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translate must the algorithm The programmer into gives this an example of Stone is this point at It that can be computed a model by be computed a model by known computed a model by known to augments the three Böhm-Jacopini canonical structures Tausworthe : SEQUENCE starts , a Minsky machine always a flowchart starts always the top at a flowchart are only four Its primary symbols : the directed arrow made are these primitive shapes of Jacopini canonical structures named is the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid after It named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid , who is the oldest algorithms one of It defines A number " He [ stipulated this Euclid so that stipulated this so that he yields another , one it another , yields the number it , yields the number it " yields the number it " 1 Does an algorithm do what its author an algorithm do what its author wants do what its author wants it give usually some confidence A few test cases in For uses , test cases one source test cases , uses 3009 one source , uses 3009 one source and uses 3009 one source and 884 is are , zero both numbers zero , are zero both numbers then indicate at zero the failures indicate at zero the failures that at indicate zero that the algorithm indicate zero that the algorithm ( demonstrates " : mathematical induction Knuth " : demonstrates the application Knuth : demonstrates the application Knuth of demonstrates mathematical induction the application of Knuth is , only six core instructions " "Elegant , is " the clear winner "Elegant is " the clear winner "Elegant , ( arrives HALT at it arrives HALT at it in indicates why the case is this wasted is a "B doing much time can be improved the elimination by be improved the elimination by of improved five steps the elimination of by provides with "Elegant " Comparison " provides a hint that these steps provides a hint that these steps , calls the addition for This change of At needs all times only the algorithm

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In are , cultivation many food plants are , cultivation many food plants , and parsley are true biennials that parsley are true biennials that are are true biennials that are usually grown as impatiens are annuals sometimes considered are a pest winter annuals considered are a pest winter annuals in discovered , 2008 was it discovered that only two genes of the inactivation Researchers deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes ( which deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes ( which control are plant taxa a grouping of The anthophytes Usually are antiseptic solutions mouthwashes intended are antiseptic solutions mouthwashes intended to , act saliva substitutes as some rinses act saliva substitutes as some rinses to lower can - the anti-cavity re This mitigate may this effect Fluoridated mouthwash or involves the mouth rinsing Common use with suggest water not drinking Most companies practiced is Japan in Gargling is infusions with One commonly used way or The most-commonly-used mouthwashes are commercial antiseptics , which are commercial antiseptics , which are combine ingredients Mouthwashes to treat involves and recommendation concerns its use Some manufacturers of mouthwash state that their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes are of mouthwashes Minor and transient side effects very make may dry mouth Alcohol-containing mouthwashes and " are " prescription mouthwashes Magic mouthwashes are " prescription mouthwashes Magic mouthwashes compounded of shows ; magic mouthwash it magic mouthwash ; shows no difference it ; shows no difference it in shows efficacy no difference in it is to mouth rinsing The first known references in , became following mechanical cleansing mouth rinsing became following mechanical cleansing mouth rinsing common Before came the Americas to Europeans came the Americas to Europeans , came to the Americas , Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures ( call what now we what call now dental plaque we call now dental plaque we ) found also organisms He in experimented samples with He by Next tried the mouth rinsing he tried the mouth rinsing he of remained affairs the state of That been in mouthwashes has commercial interest aim of these solutions Many to of shows microbiotas that only a limited set

shows microbiotas that only a limited set of shows that microbes of only a limited set led research into new mouthwash treatments that of is , the alcohol content it is , the alcohol content it possible In is , addition alcohol addition , is a drying agent alcohol , is a drying agent alcohol , alcohol is a drying agent , which is a drying agent , which encourages In highlight , addition the authors addition , highlight side effects the authors , highlight side effects the authors from highlight several mainstream mouthwashes side effects from the authors highlight side effects from several mainstream mouthwashes that garnered media attention The review and conflicting opinions disputed of Cancer Research UK the findings Yinka Ebo In said , a March 2009 brief the American Dental Association said , a March 2009 brief the American Dental Association " is a chemical antiseptic Chlorhexidine digluconate and is However , is no evidence there , is no evidence there to is no evidence there to support has anti-plaque action It , but increase of Gram-negative rods The proportion as is , so plaque it so is a substitute not it is a substitute not it for used , primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is chlorhexidine mouthwash used is a temporary substitute as chlorhexidine mouthwash Rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash before a tooth extraction has good "substantivity Chlorhexidine " ( , binds tannins to chlorhexidine binds tannins to chlorhexidine , cause can also taste disturbance Chlorhexidine mouthwash mouthwashes increase Chlorhexidine staining of called of oil mouthwashes is the use received has little study Oil pulling and has received little study and there received little study and there is found , one small study was it rinsed is approximately one tablespoon with The mouth Essential oils are oils which have are oils which have been use sodium fluoride Anti-cavity mouthwashes to protect kills anaerobic bacteria It , and is the treatment useful for Oral lidocaine has some anti-plaque action Methyl salicylate , but A 2005 study found that three times gargling found that three times gargling a is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract Sanguinarine , obtained

persist , the causative substance may the lesions persist may years for the lesions , is for malignant transformation the potential is for malignant transformation the potential unknown made teaspoon dissolving 0.5–1 by has a mechanical cleansing action Saline and an antiseptic action produces of the solution a therapeutic increase The heat encourage also the draining Hot saltwater mouthwashes of cause , the mouth may it , cause may a dental abscess it cause may a dental abscess it to Some oral surgeons consider the mainstay mouthwashes saltwater consider the mainstay mouthwashes saltwater of start , dental extractions should hot saltwater mouthbaths is a mucosal coating agent Sucralfate , composed in causes ( adults it adults ( causes red staining it ( causes red staining it of causes teeth red staining of it relieve of 0.5% concentrations can minocycline mouthwashes is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic Triclosan found in ) , is moderate substantivity there , is moderate substantivity there , is broad spectrum anti-bacterial action moderate substantivity , there cause does not staining Triclosan provide like zinc chloride a pleasant-tasting sensation Astringents born , the Argead dynasty was he born was Pella in he succeeded his father He King Philip II to created , the age of thirty had he , created had one he created had one he of tutored , his youth was Alexander Alexander was tutored Aristotle by was tutored Aristotle by until tutored the age of 16 Aristotle until by awarded , Thebes was Alexander , awarded was the generalship Alexander awarded was the generalship Alexander of In 334 BC invaded the Achaemenid Empire he 334 BC invaded the Achaemenid Empire he ( invaded the Achaemenid Empire he ( Persian Empire ) , broke the power Alexander , broke the power Alexander of broke Persia the power of Alexander overthrew subsequently King Darius III He and At stretched , that point his empire stretched , that point his empire from , stretched the Adriatic Sea from his empire stretched the Adriatic Sea from his empire to endeavored the "ends to reach Alexander includes the cultural diffusion Alexander's legacy and syncretism

He founded more than twenty cities that bore founded more than twenty cities his name bore that resulted in Hellenistic civilization , which became the region the lingua franca of The Greek language survived in central and far eastern Anatolia Greek-speaking communities until became a classical hero legendary as Alexander enduring, unprecedented success in made battle him in made battle him the made battle him the measure born was Pella in Alexander was the king the son of He surround Alexander's birth Several legends and childhood to dreamed , Philip Olympias dreamed , Philip Olympias that said , the wedding is Philip offered interpretations a variety of Plutarch , preparing was a siege Philip preparing was a siege Philip on That same day , received news Philip , received news Philip that Philip received news that his general Parmenion received news that his general Parmenion had led Hegesias of Magnesia This to say raised , his early years was Alexander Alexander was raised a nurse by was raised a nurse by , raised a nurse by , Lanike, sister tutored , his childhood was Alexander Alexander was tutored the strict Leonidas by was tutored the strict Leonidas by , tutored the strict Leonidas by , a relative , brought from Thessaly a trader brought from Thessaly Philip a trader named Bucephalas it Alexander , carried Alexander Bucephalas as far was began , 13 Philip began , 13 Philip to In chose , the end Philip the end , chose Aristotle Philip , chose Aristotle Philip and chose Aristotle Philip and provided was a boarding school like Mieza for become of these students would Many taught Alexander Aristotle and his companions Among were them Artabazos II and were them Artabazos II and his daughter , ended under Aristotle Alexander's education , revolted of Maedi the Thracian tribe revolted of Maedi the Thracian tribe against dispatched , Philip's return was Alexander dispatched was a small force with Alexander saved , Perinthus reportedly Alexander , saved reportedly his father's life Alexander , began of Amphissa the city began of Amphissa the city to began to work lands that

ordered , Thrace was Alexander joined and his army his son Philip led voted Demosthenes , by voted Demosthenes , by to sent and Philip embassies Both Athens marched Amphissa on Philip ( south , blocked him his opponents , blocked him his opponents near blocked Chaeronea him near his opponents of commanded , Chaeronea Philip Chaeronea , commanded the right wing Philip , commanded the right wing Philip and commanded the right wing Philip and Alexander to fought , the ancient sources the two sides fought , the ancient sources the two sides bitterly fought some time bitterly for the two sides commanded deliberately his troops Philip to was first the Alexander to damaged ordered , the enemy's cohesion Philip the enemy's cohesion , ordered his troops Philip , ordered his troops Philip to ordered his troops Philip to press refused , Sparta were they At established , Corinth Philip Corinth , established a "Hellenic Alliance Philip , established a "Hellenic Alliance Philip " established a "Hellenic Alliance Philip " ( to fell , Pella he fell , Pella he in , fell love in he fell love in he with made heir Alexander's position as The marriage In fled , 337 BC Alexander 337 BC , fled Macedon Alexander , fled Macedon Alexander with fled his mother Macedon with Alexander continued Illyria to He , several of suggested Alexander's friends this of suggested Alexander's friends this showed suggested Alexander's friends this showed Philip reacted an actor by sending Alexander of stopped , this he this , stopped the negotiations he , stopped the negotiations he and stopped the negotiations he and scolded assassinated , Epirus was Philip Philip was assassinated the captain by was assassinated the captain by of assassinated his bodyguards the captain of by , tripped a vine over he tripped a vine over he and began his reign Alexander by eliminating had his cousin He , the former Amyntas IV had also two Macedonian princes He from about was , this he was , this he furious was that time at Attalus corresponding roused of Philip's death many states News

reached responded , Alexander he responded , Alexander he quickly use mustered , diplomacy Alexander diplomacy , mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander , mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander and mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander and rode He found the pass occupying the Thessalian army found the pass occupying the Thessalian army between the next day , found Alexander they , found Alexander they in found Alexander they in their stopped Thermopylae at Alexander , sued peace for Athens and delighted apparently Alexander This reply , apparently delighted Alexander , who delighted Alexander , who is At took , Corinth Alexander Corinth , took the title Alexander , took the title Alexander of took "Hegemon the title of Alexander to wanted , Asia Alexander wanted , Asia Alexander to wanted his northern borders to safeguard Alexander of advanced , 335 BC he advanced , 335 BC he to advanced several revolts to suppress he from travelled , Amphipolis he Amphipolis , travelled east he , travelled east he into travelled the country east into he marched the country into The Macedonians of marched then three days for Alexander reached then Alexander News that then reached Alexander that Cleitus reached Alexander that Cleitus , into defeated , Illyria Alexander Illyria , defeated each Alexander , defeated each Alexander in defeated turn each in Alexander cowed of Thebes Athens The end ) , began the work Philip II , began the work Philip II of began the work Philip II of establishing In 336 sent Parmenion he 336 sent Parmenion he , sent Parmenion he , with of revolted Anatolia until the news revolted Anatolia until the news arrived of crossed , Philip II Alexander's army Philip II , crossed the Hellespont Alexander's army , crossed the Hellespont Alexander's army in crossed 334 BC the Hellespont in Alexander's army showed his intent He to conquer proceeded ; Sardis then he proceeded then the Ionian coast along he held required Achaemenid forces , by required Achaemenid forces , a delicate siege operation by From proceeded , Halicarnassus Alexander proceeded , Halicarnassus Alexander into , proceeded mountainous Lycia into Alexander

proceeded mountainous Lycia into Alexander and At humbled , Termessos Alexander humbled , Termessos Alexander but said unsolvable Gordian Knot , the hitherto a feat said the future "king to await a feat 333 crossed , BC Alexander BC , crossed the Taurus Alexander , crossed the Taurus Alexander into crossed Cilicia the Taurus into Alexander to marched , an illness he marched , an illness he on marched Syria on towards he by marched , Darius's significantly larger army he marched , Darius's significantly larger army he back marched Cilicia back to he fled the battle Darius , causing fled the battle , causing his army He offered a peace treaty that included offered a peace treaty the lands included that proceeded possession to take Alexander met was resistance with Alexander impossible ... encouraged Alexander this ... encouraged Alexander this all encouraged Alexander this all the After fell , three unsuccessful assaults the stronghold fell , three unsuccessful assaults the stronghold , was a large number only one of Egypt crowned , Siwa was Alexander crowned was the temple in Alexander Alexander restored the temples neglected by restored the temples neglected the Persians by near built , Karnak he Karnak , built a chapel he , built a chapel he for built the sacred barge a chapel for he advanced Egypt on Alexander in of made , pharaohs Alexander pharaohs , made sacrifices Alexander , made sacrifices Alexander to made the gods sacrifices to Alexander pronounced was son He of referred often Zeus-Ammon to Alexander in founded , Egypt he Egypt , founded Alexandria he , founded Alexandria he , he founded Alexandria , which founded Alexandria , which would in marched , 331 BC Alexander marched , 331 BC Alexander eastward marched Achaemenid Assyria eastward into Alexander fled once more the field Darius fled the field , and Alexander be would the final and decisive encounter Gaugamela between From went , Babylon Alexander went , Babylon Alexander to , went Susa to Alexander went Susa to Alexander , sent his army the bulk of He took himself selected troops Alexander on

chased then Darius Alexander , controlled no longer his own destiny The Persian king had the Great King fatally stab his men buried Darius's remains Alexander next to viewed a usurper Bessus as Alexander founded new cities a series of Alexander by raised , a horse nomad army Spitamenes a horse nomad army , raised Sogdiana Spitamenes , raised Sogdiana Spitamenes in raised revolt Sogdiana in Spitamenes defeated personally the Scythians Alexander at During adopted , this time Alexander this time , adopted some elements Alexander , adopted some elements Alexander of adopted Persian dress some elements of Alexander was Alexander's broad strategy one aspect of This regarded however the gesture The Greeks of The were many cases in latter were many cases in latter additionally created Alexander a problem for This 334 BC demonstrated awareness he BC demonstrated awareness he of demonstrated this awareness of he wrote 332 BC a letter in Alexander of made " the "entire Persian people it made " the "entire Persian people it impracticable revealed against his life was A plot necessitated of the son the death The death revealed against his life was a second plot for left , Asia he Asia , left his general Antipater he , left his general Antipater he , left his general Antipater he , an experienced military and political leader ensured of Thebes Alexander's sacking that of ensured Thebes that Greece ensured Thebes that Greece remained was arms a call to The one exception referred the League of Corinth the Spartans' punishment to Antipater general , enjoyed a period Greece , enjoyed a period Greece of enjoyed peace a period of Greece sent vast sums back Alexander from with turned , his new satrapies Alexander turned , his new satrapies Alexander to , turned the Indian subcontinent to Alexander invited the former satrapy the chieftains of He hastened Alexander to relieve Ambhi returned not only Ambhi Alexander of accompanied , the Macedonian king Taxiles the Macedonian king , accompanied him Taxiles , accompanied him Taxiles with accompanied a force him with Taxiles After sent that victory was he

sent he was that victory by he was sent Alexander by was sent Alexander by in sent pursuit Alexander in by the two rivals were reconciled the personal mediation by were reconciled the personal mediation by of reconciled Alexander the personal mediation of by led , 327/326 BC personally Alexander , led personally a campaign Alexander led personally a campaign Alexander against reduced of Massaga was The fort only did slaughter the entire population Alexander did slaughter the entire population Alexander of slaughter Massaga the entire population of Alexander , fled the fortress to numerous Assakenians fled the fortress to numerous Assakenians of After crossed , Aornos Alexander Aornos , crossed the Indus Alexander , crossed the Indus Alexander and crossed the Indus Alexander and fought Alexander was impressed Porus's bravery by was impressed Porus's bravery by , impressed Porus's bravery by , and appointed satrap Porus as He Choosing a helped local him a helped local him control local helped these lands control him helped these lands control him so founded opposite sides two cities on Alexander The was Nicaea (Victory other ) was Nicaea (Victory other ) , of mutinied , campaigning Alexander's army mutinied , campaigning Alexander's army at , mutinied the Hyphasis River (Beas at Alexander's army mutinied the Hyphasis River (Beas at Alexander's army ) sent his army much of Alexander in executed , his absence Alexander his absence , executed several Alexander , executed several Alexander of executed them several of Alexander of paid , thanks he paid , thanks he off , paid the debts off he paid the debts off he of misunderstood his intention His troops and mutinied down , gave Persians command posts Alexander , gave Persians command posts Alexander in gave the army Persians command posts in Alexander begged quickly forgiveness The Macedonians , begged forgiveness , which Alexander to learned , Persia Alexander learned , Persia Alexander that learned that the tomb of guards admired Cyrus the Great Alexander , from , travelled Ecbatana to Alexander travelled Ecbatana to Alexander to devastated Alexander Hephaestion's death , and devastated Alexander , and he

On died , either 10 or 11 June 323 BC Alexander died , either 10 or 11 June 323 BC Alexander in , died the palace in Alexander died the palace in Alexander of are Alexander's death two different versions of There Alexander developed a fever , which developed a fever , which worsened develop did not a fever he all mentioned the theory that Alexander mentioned the theory that Alexander was of dismissed , a poisoning conspiracy Plutarch a poisoning conspiracy , dismissed it Plutarch , dismissed it Plutarch as dismissed a fabrication it as Plutarch from proposed the New Zealand National Poisons Centre that the plant proposed the New Zealand National Poisons Centre that the plant white " have can a prolonged course Veratrum album" poisoning have can a prolonged course Veratrum album" poisoning and can have a prolonged course and it have a prolonged course and it was attributed in the "New England Journal of Medicine " A 1998 article fit the symptoms Other illnesses , including laid was a gold anthropoid sarcophagus in Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was to seized , Macedon Ptolemy Macedon , seized it Ptolemy , seized it Ptolemy and seized it Ptolemy and took fit would the intended destination with This closed 200 , AD Emperor Septimius Severus 200 , closed Alexander's tomb Emperor Septimius Severus , closed Alexander's tomb Emperor Septimius Severus to closed the public Alexander's tomb to Emperor Septimius Severus likened the Macedonian army Demades , after had no obvious or legitimate heir Alexander , his son bequeathed was ; his kingdom his laconic reply was ; his kingdom his laconic reply " ; was tôi " his laconic reply was kratistôi"—"to " tôi his laconic reply , rejected this arrangement since they rejected this arrangement since they had Instead , supported Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus they out became Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon power bases by became Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon power bases by each Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general

became power bases each general used in collapsed , 321 BC Macedonian unity collapsed , 321 BC Macedonian unity , led of these plans has The enormous scale lost ; a military commander never he ; lost never a battle he lost never a battle he , was use due to This developed and perfected Philip II by recognized also the potential Alexander for at used , Granicus Alexander Granicus , used only a small part Alexander , used only a small part Alexander of used his forces only a small part of Alexander placed the center the phalanx at Alexander stationed , contrast was the Persian infantry stationed was its cavalry behind the Persian infantry with used , Darius he Darius , used the same deployment he , used the same deployment he , used the same deployment he , and led personally the charge Alexander in at equipped , Gaugamela Darius Gaugamela , equipped his chariots Darius , equipped his chariots Darius with equipped scythes his chariots with Darius arranged a double phalanx Alexander , with arranged a double phalanx , with the center India , adapted his forces Alexander , adapted his forces Alexander to adapted his opponents' style his forces to Alexander , used successfully his javelin throwers Alexander used successfully his javelin throwers Alexander and give frequently conflicting accounts Historical sources of curated , his lifetime carefully Alexander , curated carefully his image Alexander curated carefully his image Alexander by included Lysippos commissioning sculptures by This Nevertheless , highlights the fact Andrew Stewart , highlights the fact Andrew Stewart that Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that artistic portraits highlights the fact that artistic portraits , portray and contemporary coins Alexander The Alexander Mosaic general , reflected those Alexander's prominent personality traits , reflected those Alexander's prominent personality traits of reflected his parents those of Alexander's prominent personality traits had huge ambitions His mother , and instilled destiny a sense of Olympias's influence was Philip Alexander's most immediate and influential role model probably his father of had ; his personality he his personality ; had a need he

