter proteins in by The cell membrane potential created allows potassium and sodium ions by created by allows potassium and sodium ions the cell by allows potassium and sodium ions the cell to allows potassium and sodium ions the cell to generate

allows an action potential to generate the cell has no known biological role Rubidium , but contains 0.36 g on average a 70 kg person survive can up to 50% substitution Rats of in is , some systems caesium is , some systems caesium never are rarely encountered most people by rarely encountered most people by , encountered most people by , but Like tends , rubidium caesium tends , rubidium caesium to tends potassium to substitute caesium lead can hypokalemia to Excess caesium , is a major chemical environmental pollutant not caesium lead of caesium-137 gamma ray sources can the improper handling Perhaps is the Goiânia accident the best-known case of is 1987 the Goiânia accident of the best-known case led four deaths to This and , was the isotopes among caesium-137 was the isotopes among caesium-137 distributed was among the isotopes distributed by is basic written symbols a standardized set of An alphabet It was created Semitic-speaking workers by was created Semitic-speaking workers by and created Semitic-speaking workers by and slaves However , distinguishes an abugida Peter T. Daniels , distinguishes an abugida Peter T. Daniels , distinguishes an abugida Peter T. Daniels , or the most is the Latin alphabet popular most is the Latin alphabet popular , popular is the Latin alphabet , which is the Latin alphabet , which was , are exceptions also there are exceptions also there such makes purposes useful for them made was the first two letters from The Greek word started of the alphabet The history in had some 24 hieroglyphs a set of Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs that discovered and Deborah Darnell an even earlier version John had vowels no characters representing This script developed eventually the Phoenician alphabet into The Proto-Sinaitic script developed into the Phoenician alphabet , which is in Phoenician script an inscription The oldest text is all western alphabets the parent script of This script distinguished can be , namely Canaanite two other forms gave the Hebrew script rise to The Aramaic is the script from which the Ge'ez alphabet called are abjads Vowelless alphabets ,

was of vowels The omission not was vowels not always a satisfactory solution was probably the first phonemic script and it The script was spread the Phoenicians by was spread the Phoenicians by across spread the Mediterranean the Phoenicians across by modified , Greece was the script was which the first alphabet in It was the first alphabet in which vowels chose sounds letters representing The Greeks chose letters representing sounds that are the Greek language significant in Vowels was carried over Greek colonists by carried over Greek colonists by to became of these the Latin alphabet One these became the Latin alphabet , which became the Latin alphabet , which was of survived , the Roman state the alphabet survived , the Roman state the alphabet in , survived intellectual and religious works in the alphabet augmented of the Latin alphabet are Some adaptations Another notable script is Elder Futhark , which is Elder Futhark , which is gave a variety rise to Elder Futhark used were Germanic languages for The Runic alphabets is the Hungarians a contemporary writing system of The Old Hungarian script was use in It during was the liturgical language Old Church Slavonic the initial script of The Glagolitic alphabet is the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts one of Cyrillic include the Serbian Cyrillic alphabets , Macedonian Beyond are , the logographic Chinese writing many phonetic scripts are , the logographic Chinese writing many phonetic scripts in , are existence in many phonetic scripts are existence in many phonetic scripts in created , Korea was the Hangul alphabet the Hangul alphabet was created Sejong by was created Sejong by the Great is a semi - syllabary developed a form out of Zhuyin represented of syllable initials are the phonemes of represented are syllable initials by syllable initials are represented individual symbols by are represented individual symbols by , represented individual symbols by , but " is used linguists by is used linguists by and used linguists by and paleographers In is , the wider sense an alphabet the wider sense , is a script an alphabet

, an alphabet is a script that an alphabet is a script that is is a script that is " In distinguish , the narrower sense some scholars the narrower sense , distinguish "true" alphabets some scholars , distinguish "true" alphabets some scholars from distinguish two other types "true" alphabets from some scholars are unexpressed ; most vowels abugidas are include ; the Arabic and Hebrew scripts true alphabets the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; include Latin true alphabets ; include Latin true alphabets , include Latin true alphabets , Cyrillic are an abugida also The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics rather ( These are the only time vowels These are the only time vowels are are the only time vowels are indicated ) ; has a letter Coptic ; has a letter Coptic for written , example is Sorani Kurdish written is the Arabic script in Sorani Kurdish written in the Arabic script , which Kurdish , is the vowels writing , is the vowels writing mandatory is the vowels writing mandatory , use may a Semitic abjad Other languages with based of the Mongol Empire was the Phagspa script argue , the Indic abugidas could one assimilated into their consonants that the modifications Thus reflects of alphabets the primary classification reflects of alphabets the primary classification how of reflects alphabets how they reflects alphabets how they treat reflects how vowels treat they are what to tone Such scripts are to tone what abjads indicated are diacritics with tones is Vietnamese the case for This determined , Thai is tone is determined primarily the choice by determined primarily the choice by of vowels are indicated diacritics by are indicated diacritics by , indicated diacritics by , but , have may separate letters a script have may separate letters a script for However , has only 13 letters Hawaiian Braille , has only 13 letters Hawaiian Braille . was ) , eleven Book Pahlavi For represented , example a comma-shaped letter represented , example a comma-shaped letter " , represented g " a comma-shaped letter represented g " a comma-shaped letter " in has , Devanagari Vedic Sanskrit

Devanagari , has an alphabet Vedic Sanskrit , has an alphabet Vedic Sanskrit of has 53 letters an alphabet of Vedic Sanskrit represent must both Sanskrit The Hindi alphabet and is Sindhi The largest known abjad , with include in the narrow sense Kabardian and Abkhaz The largest alphabets With is , 33 letters it 33 letters , is the largest true alphabet it , is the largest true alphabet it where it is the largest true alphabet where each letter is the largest true alphabet where each letter is The original Georgian alphabet had 38 letters but 5 letters had 38 letters but 5 letters were parallels the Greek The letter order , with are of the alphabet The origins still link the Georgian script the creation of Most scholars contain typically 50 to 400 glyphs Syllabaries , contain 50 to 400 glyphs , and the glyphs ' ) is a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that ) is a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that has is a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that has been created was year in It was created in year 405 A.D. created in year 405 A.D. originally uses also bicameral script It like are considered different vowel representing distinct letters considered different vowel representing distinct letters sounds considered " is a separate letter ñ considered a separate letter , but accented vowels collated with an umlaut are German words a dozen Ugaritic tablets from preserve the fourteenth century BC from the fourteenth century preserve the alphabet BC the fourteenth century preserve the alphabet BC in preserve two sequences the alphabet in BC Runic used an unrelated Futhark sequence , which used an unrelated Futhark sequence , which was arranged : phonology are The letters after were ; the consonant the two exceptions the consonant ; were Y the two exceptions ; were Y the two exceptions and were Y the two exceptions and Z comes , a given language generally an orthography comes generally being into an orthography map will generally letters these rules In be a perfectly phonemic orthography would there a perfectly phonemic orthography be would a consistent one-to-one correspondence there

be would a consistent one-to-one correspondence there between speaking , lack a word these national languages , lack a word these national languages corresponding lack a word these national languages corresponding to tell , standard Spanish can one , tell can the pronunciation one tell can the pronunciation one of At are the other extreme languages such are the other extreme languages such as are English such as languages For is , English this is , English this partly countries have a spelling reform undergo the written language have a spelling reform undergo the written language to range can simple spelling changes from These is the charge number identical to It claimed that his first periodic tables arranged he of changed , the elements' observed chemical properties he the elements' observed chemical properties , changed the order he , changed the order he slightly changed the order he slightly and was based on periodic table position A simple numbering In gave , 1911 Ernest Rutherford 1911 , gave a model Ernest Rutherford , gave a model Ernest Rutherford of gave the atom a model of Ernest Rutherford be would thus approximately half the atomic weight This central charge be approximately half the atomic weight ( though it improved research dramatically after The experimental position led the conclusion to This ( ) were examined his method by were seven elements There ( with discovered of these missing elements were seven postulated called Prout's hypothesis had An old idea postulated had Prout's hypothesis that the elements In succeeded , 1917 Rutherford succeeded , 1917 Rutherford in , succeeded generating hydrogen nuclei in Rutherford succeeded generating hydrogen nuclei in Rutherford from called 1920 the new heavy nuclear particles protons in He ended of nuclear electrons All consideration with has chemical properties a specific set of Each element follows of these electrons The configuration from accomplished of new elements is Synthesis of accomplished is new elements by accomplished is new elements by bombarding is accomplished target atoms bombarding by accomplished target atoms bombarding by of is natural science a branch of Anatomy is a branch of natural science which

is an old science It , having divided of anatomy is The discipline includes also the branch Gross anatomy of characterized of anatomy is The history of characterized is anatomy by anatomy is characterized a progressive understanding by is characterized a progressive understanding by of characterized the functions a progressive understanding of by ) , is the scientific study anatomy , is the scientific study anatomy of is the structure the scientific study of anatomy includes the appearance It and position is structures the study of Gross anatomy include used dissection Methods , The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that Animalia contains multicellular organisms that are contains multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic have bodies Most animals differentiated into produced ; one or two openings are the gametes produced are multicellular sex organs in the gametes Unlike have , plant cells animal cells plant cells , have neither a cell wall animal cells , have neither a cell wall animal cells nor have neither a cell wall animal cells nor chloroplasts composed are numerous types of The body tissues has typically a cell membrane Each formed are called diploblastic and the more developed animals called diploblastic and the more developed animals whose structures gives organs shape to Connective tissue are loose connective tissue The main types , adipose tissue plays a major part Collagen in organizing An exoskeleton is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is stiffened composed is closely packed cells of Epithelial tissue of is , the basement membrane the lower layer the basement membrane , is the reticular lamina the lower layer , is the reticular lamina the lower layer lying is the reticular lamina the lower layer lying next are epithelium many different types of There ; in are the small intestine there in the small intestine are microvilli there the small intestine are microvilli there on are the epithelial lining microvilli on there consists an outer layer of Skin of make the cells up to 95% of Keratinocytes be simple animals may just this be may just a coat this formed is contractile filaments of Muscle

has no striations Smooth muscle when examined found is such organs in It has rapidly but a limited range Skeletal muscle contracts found is the movement in It staggered and the type is this In occur higher animals striated muscles in higher animals occur bundles in striated muscles occur bundles in striated muscles attached found is the walls in Smooth muscle composed is many nerve cells of Nervous tissue ) , form a nerve net the nerves , form a nerve net the nerves , form a nerve net the nerves , but , cause in the body wall receptor neurons cause in the body wall a local reaction receptor neurons In are , higher animals specialized receptors higher animals , are the basis specialized receptors , are the basis specialized receptors of are sense organs the basis of specialized receptors The consists sensory nerves of latter latter consists of sensory nerves that consists of sensory nerves that transmit have a similar basic body plan All vertebrates and at The spinal cord is protected the vertebral column by is protected the vertebral column by and protected the vertebral column by and is derived , the ectoderm are connective tissues derived are mesoderm from connective tissues At the posterior end is a tail which the posterior end is a tail which continues is a tail the spinal cord continues which found is the anterior end at The mouth is of a vertebrate the vertebral column The defining characteristic In most vertebrates becomes the nucleus pulposus the notochord most vertebrates becomes the nucleus pulposus the notochord of becomes the intervertebral discs the nucleus pulposus of the notochord Jawed vertebrates are typified paired appendages by are typified paired appendages by , typified paired appendages by , fins considered of vertebrates are The limbs divided of a fish is The body is the vertebral column The main skeletal element , composed attach the spine to The ribs and attach to the spine and there They are supported the muscles by are supported by the muscles which supported by the muscles which compose has two chambers The heart and pumps

is an inner ear There but no external or middle ear are and rays basal fish Sharks , have usually five pairs they have usually five pairs they of covered is separate dermal placoid scales with The dermis have which a cloaca into They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages produce large, yolky eggs a small number of Cartilaginous fish shows more derived anatomical traits The bony fish lineage , often have a bony skeleton They , are covered is overlapping scales with The dermis Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps have a swim bladder which helps them are animals a class of Amphibians are tetrapods They , but are tetrapods , but the caecilians contains little keratin Their skin and lacks have of amphibians three chambers The hearts They have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products are breathe means by Amphibians of In is frogs the pelvic girdle robust is frogs the pelvic girdle robust and The feet have four or five digits and the toes have four or five digits and the toes are have large eyes Frogs and no tail resemble superficially earthworms Caecilians and are animals a class of Reptiles are tetrapods They , but are tetrapods , but the snakes modified of the epidermis are The surface cells are modified into horny scales which modified into horny scales which create resembles that The heart of the evolved has internal fertilization for The reproductive system The eggs are surrounded amniotic membranes by are surrounded by amniotic membranes which surrounded by amniotic membranes which prevents are their protective shells notable for Turtles have an inflexible trunk They encased in formed are bony plates from These Turtles are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth have resemble superficially lizards Tuataras but is one living species There , " has two openings The skull ( fenestrae is teeth one row of There are projections merely The teeth of are quadrupeds mostly Lizards , consists a skull of The skeleton ,

