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took a position up Pillow at on ordered , January 14, 1862 Johnston January 14, 1862 , ordered Tilghman Johnston , ordered Tilghman Johnston to ordered Tilghman Johnston to fortify arrived Johnston's headquarters at Gen. Beauregard at reduced , February 6, 1862 quickly Union Navy gunboats , reduced quickly the defenses Union Navy gunboats reduced quickly the defenses Union Navy gunboats of surrendered the 94 remaining officers Gen. Lloyd Tilghman and men reinforced also Fort Donelson Johnston with order did the commanders He of escaped his cavalry force with Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest of suffered an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner about 1,500 casualties with The Confederates exposed of the forts Nashville The fall had various remaining military units Johnston scattered throughout retreated himself the force with Johnston With decided , Beauregard's help Johnston decided , Beauregard's help Johnston to decided forces to concentrate Johnston kept the Union forces Johnston , now gave of 17,000 men the Confederates Johnston's army started motion his army in Johnston , felt surprise of the element felt surprise of the element had launched his concentrated forces a massive surprise attack with Johnston rallied , the Union camps personally Johnston , rallied personally troops Johnston rallied personally troops Johnston up in occurred the battle when he occurred the battle when he witnessed occurred when some witnessed he " roared the officer at Johnston roared the officer at Johnston , clipped his popliteal artery a part of The bullet observed , a few minutes was Johnston Johnston was observed his staff by was observed his staff by to observed his staff by to be Among was his staff Isham G. Harris , was his staff Isham G. Harris , the Governor glanced his leg wound down at Johnston removed and other staff officers Johnston Harris sent then an aide Harris to , died blood loss from Johnston wrapped and the other officers General Johnston's body Harris assumed the army command of P. G. T. Beauregard , called the final Confederate attack off Beauregard called the final Confederate attack off Beauregard around 1900 hours Grant was reinforced 20,000 fresh troops by

was reinforced 20,000 fresh troops by from reinforced Don Carlos Buell's Army 20,000 fresh troops from by taken , Corinth was Johnston's body taken was the home to Johnston's body was the war the highest-ranking fatality of Johnston Johnston was survived his wife by was survived his wife by Eliza survived his wife by Eliza and in was , Los Angeles Albert Jr. was , Los Angeles Albert Jr. on , was his way on Albert Jr. was his way on Albert Jr. out from swamped , the ferry a wave the ferry , swamped the smaller boat a wave , swamped the smaller boat a wave , swamped the smaller boat a wave , causing swamped the smaller boat , causing its boilers published : the Confederate government were accounts passed of the Texas Legislature was a joint resolution - occurred 1867 in interment erected has a historical marker The Texas Historical Commission near , recognized at Austin the University of Texas recognized at Austin several confederate veterans the University of Texas taken , America was Johnston's statue traces " the earliest use The "Oxford English Dictionary ( appears " US patents in The term "android was used in a more modern sense by used in a more modern sense the French author by features Hadaly an artificial humanlike robot named This story As said the officer by in said the story the officer in by used have the term Authors "android used , other stories have authors , used have the word authors used have the word authors "android leading have been the field Japanese robotics initiated 1967 the WABOT project in Waseda University allowed distances to measure it revealed , 1984 was WABOT-2 had ten fingers Wabot-2 and two feet demonstrated , and Osaka University the Kokoro company , and demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 the Kokoro company and demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 the Kokoro company in demonstrated Aichi Prefecture the Actroid at Expo 2005 in the Kokoro company In developed , 2006 Kokoro 2006 , developed a new "DER 2" android Kokoro via is , a servosystem the movement

is , a servosystem the movement very realized that a slimmer body than DER2 to has , the previous model DER2 the previous model , has thinner arms DER2 , has thinner arms DER2 and has thinner arms DER2 and a wider repertoire are the world several other initiatives around There first , decided the positions the creators , decided the positions the creators of decided the necessary points the positions of the creators to say , the decided positions they a year later , made a couple they , made a couple they of made major improvements a couple of they features an elastic mask The robot made from uses a 3DOF unit a driving system with It change can its facial features The WD-2 robot by has 17 facial points This one , for fabricated is a highly elastic material with the WD-2's mask reveal a shaft Other technical features driven behind modify can also the shape the researchers " need , a face they a face , need only a 3D scanner they , need only a 3D scanner they to need only a 3D scanner they to determine Nadine is powered software by is powered software by similar powered software by similar to control can EDGAR A remote user with derives the Biblical Eve from EveR-1's name , enables speech recognition EveR-1's advanced computing processing power and vocal synthesis gesture inside her artificial brain handles expression An independent microchip In has , South Korea the Ministry of Information and Communication South Korea , has an ambitious plan the Ministry of Information and Communication , has an ambitious plan the Ministry of Information and Communication to has an ambitious plan the Ministry of Information and Communication to put feature will research and development centers The new robot city for named was the infamous fictional robot after This Interface AI android is the university level the first AI Android Teaching Assistant at Maria Bot is up , the shoulders Maria Bot up , is a virtual being android Maria Bot , Maria Bot is a virtual being android that

Maria Bot is a virtual being android that has is a virtual being android complex facial expressions has that uses AI She to process Maria Bot was built an international high-tech company by was built an international high-tech company by for built Barry an international high-tech company for by of produced and Texas KAIST Texas and produced an android portrait KAIST and produced an android portrait KAIST of produced Albert Einstein an android portrait of KAIST called , also "Albert Hubo This Einstein android are science fiction a staple of Androids pioneered the science the fictionalization of Isaac Asimov is common to most fictional androids One thing to is most fictional androids that the real-life technological challenges is most fictional androids that the real-life technological challenges associated seek Pinocchio , like Some android heroes Perhaps is of this the clearest example is of this John Brunner's 1968 novel the clearest example include "Pygmalion the Greek myth of Examples is ( ) one Alberta is Western Canada part of It Alberta is bordered British Columbia by is bordered British Columbia by to bordered the west British Columbia to by is the only two landlocked provinces one of It occupied of the province is The eastern part of occupied is the province by the province is occupied the Great Plains by is occupied the Great Plains by , occupied the Great Plains by , while has a predominantly continental climate The province but experiences is area the 4th largest province by Alberta is Edmonton Alberta's capital , while is Edmonton , while Calgary The are Alberta's largest census metropolitan areas two ( are Alberta's largest census metropolitan areas two ( CMAs live of Albertans More than half in is the province the official language of English is a part also The oil and gas industry of based is hydrocarbons on Alberta's economy been has a pillar The oil industry of in provides , hydrocarbons it hydrocarbons , provides 70% it , provides 70% it of provides the oil and natural gas 70% of it of was , Canada Alberta Canada , was home Alberta

, was home Alberta to was several First Nations home to Alberta Canada acquired the lands that would acquired the lands that would become separated , September 1, 1905 was Alberta separated was the NWT from Alberta to arrived , early 1900s many immigrants arrived , early 1900s many immigrants , arrived , which of the biggest wave is its natural beauty renowned for Alberta is six UNESCO World Heritage Sites home to Alberta named was Princess Louise Caroline Alberta after Alberta was John Campbell the wife of Princess Louise Alberta's southern border is the 49th parallel north , which is the 49th parallel north , which separates extends south north to The province of has , the south-eastern section the province the south-eastern section , has adequate water resources the province are numerous rivers There and lakes are three large lakes There , Lake Claire is an average flow the Peace River with The largest river is Canada the most northerly major city in It to has , Canada's largest oil fields the region Canada's largest oil fields , has most the region , has most the region of has western Canada's oil refinery capacity most of the region is south about Calgary of lives of the province's population Almost 75% in is boreal forest , while the Rocky Mountains is of the province The southern quarter prairie located are southeastern Alberta in The Alberta badlands influences of the Rocky Mountains also The presence the weather systems of cause the Pacific Ocean Alberta of cause the Pacific Ocean Alberta to cause the Pacific Ocean Alberta to have cause a dry climate to have Alberta is mostly covered boreal forest by mostly covered boreal forest by and covered boreal forest by and has has of southern Alberta a semi-arid steppe climate The agricultural area southern Alberta has a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation has a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is Western Alberta is protected the mountains by is protected the mountains by and protected the mountains by and enjoys has warm summers a humid continental climate with Alberta

is cold arctic weather systems open to The province change , Alberta can the temperature produced , the summer have continental air masses , produced have record maximum temperatures continental air masses produced have record maximum temperatures continental air masses from gets daylight about 18 hours of Northern Alberta , pushed with great speed by pushed with great speed the continental polar jetstream by are frequently interrupted warm, dry chinook winds by frequently interrupted warm, dry chinook winds by blowing interrupted warm, dry chinook winds by blowing from at soared , Pincher Creek temperatures soared , Pincher Creek temperatures from soared just one hour from in temperatures has around Lethbridge the most chinooks The region After experiences , Saskatchewan Alberta Saskatchewan , experiences the most tornadoes Alberta , experiences the most tornadoes Alberta in experiences Canada the most tornadoes in Alberta covered of Alberta are The southern and east central parts of covered are Alberta by Alberta are covered short prairie grass by are covered short prairie grass by , covered by short prairie grass , which of prevail , the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests prevail , the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests for , prevail thousands of square kilometres for evergreen forests , and are the primary large deciduous species paper birch was the American bison the homeland of The south and central prairie found are the province throughout Herbivorous animals is many large carnivores home to Alberta of include and the canine feline families the canine and include coyotes feline families and include coyotes feline families , include coyotes feline families , red foxes found are some water bodies in Turtles is Canada the only province in Alberta operated of Alberta has the Government has operated a rat-control program , which operated a rat-control program , which has domesticated have been rats the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that been domesticated rats that have domesticated rats that have been be kept in the province by kept in the province zoos by has the greatest diversities one of Alberta Taxa are represented complete fossil skeletons by are represented complete fossil skeletons by ,