; had a need he to had a need he to outdo from was , his father he was , his father he open was reasoned debate open to he had a calmer side He — perceptive had knowledge a great desire for He to was ; Aristotle's tutelage Alexander was ; Aristotle's tutelage Alexander intelligent was amply demonstrated his ability by amply demonstrated his ability by and demonstrated his ability by and success However , had little interest he , had little interest he in had sports little interest in he had great charisma He and force of began , Hephaestion Alexander began , Hephaestion Alexander to began signs to exhibit Alexander confirmed , Zeus apparently a theory confirmed apparently him to a theory began himself to identify He disapproved " was "proskynesis by " was disapproved the Macedonians by was disapproved the Macedonians by , disapproved the Macedonians by , and cost the sympathies him This behaviour of , was also a pragmatic ruler Alexander Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who also was a pragmatic ruler who understood was a pragmatic ruler the difficulties understood who had apparently two sons He , had also a close relationship Alexander with been has the subject Alexander's sexuality of is also told Plutarch by also told Plutarch by , told Plutarch by , probably produce did not an heir he to accumulated , Diodorus Siculus Alexander Diodorus Siculus , accumulated a harem Alexander , accumulated a harem Alexander in accumulated the style a harem in Alexander extended his military conquests beyond Alexander's legacy , increased greatly contacts His campaigns and of became the cities founded he the cities became founded major cultural centers he became founded major cultural centers he , founded became major cultural centers , many became major cultural centers , many surviving was Macedonian rule the introduction of Alexander's most immediate legacy of covered , his death Alexander's empire his death , covered some Alexander's empire , covered some Alexander's empire , covered some Alexander's empire , and remained of these areas Many in began of Alexander's empire The eastern borders to

of founded , his conquests Alexander his conquests , founded some twenty cities Alexander , Alexander founded some twenty cities that Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore founded some twenty cities his name bore that reflected trade routes The cities' locations as well on slept , the Mount Pagus he slept , the Mount Pagus he under , slept a plane tree under he slept a plane tree under he at appeared him and told the goddess In 334 BC , Alexander the Great donated is the few independent archaeological discoveries one of This inscription " was coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by was coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by to coined the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by to denote sought Greek elements to insert Alexander the Hellenistic culture promulgated was the conquests by promulgated was the conquests by essentially was the conquests by essentially Athenian spread the Hellenistic world throughout Koine , written was the Koine Greek language in the New Testament On hybridized , the Silk Road trade routes Hellenistic culture hybridized , the Silk Road trade routes Hellenistic culture with , hybridized Iranian and Buddhist cultures with Hellenistic culture influenced known as Greco-Buddhism The resulting syncretism : is of Boddhisatvas the concept is of Boddhisatvas the concept reminiscent spurred of Hellenization also The process to found the 3rd century were BC found the 3rd century were BC in found were the Greco-Bactrian city in BC , was on Indian art Hellenistic influence was on Indian art Hellenistic influence far his exploits were admired many Romans by were admired many Romans by , admired many Romans by , especially generals began his "Histories Polybius " by Pompey adopted the epithet "Magnus the Great " adopted the epithet "Magnus the Great " and dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue Julius Caesar but replaced admired also Alexander The emperor Trajan , The Itinerarium Alexandri is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium which describes is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium Alexander the Great's campaigns describes which went his quaestorship to serve Julius Caesar against became , the Alamanni it

became , the Alamanni it evident began Alexander openly mimicking He of decided , the Parthian Empire Caracalla decided , the Parthian Empire Caracalla to decided 16,000 to arrange Caracalla refers the Roman battle line merely to first went for Alexander Caracalla's mania so was Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour a sign of This In performed , 39 Caligula 39 , performed a spectacular stunt Caligula , performed a spectacular stunt Caligula by performed a spectacular stunt Caligula by ordering He says Alexander's only unsuccessful project was this encouraged , probably his own lifetime by , probably encouraged Alexander by probably encouraged Alexander by himself portrayed Callisthenes the sea His court historian in after invented , Alexander's death Onesicritus Alexander's death , invented a tryst Onesicritus , invented a tryst Onesicritus between invented Alexander a tryst between Onesicritus figured has both high and popular culture in Alexander features modern Greek folklore prominently in Alexander is a household name , and he involves among Greek seamen a solitary mermaid One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp referred , pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature is Alexander is referred to the epithet "gujastak by referred to the epithet "gujastak by " is " , the "Shahnameh Alexander's first journey , is Mecca to Alexander's first journey is Mecca to Alexander's first journey to in believed is the Quran by the Quran is believed scholars by is believed scholars by to believed scholars by to be In was , this tradition he this tradition , was a heroic figure he , he was a heroic figure who he was a heroic figure who built was a heroic figure a wall built who portrays of the "Alexander Romance " The Syriac version portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who portrayed , Egypt was Alexander portrayed was the son as Alexander shown , Josephus was Alexander , shown was the Book of Daniel Alexander shown was the Book of Daniel Alexander when was shown the Book of Daniel when he

shown the Book of Daniel when he entered denotes a rising young talent , and the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji revered , medieval Europe was Alexander the Great revered was a member as Alexander the Great The is of these earliest is of these Diodorus Siculus earliest March 1, 1950 ) was a Polish-American independent scholar who ) was a Polish-American independent scholar who developed was a Polish-American independent scholar a field developed who argued that the world of human knowledge of belonged , the Russian Empire Korzybski belonged , the Russian Empire Korzybski to , belonged an aristocratic Polish family to Korzybski Korzybski belonged to an aristocratic Polish family whose members belonged to an aristocratic Polish family whose members had studied the Warsaw University of Technology engineering at Korzybski During served ( the First World War 1914–1918) Korzybski served ( the First World War 1914–1918) Korzybski as ( served an intelligence officer as 1914–1918) Korzybski served an intelligence officer as 1914–1918) Korzybski in suffering moved , other injuries he moved , other injuries he to , moved North America to he moved North America to he in lectured also Polish-American audiences to He After the war he decided to published Korzybski's first book E. P. Dutton , " In founded , 1938 Korzybski 1938 , founded the Institute of General Semantics Korzybski , founded the Institute of General Semantics Korzybski in founded Chicago the Institute of General Semantics in Korzybski experience can not the world Humans mislead sometimes us These about sometimes mislead us about what mislead us about what is sought our awareness to train He called this goal this awareness , He , belongs of Elizabeth one's assessment belongs of Elizabeth one's assessment to find Elizabeth We not in is , " Korzybski's most famous premise the map " is the territory not the map is the territory not the map " In said , fact he said , fact he explicitly , giving was a lecture Korzybski giving was to a lecture Korzybski Then tore the white paper he from tore the biscuits the white paper from he

On was a big picture it of was a dog's head a big picture of it looked the package at The students , wanted of them Two to went a Korzybski workshop to William Burroughs in include a character author Robert A. Heinlein naming These Korzybski's ideas influenced philosopher Alan Watts who used influenced philosopher Alan Watts his phrase used who " is " a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game Asteroids is " a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game Asteroids designed " is a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game designed by is a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game designed Lyle Rains by controls an asteroid field a single spaceship in The player controls a single spaceship in an asteroid field which is of the game The object to of sold ; arcade games the game arcade games ; sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game ; sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game and sold over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game and proved In ported the 1980s was it ported the 1980s was it to ported was Atari's home systems to it is of "Asteroids " The objective The player controls a triangular ship that can controls a triangular ship that can rotate continue , a direction will it continue will that direction in it comes eventually a stop to The ship starts a few large asteroids with Each level drifting wrap screen edges around Objects – shoots break , asteroids they break , asteroids they into , break smaller asteroids into they they break into smaller asteroids that break into smaller asteroids that move appear the screen periodically on Two flying saucers of appears , 40,000 only the small saucer , appears of large asteroids a new set appears of large asteroids a new set , starts 3–5 lives with The player upon continues the last ship to Play lost supposed , the original game design were saucers - are ; screen they are ; screen they not allow a "lurking" strategy These behaviors , in shoot , play can a player shoot can the boundary across a player " was conceived Lyle Rains by

was conceived Lyle Rains by and conceived Lyle Rains by and programmed impressed was the Atari Video Computer System with Logg Paul Mancuso joined the development team as "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman joined the development team as "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman contributed in discussed , April 1979 Rains April 1979 , discussed "Planet Grab Rains , discussed "Planet Grab Rains " discussed "Planet Grab Rains " , know did not the name Logg asked , so a giant, indestructible asteroid Rains , so asked Logg Rains so asked Logg Rains : asked Logg Rains : " In described , response Logg response , described a similar concept Logg , described a similar concept Logg where Logg described a similar concept where the player described a similar concept where the player selectively implemented on hardware developed by wanted raster graphics done in the game came for QuadraScan The original design concepts out gave Delman it to Cyan received five buttons Delman's modified board with Logg modeled the five-button control scheme the player's ship , Logg programmed was the hardware into The ship placed near Logg's right thumb , which have does not a sound chip The game was well received several Atari staff by well received several Atari staff by and received several Atari staff by and engineers created , so the prototype he , so created a second prototype he so created a second prototype he for he created a second prototype for staff created a second prototype for staff to tested arcades the game in Atari to noted " "Space Invaders they noted " "Space Invaders they get " noted no break get they noted no break get they in displaced "Space Invaders It " by earned sales an estimated $150 million in Atari been had the process in Atari replaced "Space Invaders It " at shipped 70,000 arcade units It worldwide in remained the top at The game of sold 30,000 arcade units It overseas , manufactured its US and Ireland plants 76,312 units from Atari " received " positive reviews Asteroids received " positive reviews Asteroids from

reviewed "The Space Gamer" No the 1981 "Asteroids" home cartridge in Richard A. Edwards do then is the game this then is the game this , is the game this , but " reviewed the Atari VCS version Video Games Player" magazine , reviewed the Atari VCS version Video Games Player" magazine , rating " listed " it Next Generation listed " it Next Generation as cited " ; "Top 25 Arcade Games the "Retro Gamer" staff " ; cited its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff ; cited its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff and cited its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff and the lack added was the Museum of Modern Art's to It " listed " "Asteroids The Guardian listed " "Asteroids The Guardian " " was " the first sequel Asteroids Deluxe was " the first sequel Asteroids Deluxe to edited the code Dave Shepperd and made tinted are blue The onscreen objects , tinted blue , and hyperspace displays a holographic backdrop vector graphics overlaying The arcade machine's monitor added " , 1987's "Blasteroids Ed Rotberg , added power-ups " Ed Rotberg added power-ups " Ed Rotberg , published "Asteroids an enhanced version of Activision developed " was "Asteroids by " was developed iThink by was developed iThink by for developed the Atari Jaguar iThink for by In released , 2001 Infogrames 2001 , released "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames , released "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames " released "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames " for by includes , Digital Eclipse it Digital Eclipse , includes emulated versions it , includes emulated versions it of includes "Asteroids emulated versions of it " reviewed " eight "Asteroids" clones Byte reviewed " eight "Asteroids" clones Byte for of are , these the asteroids are , these the asteroids in , are the shape in the asteroids are the shape in the asteroids of on searched , his accomplishment the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched , his accomplishment the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard for , searched him for the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched him for the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard for , presented of Twin Galaxies Walter Day

presented of Twin Galaxies an award Walter Day takes the type family its name from The order first put forward Huber by put forward Huber by in assigned of its families were many indicated that the taxa of many lead ; recent years may future research lead may further changes to future research are of Asparagales herbaceous perennials Most species are herbaceous perennials , although some contains also many geophytes The order ( telomere happened , sequence at least two evolutionary switch-points happened , sequence at least two evolutionary switch-points within , happened the order within at least two evolutionary switch-points The basal sequence is formed TTTAGGG by is formed TTTAGGG by like formed TTTAGGG by like in changed was vertebrate-like TTAGGG to Basal motif form of almost all species a tight rosette The leaves is , the order view Asparagales is importance second in Asparagales high , are a number there , are a number there of are climbers a number of there have leaves a tight cluster of Almost all species produced , some cases are the leaves produced are the stem along the leaves are main in the The flowers generally distinguished from the Liliales by distinguished from the Liliales the lack by have characteristically the external epidermis The seeds either , was described Carl Linnaeus by was described Carl Linnaeus by in described 1753 Carl Linnaeus in by placed Asparagus " He " considered of taxa now The majority was first described Michel Adanson by first described Michel Adanson by in described 1763 Michel Adanson in by generally credited to Antoine Laurent de Jussieu who credited to Antoine Laurent de Jussieu who formally established taxonomy the hierarchical system of Jussieu was closer to what we In creating used his scheme he creating his scheme used a modified form he his scheme used a modified form he of used Linnaeus' sexual classification a modified form of he In proposed , 1810 Brown proposed , 1810 Brown that proposed that Liliaceae of a subgroup used Linnaeus' sexual classification a combination of Gray Within the grouping separated families he the grouping separated families he by

separated the characteristics families by he been of Asparagales has The circumscription placed the Liliales the Liliaceae within Lindley kept separate the Liliaceae This from used the term 'series They ' to However place did the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera they place did the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera they into placed were series Coronariae in The Liliaceae consisted now twenty tribes of The Liliaceae 1859 changed the way that taxonomists changed the way that taxonomists considered led the concept to The Darwinian approach of developed , in his system Engler of Liliiflorae the Liliineae were a suborder which Liliiflorae the Liliineae were a suborder which included were a suborder both families included which had eight subfamilies The Liliaceae and the represented were Asparagoideae as the Asparagae were and Gilliesieae the three tribes Agapantheae In was , the Amaryllidacea there the Amaryllidacea , was little change there , was little change there from was the Bentham & Hooker little change from there developed Huber's ideas Dahlgren further and created a new order They , calling was five orders one of This subjected , angiosperms were the Liliaceae subjected were more intense scrutiny to the Liliaceae saw plant phylogeny considerable progress in The 1990s necessitated of major new clades a departure The establishment necessitated about plant evolution and This complicated discussion supported in the 21st century has Research shows Asparagales the placement of This cladogram These constitute a paraphyletic assemblage , that constitute a paraphyletic assemblage , that is indicate crown group Numbers ( most recent common ancestor have ' typically simultaneous microsporogenesis The 'lower Asparagales typically have simultaneous microsporogenesis ( i.e. cell walls have simultaneous microsporogenesis ( i.e. cell walls develop have ' typically an inferior ovary The 'lower Asparagales have an inferior ovary , whereas the 'core Asparagales treated by Rudall A 2002 morphological study possessing is the largest family possibly Orchidaceae of recognized orchids three families of The Dahlgren system suggest high bootstrap support ( with Several studies placed have the orchids Other studies differently have simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries Orchids , two characters have simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries , two characters that

are the septa rarely in their nectaries of is , species Orchidaceae diversification is , species Orchidaceae diversification remarkable form excluding Boryaceae a well-supported clade The four families All contain relatively few species four , contain relatively few species four , and contain relatively few species , and it are mycorrhizal The Boryaceae , but suggested have a close relationship Morphological studies between of have , these two families others have , these two families others not appears from Iridaceae upwards The clade have some genetic characteristics All in common has ' ) strong support the 'core Asparagales appear within these broadly defined families Relationships less notes that its subfamilies of most described of the monocotyledons is The taxonomic diversity is described in detail by described in detail Kubitzki by allowed 'bracketed' families , i.e. families which are the families These given under otherwise is of the Asparagales the circumscription is of the Asparagales the circumscription unchanged Two older systems which use the order Asparagales included the circumscriptions in The families of include many important crop plants The Asparagales and ornamental plants are assigned to this order Plants comprise often aquatic and marshy habitats herbaceous flowering plants of The Alismatales include also the only marine angiosperms They growing include staminate flowers those with Both marine and freshwater forms include those with staminate flowers that There pollinate can carpellate flowers they pollinate can carpellate flowers they floating In occurs , others pollination occurs , others pollination underwater have a totally submerged juvenile phase Most aquatic species , and have a totally submerged juvenile phase , and flowers contain 13 families about 165 genera in The Alismatales Phylogenetically , are basal monocots they , are basal monocots they , are basal monocots they , diverging , the order contains only the Alismataceae Alismatales the order contains only the Alismataceae Alismatales and contains only the Alismataceae Alismatales and Limnocharitaceae distributed among 10 additional orders , all grown , its inclusion has the order accounts alone about a hundred genera for Araceae are flowering plants an order of The Apiales are those The families recognized in

placed is the asterid group within Apiales Within belongs , the asterids Apiales belongs , the asterids Apiales to , belongs an unranked group to Apiales belongs an unranked group to Apiales called placed were the Rosales within The Pittosporaceae was " the family in Pennantia is of the Apiales The present understanding fairly exhibit four vertical zones Typical syncarpous gynoecia , determined exhibit four vertical zones , determined by of is , the Pittosporaceae the symplicate is , the Pittosporaceae the symplicate much is dicotyledonous flowering plants an order of Asterales is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that Asterales are organisms that seem are organisms that seem to share morphological and biochemical levels characteristics on Asterales of was , flowering plants Asteraceae flowering plants , was the only family Asteraceae , was the only family Asteraceae in was the group the only family in Asteraceae The order includes currently 11 families Asterales includes currently 11 families Asterales , includes 11 families , the largest count less than 1500 species together for The remaining families are Stylidiaceae The core Asterales ( six genera in suggests the family that the common ancestor suggests the family that the common ancestor of suggests that the family of the common ancestor in is , the northern hemisphere it is , the northern hemisphere it natural is conjecture natural to it are angiosperms Asterales , flowering plants are angiosperms , flowering plants that contain eudicot diversity about 14% of Asterales is of the Asterales Fossil evidence rare are common plants Asterales and have is the inner Solar System a minor planet of An asteroid to came , comets these came , comets these to are exist : asteroids many exist : are shattered remnants many : are shattered remnants many of are planetesimals shattered remnants of many , exist significant populations with other orbital families exist significant populations with other orbital families , Individual asteroids are classified their characteristic spectra by are classified their characteristic spectra by , classified their characteristic spectra by , with formed the sun closer to asteroids of have : size meteoroids

size : have a diameter meteoroids : have a diameter meteoroids of have one meter a diameter of meteoroids is has a relatively reflective surface , which declared International Asteroid Day 30 June as The United Nations In reported , April 2018 the B612 Foundation reported , April 2018 the B612 Foundation " considered " , the Big Questions an asteroid collision considered the biggest threat to be an asteroid collision In warned , June 2018 the US National Science and Technology Council warned , June 2018 the US National Science and Technology Council that This was followed the discovery by was followed the discovery by of followed other similar bodies the discovery of by prompted the astronomer Sir William Herschel This to propose In organized , the last years of the 18th century Baron Franz Xaver von Zach the last years of the 18th century , organized a group Baron Franz Xaver von Zach , organized a group Baron Franz Xaver von Zach of organized 24 astronomers a group of Baron Franz Xaver von Zach was not discovered a member by not discovered a member by of discovered the group a member of by discovered Taurus a new star-like object in He Later that year , used these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss , used these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss to used these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss to calculate Fifteen years later , found 5 Astraea he , found 5 Astraea he , found 5 Astraea he , the first new asteroid found also 6 Hebe He less than two years later After joined , this other astronomers joined , this other astronomers in , joined the search in other astronomers joined the search in other astronomers and joined in the search and at least one new asteroid were of this early era J.R. Hind Notable asteroid hunters In pioneered , 1891 Max Wolf 1891 , pioneered the use Max Wolf , pioneered the use Max Wolf of pioneered astrophotography the use of Max Wolf discovered : earlier visual methods alone Wolf : discovered alone 248 asteroids Wolf discovered alone 248 asteroids Wolf ,

