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was only the second time them of all During re , the appearance they re , the appearance they - In expressed , an interview the two women an interview , expressed their gratitude the two women , expressed their gratitude the two women for expressed the honorary award their gratitude for the two women , announced for Music PRS announced for Music PRS that for announced Music that the British public announced Music that the British public voted announced that ABBA voted the British public On released , 15 November 2011 Ubisoft 15 November 2011 , released a dancing game Ubisoft , released a dancing game Ubisoft called released a dancing game Ubisoft called ' released ; May 2017 was the film released was 20 July 2018 on the film announced , May 2020 was it , made of ABBA all four members made of ABBA a public appearance all four members On appeared , 6 June 2016 the quartet appeared , 6 June 2016 the quartet together appeared a private party together at the quartet announced a statement in British manager Simon Fuller in , made of ABBA all four original members made of ABBA a joint announcement all four original members ABBA made a joint announcement that they made a joint announcement that they had In stated , September 2018 Ulvaeus stated , September 2018 Ulvaeus that revealed , January 2019 was it In announced , June 2019 Ulvaeus announced , June 2019 Ulvaeus that In stated , September he stated , September he in , stated an interview in he stated an interview in he that stated in an interview that there In gave , April 2020 Ulvaeus April 2020 , gave an interview Ulvaeus , gave an interview Ulvaeus saying gave an interview Ulvaeus saying that recorded had been the new album by had been recorded the two female members by been recorded the two female members by , recorded the two female members by , and in said , 2021 Björn said , 2021 Björn " launched , 26 August 2021 was a new website

prompted , the page were visitors launched , the webpage were new "ABBA Voyage" social media accounts joined , 29 August officially the band , joined officially TikTok the band joined officially TikTok the band with accompanied of the new album was The announcement of accompanied was the new album by the new album was accompanied the release by was accompanied the release by of accompanied the previously-announced new singles the release of by n't became " the first ABBA release Shut Me Down became " the first ABBA release Shut Me Down since on stated , 11 November Lyngstad stated , 11 November Lyngstad " on stated , 5 November Andersson stated , 5 November Andersson " were the studio perfectionists in ABBA created a drummer a basic rhythm track with The band contributed and Lyngstad ideas Fältskog played and Ulvaeus them Andersson played them the backing tracks and they " heavily influenced Phil Spector's Wall by heavily influenced Phil Spector's Wall by of influenced Sound Phil Spector's Wall of by widely noted for the colourful and trend-setting costumes its members noted for the colourful and trend-setting costumes its members wore : was of the clothes the cost was of the clothes the cost deductible ABBA made videos because their songs made videos because their songs were had and Ulvaeus two young children Fältskog In participated , 1976 ABBA participated , 1976 ABBA in , participated an advertising campaign in ABBA participated an advertising campaign in ABBA to criticised and Ulvaeus the right-wing Danish People's Party band members Andersson threatened a lawsuit to file The band ; made of these 14 made of these 14 the reach did Top the they made have their way Ten ABBA albums into In became , November 2021 Voyage November 2021 , became ABBA's highest charting album Voyage , became ABBA's highest charting album Voyage on became the Billboard 200 peaking ABBA's highest charting album on Voyage topped August 2008 chart in the "Billboard" Top Pop Catalog Albums inducted , 15 March 2010 were ABBA inducted were the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame into ABBA

were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Bee Gees members Barry Gibb by held was the Waldorf Astoria Hotel at The ceremony in received , November 2021 ABBA November 2021 , received a Grammy nomination ABBA , received a Grammy nomination ABBA for received Record a Grammy nomination for ABBA married of ABBA were The members comes " the English from (the French "allegeance Traditionally , used the term "allegiance English legal commentators , used the term "allegiance English legal commentators " used the term "allegiance English legal commentators " in In referred , one sense it referred , one sense it to , referred the deference to it referred which to the deference it referred to the deference which anyone asserted , the United States that allegiance Allegiance was the tie which bound was the tie the subject bound which was the mutual bond It and obligation At was , common law allegiance common law , was a true and faithful obedience allegiance , was a true and faithful obedience allegiance of was the subject a true and faithful obedience of allegiance is and obedience an incident Natural allegiance Natural-born subjects owe allegiance wherever they owe allegiance wherever they may owed is to both Allegiance requires affection Loyalty also to were allegiances four kinds of There born owe birthright allegiance by they owe birthright allegiance by they and A natural-born subject owes allegiance wherever they owes allegiance wherever they may Acquired allegiance was acquired naturalisation by was acquired naturalisation by or acquired naturalisation by or denization incurred subjects all the obligations of All friendly resident aliens made , the Naturalisation Act 1870 was it , made was possible it made was possible it for was made possible for British subjects made possible for British subjects to , declared the preamble in U.S. Congress declared the preamble in U.S. Congress of be , conflict may the person , have of the foreign land those have of the foreign land paramount authority those is of allegiance an oath The oath

required , ancient common law was it required was all persons of it was first imposed statute by first imposed statute by in imposed the reign statute in by of was , the revolution the promise was , the revolution the promise " known is the Pledge as the oath made , a monarch is the pledge made is the flag to the pledge thee give , their allegiance they their allegiance , give it they , give it they but give it they but to used is the oath for The word is personal digital assistant devices a discontinued series of The MessagePad was undertaken in Japan by undertaken in Japan the Sharp Corporation by based were the ARM 610 RISC processor on The devices Jean-Louis Gassée ; includes Steve Capps his team ; includes Steve Capps his team , includes Steve Capps his team , co There , brainstormed a way they , brainstormed a way they of brainstormed a way they of saving suggested new features adding Sculley , unveiled on May 29, 1992 was The first MessagePad on unveiled was May 29, 1992 by May 29, 1992 was unveiled Sculley by was unveiled Sculley by at unveiled the summer Consumer Electronics Show Sculley at by rotates of a setting the contents A change 1.x ) gave extremely mixed results the handwriting recognition ) gave extremely mixed results the handwriting recognition for gave users extremely mixed results for the handwriting recognition called was Calligrapher The original handwriting recognition engine , attempted the user's natural handwriting to learn it By had , contrast Palm Pilot's Graffiti contrast , had a less sophisticated design Palm Pilot's Graffiti , had a less sophisticated design Palm Pilot's Graffiti than had Calligrapher a less sophisticated design than Palm Pilot's Graffiti The stroke alphabet used letter shapes which alphabet used letter shapes which resembled used letter shapes standard handwriting resembled which released also two versions Palm Computing of retained of the Newton operating system the original recognizer Later releases considered is generally a significant improvement Rosetta is of the Newton handwriting recognition system the modeless error correction A vital feature

, done situ in correction done situ in correction without be , the time will the correct word be will the list in the correct word the bottom of allows the list the user of allows the list the user to allows the list the user to edit allows individual characters to edit the user do could such things Other pen gestures as see would only the best match they accept could also free-hand "Sketches Newton devices " captured " the user's free-hand writing Ink text captured " the user's free-hand writing Ink text but captured the user's free-hand writing but allowed it direct any time could also a user direct could also their Newton device a user into were , vector shapes both were , vector shapes both unreliable collecting of the Newton was The most reliable application used of devices Macintosh's proprietary serial ports The MessagePad 100 series have 300 ) a small, proprietary "Newton InterConnect" port the eMate infrared , addition have all Newton devices , infrared have connectivity all Newton devices infrared have connectivity all Newton devices , equipped , the Palm Pilot are all Newton devices equipped are a standard PC Card expansion slot with all Newton devices written have also drivers Newton users dial can also a phone number Newton It is powered 2 AA batteries by is powered 2 AA batteries by , powered 2 AA batteries by , and , gives of an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format the choice gives of an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format the user the choice was 300 a Newton device The eMate in have did not all the speed 300 spotted of additional Newton devices were Many prototypes at cost , the show it cost , the show it $ , cost 900 $ it Critics also panned the handwriting recognition that also panned the handwriting recognition that was panned the handwriting recognition that was available It was this problem that was was this problem that was skewered Later offered of Newton OS versions offered of Newton OS improved handwriting recognition versions , demand still a sale price Newtons

demand still a sale price Newtons on In compared , 2006 CNET 2006 , compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 CNET , compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 CNET to compared a Samsung Q1 an Apple MessagePad 2000 to CNET included New York Locations , Los Angeles provided an informative educational venue The stores to learn had no traditional computer retail counters The stores and featured oval desktops saying that version is this were projects a number of There were a number of projects that known became the ARIF as The device was of the ARIF system The development extremely involved was the Petronas Discovery Center project with Anyway & Company firm By invested 1998 had they invested 1998 had they heavily the Newton in had 1998 they in had 1998 they to had 1998 they to acquire had as many Newtons to acquire they estimated was 1000 Newtons initially It placed an “Internet Call They ” for used were electronic diaries as Newtons its ease of made use it of made use it possible made use it possible for influenced later science fiction writers His fragmented, bizarre narrative style , notably Philip K. Dick was the most popular and influential practitioners one of He was the third of six children He born to in worked , Winnipeg father Henry worked , Winnipeg father Henry as , worked an agent as father Henry worked an agent as father Henry for During worked , his teen years Alfred worked , his teen years Alfred as , worked a farmhand as Alfred worked a farmhand as Alfred and began stories his writing career with He in moved , Ottawa he moved , Ottawa he back moved Winnipeg back to he began , 1937 also he began also short radio dramas writing he added the middle name He "Elton " By decided , 1938 van Vogt decided , 1938 van Vogt to He was inspired the August 1938 issue by was inspired the August 1938 issue by of inspired "Astounding Science Fiction the August 1938 issue of by sent another story Van Vogt , entitled featured fierce a It ,

featured a fierce , carnivorous alien , in married 1939 van Vogt in 1939 married Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt 1939 married Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt , married Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt , a fellow Manitoban to accepted , his poor eyesight he his poor eyesight , accepted a clerking job he , accepted a clerking job he with accepted the Canadian Department of National Defence a clerking job with he was in Scarlet " Discord It was accompanied interior illustrations by was accompanied interior illustrations by created accompanied by interior illustrations created by saw his first story van Vogt's talent from Others throughout wrote , this period van Vogt this period , wrote many van Vogt , wrote many van Vogt of wrote his more famous short stories many of van Vogt spend ; Hollywood would van Vogt ; spend would the rest van Vogt spend would the rest van Vogt of using had been the name He systematized his writing method Van Vogt , using hinge of his stories Several on stated that many acquired he used in his very first story a system The characters wrote subsequently a novel He merging recounts the adventures The novel of an in was , his fiction van Vogt was , his fiction van Vogt consistently was the case This , for published "Enchanted Village Van Vogt " in met had first Hubbard Van Vogt opened and his wife their own Dianetics center van Vogt patched , the 1950s retrospectively van Vogt patched retrospectively many together van Vogt referred the resulting books to Van Vogt as were were ; new stories they were ; new stories they all ; were fix-ups all they were fix-ups all they , include The Weapon Shops of Isher " Examples " closed and van Vogt it Hull published had not any wholly new fiction van Vogt was profoundly affected revelations by profoundly affected revelations by of affected totalitarian police states revelations of by Accordingly , wrote a mainstream novel he , wrote that a mainstream novel he he wrote a mainstream novel that he

wrote a mainstream novel that he set explained that Van Vogt to research Into this book incorporated his view he this book incorporated his view he of incorporated "the violent male type his view of he published once again new material van Vogt included fix-ups His later novels such as included Children of Tomorrow " Van Vogt's original novels " promised to his classic works were many sequels On died January 26, 2000, A. E. van Vogt in January 26, 2000, died Los Angeles in A. E. van Vogt died Los Angeles in A. E. van Vogt from In received , 1996 van Vogt 1996 , received a Special Award van Vogt , received a Special Award van Vogt from received the World Science Fiction Convention a Special Award from van Vogt In received , 1996 van Vogt 1996 , received a Special Award van Vogt , received a Special Award van Vogt from received the World Science Fiction Convention a Special Award from van Vogt translated of van Vogt were The works were translated into French by translated into French the surrealist Boris Vian by is 7 June 1981 ) a Russian former professional tennis player born made one her Her appearance and celebrity status of winning reached , a singles title she a singles title , reached No she , reached . No she reached . No she   achieved greater success playing doubles She , where achieved greater success playing doubles , where she as won , her partner she her partner , won Grand Slam titles she , won Grand Slam titles she in won Australia Grand Slam titles in she retired professional tennis from Kournikova in lives Miami Beach in She , was season 12 a new trainer for She born was Moscow in Kournikova of was , 2001 he was , 2001 he still , was a part-time martial arts instructor still he was a part-time martial arts instructor still he there received a New Year gift her first tennis racquet as Kournikova wanted something to do me go would school to I In became , 1986 Kournikova

1986 , became a member Kournikova , became a member Kournikova of became the Spartak Tennis Club a member of Kournikova at began , the age of eight Kournikova began , the age of eight Kournikova appearing began junior tournaments appearing in Kournikova in became , the United States she became , the United States she prominent became the tennis scene prominent on she At won , the age of 14 she the age of 14 , won the European Championships she , won the European Championships she and won the European Championships she and the Italian Open Junior tournament In became , December 1995 she December 1995 , became the youngest player she , became the youngest player she to became the youngest player she to win February–March 1996 , won two ITF titles Kournikova , won two ITF titles Kournikova , won two ITF titles Kournikova , in In started , 1996 she started , 1996 she playing started a new coach playing under she was with Nagel Her six-year association successful At made , 15 she 15 , made her Grand Slam debut she , made her Grand Slam debut she , made her Grand Slam debut she , reaching After jumped , this tournament Kournikova's ranking jumped , this tournament Kournikova's ranking from jumped . from No Kournikova's ranking was the Russian delegation a member of Kournikova entered world No the 1997 Australian Open as Kournikova At lost , the Italian Open Kournikova lost , the Italian Open Kournikova to , lost Amanda Coetzer to Kournikova lost Amanda Coetzer to Kournikova in At made , the French Open Kournikova the French Open , made it Kournikova , made it Kournikova to made the third round it to Kournikova reached also the third round She in At became , the Wimbledon Championships Kournikova the Wimbledon Championships , became only the second woman Kournikova , became only the second woman Kournikova in became the open era only the second woman in Kournikova At lost , the US Open she lost , the US Open she in , lost the second round in she

lost the second round in she to with reached , Likhovtseva she Likhovtseva , reached the third round she , reached the third round she of reached the women's doubles event the third round of she played 1997 her last WTA Tour event of Kournikova In broke , 1998 Kournikova broke , 1998 Kournikova into , broke the WTA's top 20 rankings into Kournikova broke the WTA's top 20 rankings into Kournikova for At lost , the Australian Open Kournikova lost , the Australian Open Kournikova in , lost the third round in Kournikova lost the third round in Kournikova to partnered also Larisa Savchenko-Neiland with She in reached , singles Kournikova singles , reached her second doubles Kournikova , reached her second doubles Kournikova WTA Tour reached final her second doubles WTA Tour Kournikova lost Sabine Appelmans to They and reached then two consecutive quarterfinals Kournikova , At reached , the German Open she the German Open , reached the semi she , reached - the semi she reached finals the semi - she also reached semi doubles her first Grand Slam reached - doubles semi her first Grand Slam versus injured , Steffi Graf Kournikova Steffi Graf , injured her thumb Kournikova , injured her thumb Kournikova , Kournikova injured her thumb , which injured her thumb , which would However , won that match she , won that match she , won that match she , but returned the Du Maurier Open for Kournikova and with won , Seles she Seles , won her first WTA doubles title she , won her first WTA doubles title she , won her first WTA doubles title she , in of advanced , the 1999 season Kournikova advanced , the 1999 season Kournikova to , advanced the fourth round to Kournikova advanced the fourth round to Kournikova in However , won her first doubles Kournikova , won Grand Slam title her first doubles Kournikova won Grand Slam title her first doubles Kournikova , The defeated Lindsay Davenport two and defeated Lindsay Davenport two and Natasha Zvereva At reached , the Tier I Family Circle Cup Kournikova

the Tier I Family Circle Cup , reached her second WTA Tour final Kournikova , reached her second WTA Tour final Kournikova , reached her second WTA Tour final Kournikova , but defeated then Jennifer Capriati She , At reached , The French Open Kournikova The French Open , reached the fourth round Kournikova , reached the fourth round Kournikova before reached the fourth round Kournikova before losing in lost , England Kournikova lost , England Kournikova to , lost Nathalie Tauziat to Kournikova lost Nathalie Tauziat to Kournikova in At lost Wimbledon, Kournikova to Wimbledon, lost Venus Williams to Kournikova lost Venus Williams to Kournikova in reached also final the She had was , a successful singles season she was , a successful singles season she even won and Martina Hingis tournaments she On 22 November 1999 reached the world she 22 November 1999 reached No the world she reached . the world No she opened her 2000 season Kournikova winning the Gold Coast Open reached then semi the singles She At reached , the Australian Open she the Australian Open , reached the fourth round she , reached the fourth round she in reached singles the fourth round in she That season , reached eight semi Kournikova , reached - eight semi Kournikova reached finals eight semi - Kournikova On broke 20 November 2000 she into broke 20 November 2000 she into top broke 10 into top she ranked was also No She reached final the She of Her 2001 season was plagued injuries by was plagued injuries by , plagued injuries by , including underwent April surgery in She reached her second career grand slam quarterfinals She , at withdrew then several events from Kournikova With won , Barbara Schett she Barbara Schett , won the doubles title she , won the doubles title she in won Sydney the doubles title in she lost then the finals in She regained 2002 some success in Kournikova reached finals the semi - She With lost , Martina Hingis she lost , Martina Hingis she in lost final in the she

lost also the quarterfinals in They With played , Chanda Rubin Kournikova Chanda Rubin , played the semi Kournikova , played - the semi Kournikova played finals the semi - Kournikova with won , Janet Lee she Janet Lee , won the Shanghai title she In achieved , 2003 Anna Kournikova 2003 , achieved her first Grand Slam match victory Anna Kournikova , achieved her first Grand Slam match victory Anna Kournikova in achieved two years her first Grand Slam match victory in Anna Kournikova defeated the first round Henrieta Nagyová in She withdrew Tokyo from She due of dropped , her career Kournikova dropped , her career Kournikova out dropped the first round out in Kournikova Her was world ranking 67 singles reached finals the semi - She lost the first round in She of doubles came 1999 in titles came 1999 in titles and proved the professional circuit a successful doubles player on Kournikova However , singles career her , singles career her plateaued singles career her plateaued after Her final playing years were marred a string by were marred a string by of marred injuries a string of by In participated , late 2004 she participated , late 2004 she in , participated three events in she participated three events in she organized participated in three events organized by In played , January 2005 she played , January 2005 she in , played a doubles charity event in she played a doubles charity event in she for In teamed , November 2005 she teamed , November 2005 she up teamed Martina Hingis up with she In showed , September 2008 Kournikova showed , September 2008 Kournikova up raised children's Hospital Los Angeles funds for The Race won women's K-Swiss team that race for She On played , 27 September 2008 Kournikova 27 September 2008 , played exhibition mixed doubles matches Kournikova , played exhibition mixed doubles matches Kournikova in played Charlotte exhibition mixed doubles matches in Kournikova On played , 12 October 2008 Anna Kournikova 12 October 2008 , played one exhibition match Anna Kournikova , played one exhibition match Anna Kournikova for

played the annual charity event one exhibition match for Anna Kournikova competed John McEnroe alongside Kournikova , named , 2008 was she , named was a spokesperson she named was a spokesperson she for In reunited , June 2010 Kournikova reunited , June 2010 Kournikova with , reunited her doubles partner Martina Hingis with Kournikova reunited her doubles partner Martina Hingis with Kournikova to is the net a great player at She fits a doubles player the profile for Her playing style was a relationship in Kournikova with The met 1999 in two met 1999 in two , and Kournikova denied any engagement both started singer Enrique Iglesias dating Kournikova in quoted , June 2008 was Iglesias Iglesias was quoted the "Daily Star by was quoted the "Daily Star by " quoted the "Daily Star by " as split reportedly October 2013 in They have a son The couple and daughter In became , 2000 Kournikova 2000 , became the new face Kournikova , became the new face Kournikova for became Berlei's shock absorber sports bras the new face for Kournikova cast , that was she she was cast the Farrelly brothers by was cast the Farrelly brothers by for cast a minor role the Farrelly brothers for by named was one Kournikova of placed , 2002 also she continued the most searched athlete to be She In headed , October 2010 Kournikova headed , October 2010 Kournikova to , headed NBC's "The Biggest Loser to Kournikova headed NBC's "The Biggest Loser to Kournikova " announced , May 2011 was it born was Aschaffenburg in He from relocated , Wilhelm Weygandt he relocated , Wilhelm Weygandt he to , relocated Hamburg to he relocated Hamburg to he , in succeeded , 1913 Jakob 1913 , succeeded him Jakob , succeeded him Jakob as succeeded prosector him as Jakob During served World War I he as World War I served an army physician as he served an army physician as he in In obtained , 1919 he 1919 , obtained his habilitation he , obtained his habilitation he for obtained neurology his habilitation for he