lost and extreme flexibility have the jaws Snakes lack moveable eyelids , the eyes lack moveable eyelids , the eyes being have do not eardrums They are long snouts large, low-slung aquatic reptiles with Crocodilians undulates side from It to The tough keratinized scales provide body armour and some provide body armour and some are seal the nostrils Valves and ears are tetrapods Birds but though are tetrapods but though their hind limbs occupy from the lungs the centre Air sac extensions There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are no teeth and the narrow jaws are are the epidermis outgrowths of The feathers is the base the single uropygial gland near The only cutaneous gland This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs produces an oily secretion the feathers waterproofs that are animals a diverse class of Mammals have mostly four limbs They but mostly have four limbs but some aquatic mammals have four limbs but some aquatic mammals have situated of most mammals are The legs situated below the trunk , which are of mammals The bones well have the middle ear three bones in Mammals clothed are hair in They clothed in hair and their skin specialized of these glands are Some breathe lungs with Mammals and has four chambers The mammalian heart and oxygenated are amniotes Mammals , and are amniotes , and most are to this the egg-laying monotremes The exception have a mammal the overall body plan of Humans biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences , which are complementary basic medical sciences , which are are usually employed universities by usually employed universities by , employed universities by , medical schools constitute living organisms a vast array of Invertebrates constitute the animal species about 95% of They , has of these creatures none has of these creatures a backbone none have of single-cell protozoans the same basic structure The cells is often provided cilia by often provided cilia by or provided cilia by or flagella are a multicellular organism Metazoans , with are of metazoan tissues epithelium and connective tissue The most basic types metazoan tissues are epithelium and connective tissue , both

are epithelium and connective tissue , both of is derived from the mesoderm An endoskeleton derived are the epidermis from Exoskeletons constitutes molluscs the shells of Calcium carbonate have may no rigid structures Other invertebrates but may have no rigid structures but the epidermis have no rigid structures but the epidermis may include may cells The outer epithelial layer of discovered , microscopical anatomy that plants discovered that tubules had plants Insects possess segmented bodies supported by possess segmented bodies supported a hard-jointed outer covering by organized of the body are The segments bears typically a pair The head of has segmented legs three pairs of The thorax composed is eleven segments of The abdomen composed of eleven segments , some have a class of arachnids Spiders have no wings Spiders and no antennae have chelicerae mouthparts called They have mouthparts called chelicerae which have appendages a second pair of They have the legs similar segmentation to These underwent and physiology great changes Ancient Greek anatomy medical practice expanded a continually developing understanding by practice expanded a continually developing understanding by of was of Alexandria the stepping-stone The Hellenistic Egyptian city housed not only the biggest library Alexandria in took and early anatomy physiology early anatomy and took place physiology and took place physiology in took Hellenistic Alexandria place in physiology helped human dissection pioneer These two physicians for conducted also vivisections They on known became his anatomical works for Herophilus included of the works Some classifying provided of the human body has Herophilus's knowledge described accurately the structure Erasistratus of During were , the third century Greek physicians were , the third century Greek physicians able It was Herophilus who made was Herophilus the point made who made were the third century during Great feats showed that a hollow organ is the uterus described vertebrate anatomy Aristotle based on identified arteries the difference between Praxagoras compiled existing knowledge He and studied was the first experimental physiologists one of He developed classical times little from Anatomy was " of 1316 Mondino's "Anatomy describes the order the body in It was trained in anatomy by

trained in anatomy Andrea del Verrocchio by from published , Brabant Vesalius Brabant , published the influential book Vesalius , published the influential book Vesalius " published the influential book Vesalius " De humani corporis fabrica In began , the United States medical schools began , the United States medical schools to needed in anatomy a continual stream Classes existed Britain in A similar problem where existed in Britain where demand were consequence in Some graveyards protected in transformed was Britain by Britain was transformed Sir John Struthers by was transformed Sir John Struthers by , transformed Sir John Struthers by , Regius Professor lasted the reform until This system of as collected , teaching he teaching , collected many vertebrate skeletons he , collected many vertebrate skeletons he for collected his museum many vertebrate skeletons for he From 1822 regulated the teaching the Royal College of Surgeons 1822 regulated the teaching the Royal College of Surgeons of regulated anatomy the teaching of the Royal College of Surgeons provided comparative anatomy examples in Medical museums Ignaz Semmelweis investigated puerperal fever and he investigated puerperal fever and he discovered went the dissecting room from The students to was microscopy the advent of It was the advent of microscopy that involved of small structures Study passing brought of the electron microscope a great advance The invention is ( " its converse The room is the consequent the action Affirming of result the consequent can also Affirming the statements " is August 13 It " is August 13 It , is August 13 It , so is August 13 , so it affirm can certainty with one " then has four legs it then has four legs it " has four legs it " ) is " in this case "P in is this case ' The chaplain this case is ' signs The chaplain is ' his own name signs The chaplain studied Moscow's VGIK film at Tarkovsky with left , state film authorities Tarkovsky state film authorities , left the country Tarkovsky , left the country Tarkovsky in left 1979 the country in Tarkovsky

published , 1986 also he , published also a book he published also a book he about was several awards the recipient of Tarkovsky awarded was posthumously the Soviet Union's prestigious Lenin Prize he in ) was a Polish nobleman who ) was a Polish nobleman who worked was a Polish nobleman who worked as His wife Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya was a Romanian teacher who Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya was a Romanian teacher who arrived was a Romanian teacher who arrived from ; among was her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov among was her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov , was her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov , a fact spent Yuryevets his childhood in Tarkovsky He was described childhood friends by was described childhood friends by as described childhood friends by as active left 1937 the family in His father returned 1943 home in He In enrolled , 1939 Tarkovsky enrolled , 1939 Tarkovsky at , enrolled the Moscow School No at Tarkovsky enrolled . at the Moscow School No Tarkovsky In returned , 1943 the family returned , 1943 the family to , returned Moscow to the family continued his old school his studies at Tarkovsky studied a music school piano at He lived Shchipok Street on The family in From was November 1947 to spring 1948 he in November 1947 to spring 1948 was the hospital in he was the hospital in he with In was , his school years Tarkovsky his school years , was a troublemaker Tarkovsky , was a troublemaker Tarkovsky and was a troublemaker Tarkovsky and a poor student finish did not his studies he participated a year-long research expedition in He to in applied , 1954 Tarkovsky applied , 1954 Tarkovsky at , applied the State Institute of Cinematography at Tarkovsky applied the State Institute of Cinematography at Tarkovsky ( offered young film directors good opportunities for The early Khrushchev era Before was , 1953 annual film production was , 1953 annual film production low produced , 1953 were more films was and mentor Mikhail Romm Tarkovsky's teacher mentor was Mikhail Romm , who was Mikhail Romm , who taught

In directed , 1956 Tarkovsky 1956 , directed his first student short film Tarkovsky , directed his first student short film Tarkovsky , directed his first student short film Tarkovsky , " were the VGIK students a collaboration between Both films was on Tarkovsky the film director Grigory Chukhray An important influence Tarkovsky was the film director Grigory Chukhray , who was the film director Grigory Chukhray , who was of offered , his student Chukhray his student , offered Tarkovsky Chukhray , offered a position Tarkovsky Chukhray offered a position Tarkovsky Chukhray as at met , the VGIK Tarkovsky the VGIK , met Andrei Konchalovsky Tarkovsky found common much in They In wrote , 1959 they 1959 , wrote the script they , wrote the script they " wrote the script they " Antarctica – Distant Country submitted Lenfilm the script to Tarkovsky was Ivan's Childhood " Tarkovsky's first feature film " inherited had the film He from earned Tarkovsky international acclaim The film and won In directed , 1965 he 1965 , directed the film he , directed the film he " directed the film he " Andrei Rublev had the film to cut Tarkovsky Nevertheless , had a budget the film , had a budget the film of had more than 1 million rubles a budget of the film divorced his wife He , Irina In married , the same year he the same year , married Larisa Kizilova he , married Larisa Kizilova he ( married Larisa Kizilova he ( née Egorkina In completed , 1972 he completed , 1972 he " , completed Solaris " he completed Solaris " he " worked had this on He From 1973 to 1974 , shot the film "Mirror he , shot the film "Mirror he " shot the film "Mirror he " , In this film portrayed the plight Tarkovsky this film portrayed the plight Tarkovsky of portrayed childhood the plight of Tarkovsky worked had the screenplay on Tarkovsky not well received Soviet authorities by well received Soviet authorities by due received Soviet authorities by due to placed the "third category the film in Soviet authorities

made and no returns received the film-makers placed also the film-makers Third category films in worked , 1975 also Tarkovsky worked also the screenplay on Tarkovsky In directed , December 1976 he directed , December 1976 he " , directed Hamlet " he directed Hamlet " he " The main role was played Anatoly Solonitsyn by was played Anatoly Solonitsyn by , played by Anatoly Solonitsyn , who was completed in the Soviet Union Tarkovsky met had the brothers Tarkovsky first wanted a film to shoot he a discussion with changed Arkady Strugatsky he with Arkady Strugatsky changed his plan he Arkady Strugatsky changed his plan he and changed his plan he and began began on this film Work in ruined of the negatives had improper development deteriorated with cinematographer Georgy Rerberg Tarkovsky's relationship to deteriorated to the point where he Furthermore , suffered a heart attack Tarkovsky , suffered a heart attack Tarkovsky in suffered April 1978 a heart attack in Tarkovsky completed was 1979 in The film In began , 1979 Tarkovsky 1979 , began production Tarkovsky , began production Tarkovsky of began the film production of Tarkovsky set was 18th-century Russia in The film by submitted , Goskino Tarkovsky Goskino , submitted a script Tarkovsky , Tarkovsky submitted a script that Tarkovsky submitted a script that was submitted a script that was different During traveled , the summer of 1979 Tarkovsky traveled , the summer of 1979 Tarkovsky to , traveled Italy to Tarkovsky traveled Italy to Tarkovsky , returned Italy to Tarkovsky in returned Italy to Tarkovsky in completed 1983 the film in Tarkovsky shared also a special prize Tarkovsky called lobbied the film to prevent Soviet authorities on announced , 10 July 1984 he announced , 10 July 1984 he that was , that time Andriosha his son spent 1984 most of Tarkovsky on claims — death he claims — he death himself Ironically , at the end of the year Tarkovsky , at the end of the year Tarkovsky was at the end of the year Tarkovsky was diagnosed In began , January 1986 he

January 1986 , began treatment he , began treatment he in began Paris treatment in he died Paris in Tarkovsky on held was the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral at His funeral ceremony buried was 3 January 1987 on He conceived , was 1994 by , was conceived Tarkovsky's wife by was conceived Tarkovsky's wife by , conceived Tarkovsky's wife by , Larisa emerged Russia in A conspiracy theory in includes for this hypothesis testimonies Evidence includes testimonies by former KGB agents who became the mid and late 1950s a film director during Tarkovsky allowed films to see Tarkovsky perceived that cinema of the art In told , 1972 Tarkovsky 1972 , told film historian Leonid Kozlov Tarkovsky , told his ten favorite films film historian Leonid Kozlov Tarkovsky includes Diary of a Country Priest : " The list contain does not any films the list is that film saw Tarkovsky has no films also The list or said Dovzhenko's "Earth of He " had conveyed , such tact they such tact , conveyed a feeling they , conveyed a feeling they of conveyed dignity a feeling of they understood wherein life of the sense was a fan not Andrei Tarkovsky of , in praised a famous exception Tarkovsky in a famous exception praised the blockbuster film Tarkovsky a famous exception praised the blockbuster film Tarkovsky " praised the blockbuster film Tarkovsky " The Terminator In argued , a 1962 interview Tarkovsky argued , a 1962 interview Tarkovsky : His films are characterized metaphysical themes by are characterized metaphysical themes by , characterized metaphysical themes by , extremely long takes are dreams Recurring motifs , memory said : " a person Juxtaposing incorporated several levitation scenes into Tarkovsky To him possess great power these scenes him possess great power these scenes and possess great power these scenes and are reflections were used him by were used him by for used their surreal beauty and photogenic value him for by developed cinema a theory of Tarkovsky By meant this he that meant he this that the unique characteristic meant that cinema of the unique characteristic

transcribes real time time in Unedited movie footage " , focused his cinematic works Tarkovsky , focused his cinematic works Tarkovsky on focused his cinematic works Tarkovsky on exploring have of Tarkovsky's films color or black-and-white sequences Several occurs first the otherwise monochrome "Andrei Rublev in This contain of his films afterwards All dismissed " , Andrei Rublev Tarkovsky " , dismissed color film Tarkovsky , dismissed color film Tarkovsky as dismissed a "commercial gimmick color film as Tarkovsky claimed everyday life that in He claimed that in everyday life one nearly always made films Buñuel always made films Buñuel . worked close collaboration in Tarkovsky with , worked cinematographer Sven Nykvist with Tarkovsky worked cinematographer Sven Nykvist with Tarkovsky , worked with cinematographer Sven Nykvist , who argue that female sexuality portrays his work criticized the evidence Film teacher David Pratt given for found likewise the claim Dina Iordanova on Furthermore , directed the play "Hamlet he , directed the play "Hamlet he " directed the play "Hamlet he " for was Ivan's Childhood " Tarkovsky's first feature film " directed then Andrei Rublev " He based is Tarkovsky's year on The screenplay 's the leader about It of wrote his entrance examination the screenplay during Tarkovsky earned the highest possible grade He , " based is the life on The screenplay , approached from Tallinnfilm an acquaintance approached from Tallinnfilm Tarkovsky an acquaintance considered Thomas Mann Tarkovsky and E. T. A. Hoffmann In the end signed a contract Tarkovsky the end signed a contract Tarkovsky for signed a script a contract for Tarkovsky planned the script to write He was difficulty not without Writing at was , Tallinnfilm it Tallinnfilm , was the consensus it , was the consensus it that it was the consensus that no one was the consensus that no one but sent was Goskino to The script in revisited , the West Tarkovsky the West , revisited the screenplay Tarkovsky , revisited the screenplay Tarkovsky and revisited the screenplay Tarkovsky and made , awarded was the Lenin Prize he awarded was the Lenin Prize he in