discovered , 1998 were asteroids asteroids were discovered a four-step process by photographed of the sky was a region of photographed was the sky by the sky was photographed a wide-field telescope by was photographed a wide-field telescope by , photographed a wide-field telescope by , or taken of photographs were Pairs seem of the body would the image is of discovery The last step to increasing is interest There in are of near-Earth asteroids the Apollos, Amors The three most important groups of were , discovery these were , discovery these : , were 1221 Amor : these were 1221 Amor : these , increased in later decades the alarm Two events discovered alone has 147,132 asteroids the LINEAR system classified orbiting the Sun were small bodies proposed size limits a meteoroid definition including Beech and Steel's 1995 paper revised and Grossman's 2010 paper the previous definition Rubin prefer "planetoid Other languages " ( has "planetesimal " a similar meaning The word " was coined the geologist by was coined the geologist by William Daniel Conybeare coined the geologist by William Daniel Conybeare to seen were a class as asteroids is that a coma shows a comet in spent , 1977 all known asteroids 1977 , spent most all known asteroids , spent most all known asteroids of spent their time most of all known asteroids called numbered , centaurs they centaurs , numbered them they , numbered them they among numbered the traditional asteroids them among they are of these the Kuiper-belt objects The innermost have do not the highly eccentric orbits most comets , created the class they , created the class they of created dwarf planets the class of they thought that the asteroid belt in planetesimals captured , the Nice model are many Kuiper-belt objects captured are the outer asteroid belt in many Kuiper-belt objects orbit of known asteroids The majority within are of trojans the Jupiter trojans The most significant population NEAs , are asteroids that , are asteroids that have are asteroids orbits have that vary size greatly in Asteroids like are : miniature planets they

are : miniature planets they roughly is the largest asteroid by far The dwarf planet Ceres The next are 4 Vesta largest next are 4 Vesta largest and are 4 Vesta largest and 2 Pallas Vesta is the only main-belt asteroid that can is the only main-belt asteroid that can , Of comprises , this Ceres comprises , this Ceres , , comprises about a third , Ceres comprises about a third , Ceres of decreases of asteroids The number markedly Pallas , are intact protoplanets that , are intact protoplanets that share are intact protoplanets many characteristics share that appears nearly spherical although it Ceres is the only asteroid that appears is the only asteroid that appears to has the other asteroids a much higher absolute magnitude than It differentiated : has a crust it : has a crust it , has a crust it , a mantle of is ; water its composition is ; water its composition mainly is basaltic rock mainly of its composition like rotates , Uranus it rotates , Uranus it on , rotates its side on it rotates its side on it , is that similar to Its composition is the largest carbonaceous asteroid Hygiea and , is the largest member It and presumed parent body thought , Vesta is it in show the asteroid belt that there show the asteroid belt that there is show that an upper limit is there have with a diameter larger than 100 meters a rotation period Very few asteroids , is at the surface the inertial force is at the surface the inertial force greater appear the remnant cores to be Other asteroids In appear , the main asteroid belt there appear , the main asteroid belt there to appear two primary populations to be there Within are , these populations larger asteroids these populations , are denser larger asteroids , are denser larger asteroids , are denser larger asteroids , presumably due to compression contain amino acids traces of Asteroids calculated is three primary sources from Composition turned with moons has every asteroid are 87 Sylvia larger than Only half a dozen asteroids

collisions involving show solid bodies them involving show solid bodies them destroying show solid bodies them destroying each show other destroying each them confirmed of water ice was the presence appears of the asteroid The surface completely be getting replenished a reservoir by getting replenished a reservoir by of replenished ice a reservoir of by hypothesize that the first water of some detected , October 2013 was water detected was an extrasolar body on water ESA ) reported the detection scientists ) reported the detection scientists , reported the detection scientists , for was made the far-infrared abilities using by made the far-infrared abilities using by of 31 mi ) is a rubble pile 253 Mathilde ) is a rubble pile 253 Mathilde saturated is a rubble pile 253 Mathilde saturated with has a radius-size crater compression fractures encircling Vesta from is , the broadest divisions it is , the broadest divisions it customary are relatively loose dynamical associations Groups , whereas are relatively loose dynamical associations , whereas families the asteroid belt belong to dynamical families each belong to dynamical families each thought Some asteroids have unusual horseshoe orbits that are have unusual horseshoe orbits that are co are Cruithne 3753 Examples and these horseshoe become temporarily quasi objects become temporarily - quasi objects spectral shape was developed Chapman by was developed Chapman by , developed Chapman by , Morrison had three categories The original classification system : C-types are now used the Tholen classification and SMASS classification The two most widely used taxonomies proposed was 1984 in former was proposed in 1984 by proposed in 1984 David J. Tholen by In resulted , 2002 the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted , 2002 the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey in , resulted a modified version in the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted a modified version in the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey of have C three broad categories of Both systems based were inferences on spectral designations led has significant confusion to This given is a provisional designation A newly discovered asteroid ( , given is a number it

given is a number it , uses the number parentheses around The formal naming convention discovered , made a major change Johann Franz Encke , made a major change Johann Franz Encke in made the upcoming 1854 edition a major change in Johann Franz Encke introduced a disk (circle He ) , was quickly adopted astronomers by quickly adopted astronomers by , adopted astronomers by , and , given was an iconic symbol Psyche given was an iconic symbol Psyche as 20 Massalia was the first asteroid that was was the first asteroid that was not increased was ⑤ to Astraea's number , were in the asteroid belt objects were in the asteroid belt objects merely yield can good information Radar imaging about taken of asteroid-like objects were The first close-up photographs In launched , September 2007 NASA September 2007 , launched the "Dawn" spacecraft NASA , launched the "Dawn" spacecraft NASA , NASA launched the "Dawn" spacecraft , which launched the "Dawn" spacecraft , which orbited In launched , September 2016 NASA September 2016 , launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA , launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA to launched the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA to asteroid In announced , early 2013 NASA early 2013 , announced the planning stages NASA , announced the planning stages NASA of announced a mission the planning stages of NASA are and the asteroid belt a staple Asteroids " is used the Clerk by is used the Clerk by of used Arraigns the Clerk of by found have been Guilty you have been found Guilty by been found Guilty a jury by found Guilty a jury by of Do have anything you to have anything you to say allowed , the United States are defendants , allowed are the opportunity defendants allowed are the opportunity defendants to hold an absolute right that as Some jurisdictions provides Procedure 32(i)(4 ) Federal Rules of Criminal declared has oath under he is an affidavit no general defined form for There therein , have no jurisdiction the courts , have no jurisdiction the courts to

have no jurisdiction the courts to admit it was held the Supreme Court by was held the Supreme Court by that held by the Supreme Court that an affidavit made are a similar way in Affidavits known making the affidavit is The person , came of filing affidavits a new method came of filing affidavits a new method into of is as an unsupported affidavit evidence is as an unsupported affidavit evidence unusual may be accepted the court by be accepted the court by , accepted the court by , but used recollection to refresh Materials signs is , an affidavit that person is , an affidavit that person eligible not be accepted the court by be accepted the court by unless accepted the court by unless accompanied is the court an officer of The lawyer This matter is addressed the use by is addressed the use by of addressed the apostille the use of by is the constellations one of Aries located is the Northern celestial hemisphere in It is Aries Latin The name for is ︎ ( ♈ Its old astronomical symbol is the 48 constellations one of It represented has a ram Aries since , formed of Aries the stars formed of Aries a farmhand the stars incorporated have the stars Different cultures of is a relatively dim constellation Aries , possessing are within the constellation The few deep-sky objects quite recognized is an official constellation as Aries includes ; ancient times now it ; includes now the ancient pattern it includes now the ancient pattern it as was the risings a comprehensive table of The MUL.APIN in reflects , the 12th or 11th century BC the MUL.APIN the 12th or 11th century BC , reflects a tradition the MUL.APIN , the MUL.APIN reflects a tradition which the MUL.APIN reflects a tradition which marks reflects a tradition the Pleiades marks which a distinct constellation comes from the boundary stones that comes from the boundary stones that date On is , several boundary stones a zodiacal ram figure is , several boundary stones a zodiacal ram figure distinct is the other characters distinct from a zodiacal ram figure

identified — 1000 BC was modern Aries identified was both Dumuzi's ram with modern Aries associated , ancient Egyptian astronomy was Aries associated was the god Amon-Ra with Aries associated with the god Amon-Ra , who called , the vernal equinox was it , called was the "Indicator it called was the "Indicator it of , process would statues priests process would statues priests of associated of Aries is the constellation were and Helle the son Phrixos accomplish induced , this she this , induced a famine she , induced a famine she in induced Boeotia a famine in she asserted his "Almagest in Ptolemy " listed was an "unformed star as it followed maps the general convention of Flamsteed is because the celestial equator crossed the Sun defined 130 BC it in Hipparchus depicted various ways Aries in Medieval Muslim astronomers saw like al-Sufi the constellation Astronomers However , depicted Aries some Islamic celestial globes , depicted Aries some Islamic celestial globes as depicted a nondescript four-legged animal Aries as some Islamic celestial globes in featured ; the sky this constellation the sky ; featured the Pleiades this constellation ; featured the Pleiades this constellation as featured the ram's tail the Pleiades as this constellation consisted of Aries The generally accepted Arabic formation of ) centred the same the northern stars on all In introduced , 1612 Petrus Plancius 1612 , introduced Apes Petrus Plancius , introduced Apes Petrus Plancius , introduced Apes Petrus Plancius , a constellation used , 1624 were the same stars the same stars were used Jakob Bartsch by were used Jakob Bartsch by as used Jakob Bartsch by as for In used , 1679 Augustin Royer 1679 , used these stars Augustin Royer , used these stars Augustin Royer for used his constellation Lilium these stars for Augustin Royer renamed the constellation Johann Hevelius "Musca " gain did not acceptance it not gain acceptance and its stars gain acceptance and its stars were In defined , 1922 the International Astronomical Union 1922 , defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union , defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union ,

defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union , " defined of Aries were The official boundaries were defined in 1930 by defined in 1930 Eugène Delporte by used from Aries were stars This name was shared the 16th lunar mansion by was shared the 16th lunar mansion by , shared by the 16th lunar mansion , the location associated with harvest-time as it , and were part 41 Arietis and were part 41 Arietis of were a constellation part of 41 Arietis were and Zeta Arietis a part Delta called in Hindu astronomy was the first lunar mansion with contains , the vernal equinox the Rig Veda contains , the vernal equinox the Rig Veda over , contains 50 new-year's related hymns over the Rig Veda contains 50 new-year's related hymns over the Rig Veda to signified " ; "Taleh it " ; signified either Simeon it ; signified either Simeon it or signified either Simeon it or Gad named the constellation The neighboring Syrians "Amru " incorporated from Aries were several stars recognized a constellation Aries as Other Polynesian peoples has an asterism three prominent stars forming Aries is one other star also There above derived is the Arabic word from Its traditional name of is , III it III , is an orange giant it , is an orange giant it with is an apparent visual magnitude an orange giant with it derived is "sharatayn from Its traditional name known were the Bedouin to The two stars is Earth 59 light-years from It has a luminosity It of and has a luminosity of and its absolute magnitude is a spectroscopic binary star It , one is of the primary A5 The spectral class determined ; 1903 was its orbit its orbit was determined Hans Ludendorff by was determined Hans Ludendorff by in determined 1907 Hans Ludendorff in by known , Beta Arietis was it known was the Bedouin to it is magnitude of The primary 4.59 is Earth 164 light-years from The system The two components are separated 7.8 arcseconds by are separated 7.8 arcseconds by ,

separated 7.8 arcseconds by , and is of ; a luminosity the primary of ; is an A-type star the primary ; is an A-type star the primary with is an absolute magnitude an A-type star with the primary is between the two components The angle 1 is , γ1 Arietis , an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star primary , γ1 Arietis , is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star that , is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star that has is an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star a range has that is several double stars home to The constellation is two white components a binary star with ε Arietis is magnitude of The primary 5.2 is Earth 290 light-years from The system is 4.63 Its overall magnitude , and is 4.63 , and the primary The two components are separated 1.5 arcseconds by λ is a wide double star Arietis with is a white-hued primary a wide double star with Arietis is magnitude of The primary 4.8 is Earth 129 light-years from The primary has 1.7 an absolute magnitude of It located ; ° are the two stars is a blue-white primary a close binary star with π Arietis is magnitude of The primary 5.3 is Earth 776 light-years from The primary of has ; 25.2 arcseconds the tertiary 25.2 arcseconds ; has a magnitude the tertiary ; has a magnitude the tertiary of has 10.8 a magnitude of the tertiary has −0.1 an absolute magnitude of It is magnitude a star of ζ Arietis is magnitude a star of 14 Arietis is magnitude a dim star of 35 Arietis Its spectral class is B8 and it is B8 and it has is magnitude a runaway star of 53 Arietis Finally , is the closest star Teegarden's Star , is the closest star Teegarden's Star to is Earth the closest star to Teegarden's Star has variable stars its share of Aries R Arietis is a Mira variable star that ranges is a Mira variable star that ranges in U Arietis is another Mira variable star that ranges is another Mira variable star that ranges in

T Arietis is a semiregular variable star that ranges is a semiregular variable star that ranges in is in Aries SX Arietis One particularly interesting variable have Helium I very prominent emission lines of SX Arietis stars are main-sequence B0p normally They — to differ ; the periodic rotation they differ ; the periodic rotation they from ; differ the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables from they differ the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables from they in is an integrated magnitude a spiral galaxy with NGC 772 is a relatively bright galaxy It and shows is 4.2 arcminutes 7.2 by It NGC is a class SA(s)b galaxy 772 , 772 is a class SA(s)b galaxy , which is a class SA(s)b galaxy , which means to is ; many star forming regions this is ; many star forming regions this due is previous gravitational interactions due to this NGC has a diameter 772 of has 240,000 light-years a diameter of 772 is in Aries NGC Another spiral galaxy is loosely wound arms a weakly barred spiral galaxy with It has no ring It and a faint bulge has fragments two primary arms with It of are , galaxies both are , galaxies both at , are a distance at both are a distance at both of NGC 678 is an edge-on spiral galaxy that 678 is an edge-on spiral galaxy that is is an edge-on spiral galaxy 4.5 is that ; has 678 a magnitude NGC has 678 a magnitude NGC of have bright cores Both galaxies , but have bright cores , but NGC is further distinguished its prominent dust lane by is 691 itself a spiral galaxy NGC slightly has multiple spiral arms It and a bright core diffuse , has a low surface brightness it has 126,000 light-years a diameter of It NGC is the brightest member 877 of is an 8-galaxy group the brightest member of 877 is the brightest member of an 8-galaxy group that is 1.8 arcminutes 2.4 by It is NGC Its companion 876 , is NGC 876 , which NGC is 2.6 821 by is 2.0 arcminutes 2.6 by 821

Its diameter is 61,000 light-years and it is 61,000 light-years and it is is several meteor showers home to Aries is the strongest meteor showers one of The Daytime Arietid meteor shower is one of the strongest meteor showers that is an annual shower It associated with be may Icarus the asteroid Its parent body appear usually a rate at They observed , the naked eye are they observed are the radio spectrum in they during include ; the day these the day ; include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these ; include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these and include the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these and the Northern and Southern Daytime are another meteor shower The Delta Arietids radiating from with lasts , a low peak rate the shower lasts , a low peak rate the shower from , lasts 8 December to 14 January from the shower lasts 8 December to 14 January from the shower , , produces sometimes bright fireballs this shower radiate also Aries from The Autumn Arietids lasts 7 September to 27 October from The shower and include radiating from Aries Other meteor showers contains extrasolar planets several stars with Aries , is orbited three giant planets by is orbited three giant planets by ( orbited three giant planets by ( those more than ten times the mass is Jupiter 2.3 times the mass of One planet is 20367 a G0 type star HD , is the zodiac a constellation of Aquarius is Latin Its name for " is one Aquarius of the was the 48 constellations one of It appears entitlement stones on The Babylonian star-figure and contained the Early Bronze Age the winter solstice in It In was , Old Babylonian astronomy Ea Old Babylonian astronomy , was the ruler Ea , was the ruler Ea of was the southernmost quarter the ruler of Ea associated with the destructive floods that the Babylonians In came , the Greek tradition the constellation came , the Greek tradition the constellation to sailed nine days for They before ; indicate of the myth some versions indicate of the myth some versions that

of indicate the myth that the eagle indicate the myth that the eagle was stole ; young men then Zeus ; stole then him Zeus stole then him Zeus from established , the first century " Ptolemy's "Almagest , established " the common Western depiction Ptolemy's "Almagest established " the common Western depiction Ptolemy's "Almagest of Zeta Aquarii ; pours water it ; pours water it in pours a stream water in it were numerous the most The constellation's stars The celestial army was protected the wall "Leibizhen by was protected the wall "Leibizhen by " protected the wall "Leibizhen by " ( and represent Fou-youe " 98 Aquarii represent Fou-youe " 98 Aquarii " disputed ; three stars is its position seen was the ancient Chinese to The Water Jar asterism stood , demarcated Kappa Aquarii by shared of the Chinese lunar mansions their name Three was for the 10th lunar mansion , , also the name , was a handmaiden represented by was a handmaiden represented Epsilon by Alpha Equulei ; represented a bleak place it ; represented a bleak place it associated represented a bleak place it associated with its large size , has no particularly bright stars Aquarius , has no particularly bright stars Aquarius , Aquarius has no particularly bright stars , its four brightest stars has no particularly bright stars , its four brightest stars being shading is , Alpha Beta Aquarii Alpha , is the brightest star Beta Aquarii , is the brightest star Beta Aquarii in is Aquarius the brightest star in Beta Aquarii has also the proper name It of to is , around 50 times the Sun's diameter it is , around 50 times the Sun's diameter it around is 540 ± Sadalsuud 20 light-years from is 520 ± It 20 light-years distant 3.85 , is 164 ± it , is 164 ± it 9 light years is 164 ± it 9 light years away is are ; an F2 spectral type double star both stars are ; an F2 spectral type double star both stars white has 4.53 a magnitude of The primary

It is orbited four planets by is orbited four planets by , orbited four planets by , including vary orbital period in The planets from 91 Aquarii is an orange giant star orbited by is an orange giant star orbited one planet by is Jupiter 2.9 times the mass of The planet's mass Gliese is a red dwarf star 849 orbited 849 is a red dwarf star orbited by is a red dwarf star orbited the first known long-period Jupiter-like planet by are less-prominent systems also There in is Earth 307 parsecs from The star discovered was 2008 in WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 by discovered in 2008 the transit method by orbits its parent star It every 3.36 days at is 0.503 Jupiter masses It but has 206610 , located 194 parsecs a K0 star , located 194 parsecs a K0 star from located Earth 194 parsecs from a K0 star is the Sun larger than The host star The planet was discovered the radial velocity method by was discovered the radial velocity method by in discovered 2010 the radial velocity method in by orbits a distance every 610 days at It is WASP-47 b , which is size close in WASP-47 discovered was 2011 in WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 by discovered in 2011 the transit method by are Aquarius several more single-planet systems in There , located 21.29 parsecs a magnitude 6.63 yellow star from located Earth 21.29 parsecs from a magnitude 6.63 yellow star orbits at nearly the same distance as Earth beyond has ; their similar spectral class it their similar spectral class ; has a radius it ; has a radius it of has 1.1 solar radii a radius of it is 7.6 , magnitude a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star , is 131 parsecs located a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star is 131 parsecs located a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star from of were , 2013 there 2013 , were only two known multiple-planet systems there , were only two known multiple-planet systems there within were the bounds only two known multiple-planet systems within there