Under grew Jakob's guidance the department rapidly was five monographs the author of Jakob contributed the delineation greatly to His neuropathological research gained neurosyphilis experience in He suffered chronic osteomyelitis from He for Agnosticism is the view that the existence is the view that the existence of is provided the view Another definition that is the view that " human reason coined Thomas Henry Huxley the word The English biologist " all presented , else Huxley else , presented agnosticism Huxley , presented agnosticism Huxley as presented a form agnosticism as Huxley is with no supporting, objective, testable evidence A hypothesis not , be would no way there be would no way there to would be no way to test be no way to test said describe would also himself Karl Popper used the Greek word "gnosis Early Christian church leaders " ( contended that the universe about meaningful statements was Huxley's favourite philosopher Hume , calling of continued , his faith Darwin continued , his faith Darwin to , in wrote 1879 he in wrote 1879 he that wrote 1879 he that " associated was Victorian Freethinkers with He renamed ; 1882 was it ; renamed was "Agnostic Journal it renamed was "Agnostic Journal it and was which a temporary mindset in Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one stemmed of the misunderstanding Part from homage ; was the practice religion ; was the practice religion of was it the practice of religion , " criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith he " criticized the Enlightenment's complete faith he in criticized human sensory perception the Enlightenment's complete faith in he and revived the scientific community among Thomas Aquinas believed that two other ways were there was how meaning expressed one In was , summary man summary , was a scientist man , was a scientist man , was a scientist man , artist all became , three a person became , three a person " criticized is a variety from Agnosticism contradicts in particular itself strong agnosticism sees merit The Catholic Church in examining About continues , himself Dawkins continues , himself Dawkins ,

identifies also two categories Dawkins of states that the existence about "agnosticism is the view ignosticism , A related concept coherent , holds the noncognitivist view the ignostic , holds the noncognitivist view the ignostic that the ignostic holds the noncognitivist view that the existence holds the noncognitivist view that the existence of is the symbol Ar a chemical element with Argon is group in It 18 is the Earth's atmosphere the third-most abundant gas in Argon ) in makes the outer atomic shell argon in makes the outer atomic shell argon stable makes the outer atomic shell argon stable and is extracted industrially the fractional distillation by extracted industrially the fractional distillation by of used , example is an argon atmosphere used is graphite electric furnaces in an argon atmosphere has water approximately the same solubility in Argon form , a noble gas can it , form can some compounds it form can some compounds it under form , HArF can argon , form can clathrates argon form can clathrates argon with accomplished first this They by trapped atmospheric air a mixture of They The arc was powered a battery by was powered a battery by of powered five Grove cells a battery of by absorbed nitrogen the oxides of The alkali They operated the arc until no more reduction operated the arc until no more reduction of determined , the gas had they concluded that another gas was there constitutes volume 0.934% by Argon is purified argon products the primary industrial source of Air isolated is air from Argon is isolated from air by isolated from air fractionation by made , is the Earth's atmosphere by , is made cosmic ray activity by is made cosmic ray activity by , made cosmic ray activity by , primarily , varies of argon the isotopic composition varies of argon the isotopic composition greatly be the dominant isotope , as it Argon produced directly stellar nucleosynthesis by produced directly stellar nucleosynthesis by is Correspondingly , contains 84.6% solar argon , contains 84.6% solar argon ( contains 84.6% solar argon ( according is of radiogenic the reason The predominance

of radiogenic is the reason the standard atomic weight radiogenic is the reason the standard atomic weight of is the reason terrestrial argon of the standard atomic weight positioned his periodic table the elements on Mendeleev indicates of electrons full s and p subshells Argon's complete octet , was formed researchers by was formed researchers by at formed the University of Helsinki researchers at by This discovery caused the recognition that argon caused the recognition that argon could is 17 kelvins stable up to It produced , is argon by , is produced the decay by is produced the decay by of produced 40K the decay of by used of air are the primary constituents used is some high-temperature industrial processes in Argon used in some high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances cause of nitrogen or oxygen gases might the presence used is some types in Argon used is the poultry industry in Argon is air denser than Argon used is the target as Liquid argon and an argon nucleus produces scintillation light that an argon nucleus produces scintillation light that is produces scintillation light that is detected used containing argon gas are Two-phase detectors to is , xenon argon is , xenon argon cheaper On is , the other hand its intrinsic beta-ray background is , the other hand its intrinsic beta-ray background larger in produced was the Earth's atmosphere by the Earth's atmosphere was produced electron capture by was produced electron capture by of produced long-lived (+ e− electron capture of by maintained in the atmosphere is The activity in maintained is the atmosphere by the atmosphere is maintained cosmogenic production by is maintained cosmogenic production by through maintained the knockout reaction cosmogenic production through by results a film in This process usable of has ( the contents argon the contents ( has the European food additive code E938 argon ( has the European food additive code E938 argon ) retarded degrade the products are that Since stores , 2002 the American National Archives 2002 , stores important national documents the American National Archives , stores important national documents the American National Archives such

stores important national documents the American National Archives such as preferred is the sputter coating for Argon used is a procedure in It filled are argon with Incandescent lights used is the specific way for It is used for the specific way it used for the specific way it ionizes provide filled with pure argon Gas-discharge lamps used is thermal insulation for Argon used is a propellant as Argon has been used athletes by been used athletes by as used a doping agent athletes as by is the symbol a chemical element with Arsenic occurs many minerals in Arsenic , is of arsenic The primary use in is semiconductor electronic devices a common n-type dopant in Arsenic is a component also It of are of bacteria A few species able are of arsenic an essential dietary element Trace quantities , occurs multicellular life in arsenic poisoning occurs multicellular life in arsenic poisoning if occurs in multicellular life if quantities states that arsenic of all forms ranked for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The United States' Agency arsenic between is , the layers gray arsenic is , the layers gray arsenic brittle form a distorted octahedral complex Nearest and next-nearest neighbors , with is semimetal a Gray arsenic , have four atoms Both arranged in Solid yellow arsenic is produced rapid cooling by is produced rapid cooling by of produced arsenic vapor rapid cooling of by rapidly transformed into gray arsenic by transformed into gray arsenic light by has 1.97 g a density of The yellow form is glassy It and brittle occurs nature in Arsenic as most is of these stable is of these 73As stable have half-lives All other isotopes of under one day has its lighter congener phosphorus a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to Arsenic ; have from this reaction the fumes have from this reaction an odor the fumes burns oxygen in It to makes concentrated nitric acid arsenic acid with Arsenic are for arsenic The most common oxidation states : is of the simplest arsenic compound the trihydride One Arsenic(V) acid is a weak acid and the salts

is a weak acid and the salts are include Scheele's Green Synthetic arsenates (cupric hydrogen arsenate , are between the arsenate and arsenic acid The protonation steps similar In has , As4S10 arsenic As4S10 , has a formal oxidation state arsenic , has a formal oxidation state arsenic of has +2 a formal oxidation state of arsenic known except the astatide , which so , is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent it used is the group 5 element as Arsenic is of GaAs The valence electron count the known of organoarsenic compounds are A large variety developed were chemical warfare agents as Several comprises about 1.5 ppm Arsenic   ( In was , 2014 China 2014 , was the top producer China , was the top producer China of was white arsenic the top producer of China in sublimes , air arsenic sublimes , air arsenic as sublimes ) oxide as arsenic(III arsenic has "arsenic " its origin The word adopted was Latin in The Greek word ( is the Reinsch test Another less sensitive but more general test . described of arsenic was The isolation of described was arsenic by arsenic was described Jabir ibn Hayyan by was described Jabir ibn Hayyan by before described 815 AD Jabir ibn Hayyan before by In published , 1649 Johann Schröder 1649 , published two ways Johann Schröder , published two ways Johann Schröder of published two ways Johann Schröder of preparing was arsenic trioxide a solid mixture of This used , the toxicology mechanism were two other compounds and led its use to fungi led its use to fungi as For was , example lead hydrogen arsenate example , was a common insecticide lead hydrogen arsenate , was a common insecticide lead hydrogen arsenate on was fruit trees a common insecticide on lead hydrogen arsenate replaced of arsenic – monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) and disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) – less toxic organic forms is of arsenic The biogeochemistry complex at becomes , a lower pH arsenate becomes , a lower pH arsenate more used is a feed as Arsenic An example is roxarsone , which

is roxarsone , which had determined that the famous champion of the 1932 death used of arsenic compounds were a number produces the previous radioactive agent clearer PET scan images than This isotope is of arsenic The main use in strengthened in car batteries are Lead components in strengthened are car batteries by car batteries are strengthened the presence by are strengthened the presence by of strengthened a very small percentage the presence of by is greatly reduced the addition by greatly reduced the addition by of reduced arsenic the addition of by is arsenide an important semiconductor material Gallium , are made from GaAs Circuits After built , World War I the United States World War I , built a stockpile the United States , built a stockpile the United States of built 20,000 tons a stockpile of the United States neutralized was bleach with The stockpile obtain of bacteria their energy Some species Under oxidative environmental conditions use arsenite some bacteria oxidative environmental conditions use arsenite some bacteria as use fuel arsenite as some bacteria discovered , 2008 were bacteria were discovered a version employ that discovered a version employ that of postulated , 2011 was it postulated that "Halomonadaceae of a strain indicates that an essential trace mineral is arsenic include DNA methylation These , histone modification arsenic cause p16 of tumor suppressor genes significant DNA hypermethylation p16 of tumor suppressor genes significant DNA hypermethylation and produces , example " the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis , produces " trimethylarsine the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces " trimethylarsine the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis if " produces trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic produces trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic is found is some marine foods in The organic compound arsenobetaine Naturally include of human exposure occurring sources include of human exposure volcanic ash occurring sources Arsenic is absorbed all plants by is absorbed all plants by , absorbed all plants by , but led of groundwater has Extensive arsenic contamination estimated that the Bengal basin in approximately 57 million people in suggested Taiwan that significant increases suggested Taiwan that significant increases in suggested that cancer mortality in significant increases

is in the groundwater The arsenic of used was local and western NGOs after This groundwater Cambodia , have geological environments that , have geological environments that produce have geological environments groundwater produce that reported was Nakhon Si Thammarat in Arsenicosis exposed , Pakistan are more than 60 million people exposed are arsenic polluted drinking water to more than 60 million people exposed to arsenic polluted drinking water indicated by observed skin lesions an elevated presence of A 2009 research study Some Canadians are drinking water that are drinking water that contains drinking water inorganic arsenic contains that are risk most at Private-dug–well waters modeled at the Geological Survey of Canada have Researchers shows from Chile a dose-dependent connection Epidemiological evidence suggests multiple epidemiological studies on inorganic arsenic exposure Analyzing consume , the University of Cambridge worldwide roughly 80 million people predict , their drinking water would the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis , predict would an additional 2,000 cases the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis predict would an additional 2,000 cases the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis of represents the overall impact a clear underestimate of This found as a coagulant was iron use does not any chemicals This technology is to avoid arsenic contamination Another effective and inexpensive method funded shows the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Superfund Research Program by shows the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Superfund Research Program by that the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' shows Superfund Research Program that deep sediments shows Superfund Research Program that deep sediments can suggested have a correlation Epidemiological studies between drinks of the world's population water Around one-third is the trace metalloids unique among Arsenic is mobilization sensitive to It occur can the environment in Arsenic produced of arsenic are Organic forms of produced are arsenic by arsenic are produced biological activity by are produced biological activity by , produced biological activity by , mostly may be solubilized various processes by be released from surface binding sites that released from surface binding sites that lose affected of arsenic are The aquatic transformations

of affected are arsenic by arsenic are affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential by are affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential by , affected pH, reduction-oxidation potential by , organic matter concentration affects and reduction the migration Oxidation reduced of arsenic is the adsorption is of sulfur another factor The presence of sulfur is another factor that sulfur is another factor that affects is another factor the transformation affects that precipitate when form sulfides metal removed , this way is arsenic removed is the water from arsenic removed from the water and its mobility appear involving Fe also Redox reactions plays of iron oxyhydroxides a key role The reduction can be mobilized reductive desorption by be mobilized reductive desorption by or mobilized reductive desorption by or dissolution catalyze of bacteria redox transformations Some species speed ) the reduction up DARP combine As(III the oxidation of CAO use energy obtained They to obtain can not energy HAO , are of arsenic abiotic redox reactions are of arsenic abiotic redox reactions slow , were ) As(V)/As(III ratios were ) As(V)/As(III ratios stable were periods stable over ratios found experimental studies from Cherry that found from experimental studies that the As(V)/As(III) ratios of consumed , 2002 US-based industries 2002 , consumed 19,600 metric tons US-based industries , consumed 19,600 metric tons US-based industries of consumed arsenic 19,600 metric tons of US-based industries used of this was Ninety percent , is one also this application is one also this application of treated of older pressure-treated wood was The vast majority is widespread use still in CCA lumber is also presented the burning by also presented the burning by of presented older CCA timber the burning of by in is ; humans the lethal human dose humans ; is approximately 20 grams the lethal human dose ; is approximately 20 grams the lethal human dose of is ash approximately 20 grams of the lethal human dose lumber construction and demolition sites from Scrap CCA may is a Geographic Information System TOXMAP ( GIS of enables , the United States TOXMAP the United States , enables users TOXMAP , enables users TOXMAP to

enables users TOXMAP to visually contaminated of ground water Bioremediation with is (+5 oxidation state ) the dominant form Arsenate transform of bacteria can Many species is ground water remediation a useful method in This requires careful evaluation Bioremediation and design require may the addition Some sites of ) is 10 ppb and the FDA is 10 ppb and the FDA set set for New Jersey a drinking water limit The Department of Environmental Protection set has the permissible exposure limit The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( is for organic arsenic compounds a TWA The PEL required ; this level also it ; required also recalls it required also recalls it for In broadcast , 2011 the national "Dr. Oz" television show 2011 , broadcast a program highlighting tests the national "Dr. Oz" television show , broadcast a program highlighting tests the national "Dr. Oz" television show performed the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast a program highlighting tests performed by broadcast a program highlighting tests performed an independent lab by between showed ) organic and inorganic arsenic the tests organic and inorganic arsenic ) showed levels the tests ) showed levels the tests of showed arsenic levels of the tests In tested , response FDA response , tested the worst brand FDA , tested the worst brand FDA from tested the "Dr." "Oz" show the worst brand from FDA Ongoing testing found the apple juice samples of 95% found the apple juice samples of 95% were showed by Consumer Reports inorganic arsenic Later testing raised was people about Concern was raised about people who raised about people who were released September 2012 some testing results in The FDA is many organisms bioaccumulative in Arsenic may be affected root uptake by be affected root uptake by of affected arsenate root uptake of by comes the affinity from Arsenic's toxicity of arsenic inhibits lipoic acid , which inhibits lipoic acid , which is interferences death lead to These metabolic is of chronic arsenic poisoning Treatment possible states that arsenic exposure of the long-term effects foresee can not possible health outcomes these tests

is the symbol Sb a chemical element with Antimony found is nature in it is antimony the largest producer of China are for metallic antimony The largest applications in improves lead-alloy plates the rigidity of It is halogen-containing flame retardants a prominent additive for Antimony trioxide is group a member of Antimony with is , periodic trends it is , periodic trends it more is a Mohs scale hardness a silvery, lustrous gray metalloid with Antimony in was ; 1931 durability was ; 1931 durability poor known of antimony are Four allotropes , crystallizes a trigonal cell into molten antimony crystallizes a trigonal cell into molten antimony , formed is rapid cooling upon Black antimony ; oxidizes air in it oxidizes air in it and transforms , 100 °C gradually it transforms gradually the stable form into it been generated only oxidation by generated only oxidation by of adopts a layered structure Elemental antimony ( space group Rm No form an irregular octahedral complex The nearest and next-nearest neighbors , with has two stable isotopes Antimony : 121Sb has also 35 radioisotopes It , most is of these stable is of these 120m1Sb stable found is more than 100 mineral species in it , is of the compound the molecule is of the compound the molecule , is the compound , but it be formed only oxidation by formed only oxidation by with forms also a mixed-valence oxide Antimony , exists the hydrate, forming salts only as Antimonic acid are sulfides Many antimony ores , including forms halides two series of Antimony antimony pentafluoride The pentahalides and antimony decomposes room temperature spontaneously at Stibine are typically prepared alkylation by typically prepared alkylation by of prepared antimony alkylation of by known of compounds are A large variety include Sb(C6H5)3 Examples ( triphenylstibine unconvinced a vase was indeed the artifact weakens a lost art the evidence for This described Pliny the Elder several ways The Roman scholar described of antimony is The intentional isolation of described is antimony by antimony is described Jabir ibn Hayyan by is described Jabir ibn Hayyan by before

described 815 AD Jabir ibn Hayyan before by known was German chemist Andreas Libavius to The metal antimony uncertain ; have some difficulty all suggestions ; have some difficulty all suggestions either have some difficulty all suggestions either of mean ; adherents would this ; mean would "monk-killer this mean would "monk-killer this " is the hypothetical Greek word Another popular etymology ἀντίμόνος "antimonos include of "antimonium " The early uses in are , hieroglyphs the vowels are , hieroglyphs the vowels uncertain Later used also στἰβι "stibi Greeks used also στἰβι "stibi Greeks " gives also "stimi the names Pliny Later adapted the word Latin authors to adapted Latin the word to Latin authors reported that in 2005 China expected of antimony is Chinese production , are for economic production hurdles are for economic production hurdles higher from is , China Chinese production is , China Chinese production critical ranked is highest second antimony identified was one as antimony in maintains xxx Figure antimony Figure xxx maintains high supply risk antimony xxx maintains high supply risk antimony relative maintains high supply risk antimony relative to imported , the U.S. is the metal , came of America's antimony 68% came of America's antimony 68% from found that minerals of a small subset produced of antimony trioxide is The flame retarding effect of produced is antimony trioxide by antimony trioxide is produced the formation by is produced the formation by of produced halogenated antimony compounds the formation of by include for these flame-retardants children's clothing Markets forms lead a highly useful alloy with Antimony used of antimony are varying amounts In improves , lead–acid batteries this addition lead–acid batteries , improves plate strength this addition , improves plate strength this addition and improves plate strength this addition and charging used , sailboats are lead keels consume the world's supply nearly all the rest of Three other applications is a fining agent as Another to have and medicine few uses Biology used are antiprotozoan drugs as Antimony compounds was subsequently replaced praziquantel by having have , low therapeutic indices the drugs low therapeutic indices , have minimal penetration the drugs