represented complete fossil skeletons by , isolated material collected were the province in At least 38 dinosaur type specimens contains the Dinosaur Park Formation outcrops of The Dinosaur Provincial Park area In exposed the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions are there the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions exposed are Horseshoe Canyon facies there The latter have a lower diversity two latter have a lower diversity two of have documented dinosaurs a lower diversity of two are teeth primarily Their dinosaur fossils recovered are have produced only a few fossils that represents strata The Bearpaw Formation deposited during arrived Alberta in Paleo-Indians at became part of Rupert's Land which was of the Athabasca region Peter Pond The first European explorer the Athabasca region was Peter Pond , who was Peter Pond , who learned formed the North West Company Fur traders ( NWC occupied Alberta territory the northern part of The NWC built Lac la Biche Fort Athabasca on Peter Pond built Lake Athabasca Fort Chipewyan on Roderick Mackenzie was there the mighty outflow river discovered he expanded the north in Fur trade , dominated Alberta trade in The amalgamated Hudson's Bay Company negotiated the Crown treaties with First Nations created of Alberta was The District added to the North-West Legislative Assembly were local representatives enlarged of Alberta was the District Less than a decade later , presented special challenges the First World War , presented special challenges the First World War to presented the new province special challenges to the First World War June 21, 2013 , during the 2013 Alberta floods Alberta , during the 2013 Alberta floods Alberta experienced during the 2013 Alberta floods heavy rainfall experienced Alberta The 2016 census reported a population had Alberta reported a population had Alberta of had of , a land area it of , had a population density it , had a population density it of had a population density it of in experienced , 2000 has Alberta's population , experienced has a relatively high rate Alberta's population experienced has a relatively high rate Alberta's population of Between 2003 and 2004 , had high birthrates the province

, had high birthrates the province ( had high birthrates the province ( on In continued , 2016 Alberta continued , 2016 Alberta to continued the youngest population to have Alberta lives of the population About 81% in The Calgary – is the most urbanized area Edmonton Corridor – is the most urbanized area Edmonton Corridor in is the province the most urbanized area in Edmonton Corridor to has , the 2016 census Alberta the 2016 census , has 779,155 residents Alberta , has 779,155 residents Alberta ( has 779,155 residents Alberta ( 19.2% is the most common mother tongue English , with This is followed Tagalog by is followed Tagalog by , followed Tagalog by , with identify Aboriginal as 253,460 residents , There are also 933,165 residents who are also 933,165 residents who identify were 97,275 native speakers Chinese with The next most common mother tongues include Punjabi : Other mother tongues , is Cree The most common aboriginal language 17,215 ( include 13,095 speakers Italian with Other common mother tongues descended , Canada are many descended are immigrants from many to is , Statistics Canada Alberta Statistics Canada , is home Alberta , is home Alberta to is the second-highest proportion home to Alberta Despite claim , this relatively few Albertans this , claim French relatively few Albertans , claim French relatively few Albertans as claim their mother tongue French as relatively few Albertans live of Alberta's French-speaking residents Many in in represented , the 2001 census the Chinese the 2001 census , represented nearly four percent the Chinese , represented nearly four percent the Chinese of represented Alberta's population nearly four percent of the Chinese have and Calgary historic Chinatowns Both Edmonton have historic Chinatowns , and Calgary began workers with The Chinese presence employed , were among Albertans the most commonly reported ethnic origins were among Albertans the most commonly reported ethnic origins : ( choose could as many ethnicities Each person choose could as many ethnicities Each person as is terms the third most diverse province in Alberta made 5.8% up Aboriginal Identity Peoples of

are a small number also There of of was , the 2011 National Household Survey the largest religious group the 2011 National Household Survey , was Roman Catholic the largest religious group , was Roman Catholic the largest religious group , was Roman Catholic the largest religious group , representing had non-religious residents the second-highest percentage of Alberta , identified of the population 7.5% identified of the population themselves 7.5% made 3.3% up Lutherans of has Hutterites a population of Alberta is several Byzantine Rite Churches home to Alberta made 3.2% up Muslims of are of these immigrants Many are immigrants , but others is home also Alberta to was one Alberta's economy of the In exceeded , 2013 Alberta's per capita GDP 2013 , exceeded that Alberta's per capita GDP , exceeded that Alberta's per capita GDP of exceeded the United States that of Alberta's per capita GDP , was from the national average the deviation was from the national average the deviation the , was after taxes the median annual family income was after taxes the median annual family income $ In had , 2014 Alberta 2014 , had the second-largest economy Alberta , had the second-largest economy Alberta in had Canada the second-largest economy in Alberta is the province the most urbanized region in The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor covers a distance The region of roughly 400 kilometres , was of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor the population was of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor 2.15 million the population is one also It of A 2003 study by found TD Bank Financial Group the corridor by found TD Bank Financial Group the corridor to found TD Bank Financial Group the corridor to be found the only Canadian urban centre to be the corridor In totalled , 2014 Merchandise exports 2014 , totalled US$121.4 billion Merchandise exports totalled from agricultural products $12.9 billion Farm Cash receipts totalled of forest products $5.4 billion Shipments forest products totalled $5.4 billion while exports totalled $5.4 billion while exports were totalled $79.4 billion Manufacturing sales , and In amassed , total Alberta's 2014 GDP total , amassed $364.5 billion Alberta's 2014 GDP

, amassed $364.5 billion Alberta's 2014 GDP in amassed 2007 dollars $364.5 billion in Alberta's 2014 GDP has the province's economy a significant position in Agriculture has cattle over three million head of The province produced of all Canadian beef is Nearly one half is the top producers one of Alberta in are ; spring wheat production other grains are ; spring wheat production other grains also dryland of the farming is Much is Canada the leading beekeeping province of Alberta plays Alberta's economy a vital role in Forestry is conventional crude oil the largest producer of Alberta is natural gas the world's second-largest exporter of Alberta and vinyl manufacturers produce products that vinyl manufacturers produce products that are produce products that are shipped estimated surrounding Fort McMurray have The Athabasca oil sands surrounding estimated have Fort McMurray unconventional oil reserves estimated have Fort McMurray unconventional oil reserves approximately employ both conventional strip mining Many companies and non made since 2003 have The oil price increases since made have 2003 it made have 2003 it profitable threatened and stabilizing oil prices rising costs found , the provincial government have several high-tech industries , found have their birth several high-tech industries found have their birth several high-tech industries in been has a tourist destination Alberta from the Rocky Mountains are visited about three million people by are visited about three million people by per visited year about three million people per by are natural attractions also There like include well-known tourist destinations Alberta's Rockies Banff National Park and The two mountain parks are connected the scenic Icefields Parkway by located is west Banff of located of Canada's fourteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites are Five visit the Calgary Stampede About 1.2 million people , a celebration enjoy Edmonton's K-Days About 700,000 people ( formerly Klondike Days is draws more than 650,000 visitors each year that also had one being a rich mining history had one being a rich mining history of organized of Alberta is The Government of is , Canada Elizabeth II Canada , is the head Elizabeth II , is the head Elizabeth II of

is state the head of Elizabeth II carried in Alberta are Her duties carried are Alberta out by are carried out Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani by are and lieutenant governor figureheads The Queen and lieutenant governor are figureheads whose actions lieutenant governor are figureheads whose actions are are figureheads whose actions are highly handles the name numerous honorific duties in The lieutenant governor The government is headed the premier by is a member normally The premier of is of Edmonton the seat The City had , the 1960s has Alberta , had has three main political parties Alberta had has three main political parties Alberta , For 44 years governed Alberta the Progressive Conservatives lost the NDP the 2015 election to They divided is 10 types into The province This organization policed the province until it policed the province until it was It was at that time the now renamed Royal Canadian Mounted Police was at that time the now renamed Royal Canadian Mounted Police resumed In formed , 2006 Alberta 2006 , formed the Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams Alberta , formed the Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams Alberta (ALERT formed the Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams Alberta (ALERT ) include in Alberta Canadian Forces Base Military bases have stationed at CFB Cold Lake Air force units is the 3rd Canadian Division the headquarters for CFB Edmonton , came in that year government revenue came in that year government revenue mainly In received , 2014 Alberta 2014 , received $6.1 billion Alberta , received $6.1 billion Alberta in received bitumen royalties $6.1 billion in Alberta oil in was 2015 it in was 2015 it down was 2015 it down to was $1.4 billion down to it In received , 2016 Alberta received , 2016 Alberta " , received about $837 million " Alberta received about $837 million " Alberta in is Canada the only province in Alberta maintained a progressive character Alberta's personal income tax system by continuing have and school jurisdictions their own governments Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments who school jurisdictions have their own governments who usually