In opened , 1996 the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum opened , 1996 the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum in , opened Yuryevets in the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum opened Yuryevets in the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum , been has the subject Tarkovsky of been heavily influenced Tarkovsky by consists narration mostly of The film Directed is Andrei Tarkovsky " by is Andrei Tarkovsky " a 1988 documentary film by The Japanese filmmaker remarked Tarkovsky's films on Akira Kurosawa remarked Tarkovsky's films on Akira Kurosawa as love his personality I and all his works is from his films a marvelous image Every cut But is nothing the finished image more is nothing the finished image more than is Tarkovsky a huge fan of Mexican filmmaker Alejandro González Iñarritu said once an interview in He know did not what I I was shocked it by is Tarkovsky a fervent admirer of Danish film director Lars von Trier dedicated his film He Antichrist to seen ’ve it I 20 is meaning a type of Ambiguity is of ambiguity uncertainty A common aspect is an attribute thus It of contrasted is semantic ambiguity with Lexical ambiguity The represents a choice former between represents a finite number a choice between former have of which may none has , instance " the word "bank , has " several distinct lexical definitions the word "bank has " several distinct lexical definitions the word "bank , say " herbs bought I not think a shovel used someone think a shovel used someone to requires of multi-defined words the author The use is of clear concise communication The goal that of is clear concise communication that the receiver(s is clear concise communication that the receiver(s ) include to this could An exception this could include a politician whose "weasel words could include a politician whose "weasel words " include a politician whose "weasel words " and are words closely related concepts express whose senses is have a good daughter " I mean that those cookies ate he , need will an entrance fee you need will an entrance fee you of mean that EITHER ten dollars need you

mean that your license need you go hand hand in semantic and syntactic ambiguity is saw her duck " We contain can many more types Spoken language of contain many more types of ambiguities which involves one entity referring to Metonymy of encompasses , critical semiotics metonymy critical semiotics , encompasses any potentially ambiguous word substitution metonymy , metonymy encompasses any potentially ambiguous word substitution that metonymy encompasses any potentially ambiguous word substitution that is encompasses any potentially ambiguous word substitution that is based say , example might a politician will think taxes oppose they think taxes oppose they in may think only those taxes oppose they think they oppose only those taxes that — turn can a positive statement an opponent turn can a positive statement an opponent into ) , is much greater tolerance there , is much greater tolerance there of is ambiguity much greater tolerance of there argued that the subject between the relation In is , Heidegger's phenomenology Dasein is , Heidegger's phenomenology Dasein always is a meaningful world always in Dasein certain , have little they , have little they to have little they to do in follows " phenomenological ontology Jean-Paul Sartre phenomenological ontology " follows Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre " follows Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre in follows Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre in defining tries an ethics to base Simone de Beauvoir been has a matter It of based on the authoritative certainty given by is the knowledge in It of Following argues , Ernest Becker he argues , Ernest Becker he that On argues , this basis he argues , this basis he that , be can a useful tool ambiguity depends a grammatical ambiguity on Groucho Marx's classic joke for is common practice It to omit sees is , formula 2 there formula 2 , is no way there , is no way there to is no way there to distinguish try of algorithmic languages Creators to depend of operations may The order required of parentheses is the insertion The expression means formula 24 formula 23 in means several texts formula 24 in formula 23

general , means formula 31 formula 30 is " : an "unwritten rule the state lead easily confusions to Such ambiguities mean may a state Expression formula 40 with preceded should be an ambiguous term by should be preceded the definition by be preceded the definition by , preceded the definition by , suitable arises a result as The Berry paradox of give of this kind rise Terms are and Loglan two related languages Lojban and Loglan are two related languages which Loglan are two related languages which have are two related languages which have been contain composed from many diverse sources Languages consists of a protein three-dimensional structure The analysis in employ and Judaism the concept Christianity endorse and Jews Rudolf Otto's description Many Christians employed regularly paradox The orthodox Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton to is of Africa The music often In are , visual art certain images are , visual art certain images visually In is , social psychology ambiguity social psychology , is a factor ambiguity , is a factor ambiguity used is a factor ambiguity used in on make ) a park bench witnesses make ) a park bench witnesses less to led — the new standard this led — the new standard this to — led a "new" ambiguity to this led a "new" ambiguity to this in is the Book of Genesis a Biblical figure in Abel was Cain the younger brother of He He was a shepherd who offered was a shepherd his firstborn flock offered who accepted his offering God but not his brother composed in Hebrew is His name In speaks Abel of Jesus speaks Abel of Jesus as speaks better things ] [ than invoked is the litany in Abel described of Abel is the soul summons Hibil , whom the King of Light Hibil , whom the King of Light proceeds dispatched is the World of Darkness to Hibil descends the world to He of directs Hibil Shdum further down ascends the abodes , sealing Hibil to assumes , the Right Ginza Hibil the Right Ginza , assumes the appearance Hibil

, assumes the appearance Hibil of assumes Anathan the appearance of Hibil Hibil asks Qin what they asks Qin what they are revealed had also the mysteries Qin disguises Gaf himself as Hibil leads her He out of offers the King of Light prayers to Hibil are this mosque frequent visitors of Shi'a is afer ) a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native Orycteropus is the order the only living species of It Unlike has , most other insectivores it most other insectivores , has a long pig-like snout it , has a long pig-like snout it , it has a long pig-like snout , which has a long pig-like snout , which is roams most over It of , subsists ants on it subsists ants on it and listed is "least concern as The animal are afrotheres Aardvarks , a clade are afrotheres , a clade which is "aardvark " Afrikaans The name means " burrowing foot The name "Orycteropus , means burrowing foot , and the name rather , is the sole extant representative it , is the sole extant representative it of is the obscure mammalian order the sole extant representative of it based are convergent evolution on The similarities are of the aardvark the elephant shrews The closest living relatives their extinct relatives , form the superorder Afrotheria these animals concluded , fossils has Bryan Patterson concluded that the aardvark of early relatives was "Myorycteropus africanus probably The first unambiguous tubulidentate " was from the genus "Orycteropus " The earliest example thought to be a tubulidentate that are moderate length of The limbs , lost have the pollex The front feet ( Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is bears a large, robust nail which is somewhat considered appears , digitigrade it appears , digitigrade it at , appears times at it appears times at it to is the shoulder tall at It is the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia the largest member of It tend longer hair to have its legs is surrounding its nostrils The hair dense set is a short, thick neck on The greatly elongated head

contains of the aardvark many unique and different features The head having has , a pulp cavity each tooth a pulp cavity , has a cluster each tooth , has a cluster each tooth of has thin, hexagonal, upright, parallel tubes a cluster of each tooth is of columns The number dependent have no enamel coating The teeth and are born is conventional incisors with The aardvark are of : a dental formula These remaining teeth are of the nostrils The sides thick is of the snout The tip highly has between its nostrils probably The fleshy dividing tissue has sensory functions , but it of has , turbinate bones the aardvark turbinate bones , has more space the aardvark , has more space the aardvark for has the moist epithelium more space for the aardvark contains nine olfactory bulbs The nose , more is of smell Its keen sense not has a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue The aardvark ( as The aardvark's stomach has a muscular pyloric area that acts has a muscular pyloric area that acts as emit an anal gland a strong smelling secretion from Both sexes ring is ; the neck their output is ; their output the neck what found are sub-Saharan Africa in Aardvarks spend dark burrows the daylight hours in They is swamp forest , as the high water table precludes avoid also terrain They rocky are sub-Saharan Africa present throughout They live up to 23 years for Aardvarks in warns predators it of Its keen hearing hunt also aardvarks Some humans for the only fruit eaten is aardvarks by eaten is aardvarks the aardvark cucumber by have and the aardvark a symbiotic relationship the cucumber the aardvark have a symbiotic relationship as they have a symbiotic relationship as they eat to require , their stringent diet requirements they their stringent diet requirements , require a large range they , require a large range they to require a large range they to survive emerges its burrow from An aardvark in keep , food will the aardvark , keep will its nose the aardvark

keep will its nose the aardvark to stop , a foraging period will they avoids the dust inhaling It by ) licks the insects up tongue licks the insects up tongue ; visit , a termite mound will other animals look , so the aardvark they so look termites for they they look for termites that look for termites that are , form can columns they form can columns they long form columns long and these makes a bleating sound It if frightened close dig will a new one it dig will a new one it rapidly at pause , night they pause , night they at , pause the entrance at they pause the entrance at they for bound , watchfulness will it , excavates also burrows the aardvark excavates also burrows the aardvark in scattered are the home range around Temporary sites changes its home burrow the layout of The aardvark are the African wildlife scene an important part of The old burrows they are inhabited smaller animals by are inhabited smaller animals by like inhabited the African wild dog smaller animals like by Other animals are use them that are use them hares that Without die these refuges would many animals die these refuges would many animals during die would wildfire season during many animals escape , the tunnel will it born , has flaccid ears the young , has flaccid ears the young and has flaccid ears the young and many wrinkles nurse will each teat off it , disappear of skin the folds disappear of skin the folds and After starts , 5–6 weeks body hair starts , 5–6 weeks body hair growing considered are not common They be may a slight decrease There in receives the IUCN an official designation from It In is , African folklore the aardvark is , African folklore the aardvark much make the heart a charm from Hausa magicians said , the chest is the charm nicknamed was the Aardvark The supersonic fighter-bomber FB-111 because had also similarities It with nicknamed VF-114 was the Aardvarks the squadron means earth-wolf " Its name "

called is also "maanhaar-jackal It hunt does not large animals the aardwolf lap can as many as 250,000 termites up one aardwolf lives the shrublands in The aardwolf of is the subfamily Protelinae the only surviving species in The aardwolf comes " two words from The generic name "proteles resembles a very thin striped hyena The aardwolf , but has also one or two diagonal stripes It down raised is confrontations during The mane missing is that the throat spot It is missing the throat spot that others missing the throat spot that others in makes the aardwolf This , the smallest extant member have five toes The front feet each , have does still canines It live open, dry plains in Aardwolves and found in regions where termites depend of this family Termites on are two distinct populations There : one In live , fact they live , fact they as , live monogamous pairs as they live monogamous pairs as they with , chase will the intruder they chase will the intruder they up occur of incursions The majority during The territory is marked both sexes by is marked both sexes by , marked both sexes by , as have also scent glands Aardwolves on mark often termite mounds near They have may up to 10 dens An aardwolf pair , have up to 10 dens , and numerous feces at dig , their middens they their middens , dig a small hole they , dig a small hole they and dig a small hole they and cover dig will also their own dens They are fast runners not Aardwolves nor , raise may its mane it raise may its mane it in feeds termites primarily on The aardwolf has of termites different species This genus in eat , central Africa they eat , central Africa they " eat rhodesiensis " Trinervitermes they consists them of licking Their technique locate sound their food by They destroy do not the termite mound They memorize often the location They of of become , midwinter the primary termites become , midwinter the primary termites scarce

seek , these times will the southern aardwolf seek will "Hodotermes mossambicus out the southern aardwolf eat do not carrion aardwolves like do not meat they like meat , unless it varies location depending on The breeding season In occurs , South Africa breeding occurs , South Africa breeding in , occurs early July in breeding During search , the breeding season unpaired male aardwolves the breeding season , search their own territory unpaired male aardwolves , search their own territory unpaired male aardwolves , search their own territory unpaired male aardwolves , as into add , oestrus they oestrus , add pasting they , add pasting they to add their tricks pasting to they mate with the dominant male , which lasts between 89 and 92 days Gestation , producing born are their eyes with They spent are the den in The first six to eight weeks spend may up to six hours The male a After begin , three months they three months , begin supervised foraging they , begin supervised foraging they , begin supervised foraging they , and rated , these factors has the IUCN , rated has the aardwolf the IUCN rated has as least concern the aardwolf the IUCN recognized , other areas have the farmers , recognized have this the farmers recognized have this the farmers , recognized this , but they are zoos rare sights at Aardwolves is ( ;) a building material Adobe used , the Southwestern United States is the term are appearance similar in Most adobe buildings are rectangular prisms Adobe bricks small enough is no standard size There , with In are , dry climates adobe structures are , dry climates adobe structures extremely offer significant advantages Adobe buildings due to are made of sun-dried earth Buildings been had use in Adobe built handsful their adobe structures with Puebloan peoples used were Spain in Adobe bricks evolved Late Egyptian into Middle Egyptian , adopted was Arabic into This assimilated was the Old Spanish language into This is a composite material An adobe brick made of contains typically sand The soil composition ,

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dominates southern and eastern sections across The monsoon circulation , are of the continent Southwestern sections hot is the coldest places one of Siberia in identified by 2010 global risk analysis farm Maplecroft 2010 by identified 16 countries global risk analysis farm Maplecroft by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are identified 16 countries that are extremely calculated was 42 socio using Each nation's vulnerability , are in Asia the largest economies the largest economies in are Asia China in are Asia China , are Asia China , Japan on dominated , Global Office Locations 2011 Asia Global Office Locations 2011 , dominated the office locations Asia , dominated the office locations Asia with dominated the office locations Asia with 4 of the top 5 being " , had the world's largest economy India , had the world's largest economy India during had 0 BCE the world's largest economy during India Historically , was the largest economy India , was the largest economy India in was the world the largest economy in India was earth the largest and most advanced economy on China several decades in was the late twentieth century Japan in the late twentieth century was the largest economy Japan the late twentieth century was the largest economy Japan in was Asia the largest economy in Japan : are of supernational economies A number are of supernational economies A number larger early 1990s , was almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP , was almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP ) was almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP ) as was almost as large (current exchange rate method ) as that have , Goldman Sachs will China , have will the largest economy China have will the largest economy China in is the world the largest continent in Asia to came Asia from Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries came Asia from Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries driven came from Asia driven by are Bangladesh They , China