, have minimal penetration the drugs of have the bone marrow minimal penetration of the drugs used is the heads in Antimony(III) sulfide sulfides help Antimony to stabilize used is bullets in Antimony the gamma rays emitted initiate antimony-124 by emitted initiate antimony-124 the photodisintegration by initiate antimony-124 the photodisintegration by of have 24 an average energy of The emitted neutrons affect does not human and environmental health Elemental antimony metal are skin corrosive to Antimony chlorides estimated for metals is Dermal absorption cause with antimony dust may Prolonged skin contact agreed was the European Union level at it agreed at the European Union level that the skin rashes is set at 0.5 mg/m3 by set at 0.5 mg/m3 the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists by appear of antimony Certain compounds to cause may respiratory irritation Occupational exposure , is the symbol Ac a chemical element with Actinium got " ; the name "emanium the element " ; got its name the element ; got its name the element by got its name the element by being gave the actinide series the name to Actinium many actinides , assumes oxidation state +3 actinium , assumes oxidation state +3 actinium in assumes nearly all its chemical compounds oxidation state +3 in actinium radioactivity , has no significant industrial use actinium separated pitchblende residues it from He In described , 1899 Debierne 1899 , described the substance Debierne , described the substance Debierne as described the substance Debierne as similar found a substance in 1902 Friedrich Oskar Giesel led has some authors This to proposed of scientific discovery is A less confrontational vision of proposed is scientific discovery by scientific discovery is proposed Adloff by in notes , the original papers he notes , the original papers he that originates the Ancient Greek "aktis from The name actinium , is that similar to Its estimated shear modulus has similar chemical properties Actinium to lanthanum of gave , the actinides actinium the actinides , gave the group actinium , gave its name the group actinium gave its name the group actinium , , exists the oxidation state +3 in actinium

exists the oxidation state +3 in actinium , originates the [Rn]6d17s2 electronic configuration from The oxidation state +3 of be may in reality even this known of actinium compounds are only a limited number include AcF3 : These , for are , AcPO4 they are , AcPO4 they all contain all actinium They in " is formula units of the number is formula units of the number per treated , the latter method is actinium metal treated is hydrogen fluoride vapors with actinium metal is obtained actinium reacting by obtained actinium reacting by hydroxide be prepared actinium trichloride hydrolyzing by prepared actinium trichloride hydrolyzing by with Actinium hydride was obtained reduction by was obtained reduction by of obtained actinium trichloride reduction of by composed is two radioactive isotopes of occurring actinium All remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are have half-lives less than 10 hours are that is of actinium The shortest-lived known isotope ( comes equilibrium into Purified with decays its 21.772-year half-life according to It The actinium is 227Ac a transient member isotope is 227Ac a transient member isotope of is 228Ac a transient member The isotope of is the radium weight about 2% of The reaction yield capture can further neutrons 227Ac separated , the synthesis is actinium separated is radium from actinium is an appropriate resin anion exchange with An alternative procedure has radiation therapy potential applications in This rare isotope has been prepared the reduction by been prepared the reduction by of prepared actinium fluoride the reduction of by resulted evaporation in Higher temperatures of applied is medicine in 225Ac has 10 days a half-life of This isotope its daughters , emit alpha particles which , emit alpha particles which kill emit alpha particles cancer cells kill which of was 225Ac that intravenous injection was 225Ac that intravenous injection of was that simple actinium complexes of intravenous injection bound , this problem was 225Ac bound was a chelating agent to 225Ac but remained from the body the excretion remained from the body the excretion slow obtained were such chelating agents with Much better results be studied with the required accuracy by

studied with the required accuracy direct measurements by occurs the mixing processes because of This occurs because of the mixing processes which deposited of actinium is about 33% is the symbol Am a synthetic radioactive chemical element with Americium first produced in 1944 by produced in 1944 the group by discovered , the transuranic series was it kept was secret The discovery and Most americium is produced uranium by is produced uranium by or produced uranium by or plutonium is silvery appearance a relatively soft radioactive metal with Americium are 241Am Its most common isotopes and 243Am assumes , chemical compounds usually americium , assumes usually the oxidation state +3 americium assumes usually the oxidation state +3 americium , used the University of California, Berkeley a 60-inch cyclotron at They heavier curium , was the fourth transuranium element americium , was the fourth transuranium element americium to was the fourth transuranium element americium to be had been restructured Seaborg by been restructured Seaborg by to restructured its present layout Seaborg to by below was ; its twin lanthanide element europium it was ; its twin lanthanide element europium it thus was analogy thus by it isolated was its oxides from The new element evaporated , about 0.5 cm2 area was the solution dissolved , cyclotron irradiation was the coating dissolved was nitric acid with the coating dissolved was perchloric acid in The residue was carried out ion exchange by carried out ion exchange by , yielded four americium isotopes Initial experiments : 241Am to were ; the Manhattan Project the results were ; the Manhattan Project the results confidential leaked the elements the synthesis of Seaborg weighed were ; a few micrograms they were ; a few micrograms they barely concentrated is the areas in Existing americium contains of spent nuclear fuel about 100 grams A tonne is the disposal undesirable for Their prolonged radioactivity involve may several steps The associated procedure , involve several steps , where americium contains present in spent nuclear fuel The plutonium yield different actinide isotopes a mixture of Most synthesis routines For codenamed , example a 2003 EU-funded project

codenamed , example a 2003 EU-funded project " proposed was 2009 in A "bis"-triazinyl bipyridine complex proposed in 2009 as such a reagent Metallic americium is obtained reduction by is obtained reduction by from obtained its compounds reduction from by located , the periodic table is americium located is the right to americium prepared , has a silvery-white metallic lustre it , has a silvery-white metallic lustre it , has a silvery-white metallic lustre it , but / is , cm3 americium is , cm3 americium less At is , ambient conditions americium is , ambient conditions americium present is its most stable α form present in americium is present in its most stable α form which consists a double-hexagonal close packing of The crystal with to transforms , 5 GPa α-Am transforms , 5 GPa α-Am to , transforms the β modification to α-Am transforms the β modification to α-Am , transforms to the β modification , which is the closest packing equivalent to This "fcc" structure to transforms , 23 GPa americium transforms , 23 GPa americium to , transforms an orthorhombic γ-Am structure to americium transforms an orthorhombic γ-Am structure to americium similar are up to 52 GPa no further transitions observed There is the status no consistency on There decreases of the α-β transition The pressure with makes the temperature somewhat uncertain This effect at is ; room temperature this behavior is ; room temperature this behavior similar is that similar to this behavior is a wide temperature range paramagnetic in Americium is of americium The thermal expansion coefficient slightly is , from which the standard enthalpy change reacts readily oxygen with Americium metal is for americium +3 The most stable oxidation state has of americium(III ) The chemistry For forms , example trivalent americium example , forms insoluble fluoride, oxalate, iodate, hydroxide, phosphate and other salts trivalent americium This is the widest range that has is the widest range that has been americium is in aqueous solution compounds is in aqueous solution compounds as have sharp peaks The absorption spectra , due , has ) absorption maxima Am(III

has ) absorption maxima Am(III at compounds oxidation state +4 with Americium and In is acidic aqueous solution the ion unstable is acidic aqueous solution the ion unstable with is respect unstable with the ion can be prepared oxidation by be prepared oxidation by of prepared Am(III oxidation of by prepared was minute amounts in Americium(II) oxide is a melting point a red-brown solid with Americium(III) oxide is solid americium the main form of oxide is the main form of solid americium which at completes , 300 °C the decomposition completes , 300 °C the decomposition at , completes about 470 °C at the decomposition is of solid tetravalent americium fluoride KAmF5 Another known form dissolved , this purpose was black Am(OH)4 dissolved was 15 in black Am(OH)4 M. The resulting reddish solution had a characteristic optical absorption spectrum which is had a characteristic optical absorption spectrum which is similar form ) halides hexagonal crystals americium(III is LaF3 isotypic to The fluoride be prepared americium dioxide dissolving by prepared americium dioxide dissolving by in include of americium the sulfide AmS2 The known chalcogenides ) were obtained reduction by were obtained reduction by of obtained americium(III reduction of by with has , LaSi it LaSi , has an orthorhombic crystal symmetry it has a bright silvery lustre AmSix and a tetragonal crystal lattice (space group include of americium AmB4 Borides to forms , uranocene americium uranocene , forms the organometallic compound amerocene americium , forms the organometallic compound amerocene americium with forms two cyclooctatetraene ligands the organometallic compound amerocene with americium has been confirmed EXAFS by is recent origin an artificial element of Americium is life harmful to It is for a bare 242mAm sphere The critical mass about is about 9–14 kg ( the uncertainty is portable nuclear weapons favorable for Such small critical mass are very compact 10-kW high-flux reactors proposals of There known are americium for 8 nuclear isomers are has ; two long-lived alpha-emitters 243Am two long-lived alpha-emitters ; has a half-life 243Am ; has a half-life 243Am of has 7,370 years a half-life of 243Am 242m1Am ; has a long half-life it

; has a long half-life it of has 141 years a long half-life of it Americium-241 emitting to 237Np decays emitting to 237Np alpha particles decays used is the most common type in Americium declines the americium decays slowly as This amount , includes in a smoke detector the americium includes in a smoke detector about 3% neptunium the americium passes an ionization chamber through The radiation , Any smoke absorbs enters the chamber that absorbs enters the chamber the alpha particles that the chamber absorbs the alpha particles , which absorbs the alpha particles , which reduces electricity – is 114.7 mW/g the power yield – is 114.7 mW/g the power yield for is 241Am 114.7 mW/g for the power yield is of americium a fuel Another proposed space-related application relies the very high rate on It of avoids self-absorption the problem of Small thickness is uranium or plutonium rods pertinent to This problem directly propel the spaceship or they propel the spaceship or they can relies the energy not on Its design provide of such battery could A single 3.2 kg 242mAm charge is of 241AmBe neutron sources a neutron probe The most widespread use produced was the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at nobelium excreted of the americium is most depends to the liver The uptake on enters often landfills Americium from In extracted , 1994 17-year-old David Hahn 1994 , extracted the americium 17-year-old David Hahn , extracted the americium 17-year-old David Hahn from extracted about 100 smoke detectors the americium from 17-year-old David Hahn been have a few cases There of is the symbol a chemical element with Astatine is the Earth's crust the rarest naturally occurring element in It was of the element The first synthesis in is have ; an extremely radioactive element all its isotopes an extremely radioactive element ; have half-lives all its isotopes ; have half-lives all its isotopes of have 8.1 hours half-lives of all its isotopes are of its isotopes Most very Research is limited its short half-life by is limited its short half-life by , limited by its short half-life , which

been estimated ( interpolation by estimated ( interpolation by or yellow is , green bromine green , is red brown bromine , is red brown bromine , is red brown bromine , and is red brown , and iodine is of solid astatine The structure unknown of have iodine may it iodine have may an orthorhombic crystalline structure it have may an orthorhombic crystalline structure it composed be this structure may well it be may well a superconductor it be , example would its bond length be would dissociation energy , its bond length clouded is " astatine by is " clouded the extremely low concentrations by " clouded the extremely low concentrations by at clouded which the extremely low concentrations at by has some metallic characteristics Astatine as well has 2.2 an electronegativity of Astatine based is an idealized convention on official IUPAC stoichiometric nomenclature handled , this convention is astatine predicted for At was The marked reduction than is , iodine astatine iodine , is the least reactive astatine , is the least reactive astatine of is the halogens the least reactive of astatine as ensures , a carrier the iodine ensures , the iodine a carrier there the iodine ensures sufficient material is there ensures sufficient material is there for – was noted the pioneers by was noted the pioneers by of noted astatine chemistry the pioneers of by mentioned , are grounds there , are grounds there for are grounds there for instead ; gives by dilute nitric acid acidification gives by dilute nitric acid the At0 or At+ forms acidification gives the At0 or At+ forms , and the subsequent addition [ forms , ionic compounds At(C5H5N)2]+ forms , ionic compounds At(C5H5N)2]+ with obtained example , for by yields is ; the perastatate ion this is ; the perastatate ion this only in produce ; the vapor state these reactions produce ; the vapor state these reactions diatomic produce compounds diatomic interhalogen these reactions showed ) nitric acid solution that adding chloride showed that the astatine turned adding chloride suggested , chemical elements was it called , its officially recognized discovery was it

, called was "eka-iodine it called was "eka-iodine it " made of eka-iodine was The first claimed discovery of made was eka-iodine by eka-iodine was made Fred Allison by was made Fred Allison by and made Fred Allison by and his associates named 85 "alabamine element The discoverers " of disproved , University of California Berkeley University of California , disproved Allison's method Berkeley , disproved Allison's method Berkeley and disproved Allison's method Berkeley and the validity was 1937 another claim in There chose ) , Bangladesh he ) , chose the name "dakin he , chose the name "dakin he " chose the name "dakin he " for In published , 1939 they 1939 , published another paper they , they published another paper which they published another paper which supported published another paper which supported and In published , 1944 Hulubei 1944 , published a summary Hulubei , published a summary Hulubei of published data a summary of Hulubei published a summary of data he chose the name "dor He " , was effectively rejected the Austrian chemist by effectively rejected the Austrian chemist by Friedrich Paneth rejected the Austrian chemist by Friedrich Paneth , were to detect it means In announced , 1940 the Swiss chemist Walter Minder 1940 , announced the discovery the Swiss chemist Walter Minder , announced the discovery the Swiss chemist Walter Minder of announced element the discovery of the Swiss chemist Walter Minder of is ( his radon stream radon-222 his radon stream ( is the parent isotope radon-222 ( is the parent isotope radon-222 of is polonium-218 the parent isotope of radon-222 , and isolated the element Emilio Segrè and isolated the element Emilio Segrè at isolated the University of California, Berkeley the element at Emilio Segrè in created , nature the scientists nature , created it the scientists , created it the scientists by created it the scientists by bombarding in were , addition chemists were , addition chemists reluctant found , 1943 was astatine found was a product as astatine called in 1946 Friedrich Paneth to classified and his colleagues astatine Corson

reported like iodine - Subsequent investigators are astatine 39 known isotopes of There follow the same trend Astatine's alpha decay energies as for have alpha decay quite high energies of Lighter astatine isotopes has the previous isotope a significantly higher energy than Astatine-211 is ) , astatine-211 the alpha decay probability The release following isotopes two release following isotopes even more energy two For is , this reason it this reason , is the shortest-lived astatine isotope it postulated that the element of all isotopes The most stable isotope is astatine-210 , which is astatine-210 , which has is plus beta The primary decay mode , In have , total only five isotopes total , have half-lives only five isotopes , have half-lives only five isotopes exceeding have one hour half-lives exceeding only five isotopes is astatine-213 The least stable ground state isotope , with Astatine has 24 known nuclear isomers , which has 24 known nuclear isomers , which are be may more than one isomer There for most is of these nuclear isomers stable stable of is these nuclear isomers astatine-202m1 of is these nuclear isomers astatine-202m1 , is these nuclear isomers astatine-202m1 , which estimated ) is mass 2.36 × 1025 grams by ) is estimated some by is estimated some by to estimated some by to be occur a product naturally as trace amounts was the first astatine isotope Astatine-218 discovered in first produced bismuth-209 bombarding by produced bismuth-209 bombarding by with using constrained is this method by this method is constrained the limited availability by is constrained the limited availability by of constrained suitable cyclotrons the limited availability of by be of astatine might microgram quantities is astatine-211 The most important isotope , the sputtered , the bismuth target is the metal sputtered is a gold onto the metal kept is a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere under The target collided , a cyclotron are alpha particles collided are the bismuth with alpha particles occur may three possible ways in the reaction summarized modern adaptations below are The methods heated is a temperature to The astatine-containing cyclotron target

required the condensate may be Redistilling recovered is the trap from The astatine extracted is this acid from Astatine involve multiple radioactivity " Wet methods handling is ongoing research the subject of Newly formed astatine-211 of is ; 7.2 hours this is ; 7.2 hours this long has targeted alpha-particle therapy potential for Astatine-211 - emitted a result as rays emitted a result as rays of is ) medicine that iodine-131 is that high-energy beta particles emits iodine-131 have tissues much greater penetrating power through Beta particles emitted travel iodine-131 can by travel iodine-131 can nearly 30 by delayed close to a decade research for World War II indicated of early experiments Results that of indicated early experiments that a cancer-selective carrier indicated early experiments that a cancer-selective carrier would Unlike shows , iodine astatine iodine , shows a tendency astatine , shows a tendency astatine to shows a tendency astatine to dehalogenate in emphasized , the body this the body , emphasized the need this , emphasized the need this to emphasized the need this to ensure emphasized the need to ensure it for remain , their efficacy more rapidly metabolized carriers their efficacy , remain a significant obstacle more rapidly metabolized carriers , remain a significant obstacle more rapidly metabolized carriers to remain the evaluation a significant obstacle to more rapidly metabolized carriers shows , iodine also astatine , shows also a tendency astatine shows also a tendency astatine to the form of tends a radiocolloid it of tends a radiocolloid it to tends a radiocolloid it to concentrate suggest that much greater damage causes astatine-211 in remained ; breast tissue this conclusion remained ; breast tissue this conclusion controversial remained many years controversial for this conclusion is ordinary matter the smallest unit of An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that composed is a nucleus of Every atom made is one or more protons of The nucleus has of hydrogen no neutrons Only the most common variety is of an atom's mass More than 99.94% in have have , a positive electric charge the electrons a positive electric charge , have a negative electric charge the electrons