have their own governments who usually work pay those earn about $25,000 to $75,000 that pay earn about $25,000 to $75,000 more that of is , income tax Alberta income tax , is the "best province Alberta , is the "best province Alberta " is the "best province Alberta " for In 2017/18 collected about $2.4 billion Alberta 2017/18 collected about $2.4 billion Alberta in collected education property taxes about $2.4 billion in Alberta raise their income a significant portion of Albertan municipalities are to market value assessment farmland The exceptions brings the province many festivals to Summer sees over 70 ethnic groups the participation of The city's "heritage days" festival is Canada's biggest rodeo festival The Stampede and features hosts festivals a range of The Banff Centre highlight in Alberta the province's cultural diversity These cultural events have of the major cities several performing theatre companies Most of the major cities have several performing theatre companies who the major cities have several performing theatre companies who entertain have several performing theatre companies who entertain in announced and Tourism Culture Ricardo Miranda and Tourism announced the Alberta Artist Ricardo Miranda Tourism announced the Alberta Artist Ricardo Miranda in announced Residence the Alberta Artist in Ricardo Miranda The award comes with $60,000 funding which comes with $60,000 funding which includes On named , January 31, 2019 Lauren Crazybull January 31, 2019 , named Alberta's 1st Artist Lauren Crazybull , named Alberta's 1st Artist Lauren Crazybull in named Residence Alberta's 1st Artist in Lauren Crazybull are Alberta forty-two public school jurisdictions in There have of the operating separate school jurisdictions a Catholic electorate Sixteen have a Catholic electorate , and one For funded many years has the provincial government many years funded has the greater part the provincial government funded has the greater part the provincial government of , eliminated of the province the government eliminated of the province this right the government collected , the mill rate is the money the money is collected the local municipal authority by is collected the local municipal authority by and collected the local municipal authority by and remitted

In became , early September 2009 Mount Royal University early September 2009 , became Calgary's second public university Mount Royal University , became Calgary's second public university Mount Royal University , became Calgary's second public university Mount Royal University , and There are 15 colleges that receive are 15 colleges direct public funding receive that are many private post-secondary institutions also There , receive may also government loans Students was 2005 some controversy in There provides a publicly funded, fully integrated health system Alberta , through provides all its residents health services for The Alberta government was the 2018–2019 fiscal year $22.5 billion during Alberta's health care budget delivered are Alberta operationally by are delivered operationally Alberta Health Services by is the province's single health authority AHS , established is WestJet Airlines a hub for Calgary's airport , and have substantial public transit systems Lethbridge operate and Edmonton light rail transit (LRT) systems Calgary are more There than of owned of this trackage is The vast majority of owned is this trackage by this trackage is owned the Canadian Pacific Railway by is owned the Canadian Pacific Railway by and owned the Canadian Pacific Railway by and Canadian National Railway companies provided in the province is Additional railfreight service in provided is the province by the province is provided two shortline railways by is provided two shortline railways by : provided two shortline railways by : the Battle River Railway has highways over of Alberta The main north–south corridor is Highway 2 , which is Highway 2 , which begins of continues , Edmonton the highway continues , Edmonton the highway to , continues Athabasca to the highway continues Athabasca to the highway , 2 is supplemented two more highways by is supplemented by two more highways that supplemented by two more highways that run is of the most scenic drives One along is along the Icefields Parkway , which is through central Alberta Highway Another major corridor is called Deerfoot Trail as it called Deerfoot Trail as it passes By dominate , species count actinopterygians species count , dominate the vertebrates actinopterygians

, dominate the vertebrates actinopterygians , dominate the vertebrates actinopterygians , and dominate the vertebrates , and they are freshwater ubiquitous throughout They range can size in Extant species shown of a typical ray-finned fish are The main features have scales many different types of Ray-finned fishes In are , nearly all ray-finned fish the sexes are , nearly all ray-finned fish the sexes separate proceeds then a free-swimming larval stage with Development In most cases involves protogyny this most cases involves protogyny this , involves protogyny this , fish use external Most families rather than of is ; the 422 teleost families no care is ; the 422 teleost families no care likely ; is the ancestral condition likely no care of is ; living teleost species male care is ; living teleost species male care far are fish a few examples of There is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite The mangrove rivulus , producing divided is the classes into Actinopterygii The comprises the subclasses latter Chondrostei comprises the subclasses latter Chondrostei and diversified the teleosts in particular Cenozoic shows below the main clades The cladogram of The include mostly terrestrial species latter but include mostly terrestrial species latter but also evolved a group from Tetrapods of is Andreolepis hedei " The earliest known fossil actinopterygian " is below a summary The listing of are the two pillars together Relativity and quantum mechanics of received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics He " for ) , published four groundbreaking papers Einstein outlined the photoelectric effect the theory of These thought that classical mechanics of the laws to published ; gravitational fields he gravitational fields ; published a paper he ; published a paper he on published general relativity a paper on he In applied , 1917 he 1917 , applied the general theory he , applied the general theory he of applied relativity the general theory of he of worked , his career he worked , his career he on , worked two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors on he to opposed , quantum mechanics he quantum mechanics , opposed what he , he opposed what it

he opposed what it evolved opposed what it evolved into attempted a unified field theory to devise he born was the German Empire in Einstein at enrolled , the age of 17 he enrolled , the age of 17 he in , enrolled the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program in he enrolled the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program in he at In acquired , 1901 he 1901 , acquired Swiss citizenship he , acquired Swiss citizenship he , acquired which Swiss citizenship , he acquired Swiss citizenship , which he awarded , 1905 was he , awarded was a PhD he he was awarded a PhD by was awarded a PhD the University of Zurich by In moved , 1914 Einstein moved , 1914 Einstein to , moved Berlin to Einstein moved Berlin to Einstein in visiting came , the United States Adolf Hitler came , the United States Adolf Hitler to , came power to Adolf Hitler came power to Adolf Hitler in of settled ; the newly elected Nazi government he settled ; the newly elected Nazi government he in ; settled the United States in he settled the United States in he and the eve of endorsed , World War II he World War II , endorsed a letter he , endorsed a letter he to endorsed President Franklin D. Roosevelt a letter to he born was Ulm in Albert Einstein were Hermann Einstein His parents , a salesman attended Munich a Catholic elementary school in Albert In lost , 1894 Hermann and Jakob's company 1894 , lost a bid Hermann and Jakob's company , lost a bid Hermann and Jakob's company to lost a bid Hermann and Jakob's company to supply forced the Munich factory the sale of The loss of moved , business the Einstein family moved , business the Einstein family to , moved Italy to the Einstein family moved Italy to the Einstein family , wrote that learning of the spirit At traveled , the end of December 1894 he traveled , the end of December 1894 he to , traveled Italy to he

traveled Italy to he to excelled math at Einstein and taught algebra himself The 12-year-old Einstein and discovered also independently his own original proof Einstein devoted thereupon himself He to was of his mathematical genius Soon the flight so was his mathematical genius so high I introduced was Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason to Einstein Kant became his favorite philosopher , his tutor became his favorite philosopher , his tutor stating at took , the age of 16 Einstein the age of 16 , took the entrance examinations Einstein , took the entrance examinations Einstein for took the Swiss Federal polytechnic school the entrance examinations for Einstein failed the required standard to reach He of attended , the polytechnic school he the polytechnic school , attended the Argovian cantonal school he , attended the Argovian cantonal school he ("gymnasium attended the Argovian cantonal school he ("gymnasium " of fell , Professor Jost Winteler he fell , Professor Jost Winteler he in , fell love in he fell love in he with married Maja later Winteler's son Albert's sister with renounced , his father's approval Einstein his father's approval , renounced his citizenship Einstein , renounced his citizenship Einstein in renounced the German Kingdom his citizenship in Einstein In September 1896 passed the Swiss "Matura he September 1896 passed the Swiss "Matura he " passed the Swiss "Matura he " with At enrolled , 17 he enrolled , 17 he in , enrolled the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program in he enrolled the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program in he at was the six students the only woman among She Over developed , the next few years Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed , the next few years Einstein's and Marić's friendship into , developed a romance into Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed a romance into Einstein's and Marić's friendship , wrote his letters in Einstein to In passed , 1900 Einstein 1900 , passed the exams Einstein , passed the exams Einstein in passed Maths and Physics the exams in Einstein returned Switzerland to Marić without moved Berlin to The couple in

in wrote , 2015 Einstein wrote , 2015 Einstein to , wrote his early love to Einstein wrote his early love to Einstein Marie Winteler wrote 1910 in He , married 1919 Löwenthal in Einstein emigrated the United States to They in In fell , 1923 Einstein fell , 1923 Einstein in , fell love in Einstein fell love in Einstein with in described , 2006 Einstein 2006 , described about six women Einstein , described about six women Einstein , described about six women Einstein , including was Elsa , his second wife Einstein was a relationship briefly in Einstein had Eduard a breakdown Einstein's son at in spent , 1900 Einstein 1900 , spent almost two frustrating years Einstein , spent almost two frustrating years Einstein searching spent almost two frustrating years Einstein searching for acquired February 1901 Swiss citizenship in He evaluated a variety patent applications for Einstein met in started a small discussion group Bern, Einstein in started a small discussion group Bern, Einstein in started 1902 a small discussion group in Bern, Einstein they were joined Mileva by were joined by Mileva who joined by Mileva who attentively On completed , 30 April 1905 Einstein 30 April 1905 , completed his dissertation Einstein , completed his dissertation Einstein , completed his dissertation Einstein , " recognized , 1908 was he recognized was a leading scientist as he at recommended , the University of Zurich Alfred Kleiner the University of Zurich , recommended him Alfred Kleiner , recommended him Alfred Kleiner to recommended the faculty him to Alfred Kleiner became the German Charles-Ferdinand University a full professor at Einstein In returned , July 1912 he returned , July 1912 he to , returned his alma mater to he returned his alma mater to he in until was , 1914 he 1914 , was a professor he , was a professor he of was theoretical physics a professor of he " reported " confirmation The New York Times reported " confirmation The New York Times of enticed , the spring of 1913 was Einstein On became , 3 July 1913 he