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represents Asia's population around 25% of The faith has mainland Southeast Asia a great following in Buddhism is the majority the religion of Buddhism exist also Singapore in Large Buddhist populations found is Northern India in Sikhism won notable impact his Nobel Prize in Literature for He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works is Iranian the first Ebadi is Burma Aung San Suu Kyi from Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist She and leader is a Buddhist She and was awarded was the Nobel Peace Prize Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo for is the first Chinese citizen He to be is the first Asian Sir C.V. Raman to get include Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Other Asian Nobel Prize winners , Abdus Salam awarded of Bangladesh was Dr. Muhammad Yunus received economics his PhD in Dr. Yunus received has approximately eighty-four awards The Dalai Lama over On became , 22 June 2006 he 22 June 2006 , became one he , became one he of became only four people one of he On received , 28 May 2005 he 28 May 2005 , received the Christmas Humphreys Award he , received the Christmas Humphreys Award he from received the Buddhist Society the Christmas Humphreys Award from he Curaçao , forms a group Aruba , forms a group Aruba referred forms a group Aruba referred to ; are of these countries the citizens are of these countries the citizens all has no administrative subdivisions Aruba , but of has , the Caribbean region Aruba the Caribbean region , has a dry climate Aruba , has a dry climate Aruba and has a dry climate Aruba and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape helped has tourism The climate , helped tourism , because visitors been has a human presence There on The first identifiable group are the Arawak Caquetío Amerindians who migrated are the Arawak Caquetío Amerindians who migrated from were to visit Aruba The first Europeans described an "island Aruba as Both men returned Spain to Vespucci with spurred Aruba interest in Vespucci and Ojeda's tales appointed was the island's first governor Alonso de Ojeda in

From began 1513 the Spanish enslaving 1513 began the Caquetíos enslaving the Spanish began the Caquetíos enslaving the Spanish , seized Spain Aruba from The Netherlands of increased ; colonial administration its use increased ; colonial administration its use in ; increased the late 19th in its use increased the late 19th in its use and During took , the Napoleonic Wars the British Empire the Napoleonic Wars , took control the British Empire , took control the British Empire of took the island control of the British Empire became subsequently part Aruba of built in Aruba was The first oil refinery was built in 1928 by built in 1928 Royal Dutch Shell by built , that was another refinery another refinery was built Lago Oil and Transport Company by was built Lago Oil and Transport Company by , built Lago Oil and Transport Company by , in processed the vast Venezuelan oil fields crude oil from The refineries occupied , World War II was the Netherlands the Netherlands was occupied Nazi Germany by In formulated , August 1947 Aruba August 1947 , formulated its first "Staatsreglement Aruba , formulated its first "Staatsreglement Aruba " formulated its first "Staatsreglement Aruba " ( That created the Netherlands Antilles , which created the Netherlands Antilles , which united Pueblo , sought greater autonomy Croes , sought greater autonomy Croes for sought Aruba greater autonomy for Croes held , March 1977 was a referendum held was the support with a referendum voted of the participants 82% for In reached , March 1983 Aruba March 1983 , reached an official agreement Aruba , reached an official agreement Aruba within reached the Kingdom an official agreement within Aruba In drafted , August 1985 Aruba August 1985 , drafted a constitution Aruba , Aruba drafted a constitution that Aruba drafted a constitution that was drafted a constitution that was unanimously for seceded , its first parliament Aruba seceded , its first parliament Aruba from , seceded the Netherlands Antilles from Aruba seceded the Netherlands Antilles from Aruba , proclaimed , his death was Croes , proclaimed was "Libertador di Aruba Croes

proclaimed was "Libertador di Aruba Croes " closed , 1985 had Aruba's oil refinery provided had Aruba It with led to the economy The significant blow to is the Leeward Antilles island arc a generally flat, riverless island in Aruba lies Curaçao west of It has the western and southern coasts white sandy beaches on Aruba is where the population of the bulk features of the island some rolling hills The hinterland was the island's north shore a large, naturally formed limestone bridge on The Natural Bridge differs of Aruba The flora from By has , the Köppen climate classification Aruba the Köppen climate classification , has a hot semi-arid climate Aruba , has a hot semi-arid climate Aruba (Köppen "BSh has a hot semi-arid climate Aruba (Köppen "BSh " , is of Aruba the landscape is of Aruba the landscape arid Mean Oranjestad in monthly temperature varies estimated , ethnic composition is the population indicate of the islanders clearly the features , been has substantial immigration there been has substantial immigration there to introduced , 2007 were new immigration laws legal matters , is the predominant language Papiamento , is the predominant language Papiamento used is the predominant language Papiamento used on is a Portuguese- and Spanish-based creole language Papiamento , spoken shown of Aruba has the government among is , the several Papiamento-speaking islands there the several Papiamento-speaking islands , is a big difference there , is a big difference there in is written Papiamento a big difference in there differs island per The orthography , states through eyewitness account that the natives became the 18th century an important language in Spanish received are the island on Venezuelan TV networks speaks of the population today Around 13% has newspapers Aruba published in is the dominant religion Roman Catholicism , practiced is the dominant religion , practiced by Sint Maarten , is a constituent country Aruba , is a constituent country Aruba of is the Kingdom of the Netherlands a constituent country of Aruba defense are handled the Netherlands by the Staten's 21 members are elected direct, popular vote by

are elected direct, popular vote by to elected direct, popular vote by to serve based is the Dutch model on The Aruban legal system In lies , Aruba legal jurisdiction lies , Aruba legal jurisdiction with , lies the "Gerecht with legal jurisdiction lies the "Gerecht with legal jurisdiction in been has a staple Deficit spending in grown , 2006 had the government's debt grown had 1.883 billion Aruban florins to the government's debt In changed , 2006 the Aruban government 2006 , changed several tax laws the Aruban government , changed several tax laws the Aruban government to changed several tax laws the Aruban government to reduce is the overseas countries one of Aruba is on Aruba the responsibility Defence stationed are Marines base at All forces patterned is the Dutch system after Aruba's educational system The island's economy is dominated four main industries by is dominated four main industries by : dominated four main industries by : tourism has the highest standards one of Aruba was the 19th century important in Gold mining introduced was Aruba to Aloe founded Aruba Aloe Balm Cornelius Eman , and covered of the island was two-thirds In had , 2016 Aruba 2016 , had 0.57 global hectares Aruba , had 0.57 global hectares Aruba of had biocapacity 0.57 global hectares of Aruba In used , 2016 Aruba 2016 , used 6.5 global hectares Aruba , used 6.5 global hectares Aruba of used biocapacity 6.5 global hectares of Aruba This means almost 12 times the biocapacity use they means that use almost 12 times the biocapacity they pegged of the Aruban florin is The official exchange rate Until was , the mid-1980s Aruba's main industry the mid-1980s , was oil refining Aruba's main industry , receives (2007) guests about 1,235,673 Aruba receives (2007) guests about 1,235,673 Aruba per Until granted , 2009 the Netherlands 2009 , granted development aid the Netherlands , granted to development aid the Netherlands granted Aruba development aid to the Netherlands was law enforcement mainly for This aid discontinued was Aruba's request at This aid has a large and well-developed tourism industry Aruba , receiving

earned of the Aruban gross national product is About are North America from Most tourists , has (CBP ) a full pre-clearance facility U.S. Customs and Border Protection are many luxury There and lesser luxury hotels called is also "Highrise-area This area is the many cruise ships the port for Oranjestad is the port for the many cruise ships that is tourism a very important pillar of The cruise industry With received , 334 cruise calls Aruba 334 cruise calls , received 815,161 cruise tourists Aruba , received 815,161 cruise tourists Aruba in received 2018 815,161 cruise tourists in Aruba brought Aruba's economy $102.8 million to The 2017/2018 cruise season , in were 2005 there in 2005 were ninety-two different nationalities there 2005 were ninety-two different nationalities there living were ninety-two different nationalities there living on On celebrates , 18 March Aruba 18 March , celebrates its National Day Aruba celebrated , 25 January is Betico Croes' birthday celebrated is 24 June on Dia di San Juan is of Carnaval The festival also started in Aruba Its celebration in of influenced was Aruba by Aruba was influenced the Dutch colonial style by was influenced the Dutch colonial style by and influenced by the Dutch colonial style and also some Spanish elements the 20th century incorporated of the island the architectural style incorporated of the island a more American and international influence the architectural style has three ports Aruba : Barcadera enter year this port per Nearly one million tourists " is " a government-owned bus company Arubus operate 3:30 a.m. from Its buses until power ; was one its eponymous plant ; was one its eponymous plant of was the world's largest desalination plants one of its eponymous plant is in Aruba Average daily consumption about is electricity the sole distributor of N.V. Elmar are two telecommunications providers There : government-based Setar was the 13 original states an agreement among The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union approved was much debate after It came force into The Articles of Confederation on was of the Articles A guiding principle to During looked , the ratification process the Congress

looked , the ratification process the Congress to , looked the Articles to the Congress looked the Articles to the Congress for govern discovered , the continually growing American states delegates discovered , the continually growing American states delegates that , began in the fledgling union some prominent political thinkers began in the fledgling union some prominent political thinkers asking was a stronger government to create Their hope set , the Articles was a meeting set was Philadelphia in a meeting replaced under the Articles was the government resulted coercive and quelling measures in Civil disobedience , eroded Crown Loyalists the number of These actions of were — constitution writing most states were — constitution writing most states busy were the task busy at most states During exercised , the war Congress the war , exercised an unprecedented level Congress , exercised an unprecedented level Congress of exercised political, diplomatic, military and economic authority an unprecedented level of Congress into needed , a legitimate nation the colonists a legitimate nation , needed international recognition the colonists , needed international recognition the colonists for needed their cause international recognition for the colonists In argued , early 1776 Thomas Paine argued , early 1776 Thomas Paine in , argued the closing pages in Thomas Paine argued the closing pages in Thomas Paine of expected to aid those they needed American grievances to have Foreign courts Without concluded , such a declaration Paine concluded , such a declaration Paine , , show of the Second Continental Congress the records show of the Second Continental Congress the records that of show the Second Continental Congress that the need show the Second Continental Congress that the need for show that a declaration for the need urged , the same time also he , urged also Congress he urged also Congress he to created then three overlapping committees Congress to Afterward , were long debates there , were long debates there on were such issues long debates on there forced , the constitution was Congress submitted was the states to The Articles of Confederation ratified ; December 16, 1777 had 12 states

; ratified had the Articles 12 states ratified had the Articles 12 states by During observed , this time Congress this time , observed the Articles Congress , observed the Articles Congress as observed its de facto frame the Articles as Congress ratified finally the Articles Maryland on contain a preamble, thirteen articles The Articles of Confederation , a conclusion set current and future operations the rules for The individual articles Under retained , the Articles the states the Articles , retained sovereignty the states , retained sovereignty the states over retained all governmental functions sovereignty over the states However had no power Congress to had no power Congress to compel made was Congress in No progress on wrote , the petitions Knox wrote , the petitions Knox to , wrote Gouverneur Morris to Knox wrote Gouverneur Morris to Knox , , had of the states each had of the states an army each claimed that their duty understood state politicians The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which embarrassed many American nationalists and frustrated The resulting paralysis be never will money There showed with Spain also the 1786 Jay–Gardoqui Treaty compel could not the British army it kept , Confederation was the central government's power kept was limited quite the central government's power make could decisions The Confederation Congress but request could only money it by depreciated , Congress the continental dollars In wrote , 1779 George Washington wrote , 1779 George Washington to , wrote John Jay to George Washington wrote John Jay to George Washington , wrote to John Jay , who paid their war debts off Some States and , take did two actions the Confederation Congress take did two actions the Confederation Congress with established of 1785 both the general practices The Land Ordinance surveyed were the now-familiar squares into Frontier lands The Northwest Ordinance of noted 1787 the agreement of noted 1787 the agreement of 1787 noted the original states of the agreement noted the original states of the agreement to made of 1787 also The Northwest Ordinance admitted were the Union to No new states

provided a blanket acceptance for The Articles of referred of Congress — the presiding officer were Congress 10 presidents of There left independent the United States The peace treaty and envisioned a permanent confederation The Articles but granted was no president There , no executive agencies meant of a tax base The absence that of meant a tax base that there meant a tax base that there was meant that no way was there regaining , the British blockade was the new nation , regaining was its prosperity the new nation trade opportunities were restricted the mercantilism by were restricted the mercantilism by of restricted the British and French empires the mercantilism of by were of the British West Indies The ports closed were closed to all staple products which established and Spain similar policies France Simultaneously , faced sharp competition new manufacturers , faced sharp competition new manufacturers from faced British products sharp competition from new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which The Continental Congress printed paper money which was printed paper money which was so levy could not taxes Congress of found , the United States he found , he the United States it made were favors for Demands made for favors and there acted Great Britain individually against each State By was 1787 Congress unable was 1787 Congress unable to approved distribution the Articles for The Second Continental Congress made was each state for A copy made for each state and one began the signing process Congress by examining On was , July 9, 1778 the prepared copy was , July 9, 1778 the prepared copy ready dated it They and began requested also each They of delegates signed at the next meeting they , added of New Hampshire John Wentworth added of New Hampshire his name John Wentworth signed July 24 on Georgia , refused the Articles to ratify Maryland felt , the United States that the Articles taken , February 2, 1781 was the much-awaited decision the much-awaited decision was taken the Maryland General Assembly by

was taken the Maryland General Assembly by in taken Annapolis the Maryland General Assembly in by signed and sealed Governor Thomas Sim Lee by debated had the Articles Congress for were in the original debates Many participants no , proposed of South Carolina Charles Pinckney proposed of South Carolina Charles Pinckney that of proposed South Carolina that Congress proposed South Carolina that Congress revise proposed that the Articles of Confederation revise Congress included power granting Congress Recommended changes given have many reasons Historians for Rakove identifies several factors that explain identifies several factors the collapse explain that was of compulsory direct taxation power The lack objectionable collect could not customs It The second group of factors Rakove identified , wanted of war scrip and land speculators holders holders of wanted war scrip and land speculators a central government of wanted war scrip and land speculators a central government to wanted war scrip and land speculators a central government to pay believed North Carolina that " the authority addressed between these two provisions was The apparent tension In remarked , 1788 James Madison remarked , 1788 James Madison ( Nevertheless , is a historical and legal question it , is a historical and legal question it whether it is a historical and legal question whether opponents is a historical and legal question whether opponents of At were , the time there the time , were state legislators there , there were state legislators who there were state legislators who argued were state legislators who argued that agree such as Francisco Forrest Martin Modern scholars as agree Francisco Forrest Martin that the Articles of Confederation agree Francisco Forrest Martin that the Articles of Confederation had On received , July 3, 1788 the Congress July 3, 1788 , received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification the Congress , received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification the Congress of received the proposed Constitution New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the Congress following day considered a bill delegates day considered a bill delegates to considered a bill delegates to admit ratified of the 13 states had 11 Saturday, September 13, 1788 , voted the resolve the Confederation Congress