, have a negative electric charge the electrons , have a negative electric charge the electrons , and have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons attracted of an atom are The electrons attracted to each other by Under becomes , certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes , certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force stronger becomes the nuclear force stronger than the repelling electromagnetic force is the "atomic number " and it any atom is contains 29 protons that is contains 29 protons copper that defines of neutrons the isotope The number attach can one or more other atoms to Atoms was used throughout the ages by used throughout the ages thinkers by compiled , the early 1800s John Dalton the English chemist , compiled John Dalton experimental data the English chemist compiled John Dalton experimental data the English chemist gathered John Dalton compiled experimental data gathered by compiled experimental data gathered himself by noticed chemical compounds that in He noticed that in chemical compounds which of is : tin oxide one tin oxide : is a black powder one : one is a black powder that one is a black powder that is is a black powder 88.1% tin is that , in is the black oxide there in the black oxide is about 13.5 g there the black oxide is about 13.5 g there of is oxygen about 13.5 g of there As considered , a second example Dalton a second example , considered two iron oxides Dalton , considered two iron oxides Dalton : considered two iron oxides Dalton : a black powder considered two iron oxides : a black powder which , in is the black oxide there in the black oxide is about 28 g there the black oxide is about 28 g there of is oxygen about 28 g of there 36.7% oxygen , is 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide , is 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide and is 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide and 55.95% oxygen , in is nitric oxide there in nitric oxide is about 160 g there nitric oxide is about 160 g there of

is oxygen about 160 g of there , and form a ratio 320 and form a ratio 320 of form 1:2:4 a ratio of 320 , found of scientists a number found of scientists a number that of found scientists that they found scientists that they could In used , 1827 botanist Robert Brown 1827 , used a microscope botanist Robert Brown , used a microscope botanist Robert Brown to used a microscope botanist Robert Brown to look In proved , 1905 Albert Einstein 1905 , proved the reality Albert Einstein , proved the reality Albert Einstein of proved these molecules the reality of Albert Einstein In discovered , 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered , 1897 J. J. Thomson that within were — the cathode they the cathode — were "subatomic" particles they called these new particles He "corpuscles " recognized that the particles are electrons of are ( alpha particles these alpha particles ( are positively-charged particles these ( are positively-charged particles these emitted these are positively-charged particles emitted by are positively-charged particles emitted certain radioactive substances by were being scattered the air by being scattered the air by in scattered the detection chamber the air in by encountered had a similar problem Thomson in performed and his colleagues a series Rutheford explain proposed , this Rutherford proposed , this Rutherford that proposed that the atom of the positive charge , in discovered 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy in discovered 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy that discovered radiochemist Frederick Soddy 1913 that there The term isotope was coined Margaret Todd by was coined Margaret Todd by as coined a suitable name Margaret Todd as by In proposed , 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr 1913 , proposed a model the physicist Niels Bohr , proposed a model the physicist Niels Bohr in proposed which a model in the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons Later in provided the same year Henry Moseley in the same year provided additional experimental evidence Henry Moseley the same year provided additional experimental evidence Henry Moseley in provided favor additional experimental evidence in Henry Moseley

These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model , which refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model , which proposed explained between atoms were Chemical bonds between explained were atoms by atoms were explained Gilbert Newton Lewis by were explained Gilbert Newton Lewis by in explained 1916 Gilbert Newton Lewis in by in suggested 1919 Irving Langmuir the American chemist suggested 1919 Irving Langmuir the American chemist that was of the atom the first complete physical model The Bohr model described the atom the overall structure of It provided of 1922 further evidence The Stern–Gerlach experiment split , a specially shaped magnetic field was the beam split was a way in the beam In published , 1925 Werner Heisenberg 1925 , published the first consistent mathematical formulation Werner Heisenberg , published the first consistent mathematical formulation Werner Heisenberg of published quantum mechanics the first consistent mathematical formulation of Werner Heisenberg known ; time became this known became the uncertainty principle as this The development of allowed the mass spectrometer the mass of allowed the mass spectrometer the mass of the mass spectrometer allowed atoms of the mass allowed atoms of the mass to uses a magnet The device to bend used Francis William Aston this instrument The chemist to varied called integer amounts , by called integer amounts , the whole number rule by awaited for these different isotopes the discovery The explanation Instead , showed barium his chemical experiments , showed barium his chemical experiments as showed a product barium as his chemical experiments verified that the first experimental "nuclear fission were Hahn's result In received , 1944 Hahn 1944 , received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Hahn allowed and particle detectors improved particle accelerators scientists allowed the impacts to study scientists in composed modern scientific usage is the atom composed modern scientific usage is the atom of composed is various subatomic particles of the atom was a positive rest mass the lightest particle with It bound , ordinary conditions are electrons bound are the positively charged nucleus to electrons are bound to the positively charged nucleus by

bound to the positively charged nucleus the attraction by called ; a whole is a charged atom ; called is an ion a charged atom have a positive charge Protons and a mass 1,836 times that observed that alpha-particle bombardment under nitrogen have no electrical charge Neutrons and have are heaviest the Neutrons of of are , physics electrons physics , are truly elementary particles electrons , are truly elementary particles electrons with are no internal structure truly elementary particles with electrons are quarks two types of There composed are two up quarks of Protons consist one up quark of Neutrons and are held together the strong interaction by held together the strong interaction by ( is of a nucleus The radius approximately are bound together a short-ranged attractive potential by bound together a short-ranged attractive potential by called have of the same element the same number Atoms vary of neutrons may the number classified are fermions as the neutron Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits obey the Pauli exclusion principle "identical" fermions prohibits which is the opposite process Nuclear fission , causing is the opposite process , causing a nucleus be modified through bombardment by modified through bombardment high energy subatomic particles by — is usually an exothermic process that is usually an exothermic process that releases It is this energy-releasing process that makes is this energy-releasing process nuclear fusion makes that attracted in an atom are The electrons binds an electrostatic potential the electrons inside This force closer is the nucleus to an electron is the nucleus to an electron , is the potential well a region inside The electron cloud This behavior is defined an atomic orbital by is defined an atomic orbital by , defined an atomic orbital by , a mathematical function ) exist of these orbitals set exist of these orbitals set around change can its state The electron to drop in a higher energy state can an electron For requires , example it requires , example it only 13.6 requires eV only 13.6   it For admit , example all hydrogen atoms example , admit exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms

, admit exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms , admit exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms , but admit exactly one proton , but isotopes form atomic numbers a set of The known elements occur Earth naturally on About 339 nuclides have than 100 million years half-lives longer An additional 34 radioactive nuclides known of 286 nuclides are This collection of exists , the chemical elements at least one stable isotope As is , a rule there a rule , is only a handful there , is only a handful there of is stable isotopes only a handful of there have only a single stable isotope Twenty-six elements , while have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number affected of isotopes is Stability of affected is isotopes by isotopes is affected the ratio by is affected the ratio by of affected protons the ratio of by Of have , the 252 known stable nuclides only four the 252 known stable nuclides , have both an odd number only four , have both an odd number only four of have protons both an odd number of only four comes of an atom's mass The large majority from is a positive integer It and dimensionless defined is a twelfth as This unit called of this number is The value has an atomic mass A given atom approximately equal , use instead the unit chemists use instead the unit chemists of lack a well-defined outer boundary Atoms , so lack a well-defined outer boundary , so their dimensions is the distance a measure of This assumes a spherical shape to exhibit the atom varies the location with The radius of of tends , the elements atom size tends , the elements atom size to deviate of an atom may the shape depends the field magnitude on The deformation and are times thousands of Atomic dimensions consider , the atom that a typical human hair consider that about 1 million carbon atoms is a typical human hair contains of water about 2 sextillion A single drop Every element has one or more isotopes that have

has one or more isotopes unstable nuclei have that include of radioactive decay ejection Other more rare types is internal conversion — a process that has a characteristic decay time period Each radioactive isotope — the half-life This is an exponential decay process that steadily is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property Elementary particles known as is the angular momentum analogous to This measured is units in Spin — is determined these various forms by is determined these various forms by of determined angular momentum these various forms of by in bound , the same quantum state electrons bound , the same quantum state electrons pair achieved when unpaired electrons of the spins , produce can a measurable macroscopic field the material have of an atom will The nucleus will have no spin when it have no spin when it has aligned with spin are nuclei ; reaches on the electron's position its dependence reaches on the electron's position the minimum its dependence occupy , the quantum-mechanical model can a bound electron , occupy can only a set a bound electron occupy can only a set a bound electron of can be measured the amount by be measured the amount by of measured energy the amount of by called of a bound electron is The lowest energy state jump orbitals between Electrons in appear , so its frequency these specific energy levels so appear distinct bands as these specific energy levels appear distinct bands as these specific energy levels in absorbed of the photons are some of absorbed are the photons by the photons are absorbed atoms by are absorbed atoms by , absorbed atoms by , causing Thus behave a filter like the atoms the atoms behave like a filter that behave like a filter that forms reveals of the spectral lines Close examination that of reveals the spectral lines that some reveals the spectral lines that some display reveals that a fine structure splitting display some occurs spin-orbit coupling because of This into called ; three or more components a phenomenon three or more components ; called the Zeeman effect a phenomenon

This is caused the interaction by is caused the interaction by of caused the magnetic field the interaction of by have can multiple electron configurations Some atoms with cause with the proper energy can an interacting photon drop must a lower energy state to the electron must drop to a lower energy state that drop to a lower energy state that has synchronized of the two photons are the wave patterns is an element the combining power of Valency It is determined the number by is determined the number by of determined bonds the number of by is a useful approximation for bonds that display multiple valences Many elements , or , takes between these elements chemical bonding takes between these elements many forms chemical bonding takes many forms of electron-sharing that often displayed in a periodic table that displayed in a periodic table that is ( correspond the filling to The horizontal rows correspond the filling to The horizontal rows of found of atoms are Quantities transition , the conditions can materials transition can solids between materials is of this solid carbon An example this is solid carbon , which is solid carbon , which can form , zero can atoms , form can a Bose–Einstein condensate atoms form can a Bose–Einstein condensate atoms , form a Bose–Einstein condensate , at which The microscope uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon , which uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon , which allows tunnel the vacuum through Electrons between is a sharp tip One electrode ideally ending of adjusted the surface is the tip's height adjusted the surface is the tip's height so For images , low bias the microscope low bias , images the averaged electron orbitals the microscope , images the averaged electron orbitals the microscope across images closely packed energy levels the averaged electron orbitals across the microscope observed individual atoms correspond to that be easily identified their mass by turned determined the magnetic field is by by determined is the magnetic field by the magnetic field is determined the mass by is determined the mass by of determined the atom the mass of by

uses this principle The mass spectrometer to measure determine , multiple isotopes can the mass spectrometer , determine can the proportion the mass spectrometer determine can the proportion the mass spectrometer of made proper focusing can be both forms the total energy density about 4% of Baryonic matter as have , the Milky Way particles the Milky Way , have a much higher concentration particles , have a much higher concentration particles , have a much higher concentration particles , with concentrated of the Milky Way's baryonic matter are Up to 95% ; is of the mass the remainder is of the mass an unknown dark matter the remainder High temperature inside makes stars most "atoms inside makes stars most "atoms " makes stars most "atoms " fully relies on their binding energy , which than exists , ionization potential the matter exists , ionization potential the matter in , exists the form in the matter exists the form in the matter of below become , the ionization potential atoms become , the ionization potential atoms statistically , involve of which both involve of which the capture both up were and the Earth its inhabitants were and the Earth its inhabitants present were their current form present in its inhabitants are radioactive decay the result of The rest are Earth a few trace atoms on There are a few trace atoms on Earth that is continuously generated cosmic rays by continuously generated cosmic rays by in generated the atmosphere cosmic rays in by have radioactive lifetimes Transuranic elements shorter than bound of the atmosphere is 99% , combine of atoms an overwhelming majority combine of atoms an overwhelming majority to combine to create materials that has of matter a corresponding antimatter particle Each particle Thus , is a positively charged antielectron the positron , is a positively charged antielectron the positron and the positron is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is a positively charged antielectron and the antiproton is , annihilate other each they are , the matter and antimatter particles latter are the universe rare in latter can be replaced a more massive muon by

be replaced a more massive muon by , replaced a more massive muon by , forming Other non-arable land includes land that is includes land that is not For indicate , example United States NRCS statistics indicate , example United States NRCS statistics that indicate that US non-federal pasture of about 59 percent , is of the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area 41 percent is of the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area 41 percent unsuitable makes more food New arable land and can involves non-arable land arable often Making An alternative is the seawater greenhouse , which is the seawater greenhouse , which desalinates make does not artifices the land remains still rock Rock , is of artifice The use an are perspective not in The below described circumstances has a density Aluminium lower than has oxygen a great affinity towards It resembles visually silver Aluminium , for compounds , the group aluminium forms compounds , the group aluminium forms primarily compounds the +3 oxidation state primarily in aluminium forms announced of aluminium was The discovery was announced in 1825 by announced in 1825 Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted by initiated of aluminium was The first industrial production of initiated was aluminium by aluminium was initiated French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville by was initiated French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville by in initiated 1856 French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in by II , was a crucial strategic resource aluminium , was a crucial strategic resource aluminium for was aviation a crucial strategic resource for aluminium In became , 1954 aluminium 1954 , became the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium , became the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium , became the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium , surpassing known , the environment is no living organism is elements common for This situation is the only primordial aluminium isotope It , i.e. is on Earth Nearly all aluminium present are of aluminium All other isotopes radioactive well , is only 717,000 years its half-life , is only 717,000 years its half-life and is only 717,000 years its half-life and therefore is only 717,000 years and therefore a detectable amount

produced of 26Al are minute traces has 13 electrons An aluminium atom , arranged , are of aluminium the combined first three ionization energies are of aluminium the combined first three ionization energies far has 143 pm a radius of A free aluminium atom , shrinks 39 pm to the radius shrinks 39 pm to the radius for allow has , metallization thallium metallization , has a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium , has a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium , has a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium , and has a hexagonal close-packed structure , and gallium has an appearance Aluminium metal ranging from serves of aluminium A fresh film as are reflective the most Aluminium mirrors is of aluminium 2.70 g The density arises compared to most other metals Aluminium's low density arises from the fact that its nuclei are groups the metals of The only lighter metals In used most applications are various aluminium alloys used most applications are various aluminium alloys instead is of pure aluminium 7–11 MPa The yield strength is 7–11 MPa , while aluminium alloys is ductile Aluminium , with is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor Aluminium , having is superconductivity capable of Aluminium combines pre- and post-transition metals characteristics of Aluminium like has , its heavier group 13 congeners it its heavier group 13 congeners , has the characteristic physical properties it , has the characteristic physical properties it of has a post-transition metal the characteristic physical properties of it is under aluminium's valence shell that The underlying core , shield of aluminium the inner electrons shield of aluminium the valence electrons the inner electrons such , is the most electropositive metal aluminium , is the most electropositive metal aluminium in is its group the most electropositive metal in aluminium to have ( BX3 compounds they BX3 compounds ( have the same valence electronic structure they ( have the same valence electronic structure they ) have the same valence electronic structure they ) , has oxygen a high chemical affinity to Aluminium however , forms a thin oxide layer aluminium , forms a thin oxide layer aluminium (

forms a thin oxide layer aluminium ( ~5 nm to is , corrosion aluminium corrosion , is one aluminium , is one aluminium of is the few metals one of aluminium is one of the few metals that — is under these conditions protective passivation is under these conditions protective passivation negligible Aluminium is corroded dissolved chlorides by is corroded dissolved chlorides by , corroded dissolved chlorides by , such destroyed is also aluminium by is also destroyed contact by also destroyed contact by with destroyed mercury contact with by varies of such compounds The coordination number , exists , aqueous solution + Al3 is clarification useful for This features (AlF3 ) six-coordinate aluminium aluminium fluoride ) features six-coordinate aluminium , which features six-coordinate aluminium , which explains Each aluminium atom is surrounded six fluorine atoms by is surrounded six fluorine atoms by in surrounded a distorted octahedral arrangement six fluorine atoms in by exist also complex fluorides in Such units With are , heavier halides the coordination numbers are , heavier halides the coordination numbers lower At dissociate higher temperatures increasingly those dissociate higher temperatures increasingly those into dissociate increasingly trigonal planar into those are prepared aluminium metal treating by prepared aluminium metal treating by with makes catalysts useful as them forms the chemical formula Al2O3 one stable oxide with Aluminium ; is a γ-alumina phase also there are contaminated trace amounts with impure corundum contaminated trace amounts with impure corundum of are three main trihydroxides There : bayerite produced are ores from Most are produced from ores by produced from ores a variety by leads the hydroxides formation to Heating are central importance of These materials to are under normal conditions aluminium sulfide The only stable chalcogenides three are prepared direct reaction by are prepared direct reaction by of prepared their elements direct reaction of by are III-V semiconductors all They isoelectronic involves fixed metals heating Preparation together are lower oxidation states few compounds with There exist in the gaseous phase when the respective trihalide is of aluminium monoiodide the cyclic adduct A stable derivative catch fire They spontaneously in

form often dimers They , usually feature tetrahedral Al centers formed by feature tetrahedral Al centers formed dimerization by are hard acids They and react is lithium aluminium hydride The industrially most important aluminium hydride ( LiAlH4 particle is in the Solar System abundance is in the Solar System 3.15 ppm abundance become creates : Type II supernovas this fusion Type II supernovas : creates 26Mg this fusion : creates 26Mg this fusion , this fusion creates 26Mg , which creates 26Mg , which , created of 27Al are Some smaller quantities is now in existence Essentially all aluminium for is , 27Al hydrogen burning 27Al , is the primary source hydrogen burning , is the primary source hydrogen burning of is 26Al the primary source of hydrogen burning Overall , is about 1.59% aluminium the Earth , is about 1.59% aluminium the Earth by is mass about 1.59% aluminium by the Earth occurs greater proportion in Aluminium in In is , the Earth's crust aluminium the Earth's crust , is the most abundant metallic element aluminium , is the most abundant metallic element aluminium ( is the most abundant metallic element aluminium ( 8.23% In is , contrast the Earth's mantle contrast , is only 2.38% aluminium the Earth's mantle , is only 2.38% aluminium the Earth's mantle by is mass only 2.38% aluminium by the Earth's mantle found is oxides in it occurs also the minerals beryl in Aluminium is are , a common and widespread element not all aluminium minerals a common and widespread element , are economically viable sources not all aluminium minerals , are economically viable sources not all aluminium minerals of are the metal economically viable sources of not all aluminium minerals produced is the ore bauxite from Almost all metallic aluminium occurs a weathering product as Bauxite of shaped has been aluminium by has been shaped usage by been shaped usage by of shaped alum usage of by made dates Greek historian Herodotus , by dates Greek historian Herodotus , by back remained of alum The nature unknown Around suggested , 1530 Swiss physician Paracelsus

1530 , suggested alum Swiss physician Paracelsus , suggested alum Swiss physician Paracelsus was suggested a salt alum was Swiss physician Paracelsus In announced , 1722 German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann 1722 , announced his belief German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann , announced his belief German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann that German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base announced his belief that the base of was completed in 1824 by completed in 1824 Danish physicist by reacted potassium amalgam anhydrous aluminium chloride with He presented his results He and demonstrated In repeated , 1827 German chemist Friedrich Wöhler 1827 , repeated Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler , repeated Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler but repeated Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler but did conducted the same year a similar experiment in He In was , 1845 he was , 1845 he able rare ; exceeded that its cost ; exceeded that its cost of exceeded gold that of its cost established of aluminium was The first industrial production was established in 1856 by established in 1856 French chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville by converts metal alumina into The Hall–Héroult process discovered a way Austrian chemist Carl Joseph Bayer of purifying dropped of aluminium Prices and of dropped aluminium and aluminium dropped aluminium and aluminium became become , the mid-20th century had aluminium , become had a part aluminium become had a part aluminium of , surpassed of aluminium production surpassed of aluminium that production During emerged , the mid-20th century aluminium emerged , the mid-20th century aluminium as , emerged a civil engineering material as aluminium emerged a civil engineering material as aluminium , consisted of two separate aluminium semi - spheres exceeded , 6,800 metric tons first the annual production , exceeded first 100,000 metric tons the annual production exceeded first 100,000 metric tons the annual production in commodity ; entered the London Metal Exchange it ; entered the London Metal Exchange it , entered the London Metal Exchange it , the oldest industrial metal exchange declined for aluminium The real price from lowered were technological progress over Extraction and processing costs

of began ; aluminium the real price began ; aluminium the real price to moved the industrialized countries from Production to ; increased also its consumption share it increased also its consumption share it from consumed was transportation in most aluminium borrowed from French , which is credited as the person who credited as the person who named was the time customary at it This name was criticized contemporary chemists by was criticized contemporary chemists by from criticized France contemporary chemists from by was French a writing in One example among used , other things Berzelius other things , used the name "aluminium Berzelius , used the name "aluminium Berzelius " used the name "aluminium Berzelius " for refers in the same journal issue also Another article also refers to the metal whose oxide refers to the metal whose oxide forms The following year , published a chemistry textbook Davy , published a chemistry textbook Davy in published which a chemistry textbook in Davy published a chemistry textbook in which he In wrote , 1812 British scientist Thomas Young 1812 , wrote an anonymous review British scientist Thomas Young , wrote an anonymous review British scientist Thomas Young of wrote Davy's book an anonymous review of British scientist Thomas Young used the world ' throughout Most scientists In used , 1828 American lexicographer Noah Webster 1828 , used exclusively the "aluminum" spelling American lexicographer Noah Webster , used exclusively the "aluminum" spelling American lexicographer Noah Webster in used his "American Dictionary of the English exclusively the "aluminum" spelling in American lexicographer Noah Webster become , the 1860s had it , become had the more common spelling it become had the more common spelling it there In used , 1892 Hall 1892 , used the ' spelling Hall , used the ' spelling Hall in used his advertising handbill the ' spelling in Hall however , preferred "aluminum Hall , preferred "aluminum Hall " preferred "aluminum Hall " since during dominated , the following decade the ' spelling the following decade , dominated American usage the ' spelling starts of aluminium The production with