3 July 1913 , became a member he , became a member he of became the Prussian Academy of Sciences a member of he visited and Walther Nernst him Max Planck included in the academy paid salary Membership influenced was also Berlin by was also influenced the prospect by also influenced the prospect by of influenced the prospect by of living assumed the academy his position with Einstein aborted for Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics was the plan established was 1 October 1917 on The institute In used , 1911 Einstein 1911 , used his 1907 Equivalence principle Einstein , used his 1907 Equivalence principle Einstein to used his 1907 Equivalence principle Einstein to calculate In improved , 1913 Einstein improved , 1913 Einstein upon , improved those calculations upon Einstein improved those calculations upon Einstein by completed had successfully his general theory Einstein deflection prediction was confirmed Sir Arthur Eddington by was confirmed Sir Arthur Eddington by during confirmed the solar eclipse Sir Arthur Eddington during by published were the international media in Those observations In became , 1920 he 1920 , became a Foreign Member he , became a Foreign Member he of became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences a Foreign Member of he awarded , 1922 was he , awarded was the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics he awarded was the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics he " elected was a Foreign Member Einstein of resigned the Prussian Academy from Einstein in visited the first time New York City for Einstein published also an essay He , " What is a visitor strikes What is a visitor the joyous, positive attitude strikes is a visitor the joyous, positive attitude strikes to In took , 1922 his travels 1922 , took him his travels , took him his travels to took Asia him to his travels After met , his first public lecture he his first public lecture , met the emperor he , met the emperor he and met the emperor he and empress to described , his sons he his sons , described his impression he

, described his impression he of described the Japanese his impression of he to was , the Far East he was , the Far East he unable On visited , his return voyage he his return voyage , visited Palestine he , visited Palestine he for visited 12 days Palestine for he stormed , one reception was the building the building was stormed people by was stormed by people who stormed by people who wanted From was , 1922 to 1932 Einstein 1922 to 1932 , was a member Einstein , was a member Einstein of was the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations a member of Einstein persuaded , the Swiss delegate was Secretary-General Eric Drummond Secretary-General Eric Drummond was persuaded Catholic activists by was persuaded by Catholic activists Oskar Halecki persuaded by Catholic activists Oskar Halecki and April 1925 , visited South America Einstein , visited South America Einstein , visited South America Einstein , where visited South America , where he Einstein's visit was initiated Jorge Duclout by was initiated Jorge Duclout by ( initiated Jorge Duclout by ( 1856–1927 In visited , December 1930 Einstein December 1930 , visited America Einstein , visited America Einstein for visited the second time America for Einstein After received , the national attention he received , the national attention he during , received his first trip during he received his first trip during he to taken , New York City was Einstein taken was various places to Einstein , given was the keys he given was the keys he to traveled next California to Einstein was with Millikan His friendship " led to war also This aversion had an instant rapport They , with had an instant rapport , with Chaplin visited his home Einstein at Chaplin in undertook , early 1933 he early 1933 , undertook his third two-month visiting professorship he , undertook his third two-month visiting professorship he at undertook the California Institute of Technology his third two-month visiting professorship at he , raided repeatedly his family's apartment the Gestapo raided repeatedly his family's apartment the Gestapo in

went , 28 March immediately Einstein went immediately the German consulate to Einstein In discovered , April 1933 Einstein discovered , April 1933 Einstein that , were those among Einstein's works were those among Einstein's works targeted were among those targeted by included a list him in One German magazine to wrote , England Einstein wrote , England Einstein , was a permanent home now without Einstein rented De Haan a house in He In went , late July 1933 he went , late July 1933 he to , went England to he went England to he for invited him Locker-Lampson to stay took Einstein Locker-Lampson to meet asked them Einstein to help submitted also a bill Locker-Lampson to one of denounced his speeches he of his speeches denounced Germany's treatment he his speeches denounced Germany's treatment he of denounced Jews Germany's treatment of he In his speech described Einstein he his speech described Einstein he as described a "citizen Einstein as he In returned , October 1933 Einstein returned , October 1933 Einstein to , returned the US to Einstein returned the US to Einstein and last with the Institute for Advanced Study would Einstein's affiliation was one He of the The take would long walks two take would long walks two together Hungarian scientists attempted included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd that attempted included émigré physicist Leó Szilárd that to visited and Wigner Einstein Szilárd to used , the letter Einstein the letter , used his connections Einstein , used his connections Einstein with used the Belgian Royal Family his connections with Einstein was , " Einstein war , " was a disease war " was a disease war   ] called resistance for he called resistance for he to to argue , Roosevelt some argue , some Roosevelt he argue his pacifist principles went against he before said , his death Einstein said , his death Einstein to , said his old friend to Einstein said his old friend to Einstein , became 1940 an American citizen in Einstein New Jersey , expressed his appreciation he , expressed his appreciation he of

expressed the meritocracy his appreciation of he joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Einstein ( NAACP considered racism America's "worst disease He " , of corresponded , his involvement he corresponded , his involvement he with , corresponded civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois with he corresponded civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois with he and In visited , 1946 Einstein 1946 , visited Lincoln University Einstein , visited Lincoln University Einstein in visited Pennsylvania Lincoln University in Einstein to include ; African Americans alumni African Americans ; include Langston Hughes alumni ; include Langston Hughes alumni and include Langston Hughes alumni and Thurgood Marshall gave racism a speech about Einstein recalls of Princeton A resident that of recalls Princeton that Einstein recalls Princeton that Einstein had was a figurehead leader Einstein in helping asked , 1921 was he he was asked the biochemist by was asked the biochemist by and asked the biochemist by and president Among advised , those he advised , those he first advised an Institute of Agriculture first creating he a was ; nationalist he was ; nationalist he against ; was the creation against he was the creation against he of of offered , Ezriel Carlebach Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Ezriel Carlebach , offered Einstein Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion , offered the position Einstein Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion offered the position Einstein Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion of The offer was presented Israel's ambassador by was presented Israel's ambassador by in presented Washington Israel's ambassador in by developed music an appreciation for Einstein In wrote his late journals he : wrote his late journals he : " think often music in I live music my daydreams in I see terms my life in I get life most joy in I played the piano His mother reasonably well to began , conductor Leon Botstein Einstein began , conductor Leon Botstein Einstein playing turned discovered , 13 he 13 , discovered the violin sonatas he , discovered the violin sonatas he of discovered Mozart the violin sonatas of he taught himself Einstein to play

heard , age 17 was he he was heard a school examiner by was heard a school examiner by in heard Aarau a school examiner in by possessed this student an unusual meaning for Music took a pivotal and permanent role on Music in of becoming was a professional musician himself becoming was a professional musician himself not was a professional musician himself not on was his mind not on himself become had also a regular part Chamber music at visited , the California Institute of Technology he the California Institute of Technology , visited the Zoellner family conservatory he , visited the Zoellner family conservatory he in visited Los Angeles the Zoellner family conservatory in he In was , 1918 Einstein 1918 , was one Einstein , was one Einstein of was the founding members one of Einstein in was , his life Einstein's political view was , his life Einstein's political view in , was favor in Einstein's political view was favor in Einstein's political view of changed on the Bolsheviks also His opinions In criticized , 1925 he 1925 , criticized them he , criticized them he for criticized them he for not " In honor Lenin I In Lenin honor a man I Lenin honor a man I , I honor a man , who honor a man , who in : are like him men are like him the guardians men advocated strongly the idea He of advocated the idea of a democratic global government that wrote " world government advocate I was deeply impressed Mahatma Gandhi by deeply impressed Mahatma Gandhi by , impressed Mahatma Gandhi by , with described Gandhi He as " established was 27 September 1931 on The initial connection was Gandhi's disciple Sundaram and special envoy During wrote , the visit Einstein the visit , wrote a short letter Einstein , wrote a short letter Einstein to wrote Gandhi a short letter to Einstein wrote a short letter to Gandhi that spoke his spiritual outlook of Einstein in He said sympathy had he said sympathy had he for not believe in a personal god who