; the has only two planets latter the has only two planets latter and has only two planets latter and has consists the planets of The HD 215152 system HD Both discovered in 2011 by discovered in 2011 the radial velocity method by is ) ; 0.00315 Jupiter masses its smaller sibling On announced , 23 February 2017 NASA 23 February 2017 , announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 NASA , announced that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 NASA in announced Aquarius that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 in NASA Of are , these three are , these three in , are the system's habitable zone in three are the system's habitable zone in three , Aquarius contains three deep sky objects that are contains three deep sky objects that are in as indicates , a sparsely populated open cluster modern analysis indicates , modern analysis a sparsely populated open cluster the 6 main stars is 6.5 , magnitude it is small-aperture instruments viewable in it in has ; a telescope it a telescope ; has faint protrusions it ; has faint protrusions it on has either side faint protrusions on it has faint protrusions on either side that appears green blue - It in is , Aquarius it is , Aquarius it quite covers 0.25 square degrees It , making covers 0.25 square degrees , making it ) , has an integrated magnitude it , has an integrated magnitude it of has 10.7 an integrated magnitude of it are the strongest meteor shower The Eta Aquariids radiating from peaks a rate between 5 and 6 May with It is of the shower Halley's Comet The parent body The Delta Aquariids is a double radiant meteor shower that peaks is a double radiant meteor shower that peaks first located is the south in The first radiant , appears the constellation Aquarius in the Sun appears the constellation Aquarius in the Sun from is , English " "anime emerged the 1960s in A characteristic art style with to are , original works anime are , original works anime often , are adaptations often anime

are adaptations often anime of is distinctive production methods a diverse medium with Anime is a diverse medium with distinctive production methods that combines graphic art It , characterization focuses , Western animation generally anime production consists over 430 production companies of The anime industry , seen has also international success the medium define typically "anime English-language dictionaries " " Do watch anime you Do watch anime you ? " collected have How much anime you collected have How much anime you ? , spell sometimes "anime English texts spell sometimes "anime English texts " narrated legends Traveling storytellers and anecdotes were from the Netherlands Magic lanterns also surged called "Kamishibai " The paper play considered and the "bunraku" theater are "ukiyo-e" prints and considered are ancestors "ukiyo-e" prints considered are ancestors "ukiyo-e" prints of Finally , were a heavy inspiration mangas , were a heavy inspiration mangas for were Japanese anime a heavy inspiration for mangas began in Japan Animation in is for the earliest Japanese animation "Katsudō Shashin A claim , is of which the oldest surviving the oldest surviving of is which Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana of is which Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana " By was , the mid-1930s animation was , the mid-1930s animation well suffered foreign producers competition from It In dissolved , 1940 the government 1940 , dissolved several artists' organizations the government , dissolved several artists' organizations the government to dissolved several artists' organizations the government to form , came of his limited animation practices many came of his limited animation practices many to on was ; television the first anime television series television ; was "Instant History the first anime television series ; was "Instant History the first anime television series " was "Instant History the first anime television series " ( was Astro Boy " An early and influential success " saw the popularity growth in The 1970s directed began Hideaki Anno , by began Hideaki Anno , another era by in include ; Western countries major international successes include ; Western countries major international successes " ; include Sailor Moon " major international successes

include Sailor Moon " major international successes " directed won Hayao Miyazaki , by won Hayao Miyazaki , the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature by became later the highest-grossing anime film It , differs other forms greatly from Anime Visually , exhibit a wide variety anime works , exhibit a wide variety anime works of exhibit art styles a wide variety of anime works follows a typical animation production process Modern anime , involving used have increasingly computer animation animators grew popularity in Cel animation until grew in popularity until it integrated were the animation process into Computers produced , the digital era was anime produced was traditional animation methods with anime were many limited animation techniques pioneers of Japanese animation studios on emphasizes , the movement anime the movement , emphasizes the art quality anime , emphasizes the art quality anime and emphasizes the art quality anime and let emphasizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques place emphasis Anime scenes on achieving shot as if camera by tend of human anime characters The body proportions to considered of the head is The height of considered is the head by the head is considered the artist by is considered the artist by as considered the base unit the artist as by to are ; the head many super deformed characters are ; the head many super deformed characters two to four is anime and manga history a central figure in Tezuka not all anime have large eyes characters is in anime Hair often traces hairstyle color Poitras to cover draw often a common canon from Anime and manga artists develop , example may a male character , develop may a nosebleed a male character develop may a nosebleed a male character when employed of visual symbols are A variety are often classified target demographic by often classified target demographic by , classified target demographic by , including feature may a slower pace Adult anime or considered of such elements is the inclusion explore homosexual romances Some genres , such differs other types from Anime's genre classification of compared the labeling "Gundam Gilles Poitras 0080 "

is a major anime genre Science fiction and includes is of science fiction mecha A major subgenre is mecha , with the "Gundam" metaseries folklore ; include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples ; include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples " include the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples " , Genre is in anime crossing is in anime crossing also made were theatrical viewing for Early anime works In aired , 1958 Nippon Television aired , 1958 Nippon Television " , aired Mogura no Abanchūru " Nippon Television aired Mogura no Abanchūru " Nippon Television " was the 1960s not until It called to video format are direct popularized of anime releases were The home distribution VHS formats were transcended the DVD format by were transcended by the DVD format which transcended by the DVD format which offered has also its drawbacks The DVD format in is of many anime television shows serialization A key characteristic is serialization , where a continuous story arc had an episodic format Traditional American television , with had an episodic format , with each episode consists more than 430 production companies of The animation industry with organized of the studios are Many is a labor union also There for cost can between US$100,000 An anime episode and In accounted , 2001 animation accounted , 2001 animation for , accounted 7% for animation accounted 7% for animation of bought , Nikkei Asian Review have Japanese television stations bought have worth over Japanese television stations been has a rise There in is of anime This type less was the highest-grossing anime film also It worldwide since became , at least the 1960s the practice became , at least the 1960s the practice well In began , the early 1990s several companies began , the early 1990s several companies to are dollars expensive, often hundreds of thousands of Licenses was for the United States The anime market worth began the United States airing in Dubbed animation In resulted , 2005 this resulted , 2005 this in , resulted five in this resulted five in this of occur of cultural references may some editing

distributed on bootlegged cassettes VHS on bootlegged cassettes VHS in bootlegged the 1980s cassettes in VHS for tend , copyright and piracy issues fansubbers tend , copyright and piracy issues fansubbers to , tend of the Japanese animation industry the laid back regulations tend of the Japanese animation industry the laid back regulations to reported overseas anime exports sales of JETRO valued the United States the anime market in JETRO projected 2005 in JETRO that projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market The anime industry has several annual awards that honor has several annual awards the year's best works honor that include in Japan the Ōfuji Noburō Award Major annual awards In compete , the United States anime films compete , the United States anime films in , compete the Crunchyroll Anime Awards in anime films were the American Anime Awards also There , were also the American Anime Awards , which accused recent years has been the anime industry has been accused both Japanese and foreign media by been accused both Japanese and foreign media by for accused both Japanese and foreign media by for underpaying Early American adaptions in made the 1960s Japan in made the 1960s Japan expand made the 1960s Japan expand into made the continental European market expand into Japan In imported , fact Italy fact , imported the most anime Italy , imported the most anime Italy outside imported the most anime Italy outside of saw Japanese anime series the introduction of The beginning of 1980 gained , the 1990s slowly Japanese animation , gained slowly popularity Japanese animation gained slowly popularity Japanese animation in By was , 1997 Japanese anime 1997 , was the fastest-growing genre Japanese anime , was the fastest-growing genre Japanese anime in was the American video industry the fastest-growing genre in Japanese anime provided of the Internet later The growth on , played a major role online piracy , played a major role online piracy in played this a major role in online piracy is the case especially This with plays a role Anime in driving gave rise Anime clubs to anime

realize that violence involving themes been has the subject inevitably its styling considered have been anime only Japanese works considered anime , but some works cite of these works anime Some creators produced Texas-based company Rooster Teeth , is by I think a narrow way 's that think a narrow way 's that of is an art form Anime , and commented " the first time is This works definitely usually the other way It entertainment , is a strategy media mix , is a strategy media mix to is a strategy media mix to disperse is a transmedia franchise the Japanese term for It gained of anime media franchises have A number made the capital the city The Ottomans first is of Ankara a rocky hill The historical center The hill remains crowned the ruins by remains crowned the ruins by of crowned Ankara Castle the ruins of by established , 23 April 1920 was the Grand National Assembly of Turkey established was Ankara in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey established in Ankara , which became the establishment the new Turkish capital upon Ankara is a prominent employer The government , but is a prominent employer , but Ankara gave the Angora wool its name to The city The orthography of the name Ankara has known , the medieval period was the city Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed grew size significantly in The city was succeeded first Lydian by succeeded first Lydian by and lasted the Persians' defeat until Persian sovereignty at came Gordion from Alexander to took the Greeks of Pontos place under Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who occupied , was central Anatolia by , was occupied a Celtic group by was occupied a Celtic group by , occupied a Celtic group by , the Galatians were Pessinus Other centers , today's Ballıhisar In raised , 25 BC Emperor Augustus 25 BC , raised it Emperor Augustus , raised it Emperor Augustus to raised the status it to Emperor Augustus is the "Monumentum Ancyranum famous for Ankara

furnish of Ancyra still The ruins lived Ancyra in An estimated 200,000 people in ran the center through The small Ankara River of To extended , the west the Roman city extended , the west the Roman city until , extended the area until the Roman city extended the area until the Roman city of rested the fact on Ancyra's importance that rested on the fact that it passed running east The great imperial road through passed through Ankara and a succession were the only ones not They to invaded , the second half of the 3rd century was Ancyra invaded was rapid succession in Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by invaded in rapid succession the Goths by reincorporated was the Roman Empire into The town In was , its heyday Roman Ankara its heyday , was a large market and trading center Roman Ankara , was a large market and trading center Roman Ankara but Roman Ankara was a large market and trading center but it was a large market and trading center but it also in entered ( winter 363/364 he winter 363/364 ( entered his consulship he ( entered his consulship he while entered his consulship he while in in remained , 396/99 Ancyra 396/99 , remained the civil capital Ancyra , remained the civil capital Ancyra of remained Galatia I the civil capital of Ancyra In attacked , 479 the rebel Marcian 479 , attacked the city the rebel Marcian , attacked the city the rebel Marcian , attacked the city the rebel Marcian , without captured , 622 was it it was captured the Sassanid Persians by was captured the Sassanid Persians by during captured the Byzantine the Sassanid Persians during by captured , 654 was the city captured was the first time for the city established , about the same time were the themes established were Anatolia in the themes attacked was success without Ancyra strengthened its fortifications , a fact which razed , its inhabitants was Ancara razed was the ground to Ancara menaced , 872 was the city included Proklos and Hilarios who

, marked of Diocletian the reign marked of Diocletian the culmination the reign In was , 303 Ancyra 303 , was one Ancyra , was one Ancyra of was the towns one of Ancyra In was , Ancyra their first target Ancyra , was the 38-year-old Bishop their first target , was the 38-year-old Bishop their first target of was the town the 38-year-old Bishop of their first target Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement marks the site where Clement was of constitute ; the early church its 25 disciplinary canons the early church ; constitute one its 25 disciplinary canons ; constitute one its 25 disciplinary canons of constitute the most important documents one of its 25 disciplinary canons turned quickly a Christian city into Ancyra gave or senate way The town council In passed , 362–363 Emperor Julian passed , 362–363 Emperor Julian through , passed Ancyra through Emperor Julian passed Ancyra through Emperor Julian on In became , the late 4th century Ancyra the late 4th century , became something Ancyra , became something Ancyra of became an imperial holiday resort something of Ancyra retire in the 4th and 5th centuries would emperors continued a residential see to be The Metropolis of Ancyra put the residential eparchy an end to The earlier Armenian genocide in overran , 1071 the Seljuk Turks 1071 , overran much the Seljuk Turks , overran much the Seljuk Turks of overran Anatolia much of the Seljuk Turks reached , 1073 had the Turkish settlers , reached had the vicinity the Turkish settlers reached had the vicinity the Turkish settlers of been had Danishmend control under the city captured the city The Crusaders , and , became of Anatolia most became of Anatolia part most maintained the town a factory in The Levant Company estimated , the 19th century was its population of occupied was Anatolia by Anatolia was occupied the Allies by was occupied the Allies by , occupied by the Allies , who ) , replaced the Ottoman Empire the Turkish nationalists , replaced the Ottoman Empire the Turkish nationalists with

replaced the Republic of Turkey the Ottoman Empire with the Turkish nationalists of divided , the newly founded Republic of Turkey new development the newly founded Republic of Turkey , divided the city new development , divided the city new development into divided an old section the city into new development experienced has a phenomenal growth Ankara since has experienced a phenomenal growth since it experienced a phenomenal growth since it was there , had about 35,000 residents Ankara By 1927 were 44,553 residents there 1927 were 44,553 residents there and were 44,553 residents there and by known , 1930 became it exported has mohair The city ( exported , the 19th century also the city , exported also substantial amounts the city exported also substantial amounts the city of is the primary locations one of The Central Anatolia Region is of Ankara its indigenous type Another renowned natural product is the state-owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies the center of Ankara is in Ankara one The IDEF have of the global automotive companies also A number in provided is Ankara by Ankara is provided the state institutions by is provided the state institutions by ; provided the state institutions by ; such flows the city center through The Çubuk Brook of has a cold semi-arid climate Ankara ( Köppen climate classification Under has , the Trewartha climate classification Ankara the Trewartha climate classification , has a temperate continental climate Ankara , has a temperate continental climate Ankara ( has a temperate continental climate Ankara ( " inland location , has cold and snowy winters Ankara , has cold and snowy winters Ankara , has cold and snowy winters Ankara , and occurs the spring and autumn mostly during Rainfall had 75,000 a population of Ankara designated , 1923 was it designated was a planned city as it , grew a planned and orderly pace in the city grew onward , the 1950s the city built called gecekondu were many illegal houses replaced have been these gecekondus by have been replaced huge public housing projects by been replaced huge public housing projects by in

replaced the form huge public housing projects in by has of Ankara a higher education level The population Ankara has a higher education level than the country has a higher education level than the country average to creates , 2008 data 15-years-higher literacy rate 2008 data , creates 88% 15-years-higher literacy rate , creates 88% 15-years-higher literacy rate of creates the total provincial population 88% of 15-years-higher literacy rate was Turkey 83% for This ratio Ankara is served a suburban rail by is served a suburban rail by named served Ankaray a suburban rail named by is Turkey a major rail hub in The Ankara Central Station operates Ankara passenger train service from The Turkish State Railways runs also the stations between Commuter rail On began , 13 March 2009 the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service 13 March 2009 , began operation the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service , began operation the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service between began Ankara operation between the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service started , 23 August 2011 commercially another YHT high-speed line , started commercially its service another YHT high-speed line started commercially its service another YHT high-speed line between ride of public transit passengers , 17% is sixteen minutes , while 28% is a triple battleground politically Ankara between divided of Ankara is The province and lies in Ankara almost only political stronghold lies in Ankara almost only political stronghold within is elsewhere throughout Ankara political support allowed , has an extent the CHP allowed overall second place to take the CHP Overall , enjoys the most support the AKP , enjoys the most support the AKP throughout enjoys the city the most support throughout the AKP tend of Ankara thus The electorate , were against the AKP government the 2013–14 protests were against the AKP government the 2013–14 protests particularly suffered a series from The city of was Ankara the Metropolitan Mayor of Melih Gökçek re , the 1994 local elections was he In stood , the 2014 local elections Gökçek

stood , the 2014 local elections Gökçek for , stood a fifth term for Gökçek declared , a heavily controversial election was Gökçek , declared was the winner Gökçek Gökçek was declared the winner by was declared the winner by just 1% declared the winner by just 1% ahead rejecting declared , his appeals Yavaş his appeals , declared his intention Yavaş , declared his intention Yavaş to declared his intention Yavaş to take for believe , a fifth term most election observers believe , a fifth term most election observers that believe that the winner was Yavaş citadel were laid the Galatians by were laid the Galatians by on laid a prominent lava outcrop the Galatians on by are recreational areas also There to formed then the capital Ancyra of located is the Ulus quarter in It have of Ankara all the typical features The Roman Baths built were the reign during The baths was found in 1995 by found in 1995 Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu by is the city the largest mosque in Kocatepe Mosque constructed , the Kocatepe quarter was it located is the Presidency near Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque in is , the Turkish neoclassical style it the Turkish neoclassical style , is one it , is one it of is the largest new mosques one of it accommodate can 6 thousand people It during is Ankara the largest Ottoman mosque in It was subsequently restored architect by subsequently restored Mimar Sinan architect by restored Mimar Sinan architect by in built was honor in The mosque founded was the Ulus quarter in It is Ankara the oldest mosque in The Alâeddin Mosque ) was crafted Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel by was crafted Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel by in crafted 1925 Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in by at symbolizes , Sıhhiye Square this impressive monument Sıhhiye Square , symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc this impressive monument , symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc this impressive monument ( this impressive monument symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc ( which symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc ( which was is Ankara a historical Inn in Suluhan

called is also the "Hasanpaşa Han It is Ulus Square about southeast of It are 102 rooms There ( now shops is industrial technology a museum of Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum include the 1850s industrial/technological artifacts from The exhibits like to Ankara usually Foreign visitors is of the Armada Shopping Mall an anchor The symbol is an anchor , and there is the newly expanded "ANKAmall also There " is largest the This mall throughout In were , 2014 a few more shopping malls were , 2014 a few more shopping malls open were Ankara open in a few more shopping malls located is an imposing hill on Anıtkabir located on an imposing hill , which in is , 1953 it 1953 , is an impressive fusion it , is an impressive fusion it of is ancient and modern architectural styles an impressive fusion of it houses Atatürk a wax statue of An adjacent museum is folkloric items a fine collection of There is Ankara the modern-arts museum of Cer Modern situated is the renovated building in It incorporates Turkey the largest exhibition hall in The museum was the first Parliament building originally It ( opened the public to The museum in is various missiles home to It were 1972 the Turkish Cup winners in They were 1987 the Turkish Cup winners in They reconstituted was 2014 in The club play currently the TFF First League in Ankaraspor has minor teams a large number of Ankara are many popular spots There for skateboarding are many popular spots for skateboarding which has many parks Ankara and open spaces most are of these parks important are of these parks important : " ) is an expansive recreational farming area which ) is an expansive recreational farming area which houses is an expansive recreational farming area a zoo houses which is a pleasant place It to spend is an exact replica also There of is a world-famous domestic cat home to Ankara have mostly a white, silky, medium to long length coat They , seems a connection to be There for are , their shimmery white coat there

their shimmery white coat , are more than twenty varieties there , are more than twenty varieties there including are black, blue and reddish fur more than twenty varieties including there brought were Europe to The first Angora goats were brought to Europe by brought to Europe Charles V by produces hair between of A single goat have high nutritional requirements Angoras due to bred , time were Angora goats bred were their white coat for Angora goats set , 1998 was the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association is ( ) a variety The Angora rabbit is the oldest types one of The Angora were French royalty popular pets with The rabbits appeared first the United States in They have a humorous appearance They , as have a humorous appearance , as they is called "wool block " A condition or ) is a Semitic language that ) is a Semitic language that first is a Semitic language that first emerged is the lingua franca now It of named is the Arabs after It named after the Arabs , a term assigns 32 varieties language codes to The ISO During was , the early Middle Ages Arabic the early Middle Ages , was a major vehicle Arabic , was a major vehicle Arabic of was culture a major vehicle of Arabic borrowed have also many words many European languages is a Semitic language The Maltese language developed from influenced has many other languages Arabic around are of the most influenced languages Some Persian is 1.9 billion Muslims the liturgical language of Arabic ranked , 2011 " "Bloomberg Businessweek , ranked " Arabic "Bloomberg Businessweek ranked " the fourth most useful language Arabic "Bloomberg Businessweek is languages related to It boasted Semitic languages a wide variety of Arabia believed that the Modern South Arabian languages of the ancestors thought of Old Arabic was the earliest attestation named the towns its variant dialects after Scholars based for a single ANA language or language family were most arguments argued that an archaism is the h- This is followed the Namara inscription by is followed the Namara inscription by ,

followed the Namara inscription by , an epitaph are an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script inscriptions in There , emerged of Arabic a transdialectal and transcommunal variety emerged of Arabic a transdialectal and transcommunal variety in Arabic emerged in the Hejaz which emerged in the Hejaz which continued termed have been Middle Arabic both its classicizing and "lay" iterations reached of Arabic completion The standardization spread the spread with Arabic of Following gained , the early Muslim conquests Arabic the early Muslim conquests , gained vocabulary Arabic , gained vocabulary Arabic from gained Middle Persian vocabulary from Arabic become of Classical Arabic had knowledge proposes that at least two considerably distinct types were there emerged a new contact situation from The modern dialects produced of contain , a single or multiple koines the dialects a single or multiple koines , contain several sedimentary layers the dialects , contain several sedimentary layers the dialects of contain borrowed and areal features several sedimentary layers of the dialects , arose pidginized Arabic from colloquial Arabic dialects arose pidginized Arabic from colloquial Arabic dialects formed was " a cultural and especially literary renaissance The "Nahda of According to James L. Gelvin , "Nahda" writers added of Arabization standardization was a bureau is the language Classical Arabic found in , discarded has some grammatical constructions it discarded has some grammatical constructions it and used of the new vocabulary is Much used to denote concepts that removed , Classical Arabic is Modern Standard Arabic removed is a millennium over Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic are described some scholars by are described some scholars by as described some scholars by as not , been have studies there been have studies there reporting is the variety MSA used in uses much Classical vocabulary MSA ( e.g. borrowed , addition has MSA is direct borrowings to avoid the current preference " refers the many national or regional varieties to Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute differ ; many regional variants usually geographically distant varieties