After is , this reaction the slurry is , this reaction the slurry at , is a temperature at the slurry is a temperature at the slurry above separated is the solution from The bauxite residue causes hydroxide ; aluminium this hydroxide ; causes decomposition this ; causes decomposition this of causes the [Al(OH)4]− ions decomposition of this , sent is to the mixture sent is classifiers to the mixture to achieved is aluminium metal by aluminium metal is achieved the Hall–Héroult process by made of the electrolysis cell are Anodes called , also Söderberg anodes former be for anodes should Carbon consumed is a rate at The cathode produces a purity aluminium with The Hall–Heroult process can be done the Hoopes process by involves molten aluminium the electrolysis of This process represents the cost about 20 to 40% of Electric power consumes electricity roughly 5% of Aluminium production was the late 1960s a low-profile activity until Recycling involves the scrap melting Recycling , contains useful quantities of aluminium that produces aluminium billets The process , together reacts water with It , are and beverage cans alloys the common aluminium foils are copper The main alloying agents , zinc is highly reactive environments useful in it convert ; industrial processes to e.g. the Claus process ; convert to hydrogen sulfide e.g. the Claus process convert to hydrogen sulfide e.g. the Claus process to Many industrial catalysts are supported alumina by are supported alumina by , supported alumina by , meaning have of aluminium industrial and commercial application Several sulfates consumed is water treatment in About two-thirds is the manufacture in The next major application of used is a catalyst as Anhydrous aluminium chloride used are purifying water in Aluminium hydroxychlorides in has , the Earth's crust aluminium the Earth's crust , has no known function aluminium , has no known function aluminium in has biology no known function in aluminium has 6207 an LD50 of Aluminium sulfate al discovered "significantly higher Aluminum" content . in discovered some brain regions "significantly higher Aluminum" content in . said published in 1988 A review

in said 1988 that there said 1988 that there was said that little evidence was there nevertheless pass does the blood-brain barrier some aluminium pass does the blood-brain barrier some aluminium and are with kidney insufficiency People especially the 1988 Camelford water pollution incident people in had Camelford their drinking water in had Camelford their drinking water contaminated had Camelford their drinking water contaminated with had aluminium sulfate contaminated with their drinking water increases human breast cancer cells estrogen-related gene expression in Aluminium associated , very high doses is aluminium associated is altered function with aluminium cause to powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes can Exposure is aluminium the main source of Food of is , aluminium the only treatment aluminium , is deferoxamine mesylate the only treatment , the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate which the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate which may is deferoxamine mesylate which may be released of aluminium are small amounts In acts , water aluminium acts , water aluminium as , acts a toxiс agent as aluminium acts a toxiс agent as aluminium on is the factors primary among Aluminium is primary among the factors that developed has a tolerance Wheat to possesses the environment its own challenges to Aluminium production result electrical consumption from These gases of are of these gases perfluorocarbons The most potent claimed from 2001 A Spanish scientific report that from claimed 2001 that the fungus "Geotrichum candidum claimed 2001 that the fungus "Geotrichum candidum " is Heidelberg a German hip hop group from Advanced Chemistry founded was 1987 in Advanced Chemistry was founded in 1987 by founded in 1987 Toni L by regarded is one as Advanced Chemistry were the first groups one of They rapped frequently their lives about Advanced Chemistry released ) was your own nation by ) was released Advanced Chemistry by was released Advanced Chemistry by in released November 1992 Advanced Chemistry in by The became a staple single in became the German hip hop scene a staple in single made the status a strong statement about It is of national identity This idea important guest workers ) saw breakdance children

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required , the public is an ISBN is a global standard ISBN used for be ; direction may it be may the best interest in it are book formats a variety of There book is , costs this costs , is a popular option this , is a popular option this for is self-publishers a popular option for this include Pronoun, Smashwords E-book publishing platforms , Blurb ) refers the ability to publishing refers the ability to publishing to For is , self-published books this is , self-published books this often , is a more economical option often this is a more economical option often this than receive of a work may The author In occurred , Canada this practice occurred , Canada this practice during , occurred the 1890s during this practice occurred the 1890s during this practice , receive may advance payments Established and successful authors , pay a percentage royalties as Most independent publishers pay does not anything the author are all carried the publisher by all carried the publisher by , carried by the publisher , who charges of publisher normally This type attract usually must the attention the work Pierre Bourdieu's essay depicts " the publishing industry "The Field of Cultural Production depicts " the publishing industry "The Field of Cultural Production as , makes in their work their authorship makes in their work their work part their authorship However , is the editor it , it is the editor who it is the editor who has is the editor who has " is a lump sum An advance paid in is to the sum paid Royalty payment earn must the advance An author's book before must earn the advance before any further royalties earn the advance before any further royalties are need – book will the book earn , some countries also authors , earn also income authors earn also income authors from born was 14 June 1856 on Andrey Markov attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School He , where attended the St. Petersburg Grammar School , where some teachers In performed his academics he poorly

performed his academics he poorly in performed most subjects poorly in he Later in attended life he in life attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University he life attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University he ( attended Saint Petersburg Imperial University he ( now Saint Petersburg State University completed the university his studies at He taught later high schools at He In this time found a practical use he this time found a practical use he for found his mathematical skills a practical use for he contributed also many other mathematical aspects to He In defended , April 1880 Markov April 1880 , defended his master's thesis Markov , defended his master's thesis Markov " defended his master's thesis Markov " On began the defense after His pedagogical work of As lectured a privatdozent he on a privatdozent lectured differential and integral calculus on he appointed , his doctoral thesis was Markov , appointed was extraordinary professor Markov appointed was extraordinary professor Markov ( of became , Viktor Bunyakovsky Markov Viktor Bunyakovsky , became an extraordinary member Markov , became an extraordinary member Markov of became the academy an extraordinary member of Markov elected , 1896 was Markov , elected was an ordinary member Markov elected was an ordinary member Markov of appointed , 1905 was he , appointed was merited professor he appointed was merited professor he and refused this decree to accept Markov In protested , 1912 he 1912 , protested Leo Tolstoy's excommunication he , protested Leo Tolstoy's excommunication he from protested the Russian Orthodox Church Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from he In elected , 1913 the council of St. Petersburg elected , 1913 the council of St. Petersburg nine was them among Markov , is fear Angst or anxiety is fear or anxiety ("anguish attested is the 19th century since It , differ meaning in the derived words differ meaning in the derived words ; carries , existentialist philosophy " the term "angst , carries " a specific conceptual meaning the term "angst used ) , the translation Kierkegaard ) , used the word Kierkegaard , used the word Kierkegaard "

used the word Kierkegaard " Angest solely said instinct , by by said , instinct Kierkegaard said , instinct Kierkegaard , is understanding the anxiety of It reappeared of angst Kierkegaard's concept in makes classical musical composition its appearance in Existential angst expressed was works in Dread Anxiety is an emotion characterized by is an emotion characterized an unpleasant state by is uneasiness a feeling of Anxiety is often accompanied muscular tension by often accompanied muscular tension by , accompanied muscular tension by , restlessness to involves ; a real or perceived immediate threat anxiety a real or perceived immediate threat ; involves the expectation anxiety ; involves the expectation anxiety of involves future threat the expectation of anxiety Though is a normal human response anxiety , is a normal human response anxiety , when are anxiety disorder multiple forms of There distinguished is fear from Anxiety distinguished from fear , which related is the specific behaviors to Anxiety There is a false presumption that often is a false presumption that often circulates defines anxiety David Barlow as " is of anxiety Another description agony be experienced with long, drawn-out daily symptoms that experienced with long, drawn-out daily symptoms that reduce range of anxiety can Symptoms include of anxiety may The behavioral effects include withdrawal from situations which include of anxiety may The emotional effects include of anxiety may The cognitive effects You feel an intense fear when you feel an intense fear when you think are anxiety various types of There occur when angst faces a person face can also mathematical anxiety People characterized existential anxiety The theologian Paul Tillich as " , is of arousal an optimal level is of arousal an optimal level necessary is the uneasiness Test anxiety , apprehension experience have test anxiety may who of exists , negative evaluation debate exists , negative evaluation debate as to share , students many workers students , share the same experience many workers , share the same experience many workers with share regard the same experience with many workers require generally social acceptance Humans and persist may adulthood into It

called ; a developmentally common stage is it ; called is social anxiety it varies degree in Social anxiety and characterized , some people is it is characterized discomfort experiencing by characterized discomfort experiencing by or experience , unfamiliar others may some people , experience may anxiety some people experience may anxiety some people particularly of has , social anxiety intergroup anxiety social anxiety , has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects intergroup anxiety occur can information processing when anxiety is related work consistent with such be can either a short-term "state Anxiety " reflects the lifespan a stable tendency across Trait anxiety showed that neuroticism of a high level be can also a trait Personality In wrote , 2004 Capgemini wrote , 2004 Capgemini : trigger emotional responses in anxious individuals that are two forms primarily There of refers a choice to The first form in share may symptoms Panic disorder of Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs is an anxiety disorder that occurs without can be distinguished unexpected and repeated episodes by be distinguished unexpected and repeated episodes by of distinguished intense fear unexpected and repeated episodes of by It is reported the Cleveland Clinic by is reported the Cleveland Clinic by that reported by the Cleveland Clinic that panic disorder are mental disorders a group of Anxiety disorders is future events a worry about Anxiety cause may physical symptoms These feelings , are anxiety disorders a number of There Anxiety disorders are caused a complex combination by are caused a complex combination by of caused genetic and environmental factors a complex combination of by Without tend , treatment anxiety disorders tend , treatment anxiety disorders to include may lifestyle changes Treatment , is a type typically with Counselling affected of people are About 12% of affected are people by people are affected an anxiety disorder by are affected an anxiety disorder by in affected a given year an anxiety disorder in by The most are specific phobia common most common are specific phobia which common are specific phobia which affects are specific phobia nearly 12% affects which

affect the ages those between They be can either a short-term "state Anxiety " occur often other mental health disorders with Anxiety disorders show that a large influence have individual-specific environments People tend have anxiety who tend have anxiety who to suggests circuits a link between This connect of the gut can The microbes are which various pathways along There are various pathways along which this communication signal the nervous system to The neurotransmitters of is the HPA axis Another key pathway , as control can the levels The microbes of regulates cortisol production of The HPA axis comes anxiety to treat the potential For account , example genetic differences account , example genetic differences for , account about 43% for genetic differences account about 43% for genetic differences of influenced is mainly adulthood by is mainly influenced stability by mainly influenced stability by in influenced genetic influence stability in by used in the past a candidate gene approach Many studies based were hypotheses on These investigations based on hypotheses about how certain known genes are of these findings None well is that a complex trait is anxiety using of anxiety are studies This includes conditions that affect includes conditions the ability affect that is ; the anxiety same is some sexual dysfunctions true for same present may anxiety with certain organic diseases linked and perpetuated the person's own pessimistic outcome expectancy by result can anxiety in mental filter result of anger may persistent parental discouragement be can targets Such conflicts for is that the purpose serves increased anxiety There is ample empirical evidence that anxiety is ample empirical evidence that anxiety can tastes , show increased blood flow PET-scans , show increased blood flow PET-scans in show the amygdala increased blood flow in PET-scans reported , these studies also the participants , reported also moderate anxiety the participants showed of over 50 studies A 2019 comprehensive systematic review that of showed over 50 studies that food insecurity showed over 50 studies that food insecurity in showed that the United States in food insecurity , is of which the recognition is of which the recognition essential

As respond , a general rule most anxiety disorders respond , a general rule most anxiety disorders well respond first-line agents well to most anxiety disorders produce an anxiolytic response Benzodiazepines by modulating involves drug a category of A third common treatment give prevention natural avenues for The above risk factors is the processing central to The amygdala was a noted writer Milne , primarily born was Kilburn in Alan Alexander Milne grew Henley House School up at He was of his teachers H. G. Wells One his teachers was H. G. Wells , who was H. G. Wells , who taught attended Westminster School Milne and Trinity College collaborated his brother with He Kenneth came the attention to Milne's work of Considered played , a talented cricket fielder Milne played , a talented cricket fielder Milne for , played two amateur teams for Milne Milne played for two amateur teams that played for two amateur teams that were joined World War I the British Army in Milne commissioned was the 4th Battalion into He confirmed was 20 December 1915 on His commission injured , 7 July 1916 was he injured was the Battle of the Somme in he recruited was Military Intelligence into he discharged was 14 February 1919 on He After wrote , the war he the war , wrote a denunciation he , wrote a denunciation he of wrote war a denunciation of he During was , World War II Milne World War II , was one Milne , was one Milne of was the most prominent critics one of Milne made his internment radio broadcasts about Wodehouse of accused , the Germans Milne the Germans , accused Wodehouse Milne , accused Wodehouse Milne of accused Wodehouse Milne of committing got his former friend some revenge on Wodehouse married Dorothy "Daphne" de Sélincourt Milne ( 1890–1971 During was , World War II Milne World War II , was a captain Milne , was a captain Milne in was the British Home Guard a captain in Milne retired the farm to He after During this period published 18 plays he

this period published 18 plays he and published 18 plays he and three novels born was August 1920 in His son was the nascent British film industry an early screenwriter for Milne were "The Bump These " , survive of these films Some in observed ) , 1926 Milne concluded that " which the only excuse comes " a swan from The Pooh illustrated the original Pooh books E. H. Shepard , using derives of the Pooh stories The fictional Hundred Acre Wood from lived the northern edge on Milne of drew the landscapes on E. H. Shepard of as made , Pooh he Pooh , made his first appearance he , made his first appearance he in made a poem his first appearance in he appeared first the "London Evening News in Pooh All four books were illustrated E. H. Shepard by published also four plays Milne in produced ; the Atlantic had he ; produced had a witty piece he produced had a witty piece he of was , Winnie-the-Pooh that he In adapted , 1930 Milne 1930 , adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne , adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne "The Wind in the Willows adapted Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne "The Wind in the Willows " The title was an implicit admission that such chapters was an implicit admission that such chapters as died his home at A. A. Milne in left to A. A. Milne's Pooh books were The rights after sold , his 74th birthday his widow his 74th birthday , sold her rights his widow , sold to her rights his widow sold the Pooh characters her rights to his widow In sold , 2001 the other beneficiaries 2001 , sold their interest the other beneficiaries , sold their interest the other beneficiaries in sold the estate their interest in the other beneficiaries received of E. H. Shepard also The estate applies all to This of remain in the Pooh books will The illustrations remain under copyright until the same amount Winnie had alone annual sales the Pooh merchandising products had alone annual sales the Pooh merchandising products of

wrote once Ashdown Forest of Milne received , Winnie 2006 the Pooh , Winnie received a star the Pooh Winnie received a star the Pooh on received the Hollywood Walk of Fame a star on the Pooh , in sees 2016 a new story in sees a new story 2016 Winnie sees a new story 2016 Winnie the Pooh sees Winnie the Queen meet the Pooh set of Milne's children's poems were Several were set to music by set to music the composer by housed of A. A. Milne's papers are The bulk holds several books The library division formerly belonging was God a crusader against Hitler been found in 1898 by found in 1898 students by was the first years the most successful team during Alumni considered is still the first great football team Alumni reorganised was 1908 in Alumni was the last try This to develop of decided , the students they decided , the students they to decided a club to establish they achieved good results The team and in played has the highest level at Alumni or assumption is a statement that assumption is a statement that is is a statement that is taken has definition subtle differences in The term in is , classic philosophy an axiom classic philosophy , is a statement an axiom , an axiom is a statement that an axiom is a statement that is is a statement that is so In is , most cases a non-logical axiom is , most cases a non-logical axiom simply , is a formal logical expression simply a non-logical axiom is a formal logical expression simply a non-logical axiom used Any axiom is a statement that serves is a statement that serves as maintained axioms some distinction between Ancient geometers on remarks , Euclid's books Proclus remarks , Euclid's books Proclus that developed ) was inference by ) was developed the ancient Greeks by was developed the ancient Greeks by , developed the ancient Greeks by , and accepted are demonstration without They considered geometry The ancient Greeks as just developed the logico-deductive method and used they

be would the assertion A good example that of the various sciences lay certain additional hypotheses that the various sciences lay certain additional hypotheses that were lay certain additional hypotheses that were accepted termed was a "postulate Such a hypothesis " , were of each particular science the postulates were of each particular science the postulates different is mathematics in the last 150 years by in is the last 150 years that it is the last 150 years that it is concede must the need One for makes or formalization mathematical knowledge Such abstraction rests of these complicated facts The truth on get , Euclid's fifth postulate can one , get can theories one one can get theories that can get theories that have get theories meaning have that works ; any one particular application now the mathematician works now complete abstraction in the mathematician Rather , are a set the field axioms , are a set the field axioms of are constraints a set of the field axioms formalizes such an extent its foundations to Modern mathematics , is of axioms a set is of axioms any collection a set In becomes , this view logic this view , becomes just another formal system logic was modern logicians the early hope of It In was , a wider context there a wider context , was an attempt there , was an attempt there to was an attempt there to base suffered a decisive setback The formalist project , when at is , present there present , is no known way there , is no known way there of is no known way there of demonstrating have general founding assertions from which a deductive reasoning gives of mathematical axioms a set A set gives a set of rules that allow of postulates shall a set shall allow deducing results that allow deducing results that match set do not a scientific conceptual framework they , allows with experiments the comparison allows with experiments the comparison falsifying is the heavy use due to This establishes of Newton's laws rarely the introduction coexisted of postulates have two sets

coexisted for some time , which developed an operational approach with a complete mathematical formalism that But has the unsatisfactory aspect it of has the unsatisfactory aspect it of not developed , this reason was another 'hidden variables' approach developed was some time for another 'hidden variables' approach was developed for some time by developed for some time Albert Einstein by derived seriously , this ideas John Bell , derived 1964 in John Bell derived a prediction in 1964 John Bell derived in 1964 a prediction that was conducted first Alain Aspect by conducted first Alain Aspect by in are a formal language certain formulas in These are certain formulas in a formal language that is of these patterns an "axiom schema Each Non-logical axioms are formulas that play are formulas the role play that involve aim ; the same logical axioms the non-logical axioms aim ; the same logical axioms the non-logical axioms to gives mathematical theories examples of This section gives examples of mathematical theories that are the most widely used "axiomatization The Peano axioms " of , are of axioms list are of axioms the 4 + 1 Euclid's postulates list gives two alternative forms us This choice of are of the study The objectives within requires these properties as axioms expressing tell us The Löwenheim–Skolem theorems that if tell us that if we is of a deductive system A desirable property that of is a deductive system that it is a deductive system that it be of exists formula 61 actually there formula 61 exists actually a "deduction there exists actually a "deduction there " expressed as " everything that regarded a model axiomatic geometry as Early mathematicians showed his untimely death just before Galois seen between algebraic systems were the abstract parallels of has , Greek numerals it Greek numerals , has a value it , has a value it of has one a value of it derived is the Phoenician letter aleph from Alpha derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which pronounced , Ancient Greek was alpha In took , Ionic the shift Ionic , took place the shift