believe in a personal god who concerns in replied , an afterlife Einstein replied , an afterlife Einstein , is me enough for one life served the advisory board on He of of stated , the New York Society for Ethical Culture he stated , the New York Society for Ethical Culture he that stated that Ethical Culture of the idea , wrote The word : Einstein Einstein wrote : The word God wrote : The word God is me is like all other religions the Jewish religion is like all other religions an incarnation the Jewish religion And the Jewish people to whom I gladly On experienced , 17 April 1955 Einstein 17 April 1955 , experienced internal bleeding Einstein , experienced internal bleeding Einstein caused Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by experienced internal bleeding caused the rupture by refused surgery Einstein , saying done is ; my share it my share ; is time it ; is time it to is time it to go do will it I elegantly Harvey removed Einstein's , autopsy Thomas Stoltz the pathologist , Harvey removed Einstein's Thomas Stoltz brain the pathologist Harvey removed Einstein's Thomas Stoltz brain the pathologist for at summarized , UNESCO headquarters nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer UNESCO headquarters , summarized his impression nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , summarized his impression nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer of summarized Einstein his impression of nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was him always with There Throughout published , his life Einstein his life , published hundreds Einstein , published hundreds Einstein of published books hundreds of Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers He and 150 non-scientific ones announced and archives the release universities published was 1901 in It were the 1905 paper the foundation for These papers returned the problem to Einstein of the density fluctuations are controlled the second derivative by are controlled the second derivative by of controlled the free energy the second derivative of by At is , the critical point this derivative the critical point , is zero this derivative , is zero this derivative ,

is zero this derivative , leading is of density fluctuations The effect that of is density fluctuations that light is density fluctuations that light of is that all wavelengths of light relates Rayleigh scattering this to Einstein reconciled Maxwell's equations conflicts between It , are of these changes the effects are of these changes the effects most developed this paper in The theory later is Einstein's writings evidence from There on produced , mass–energy equivalence Einstein mass–energy equivalence , produced "E Einstein , produced "E Einstein " produced "E Einstein "   framed originally special relativity Einstein in In reinterpreted , 1908 Hermann Minkowski 1908 , reinterpreted special relativity Hermann Minkowski , reinterpreted special relativity Hermann Minkowski in reinterpreted geometric terms special relativity in Hermann Minkowski is a theory of gravitation that developed has an essential tool into General relativity of was general relativity that the preference was general relativity that the preference of was that inertial motions of the preference , in published 1907 he in 1907 published an article he 1907 published an article he on published acceleration an article on he argued " , It he In published , 1911 Einstein 1911 , published another article Einstein , published another article Einstein " published another article Einstein " On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light In predicted , 1916 Einstein 1916 , predicted gravitational waves Einstein , predicted gravitational waves Einstein , predicted gravitational waves Einstein , ripples is of gravitational waves The existence possible came of gravitational waves The first, indirect, detection in in was their orbital period that they was their orbital period that they were developing became , general relativity Einstein became , general relativity Einstein confused became the gauge invariance confused about Einstein He formulated an argument that led formulated an argument him led that ' ) was the result theory ) was the result theory of was these investigations the result of theory suggests , was a sketch it , was a sketch it of was a theory a sketch of it In applied , 1917 Einstein 1917 , applied the general theory Einstein

, applied the general theory Einstein of applied relativity the general theory of Einstein discovered that a universe predicted the general field equations at introduced , the time Einstein the time , introduced a new term Einstein , introduced a new term Einstein , introduced a new term Einstein , the cosmological constant predicted closed curvature a static universe of The modified field equations in abandoned , 1929 Einstein 1929 , abandoned his static model Einstein , abandoned his static model Einstein of abandoned the universe his static model of Einstein claimed , many Einstein biographies is it led by discovered the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh by the Irish physicist discovered evidence Cormac O'Raifeartaigh the Irish physicist discovered evidence Cormac O'Raifeartaigh that discovered evidence Cormac O'Raifeartaigh that , in explored , early 1931 Einstein early 1931 , explored a model Einstein , explored a model Einstein of explored the expanding universe a model of Einstein appears that a steady-state model considered Einstein is , so a dynamical spacetime it In collaborated , 1935 Einstein collaborated , 1935 Einstein with , collaborated Nathan Rosen with Einstein collaborated Nathan Rosen with Einstein to was elementary particles to model His motivation into needed , general relativity the affine connection needed , general relativity the affine connection to has of general relativity a fundamental lawthe Einstein field equations The theory general relativity has a fundamental lawthe Einstein field equations , which has a fundamental lawthe Einstein field equations , which describe would move on a trajectory which move on a trajectory which is In postulated , a 1905 paper Einstein postulated , Einstein a 1905 paper that light nearly universally rejected all physicists by universally rejected all physicists by , rejected all physicists by , including concluded that frequency of each wave In proposed , 1907 Einstein 1907 , proposed a model Einstein , proposed a model Einstein of proposed matter a model of Einstein was aware that the frequency getting Throughout expanded , the 1910s quantum mechanics expanded , the 1910s quantum mechanics in , expanded scope in quantum mechanics expanded scope in quantum mechanics to

contributed these developments to Einstein by shown that adiabatic invariance of the hypothesis noted 1911 in Einstein that noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle In received , 1924 Einstein 1924 , received a description Einstein , received a description Einstein of received a statistical model a description of Einstein published also his own articles Einstein describing was 1995 not until It In became , 1908 he 1908 , became a "Privatdozent he , became a "Privatdozent he " became a "Privatdozent he " at in showed , an earlier 1909 paper Einstein showed , an earlier 1909 paper Einstein that introduced the "photon" concept This paper ( although introduced the "photon" concept ( although the name "photon from reformulated , 1911 to 1913 Planck 1911 to 1913 , reformulated his 1900 quantum theory Planck , reformulated his 1900 quantum theory Planck and reformulated his 1900 quantum theory Planck and introduced Soon , attracted the attention this idea , attracted the attention this idea of attracted Einstein the attention of this idea compared , zero-point energy then they , compared then the theoretical specific heat they compared then the theoretical specific heat they of showed that absorption of the statistics discovered Louis de Broglie's work Einstein and supported from gave , this era Einstein this era , gave a wave equation Einstein , gave a wave equation Einstein for gave de Broglie waves a wave equation for Einstein played a major role Einstein in developing became modern quantum mechanics displeased with he were public disputes a series of The Bohr–Einstein debates In returned , 1935 Einstein returned , 1935 Einstein to , returned quantum mechanics to Einstein returned quantum mechanics to Einstein , In considered , a thought experiment he a thought experiment , considered two particles he , considered two particles he , he considered two particles , which considered two particles , which had of were , local realism there local realism , were two possibilities there , were two possibilities there : were two possibilities there : ( be , question must it shown , a physical principle was local realism

demonstrate of these and subsequent experiments The results that of demonstrate these and subsequent experiments that quantum physics demonstrate these and subsequent experiments that quantum physics can on attempted , general relativity Einstein attempted , general relativity Einstein to attempted his theory to generalize Einstein In described , 1950 he 1950 , described his "unified field theory he , described his "unified field theory he " described his "unified field theory he " in accommodate did not the strong and weak nuclear forces Einstein's unification project not accommodate the strong and weak nuclear forces , neither accommodate the strong and weak nuclear forces , neither of Einstein conducted other investigations that were conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful show reversed , this they this , reversed the magnetization they , reversed the magnetization they in reversed an iron bar the magnetization in they confirmed that the bar leads this suggested Erwin Schrödinger to Einstein that suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he is second quantization a form of This formulation applied this Erwin Schrödinger to derive wrote his wife daily to Einstein included were the papers in The letters permitted the personal letters Margot Einstein to be litigated of publicity was Einstein's right became the most famous scientific celebrities one of Einstein " published " a vignette The New Yorker published " a vignette The New Yorker in figured finally a way out He told his inquirers He " Pardon am Professor Einstein mistaken for I been has the subject Einstein of received numerous awards Einstein and honors It is bordered Pakistan by is bordered Pakistan by to bordered the east Pakistan to by of is , land the country is , land the country predominately dates in Afghanistan Human habitation back served also the source as Afghanistan began of Afghanistan The modern state with divided , Timur Shah was it divided was the smaller independent kingdoms into it in established the second war successfully it the second war established successfully a British protected state it established successfully a British protected state it over in became , 1919 the country became , 1919 the country free