, voted the resolve the Confederation Congress to voted the resolve the Confederation Congress to implement covers Earth's surface approximately 20% of It occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin The Atlantic Ocean extending longitudinally the describe ( south other definitions south ( describe the Atlantic other definitions ( describe the Atlantic other definitions as describe the Atlantic other definitions as extending come of an "Atlantic" sea The oldest known mentions from In refers , these uses the name refers , these uses the name to , refers Atlas to the name refers Atlas to the name , is a term The pond often used is a term often used by bounded is the west on The Atlantic Ocean connects the Arctic Ocean to It through The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by has irregular coasts indented numerous bays by include the Baltic Sea These , Black Sea Including covers , its marginal seas the Atlantic its marginal seas , covers an area the Atlantic , covers an area the Atlantic of covers an area the Atlantic of or Excluding covers , its marginal seas the Atlantic covers , its marginal seas the Atlantic and covers a volume and has the Atlantic dominated of the Atlantic is The bathymetry of dominated is the Atlantic by the Atlantic is dominated a submarine mountain range by is dominated a submarine mountain range by called dominated the Mid-Atlantic Ridge a submarine mountain range called by divides the Atlantic The MAR longitudinally into rises the surrounding ocean floor above The MAR and produces Eyjafjallajökull basaltic volcanoes in The MAR discovered of the ridge was The remainder was discovered in the 1920s by discovered in the 1920s the German "Meteor" expedition by runs of the MAR Most under The Atlantic is surrounded passive margins by is surrounded passive margins by except surrounded passive margins by except at are north-eastern North America numerous submarine canyons off There used " a Navy Sonic Depth Finder The USS "Stewart to This involved little guesswork because the idea involved little guesswork because the idea of occur the equator north of Maximum temperatures

circulates a clockwise direction North Atlantic water in The Coriolis effect ; ranges in the open ocean surface water salinity ranges in the open ocean surface water salinity from , are the high latitudes in the lowest values are the high latitudes in the lowest values and consists four major, upper water masses of The Atlantic Ocean with is in the northernmost North Atlantic the source The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water divided into the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water since the western part is saltier The eastern water because of There are five intermediate waters : four low-salinity waters are five intermediate waters : four low-salinity waters formed flows , north from Arctic Intermediate Water have the western and eastern basins different salinity in These two intermediate waters The NADW is fed a flow by is fed a flow by of fed warm shallow water a flow of by dominated , the North Atlantic is surface circulation surface circulation is dominated three inter-connected currents by is dominated three inter-connected currents by : dominated three inter-connected currents by : the Gulf Stream of plays , the North Atlantic Gyre the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre the North Atlantic Gyre , plays a key role the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre , plays a key role the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre in plays climate variability a key role in the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre forms the global thermohaline circulation an important part of The subpolar gyre includes branches eddying Its eastern portion of cooled is winter during this water becomes of this water part A third The South Atlantic is dominated the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre by receive the Indian Ocean some contribution from Both these currents is partly masked a wind-induced Ekman layer by is of the gyre 4.4–8.5 years The residence time include endemic to the Sargasso Sea Other species In discovered the early 19th century was it discovered the early 19th century was it that discovered that the spawning ground is the southern Sargasso Sea Climate is influenced the temperatures by is influenced the temperatures by of

influenced the surface waters the temperatures of by release are , heat maritime climates are , heat maritime climates more are the atmospheric moisture the major source of The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that with stretch ; latitude the warmest zones stretch ; latitude the warmest zones across ; stretch the Atlantic north across the warmest zones stretch the Atlantic north across the warmest zones of are high latitudes in The coldest zones , influence the climate Ocean currents by transporting thought , Europe is the North Atlantic Drift For helps , example the Gulf Stream example , helps moderate winter temperatures the Gulf Stream , helps moderate winter temperatures the Gulf Stream along helps the coastline moderate winter temperatures along the Gulf Stream keeps also extreme temperatures The Gulf Stream from contribute heavy fog to The cold water currents off winter , produces frequent storms the Icelandic Low are early February common from Icebergs are the western parts a hazard in Hurricanes began of Pangaea The break-up in saw also the first stages This period of closed of the Central American Isthmus the Central American Seaway The formation resulted of the isthmus The formation in Geologically , is the area the Northern Atlantic , is the area the Northern Atlantic delimited is the area the Northern Atlantic delimited to followed of the Northern Atlantic closely The opening led spreading the extension to Seafloor began the Labrador Sea opening Spreading around found at this time period are erupted caused of the North Atlantic significant uplift The opening The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810 seamounts , most contains about 810 seamounts , most of was noted on the first maps that noted on the first maps that included proven various deformation zones have introduced problematic and later reconstructions Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced resulted the Tristan hotspot by produced resulted the Tristan hotspot by in resulted the Tristan hotspot an estimated volume in by covered an area It of in suggest a much larger area originally covered the LIP In began the Falkland segment rifting with

the Falkland segment began dextral movements with rifting began dextral movements with rifting between In started the central segment rifting to started the central segment rifting to break started Africa to break rifting is the break-up the last phase of The equatorial segment date the propagation Various estimates of sea resulted the opening of the Drake Passage About 50 Ma migrating in the western Mediterranean is The Gibraltar Arc exposed of the Agulhas Bank were the now-submerged plains delimited is the north to The GCFR is delimited to the north by delimited to the north the Cape Fold Belt by indicate Africa that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies had ) 20,000 years ago the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM humans had their initial settlements to abandon humans of repopulated the LGM was this region repopulated this region was the LGM by this region was repopulated Magdalenian culture by followed waves in Other hunter-gatherers interrupted followed in waves interrupted by left the coasts abundant traces along This human dispersal , deposited were over 10 kya only some 26,600 molluscs , and generated thousands of tons Brazil and generated thousands of tons Brazil of generated debris thousands of tons of Brazil middens Denmark in The Ertebølle , described as accompanied new technologies by During covered most the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet of covered northern North America most of the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet In proposed , 1973 late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin 1973 , proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin , proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin of proposed the Americas a "blitzkrieg" colonization of late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed later a "three-wave" migration Others over and support respectively neither the "blitzkrieg atDNA data support respectively neither the "blitzkrieg atDNA data " most likely deliver future hypotheses that likely deliver future hypotheses that will deliver future hypotheses that will , established on Greenland was A settlement settled was initially 865–930 CE Iceland at reached had a maximum 1080 CE summer temperatures reached had a maximum 1080 CE summer temperatures of

reached 1492 the Americas in Christopher Columbus Six years later reached India Vasco da Gama under reached the Portuguese flag India under Vasco da Gama following reached , Vasco da Gama Pedro Alvares Cabral Vasco da Gama , reached Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral , reached Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral , reached Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral , taken reached Brazil , taken by monopolized and Portugal this trade Spain A peace treaty mediated divided the Pope by mediated divided the Pope the conquered territories by divided the Pope the conquered territories by into and reduced quickly the indigenous population slavery reduced quickly the indigenous population slavery of exported , the slave trade were an estimated ten million Africans exported were slaves as an estimated ten million Africans exported as slaves , most Spain ) was a period 1500–1800 ) was a period 1500–1800 of was sustained growth a period of 1500–1800 evolved part as Colonialism of facing grew , the Atlantic urbanization grew , the Atlantic urbanization from , grew 8% from urbanization grew 8% from urbanization in , doubled Atlantic countries in GDP doubled Atlantic countries in GDP but also encased in rock that encased in rock that must reached 2004 a 2.4 million tons peak in Blue whiting reached the 1960s–1980s its lowest levels in Arctic cod overfished ; fished is Sand eel overfished as was capelin which Limited data makes redfishes of the state makes redfishes of the state and During shown the 21st century have some species the 21st century shown have weak signs some species shown have weak signs some species of In became , 1497 John Cabot 1497 , became the first Western European John Cabot , became the first Western European John Cabot since John Cabot became the first Western European since the Vikings became the first Western European since the Vikings to as yielded " "Newfoundland Currency this discovery "Newfoundland Currency " yielded some 200 million tons this discovery " yielded some 200 million tons this discovery of yielded fish some 200 million tons of this discovery In started the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries to

started the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries to exploit started haddock to exploit new fisheries expanded also the exploited areas It from recognised in the area was Overfishing resulted , the early 1990s finally this resulted finally the collapse in this In constitute about 50% the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes of constitute landings about 50% of the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes considered are fished fully Pelagic fish stocks fished of the stocks are Almost half was the 1990s an important species in Round sardinella are and hake the most important species Horse mackerel reached , the South-West Atlantic was a peak reached was the mid-1980s in a peak reached in the mid-1980s and catches considered 2013 is now it considered is now overfished it include the manatee Endangered marine species , seals is the entry a generic term for Marine pollution are rivers The biggest culprits and with carrying , Dover Air Force Base was Delaware , carrying was three nuclear bombs Delaware carrying was three nuclear bombs Delaware over increased in strength , which is statistical analyses clear from it plays heat storage an important role in The ocean mixed layer provides climate change a time-lag for This heat uptake , Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system the contemporaneous ideas rejected that was the first thinkers among He in during had , his lifetime Schopenhauer his lifetime , had a posthumous impact Schopenhauer , had a posthumous impact Schopenhauer across had various disciplines a posthumous impact across Schopenhauer born was February 22, 1788 on Arthur Schopenhauer religious ; supported the French Revolution both ; supported the French Revolution both , supported the French Revolution both , and in moved , 1793 Heinrich moved , 1793 Heinrich to , moved Hamburg to Heinrich moved Hamburg to Heinrich — continued Danzig trading in His firm sent , 1797 was Arthur sent was Le Havre to Arthur seemed his two year to enjoy He , started the flute playing Arthur

In accompanied , 1803 he 1803 , accompanied his parents he , accompanied his parents he on accompanied a European tour his parents on he stay : a choice could he stay could home at he regretted deeply his choice He later regretted his choice later because the merchant training spent the tour twelve weeks of He In drowned , 1805 Heinrich drowned , 1805 Heinrich in , drowned a canal in Heinrich drowned a canal in Heinrich near believed that suicide was it was anxiety prone to He started his mental health to doubt even his wife was the father's life , in There showed his youth similar moodiness during Arthur were serious mental health history other instances of There Despite liked , his hardship Schopenhauer his hardship , liked his father Schopenhauer , liked his father Schopenhauer and liked his father Schopenhauer and later left a significant inheritance the family with Heinrich Schopenhauer left the family with a significant inheritance that entitled was control to Arthur Schopenhauer invested it He conservatively in from dedicated , his mother he his mother , dedicated himself he , dedicated himself he to dedicated studies himself to he , enjoyed also social life he enjoyed also social life he among left the Gymnasium He after writing spent a merchant two years as Arthur During had , this time he this time , had doubts he , had doubts he about had doubts he about being In wrote , one letter she wrote , one letter she : moved Weimar to He but accused his mother He of being concentrated his studies on Arthur , concentrated on his studies , which most being of them celebrated being of them Goethe celebrated attended her parties Arthur , usually was also captivated the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by also captivated the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by , captivated the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by , mistress had , sexuality occasionally Schopenhauer to claims Anthime his friend he claims Anthime his friend he that left Weimar He to become are no written reasons There about why are no written reasons about why Schopenhauer

income ; chose medicine he ; chose medicine he due chose medicine he due to Among were his notable professors Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut , were his notable professors Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut , Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren studied metaphysics He , psychology regret claimed ; his medicinal and scientific studies he claimed ; his medicinal and scientific studies he that at spent , Göttingen he spent , Göttingen he considerable spent studying considerable time he arrived the newly founded University of Berlin at He for begun published ; her literary career she her literary career ; published her first book she ; published her first book she in published 1810 her first book in she found ; his also he mentioned later Fichte He only attended also the lectures He of on show Schleiermacher's lectures that Schopenhauer show Schleiermacher's lectures that Schopenhauer was Fichte read also the works he read also the works he of left a rush Berlin in Schopenhauer than considered ; her he her ; considered the relationship he ; considered the relationship he an act considered the relationship he an act of settled a while for He in spent solitude his time in He completed about the same time his dissertation at He became the arrival irritated by He tried him to convince She published had just her second book His mother temper Arthur told her that people told her that people would of held , dubious quality the Brockhaus publishing firm dubious quality , held her the Brockhaus publishing firm , held her the Brockhaus publishing firm in held high esteem her in the Brockhaus publishing firm to made , his mother's prediction Schopenhauer's dissertation his mother's prediction , made an impression Schopenhauer's dissertation , made an impression Schopenhauer's dissertation on made Goethe an impression on Schopenhauer's dissertation impressed , Schopenhauer's philosophical positions was he he was impressed his intellect by was impressed his intellect by and impressed his intellect by and extensive scientific education were and correspondence a great honor Their subsequent meetings started soon his own treatise writing Schopenhauer made , other especially Schopenhauer's extreme self-confidence and tactless criticismssoon their growing theoretical disagreementsand