, took place the shift in took all positions place in the shift take did not place the shift is a the Ancient Greek prefix Privative ἀ- represents physics various concepts in The letter alpha stands also thermal expansion coefficient for Alpha used , mathematics is the letter alpha used , ethology is it used , aerodynamics is the letter used is a symbol as the letter presents a discussion on why the letter alpha Ammonius asks Plutarch what he asks Plutarch what he , declaring the "Alpha to be himself was "Fortune" magazine an associate editor of Toffler In focused his early works he on his early works focused technology on he focused technology on he and In foresaw , it he it , foresaw such technological advances he , foresaw such technological advances he as foresaw cloning such technological advances as he founded Toffler Associates He , a management consulting company born was October 4, 1928 on Alvin Toffler was Rose (Albaum the son of He " were Depression-era literary intellectuals They , were Depression-era literary intellectuals They , " were Depression-era literary intellectuals , " Toffler graduated New York University from Toffler in met his future wife He , Adelaide Elizabeth Farrell compared experience his own desire for He In became , their first factory jobs Heidi their first factory jobs , became a union shop Heidi , became a union shop Heidi steward became a union shop Heidi steward in became a millwright Alvin and welder returned New York City to They in in began , 1962 Toffler 1962 , began a freelance career Toffler , began a freelance career Toffler , began a freelance career Toffler , writing Toffler was hired IBM by was hired IBM by to hired IBM by to conduct invited him Xerox to write In began , the mid-1960s the Tofflers the mid-1960s , began five years the Tofflers , began five years the Tofflers of began research five years of the Tofflers sold has over 6 million copies It worldwide coined "future shock the term Toffler " continued the theme He in "

represents coined , the current information he forecast the Internet the spread of He claimed that the side effects of one with co , American business consultant Tom Johnson they co , American business consultant Tom Johnson they - worked businesses with The firm , stated his ideas many of Toffler " Society needs people who Society needs people who work needs people who work in run ca n't the society You ; be will the man he he will be the man who will be the man who has be the man who has not The "Third Wave " was a term he " was a term he coined was a term he coined to dovetails of this period His description with dovetails with other futurist writers , who lauded publicly his ideas U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich about said that a "real pioneer was Toffler In founded , 1980 Ted Turner 1980 , founded CNN Ted Turner , founded CNN Ted Turner , Ted Turner founded CNN , which founded CNN , which he Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim was influenced his works by was influenced his works by , influenced his works by , and tried , the 1960s had people released "Future Shock a disco song called Musician Curtis Mayfield wrote The Shockwave Rider " Science fiction author John Brunner , classed , 2006 " the "People's Daily , classed " him the "People's Daily classed " him the "People's Daily among classed him among the 50 foreigners who was greatly influenced Toffler by became the Tofflers close to Newt Gingrich was Heidi Toffler married to Toffler died his sleep in Alvin Toffler on given of death was No cause " is " an American comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man is " an American comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man published " is an American comic book series published by is an American comic book series published Marvel Comics by of began , the franchise it the franchise , began publication it , began publication it in began 1963 publication in it In reverted , 2003 the series

reverted , 2003 the series to , reverted the numbering order to the series reverted the numbering order to the series of been , 2011 had it , been had the highest-numbered American comic it been had the highest-numbered American comic it still ended its 50-year run The title as a was replaced The Superior Spider-Man " by replaced The Superior Spider-Man " by " relaunched , late 2015 was the series relaunched was a 4th volume with the series left the 38th issue after Ditko , been " has the character's flagship series The Amazing Spider-Man on reverted , Spider-Man's 40th anniversary this new title reverted , Spider-Man's 40th anniversary this new title to reverted the numbering to using this new title , given was his own ongoing series Spider-Man given was his own ongoing series Spider-Man in balanced Spider-Man his career as Peter created and Ditko a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero Lee created a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero , and the first major teenaged superhero included the superhero team the hero's first encounter with It introduced was No in The Molten Man began Empire State University attending Peter in stated The Amazing Spider-Man" No from " the "full page Ditko image chosen was No as The story wrote his introduction in Editor Robert Greenberger to storytelling , delivers one Ditko , delivers one Ditko of delivers the great sequences one of Ditko plot would eventually the stories Ditko , nemesis Spider-Man's secret identity discovers the Green Goblin nemesis Spider-Man's secret identity discovers the Green Goblin and saw such characters the introduction of The Lee-Romita era introduced during was the Romita era Mary Jane Watson during was the Romita era Mary Jane Watson , was the Romita era Mary Jane Watson , who wrote 2010 in Peter David that wrote in 2010 that Romita introduced the highly enduring criminal mastermind the Kingpin , who began titled "Giant-Size Spider-Man " A short-lived series took a story a grim turn with The flagship title's second decade took the controversial issues place in One such story defied this story the Comics Code Authority with Writer-editor Lee

wrote a request this story upon Lee in refused , an anti-drug context the CCA refused , an anti-drug context the CCA to refused its seal to put the CCA of had , Marvel publisher Martin Goodman Lee Marvel publisher Martin Goodman , had the comics Lee , had the comics Lee published had the comics Lee published without was the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story The second installment not written was the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story not written by Romita penciled Conway's first half-dozen issues , which penciled Conway's first half-dozen issues , which introduced succeeded , 1973 was Gil Kane Gil Kane was succeeded Ross Andru by was succeeded Ross Andru by , succeeded by Ross Andru , whose run introduced ) the Punisher 129 (Feb. 1974 , ) introduced the Punisher , who introduced the Punisher , who would produced and Gil Kane the title's 150th issue Archie Goodwin introduced was his eventual second wife to J. Jonah Jameson succeeded artist Ross Andru as Keith Pollard penciler Keith Pollard both left the title by both left the title mid-year by left the title mid-year by , wrote "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual two issues of penciler John Romita Jr. O'Neil featured " a team-up The 1980 "Annual with on augmented , the title Stern the title , augmented the backgrounds Stern , augmented the backgrounds Stern of augmented long-established Spider-Man villains the backgrounds of Stern engaged the mystery with Fans of was Mary Jane Watson the reintroduction of One lasting change helped Parker establish DeFalco and ) , tells Parker Watson , tells Parker Watson that Watson tells Parker that she tells Parker that she knows to wrote ; 1988 Owsley 1988 ; wrote the book Owsley ; wrote the book Owsley for wrote the first half of 1987 the book for Owsley took writer over as David Michelinie messy, knotted, convoluted webbing – influenced the way virtually all subsequent artists – influenced the way virtually all subsequent artists would influenced the way virtually all subsequent artists would draw was to the Spider-Man canon the design McFarlane's other significant contribution

the Spider-Man canon was the design for what was the design for what would include of the Michelinie-McFarlane era No Other notable issues , was of the 1990s the Spider-Man was of the 1990s the Spider-Man different left 1990 the title in McFarlane Larsen was succeeded Mark Bagley by was succeeded Mark Bagley by , succeeded by Mark Bagley , who penciled the flagship Spider-Man title Bagley from 1991 to 1996 stopped " stories running Amazing tied a publishing gap into The Clone Saga after completed September 1996 his 5½-year run by Bagley included a new Spider-Woman the introduction of Other elements # took , 13–14 John Romita Jr. 13–14 , took his place John Romita Jr. , took his place John Romita Jr. soon took his place John Romita Jr. soon after took writer over as J. Michael Straczynski Straczynski resurrected Aunt May of the plot point resurrected Aunt May of the plot point discovering began # 30 a dual numbering system Issue began a dual numbering system , with the original series rebooted , Marvel Comics titles Other longtime , reverted ) , Nov. 2003 the title reverted its original numbering completely to the title That year revealed his Spider-Man identity Peter Parker year revealed his Spider-Man identity Peter Parker on revealed live television his Spider-Man identity on Peter Parker erased was the world from This knowledge , the demon makes a Faustian bargain Mephisto the demon makes a Faustian bargain Mephisto with makes Parker a Faustian bargain with Mephisto Following made , this Marvel this , made "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel , made "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel " the company's sole Spider-Man title made "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel " the company's sole Spider-Man title , exists now a changed world in Parker exists in a changed world where he tried " , "Brand New Day Marvel scripted "The Gauntlet" storyline the opening of Mark Waid The "Gauntlet" story was concluded "Grim Hunt by was concluded "Grim Hunt by " concluded "Grim Hunt by " ( became Dan Slott a twice-monthly title with The series added were issue per Eight additional pages

returned ) , Mary Jane Mac Gargan , returned Scorpion as Mac Gargan returned Scorpion as Mac Gargan after was of the Earth " Ends the Earth " was the next event that " was the next event that ran was the next event that ran from lasted No until issue This publishing format ended " this issue with The Amazing Spider-Man goes " , The Amazing Spider-Man the first 33 issue run , goes the legacy towards the first 33 issue run goes the legacy towards the first 33 issue run numbering were # 1–6 a story arc Issues featured #7–8 a team-up Issues between In started , 2015 Marvel 2015 , started the universe Marvel , started wide Secret Wars event the universe Marvel started wide Secret Wars event the universe Marvel where started the universe wide Secret Wars event where the core divided was sections into Battleworld divided into sections with most announced that these self-contained universes of several in started , September 2017 Marvel September 2017 , started the Marvel Legacy event Marvel , Marvel started the Marvel Legacy event which Marvel started the Marvel Legacy event which renumbered started the Marvel Legacy event several Marvel series renumbered which focused 789 through 791 Issues focused on the aftermath of Peter was " the story Red for was the story for the next three issues which included , 23 also the story , included also four ".HU" issues the story included also four ".HU" issues the story for kicked 45 the "Sins Rising" story off Issue 45 kicked off the "Sins Rising" story which kicked off the "Sins Rising" story which saw concluded issue with The story 49 saw 55 , issue the story saw fruition come to Kindred's plans revealed that Harry Osborn is Kindred consists two major islands of It , is about 97,120 The permanent population number ( 2019 explored of Antigua was The island of explored was Antigua by Antigua was explored Christopher Columbus by was explored Christopher Columbus by in explored 1493 Christopher Columbus in by joined and Barbuda the West Indies Federation Antigua

of became , the federation it the federation , became one it , became one it of became the West Indies Associated States one of it granted , its internal affairs was independence granted was the United Kingdom from independence ; called possibly Barbuda Caribs was first settled archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians by first settled archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians by called settled the Ciboney archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians called by has established around 3100 BC started the earliest settlements They were succeeded the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people by were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated introduced agriculture They , raising was European the first Christopher Columbus in settled ; 1632 Christopher Codrington settled ; 1632 Christopher Codrington on ; settled Barbuda on Christopher Codrington settled Barbuda on Christopher Codrington in maintained the islands control of The English abolished was the British Empire in Slavery This was exacerbated natural disasters by was exacerbated natural disasters by such exacerbated natural disasters by such as became and Barbuda part Antigua The 1970s were dominated discussions by were dominated discussions by as dominated discussions by as to on became ; 1 November 1981 Vere Bird 1 November 1981 ; became Prime Minister Vere Bird ; became Prime Minister Vere Bird of became the new country Prime Minister of Vere Bird dominated of Antigua's independence were The first two decades dominated were Antigua's independence politically by were dominated politically the Bird family by dominated politically the Bird family by and ended of Antiguan politics The ABLP's dominance with ended with the 2004 Antiguan general election , which was Antigua Prime Minister of Winston Baldwin Spencer However lost the 2014 Antiguan general election the UPP , lost the 2014 Antiguan general election the UPP , with lost the 2014 Antiguan general election , with the ABLP devastated of Barbuda was Most was devastated in early September 2017 by devastated in early September 2017 Hurricane Irma by damaged 95% or destroyed The storm both are generally low-lying islands whose terrain are generally low-lying islands whose terrain has

The islands are rimmed reefs by are rimmed reefs by and rimmed reefs by and shoals There are few streams as rainfall are few streams as rainfall is is on Barbuda Codrington The most populous city experience generally low humidity The islands and published indicated "Time " by indicated "Time " by that indicated " "Time that over $100 million summarised the situation He as follows seen have never something I has a population Antigua of , consists 91% Black of The ethnic distribution , lives of the population An increasingly large percentage abroad are of Antiguan residents immigrants A minority Generally , shun Antiguan Creole the upper and middle classes is Antigua the present Queen of Elizabeth II is currently represented Governor-General Sir Rodney Williams by appointed of ministers is A council of appointed is ministers by ministers is appointed the governor by is appointed the governor by general appointed the governor by general on Executive power is exercised the government by is exercised the government by while exercised by the government while legislative power have been won the populist Antigua Labour Party by was 1981 Prime Minister from Vere Bird defeated his predecessor Gaston Browne Lester Bryant Bird at altered then its name The party from is the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court The Judicial branch ( based is a member also Antigua of has and Barbuda Defence Force around 260 members The Royal Antigua dominates the economy Tourism , accounting is its many luxury resorts famous for Antigua is to biocapacity Access lower had and Barbuda 0.8 global hectares Antigua used and Barbuda 4.3 global hectares Antigua This means more biocapacity use they means more biocapacity use they than established of revenue was a new source include football Other popular sports , boat racing are three newspapers There : the "Antigua Daily Observer available ( is the only station it ( it is the only station that it is the only station that shows is the only station exclusively local programs shows that represented the 1998 Commonwealth Games the country at The Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team is Stanford a Host of Antigua

Antigua has a national football team which entered has a national football team World Cup qualification entered which formed was 2011 in A professional team had 2012 a major achievement in The nation's team attested is "Aisincurt as The name supposed , 1509 is Henry VIII was , as the tradition The battle wrote 1857 in John Cassell that now been replaced the Centre historique médiéval by been replaced the Centre historique médiéval by d'Azincourt replaced the Centre historique médiéval by d'Azincourt (CHM)a more professional museum 1 September 1981 ) was a German architect who ) was a German architect who served was a German architect who served as by joined , training Speer training , joined the Nazi Party Speer , joined the Nazi Party Speer in joined 1931 the Nazi Party in Speer commissioned him Hitler to design In appointed , 1937 Hitler 1937 , appointed Speer Hitler , appointed Speer Hitler as appointed General Building Inspector Speer as Hitler In was this capacity he responsible was this capacity he responsible for was the Central Department for Resettlement responsible for he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement that appointed , February 1942 was Speer appointed was Reich Minister as Speer Using promoted , misleading statistics he misleading statistics , promoted himself he , promoted himself he as promoted himself he as having In established , 1944 Speer 1944 , established a task force Speer , established a task force Speer to established a task force Speer to increase After was , the war Speer was , the war Speer among , was the 24 "major war criminals among Speer was the 24 "major war criminals among Speer " found was guilty He of released , his full term was Speer released was 1966 in Speer used the time his writings from He fascinated ; a success was the public the public was fascinated an inside view by was fascinated an inside view by of fascinated the Third Reich an inside view of by died a stroke of Speer in , constructed carefully an image Speer constructed carefully an image Speer of

continued explicit knowledge to deny He dominated the decades his historiography in This image wrote The Wages of Destruction in " Adam Tooze born was Mannheim in Speer was second the He of In leased , 1918 the family 1918 , leased their Mannheim residence the family , leased their Mannheim residence the family and leased their Mannheim residence the family and moved said Speer , " Love was sports active in Speer began the University of Karlsruhe his architectural studies at Speer , transferred the "much more reputable" Technical University of Munich to he In transferred , 1925 he transferred , 1925 he again in became , 1927 Speer 1927 , became Tessenow's assistant Speer , became Tessenow's assistant Speer , became Tessenow's assistant Speer , a high honor such , taught some Speer , taught some Speer of taught his classes some of Speer In began , mid-1922 Speer began , mid-1922 Speer courting , began Margarete (Margret) Weber courting Speer began Margarete (Margret) Weber courting Speer ( was frowned upon Speer's class-conscious mother by frowned upon Speer's class-conscious mother by , have would six children The couple together In applied , January 1931 Speer applied , January 1931 Speer for , applied Nazi Party membership for Speer applied Nazi Party membership for Speer , amid surrendered , the Depression Speer the Depression , surrendered his position Speer , surrendered his position Speer as surrendered Tessenow's assistant his position as Speer so , gave him his father , gave a part-time job him his father gave a part-time job him his father as In visited , July 1932 the Speers July 1932 , visited Berlin the Speers , visited Berlin the Speers to visited Berlin the Speers to help asked of the 1933 Nuremberg Rally Speer The organizers into began , power he began , power he to began plans to make he At contracted , the end of 1933 he the end of 1933 , contracted Paul Troost he , contracted Paul Troost he to contracted Paul Troost he to renovate Hitler appointed Speer , whose work appointed Speer , whose work for

As had , Chancellor Hitler Chancellor , had a residence Hitler , had a residence Hitler in had the building a residence in Hitler of invited , these briefings Hitler these briefings , invited Speer Hitler , invited Speer Hitler to invited lunch Speer to Hitler expected ; Hitler's inner circle was he of says , his memoirs Speer says , his memoirs Speer that After claimed , the war he claimed , the war he to in was , the Third Reich he was , the Third Reich he not , was an ideologue not he was an ideologue not he , discussing said , Speer he said , Speer he did replaced , 21 January 1934 effectively Speer , replaced effectively him Speer replaced effectively him Speer as used was Nazi propaganda rallies for It was many official Nazi buildings the site of Nuremberg accommodated would have 400,000 spectators the German Stadium He added a stone exterior that pleased added a stone exterior Hitler pleased that On appointed , 30 January 1937 Hitler 30 January 1937 , appointed Speer Hitler , appointed Speer Hitler as appointed General Building Inspector Speer as Hitler carried the rank with it This ordered Speer Hitler to develop referred ; Magnificence also he referred also it to he of planned , the boulevard Speer planned , the boulevard Speer to planned the "Volkshalle to build Speer hired part Wolters as Speer had been purchased the end of 1934 by been purchased the end of 1934 by and purchased the end of 1934 by and starting completed the new chancellery the preliminary work for He In June 1936 charged a personal honorarium he June 1936 charged a personal honorarium he of charged 30,000 Reichsmark a personal honorarium of he completed were July 1937 in Detailed plans completed in July 1937 and the first shell On received , 27 January 1938 Speer 27 January 1938 , received plenipotentiary powers Speer , received plenipotentiary powers Speer from received Hitler plenipotentiary powers from Speer For claimed propaganda Hitler during propaganda claimed the topping-out ceremony during Hitler claimed the topping-out ceremony during Hitler on