became foreign dominance free of the country dominated has been the late 1970s by has been dominated prolonged warfare by been dominated prolonged warfare by , dominated prolonged warfare by , starting has terrorism high levels of The country suggest of prehistoric sites Excavations that of suggest prehistoric sites that humans suggest prehistoric sites that humans were suggests done in the 20th century Archaeological exploration in suggests the 20th century that the geographical area suggests the 20th century that the geographical area of suggests that Afghanistan of the geographical area In extended , more detail it extended , more detail it from , extended what from it it extended from what today extended from what today is are several smaller IVC colonies There to be the middle of the 6th century overthrew , BCE the Achaemenids BCE , overthrew the Medes the Achaemenids , overthrew the Medes the Achaemenids and overthrew the Medes the Achaemenids and incorporated Darius mentions of Persia I mentions of Persia the Kabul Valley I , controlled of the Seleucid Empire the successor state controlled of the Seleucid Empire the region the successor state controlled the area The Mauryans south of broke of it soon Much appeared the first century BCE during The Silk Road , the first century subjugated , BCE the Parthian Empire BCE , subjugated the region the Parthian Empire , subjugated the region the Parthian Empire but subjugated the region the Parthian Empire but lost The Kushans were overthrown the Sassanids by were overthrown the Sassanids by in overthrown the 3rd century CE the Sassanids in by They were followed the Kidarites by were followed by the Kidarites who followed by the Kidarites who , They were replaced the Turk Shahi by were replaced the Turk Shahi by in replaced the 7th century the Turk Shahi in by called , 870 was this Hindu dynasty , called was Hindu Shahi this Hindu dynasty of accepted the native inhabitants encountered they the native inhabitants accepted encountered it they accepted encountered it they while encountered accepted it while others accepted it while others revolted of used , Islam the region

used , Islam the region to be would the region that people be that patrons were people first conquered in 870 CE by conquered in 870 CE the Saffarid Muslims by Later , extended their Islamic influence the Samanids , extended their Islamic influence the Samanids south extended their Islamic influence the Samanids south of By defeated , the 11th century Mahmud of Ghazni the 11th century , defeated the remaining Hindu rulers Mahmud of Ghazni , defeated the remaining Hindu rulers Mahmud of Ghazni and defeated the remaining Hindu rulers Mahmud of Ghazni and effectively made an important city Ghazni into Mahmud The Ghaznavid dynasty was overthrown the Ghurids by was overthrown the Ghurids by , overthrown by the Ghurids , whose architectural achievements The destruction caused forced the Mongols by caused forced the Mongols many locals by forced the Mongols many locals by to continued the Ilkhanate with Mongol rule in In arrived , the early 16th century Babur arrived , the early 16th century Babur from , arrived Ferghana from Babur arrived Ferghana from Babur and , and ruled parts Indian Mughals and ruled parts Indian Mughals of ruled the territory parts of Indian Mughals referred of Afghanistan was the northwestern area referred was Afghanistan to by was referred to the regional name by referred to the regional name by Khorasan defeated Gurgin Khan He and established died natural causes of Mirwais in led 1722 the Afghan army in Mahmud captured and his forces Kandahar Nader Shah plundered , India had Nader Shah , plundered had Delhi Nader Shah plundered had Delhi Nader Shah , returned , 1747 had Ahmad Shah Durrani returned had Kandahar to Ahmad Shah Durrani led , 1747 had Ahmad Shah , led had multiple campaigns Ahmad Shah led had multiple campaigns Ahmad Shah against captured had Kabul Ahmad Shah and conquered had then Herat Ahmad Shah launched had two campaigns Ahmad Shah into was , however siege Nishapur he in captured , 1754 he 1754 , captured Tun he , captured Tun he , captured Tun he , and reappointed was 1755 in Shah rokh

invaded India 8 Ahmad Shah times during during sought , his Invasions of India he his Invasions of India , sought the reasons he , sought the reasons he needed sought the reasons he needed to launched had his first invasion Ahmad Shah in met had Mughal armies Ahmad Shah at ascended the throne to Timur Shah Durrani in began his reign Timur Shah by consolidating also saw the Durrani Empire of the capital saw the Durrani Empire of the capital being saw the modern capital Kabul as This reform lead would also campaigns Timur Shah be would this campaign where Timur Shah be where his forces led Timur Shah lose would 30,000 over The Sikhs by was , Timur Shah Timur Shah was , Timur Shah Timur Shah able would be succeeded his son by be succeeded his son by , succeeded his son by , Zaman Shah Durrani oversaw the attempted stabilization Timur Shah's reign and consolidation succeed would the Durrani Throne to Zaman Shah Durrani instigated his brothers civil war with This With centered Kandahar in Humayun centered Kandahar in Humayun , defeat would Humayun Zaman Shah and led , the throne had Zaman Shah , led had 3 campaigns Zaman Shah led had 3 campaigns Zaman Shah into embarked his third campaign on Zaman Shah for would be deposed his brother by be deposed his brother by , deposed his brother by , Shah Shuja Durrani By was , the early 19th century the Afghan empire was , the early 19th century the Afghan empire under , was threat under the Afghan empire was threat under the Afghan empire from would be sentenced Mahmud Shah Durrani by be sentenced Mahmud Shah Durrani by , sentenced Mahmud Shah Durrani by , having During had , this turbulent period Afghanistan this turbulent period , had many temporary rulers Afghanistan , had many temporary rulers Afghanistan until Afghanistan had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan declared lost to Ranjit Singh , who In marched , 1838 a British expeditionary force marched , 1838 a British expeditionary force into

, marched Afghanistan into a British expeditionary force marched Afghanistan into a British expeditionary force and to gave , its recapture the British gave , its recapture the British up gave their attempts up on the British spend would most Dost Mohammad Khan of launch would numerous campaigns Dost Mohammad Khan , died 9 June 1863 on Dost Mohammad , fight would the throne for Dost Mohammad's successors in replaced , the region Abdur Rahman Khan the region , replaced Ayub Khan Abdur Rahman Khan , Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan who Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan who had replaced Ayub Khan who had succeeded gain would control Britain of In signed , 1893 Amir Abdur Rahman 1893 , signed an agreement Amir Abdur Rahman , signed an agreement Amir Abdur Rahman in signed which an agreement in Amir Abdur Rahman signed an agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun known was the "Iron Amir as He viewed " railway The "Iron Amir and Habibullah Khan was met officials by was met officials by of met the Central Powers officials of by failed the Central Powers , but it assassinated was a hunting trip during Habibullah on declared , 19 August 1919 Emir Amanullah Khan declared , Emir Amanullah Khan 19 August 1919 the Emirate of Afghanistan moved his country's traditional isolation to end He proclaimed himself He King of Turkey , introduced several reforms he , introduced several reforms he intended introduced several reforms he intended to was behind these reforms Mahmud Tarzi A key force fought Article 68 for He of abolished of slavery was The institution alienated many tribal and religious leaders , and this with abdicated , the overwhelming armed opposition King Amanullah abdicated , the overwhelming armed opposition King Amanullah in , abdicated January 1929 in King Amanullah abdicated January 1929 in King Amanullah , saw of 1944–1947 King Zahir's reign The tribal revolts 1944–1947 saw King Zahir's reign challenged by saw King Zahir's reign challenged Zadran by saw roads the development of The 1930s played in the north a large part Road links Until ruled , 1946 King Zahir

ruled , 1946 King Zahir with , ruled the assistance with King Zahir ruled the assistance with King Zahir of replaced was 1953 in He was replaced in 1953 by replaced in 1953 Mohammed Daoud Khan by until pressed , 1963 Daoud Khan pressed , 1963 Daoud Khan for , pressed social modernization reforms for Daoud Khan pressed social modernization reforms for Daoud Khan and However , was a beneficiary it , was a beneficiary it of was the latter rivalry a beneficiary of it On received , a per capita basis Afghanistan a per capita basis , received more Soviet development aid Afghanistan , received more Soviet development aid Afghanistan than received any other country more Soviet development aid than Afghanistan had both Cold War enemies , therefore, good relations with Afghanistan seized Afghanistan (PDPA ) the communist People's Democratic Party of declared the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan the establishment of The PDPA trigger would a series This of trigger a series of events that The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic and land distribution reforms that provoked initiated various social, symbolic and land distribution reforms strong opposition provoked that caused unrest This and quickly with supported , covert training centers the United States covert training centers , supported them the United States , supported them the United States through supported Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence them through the United States assassinated , September 1979 was PDPA General Secretary Taraki assassinated was an internal coup in PDPA General Secretary Taraki assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by deteriorated in the country The situation under with invaded , Amin's government the Soviet Army Amin's government , invaded the country the Soviet Army , invaded the country the Soviet Army in invaded December 1979 the country in the Soviet Army deployed in more substantial numbers were Soviet troops Lasting caused , nine years the war nine years , caused the deaths the war , caused the deaths the war of caused between 562,000 and 2 million Afghans the deaths of the war Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages , millions destroyed many countryside villages , millions of

functioned an organisational and networking base as Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province for had Afghanistan drastic social effects on The Soviet-Afghan War led of society The militarization to broke the creation out after Another civil war factional infighting , committed widespread rape various "mujahideen" factions , committed widespread rape various "mujahideen" factions , committed widespread rape various "mujahideen" factions , murder emerged September 1994 in The Taliban as conquered that year , Kandahar city they that year , conquered more territories they , conquered more territories they until conquered more territories they until finally formed and Abdul Rashid Dostum the Northern Alliance Ahmad Shah Massoud restored Afghanistan was swiftly The Islamic Emirate of is apparently led supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada by apparently led supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada by and led supreme leader Hibatullah Akhundzada by and acting Prime Minister Hasan Akhund seen ; their previous Emirate was his appointment seen was a compromise as his appointment formed was Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai including A new, all-male cabinet On received , 20 September 2021 United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres 20 September 2021 , received a letter United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres , received a letter United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres from received acting minister a letter from United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres suspended have most humanitarian aid Western nations to , faced of Afghanistan's 39 million people more than half faced of Afghanistan's 39 million people an acute food shortage more than half over , is the world's 41st largest country Afghanistan , is the world's 41st largest country Afghanistan , is the world's 41st largest country Afghanistan , slightly is no coastline There , as is no coastline , as Afghanistan to recognizes ; the north-east India the north-east ; recognizes a border India ; recognizes a border India with recognizes Afghanistan a border with India is in Afghanistan The geography varied It is dominated the Hindu Kush range by is dominated the Hindu Kush range by , dominated the Hindu Kush range by , the western extension are of the highest points Most in ; consist rolling grasslands of these two regions