; differ usually enough geographically distant varieties differ usually enough geographically distant varieties to official language status is Maltese , which is Maltese , which is descended is Classical Arabic from It during were , Muhammad's lifetime there Muhammad's lifetime , were dialects there , were dialects there of were spoken Arabic dialects of there spoke the dialect in Muhammad of considered of the eastern Arabian peninsula were the dialects It is this phonology that underlies is this phonology the modern pronunciation underlies that " is " the process Tawleed is " the process Tawleed of lexicographically , means the one whose sound , means the one whose sound is means the one whose sound is heard considered to constitute separate languages which engage of different dialects When educated Arabs in charged , in the same way it for understand , example Levantine and Gulf speakers understand , example Levantine and Gulf speakers each , understand other each Levantine and Gulf speakers understand other each Levantine and Gulf speakers much said that Arabic of the various spoken varieties is a number an apt comparison in This been of Arabic has The influence is an important source also Arabic of In has , addition English addition , has many Arabic loanwords English , has many Arabic loanwords English , has many Arabic loanwords English , some include of such words admiral Examples borrowed religious terminology range from Terms are Arabic direct borrowings from Most Islamic religious terms borrowed in Hausa were Older Arabic loanwords made also their way Arabic words into were coined from Arabic roots by coined from Arabic roots non-native Arabic speakers by been have many instances There of was of this movement Louis Massignon The major head failed at Romanization Massignon's attempt as at failed Romanization as the Academy failed Romanization as the Academy and looking , Egypt were Egyptians looking were a way for Egyptians was the idea also There of , agreed the idea with Salama Musa agreed the idea with Salama Musa of agreed , Musa with two Egyptian intellectuals was the Writing and Grammar Committee the chairman for He

failed as a strong cultural tie felt the Egyptian people introduced writing a new way of The Quran inspired poetry musicality in The Quran of create , words how certain sounds words , create harmony how certain sounds , create harmony how certain sounds , create harmony how certain sounds , and create harmony , and the agreement The repetition in introduced the Quran the true power in introduced the Quran the true power and introduced the Quran the true power and impact repetition made and phrases certain words them made firm appear more them uses blindness constant metaphors of The Quran however was of extended metaphors the strength inspired in the Quran many poets The explicit imagery The poet wrote a book ibn al-Mu'tazz regarding wrote the figures a book regarding ibn al-Mu'tazz uses order figurative devices in The Quran transition can other segments into segments only is in their structure constant is in their structure constant that is their structure that the longest introduces the idea to poetry The Quran written is a language in The Quran is written in a language that written in a language that is inspired of the writing later poets The simplicity explains how a required element is culture seen , were the main source Hadith , were the main source Hadith of were chronological order the main source of Hadith became of memorizing the verses the tradition believed that the Quran of the greater the amount believe such as Al-Baqillani some writers as believe Al-Baqillani that poetry believe Al-Baqillani that poetry and is ) ; news it is the language also mainly it most often accompanied the original text by present languages a monogenesis of Some Muslims " is " a collective term Colloquial Arabic is " a collective term Colloquial Arabic for is the varieties between The main dialectal division within led has researchers This to are varying degrees present to These features Within is , the non-peninsula varieties the largest difference is , the non-peninsula varieties the largest difference between , is the non-Egyptian North African dialects between the largest difference

is the non-Egyptian North African dialects between the largest difference ( , is for most dialects a much more significant factor is for most dialects a much more significant factor , ignored , a broad IPA transcription were so minor differences ignored were easier comparison for so minor differences changed have their sound Various other consonants too become , most modern dialects has it , become has an emphatic stop it become has an emphatic stop it with is not the sound system of thoroughly recorded and different reconstructions was as recorded a poetic koine The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic koine that recorded was a poetic koine that reflected was a poetic koine a consciously archaizing dialect reflected that is ) Classical Arabic that it is that certain features contains it became the Classical language as in final in varies , Quran its pronunciation varies , Quran its pronunciation somewhat varies country somewhat from its pronunciation learned of Arabic are The "colloquial" spoken dialects of is , the language it is , the language it technically is the native language technically not it tend ) , people speakers In is , fact there fact , is a continuous range there , is a continuous range there of is a continuous range there of " ) depends the social class and education level on used depends the social class and education level on used of vary will a single encounter within it is varies , a unitary language its pronunciation varies , a unitary language its pronunciation somewhat varies country somewhat from its pronunciation is descriptions important in It are same not the they has derives from Classical Arabic that is of different pronunciations influence Another reason , spread the entire word throughout the "emphatic" allophones spread the entire word throughout the "emphatic" allophones , has six pure vowels Modern Standard Arabic ( while has six pure vowels ( while most modern dialects differs of the vowels The pronunciation from Nonetheless , are some common trends there is , only three short vowel phonemes has Arabic " vary in ways that

vary in ways that reflect , are triggering "emphatic" allophones the consonants are triggering "emphatic" allophones the pharyngealized consonants the consonants , trigger also emphatic allophones the fricatives trigger also emphatic allophones the fricatives ; have each vowel multiple emphatic allophones of Many dialects , tends in the diphthong the vowel tends in the diphthong the vowel to The phoneme is represented the Arabic letter by is represented the Arabic letter by ' represented the Arabic letter by ' ( be , some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects may it , be may either it be may either it or termed actually their language The medieval Arabs ' described is "Retracted Tongue Root as This simultaneous articulation described as "Retracted Tongue Root " by held , actual pronunciation are doubled consonants has syllables two kinds of Arabic occur in Classical Arabic Superheavy syllables in ) ' wrote it they ' wrote it they ' wrote it they ' = carry a heavy syllable may not dialect affects also the way This that also affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic is above , have a process many spoken dialects , have a process many spoken dialects of have a process many spoken dialects of " in spreads , many Levantine dialects it spreads , many Levantine dialects it indefinitely occurred of short vowel change have Many sporadic examples monophthongized have original Most spoken dialects to be , most dialects may there , be may more or fewer phonemes there be may more or fewer phonemes there than tends of the emphatic consonants Pharyngealization to triggers , addition automatically the "emphatic" allophone , triggers automatically pharyngealization the "emphatic" allophone triggers automatically pharyngealization the "emphatic" allophone of difficult , a result may it in has , other Semitic languages Arabic other Semitic languages , has a complex and unusual morphology Arabic , has a complex and unusual morphology Arabic ( has a complex and unusual morphology Arabic ( i.e. method has consists : a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology A root consists : a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology A root of

: consists a set of A root consists a set of A root of have in Literary Arabic three grammatical cases Nouns often marked /-at/ ـَة by marked /-at/ ـَة by , include all proper nouns Definite nouns , all nouns marked in Literary Arabic are Adjectives marked in Literary Arabic are Pronouns are two varieties There , independent pronouns attached are the end to Enclitic pronouns has a different enclitic form The first-person singular pronoun used for marked in a verb-initial sentence is a verb marked in Literary Arabic are Verbs The shows a paradigm following of shows a regular Arabic verb a paradigm of following occur , verbs can a given root occur can many different derived verb in a given root are referred to Western scholars by referred to Western scholars by as stems encode grammatical functions These such as represent sharing the same root consonants separate verbs Stems is the process similar to This lost have the case distinctions The spoken dialects and lost have the mood distinctions They other derives the Aramaic from The Arabic alphabet through held ; a major art form are calligraphers held are great esteem in calligraphers used , the Latin script is Arabic script are different standards a number of There are various conflicting motivations There involved , are various conflicting motivations involved , which are transliteration interested in Some used , example is the same letter intended to help readers who tend diacritics to avoid These less "scientific" systems become , the 1990s have Western-invented text communication technologies had of these technologies originally Most is this type no universal name for There exist of transliteration Other systems , placed , Arabic is the lowest-valued position placed is the right on the lowest-valued position is of the Arabic Language the name Academy most are Damascus in active are Damascus in active and review language development They , monitor have around the world classes Universities around the world have classes that the world have classes that teach have classes Arabic teach that are the Arab world many Arabic language schools in There

taken in the Arab world have the educated upper classes wrote 2011 in Yasir Suleiman that 29 April 1980 ) was an English filmmaker who ) was an English filmmaker who was was an English filmmaker one was who spanning directed , six decades he six decades , directed over 50 feature films he , directed over 50 feature films he , he directed over 50 feature films , many directed over 50 feature films , many of became " , Suspense he trained initially a technical clerk as Hitchcock was the British-German silent film His directorial debut "The Pleasure Garden " By had , 1939 he 1939 , had international recognition he , had international recognition he and had international recognition he and producer David O. Selznick followed of successful films A string , " won " the Academy Award for Best Picture Rebecca won " the Academy Award for Best Picture Rebecca , won the Academy Award for Best Picture , with Hitchcock includes camera movement the use of The "Hitchcockian" style wrote that a Hitchcock film of the meaning is an organism A Hitchcock film , with is an organism , with the whole made some multiple films with Hitchcock starring displaced , Stewart Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane displaced , Stewart Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane " born was 13 August 1899 on Hitchcock was a large extended family There , including Every summer , rented a seaside house his uncle , rented for a seaside house his uncle rented the family a seaside house for his uncle as called — a well-behaved boy his father a well-behaved boy — called him his father — called his "little lamb him his father called his "little lamb him his father without ; looked the note at the policeman looked the note at the policeman and lived former above the they attended the Howrah House Convent in Poplar his first school , Hitchcock to stayed , biographer Patrick McGilligan he stayed , biographer Patrick McGilligan he at , stayed Howrah House at he stayed Howrah House at he for attended also a convent school He ,

used the boys a hard rubber cane on The priests told Peter Bogdanovich He : " told Peter Bogdanovich : " The Jesuits was geography His favourite subject , and was geography , and he had also a particular interest He in include of his films rail or tram scenes An overwhelming majority shows the scene the number of A clapperboard Hitchcock told his parents that he told his parents that he wanted in told , 1962 he 1962 , told François Truffaut he , told François Truffaut he that he told François Truffaut that he told François Truffaut that he had then — took a job Hitchcock — took a job Hitchcock , took a job Hitchcock , for continued night classes He , this joined the Royal Engineers a cadet regiment of He After took , the war Hitchcock the war , took an interest Hitchcock , took an interest Hitchcock in took creative writing an interest in Hitchcock In became , June 1919 he June 1919 , became a founding editor he , became a founding editor he and became a founding editor he and business manager promoted 's him Henley to examine told ; the proofs he the proofs ; told Truffaut he ; told Truffaut he that he told Truffaut that this told Truffaut that this was read 's , Henley he , read a trade paper in he read a trade paper in he that read in a trade paper that Famous Players-Lasky produced , so Marie Corelli he , so produced some drawings he so produced some drawings he for produced the title cards some drawings for he wrote that the staff of most wrote " February 1922 in The Times lost — financial problems are the few finished scenes hired , 1922 was Hitchcock hired was an assistant director as Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by hired as an assistant director a new firm run by worked Woman to Woman on " Hitchcock worked also an assistant as He In asked , the summer of 1925 Balcon the summer of 1925 , asked Hitchcock Balcon

, asked Hitchcock Balcon to asked Hitchcock Balcon to direct liked called ; Hitchcock's work a "Daily Express" headline Hitchcock's work ; called him a "Daily Express" headline ; called the "Young man him a "Daily Express" headline called the "Young man him a "Daily Express" headline with on meant ; her period budget overruns meant ; her period budget overruns that In observed , Germany Hitchcock Germany , observed the nuances Hitchcock , observed the nuances Hitchcock of observed German cinema the nuances of Hitchcock , visit would Berlin's art galleries he visit would Berlin's art galleries he , asked him Balcon to direct to assisted , his name Elliot Stannard his name , assisted him Elliot Stannard , assisted him Elliot Stannard with assisted the writing him with Elliot Stannard to was , England Hitchcock England , was one Hitchcock , was one Hitchcock of was the early members one of Hitchcock Through became , the Society he became , the Society he fascinated became the work fascinated by he came his first thriller with Hitchcock's luck , suspects that the killer is her lodger from had , an upper floor Hitchcock had , Hitchcock an upper floor a glass floor told Truffaut Hitchcock : " told Truffaut : " You ( had the same problem He years had the same problem He years later " was " a commercial and critical success The Lodger was " a commercial and critical success The Lodger in Hitchcock told Truffaut that the film told Truffaut that the film was On married , 2 December 1926 Hitchcock 2 December 1926 , married the English screenwriter Alma Reville Hitchcock , married the English screenwriter Alma Reville Hitchcock at married the Brompton Oratory the English screenwriter Alma Reville at Hitchcock pregnant , purchased "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks , purchased "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks " purchased "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks " , had : " 1982 The Hitchcock touch : " had four hands The Hitchcock touch " had four hands The Hitchcock touch , had four hands The Hitchcock touch , and had four hands , and two

in said , 1979 he said , 1979 he that is , the a scriptwriter third , the is the mother third the is the mother third of is my daughter the mother of third And are Alma Reville their names . began his tenth film work on Hitchcock followed " ; the first British "talkie this " ; followed the rapid development this ; followed the rapid development this of followed sound films the rapid development of this " began " the Hitchcock tradition Blackmail began " the Hitchcock tradition Blackmail of features also one It of explained how early sound recording used he During directed , this period Hitchcock this period , directed segments Hitchcock , directed segments Hitchcock for directed a BIP revue segments for Hitchcock In signed , 1933 Hitchcock 1933 , signed a multi-film contract Hitchcock , signed a multi-film contract Hitchcock with signed Gaumont-British a multi-film contract with Hitchcock was one This film of the released 1936 two spy thrillers in Hitchcock became , this time also Hitchcock ranged simple from These jokes and For hosted , instance he instance , hosted a dinner party he , hosted a dinner party he where he hosted a dinner party where he hosted a dinner party where he dyed The film saw the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award receive Hitchcock saw the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award receive Hitchcock for wrote of the "New York Times " Benjamin Crisler By was 1938 Hitchcock aware was 1938 Hitchcock aware that received had numerous offers He from However , offered him producer David O. Selznick , offered a concrete proposal him producer David O. Selznick offered a concrete proposal him producer David O. Selznick to featured ; a celebrity was he featured was magazines in he In met , Hollywood Hitchcock Hollywood , met Selznick Hitchcock , met Selznick Hitchcock for met the first time Selznick for Hitchcock signed a seven-year contract Hitchcock to Selznick lived a spacious flat in The Hitchcocks on discovered fine food his taste for Hitchcock was Hollywood's filmmaking culture impressed with He

each were , other their working arrangements were , other their working arrangements sometimes suffered constant financial problems from Selznick , , lent generously Hitchcock Selznick lent generously to Hitchcock Selznick always have projects for Hitchcock have projects for Hitchcock to In said , a later interview Hitchcock said , a later interview Hitchcock : of said — control he said — he control I he said the 'only director was I said the 'only director was I ' set was England in his first American film insisted a faithful adaptation on Selznick of Joan Fontaine , concerns an unnamed naïve young woman who , concerns an unnamed naïve young woman who marries concerns an unnamed naïve young woman a widowed aristocrat marries who lives his large English country house in She , given ; the 13th Academy Awards was the statuette was the thriller "Foreign Correspondent Hitchcock's second American film " ( nominated was Best Picture for It at resulted ; war his concern resulted ; war his concern in ; resulted a film in his concern his concern resulted in a film that resulted in a film that overtly inspired , 1939 was it it was inspired the rapidly changing events by was inspired the rapidly changing events by in inspired Europe the rapidly changing events in by In September 1940 bought the Cornwall Ranch the Hitchcocks September 1940 bought the Cornwall Ranch the Hitchcocks near bought Scotts Valley the Cornwall Ranch near the Hitchcocks was Bel Air an English-style home in Their primary residence in used ; England Hitchcock England ; used the north coast Hitchcock ; used the north coast Hitchcock of used Santa Cruz the north coast of Hitchcock is first the The film of plays Johnnie Aysgarth Grant , an English conman plays Johnnie Aysgarth , an English conman whose actions to ensures ; his wife the light ensures ; his wife the light that is a killer actually Grant's character , settled therefore an ambiguous finale for Hitchcock Hitchcock was forced Universal by was forced Universal by to forced Universal by to use depicts a suspected saboteur a confrontation between The story

took New York City a three-day tour of Hitchcock ; died 26 September 1942 on she died 26 September 1942 on she at died , 4 January 1943 William his brother died William an overdose of his brother was in 1943 His New Year's resolution to was released , which Hitchcock released , which Hitchcock had suspects , the film ) Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright , suspects ) her beloved uncle Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright suspects ) her beloved uncle Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright Charlie Oakley before been had a roast chicken his weight loss been had a roast chicken his weight loss , returned the UK to Hitchcock for In served , June and July 1945 Hitchcock served , June and July 1945 Hitchcock as , served "treatment advisor as Hitchcock served "treatment advisor as Hitchcock " assembled was London in The film transferred was 1952 in it worked David Selznick for Hitchcock again envisioned ; edited it Selznick ; edited it Selznick to edited it Selznick to make edited it to make it plays Dr. Anthony Edwardes amnesiac Gregory Peck under - achieved view were shots achieved shots were view by were achieved a large wooden hand building by achieved a large wooden hand building by ( impact , was hand-coloured red the climactic gunshot , was hand-coloured red the climactic gunshot on was some copies hand-coloured red on the climactic gunshot Hitchcock told François Truffaut that Selznick told François Truffaut that Selznick sold consulted and Hecht Robert Millikan Hitchcock formed an independent production company Hitchcock , Transatlantic Pictures made Transatlantic two films with He , experimented marshalling suspense with Hitchcock experimented marshalling suspense with Hitchcock in appears a very limited number as The film of hidden between reels were Some transitions used those points Hitchcock to hide features the leading role James Stewart in The film It was inspired the Leopold and Loeb case by was inspired the Leopold and Loeb case by of inspired the 1920s the Leopold and Loeb case of by used again Technicolor He in became the last two films inactive after Transatlantic Pictures

filmed "Stage Fright Hitchcock " ( paired Warner Bros.' most popular stars one of He combined his preceding films many elements from Hitchcock approached Dashiell Hammett He to write to suggests ; murder he suggests ; murder he that was the innocent victim as Farley Granger's role of " was followed three colour films by was followed three colour films by starring followed Grace Kelly three colour films starring by " , plays the villain Ray Milland , Ray Milland plays the villain who Ray Milland plays the villain who tries plays the villain who tries to manipulates , so self-defence Milland , so manipulates the evidence Milland so manipulates the evidence Milland to manipulates the evidence Milland to make manipulates the evidence to make it moved Paramount Pictures to Hitchcock and is Jeff a photographer called Stewart's character of begins , boredom he begins , boredom he observing , begins his neighbours observing he begins his neighbours observing he across depicted are confined or cramped quarters in the principal characters From was , 1955 to 1965 Hitchcock 1955 to 1965 , was the host Hitchcock , was the host Hitchcock of was the television series the host of Hitchcock composed is only nine strokes of it included always some sort His introductions of directed the series 18 episodes of He became The Alfred Hitchcock Hour " It " in included ; his name these included ; his name these " ; included Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology " these included Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology " these " licensed , 1956 also HSD Publications , licensed also the director's name HSD Publications licensed also the director's name HSD Publications to In became , 1955 Hitchcock 1955 , became a United States citizen Hitchcock set is the French Riviera in it Grant plays retired thief John Robie , who plays retired thief John Robie , who becomes A thrill-seeking American heiress played surmises Kelly by played surmises Kelly his true identity by surmises Kelly his true identity by and proved ) and double entendres the good-natured acting ) and proved a commercial success the good-natured acting