was immediately impressed the "Upanishads by immediately impressed the "Upanishads by " impressed the "Upanishads by " ( continued his studies He by reading loved was , Hindu texts he was , Hindu texts he more constrained on Hindu and Buddhist texts were His studies on constrained were Hindu and Buddhist texts by Hindu and Buddhist texts were constrained the lack by were constrained the lack by of constrained adequate literature the lack of by read the Latin translation Schopenhauer and praised , in left May 1814 he in May 1814 left Weimar he May 1814 left Weimar he and left Weimar he and moved continued his philosophical studies He , enjoyed were in Dresden Johann Gottlob von Quandt His friends caused of local artists occasionally His criticisms occasionally caused public quarrels when he caused public quarrels when he ran recommended was the publisher to He caused left , an unwanted pregnancy Schopenhauer an unwanted pregnancy , left Dresden Schopenhauer , left Dresden Schopenhauer for left a year-long vacation Dresden for Schopenhauer visited Venice He , Bologna spent Rome the winter months in He enjoyed art He , architecture became of his affairs supposedly One corresponded his sister regularly with He informed their financial troubles him about She offered his assets to share Arthur managed only thirty percent to receive The women shortened Italy his stay in He responses to decided his book he to decided his book he to decided his book he to take decided an academic position to take he contacted universities his friends at He scheduled his lectures He to coincide was especially appalled Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge by especially appalled Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge by of appalled natural sciences Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge of by facing was also political suspicions Hegel voted , own still Hegel turned Schopenhauer's lectures up to Only five students in continued , academia he continued , academia he to for had , his three-year travel Schopenhauer his three-year travel , had an incident Schopenhauer , had an incident Schopenhauer with had his Berlin neighbor an incident with Schopenhauer are of the August 1821 incident The details unknown

enjoyed Italy Schopenhauer , where enjoyed Italy , where he was the country his last visit to It the treatment suggests used syphilis his doctor suggests used syphilis his doctor ) contacted publishers He , offering to began , Berlin he began , Berlin he to began Spanish to study he liked Pedro Calderón de la Barca He , Lope de Vega made also failed attempts He to mentioned , his Berlin years occasionally Schopenhauer , mentioned occasionally his desire Schopenhauer mentioned occasionally his desire Schopenhauer to courting a while was unsuccessfully he courting was unsuccessfully 17-year-old Flora Weiss he unsuccessfully courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss , who courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss , who was show from that time His unpublished writings that from show that time that he show that time that he was had a young dancer an on-and-off relationship with He had ( an unnamed foreign diplomat soon she ( had soon another pregnancy she had soon another pregnancy she but soon had another pregnancy but the child had another pregnancy but the child was to offered , a cholera epidemic he offered , a cholera epidemic he to offered her to take he had , Frankfurt supposedly he , had supposedly another supernatural experience he had supposedly another supernatural experience he , led him This experience to spend in experienced , Frankfurt he Frankfurt , experienced a period he , experienced a period he of experienced depression a period of he renewed his mother his correspondence with He bring did not her much income Johanna's writing bring her much income , and her popularity In July 1832 left Frankfurt Schopenhauer July 1832 left Frankfurt Schopenhauer for left Mannheim Frankfurt for Schopenhauer In published , 1836 he published , 1836 he " published the Will " On he In sent , 1836 he 1836 , sent his essay he , sent his essay he " sent his essay he " On sent another essay He , " , was enraged this rejection by published both essays He as " pouring was still insults he after managed , some negotiations he

managed , some negotiations he to managed his publisher to convince he began some followers to attract Schopenhauer referred jokingly them to He was of the most active early followers Julius Frauenstädt One the most active early followers was Julius Frauenstädt , who was Julius Frauenstädt , who wrote to continued , his ideas Frauenstädt continued , his ideas Frauenstädt to continued Schopenhauer's work to promote Frauenstädt renewed 1859 their communication in They In witnessed , 1848 Schopenhauer 1848 , witnessed violent upheaval Schopenhauer , witnessed violent upheaval Schopenhauer in witnessed Frankfurt violent upheaval in Schopenhauer became his own safety worried for He in had life had he life had had such worries he had had such worries he and gave Austrian soldiers a friendly welcome to He gave a friendly welcome to Austrian soldiers who passed any loss without The rebellion to modified even his will He , In published , 1851 Schopenhauer published , 1851 Schopenhauer " , published Parerga " Schopenhauer published Parerga " Schopenhauer and was his first successful, widely read book It , partly were proved most popular that most popular were the ones that popular were the ones that actually were the ones that actually did In sponsored , 1856 the University of Leipzig 1856 , sponsored an essay contest the University of Leipzig , sponsored an essay contest the University of Leipzig about sponsored Schopenhauer's philosophy an essay contest about the University of Leipzig made Jules Lunteschütz first the Schopenhauer's friend seemed flattered Schopenhauer and amused seemed flattered and amused by visited Frankfurt's "Englischer Hof People " to gave gifts him Admirers and remained his own old age healthy in He had a great appetite He and could ; in suffered September he in September suffered inflammation he September suffered inflammation he of suffered the lungs inflammation of he to was , him Schopenhauer was , him Schopenhauer concerned died pulmonary-respiratory failure of He on saw an extension his philosophy as Schopenhauer is : " his main work The world : " is my representation The world " is my representation The world (

is my representation The world ( " is belongs to the world that In November 1813 invited Schopenhauer Goethe November 1813 invited Schopenhauer Goethe to invited Schopenhauer Goethe to help matter , accepted the invitation he , accepted the invitation he out accepted the invitation he out of admitted that Hume's skeptical assault was it declared : this simply Kant declared that perception of the empirical content having arises , an external cause the external world With vision , finding the cause of furnish ; perception the senses perception ; furnish the raw material the senses ; furnish the raw material the senses by furnish which the raw material by the senses furnish the raw material by which the intellect beyond considered , representation the world considered , representation the world " The empirical world us appears to that , has of this multiplicity each element has of this multiplicity the same blind essence each element Human rationality is merely a secondary phenomenon that is merely a secondary phenomenon that does serve argues , the ends Schopenhauer of are : sufficient reason a person's actions sufficient reason : are a necessary consequence a person's actions : are a necessary consequence a person's actions of are motives a necessary consequence of a person's actions extends the actions to Necessity of quoted the Schopenhauerian idea Albert Einstein that " quoted the Schopenhauerian idea that " a man come from our miserable existence can salvation stems from the insight that the world is to escape this pain A temporary way moves ordinary cognizance away from one From is , this aesthetic immersion one is , this aesthetic immersion one no is an individual no longer one is no longer an individual who is this brief aesthetic contemplation the practical consequence of Art thought , " Daniel Albright Schopenhauer thought that the only art was music are on mathematics Schopenhauer's realist views evident asserts that ethics of the task is in itself Reality free are relevant for ethics is for ethics are individuals who ethics are individuals who can are individuals who can act to asserts , us the egoist

us , asserts a gap the egoist , asserts a gap the egoist between asserts two individuals a gap between the egoist What is the altruist compassion motivates is of others The suffering for calls which the principle through Schopenhauer calls the principle through which multiplicity we behold see nature we behold see nature we that see we nature that it see that a cruel battle is it has the only thing exists , that has exists , no other option that are no delays There or reprieves tied is the offence to punishment are and tormented one Tormenter is our attachment the moral outcome of Suffering abhor life itself since he affirm life , but exhibit welcome poverty They and neither is satisfaction a ceaseless struggle for Human life of met , evolution a claim met , evolution a claim with , met satisfaction with a claim met satisfaction with a claim by " , described himself Schopenhauer , described himself Schopenhauer as described a proponent himself as Schopenhauer shared Thomas Hobbes the view of Schopenhauer give did not much thought Schopenhauer and maintained , a few continent-shaking wars he a few continent-shaking wars , maintained his position he , maintained his position he of maintained his position he of " wrote Germany many disparaging remarks about He punishes claimed , criminals Schopenhauer places every possible motive " beside It is a register as complete the criminal code is the fact due to All this of condemned , the United States he condemned , the United States he " , condemned those devils " he condemned those devils " he in prefer dark persons Blondes , or of are , the pole they are , the pole they indigenous express may here my opinion I made to is them he to is them he furious is them he furious and is ; for Europe it ; for is a religion it for is a religion it without is any metaphysical tendency a religion without it " , expressed opposition Schopenhauer , expressed opposition Schopenhauer to expressed what opposition to Schopenhauer

expressed opposition to what he influenced many Schopenhauer's writings , from in was , 1859 he was , 1859 he much was much impressed the young woman's wit by with told , Ney he Ney , told Richard Wagner's friend he , told Richard Wagner's friend he Malwida von Meysenbug told Richard Wagner's friend he Malwida von Meysenbug : ) , added an appendix Schopenhauer , added an appendix Schopenhauer to added his chapter an appendix to Schopenhauer wrote that the benefit has pederasty ends the statement the appendix with Schopenhauer viewed personality Schopenhauer and intellect led , mental faculties are we led are the view to we led to the view that a real and thorough improvement had the kind something of Plato In reiterated , another context Schopenhauer another context , reiterated his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer , reiterated his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer : reiterated his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer : " constitutes my Utopia This proposal and my Platonic Republic of was , his monistic philosophy Schopenhauer was , his monistic philosophy Schopenhauer very desire ; is the closest word it ; it is the closest word we it is the closest word we have is the closest word we have that In praised , 1841 he 1841 , praised the establishment he , praised the establishment he in praised London the establishment in he considered India Schopenhauer as " been has the solace It of met the winter of 1813–1814 during They in was Herder a follower of Majer begin did not serious study Schopenhauer was his neighbor through This of Krause was then a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher who was then a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher who attempted mastered had also Sanskrit Krause called the opening He up of noted his doctrines a correspondence between Schopenhauer suffering is caused desire by is caused desire by ( caused desire by ( taṇhā over is ; the intellect desire is ; the intellect desire prior is thought prior to desire have , truth should I be , any case must it , be must a pleasure it be must a pleasure it to

loses more than Schopenhauer's philosophy any other Dharmic faith more than loses credence any other Dharmic faith than loses credence any other Dharmic faith since any other Dharmic faith loses credence since he loses credence since he did included are a recent case study in They are included in a recent case study that included in a recent case study that traces claimed in the Will and Schopenhauer grounded magic parallels notably Aleister Crowley's system This theory of to amounts , Schopenhauer's overarching system this amounts , Schopenhauer's overarching system this to rejected disenchantment the theory of Schopenhauer In went , his student years Schopenhauer went , his student years Schopenhauer more ; liked especially the operas Schopenhauer liked especially the operas Schopenhauer of As knew , a polyglot he a polyglot , knew German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he , knew German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he , knew German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he , and saw Bruno Schopenhauer and Spinoza Consequently , is no place there , is no place there for is God no place for there Schopenhauer expressed regret that Spinoza expressed regret that Spinoza stuck considered could be complete it was Schopenhauer the foundation of Kant's philosophy find , Kant can causality , find can application causality find can application causality on acknowledged was also this reasoning by was also acknowledged Schopenhauer by reserved Hegel his most unqualified damning condemnation for Schopenhauer ) , was a "commonplace, inane Hegel , was a "commonplace, inane Hegel , was a "commonplace, inane Hegel , loathsome , wrote the preface in Schopenhauer wrote the preface in Schopenhauer to remained the First World War the most influential German philosopher until Schopenhauer was a new generation a starting point for His philosophy shaped the intellectual debate His legacy , and was well read physicists by well read physicists by , read physicists by , most notably Einstein described a "continual consolation Schopenhauer's thoughts as Einstein In hung his Berlin study three figures on his Berlin study hung the wall on three figures

considered " ) the West he ) considered his study switching he considered his study switching he of maintained the rest the idealistic views during He But is of all Schopenhauer most is of all Schopenhauer most famous became the earliest and most famous adherents one of Richard Wagner nicknamed has been "the artist's philosopher he read exclaimed , Schopenhauer's philosophy Tolstoy exclaimed , Schopenhauer's philosophy Tolstoy " is an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection the whole world in It strongly influenced were Schopenhauer by influenced were Schopenhauer Thomas Mann by were Schopenhauer Thomas Mann by , read " , Billy Budd he " , read Schopenhauer's essays he , read Schopenhauer's essays he and read Schopenhauer's essays he and marked " With gave his truths Schopenhauer With his truths gave me Schopenhauer his truths gave a spiritual world me Schopenhauer gave a spiritual world me Schopenhauer and in adopted , his career Ludwig Wittgenstein his career , adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein , adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein , adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein , and adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism , and some traits on , rejected epistemological transcendental idealism Wittgenstein , rejected epistemological transcendental idealism Wittgenstein for rejected Gottlob Frege's conceptual realism epistemological transcendental idealism for Wittgenstein In became , later years Wittgenstein became , later years Wittgenstein highly incorporated , mathematics L. E. J. Brouwer the Dutch mathematician , incorporated L. E. J. Brouwer Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas the Dutch mathematician incorporated L. E. J. Brouwer Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas the Dutch mathematician in is the second-largest Lusophone It (Portuguese-speaking) country in It is bordered Namibia by is bordered Namibia by to bordered the south Namibia to by has an exclave province Angola , the province began , the 19th century gradually European settlers After achieved , a protracted anti-colonial struggle Angola a protracted anti-colonial struggle , achieved independence Angola , achieved independence Angola in achieved 1975 independence in Angola descended a devastating civil war into The country the same year has been governed MPLA by been governed MPLA by ever governed MPLA by ever since