consist rolling grasslands of these two regions and exist the corridor in Forests between is Noshaq The country's highest point , at , are of the country large parts are of the country large parts dry is the driest regions one of The endorheic Sistan Basin rises the north at The Amu Darya of flow a number of streams that One exception is the Kabul River which flows is the Kabul River which flows in receives the winter heavy snow during Afghanistan , flows of the country's water two-thirds flows of the country's water two-thirds into is in a geologically active area where earthquakes were 1998 in The last strong earthquakes , were in 1998 , which This was followed the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes by was followed the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes by in followed which the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes in by has harsh winters a continental climate with Afghanistan are of northern and western Afghanistan the driest The lower areas exist of mammals Several types throughout live exclusively the Wakhan Corridor region in The Marco Polo sheep populate and jackals the steppe plains wild pigs includes of Afghanistan the Afghan flying squirrel Endemic fauna include Iris afghanica " Endemic flora " has of Afghanistan vegetation The forest region composed are hardy grasses of The colder high elevation regions designated are ; protected areas there protected areas ; are three national parks there ; are three national parks there : are three national parks there : Band-e Amir estimated of Afghanistan was The population In reported 1979 was the total population reported 1979 was the total population to is of the Afghan population An estimated 99.7% Muslim is the Afghan population Muslim and most to are , Pew Research Center as much as 90% are , Pew Research Center as much as 90% of , are the Sunni denomination of as much as 90% are the Sunni denomination of as much as 90% , estimates variously up to 89.7% The CIA Factbook Sunni was Afghanistan a small Jewish community in There forced , the years was this small community

emigrated , the end of the twentieth century had the entire community emigrated had Israel to the entire community remained years for He , , was of the population 26% was of the population 26% urbanized ; in is Asia it in is Asia it only is Asia it only higher is with over a million residents its capital The only city during declared , the 2021 Taliban offensive the Taliban the 2021 Taliban offensive , declared the country the Taliban , declared the country the Taliban an Islamic Emirate announced was 7 September on A new caretaker government , undergoing is a transitional political period the Islamic Emirate undergoing is a transitional political period the Islamic Emirate with are on government formation men-only meetings The Kabul meetings agree within the Taliban generally Many figures agree generally the Taliban that continuation agree that the Constitution of Afghanistan of continuation said , 30 August interviewed a Taliban official named would be head Abdul Ghani Baradar to is , CNN the new government is , CNN the new government likely by said , CNN-News18 sources said , sources CNN-News18 the new government preside would an executive body over The Supreme Leader , disclosed News18 to later interviews disclosed News18 to later interviews that disclosed to News18 that negotiations This culminated in a skirmish which culminated in a skirmish which led planning , early September were the Taliban , planning were the Cabinet the Taliban planning were the Cabinet the Taliban to has a governor Each province and a capital divided into nearly 400 provincial districts , each are now appointed the Prime Minister by now appointed the Prime Minister by of appointed Afghanistan the Prime Minister of by are the central government representatives of The provincial governors There are also provincial councils that are also provincial councils that are became the United Nations a member of Afghanistan Historically , had strong relations Afghanistan , had strong relations Afghanistan with had Germany strong relations with Afghanistan is of Afghanistan The present Islamic Emirate currently of enjoyed , Afghanistan it Afghanistan , enjoyed cordial relations it

, enjoyed cordial relations it with enjoyed a number cordial relations with it captured weapons a large amount of The Islamic Emirate Army was 2018 $21.7 billion in Afghanistan's nominal GDP is per capita Its GDP $ in remains , mineral deposits it mineral deposits , remains one it , remains one it of remains the world's least developed countries one of it cited as reasons why the country imports goods over $7 billion worth of The country has external debt $2.8 billion in It provided , donor money is only a small portion serves as the nation of the central bank involved in construction , which include of the major national construction projects the $35 billion New Kabul City Some resulted to the business environment have Improvements is WTO a member of Afghanistan holds SCO an observer status in It is Afghanistan's economy the backbone of Agricultural production been , recent years has there , been has an uptick there been has an uptick there in include coal : The country's natural resources , estimated of the Brookings Institution Michael E. O'Hanlon that estimated the Brookings Institution that if Afghanistan estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has lithium significant amounts of The country contains in Helmand Province The Khanashin carbonatite of granted , 2007 was a 30-year lease , granted was for a 30-year lease granted was the Aynak copper mine for a 30-year lease won the mining rights The state-run Steel Authority of India to develop estimate that the country's untapped mineral deposits of 30% amount of 21 Mio. tons could The lithium reserves are Bauxit the ones of Other larger deposits reported , a 2011 news story " the "CSM In had , 2016 Afghanistan 2016 , had 0.43 global hectares Afghanistan , had 0.43 global hectares Afghanistan of had biocapacity 0.43 global hectares of Afghanistan In 2016 used 0.73 global hectares Afghanistan 2016 used 0.73 global hectares Afghanistan of used biocapacity 0.73 global hectares of Afghanistan This means just under double as much biocapacity use they means just under double as much biocapacity use they as , have of the rural population 98%

have of the rural population access 98% Overall stands 98.7% at the figure of produces , 2016 Afghanistan 2016 , produces 1,400 megawatts Afghanistan , produces 1,400 megawatts Afghanistan of produces power 1,400 megawatts of Afghanistan is of electricity production The majority via under development are the CASA-1000 project which development are the CASA-1000 project which will are the CASA-1000 project which will transmit is Afghanistan a small industry in Tourism Nevertheless , visit the country some 20,000 foreign tourists , visit the country some 20,000 foreign tourists annually visit the country some 20,000 foreign tourists annually as particular is for domestic and international tourism an important region is for domestic and international tourism the picturesque Bamyan Valley an important region domestic and international tourism is the picturesque Bamyan Valley , which is the picturesque Bamyan Valley , which includes was onwards , the late 1960s Afghanistan onwards , was a popular stop Afghanistan , was a popular stop Afghanistan on was the famous hippie trail a popular stop on Afghanistan from traveled , Iran the trail traveled , Iran the trail through , traveled various Afghan provinces through the trail traveled various Afghan provinces through the trail and has of Ghazni significant history The city by kept Islam's prophet is Muhammad kept Islam's prophet is Muhammad inside kept is the Shrine inside Muhammad is the Shrine of Ali , believed by provided in Afghanistan are Telecommunication services in provided are Afghanistan by Afghanistan are provided Afghan Telecom by are provided Afghan Telecom by , provided Afghan Telecom by , Afghan Wireless uses Afghansat 1 its own space satellite called The country of was , civil war telecommunications was , civil war telecommunications virtually , was a non-existent sector virtually telecommunications was a non-existent sector virtually telecommunications , is of the Ring Road the Salang Tunnel A key portion It is the only land route that connects is the only land route Central Asia connects that allow the Hindu Kush travel between Several mountain passes are Afghan roads common on Serious traffic accidents provided in Afghanistan is Air transport in provided is Afghanistan by

Afghanistan is provided the national carrier by is provided the national carrier by , provided the national carrier by , Ariana Afghan Airlines include Air India These , Emirates has four international airports The country : Hamid Karzai International Airport Including are , domestic airports there domestic airports , are 43 there has three rail links The country : one used are freight for These lines lie of the line will About are color yellow in Taxis use , rural Afghanistan often villagers , use often donkeys villagers use often donkeys villagers , are primarily used the Kochi nomads by includes in Afghanistan K–12 Education are the country over 16,000 schools in There Of are , this about 60% this , are males about 60% , are males about 60% and are males about 60% and 40% females enrolled are different universities in Over 174,000 students are of these females About 21% are in Afghanistan the American University of Afghanistan The top universities constructed was Qargha near The Afghan Defense University include outside of Kabul Major universities building is six faculties The United States of to is , the Human Development Index Afghanistan the Human Development Index , is the 15th least developed country Afghanistan , is the 15th least developed country Afghanistan in is the world the 15th least developed country in Afghanistan The country's maternal mortality rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is plans the infant mortality rate to cut The Ministry of Public Health are Afghanistan over 100 hospitals in There reported was 2006 in It reported in 2006 that nearly 60% have both common cultural features Afghans and those have both common cultural features and those that is Afghan society the mainstay of Family In live , the southern and eastern region the people live , the southern and eastern region the people according live the Pashtun culture according to the people include of Pashtunwali hospitality Key tenets been further influenced the cultures by further influenced the cultures by of influenced those neighboring nations the cultures of by