and proved a commercial success the good-natured acting . with married ; Kelly she Kelly ; married Prince Rainier she ; married Prince Rainier she of married Monaco Prince Rainier of she remade then his own 1934 film Hitchcock " time , starred James Stewart the film , starred James Stewart the film and starred James Stewart the film and Doris Day They play a couple whose son is play a couple whose son is kidnapped was Hitchcock the only film of This admitted , the summer of 1957 was Hitchcock admitted was hospital to Hitchcock returned , a successful surgery immediately he returned immediately work to he wanted the lead to play Vera Miles told Oriana Fallaci He : " told Oriana Fallaci : " I spent 'd have a heap We hate pregnant women I , because plays " , "Vertigo Stewart " , plays Scottie Stewart , plays Scottie Stewart , plays Scottie Stewart , a former police investigator leads tragedy to Scottie's obsession , " contains " a camera technique Vertigo contains " a camera technique Vertigo developed " contains a camera technique developed by contains a camera technique developed Irmin Roberts by premiered the San Sebastián International Film Festival at The film , ; opined from "Variety" magazine the critic opined from "Variety" magazine the critic that from opined "Variety" magazine that the film opined "Variety" magazine that the film was thought of the "New York Times " Bosley Crowther of thought " the "New York Times it thought " the "New York Times it was was the last collaboration also The picture between , was of 1958 the rest was of 1958 a difficult year the rest in kept , hospital Hitchcock hospital , kept himself Hitchcock , kept occupied himself Hitchcock kept occupied himself Hitchcock with followed three more successful films up with Hitchcock portrays " , Northwest Cary Grant " , portrays Roger Thornhill Cary Grant , portrays Roger Thornhill Cary Grant , portrays Roger Thornhill Cary Grant , a Madison Avenue advertising executive portrays Roger Thornhill , a Madison Avenue advertising executive who

pursued is the United States across He is pursued across the United States by pursued across the United States enemy agents by learns ; an enemy agent later he at grossed , Radio City Music Hall the film grossed , Radio City Music Hall the film $ , grossed 404,056 $ the film grossed 404,056 $ the film ( produced , Ed Gein was the film produced was a tight budget on the film the innocent lives extinguished became a disturbed murderer by extinguished became a disturbed murderer the hallmarks by became a disturbed murderer the hallmarks by of proved audiences popular with The film swapped subsequently his rights He to , began François Truffaut a 50-hour interview the French director began François Truffaut a 50-hour interview the French director of published ; the images was it published was a book as it used were the basis as The audio tapes Truffaut sought the interview because it sought the interview because it was was his films obvious from It 1964 , recruited Evan Hunter he , recruited Evan Hunter he , recruited Evan Hunter he , author hired Tippi Hedren He to play : " signed her I " signed her I because I signed her because she signed her because she is have do n't them Movies was last the Grace Kelly . in plays ; a bird shop Jessica Tandy a bird shop ; plays his possessive mother Jessica Tandy visits Bodega Bay him in Hedren Suddenly start of birds waves start of birds waves gathering made equipment the film with Hitchcock He said his most technically challenging film was it said his most technically challenging film was it , on said ; set she said ; set she that isolated reportedly her He from placed was a caged room in she placed in a caged room while two men attached of each bird was one leg of attached was each bird by each bird was attached nylon thread by was attached nylon thread by to attached elastic bands nylon thread to by In announced , June 1962 Grace Kelly

announced , June 1962 Grace Kelly that signed had an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract Hedren with is : " Hedren The film suffered furious sexual desire all his life from He applies a job for She at shown is a panic attack having she tracks her Mark down and Hitchcock told cinematographer Robert Burks that the camera told cinematographer Robert Burks that the camera had reduced the last two decades Hitchcock's output during Failing health Biographer Stephen Rebello claimed two films imposed Universal claimed two films imposed Universal on were Cold War-related themes spy thrillers with Both was Herrmann's score unhappy with Hitchcock returned Britain to Hitchcock to After marked , two espionage films the plot two espionage films , marked a return the plot , marked a return the plot to marked the murder-thriller genre a return to the plot allowed " , "Frenzy Hitchcock " , allowed nudity Hitchcock , allowed nudity Hitchcock for allowed the first time nudity for Hitchcock add would subtle hints Hitchcock of relates "Madam" Blanche Tyler the escapades of It ) , is more sinister the novel's tone working , his life was Hitchcock working was the script on Hitchcock appointed , 1962 was Hitchcock , appointed was a Knight Commander Hitchcock appointed was a Knight Commander Hitchcock of so on presented 3 January 1980 the British consul general on 3 January 1980 presented him the British consul general 3 January 1980 presented him the British consul general with presented the papers him with the British consul general was 16 March 1980 on His last public appearance , died kidney failure of He the following month wrote , Hitchcock's biographers that Hitchcock Hitchcock was survived his wife by was survived his wife by and survived his wife by and daughter held was Good Shepherd Catholic Church at His funeral evolved small-scale silent films from Hitchcock's film production career to were between 1925 and 1929 the crime and suspense genres in His silent films in referred ; cinema Hitchcock referred ; cinema Hitchcock to ; referred this emphasis to Hitchcock referred this emphasis to Hitchcock on

In honed , Britain he Britain , honed his craft he , honed his craft he so honed his craft he so that said that the "sensation was his British work Afterward , discovered Soviet cinema he , discovered Soviet cinema he , discovered Soviet cinema he , and " was inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics by was inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics by , inspired both German and Soviet aesthetics by , styles found criticised , some success several British reviewers some success , criticised Hitchcock's films several British reviewers , criticised Hitchcock's films several British reviewers for criticised Hitchcock's films several British reviewers for being have 's , a nightmare it 's , a nightmare it awfully explained " , Northwest Hitchcock " , explained his reasons Hitchcock , explained his reasons Hitchcock for explained his reasons Hitchcock for recreating is photography to get it explored a voyeur audience as His films understood that voyeuristic activities enjoy human beings Of revolved , his fifty-three films eleven revolved , his fifty-three films eleven around , revolved stories around eleven revolved stories around eleven of In is , most cases it most cases , is an ordinary, everyday person it , it is an ordinary, everyday person who it is an ordinary, everyday person who finds is an ordinary, everyday person themselves finds who told Truffaut Hitchcock : " told Truffaut : " That to had , Robin Wood Hitchcock Robin Wood , had mixed feelings Hitchcock , had mixed feelings Hitchcock towards had homosexuality mixed feelings towards Hitchcock During prohibited , the 1950s the Motion Picture Production Code the 1950s , prohibited direct references the Motion Picture Production Code , prohibited direct references the Motion Picture Production Code to prohibited homosexuality direct references to the Motion Picture Production Code has of a Doubt " "Shadow Also , used the "MacGuffin"—the use he , used the "MacGuffin"—the use he of used an object the "MacGuffin"—the use of he appears most briefly in Hitchcock been of women has Hitchcock's portrayal wrote The Guardian" in " Bidisha , is the heterosexual male protagonist of that

, wrote 1996 in Roger Ebert wrote 1996 in Roger Ebert : imprisoned were costumes in They They mesmerised the men , who mesmerised the men , who often put is handcuffs in Madeleine Carroll offers to help a man she play and Eva Marie Saint the blonde heroines Kim Novak steals " , "Psycho Janet Leigh's character , steals 40,000 $ Janet Leigh's character steals 40,000 $ Janet Leigh's character and played is Hedren , by is Hedren , a thief by played , blonde heroines was the mistress the mistress was played brunette Karin Dor by was a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth Barbara Harris as Hitchcock's last blonde heroine feature often characters His films struggling ) is an innocent man ridiculed by is an innocent man ridiculed his mother by brought ) , 1941 Carole Lombard ) , brought three cows Carole Lombard , brought three cows Carole Lombard onto brought the set three cows onto Carole Lombard on stated , 8 June 1972 Dick Cavett stated , 8 June 1972 Dick Cavett as , stated fact as Dick Cavett stated fact as Dick Cavett that stated as fact that Hitchcock told 1967 Bryan Forbes in He given are an idea We and given an idea and then we said that actors regarded Hitchcock For were , Hitchcock the actors Hitchcock , were part the actors , were part the actors of were the film's setting part of the actors told François Truffaut He : " told François Truffaut : " The chief requisite allow the proper emphasis to determine the camera used also this He as has been challenged Bill Krohn by been challenged Bill Krohn by , challenged Bill Krohn by , the American correspondent noted that storyboards of the myth scenes differed were shot that Another example Krohn is the American remake notes Krohn is the American remake notes of is the American remake notes of " sheds also light Krohn's work on is alternative takes to shoot Hitchcock's tendency differed coverage from This in inducted was the Hollywood Walk of Fame into Hitchcock In described , 1978 John Russell Taylor

1978 , described him John Russell Taylor , described him John Russell Taylor as described him John Russell Taylor as " 2007 " ranked him The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll " ranked Britain's greatest director him The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll was narrative for His flair , In ranked , 1992 the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll 1992 , ranked Hitchcock the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll , ranked Hitchcock the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll at ranked No Hitchcock at the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked , 2002 was Hitchcock , ranked was 2nd Hitchcock ranked was 2nd Hitchcock in voted was the "Greatest Director Hitchcock of " ranked " Hitchcock Entertainment Weekly ranked " Hitchcock Entertainment Weekly at ranked was No at Hitchcock won two Golden Globes He , eight Laurel Awards selected , 2012 was Hitchcock Hitchcock was selected artist Sir Peter Blake by was selected artist Sir Peter Blake by , selected artist Sir Peter Blake by , author housed is the Academy Film Archive at The Alfred Hitchcock Collection includes shot , home movies 16mm film shot , home movies 16mm film on , shot the set on 16mm film shot the set on 16mm film of preserved has many The Academy Film Archive of housed are the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library at The Alfred Hitchcock Papers are or water boas a group Anacondas found are tropical South America in They used snakes a catalogue of Ray notes in his Hobson-Jobson Henry Yule that in notes his Hobson-Jobson that the word notes his Hobson-Jobson that the word became described a 'tiger Edwin ' being called also Transeurasian Altaic (; ) rejected , the 1950s have many comparative linguists , rejected have the proposal many comparative linguists rejected have the proposal many comparative linguists , rejected the proposal , after supposed cognates proposed of the theory Opponents that of proposed the theory that the similarities proposed the theory that the similarities are called was sometimes "Micro-Altaic The original proposal sometimes called "Micro-Altaic " by called "Micro-Altaic " retronymy by continue of Altaic Most proponents to been tentatively reconstructed Sergei Starostin by

tentatively reconstructed Sergei Starostin by and reconstructed Sergei Starostin by and others includes about 66 living languages Micro-Altaic , to are in a Turkic language the Orkhon inscriptions The earliest known texts deciphered were 1893 in They were deciphered in 1893 by deciphered in 1893 the Danish linguist by known is Middle Mongol as evidence is first attested an inscription by first attested an inscription by dated attested an inscription by dated to is Yelü Yanning the Memorial for The earliest Para-Mongolic text is the "Kojiki " , which published was 1730 in Tungusic languages was published in 1730 by published in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg by proposed , 1844 Matthias Castrén the Finnish philologist , proposed Matthias Castrén a broader grouping the Finnish philologist proposed Matthias Castrén a broader grouping the Finnish philologist , Matthias Castrén proposed a broader grouping , that proposed a broader grouping , that later referred " the Altai Mountains to The name "Altaic advocated and E.D. Polivanov the inclusion G.J. Ramstedt in rejected , his 1952 book Ramstedt his 1952 book , rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt , rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt but rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt but again In published , 1960 Nicholas Poppe published , Nicholas Poppe 1960 what published effect was in what Poppe considered the relationship of the issue considered the relationship of the issue of " convinced most Altaicists that Japanese convinced most Altaicists that Japanese also However , dispute the alleged affinities many linguists , dispute the alleged affinities many linguists of dispute Korean the alleged affinities of many linguists In proposed , 2017 Martine Robbeets proposed , 2017 Martine Robbeets that proposed that the Turkic of the ancestral home speak , the Altaic typology indirectly our results speak indirectly favour in our results In proposed , 1962 John C. Street 1962 , proposed an alternative classification John C. Street , proposed an alternative classification John C. Street , proposed an alternative classification John C. Street , with also posited in 2000–2002 by posited in 2000–2002 Joseph Greenberg by not widely accepted Altaicists by Among were the earlier critics Gerard Clauson (

were the earlier critics Gerard Clauson ( 1956 been of the Altaic hypothesis has A major continuing supporter has been Sergei Starostin , who been Sergei Starostin , who published The list below comprises linguists who below comprises linguists who have comprises linguists who have worked are given those The dates of distributed are most across Tungusic languages are a consequence extinct or endangered languages as Some Tungusic languages spoken are three geographic areas in Mongolic languages Linguisitically emerge the Common Mongolic , two branches emerge the Common Mongolic , two branches and proposes a set of sound change laws that claimed 1991 in Starostin that claimed in 1991 that the members includes " a list The 2003 "Etymological Dictionary of occur between the five branches also All other combinations noted that little vocabulary was there over are : time the earlier forms are : time the earlier forms more spoken were a relatively small area in Japanese is an affiliation sceptical about Janhunen set of the Altaic hypothesis formerly Supporters has the highest sociolinguistic prestige It locally , At was , the time the written standard the time , was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard , was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard " was "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard " ( was a new standard to create Another option is is , a pluricentric language Austrian German a pluricentric language , is one Austrian German , is one Austrian German among is several varieties one among Austrian German , was in Austria the spoken standard was in Austria the the spoken standard For had , many years Austria many years , had a special form Austria , had a special form Austria of had the language a special form of Austria is the language a very traditional form of It , is of the language this form is of the language this form generally verbs tend express a state that tend express a state that to include fall into this category which to is , northern Germans communication is , northern Germans communication much are in the various dialects Simple words very

of are , the Tyrol other Tyroleans are , the Tyrol other Tyroleans often distinguished from each other by influenced have been the dialects by have been influenced contact by been influenced contact by with influenced non-Germanic linguistic groups contact with by , says of choice the axiom says of choice the axiom that states every indexed family that for it of is ; choice this is ; choice this in is the case in particular this is sets An illustrative example picked from , is containing each smallest element the set is , provides the set the choice function , provides the set the choice function of provides chosen elements the set of the choice function known is the collection for no choice function obtain makes ; an appropriate selection this makes ; this an appropriate selection it is for this use One motivation that for is this use that a number is this use that a number of is that generally accepted mathematical results of a number Contemporary set theorists also study axioms that also study axioms that are study axioms that are not are the axiom many other equivalent statements of There speak use this formulation often who is the power set Its domain of " specify whether nonempty sets of the collection is easily proved mathematical induction by has holds ; an element this holds ; an element this trivially requires choice the axiom of Not every situation , follows of choice the axiom follows of choice the axiom from In is , that case it is , that case it equivalent do start : this We start : this We at : start the first box at We start the first box at We , , comes an end to our choice procedure is an explicit choice function The result : a function is an explicit choice function : a function that use for all finite sets would A formal proof in make may the collection it make may the collection it possible suppose , example that each member suppose that the collection "X of each member

has a smallest element Every such subset , so appears when no natural choice is there try might the least element specifying we Namely , are rotations these , are rotations these by are angles rotations by these are rotations by angles which pick , choice could we , pick could a single point we pick could a single point we from The set of partitions those translates of those partitions the circle translates those partitions the circle translates into partitions a countable collection the circle into translates : has of the natural numbers every nonempty subset has of the natural numbers a unique least element every nonempty subset Then choose can the least element our choice function choose can the least element our choice function of of are , the real numbers there the real numbers , are models there , are models there of are set theory models of there proves of choice the existence The axiom of is choice that it is choice that it implies is that the existence implies it is the Banach One example – Tarski paradox is the Banach – Tarski paradox which Despite accept , these seemingly paradoxical facts most mathematicians these seemingly paradoxical facts , accept the axiom most mathematicians , accept the axiom most mathematicians of accept choice the axiom of most mathematicians The restriction to ZF renders any claim that is alone : ZF it require listed below which all the statements in exists – the Banach Tarski paradox exists – the Banach Tarski paradox . , is of choice the axiom is of choice the axiom able shows that choice of the axiom Thus is of choice the axiom is of choice the axiom not use in constructive set theory the axiom Some results In showed , 1938 Kurt Gödel showed , 1938 Kurt Gödel that In employed , 1963 Paul Cohen 1963 , employed the technique Paul Cohen , employed the technique Paul Cohen of employed forcing the technique of Paul Cohen establish that choice of the axiom is harmless because another axiom adding not be made appeal by

be made appeal by to made other axioms appeal to by of is choice that it is choice that it is are of an elegant general character : every ideal shows of the independence result also The proof shows also the independence result that a wide class shows that mathematical statements of a wide class include in this class the statement Statements this class include the statement that P include the statement that P = in makes , this class it this class , makes no difference it , makes no difference it whether it makes no difference whether ZF makes no difference whether ZF or is of choice The axiom not choice is not the only significant statement which is not the only significant statement which is set is , theory there theory , is an axiom there , is an axiom there called is the axiom an axiom called there follows of global choice The axiom from There are important statements that , are important statements that , assuming most are among them important are among them Zorn's lemma important are category theory several results in There are several results in category theory which is , then sets there , then is no category there then is no category there of is all sets no category of there There are several weaker statements that are are several weaker statements that are not is dependent choice the axiom of One example is countable choice the axiom of A still weaker example are some statements the axiom require that There are several historically important set-theoretic statements implied by are several historically important set-theoretic statements implied AC by , was cited Zermelo by was cited Zermelo by as cited a justification Zermelo as by In declared , 1906 Russell declared , Russell 1906 PP is , then Baire BP refuted of these results are three of refuted are these results by these results are refuted AC by are refuted AC by itself refuted AC by itself ) are Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory models of There abbreviate shall "Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory We plus prove can often restricted versions one

was the leader also He of During was , his reign he his reign , was one he , was one he of was the most feared enemies one of he crossed the Danube He twice and followed in Persia was His unsuccessful campaign was followed in 441 by followed in 441 an invasion by invaded subsequently Italy He , planned further campaigns for He against was first proposed Jacob by first proposed Jacob by and proposed Jacob by and Wilhelm Grimm notes that the name of this derivation argued have a Turkic origin for Other scholars considered "Ἀττίλα Omeljan Pritsak " ( is nominative a It , notes that the United Kingdom of King George VI faced of Attila is The historiography left his life many testimonials of Attila's contemporaries was a Byzantine diplomat Priscus and historian was a Byzantine diplomat and historian who was obviously biased his political position by obviously biased his political position by , biased his political position by , but was cited extensively 6th-century historians Procopius by cited extensively 6th-century historians Procopius by and describes Attila the legacy of He transmitted orally , means by reached of this oral history have fragments uncovered has some details Archaeological investigation about were Eurasian nomads a group of The Huns mounted were archery Their main military techniques and suggests Yeniseian a relationship to One scholar was Mundzuk the brother Attila's father of was of diarchy This form recurrent was a noble lineage from His family , prefer and archaeologist Katalin Escher historian Iaroslav Lebedynsky grew a rapidly changing world up in Attila His people were nomads who had were nomads who had only crossed the 370s the Volga river during They They were a very mobile people , whose mounted archers were a very mobile people , whose mounted archers had moved fleeing the Huns Vast populations from In crossed , 376 the Goths 376 , crossed the Danube the Goths , crossed the Danube the Goths , crossed the Danube the Goths , initially dominated nebulous borders a vast territory with The Huns assimilated were Hunnic nationality to Some

were the indirect source also The Huns of was Aëtius It , later exchanged ambassadors They and hostages agreed the fugitives to return The Romans remained Roman sight out of The Huns defeated were Armenia in They were defeated in Armenia by defeated in Armenia the Sassanids by Crossing laid , the Danube they the Danube , laid waste they , laid waste they to laid the cities waste to they began Margus at Their advance , led captured Geiseric ) by captured Geiseric ) the Western Roman province by was the Western Empire the richest province of Africa stripped forces the Balkan area of The Romans left Attila This and Bleda sacked Margus The Hunnish army and Viminacium During recalled , 442 Theodosius 442 , recalled his troops Theodosius , recalled his troops Theodosius from recalled Sicily his troops from Theodosius responded a campaign with Attila in equipped were battering rams with his forces halted a short distance at We from took , the Nišava River next the Huns , took next Serdica the Huns took next Serdica the Huns ( encountered a Roman army and destroyed They met were a time for Their demands died the Huns' withdrawal following Bleda from rode , 447 again Attila In proclaimed , 450 Attila 450 , proclaimed his intent Attila , proclaimed his intent Attila to proclaimed his intent Attila to attack spent had a brief exile Aëtius among However , was Honoria Valentinian's sister , was Honoria Valentinian's sister , Valentinian's sister was Honoria , who was Honoria , who had convinced of his mother Galla Placidia only the influence wrote also Attila to He interfered a succession struggle in Attila after supported the elder son Attila , while supported the elder son , while Aëtius gathered his vassals Attila — Gepids On captured , April 7 he April 7 , captured Metz he alleged ; Rheims is Servatus moved Attila to oppose Aëtius reached Orléans The combined armies ahead of gave chase Aëtius and caught killed was the fighting in Theodoric returned 452 in Attila to sacked numerous cities His army and razed