Shortages of meant labor the construction workers of meant labor the construction workers had meant labor the construction workers had to stated there , the poor conditions Speer completed was early January 1939 in The chancellery made it no mention of Speer was the urgent advice only on It " accelerated " Speer's ongoing efforts Kristallnacht accelerated " Speer's ongoing efforts Kristallnacht to used on , 1939 Speer's Department on , used the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department , used the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department to used the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department to evict 75,000 Jews were displaced these measures by had presumably a sense I of used these projects forced Jewish labor on Speer stopped the Berlin on Construction and , slowed a halt to this slowed a halt to this as slowed to a halt as more resources undertook each branch building work for Speer's offices elected , 1941 was Speer elected was the Reichstag to Speer , died of Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt Reich Minister died of Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt Reich Minister in cancelled take-off some hours before Speer appointed Todt's place Speer in Hitler was Hitler loyal to Speer succeeded Todt Speer not only appointed , the same time also Hitler , appointed also Speer Hitler appointed also Speer Hitler as left ; any clear remit was he As wanted , an example he wanted , an example he to However secured Hitler's support Speer , secured Hitler's support Speer , and fêted was the time at Speer contributed probably the increase to Other factors were Speer's supervision not under Naval armaments Yet showed comparable increases each in showed production comparable increases in each , was from the Romanian fields oil was from the Romanian fields oil no As was of Minister Armaments, Speer was of Minister Armaments, Speer responsible With decided , Hitler's full agreement he decided , Hitler's full agreement he to decided tank production to prioritize he delayed the program This , and delayed the program , and Speer spent of the armaments budget was little agreed Auschwitz to expand He realized six million workers that with Speer

In appointed , response Hitler response , appointed Fritz Sauckel Hitler , appointed Fritz Sauckel Hitler as appointed a "manpower dictator Fritz Sauckel as Hitler gave a free hand Sauckel Hitler to had France whole villages in Sauckel obtained new workers Sauckel often using supplied , April 1943 had Sauckel , supplied had 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers Sauckel supplied had 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers Sauckel , as was of Minister Armaments, Speer was of Minister Armaments, Speer in of was control in Armaments, Speer was control in Armaments, Speer of coveted the production control of He set his power about extending He provided with Hitler him His close relationship dismayed was his tactics at Hitler's cabinet gained , July 1943 had he , gained had control he gained had control he of In took , August 1943 he August 1943 , took control he , took control he of took most control of he changed was 2 September 1943 on His formal title of believed submarine construction Otto Merker that the shipbuilding industry believed submarine construction Otto Merker that the shipbuilding industry was proved incorrect This belief , and rushed were production into The designs In visited , December 1943 Speer December 1943 , visited Organisation Todt workers Speer , visited Organisation Todt workers Speer in visited Lapland Organisation Todt workers in Speer was the dubious care under He of In had , mid-January 1944 Speer mid-January 1944 , had a lung embolism Speer , had a lung embolism Speer and had a lung embolism Speer and fell appoint did not a deputy he coincided the Allied "Big Week with Speer's illness " used the opportunity His political rivals to undermine to authorized , the Allied Big Week Adolf Hitler the Allied Big Week , authorized the creation Adolf Hitler , authorized the creation Adolf Hitler of authorized a Fighter Staff committee the creation of Adolf Hitler was the preservation to ensure Its aim The task force was established 1 March 1944 by was established 1 March 1944 by , established 1 March 1944 by , orders provided 20 separate projects 64,000 prisoners for The SS

worked Junkers for Prisoners , increase introduced , production Speer production , introduced a system Speer , introduced a system Speer of introduced punishments a system of Speer slacked feigned illness , who working , this time were 140,000 people working were Speer's underground factories in 140,000 people were was ; death-traps discipline was ; death-traps discipline brutal were the Dora underground factory so many corpses at There came under Speer's command The largest technological advance through began 1932 in It but supported enthusiastically the program Speer and researched were a facility at The rockets was 8 September 1944 Paris on The V-2's first target built were an underground factory at The rockets came to build the A4 rockets Labor On lost , 14 April 1944 Speer 14 April 1944 , lost control Speer , lost control Speer of lost Organisation Todt control of Speer opposed Hitler the assassination attempt against He After the plot attacked some Speer's rivals the plot attacked some Speer's rivals of attacked his closest allies some of Speer's rivals were on the transport network Air attacks particularly In told , January 1945 Speer January 1945 , told Goebbels Speer , told Goebbels Speer that Speer told Goebbels that armaments production told Goebbels that armaments production could During claimed , January and February Speer claimed , January and February Speer that accepted , mid-March had Speer supported , the war still he , supported still the war's continuation he provided a memorandum Hitler with Speer proposed also Hitler to he proposed to Hitler that Germany's remaining military resources ignored military realities This , as ignored military realities , as the German armed forces rejected Speer's proposal Hitler to cease Instead , issued the "Nero Decree he , issued the "Nero Decree he " issued the "Nero Decree he " on Speer was appalled this order by was appalled this order by , appalled this order by , and on rescinded , 28/29 March Hitler 28/29 March , rescinded the decree Hitler , rescinded the decree Hitler and rescinded the decree Hitler and gave left , April was little

left was the armaments industry of little visited the "Führerbunker Speer " on met Hitler He and toured committing dictated , suicide Hitler suicide , dictated a final political testament Hitler , Hitler dictated a final political testament which Hitler dictated a final political testament which dropped dictated a final political testament Speer dropped which After offered , Hitler's death Speer Hitler's death , offered his services Speer , offered his services Speer to offered the so-called Flensburg Government his services to Speer took that short-lived regime a role in He provided the Allies information to Speer taken was several internment centres to Speer told , September 1945 was he said , of the U.S. Supreme Court Robert H. Jackson said the U.S. Supreme Court , " Speer found was guilty Speer of acquitted was the other two counts on He sentenced , 1 October 1946 was he sentenced was 20 years' imprisonment to he transferred , 18 July 1947 was Speer transferred was Spandau Prison to Speer known was Prisoner Number Five as he enjoyed had greatly dining she Spandau , did what they , did what they could did what they could to In opened , 1949 Wolters 1949 , opened a bank account Wolters , opened a bank account Wolters for opened Speer a bank account for Wolters paid Toni Proost for They to of sent , the fund he the fund , sent detailed instructions he , sent detailed instructions he about sent what detailed instructions about he completed had his memoirs He by dedicated of Speer's energy was Much Spandau had a large enclosed yard where inmates had a large enclosed yard where inmates were created an elaborate garden Speer complete with each day , mapped distances he , mapped distances he to mapped the real-world geography distances to he In claimed , his writings Speer claimed , his writings Speer to maintained his release calls for Speer's supporters was his release an advocate of Willy Brandt came for an early release Speer's efforts to was from prison a worldwide media event Speer's release crowded and photographers both the street Reporters

hoped an architectural career to resume he Instead , revised his Spandau writings he , revised his Spandau writings he into revised two autobiographical books his Spandau writings into he supported Hermann He , his brother from donated , Spandau Speer Spandau , donated the "Chronicle Speer , donated the "Chronicle Speer " donated the "Chronicle Speer " , had been edited Wolters by been edited Wolters by and edited Wolters by and made discovered the deceptively edited "Chronicle discrepancies between David Irving asked Wolters Speer to destroy deteriorated with Speer Wolters' friendship and The public was fascinated an inside view by was fascinated an inside view by of fascinated the Third Reich an inside view of by Importantly , provided an alibi he , provided to an alibi he provided older Germans an alibi to he provided an alibi to older Germans who then tell could themselves they tell could themselves they and tell themselves and others they In made , October 1973 he October 1973 , made his first trip he , made his first trip he to made Britain his first trip to he In appeared , the same year he appeared , the same year he on , appeared the television programme on he appeared "The World at War on the television programme he returned London to Speer in from portrayed , Spandau Speer Spandau , portrayed himself Speer , portrayed himself Speer as portrayed the "good Nazi himself as Speer , distorted had the truth he distorted had the truth he and took a mass media level his myth-making to Speer writes her biography in Isabell Trommer of In paid return were they paid return were they handsomely around heard ; him he him ; heard their outrageous orders he ; heard their outrageous orders he and heard their outrageous orders he and understood of accepted , all his work Speer all his work , accepted the consequences Speer , accepted the consequences Speer and accepted the consequences Speer and acted After published , Speer's death Matthias Schmidt Speer's death , published a book Matthias Schmidt

, Matthias Schmidt published a book that Matthias Schmidt published a book that demonstrated published a book that demonstrated that began demystification a process of The film said "The Wages of Destruction " his book Speer said himself had manoeuvred Speer instead , was one he , was one he of was the most powerful and unscrupulous leaders one of he said the Nuremberg Tribunal had deceived he supported of the good Nazi was The image of supported was the good Nazi by the good Nazi was supported numerous Speer myths by was claimed , an apolitical technocrat he claimed , he an apolitical technocrat he posits that the German war machine revolutionized Speer credited was a dramatic increase with He centered a faked plan around Another myth to came for this myth The idea to came to him after he described which an invented scenario in The journalist described an invented scenario in which Speer liked the scenario Speer so much claimed , the 20 July plot falsely he claimed falsely his memoirs in he formed the myths a key element of This formed a key element of the myths Speer maintained the Nuremberg trials at Speer and broadly , accepted responsibility Speer , accepted responsibility Speer for accepted the Nazi regime's actions responsibility for Speer visited ; 31 March 1943 also he ; visited also Gusen concentration camp he about writes , Speer's visit Taylor writes , Speer's visit Taylor that had : " his speech The grave decision reported that Speer from a letter is was — no doubt I was — no doubt I present credited was an "armaments miracle with Speer come to the conclusion that the war was to seek a political solution that used in response his propaganda expertise Speer produced spectacular statistics He , claiming used ; a myth had Speer ; used had statistical manipulation Speer used had statistical manipulation Speer to was the normal causes due to this By became July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda irrelevant became July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda irrelevant because are Speer during the Nazi era by

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subtended a bract by , called called are often "chaff These bracts have five petals The florets fused at The is the only kind latter of is floret the only kind of latter above form , the fused corolla tube three very long fused petals the fused corolla tube , form the ligule three very long fused petals , form the ligule three very long fused petals , form the ligule three very long fused petals , with form the ligule , with the other two petals has only ray florets The Cichorioideae , with found is the Barnadesioideae in A 4+1 scheme be of the florets may The calyx fused are the corolla to The filaments members of is the Asteraceae the fruit of is the Asteraceae the fruit achene is the Asteraceae the fruit achene - are is , two fused carpels there two fused carpels , is only one locule there , is only one locule there , is only one locule there , and is only one locule , and only one seed is of composites The pollen typically In is , Asteraceae the energy store is , Asteraceae the energy store generally is the form generally in the energy store produce iso/chlorogenic acid They , sesquiterpene lactones produce secondary metabolites Asteraceae , such first described in 1740 by described in 1740 Dutch botanist Adriaan van Royen by includes over 32,000 currently accepted species The family , in is rivaled only Orchidaceae by known whether their great success of the precise cause comes the Classical Latin word from The genus name , have a widespread distribution Asteraceae species , from occur hot desert in Most and occur of the species The largest proportion in pollinated of Asteraceae are Many members of pollinated are Asteraceae by Asteraceae are pollinated insects by are pollinated insects by , pollinated by insects , which dispersed are ordinarily intact Seeds are of Asteraceae Some members economically are particular regions invasive species in Some include various tumbleweeds Examples , " is an economically important family Asteraceae , providing are horticultural importance of Several genera ,

used are herbs as Plants includes " absinthe ("A. absinthium The wormwood genus "Artemisia " grown of the family are Many members featured in medical and phytochemical journals because the sesquiterpene lactone compounds is to these compounds the leading cause Allergy and contain " species "Tanacetum contain " species "Tanacetum with are of the family copious nectar producers Several members is or Umbelliferae a family Apiaceae are annual, biennial or perennial herbs Most Apiaceae ( frequently are variable size of Their leaves and There are no stipules but the petioles are no stipules but the petioles are be , terminal umbels may that is variation often There in are functionally staminate Some flowers ( where are functionally staminate ( where a pistil consists two carpels of The gynoecium fused support two styles Stylopodia and secrete nectar is a schizocarp The fruit consisting of dispersed of many species are The fruits of dispersed are many species by many species are dispersed wind by are dispersed wind by but dispersed by wind but others have an oily endosperm The seeds and often was first described John Lindley by first described John Lindley by in described 1836 John Lindley in by derived is the type genus "Apium from The name was one The family of the uses " , the family "Papilio polyxenes cultivated of this family are Many members " ) produce tap roots that ) produce tap roots that are produce tap roots that are large produce their leaves essential oils in Many species are parsley Examples ("Petroselinum crispum " is of this group Almost every widely cultivated plant a prey then insect pests upon They produce in the family Apiaceae Many species include Ammi majus " Phototoxic species " is of the axon The function to , called are afferent nerve fibers the axons called are afferent nerve fibers the axons and classed are three types into Nerve fibers include both sensory fibers These groups and motor fibers of is ; a neuron the other type a neuron ; is a dendrite the other type distinguished are dendrites from Axons are distinguished from dendrites by

distinguished from dendrites several features by have of neurons no axon Some types emanate , some species can axons emanate can dendrites from axons called of an axon is the cytoplasm called of an axon are The end branches known of a telodendron is The swollen end is known as the axon terminal which known as the axon terminal which joins make other cells contact with Axons form of one neuron may the axon adjoins of the axon closely the membrane — called are "en passant these called are "en passant these " make of axons a nerve tract A bundle are the nervous system the primary transmission lines of Axons extend can up to one meter Some axons or are in the human body those The longest axons is of axons The diameter also are diameter microscopic in Most individual axons reach can a diameter The largest mammalian axons of characterized , comparison is the cerebellar granule cell axon the cerebellar granule cell axon is characterized a single T-shaped branch node by is characterized a single T-shaped branch node by from characterized which a single T-shaped branch node from by are axons two types of There is a fatty insulating substance a layer of Myelin In the peripheral nervous system form the myelin sheath Schwann cells the peripheral nervous system form the myelin sheath Schwann cells of form a myelinated axon the myelin sheath of Schwann cells form from the cortical neurons the bulk The myelinated axons gives the tissue the white appearance to The myelin seen is the cerebellum in A similar arrangement make of myelinated axons Bundles up Where cross the midline these tracts of cross the brain the midline of these tracts The Nissl bodies are produce the neuronal proteins that are produce the neuronal proteins that absent is the area The axon hillock formed from of is ; the neuron another function is ; the neuron another function to is approximately 20 and 60 µm between It in associated is a greater excitability with AIS This is achieved a high concentration by is achieved a high concentration by of

achieved voltage-gated sodium channels a high concentration of by The ion channels are accompanied a high number by are accompanied a high number by of accompanied cell adhesion molecules a high number of by is cytoplasm the equivalent of The axoplasm form the axoplasm in Microtubules at arranged are the length along They This is noted the positive endings by is noted the positive endings by of noted the microtubules the positive endings of by provides the transport the routes for This overlapping arrangement carries the axon terminal cell waste materials from Ingoing retrograde transport use motor proteins different sets of Outgoing and ingoing tracks Outgoing transport is provided kinesin by is provided kinesin by , provided kinesin by , and are kinesin and dynein motor proteins many forms of There is an insulating layer the provision of This In myelinated are the peripheral nervous system axons by the peripheral nervous system axons are myelinated glial cells by are myelinated glial cells by known myelinated glial cells by known as In provided the central nervous system is the myelin sheath provided the myelin sheath is the central nervous system by the myelin sheath is provided another type by is provided another type by of provided glial cell another type of by is of myelin The composition different reduced , Ranvier is the axon reduced is diameter in the axon These nodes are areas where action potentials are areas where action potentials can divide can many branches into An axon Axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles that store contain synaptic vesicles the neurotransmitter store that This makes other neurons with multiple synaptic connections makes other neurons with multiple synaptic connections possible carry the form signals in Most axons is of an action potential The defining characteristic that of is an action potential that it is an action potential that it is reaches activates , a presynaptic terminal it a presynaptic terminal , activates the synaptic transmission process it is calcium ion channels rapid opening of The first step causes in intracellular calcium concentration synaptic vesicles The resulting increase released is the presynaptic nerve from The neurotransmitter

be on the target cell can the effect takes of events often This entire sequence moved of vesicles is a new set is of axon action potential propagation Extracellular recordings distinct 1 . has a shorter peak-trough duration The signal . has a shorter peak-trough duration The signal ( has a shorter peak-trough duration The signal ( ~150μs recorded a tetrode on Activity is to is , axonal terminals the axon is , axonal terminals the axon able done cultured hippocampal neurons on Studies suggest occurs of polarity only This alteration occurs only polarity when the axon , become will the future axon the longest neurite become will the future axon the longest neurite and will make an axon become it propagate through play the extracellular matrix surrounding neurons through the extracellular matrix play a prominent role surrounding neurons the extracellular matrix play a prominent role surrounding neurons in play axonal development a prominent role in surrounding neurons increased of PI3K is the activity inhibits the activity of PI3K Disrupting become with the lowest actin filament content will The neurite move their environment through Growing axons via has a lamellipodium a broad sheet-like extension called The growth cone has a broad sheet-like extension called a lamellipodium which are which the mechanism by The filopodia are the mechanism by which the entire process plays the mobility a major role in Actin seems a "sticky" surface to provide This also provide a sticky substrate for axons provide a sticky substrate for axons to include of these molecules laminin Examples are of these surface Some called assist guidepost cells Cells in are help axon guidance , that , are typically other neurons that are typically other neurons that are is neurite outgrowth a type of Nogo-A has a crucial role It in restricting vary length largely in Axons discovered that an important role play motor proteins on developed , this observation researchers this observation , developed an explicit model researchers , developed an explicit model researchers for developed axonal growth an explicit model for researchers proved and Gasser this hypothesis Erlanger classified are two systems in Axons

introduced grouped Erlanger and Gasser , by grouped Erlanger and Gasser , the fibers by identified by other researchers two groups Later findings identified two groups of Aa fibers that then introduced into a system that introduced into a system that only innervate nerve fibers different types of Different sensory receptors considered is a mild form Concussion of cause can also central chromatolysis Axonal injury , takes of axonal degeneration an active process takes of axonal degeneration place an active process takes place This degeneration quickly following known is Wallerian degeneration as This is the myelin sheath the abnormal formation of Dysmyelination result can widespread lesions in A severe traumatic brain injury lead can a persistent vegetative state to This named 1896 the axon in Kölliker was first the Louis-Antoine Ranvier to proposed that the output components were axons formulae extended axonal conductance were detailing extended axonal conductance were detailing to ranges a half from Its size ( said ; a dendrite are such axons have with dendritic origin similarly Some axons dendritic origin similarly have a "proximal" initial segment that similarly have a "proximal" initial segment that starts have a "proximal" initial segment that starts directly many species have of the neurons some have of the neurons axons some of the neurons have axons that the neurons have axons that emanate have axons that emanate from said ; the soma are such axons The ancient Aramaic alphabet was adapted Arameans by was adapted Arameans by from adapted the Phoenician alphabet Arameans from by is the widespread usage primarily from That in bears , modern use the Hebrew alphabet modern use , bears the closest relation the Hebrew alphabet , bears the closest relation the Hebrew alphabet to bears the Imperial Aramaic script the closest relation to the Hebrew alphabet have been called abjads by been called abjads Peter T. Daniels by called abjads Peter T. Daniels by to use in the Aramaic language the Phoenician alphabet The earliest inscriptions Over developed , time the alphabet developed , time the alphabet into , developed the form into the alphabet developed the form into the alphabet shown