has vast mineral and petroleum reserves Angola , and has vast mineral and petroleum reserves , and its economy made of João Lourenço has the government is the United Nations a member of Angola estimated , 2021 is the Angolan population estimated is 32.87 million at the Angolan population comes " the Portuguese colonial name from The name "Angola The toponym was derived the Portuguese by was derived the Portuguese by from derived the title the Portuguese from by was populated predominantly nomadic Khoi by populated predominantly nomadic Khoi by and were and San peoples neither pastoralists The Khoi They were displaced Bantu peoples by were displaced Bantu peoples by arriving displaced Bantu peoples by arriving from - was of these known was of these the Kingdom of the known established other city-states trade routes with It reached 1484 the area in Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão , established had relations the Portuguese established had relations the Portuguese with established Soyo their primary early trading post at The Portuguese founded São Paulo de Loanda Paulo Dias de Novais ( Luanda established several other settlements The Portuguese , forts and trading posts In the 16th century gained control Portugal the 16th century gained control Portugal of gained the coast control of Portugal was for European colonists Life difficult was European colonists difficult and progress During occupied , the Portuguese Restoration War the Dutch West India Company the Portuguese Restoration War , occupied the principal settlement the Dutch West India Company , occupied the principal settlement the Dutch West India Company of occupied Luanda the principal settlement of the Dutch West India Company of completed was the territory by the territory was completed 1650 by abolished was Angola in The slave trade a more progressive administration appointed abolished Portugal by appointed abolished Portugal slavery by abolished Portugal slavery by altogether By established the mid-nineteenth century had Portugal the mid-nineteenth century established had its dominion Portugal established had its dominion Portugal as Until entertained , the late 1880s Portugal the late 1880s , entertained proposals Portugal , entertained proposals Portugal to entertained proposals Portugal to link

set in 1884–1885 the colony's borders The Berlin Conference forbidden , colonial law were black Angolans take did not root The first nationalist movements During joined the early 1960s were they joined they were the early 1960s by they were joined other associations by were joined other associations by stemming joined other associations by stemming from self-determination provoked an armed conflict , which provoked an armed conflict , which erupted with were , Zaire Angolan political exiles were , Zaire Angolan political exiles able of found , Mobutu Sese Seko's state employment programme some Mobutu Sese Seko's state employment programme , found work some , found work some as found middlemen work as some from spearheaded was 1966 by 1966 was spearheaded Jonas Savimbi by was spearheaded Jonas Savimbi by and spearheaded Jonas Savimbi by and the "National Union for the Total Independence of Angola came north of Luanda hills by remained , the Angolan Communist Party the organisation's leadership remained , the Angolan Communist Party the organisation's leadership predominantly , the harboured strong anti-imperialist views former the harboured strong anti-imperialist views former and harboured strong anti-imperialist views former and was attempted its headquarters to move The MPLA were severely hampered political and military factionalism by severely hampered political and military factionalism by , hampered political and military factionalism by , as and competed influence for the FNLA competed influence for the FNLA in This was ratified the Alvor Agreement by was ratified the Alvor Agreement by later that month ratified the Alvor Agreement by later that month , With began tacit American and Zairean support the FNLA massing tacit American and Zairean support began large numbers massing the FNLA began large numbers massing the FNLA of , began control securing the MPLA began control securing the MPLA of broke Luanda out in Sporadic violence intensified street clashes with The fighting in In requested , August 1975 the MPLA August 1975 , requested direct assistance the MPLA , requested direct assistance the MPLA from requested the Soviet Union direct assistance from the MPLA By were , independence there independence , were over a thousand Cuban soldiers there

, were over a thousand Cuban soldiers there in were the country over a thousand Cuban soldiers in there They were kept supplied by were kept supplied a massive airbridge by kept supplied a massive airbridge by carried The persistent buildup of allowed Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA of allowed Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA to allowed Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA to drive allowed its opponents to drive the MPLA Between 1975 and 1991 , implemented an economic and political system the MPLA , implemented an economic and political system the MPLA based implemented an economic and political system the MPLA based on embarked an ambitious programme on It of Under experienced , the MPLA Angola the MPLA , experienced a significant degree Angola , experienced a significant degree Angola of experienced modern industrialisation a significant degree of Angola abandoned its third party congress its former Marxist ideology at The MPLA By May 1991 reached a peace agreement it May 1991 reached a peace agreement it with reached UNITA a peace agreement with it secured objected , a major electoral victory UNITA objected , a major electoral victory UNITA to , objected the results to UNITA objected the results to UNITA of killed , 22 March 2002 was Jonas Savimbi killed was action in Jonas Savimbi reached and the MPLA a cease-fire UNITA gave its armed wing up UNITA and has the result a serious humanitarian crisis ; Angola caused in 2016 the worst food crisis A drought , is of Cabinda the Northern Angolan province is of Cabinda the Northern Angolan province unusual borders the north the Congo Republic to Cabinda to had , a 1995 census Cabinda a 1995 census , had an estimated population Cabinda , had an estimated population Cabinda of had 600,000 an estimated population of Cabinda , is its oil , which is its oil , which has accounts from its considerable offshore reserves now Cabinda's petroleum production been of Cabinda has the territory announced (FLEC-FAC ) the virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda

composed is three branches of The Angolan government comprises the National Assembly of Angola a 220-seat unicameral legislature , The legislative branch stepped President dos 2017 Santos stepped MPLA leadership down from Santos sacked , the Dos Santos family subsequently Lourenço , sacked subsequently the chief Lourenço sacked subsequently the chief Lourenço of considered are allies Both of establishes of 2010 the broad outlines The Constitution based is Portuguese law on The legal system hold does not the powers a Constitutional Court appointed of the 18 provinces are Governors of appointed are the 18 provinces by the 18 provinces are appointed the president by of came , the civil war the regime came , the civil war the regime under , came pressure under the regime came pressure under the regime from indirectly , controls all other organs the president , controls all other organs the president of controls the state all other organs of the president in falls , constitutional law this government falls , constitutional law this government under , falls the category under this government falls the category under this government of ) are headed a Chief by are headed a Chief by of headed Staff a Chief of by are three divisions There — the Army includes Russian-manufactured fighters Its equipment , bombers are Brazilian-made EMB-312 Tucanos also There for are Public Order The National Police departments , Criminal Investigation are the process in The National Police of developing are their criminal investigation The National Police and implemented have a modernisation and development plan The National Police to serves a court as A Supreme Court of is the constitutional jurisdiction the supreme body of The Constitutional Court based is Portuguese on The legal system are more than 140 counties 12 courts in There was the candidacies the validation of Its first task institutionalized , 25 June 2008 was the Constitutional Court institutionalized and the position assumed its Judicial Counselors In took , 2014 a new penal code 2014 , took effect a new penal code , took effect a new penal code in took Angola effect in a new penal code

elected , 16 October 2014 was Angola elected was the second time for Angola chairing has been the International Conference for the Great Lakes Region the Republic of Angola said by the U.S. Department of State A 2012 report , ranked forty-eight sub-Saharan African states forty-two of Angola ranked was 39 It out decriminalized , 2019 were homosexual acts decriminalized were Angola in homosexual acts has diamonds Angola , oil moved has in recent years Angola's economy is Angola's biggest trade partner and export destination China as well reached 2011 $27.67 billion in Bilateral trade grew 2005 18% in The Angolan economy to contracted , the global recession the economy the global recession , contracted an estimated −0.3% the economy , contracted an estimated −0.3% the economy in contracted 2009 an estimated −0.3% in the economy The security brought about the 2002 peace settlement by brought about the 2002 peace settlement by has Angola's financial system is maintained the National Bank of Angola by is maintained the National Bank of Angola by and maintained the National Bank of Angola by and managed in faces , the oil sector Angola the oil sector , faces huge social and economic problems Angola are a result in part These " are " the middle strata Secondary beneficiaries Secondary beneficiaries " are the middle strata that " are the middle strata that are are the middle strata that are about in 2008 found the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by 2008 found the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by that found the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by that in found that in rural areas roughly 58% In is urban areas social inequality most is urban areas social inequality most evident upgraded has critical infrastructure Angola , fell for children Mortality rates from , is the third-largest financial market now Angola is the third-largest financial market now Angola in , started in Angola the Capital Market almost entirely driven rising oil production by entirely driven by rising oil production which driven by rising oil production which surpassed consolidated of the oil industry is Control increased from Angola has oil production

to disappeared , a recent Human Rights Watch report 32 billion US dollars disappeared , a recent Human Rights Watch report 32 billion US dollars from , disappeared government accounts from 32 billion US dollars disappeared government accounts from 32 billion US dollars in to ends , this market control the company ends , this market control the company up ends the profit up determining the company out invests , quasi-fiscal activities it quasi-fiscal activities , invests public funds it , invests public funds it , invests public funds it , and creates interest conflicts of This multifarious work programme In had , 2016 Angola 2016 , had 1.9 global hectares Angola , had 1.9 global hectares Angola of had biocapacity 1.9 global hectares of Angola In used , 2016 Angola 2016 , used 1.01 global hectares Angola , used 1.01 global hectares Angola of used biocapacity 1.01 global hectares of Angola This means about half as much biocapacity use they means about half as much biocapacity use they as is and forestry an area Agriculture depends now expensive food imports on The country centers five main ports its port trade in Angola In established many areas have drivers many areas established have alternate tracks drivers established have alternate tracks drivers to contracted has the restoration The Angolan government of announced of an optic fiber underwater cable was the building held of Telecommunications and Information Technology was the First Angolan Forum launched was the Baikonur space center from It The satellite was built Russia's RSC Energia by was built Russia's RSC Energia by , built Russia's RSC Energia by , a subsidiary The satellite payload was supplied Airbus Defence & Space by on revealed , 27 December RSC Energia revealed , 27 December RSC Energia that revealed that communications contact lost they stopped eventually data sending the satellite stopped sending data and RSC Energia aimed of AngoSat-1 was The launch aimed , Telecommunications was the satellite is named AngoSat-2 A replacement satellite in of was , February 2021 Ango-Sat-2 was , February 2021 Ango-Sat-2 about 60% has 24,383,301 inhabitants a population of Angola

composed is Ovimbundu (language Umbundu of It form combined a majority The Ambundu and Ovimbundu ethnic groups of estimated that host was Angola were of those refugees 11,400 originally in had , 1975 Angola 1975 , had a community Angola , had a community Angola of had approximately 350,000 Portuguese a community of Angola currently , are about 200,000 there , are about 200,000 there registered are about 200,000 there registered with stands 258,920 at The Chinese population , are in Angola those The languages are those originally spoken by are Umbundu The most widely spoken indigenous languages , Kimbundu mentions that the first language is Portuguese are about 1,000 religious communities There , mostly Christian estimates 80,000–90,000 the Muslim population at the U.S. Department of State consist migrants largely of Muslims have in this country high incidence rates Many regions ) are other diseases carried by are other diseases carried insects by has the highest infant mortality rates one of Angola ) was created presidential decree by was created presidential decree by , created presidential decree by , and is of this new centre The purpose to In launched , 2014 Angola 2014 , launched a national campaign Angola , launched a national campaign Angola of launched vaccination a national campaign of Angola is the Strategic Plan part of The measure for reports , eight years the government reports , eight years the government that reports that pupils of a percentage In was , 1999 the gross primary enrollment rate 1999 , was 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate , was 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate and was 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate and in continue significant disparities to be There of attending children were ages 7 to 14 years children attending were school ages 7 to 14 years reported that boys of higher percentages recruited 2005 20,000 new teachers in The Ministry of Education demand may reportedly payment Some teachers , was in 2011 the adult literacy rate was in 2011 70.4% the adult literacy rate increased , 2015 had this

increased had 71.1% to this In announced , September 2014 the Angolan Ministry of Education September 2014 , announced an investment the Angolan Ministry of Education , announced an investment the Angolan Ministry of Education of announced 16 million Euros an investment of the Angolan Ministry of Education In started , 2010 the Angolan government started , 2010 the Angolan government building , started the Angolan Media Libraries Network building the Angolan government started the Angolan Media Libraries Network building the Angolan government , has a bibliographic archive Each site , multimedia resources envisages one media library the establishment of The plan includes also the implementation The project of become , this urban culture has Portuguese heritage are music evident in African roots In resumed , 2014 Angola 2014 , resumed the National Festival of Angolan Culture Angola , resumed the National Festival of Angolan Culture Angola after resumed a 25-year break the National Festival of Angolan Culture after Angola is Angola the second most popular sport in Basketball won has the AfroBasket 11 Its national team times in is , Africa it Africa , is a regular competitor it , is a regular competitor it at is the Summer Olympic Games a regular competitor at it In hosted , football Angola football , hosted the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola qualified the 2006 FIFA World Cup for The Angola national football team , eliminated were one defeat after They participated has the World Women's Handball Championship in Angola Ethnically , are three main groups there , are three main groups there , there are three main groups , each are three main groups , each speaking include the closely interrelated Chokwe Other numerically important groups and Lunda until possesses , 1975 Angola 1975 , possesses a Portuguese population Angola , possesses a Portuguese population Angola of possesses over 200,000 a Portuguese population of Angola white , are mixed race 1 million Angolans , are mixed race 1 million Angolans ( are mixed race 1 million Angolans ( black In made , 1974 white Angolans made , 1974 white Angolans up