lacked the strength Aëtius to offer halted finally the River Po at Attila sent three envoys Emperor Valentinian III , the high civilian officers gives of Aquitaine a short description Prosper suffered had a terrible famine from Italy would have required supplies which have required supplies which were required supplies which were not was (Flavius Marcianus ) the successor Marcian across planned , the Danube he planned , the Danube he to says from Priscus The conventional account that from says Priscus that Attila says Priscus that Attila was however , suffered severe bleeding he , suffered severe bleeding he and suffered severe bleeding he and died had may have a nosebleed He attacked Ostrogothic co -ruler Valamir ( who attempted Dengizich a renewed invasion His brother across relatives are known name by are known name by and known name by and some stopped has not many genealogists This the end of the 12th century proclaimed of Hungary the royal court proclaimed of Hungary their descent the royal court report of Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles Lampert that represented of the medieval period the meeting An anonymous chronicler describe and chronicles him Some histories refers the so-called historical poems to This about In conceived , 1812 Ludwig van Beethoven 1812 , conceived the idea Ludwig van Beethoven , conceived the idea Ludwig van Beethoven of conceived the idea Ludwig van Beethoven of writing In referred , World War I Allied propaganda referred , World War I Allied propaganda to , referred Germans to Allied propaganda referred Germans to Allied propaganda as , in are Budapest there in Budapest are 10 Attila Streets there Budapest are 10 Attila Streets there , there are 10 Attila Streets , one are 10 Attila Streets , one of is the Mediterranean Sea an elongated embayment of The Aegean Sea located is the Balkans between It connected , the north is the Aegean connected is the Marmara Sea to the Aegean located are the sea within The Aegean Islands located within the sea and some reaches 3,544 meters a maximum depth of The sea is the North Aegean Islands part of Lesbos

with lived , the Greeks Thracians lived , the Greeks Thracians among , lived the northern coast among Thracians conquered the Roman Empire the area under The Romans weakened the area Byzantine control of The Fourth Crusade allowed the coast a Greek state on The Greek War of Independence include on the Aegean coastline Athens Notable cities had has a large effect The Aegean dispute on referred the name Late Latin authors "Aegaeus " was Theseus the father of He told had Theseus Aegeus to known was Latin in The sea is the Mediterranean Sea an elongated embayment of The Aegean Sea found are its waters within The Aegean Islands marks the sea the eastern boundary of The Anatolian peninsula connected is the Sea of Marmara to The Aegean sea is connected to the Sea of Marmara by connected to the Sea of Marmara the Dardanelles by located are the northeast to The Dardanelles connects ultimately the Black Sea with It reflects of the Aegean Sea largely The climate classified of the Aegean is most , are during summers high temperatures are during summers high temperatures generally are Athens The largest cities and Thessaloniki established has several marine protected areas Greece along participating are the Network in four Greek MPAs dates about 4000 BC back to The current coastline was the island a Bronze Age civilization on The Minoan civilization represented Europe the first advanced civilization in It saw Crete, Aegean extensive trade between The Minoan period is Knossos that of The most notable Minoan palace arose the mainland on The Mycenaean Greeks , believed that Mycenae of the site introduced the fields several innovations in The Mycenaeans Mycenaean Greece was dominated a warrior elite society by was dominated a warrior elite society by and dominated a warrior elite society by and consisted perished of Mycenaean Greeks The civilization with is undetermined the collapse cause what followed the 8th century the Greek Dark Ages in The Archaic period became small self-governing communities divided into Greece emerged BC the 6th century had several cities brought of them had Each In emigrated BC the 8th and 7th centuries many Greeks

emigrated BC the 8th and 7th centuries many Greeks to emigrated colonies to form many Greeks was one the setting for The Aegean Sea led a series of conquests that divided was his generals among his empire became the Hellenistic kingdom king of Cassander had the sea's eastern coast control over The Kingdom of Lysimachus were conflicts a series of The Macedonian Wars resulted Roman control in They or The Fall of allowed the Western Roman Empire its successor state of allowed the Western Roman Empire its successor state , allowed the Western Roman Empire its successor state , the Byzantine Empire later be threatened the Early Muslim conquests by be threatened the Early Muslim conquests by initiated threatened by the Early Muslim conquests initiated by , and left the Byzantine Empire North Africa and left the Byzantine Empire North Africa weakened conquered , the 820s was Crete Crete was conquered a group by was conquered a group by of conquered Berbers Andalusians exiles a group of by The Byzantine Empire launched a campaign that took launched a campaign most took that , was of Crete the emirate was of Crete one the emirate commanded the Eastern Mediterranean the sea lanes of Crete Meanwhile , threatened Byzantine control the Bulgarian Empire , threatened Byzantine control the Bulgarian Empire of threatened Northern Greece Byzantine control of the Bulgarian Empire managed a small portion to obtain the Bulgarian Empire led of Bulgaria Bulgaria Simeon I fragmented around the Aegean sea was the area created the Duchy of the Archipelago the maritime state of The Venetians ; conquer would the area the Ottomans conquer would the area the Ottomans around By lost the late 14th century had the Byzantine Empire the late 14th century lost had all control the Byzantine Empire lost had all control the Byzantine Empire of allowed the coast a Greek state on The Greek War of Independence held the sea a presence over The Ottoman Empire During gained , the war Greece the war , gained control Greece , gained control Greece over gained the area control over Greece of captured , 1912 Italy

1912 , captured the Dodecanese islands Italy , captured the Dodecanese islands Italy , captured the Dodecanese islands Italy , and took place The Greco-Italian War from October 1940 to April 1941 was a Greek puppet state to establish The Italian war aim resulted the Axis occupation in The German invasion of evacuated 12 October 1944 Athens on The German troops , was through the sea navigation was through the sea navigation easier are of the islands Many volcanic made the greatest highways one of The Armenian king dynasty Achaemenids was , " Royal road its length , " was 2400km its length " was 2400km its length , was 2400km its length , and was 2400km , and it ; belong Greece to the rest Between are , the two countries there the two countries , are political disputes there , are political disputes there over are several aspects political disputes over there located are the Greek and Turkish coasts along Multiple ports placed , 1.4 million TEUs is Piraeus placed is the top ten ports among Piraeus is the commercial hub also Piraeus of acts annually the focus as - is Greece's third-busiest port currently Piraeus in of was , 2007 the Port of Thessaloniki 2007 , was the second-largest container port the Port of Thessaloniki , was the second-largest container port the Port of Thessaloniki in was Greece the second-largest container port in the Port of Thessaloniki In handled , 2007 the Port of Thessaloniki 2007 , handled 14,373,245 tonnes the Port of Thessaloniki , handled 14,373,245 tonnes the Port of Thessaloniki of handled cargo 14,373,245 tonnes of the Port of Thessaloniki are Greece's second-largest agricultural export Fish , and are Greece's second-largest agricultural export , and Greece include captured sardines Fish , is fish catches a considerable difference between There has been impacted the Great Recession by is a concern also Overfishing and habitat destruction , offered have been a compensation Greek fishermen are within the Aegean Sea significant tourist destinations The Aegean islands contributes to the Aegean islands a significant portion Tourism is the most visited countries one of Greece

awarded is beaches for The certification awarded has been to the Blue Flag " is " a dystopian satirical black comedy novel A Clockwork Orange is " a dystopian satirical black comedy novel A Clockwork Orange by set is a near-future society in It is set in a near-future society that set in a near-future society that has is a 15-year-old gang leader Alex living in in break , a stolen car they break , a stolen car they into , break an isolated cottage into they break an isolated cottage into they and In is , a metafictional touch the husband a metafictional touch , is a writer the husband , is a writer the husband working is a writer the husband working on at strikes , the Korova Alex the Korova , strikes Dim Alex , strikes Dim Alex for strikes his crude response Dim for Alex feigns his parents illness to Alex " , visits a record store Alex , visits a record store Alex , visits a record store Alex , where visits a record store , where he invites them He back to after finds , a nap Alex a nap , finds his droogs Alex , finds his droogs Alex in finds a mutinous mood his droogs in Alex challenges leadership Alex for Georgie convicted is murder of Alex obtained , his term has he , obtained has a job he obtained has a job he in reading is only Scripture Alex chosen , death is he is aversion therapy a form of The technique demonstrated of the technique is The effectiveness returns his parents' flat to Alex , homeless , wanders the streets he , wanders the streets he and wanders the streets he and enters come Alex's rescue to Two policemen , take Alex outside town They , brutalise recognise does not Alex He removed ; the home invasion is he removed is the cottage from he wakes a hospital up in Alex offered is a well-paying job Alex if is offered a well-paying job if he offered a well-paying job if he agrees

reveals of tests A round that of reveals tests that his old violent impulses reveals tests that his old violent impulses have for finds — the nation's musical recording archives himself finds — the nation's musical recording archives himself halfheartedly Alex finds less and less pleasure taking himself finds less and less pleasure taking himself in has three parts The book , each stated that 21 chapters of the total omitted was the editions from The 21st chapter At allowed , the American publisher's insistence Burgess allowed , Burgess the American publisher's insistence their editors allowed the redeeming final chapter to cut their editors based Stanley Kubrick , is by called "an extra chapter Chapter 21 Kubrick " England was gripped fears by was gripped fears by over gripped juvenile delinquency fears over by stated that his first wife was the novel's inspiration alludes the protagonist's negative emotional responses to This title to forced , this conditioning is Alex narrated contains Alex , by contains Alex , many words by is modified Slavic words a mix of It Some words himself invented Burgess or explains of Alex's doctors the language One But are of the roots most are of the roots Slav propaganda most " means " sexual intercourse the old in-out " ; is rhyming slang this ; is rhyming slang this , this is rhyming slang , which is rhyming slang , which is provided , the book was no key do includes the phrase " which in removed 1977 was it removed 1977 was it from removed was high school classrooms from it removed , 1982 was it removed was two Anniston from it in arrested 1973 was a bookseller arrested 1973 was a bookseller for wrote powers " All of Mr Burgess’s Malcolm Bradbury enjoy , the horrors ’ll you , enjoy ’ll the manner you enjoy ’ll the manner you " called "a terrifying and marvellous book it Roald Dahl " praised the language the inventiveness of Many reviewers " praised " Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat The Spectator praised " Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat The Spectator "

" acclaimed " Burgess New Statesman acclaimed " Burgess New Statesman for reviewed " also the book The Times dismissed "A Clockwork Orange Burgess " as In published , 1985 Burgess 1985 , published "Flame Burgess , published "Flame Burgess into published Being "Flame into Burgess known , three weeks became it known became the raw material as it In published , 1987 Burgess 1987 , published a stage play Burgess , published a stage play Burgess titled published "A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music a stage play titled Burgess produced , February 1990 was another musical version produced was the Barbican Theatre at another musical version received " , "A Clockwork Orange: 2004 it " , received mostly negative reviews it , received mostly negative reviews it , received mostly negative reviews it , with received mostly negative reviews , with John Peter called " , "The Evening Standard he " , called the score he , called the score he , called the score he , written called the score , written by criticised , that score heavily he , criticised heavily the band's experimental mix he criticised heavily the band's experimental mix he of reported of "The Irish Independent " Lise Hand , said of "20/20" magazine Jane Edwardes said of "20/20" magazine Jane Edwardes that of said "20/20" magazine that watching said "20/20" magazine that watching this production In put , 1994 Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put , 1994 Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater on , put a production on Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put a production on Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater of In presented , 2002 Godlight Theatre Company 2002 , presented the New York Premiere adaptation Godlight Theatre Company , presented the New York Premiere adaptation Godlight Theatre Company of presented "A Clockwork Orange the New York Premiere adaptation of Godlight Theatre Company at received , Edinburgh the production Edinburgh , received rave reviews the production , received rave reviews the production from received the press rave reviews from the production staged and the ARK Theatre Company a multi-media adaptation Los Angeles director Brad Mays won her gender-bending portrayal Best Actress for Vanessa Claire Smith

utilised three separate video streams This production outputted to control derives ; flooding the city's name derives ; flooding the city's name from ; derives the Amstel dam from the city's name in became , the late 12th century Amsterdam the late 12th century , became one Amsterdam , became one Amsterdam of became the most important ports one of Amsterdam In expanded , the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded , the 19th and 20th centuries the city and include its historic canals Amsterdam's main attractions , the Rijksmuseum drew 2014 more than 5 million international visitors in It considered is the oldest "modern" securities market stock exchange The Amsterdam Stock Exchange in considered , Europe is Amsterdam , considered is an alpha world city Amsterdam considered is an alpha world city Amsterdam by is the cultural capital also The city of have the city their headquarters in Many large Dutch institutions based of the world's largest companies are many ranked , 2012 was Amsterdam , ranked was the second-best city Amsterdam ranked was the second-best city Amsterdam to ranked was 4th place The city globally , is of Amsterdam the founding is of Amsterdam the founding of became settled , Amsterdam local farmers settled , Amsterdam local farmers as early as three millennia ago lived the prehistoric IJ river along They and was peatland a shallow and quiet stream in The prehistoric IJ linked of Amsterdam is The origins In started , this area land reclamation started , this area land reclamation as located was a side arm along Amestelle took the eponymous land the name from This side arm Amestelle was inhabited farmers by was inhabited farmers by , inhabited by farmers , who starting were the reclamation These farmers around of turned , time the shallow river IJ turned , time the shallow river IJ into , turned a wide estuary into the shallow river IJ turned a wide estuary into the shallow river IJ , turned into a wide estuary , which This made the Amstel of the water flow made the Amstel of the water flow more

With became , drier banks the downstream Amstel mouth became , drier banks the downstream Amstel mouth attractive became permanent habitation attractive for the downstream Amstel mouth grown had an insignificant peat stream from the river appeared first a document in The settlement This allowed the village of the inhabitants allowed the village of the inhabitants to granted was city rights Amsterdam in flourished on , the 14th century Amsterdam , rendered in Kalverstraat an alleged Eucharistic miracle rendered in Kalverstraat the city an alleged Eucharistic miracle revitalised , 1845 was the devotion of came , the Silent Walk up to 90,000 pilgrims came , the Silent Walk up to 90,000 pilgrims to , came Amsterdam to up to 90,000 pilgrims In rebelled , the 16th century the Dutch rebelled , the 16th century the Dutch against , rebelled Philip II against the Dutch rebelled Philip II against the Dutch of were for the uprising the imposition The main reasons escalated the Eighty Years' War into The revolt , escalated into the Eighty Years' War , which known became its relative religious tolerance for the Dutch Republic considered is Amsterdam's "Golden Age The 17th century " sailed Amsterdam from Ships to had both the Dutch East India Company the largest share in Amsterdam's merchants was the shipment Europe's most important point for Amsterdam became of the international trading Dutch East India Company the Amsterdam office with took and England France England and took their toll France and took their toll France on took Amsterdam their toll on France During reached , the Napoleonic Wars Amsterdam's significance the Napoleonic Wars , reached its lowest point Amsterdam's significance , reached its lowest point Amsterdam's significance , reached its lowest point Amsterdam's significance , with reached its lowest point , with Holland called is sometimes Amsterdam's second Golden Age The end of the 19th century in reached , this same time the Industrial Revolution this same time , reached the city the Industrial Revolution improved dramatically commerce Both projects with before started , the First World War the city started , the First World War the city to

in suffered , this war Amsterdam this war , suffered a food shortage Amsterdam , suffered a food shortage Amsterdam , suffered a food shortage Amsterdam , and suffered a food shortage , and heating fuel sparked which riots in The shortages sparked riots in which several people known are the "Aardappeloproer as These riots invaded 10 May 1940 the Netherlands on Nazi Germany sheltered Jews Some Amsterdam citizens , thereby deported were Nazi concentration camps to More than 100,000 Dutch Jews In organized , response the Dutch Communist Party response , organized the February strike the Dutch Communist Party , organized the February strike the Dutch Communist Party attended the Dutch Communist Party organized the February strike attended by organized the February strike attended 300,000 people by Perhaps was the young Jewish girl the most famous deportee Anne Frank was the young Jewish girl the most famous deportee Anne Frank , was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank , who traveled the countryside to Many citizens to contained many public parks These suburbs and wide-open spaces fallen , the 20th century had almost the entire city centre fallen had disrepair into almost the entire city centre made and other influential figures plans politicians was office buildings an increasing demand for There started 1977 operating in A metro built was the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein on The new city hall , are for further restoration efforts are for further restoration efforts still reattained has its former splendour The entire city centre and , rose of visitors the annual number rose of visitors the annual number from given has been to renewed focus located is the Western Netherlands in Amsterdam The river ends the city centre in Amstel ends the city centre in Amstel and is sea level about below Amsterdam has , land proper the city , has proper 4,457 inhabitants the city has proper 4,457 inhabitants the city per has more Amsterdam than of surrounded , the Middle Ages was Amsterdam Amsterdam was surrounded a moat by was surrounded a moat by , surrounded a moat by , called is also served a seaport by

In was , 1300 Amsterdam's population 1300 , was around 1,000 people Amsterdam's population during grew , the 15th and 16th centuries Amsterdam's population grew , the 15th and 16th centuries Amsterdam's population , By was , 1600 its population 1600 , was around 50,000 its population During reached , the 1660s Amsterdam's population the 1660s , reached 200,000 Amsterdam's population In was , 1750 Amsterdam 1750 , was the fourth largest city Amsterdam , was the fourth largest city Amsterdam in was Western Europe the fourth largest city in Amsterdam declined the early 19th century in The city's population , By spurred , the second half of the 19th century industrialisation the second half of the 19th century , spurred renewed growth industrialisation hit 872,000 an all-time high of Amsterdam's population Between 1970 and 1980 , experienced its sharp population decline Amsterdam , experienced its sharp population decline Amsterdam , experienced its sharp population decline Amsterdam , peaking By 1985 had only 675,570 residents the city was soon followed reurbanisation by soon followed reurbanisation by and followed reurbanisation by and gentrification , was of Amsterdam's population growth much was of Amsterdam's population growth much due , were to Amsterdam non-Dutch immigrants were to Amsterdam non-Dutch immigrants mostly came the Edict of Fontainebleau after Huguenots in for continued – economic reasons their influx continued – economic reasons their influx through – continued the 18th and 19th centuries through their influx , was of the city population 10% was of the city population 10% Jewish was in the 20th century The first mass immigration by and emigrated Amsterdam to Spain , settled of Surinamese a large wave settled of Surinamese a large wave in , moved 'new' cities to many 'old' Amsterdammers moved 'new' cities to many 'old' Amsterdammers like promoted suburbanisation This bill and arranged settled the social housing projects mostly in The non-Western immigrants , make of non-Western origin people make of non-Western origin people up make the Dutch census ) now by is under 15 an "autochthon Only one in three inhabitants " In formed , 2000 Christians 2000 , formed the largest religious group Christians