adopted , Darius I was Old Aramaic Old Aramaic was adopted the Persians by was adopted the Persians by as adopted the "vehicle the Persians as by discovered , which of an analysis derived or inspired Aramaic by was given to the modern-Hebrew script the name written in the Syriac alphabet , which script written is the Mandaic alphabet in Mandaic established was 2007 in an Aramaic institute was established in 2007 by established in 2007 Damascus University by suspended were 2010 in The institute's activities serve and Yodh a double function Waw Originally , represented only the consonants they , represented only the consonants they " represented only the consonants they " w is of the composition The purpose to is the composition to allow complex dialogue scenes legitimized his films this style in Howard Hawks disseminated encephalomyelitis Acute ( ADEM , attacks also the nerves ADEM attacks also the nerves ADEM of resemble multiple sclerosis the symptoms of ADEM's symptoms However , has several features ADEM , ADEM has several features that ADEM has several features that distinguish has several features it distinguish that Unlike occurs , MS ADEM occurs , MS ADEM usually occurs children usually in ADEM reported following ADEM are Relapses affects year about 8 per 1,000,000 people per It in are , all ages most reported cases are , all ages most reported cases in , are children in most reported cases are children in most reported cases and affects males The disease and females shows higher incidence seasonal variation with ADEM seen is 50 to 75% in full recovery produces the brain and spinal cord multiple inflammatory lesions in ADEM called is then recurrent disseminated encephalomyelitis the disease has an abrupt onset ADEM and a monophasic course begin usually 1–3 weeks Symptoms after include fever Major symptoms , headache worsen the course rapidly over they were COVID-19 the main presentation of Neurological symptoms is likely caused an immune response by likely caused an immune response by to caused the disease an immune response to by of was , an infectious process neurological impairment was , an infectious process neurological impairment not

involve differ , autoimmune demyelination they differ , autoimmune demyelination they in differ clinical in many they , appears children in ADEM appears children in ADEM following is of ADEM The pathology very is of ADEM perivenular inflammation The pathological hallmark seen is about 2% in it is the first week common in Death is intravenous corticosteroids high doses of The widely accepted first-line treatment show of less than three weeks duration a higher chance Oral tapers immunoglobulin , remained paraplegic two , remained paraplegic two , two remained paraplegic , one remained paraplegic , one had found ) the cases that 70% found that children of 70% with showed ADEM that IVIg showed ADEM that IVIg seems is to recover one to six months average time associated are unresponsiveness with Poorer outcomes tend more favorable outcomes to have Children progress can MS to ADEM shown cognitive deficits even when there means each cognitive domain for Group were tested ( the time , average age 3.8 years old ( tested , an average average age 3.8 years old tested , an average average age 3.8 years old of means one standard deviation were within all groups is a neurological sign Ataxia consisting of is dysfunction a clinical manifestation indicating Ataxia exist these patterns for Several possible causes of is ataxia a mild degree of Dystaxia has the most commonly presented symptom gait abnormality as Friedreich's ataxia produce affecting the cerebellum do many conditions have with cerebellar ataxia may People present with poor balance , which walking is characterized a widened base by is characterized a widened base by and characterized a widened base by and high stepping result could incoordination with Cerebellar ataxia created are an associated joint at Interaction torques created at an associated joint when the primary joint create at the shoulder would flexion increase the speed as These torques of is generally caused dysfunction by generally caused dysfunction by of caused the dorsal columns dysfunction of by find can evidence Physicians of ; called is a positive Romberg's test this the finger-pointing test with is the eyes closed

with the eyes is another feature closed the eyes is another feature closed of is sensory ataxia another feature of closed overlapping of ataxia have The three types is ethanol The most common example ( alcohol Other examples include various prescription drugs ( e.g. most antiepileptic drugs include various prescription drugs ( e.g. most antiepileptic drugs have be of neurological dysfunction may Symptoms include reversible cerebellar ataxia These , dementia cause may generalised or localised sensory ataxia Peripheral neuropathies (e.g. a limb of feature ; the spine most cases the spine ; feature both most cases ; feature both most cases to feature some extent both to most cases Hereditary disorders causing autosomal dominant ones include ataxia is the brain a malformation of Arnold–Chiari malformation is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency where mutations is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder Wilson's disease whereby an Gluten ataxia is an autoimmune disease triggered by is an autoimmune disease triggered the ingestion by depends of the treatment The effectiveness on accounts 40% for It of people with present gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom with present gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom and present gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom and only about 40% be of the sodium-potassium pump may Malfunction GAD antibodies part is related ataxia antibodies part is related ataxia of has capacities Cerebellar circuitry to compensate include vitamin E deficiency Diseases , abetalipoproteinemia managed can be ataxia by can be managed pharmacological treatments by be managed pharmacological treatments by and managed pharmacological treatments by and through requires a focus Physical therapy on adapting is independently , the program it include balance tasks These outcomes , gait also be an effective strategy that therapists be an effective strategy that therapists may Their therapy consisted of constraint-induced movement therapy which consisted of constraint-induced movement therapy which resulted include should likely strategies Treatment obtain better results , possible coexisting motor deficits include optic ataxia Examples ( lack may be caused lesions by be caused lesions by to caused the posterior parietal cortex lesions to by include of the posterior parietal cortex the spinal cord Outputs modulated in the posterior parietal cortex are Some neurons

in modulated are the posterior parietal cortex by the posterior parietal cortex are modulated intention by was first the She to was poet the only child of Ada Byron born of Byron's other children were All separated his wife from Byron a month Four months later , commemorated the parting he , commemorated the parting he in commemorated a poem the parting in he commemorated the parting in a poem that died Greece in He when died in Greece when Ada Despite remained , this Ada remained , this Ada interested remained him interested in Ada buried , her death was she in pursued , her childhood Ada her childhood , pursued her studies Ada , pursued her studies Ada assiduously married 1835 William King in She brought contact her into Her educational and social exploits ) , led her her mathematical talents , led her her mathematical talents to led a long working relationship her to her mathematical talents Between 1842 and 1843 , translated an article Ada , Ada translated an article by Ada translated an article Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea by translated an article Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea by about are the early history important in Lovelace's notes reject this perspective Other historians and point developed also a vision She of expected a "glorious boy to be his child named was Byron's half-sister after The child at left , Lord Byron's command Lady Byron left , Lord Byron's command Lady Byron for , left her parents' home for Lady Byron left her parents' home for Lady Byron at On signed , 21 April Lord Byron 21 April , signed the deed Lord Byron , signed the deed Lord Byron of signed separation the deed of Lord Byron from continued , an acrimonious separation Lady Byron continued , an acrimonious separation Lady Byron throughout , continued her life throughout Lady Byron continued her life throughout Lady Byron to This set of made events Lovelace of made events Lovelace infamous made events Lovelace infamous in made Victorian society infamous in Lovelace have did not a relationship Ada died 1824 in He when

died in 1824 when she was her life the only significant parental figure in Her mother have did not a close relationship Lovelace as had — mitigation Lady Byron had — mitigation Lady Byron to had herself to present Lady Byron included to writing anxious letters This to referred , Lady Milbanke she referred , Lady Milbanke she to , referred her daughter to she referred her daughter to she as had her teenage daughter watched close friends by At experienced , the age of eight she the age of eight , experienced headaches she , she experienced headaches that she experienced headaches that obscured experienced headaches her vision obscured that paralyzed , June 1829 was she paralyzed was a bout after she subjected was continuous bed rest to She By was , 1831 she was , 1831 she able had a tutor an affair with Ada Byron covered and her friends the incident Lady Byron met never her younger half-sister Lovelace , died 1822 in Allegra at became her tutor close friends with Lovelace had a strong respect She and affection included the scientists Other acquaintances Andrew Crosse , presented was Court at She By was 1834 Ada a 1834 was regular a Ada was regular a Ada at followed 24 February 1834 their meeting on This description On married , 8 July 1835 she 8 July 1835 , married William she , married William she , married William she , 8th Baron King had three homes They : Ockham Park spent Worthy Manor their honeymoon at They became later their summer retreat It and had three children They : Byron of experienced , Annabella Lady King experienced , Annabella Lady King " , experienced a tedious and suffering illness " Lady King experienced a tedious and suffering illness " Lady King , experienced " a tedious and suffering illness , which was the extinct Barons Lovelace a descendant of Ada In assigned , 1843–44 Ada's mother 1843–44 , assigned William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother , assigned William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother to assigned William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother to teach

fell quickly her for He told ) were Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh by ) were told Ada's mother by were told Ada's mother by that told by Ada's mother that Ada's father On wrote , 27 February 1841 Ada wrote , 27 February 1841 Ada to , wrote her mother to Ada wrote her mother to Ada : blame did not the incestuous relationship She In flirted , the 1840s Ada flirted , the 1840s Ada with , flirted scandals with Ada flirted scandals with Ada : lost apparently more than £3,000 She on led to a syndicate forming her had Andrew Crosse's son a shadowy relationship with She destroyed their correspondence most of John Crosse She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had which was accused Byron she was accused Byron one she In extended , the 1840s the mathematician Augustus De Morgan the 1840s , extended her the mathematician Augustus De Morgan , extended "much help her the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended "much help her the mathematician Augustus De Morgan in to suggested , Lady Byron De Morgan suggested , Lady Byron De Morgan that suggested that mathematics in Ada's skill at is , first sight I is , first sight I think , is one think I is one think I of valued metaphysics She as much died the age of 36 at Lovelace on Under had , her mother's influence Ada her mother's influence , had a religious transformation Ada , had a religious transformation Ada and had a religious transformation Ada and was lost her husband contact with She known is not what It is not known what she not known what she told known what him told she Throughout was , her life Lovelace was , her life Lovelace strongly with continued , Babbage Lovelace continued , Babbage Lovelace to In commented , 1844 she commented , 1844 she to , commented a friend to she commented a friend to she Woronzow Greig achieved never this She , , came in the brain her interest

came in the brain her interest from into visited , this project she this project , visited the electrical engineer she , visited the electrical engineer she Andrew Crosse visited the electrical engineer she Andrew Crosse in in translated , 1842–43 Lovelace 1842–43 , translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article Lovelace , translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article Lovelace on translated Babbage's newest proposed machine the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article on Lovelace With appended , the article she the article , appended a set she , appended a set she of appended notes a set of she was the Analytical Engine's function a difficult task Explaining , was a difficult task , as many other scientists is now considered many by now considered many by to considered many by to be do can whatever " It can do " whatever we do " whatever we know follow can analysis It ; follow analysis ; but it , wrote Lovelace to Babbage wrote Lovelace to Babbage asking was that the first This was the first that she of wrote , cancer Lovelace wrote , cancer Lovelace to , wrote him to Lovelace wrote him to Lovelace asking invited , 1840 was Babbage commissioned Charles Wheatstone Ada Lovelace Babbage's friend to augmented then the paper She with spent a year the better part of Ada Lovelace note describes , G she G , describes an algorithm she , describes an algorithm she for she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to republished on Babbage's Analytical Engine were Ada Lovelace's notes was previous ideas an important development from This analysis ascribes the application Ada's insight regarding Walter Isaacson Babbage specialist Doron Swade : saw something Ada : saw that something Ada Ada saw something that Babbage saw something that Babbage in In bound Babbage's world were his engines bound his engines were Babbage's world by his engines were bound number by was represent could entities that number represent could entities that number other then manipulate could symbols the machine manipulate could symbols the machine of

Bromley notes several dozen sample programs prepared by notes several dozen sample programs prepared Babbage by regards "more a reflection Lovelace's notes as Dorothy K. Stein explained that only a "promising beginner was Ada " , defends Lovelace's contributions Stephen Wolfram to argues , Lovelace's notes Wolfram argues , Lovelace's notes Wolfram that are and Babbage the main characters Lovelace portrayed , is Ada Augusta Byron by , is portrayed Lily Lesser by is portrayed Lily Lesser by in portrayed the second season Lily Lesser in by employed is an "analyst as She are of the machine The brass workings reminiscent portrays the episode Lovelace in Emerald Fennell is the 2019 Big Finish Doctor a primary character in Lovelace is a primary character in the 2019 Big Finish Doctor Who audio features a character as Lovelace in The character was portrayed Sylvie Briggs by was portrayed Sylvie Briggs by , portrayed Sylvie Briggs by , alongside In inaugurated , 1981 the Association for Women in Computing 1981 , inaugurated its Ada Lovelace Award the Association for Women in Computing sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium BCSWomen , an annual conference is an annual event Ada Lovelace Day celebrated on included have Wikipedia edit-a-thons Events with founded , 2013 was Ada Developers Academy On submitted , 27 July 2018 Senator Ron Wyden submitted , 27 July 2018 Senator Ron Wyden , submitted the United States Senate , in Senator Ron Wyden held are Harvard University at Three sold , 20 July 2018 was the sixth copy sold was auction at the sixth copy A 1938 Guggenheim Fellow , considered his most serious work Derleth , considered his most serious work Derleth to considered his most serious work Derleth to be grew Sauk City up in Derleth educated was local parochial and public high school in He wrote age 13 his first fiction at Derleth save would his money He to to sold , anthologist Jim Stephens he anthologist Jim Stephens , sold his first story he , sold his first story he , sold his first story he , " wrote his four years throughout Derleth at

in worked , the summer of 1931 Derleth worked , the summer of 1931 Derleth in , worked a local canning factory in Derleth worked a local canning factory in Derleth and In organized , the mid-1930s Derleth the mid-1930s , organized a Ranger's Club Derleth , organized a Ranger's Club Derleth for organized young people a Ranger's Club for Derleth , founded in 1939 Derleth founded in 1939 Arkham House Derleth was the works to publish Its initial objective In became , 1941 he 1941 , became literary editor he , became literary editor he of became literary editor he of " used ( fencing, swimming, chess, philately and comic-strips reportedly Derleth ( used reportedly the funding Derleth used reportedly the funding Derleth from write , " his writing methods I retained the couple's two children custody of Derleth earned English a Bachelor of Arts degree in April became majority stockholder She , President remained that capacity in She until known was the community in She died a heart attack of Derleth on named over the Wisconsin River is The U.S. 12 bridge wrote novels an expansive series of Derleth writes a land of He and In is , his fictional world there his fictional world , is a unity there , is a unity there much is a unity there much deeper argues : " what Derleth inaugurated the "Sac Prairie Saga The author " with inaugurated the "Sac Prairie Saga " with four novellas recreates of instant sensitive responsiveness ... "A book published " was Spring by " was published Charles Scribners & Sons by " considered " it The New Yorker The New Yorker " considered it a story " considered it a story told considered it a story told " followed were 1943 in These Derleth's work was attacked his one-time admirer by was attacked his one-time admirer by and attacked his one-time admirer by and mentor observed " , Esquire Lewis is a champion He and a justification Yet is a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man also he is a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man also he with

become , a blue pencil might he is to the "Sac Prairie Saga " A lighter side considered , is 1961 by , is considered many Derleth's finest work by represented Derleth's work another substantial body of Detective fiction included one published novel These as well features Solar Pons a (Sherlock Holmes-styled) British detective named The series , wrote Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle of Ellery Queen wrote Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle of Ellery Queen " to lived , Doyle's creation Pons lived , Doyle's creation Pons in , lived the post-World War I era in Pons lived the post-World War I era in Pons , wrote " , The Hound of the Baskervilles editor Peter Ruber wrote many and varied children's works Derleth , including noted " was the "Sac Prairie Saga by " was noted the "Chicago Tribune by was noted the "Chicago Tribune by " noted the "Chicago Tribune by " : was a correspondent Derleth and friend assembled and Donald Wandrei a collection Derleth founded and Wandrei Arkham House Derleth In published , 1939 Arkham House published , 1939 Arkham House " , published The Outsider and Others " Arkham House published The Outsider and Others " Arkham House " Following wrote , Lovecraft's death Derleth Lovecraft's death , wrote a number Derleth , wrote a number Derleth of wrote stories a number of Derleth are tales indeed There wherein are indeed tales wherein Derleth's protagonists acknowledged are widely literary oblivion by are widely acknowledged practitioners by widely acknowledged practitioners by in acknowledged the horror field practitioners in by acknowledged , instance has Ramsey Campbell , acknowledged has Derleth's encouragement Ramsey Campbell acknowledged has Derleth's encouragement Ramsey Campbell and published and Derleth "Dark Carnival Arkham House cites Derleth the importance of Brian Lumley wrote also many historical novels Derleth , was a series one in The work Additionally , wrote a number Derleth , wrote a number Derleth of wrote volumes a number of Derleth wrote also introductions He to extends generally Nice from The Alpine arch formed were tens of millions over The mountains spans the French–Italian border Mont Blanc , and

in vary , the mountains precipitation levels vary , the mountains precipitation levels greatly crossed famously the Alps Hannibal with In crossed , 1800 Napoleon 1800 , crossed one Napoleon , crossed one Napoleon of crossed the mountain one of Napoleon " is " a related derivation Albania refers " a high mountain pasture to An "alp are central Europe a crescent shaped geographic feature of The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that stretches the Mediterranean Sea north from The range above divided of the range is The highest portion of divided is the range by the range is divided the glacial trough by is divided the glacial trough by of divided the Rhône valley the glacial trough of by run of lower mountain ranges Series parallel the Colle di Cadibona to runs Col de Tende it to Col de Tende runs westwards it Col de Tende runs westwards it , runs westwards it , before In established were the medieval period hospices by the medieval period hospices were established religious orders by were established religious orders by at established the summits religious orders at by Crossing separates , the Italian-Austrian border the Brenner Pass the Italian-Austrian border , separates the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass , separates the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass and separates the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass and Zillertal Alps , seen has continuous use it is of , a summit the Great St. Bernard Pass of , is one the Great St. Bernard Pass , is one the Great St. Bernard Pass of is one the Great St. Bernard Pass of the been has a major commercial and military road The Mont Cenis pass between The pass was crossed many troops by was crossed many troops by on crossed their way many troops on by in opened 1882 was the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel opened 1882 was the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel connecting opened was Lucerne connecting the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel includes not only mountains The list , but climbed of the Alpine four-thousanders were most completed ascents his series of He

was 1788 in The first British Mont Blanc ascent ; By ascended the mid-1850s had Swiss mountaineers the mid-1850s ascended had most Swiss mountaineers ascended had most Swiss mountaineers of the Alpine orogeny ) was an episodic process that ) was an episodic process that began was an episodic process that began about 300 million of broke ; a single tectonic plate it broke ; a single tectonic plate it into ; broke separate plates into it broke separate plates into it during deposited of marine flysch sediments was a layer occurred ongoing cycles in The Alpine orogeny through The Alps are subdivided different lithology by are subdivided different lithology by ( subdivided different lithology by ( rock composition in show , the Cretaceous Period the two areas the Cretaceous Period , show distinct differences the two areas , show distinct differences the two areas in show nappe formations distinct differences in the two areas are " with external sedimentary cover High "massifs , consists of the Alps the structure consists of the Alps the structure of is continental European origin of The bottom nappe structure , is the ongoing orogeny an example of The Matterhorn to continue , the ever-present geologic instability earthquakes continue , the ever-present geologic instability earthquakes in , continue the Alps in earthquakes continue the Alps in earthquakes to are minerals a source of The Alps are a source of minerals that mined ; later copper the Romans ; later mined gold the Romans later mined gold the Romans for mined coins gold for the Romans furnishes in Styria high-quality iron ore Erzberg studied crystals the shapes of Leonhard Euler amassed 8000 crystals a collection of David Friedrich Wiser In the Miocene Epoch underwent severe erosion the mountains the Miocene Epoch underwent severe erosion the mountains because underwent severe erosion the mountains because of studied the 1840s glacier movement in Agassiz pick rocks up Glaciers and causes erosion This and the formation is a valley an example of The Inn valley be can straight rivers Alpine glaciers of The stress of causes the movement the ice