, made a population up white Angolans made a population up white Angolans of is on these numbers Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder The only reliable source given on the overall population are Estimates settled , the 2000s have many Chinese claim that Angola in the Chinese community In arrived , 1974/75 over 25,000 Cuban soldiers arrived , 1974/75 over 25,000 Cuban soldiers in , arrived Angola in over 25,000 Cuban soldiers arrived Angola in over 25,000 Cuban soldiers to was a massive development cooperation over , this is Catholicism The largest religious denomination , to is Catholicism , to which are traditional forms followers of Roughly 26% were out of 221 people one is of vital events Registration in growing is 3.52% by The population are 44.2 births There and 9.2 deaths is 1,000 citizens 0.2 migrants per The net migration rate is of Angola 6.16 children The fertility rate is every 1,000 live births 67.6 deaths for The infant mortality rate is of contracting disease The risk very are other African countries Muslims - generally immigrants from Only 0.1% is Angola the official language of Portuguese composed is three branches of ce="preserve">The Angolan government , takes of Angola the politics takes of Angola place the politics Executive power is exercised the government by changed a one-party Marxist-Leninist system from Angola ruled changed from a one-party Marxist-Leninist system ruled by won the parliamentary elections an absolute majority in The MPLA In dos , the presidential elections President José Eduardo dos , President José Eduardo the presidential elections Santos President José Eduardo dos the first round election won Santos dos the first round election won Santos with continued his functions to exercise Santos functioned the constitution of 1992 by composed of the government was The executive branch appointed of the 18 provinces were Governors of appointed were the 18 provinces by appointed were the 18 provinces by and established government structure the broad outlines of The Constitutional Law of 1992 based was Portuguese on The legal system operated only 12 in Courts of prevents largely any government support The ongoing grave economic situation for

provided is also a variety The President rescheduled in 1997 were The general elections won 82% The ruling party MPLA ( 191 seats appointed of the Supreme Court are judges of appointed are the Supreme Court by the Supreme Court are appointed the president by influenced remains heavily Angola by remains heavily influenced the effects by heavily influenced the effects by of influenced four decades the effects of by ended , prioritized the repair government policy , prioritized the repair government policy and prioritized the repair government policy and improvement During was , the first decade of the 21st century Angola's economy the first decade of the 21st century , was one Angola's economy , was one Angola's economy of was one Angola's economy of the is the economy rife throughout Corruption has been dominated the production by been dominated the production by of dominated raw materials the production of by across became ; the Atlantic Luanda the Atlantic ; became the greatest slaving port Luanda ; became the greatest slaving port Luanda in became Africa the greatest slaving port in Luanda in began , 1858 it began , 1858 it using , began concessional agreements using it began concessional agreements using it , In spawned , Mozambique this policy Mozambique , spawned a number this policy , spawned a number this policy of spawned companies a number of this policy in showed , Angola only Diamang Angola , showed even moderate success only Diamang At began , the same time Portuguese began , the same time Portuguese emigrating began Angola emigrating to Portuguese , and joined the principal exports salt fish and joined the principal exports salt fish , joined the principal exports salt fish , with joined the principal exports , with small quantities were foodstuffs The principal imports , cotton goods implemented against foreign traders was Legislation concerned , World War II was the Portuguese government built the mid-1920s no roads until It , settled Angola in only 35,000 Portuguese emigrants settled Angola in only 35,000 Portuguese emigrants , found , the rural areas often Portuguese settlers and led for raw materials the parallel requirements

led for raw materials Portugal the parallel requirements In started , the 1930s Portugal started , the 1930s Portugal to started closer trade ties to develop Portugal after began , the war the Portuguese government began , the war the Portuguese government to began some profits to reinvest the Portuguese government dams , the 1950s built Portugal encouraged , addition were Portuguese citizens Finally , initiated mining operations the Portuguese , initiated mining operations the Portuguese for initiated iron ore mining operations for the Portuguese was complete disarray in The economy in abandoned had been which by had been abandoned their owners by been abandoned their owners by ) come of the white settlers had Many , appropriated had Angolan lands these settlers appropriated had Angolan lands these settlers , , depended trade on Angola's industries depended trade on Angola's industries with boasted investment a wider clientele for Only the petroleum and diamond industries trained had not Angolans the Portuguese As intervened , a result the government intervened , a result the government , intervened most businesses , nationalizing the government established state farms It to continue spent and MONUA US$1.5 billion overseeing implementation United Nations Angola Verification Mission III In October 1997 imposed travel sanctions the UN October 1997 imposed travel sanctions the UN on imposed UNITA leaders travel sanctions on the UN between 1986 and 1991 , made US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA , made US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA , made US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA , primarily At the same time received large amounts the Angolan government the same time received large amounts the Angolan government of received weapons large amounts of the Angolan government in grew , late 1998 the economy grew , late 1998 the economy by , grew an estimated 4% by the economy grew an estimated 4% by the economy in launched was 1998 in An economic reform effort ranked 174 nations 160 of Angola In April 2000 started an International Monetary Fund Angola April 2000 started an International Monetary Fund Angola (

started an International Monetary Fund Angola ( IMF) Staff-Monitored Program remains , but June 2001 the IMF succeeded of Angola has the Government displaced internally 3.8 million people The civil war , produced diamonds over of Angola In approved , 2004 China's Eximbank 2004 , approved a $2 billion line China's Eximbank , approved a $2 billion line China's Eximbank of approved credit a $2 billion line of China's Eximbank grew 2005 18% in The economy taking is advantage The construction industry of started Block 14 pumping from ChevronTexaco joined January 1, 2007 the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries on Angola , is per capita output is per capita output among provides 85% the main livelihood for Subsistence agriculture almost entirely driven rising oil production by entirely driven by rising oil production which driven by rising oil production which surpassed consolidated of the oil industry is Control of was , the colonial period Angola the colonial period , was a major African food exporter Angola , was a major African food exporter Angola but was a major African food exporter Angola but now imports is oil production almost half now Expanding provided the revenue much of Diamonds shows 1980–2017 the main economic indicators in The following table reached in 2004 Exports US$ goes of Angola's oil Nearly all to In became , the first quarter of 2008 Angola the first quarter of 2008 , became the main exporter Angola , became the main exporter Angola of became oil the main exporter of Angola go of its petroleum exports The rest to account more than half the investment for U.S. companies in produces more petroleum and exports Angola In January 2007 became a member Angola January 2007 became a member Angola of became OPEC a member of Angola provides Angola's crude oil production the majority of Block Zero are in Block Zero Takula The largest fields operates Block Zero in Chevron with is the United States the third-largest trading partner of Angola imports its oil 7% of The U.S. is diamonds the third largest producer of Angola rose 30% by Production in

loses $375 million The Angolan government annually from In began , 2003 the government 2003 , began Operation Brilliant the government , began Operation Brilliant the government , began Operation Brilliant the government , an anti-smuggling investigation began Operation Brilliant , an anti-smuggling investigation that called foreign countries on Marques to In issued , December 2014 the Bureau of International Labor Affairs December 2014 , issued a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs , issued a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs or issued a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs or Forced Labor Under began , Portuguese rule Angola Portuguese rule , began mining iron Angola , began mining iron Angola in began 1957 mining iron in Angola , went of Portuguese Angola's iron exports 70% went of Portuguese Angola's iron exports 70% to began of these three lines Reconstruction in began in 2005 and they International and domestic services are maintained TAAG Angola Airlines by are maintained TAAG Angola Airlines by , maintained TAAG Angola Airlines by , Aeroflot ) or is the military FAA or is the military FAA of is Angola the military of FAA include the Armed Forces the General Staff of The FAA Reported 2013 in total manpower was succeeded the previous People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola to The FAA (FAPLA , were from both armies troops were from both armies troops to created were 9 October 1991 on The Angolan Armed Forces made of the FAA was The institutionalization organized is six military regions in It by are , the six military regions / infantry divisions there the six military regions / infantry divisions , are 25 motorized infantry brigades there , are 25 motorized infantry brigades there , are 25 motorized infantry brigades there , one tank brigade includes also an artillery regiment The Army , organized is six aviation regiments in It total includes ; about 8,000 its equipment about 8,000 ; includes transport aircraft its equipment ; includes transport aircraft its equipment and

includes transport aircraft its equipment and six Russian-manufactured Sukhoi Su-27 fighter aircraft is " ) the naval component Marinha de Guerra de Angola organized is two naval zones in It includes a Marines Brigade It and a Marines School to shrunk the present has the Angolan Navy shrunk the present has the Angolan Navy from shrunk has around 4,200 personnel from the Angolan Navy undergoing , Angola's 1 600 km long coastline is the Angolan Navy , undergoing is modernisation the Angolan Navy undergoing is modernisation the Angolan Navy but providing has been training Portugal However acquired new boats the navy from acquired Spain new boats from the navy In reported September 2014 was it reported September 2014 was it that include special forces several types of The FAA are and the Special forces part The Commandos includes commandos two battalions of The BRIFE included also the Special Actions Group The BRIFE (GAE have do not a specialized paratrooper unit the FAA had 600,000 members It , having had villages dispersed in both armed and unarmed units promotes ; the military health system also It ; promotes also post-graduate education It promotes also post-graduate education It and Currently , serves 39 special medical specialties the Main Military Hospital is the hierarchy the highest organ of The Supreme Military Court of appointed are the Supreme Military Court by the Supreme Military Court are appointed the President by are appointed the President by of appointed the Republic the President of by maintains all three branches Portuguese-style military bands in The FAA on created , 15 August 1998 the National Air Force 15 August 1998 , created a music band the National Air Force , created a music band the National Air Force within created an artistic brigade a music band within the National Air Force directed was UNITA against The FAPLA's main counterinsurgency effort performed first its external assistance mission The FAPLA with During conducted , the next several years Angolan forces the next several years , conducted joint exercises Angolan forces , conducted joint exercises Angolan forces with conducted their counterparts joint exercises with Angolan forces

stationed of FAA personnel are A small number aligned , 1975 to 1989 was Angola aligned was the Eastern bloc with Angola In established , 1993 it 1993 , established formal diplomatic relations it , established formal diplomatic relations it with established the United States formal diplomatic relations with it entered has the Southern African Development Community It as joined and Namibia Angola Zimbabwe , extended has those efforts it extended has those efforts it to promoted , the same time has Angola , promoted has the revival Angola promoted has the revival Angola of killed , Robert E. Lee was he was the highest-ranking Confederate officer Johnston killed during Davis believed General Johnston of the loss believed General Johnston of the loss " born was Washington in Johnston was Salisbury a native of His father in lived , Kentucky he Kentucky , lived much he , lived much he of lived his life much of he appointed were the United States Military Academy to Both assigned was posts to Johnston In married , 1829 he 1829 , married Henrietta Preston he , married Henrietta Preston he , married Henrietta Preston he , sister had one son They , William Preston Johnston from resigned , 1838 to 1840 Johnston resigned , 1838 to 1840 Johnston and In married , 1843 he 1843 , married Eliza Griffin he , married Eliza Griffin he , married Eliza Griffin he , his late wife's first cousin moved Texas to The couple , named "China Grove the property Johnston " Here raised Johnston's two children they from raised his first marriage Johnston's two children from they In moved , 1836 Johnston moved , 1836 Johnston to , moved Texas to Johnston enlisted a private as He in named was Adjutant General He as On fought , February 5, 1837 he fought , February 5, 1837 he in , fought a duel in he fought a duel in he with provided the defense for He of ran of Johnston's volunteers The enlistments out convinced a few volunteers Johnston to stay remained his plantation on He after

served that role in He for In 1855, 14th appointed him president Franklin Pierce 1855, 14th appointed colonel him president Franklin Pierce appointed colonel him president Franklin Pierce of in took , the Utah War Johnston the Utah War , took command Johnston , took command Johnston of took the U.S forces command of Johnston reached and in late June 1858 Johnston received brigadier general a brevet promotion to He was slavery a proponent of Johnston In owned , 1846 he 1846 , owned a family he , owned a family he of owned four slaves a family of he from refused , the army payroll Johnston refused , the army payroll Johnston to In called , 1856 he 1856 , called abolitionism he , called "fanatical, idolotrous, negro worshipping abolitionism he called "fanatical, idolotrous, negro worshipping abolitionism he " to sold , California Johnston California , sold one slave Johnston , sold one slave Johnston to sold his son one slave to Johnston accompanied the Civil War Johnston throughout Ran of was , the American Civil War Johnston the American Civil War , was the commander Johnston , was the commander Johnston of was the U.S. Army Department the commander of Johnston opposed , the South was he opposed was secession to he But resigned his commission he soon resigned his commission he soon after resigned his commission soon after he It was accepted the War Department by was accepted the War Department by on accepted May 6, 1861 the War Department on by On moved April 28 he to April 28 moved Los Angeles to he moved Los Angeles to he , remained May there until Johnston , enlisted the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles in Johnston enlisted the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles in Johnston as participated their trek in He across in decided , the Civil War Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided , the Civil War Confederate President Jefferson Davis that before arrived the Confederacy's capital in Johnston arrived the Confederacy's capital in Johnston of gave and Pillow's action Union Brig Polk assigned , September 10, 1861 was Johnston

became the Confederacy's western armies commander of He had been confirmed the Confederate Senate by been confirmed the Confederate Senate by on confirmed August 31, 1861 the Confederate Senate on by headed , his appointment immediately Johnston headed immediately his new territory for Johnston On ordered , September 13, 1861 Johnston September 13, 1861 , ordered Brig Johnston By had , September 18 Johnston September 18 , had Brig Johnston had Kentucky spread throughout fewer than 40,000 men Of were , these 10,000 were , these 10,000 in , were Missouri in 10,000 were Missouri in 10,000 under quickly gain many recruits when he gain many recruits when he first in gave , the East they the East , gave Johnston they , gave small numbers Johnston they gave small numbers Johnston they of maintained his defense Johnston by conducting Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in Kentucky that he overestimated Johnston's forces Sherman , and was held for the Confederacy by held for the Confederacy two unimpressive brigadier generals by in moved , Richmond Zollicoffer Richmond , moved his forces Zollicoffer , moved his forces Zollicoffer to moved the north bank his forces to Zollicoffer against decided , the Confederates Crittenden decided , the Confederates Crittenden to decided one to attack Crittenden at sent , the Mill Springs Davis the Mill Springs , sent Johnston Davis , sent a brigade Johnston Davis sent a brigade Johnston Davis and assigned also Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard him He assigned him Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard , who The brigade was led Brig by took Fort Donelson command at He Historians believe Beauregard of the assignment believe Beauregard of the assignment to sent initially had men Tennessee located were Tennessee in Both forts was on the Tennessee River Fort Henry in ignored the forts the problems of Maj. Gen. Polk asserted had , his authority Polk had , his authority Polk to wanted Major Alexander P. Stewart Johnston to command join ordered , a partisan group Johnston a partisan group , ordered him Johnston , ordered him Johnston to ordered him Johnston to send