, formed the largest religious group Christians in formed the city the largest religious group in Christians was Islam The next largest religion ( 8% In formed , 2015 Christians 2015 , formed the largest religious group Christians , formed the largest religious group Christians in formed the city the largest religious group in Christians , joined of Amsterdam the largely Catholic city joined of Amsterdam the revolt the largely Catholic city converted , the Dutch takeover were all churches converted were Protestant worship to all churches led the establishment to This of led the establishment to This of received , the 1603 Jewish , the received permission Jewish the received permission Jewish to received permission Jewish to practice consecrated , 1639 was the first synagogue converted , the city used other Christian denominations , converted used Catholic chapels other Christian denominations converted used Catholic chapels other Christian denominations to integrated , Calvinists soon the Huguenots integrated soon the Dutch Reformed Church into the Huguenots In experienced , the second half of the 17th century Amsterdam the second half of the 17th century , experienced an influx Amsterdam , experienced an influx Amsterdam of experienced Ashkenazim an influx of Amsterdam fled often the pogroms Jews in were arrived in Amsterdam who founded not only their own synagogues They of preferred , an official Jewish ghetto most Jews preferred , an official Jewish ghetto most Jews to was of this Jewish neighbourhood Jodenbreestraat The main street comprised the Waterlooplein The neighbourhood and the Nieuwmarkt fell in this neighbourhood Buildings into led riots to This , in visited ; Amsterdam numerous Catholic prelates Amsterdam ; visited the city numerous Catholic prelates ; visited the city numerous Catholic prelates , visited the city numerous Catholic prelates , where visited the city , where festivities changed have been Amsterdam by have been changed immigration by been changed immigration by from changed former colonies immigration from by is the largest non-Christian religion now Islam in experienced religions an influx of Amsterdam With is , 180 different nationalities Amsterdam 180 different nationalities , is home Amsterdam , is home Amsterdam to

is one home to Amsterdam known of the town is The oldest area lies the east to It of is conscious city planning the result of The Amsterdam canal system developed , a peak was a comprehensive plan The fourth and outermost canal is the Singelgracht , which is the Singelgracht , which is served defense for The canals , took a moat and earthen dikes the form of The defenses started 1613 in Construction and completed in the southern sector was The canal construction , proceeded of residential buildings the construction proceeded of residential buildings the construction slowly used , the following centuries was the land used was parks for the land During devised , the 19th century Samuel Sarphati the 19th century , devised a plan Samuel Sarphati , devised a plan Samuel Sarphati based devised a plan Samuel Sarphati based on envisaged new houses the construction of The plan designed , overcrowding were two plans designed were the beginning of the 20th century at two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century which designed at the beginning of the 20th century which were built , the Second World War were large new neighbourhoods built were the western, southeastern, and northern parts in large new neighbourhoods consisted large housing blocks mainly of The neighbourhoods is in Amsterdam the Oude Kerk The oldest building is "Het Houten Huys The oldest wooden building " at constructed was 1425 around It is one also It of razed , the 16th century were wooden buildings constructed , this period were many buildings constructed were the architectural style in many buildings are of this period Buildings very the most striking buildings designed is Hendrick de Keyser by designed is Hendrick de Keyser the Westerkerk by coincided roughly Amsterdam's Golden Age with This designed the city splendid merchants' houses throughout Philip Vingboons was heavily influenced French culture by reflected is the architecture in This Around broke , 1815 architects broke , 1815 architects with , broke the baroque style with architects broke the baroque style with architects and At became , the end of the 19th century the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style

became , the end of the 19th century the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style popular had the style its own version of Amsterdam has many parks Amsterdam , open spaces Yearly , has around 10 million visitors the park Annually , visit the park almost 4.5 million people , visit the park almost 4.5 million people , almost 4.5 million people visit the park , which visit the park , which has houses in the Zuid borough the Rieker windmill The Amstelpark the Zuid borough houses the Rieker windmill , which houses the Rieker windmill , which dates include the De Pijp neighbourhood the Sarphatipark in Other parks has many open squares The city ("plein " hosts various museums Museumplein , including include Rembrandtplein Other squares , Muntplein by is – global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield Amsterdam global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield – is one Amsterdam – is one Amsterdam of is the top European cities one of Amsterdam is of Amstelveen the location The adjoining municipality is of Amsterdam the fourth-largest port The Port , excluding is the 16 million day-trippers this excluding is the 16 million day-trippers this visiting located of the hotels are Two-thirds contribute with 4 or 5 stars 42% Hotels was 2017 85% in The room occupation rate come of non-European visitors The largest group from have Amsterdam a theme in Certain years designated , example was the year 2006 , designated was "Rembrandt the year 2006 designated was "Rembrandt the year 2006 400 offer special arrangements Some hotels or activities become has a famous attraction This neighbourhood for consists a network of It of found are the streets in Amsterdam's high-end shops is of Amsterdam's busiest high streets the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat One include the "Negen Straatjes Other shopping areas " and " are " nine narrow streets Negen Straatjes are " nine narrow streets Negen Straatjes within differ other shopping districts from The Negen Straatjes with have the "Negen Straatjes as These streets " features also a large number The city of held of these markets are Some include Iris van Herpen Fashion designers , Mart Visser

has the World Fashion Center its garment centre in Amsterdam organised , the 16th-century ) Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric , organised ) contests Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric organised ) contests Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric between built in Amsterdam was the first theatre given in the Netherlands were The first ballet performances In became , the 18th century French theatre became , the 18th century French theatre popular ; built Amsterdam was the Hollandse Opera of built Amsterdam was the Hollandse Opera of in centred , the 19th century was popular culture centred was the Nes area on popular culture invented was 1812 in An improved metronome was invented in 1812 by invented in 1812 Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel by established , 1888 was the Concertgebouworkest orchestra live work in the television industry who located of Amsterdam are The most important museums created was the last quarter of the 19th century in It bordered of the square is The northeastern part of bordered is the square by the square is bordered the large Rijksmuseum by transformed is an ice rink into This bordered of the square is The northwestern part of bordered is the square by the square is bordered the Van Gogh Museum by is bordered the Van Gogh Museum by , bordered the Van Gogh Museum by , House is of the Museum Square the Van Baerlestraat The southwestern border the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat , which is the Van Baerlestraat , which is located is this street across The Concertgebouw the square are several large houses , one are several large houses , one of realised of the square was The current appearance is itself the most prominent site The square in houses also paintings It from from consists , paintings the collection consists , paintings the collection of , consists a large variety of the collection consists a large variety of the collection of ranges Delftware from This to was of the gothic revival building P.J.H. Cuypers The architect underwent a 10-year, 375 million euro renovation The museum starting in lived Amsterdam in Van Gogh for

housed is one in The museum The building was designed Gerrit Rietveld by added was the museum to A new building designed , was the performance wing by , was designed Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa by is temporary exhibitions to house Its purpose Next to stands the Van Gogh museum the Stedelijk Museum is modern art Amsterdam's most important museum of This consists works of The permanent collection of contains the city many other museums throughout Amsterdam range small museums from They such includes songs a large collection of Amsterdam's musical culture includes a large collection of songs that including is ; John Kraaijkamp Sr. the best-known version is ; John Kraaijkamp Sr. the best-known version probably ; is that probably the best-known version is that probably the best-known version by sang his own neighbourhood especially about Jordaan is Amsterdam " Another notable Amsterdam song " focus broad programming on Both , are OCCII Other more subcultural music venues , OT301 has Amsterdam a strong following in Jazz is host also AFAS Live to in hosts , October the city October , hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event the city , hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event the city ( hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event the city ( ADE Another popular dance festival is 5daysoff , which is 5daysoff , which takes has a world-class symphony orchestra Amsterdam , the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra Their home is the Concertgebouw , which is the Concertgebouw , which is It is considered critics by is considered critics by to considered critics by to be contains three halls The building , Grote Zaal located of Amsterdam is The opera house called the Stopera , ( a word opened , 1986 in This huge modern complex is " the home base The "Stopera of Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ is a concert hall , which is a concert hall , which is is at the Leidseplein the home base The Stadsschouwburg performed are the Grote Zaal (Great Hall in Most plays encompasses of events all sorts The normal program located : other established venues is Theater Amsterdam located is the west part in Theater Amsterdam

housed is a modern building in It of is , town there town , is a small theatre there , is a small theatre there in is a converted bathhouse a small theatre in there has cabaret a tradition of The Netherlands dates the 1930s back to Cabaret In is Amsterdam the Kleinkunstacademie (English is Amsterdam the Kleinkunstacademie (English : are Youp van 't Hek Contemporary popular artists , Freek de Jonge established was the founding with The English spoken comedy scene is its vibrant and diverse nightlife famous for Amsterdam has many "cafés Amsterdam " ( offer mostly a wide range These brown cafés of have " terraces Most "cafés in are for tourists the Leidseplein The two main nightlife areas are , Melkweg and Sugar Factory cultural centres The Paradiso Melkweg and Sugar Factory are cultural centres , which are cultural centres , which turn In recent years ' opened their doors 24-hour' clubs recent years ' opened their doors 24-hour' clubs , opened their doors 24-hour' clubs , most notably Radion De School — travel of people hundreds of thousands travel of people hundreds of thousands to attracts international artists The yearly Holland Festival and visitors is boats a yearly local LGBT parade of Amsterdam Gay Pride is the start a three-day cultural event at The annual Uitmarkt is the "Eredivisie" football club AFC Ajax home of Amsterdam is Johan Cruyff Arena the home The stadium of located is the south-east in It In hosted , 1928 Amsterdam 1928 , hosted the Summer Olympics Amsterdam holds a race the Dam to Dam Run , The city The ice hockey team play the Jaap Eden ice rink in Amstel Tijgers holds two American football franchises Amsterdam : the Amsterdam Crusaders are Amsterdam three field hockey teams : There , honours of Amsterdam the city honours of Amsterdam the best sportsmen the city is of Amsterdam a municipality The city It is governed a directly elected municipal council by is governed a directly elected municipal council by , governed a directly elected municipal council by , a municipal executive board

created of 15 boroughs were a total governed , all Dutch municipalities is Amsterdam Amsterdam is governed a directly elected municipal council by is governed a directly elected municipal council by , governed a directly elected municipal council by , a municipal executive board is the municipal executive board a member of The mayor replaces Eberhard van der She Laan (Labour Party ) replaces Eberhard van der Laan (Labour Party ) who announced , 18 September 2017 was it it was announced Eberhard van der Laan by was announced Eberhard van der Laan by in announced an open letter Eberhard van der Laan in by subdivided , most other Dutch municipalities is Amsterdam subdivided is eight boroughs into Amsterdam are many activities responsible for The boroughs are responsible for many activities that , reached of Amsterdam boroughs the number reached of Amsterdam boroughs fifteen the number had of those their own district council Fourteen covers , Westpoort , the harbour The fifteenth made , the borough system are municipal decisions made are borough level at municipal decisions restructured , 2010 was the borough system restructured , in which many smaller boroughs voted of Amsterdam The municipal council to uses Amsterdam three other definitions of Statistics Netherlands uses and Statistics a fourth conurbation The Amsterdam Department for Research is Greater Amsterdam similar to The city region The is of these areas smallest is of these areas the municipality smallest had 1,096,042 a population of The conurbation includes Zaanstad, Wormerland the municipalities of It includes 15 municipalities Greater Amsterdam , and , is of this area the population is of this area the population only includes instance Zaanstad for It , Under is , the Dutch Constitution Amsterdam the Dutch Constitution , is the capital Amsterdam , is the capital Amsterdam of is the Netherlands the capital of Amsterdam Since mentions , the 1983 constitutional revision the constitution mentions , the 1983 constitutional revision the constitution " , mentions Amsterdam " the constitution mentions Amsterdam " the constitution " mentioned of the constitution only Previous versions takes traditionally place The ceremony at , sits The Hague in the Parliament

sits The Hague in the Parliament , loans , awarded Amsterdam Maximilian I , awarded the right Amsterdam Maximilian I awarded the right Amsterdam Maximilian I to replaced , 1508 was this replaced was Maximilian's imperial crown with this replaced with Maximilian's imperial crown when he date the late 16th century from The lions , Currently , are sixteen tram routes there , are sixteen tram routes there and are sixteen tram routes there and five metro routes carry pedestrians Four fare-free GVB ferries and cyclists , are operated Connexxion by are operated Connexxion by and operated Connexxion by and EBS intended was 1932 in Amsterdam cancelled to Rotterdam was The A3 connects surrounding the city Amsterdam The A10 ringroad Interchanges on allow the A10 cars on allow the A10 cars to allow the A10 cars to enter allow the city to enter cars are grade separation regional roads without These city roads are cyclists accessible by Most , discouraged a car is driving Amsterdam is served ten stations by is served ten stations by of served the Nederlandse Spoorwegen ten stations of by are intercity stops Five : Sloterdijk are for local services The stations : From the station are regular services there the station are regular services there to are destinations regular services to there is train less than 20 minutes by Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands the largest airport in Schiphol handles year over 68 million passengers per It was the world the fifth busiest airport in Schiphol is sea level 4 meters below This airport stolen , 2011 were about 83,000 bicycles stolen were Amsterdam in about 83,000 bicycles has two universities Amsterdam : the University of Amsterdam include for higher education an art school Other institutions is the world's largest documentary and research institutions one of Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History are Amsterdam over 200 primary schools in There base of these primary schools their teachings Some is in Amsterdam the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam The biggest Montessori high school used primarily Roman Catholicism to be This experienced have recently a revival the gymnasia offer in Amsterdam a variety Most secondary schools

is national and international media a prominent centre for Amsterdam is the second-largest Dutch commercial TV group home to Amsterdam considered is not 'the media city Amsterdam is radio and television broadcasting the principal centre for Hilversum filmed were Amsterdam in several movies located is the "Strykjärn in The museum houses , 2009 also the museum , houses also the EWK the museum houses also the EWK the museum — Center is the task a national central museum with The museum has other things , among It is of Alva Karlsson the only exhibition The history is the only exhibition in the museum that connects the museum's building to The exhibition and is of the museum long-term exhibitions Industriland One is Industriland — when Sweden inaugurated , 2014 was the exhibition It is an exhibition that investigates is an exhibition what investigates that The exhibition consists of materials that consists of materials that are addresses themes The exhibition such as houses , 2009 also the Museum , houses also EWK the Museum houses also EWK the Museum — are of the company The origins complex began of Audi essentially The modern era began in the 1960s when Auto Union based is the Latin translation on The company name represent of the Audi logo each The four rings represent one of four car companies that In moved , 1902 he moved , 1902 he with , moved his company with he moved his company with he to , the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. sued him His former partners the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. sued him His former partners for sued trademark infringement him for His former partners in called , his new car business he his new car business , called a meeting he , called a meeting he with called close business friends a meeting with he of discussed , Franz Fikentscher they discussed , Franz Fikentscher they how studying was quietly Latin Franz's son was enthusiastically accepted everyone by enthusiastically accepted everyone by attending accepted the meeting everyone attending by started a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A with Audi ,

left the "Audiwerke August Horch " in In became , September 1921 Audi September 1921 , became the first German car manufacturer Audi , became the first German car manufacturer Audi to became the first German car manufacturer Audi to present In bought , the same year Rasmussen the same year , bought the remains Rasmussen , bought the remains Rasmussen of bought the U.S. automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker the remains of Rasmussen manufactured ) a Peugeot engine were models In merged , 1932 Audi merged , 1932 Audi with , merged Horch with Audi merged Horch with Audi , was this period during It that was during this period that the company Before used , World War II Auto Union World War II , used the four interlinked rings Auto Union , Auto Union used the four interlinked rings that Auto Union used the four interlinked rings that make used the four interlinked rings that make up of concentrated , the time Auto Union concentrated , the time Auto Union increasingly concentrated smaller cars increasingly on Auto Union of dismantled the Soviet Union military administration were the factories dismantled the Soviet Union military administration were the factories as dismantled were part as the factories expropriated , this were the company's entire assets expropriated were compensation without the company's entire assets deleted of Chemnitz was Auto Union AG had the effect These actions of liquidating in began , Soviet-controlled East Germany Auto Union executives Soviet-controlled East Germany , began the process Auto Union executives , began the process Auto Union executives of began the process Auto Union executives of relocating began the process of relocating what restarted in Zwickau assembly The former Audi factory renamed were IFA F8 to These DKW models launched was Ingolstadt in A new West German headquartered Auto Union included a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle production of This shareholder , took an 87% holding Daimler-Benz , took an 87% holding Daimler-Benz in took the Auto Union company an 87% holding in Daimler-Benz , were the focus not small two-stroke cars were the focus not small two-stroke cars of

In acquired , 1964 Volkswagen 1964 , acquired a 50% holding Volkswagen , acquired a 50% holding Volkswagen in acquired the business a 50% holding in Volkswagen Eighteen months later , bought complete control Volkswagen , bought complete control Volkswagen of bought Ingolstadt complete control of Volkswagen fitted , September 1965 was the DKW F102 fitted was a four-stroke engine with the DKW F102 dumped the DKW brand Volkswagen because of named of the model were developments was the idea hostile to Volkswagen Then forbade explicitly Auto Union VW chief Heinz Nordhoff forbade explicitly Auto Union VW chief Heinz Nordhoff from with was , a finished prototype Nordhoff was , a finished prototype Nordhoff so In merged , 1969 Auto Union merged , 1969 Auto Union with , merged NSU with Auto Union merged NSU with Auto Union , been , the 1950s had NSU , been had the world's largest manufacturer NSU been had the world's largest manufacturer NSU of focused then new rotary engines on NSU In was , 1967 the new NSU Ro 80 1967 , was a car the new NSU Ro 80 , was a car the new NSU Ro 80 well was a car the new NSU Ro 80 well ahead put problems with the rotary engines teething incorporated was 1 January 1969 on The new merged company introduced the United States the Audi brand to Volkswagen followed in 1972 and the Audi The Audi was a seminal design 50 Audi was a seminal design 50 because 50 was a seminal design because it was a seminal design because it was dropped ; the fading NSU range were the Prinz models dropped were 1973 in the Prinz models dropped in 1973 whilst the fatally flawed NSU Ro80 was at this time a conservative one The Audi image is " ( the "Ur-Quattro the "Ur-" prefix However , belied the low performance its modern and dynamic exterior , belied the low performance its modern and dynamic exterior of belied its base engine the low performance of its modern and dynamic exterior In put , 1987 Audi

put , 1987 Audi forward , put a new and very elegant Audi 90 forward Audi put a new and very elegant Audi 90 forward Audi , put forward a new and very elegant Audi 90 , which of set , the 21st century Audi set , the 21st century Audi forth set a German racetrack forth on Audi Through began , the early 1990s Audi began , the early 1990s Audi to began its target market upscale to shift Audi began the release with This of By had , 1991 Audi 1991 , had the four-cylinder Audi 80 Audi , had the four-cylinder Audi 80 Audi , had the 5-cylinder Audi 90 the four-cylinder Audi 80 , Audi in introduced , 1992 Audi 1992 , introduced a 2.8L V6 engine Audi fitted was the Audi Coupé to It fell in the United States Sales after in fell the United States after a series fell the United States after a series of fell after recalls of a series aired 23 November 1986 A "60 Minutes" report , featuring concluded that unintended acceleration cases of the majority contributed 5000 the severity to Audi were : " the time Audi idle-stabilization systems were defects prone to Audi idle-stabilization systems were prone to defects which be could not the sole cause These accelerations performed electronic throttle control a type of The defective idle-stabilization system observed of the electronic control unit were multiple "intermittent malfunctions adjusted ; several modifications first the ; adjusted first the distance the adjusted first the distance the between In introduced , the mid-to-late 1990s Audi the mid-to-late 1990s , introduced new technologies Audi , introduced new technologies Audi including introduced the use new technologies including Audi to was , 2005 the Audi A2 2005 , was a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 , was a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 , was a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 , born In expanded further their TDI technology the A2 Audi expanded further their TDI technology the A2 Audi through criticised was its high price for The Audi A2

came 1995 in The next major model change when came in 1995 when the Audi A4 also meant the S6 became the S4 meant the S6 became the S4 and The engines were throughout the range available were throughout the range available now The V6s were replaced new 2.4 L by were replaced new 2.4 L by and replaced new 2.4 L by and 2.8 L grew the 2000s strongly in Audi's sales came Eastern Europe from The largest sales increases ( in is China that Audis is China that Audis have saw Audi of America record sales for May 2011 In announced , September 2012 Audi September 2012 , announced the construction Audi , announced the construction Audi of announced its first North American manufacturing plant the construction of Audi the Wireless Power Consortium , operated a booth which , operated a booth which demonstrated operated a booth a phone compartment demonstrated which claimed falsely the UK that the Audi A7 In admitted , 2015 Audi admitted , 2015 Audi that through reported , the month of September Audi reported , the month of September Audi that reported that the month for U.S. sales In implicated , November 2015 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency November 2015 , implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of the In expressed , November 2016 Audi November 2016 , expressed an intention Audi , expressed an intention Audi to expressed an intention Audi to establish lead of the plan would Approval In announced , February 2020 Volkswagen AG announced , February 2020 Volkswagen AG that Audi AI is a driver assist feature offered by is a driver assist feature offered Audi by is fully autonomous driving to offer The company's stated intent On stated , 4 June 2017 Audi stated , 4 June 2017 Audi that be will therefore the first production car The Audi A8 produces 100% galvanised cars Audi to prevent proved , other precautionary measures has the full-body zinc coating