considers the best way to be the tribal system are various Afghan tribes There , and is bacha bazi " One example " ; is for marriage the legal age is for marriage 16 the legal age occupy , the villages typically families , occupy typically mudbrick houses families occupy typically mudbrick houses families , have typically a headman Villages ( These were worn some women by were worn some women by of worn the Pashtun community some women of by Another popular dress is the "chapan " which is the "chapan " which acts is " a hat The "karakul made It was favored former kings by was favored former kings by of favored Afghanistan former kings of by was popularly worn the guerrilla leader Ahmad Shah Massoud by The nation has a complex history that has has a complex history that has survived contains all ages many remnants from Afghanistan most well are known the Great Mosque of Herat well are known the Great Mosque of Herat , are known the Great Mosque of Herat , the Blue Mosque The two famous Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed the Taliban by were destroyed the Taliban by , destroyed by the Taliban , who finding are still Buddhist relics archaeologists is Afghanistan an ancient practice in Carpet weaving has its own specific characteristics Every province in making have of Afghanistan a long history The lands is Gandhara Art , produced by saw the Persian miniature style increased use of Later eras Since began , the 1900s the nation began , the 1900s the nation to began Western techniques to use the nation has around 350 radio stations Afghanistan and over 200 television stations began the 1970s airing in Television programs published was 1873 in The first Afghan newspaper broadcasting , the 1920s was Radio Kabul , broadcasting was local radio services Radio Kabul been represented in some Bollywood films by represented in some Bollywood films actors by have Afghanistan roots in Many Bollywood film stars has Indian classical music close historical links with Afghan classical music is the country's national instrument The rubab and precurses

developed the 1950s in Pop music through During started this time also female artists started this time also female artists appearing Perhaps was of this genre the most famous artist was of this genre Ahmad Zahir the most famous artist this genre was Ahmad Zahir , who was Ahmad Zahir , who synthesized is Afghanistan the national dance of Attan are these staples native fruits Accompanying and is Afghanistan the national dish of Kabuli palaw known is its high quality pomegranates for Afghanistan are Afghan culture a cherished part of Classic Persian and Pashto poetry been has always one Poetry called of the poetic styles is One produced has countless Persian-speaking poets The Afghan region and considered of the 17th century is Khushal Khan Khattak starts Nowruz with Afghanistan's official New Year , occurs the vernal equinox every year at It celebrated is 19 August on National Independence Day managed in Afghanistan is Sport in managed is Afghanistan by Afghanistan is managed the Afghan Sports Federation by are the country the two most popular sports in Cricket and Association football celebrating are increasingly titles Afghanistan's sports teams won the 2010 South Asian Games the first team sports title at basketball team Later that year , followed it the country's cricket team , followed it the country's cricket team with followed the winning it with the country's cricket team In won , 2012 the country's 3x3 basketball team 2012 , won the gold medal the country's 3x3 basketball team , won the gold medal the country's 3x3 basketball team at won the 2012 Asian Beach Games the gold medal at the country's 3x3 basketball team won 2007 the ACC Twenty20 Cup in It made eventually it The team and are the country several other stadiums throughout There plays the Ghazi Stadium its home games at The national team is polo similar to It located is the Adriatic and Ionian Sea on It displays varied climatic, geological, hydrological, and morphological conditions Albania , defined has been inhabited different civilisations by been inhabited different civilisations by over inhabited time different civilisations over by established the 12th century the autonomous Principality of Arbër in The Albanians

Europe led won Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg by led won Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg them by won Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg acclaim them by remained Ottoman rule under Albania for , declared of Albania the modern nation state declared of Albania independence the modern nation state invaded , the 20th century was the Kingdom of Albania the Kingdom of Albania was invaded Italy by was invaded by Italy which invaded by Italy which formed formed World War II the People's Socialist Republic of Albania after Enver Hoxha is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic Albania and a developing country went a process through It of provides universal health care Albania and free primary and secondary education is the United Nations a member of Albania is membership an official candidate for It The term is the medieval Latin name Albania term is the medieval Latin name Albania of is the country the medieval Latin name of Albania have may a continuation The term in was , the 10th century Michael Attaliates the Byzantine historian was Michael Attaliates first the the Byzantine historian Nowadays , call their country Albanians , call their country Albanians ' unearthed in central and southern Albania , which come have the conclusion to Archaeologists come to the conclusion that these regions inhabited was historically Albania by was historically inhabited Indo-European peoples by historically inhabited Indo-European peoples by , inhabited Indo-European peoples by , among of is , the Illyrian tribes there the Illyrian tribes , is no evidence there , is no evidence there that there is no evidence that these tribes is no evidence that these tribes used comes of the Illyrian groups The first account from The west was inhabited the Thracian tribe by was inhabited the Thracian tribe by of inhabited the Bryges the Thracian tribe of by reached King Agron its greatest extent under Their Ardiaean Kingdom extended other neighbouring tribes his rule over Agron extended their operations Teuta's forces further southwards In declared , 229 BC Rome 229 BC , declared war Rome , declared war Rome on declared the kingdom war on Rome ended Illyrian defeat in The war in

eventually succeeded Gentius   by succeeded Gentius   by   clashed the Romans with Gentius in resulted Roman conquest in The conflict of split was 395 in The Roman Empire In formalised , the 11th century the Great Schism the 11th century , formalised the break the Great Schism , formalised the break the Great Schism of formalised communion the break of the Great Schism inhabited Lake Ochrida the west of The Albanian people of came , Dhimiter the territory came , Dhimiter the territory under , came the rule under the territory came the rule under the territory of dissolved , the 13th century was the principality however dates of Albanians the first undisputed mention dates of Albanians the first undisputed mention back In established , 1272 he 1272 , established the Kingdom of Albania he , established the Kingdom of Albania he and established the Kingdom of Albania he and conquered claimed central Albania territory all of The kingdom was the papal plans a basis for A catholic political structure found the support also This plan of struggles the Byzantine Empire within Internal power in In established , 1367 various Albanian rulers 1367 , established the Despotate of Arta various Albanian rulers created , that time were several Albanian principalities of continued , Constantinople the Ottoman Empire Constantinople , continued an extended period the Ottoman Empire , continued an extended period the Ottoman Empire of continued conquest an extended period of the Ottoman Empire reached 1385 the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast in They erupted the formation after A prosperous and longstanding revolution of pursued consistently the goal Skanderbeg relentlessly thwarted the Ottomans every attempt by He organised , the region were Albanian towns organised were four principal sanjaks into Albanian towns fostered trade The government by settling saw of Vlorë The city passing offered equal opportunities them Islam and , were for conversion motives were for conversion motives , , made a significant proportion up they made a significant proportion up they of attained of Muslim Albanians important political and military positions A couple of Muslim Albanians attained important political and military positions who

Muslim Albanians attained important political and military positions who culturally attained important political and military positions who culturally contributed Enjoying held , this privileged position they this privileged position , held various high administrative positions they , held various high administrative positions they with held over two dozen Albanian Grand Viziers various high administrative positions with they included the prominent Köprülü family members of Others was its roots a period with The Albanian Renaissance of was , nationalism Albania was , nationalism Albania under , was the rule under Albania was the rule under Albania of resulted the execution of the Treaty of San Stefano which had the assistance initially The league of participated the assembly in Approximately 300 Muslims composed participated in the assembly composed by Ottomans authorities cancelled their assistance when the league cancelled their assistance when the league , used military force The league to prevent forced , Novšiće was the league declared the Ottoman Empire independence from Albania Its sovereignty was recognised the Conference of London by established , Vlorë was the International Commission of Control established was 15 October 1913 on the International Commission of Control established was the first law enforcement agency as The International Gendarmerie In arrived , November the first gendarmerie members arrived , November the first gendarmerie members in , arrived the country in the first gendarmerie members offered , November 1913 had the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces , offered had the throne the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces offered had the throne the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces of proclaimed , February 1914 was the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus proclaimed was Gjirokastër in the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was proclaimed in Gjirokastër by proclaimed in Gjirokastër the local Greek population by of appointed , Albania Prince Wied Albania , appointed their leader Prince Wied , appointed their leader Prince Wied , appointed their leader Prince Wied , Prênk Bibë Doda joined , May and June 1914 was the International Gendarmerie the International Gendarmerie was joined Isa Boletini by was joined Isa Boletini by and joined Isa Boletini by and his men of adopted , Fan Noli the parliament

Fan Noli , adopted a new constitution the parliament , adopted a new constitution the parliament and adopted a new constitution the parliament and proclaimed was of Zogu The politics authoritarian exercised nearly every Albanian official control over Italians was eventually replaced another monarchy by eventually replaced another monarchy by with replaced a strong support another monarchy with by made also donations He of until was , 1943 the Kingdom of Albania 1943 , was a protectorate the Kingdom of Albania , was a protectorate the Kingdom of Albania and was a protectorate the Kingdom of Albania and a dependency In served , October 1940 Albania served , October 1940 Albania as , served a staging ground as Albania served a staging ground as Albania for resulted a sizeable portion in A counterattack of started the country to occupy Germans of fell , the war the country fell , the war the country into , fell a civil war-like state into the country fell a civil war-like state into the country between defeated the south the last anti-communist forces in The communists withdrawn , the end of November had the main German troops withdrawn had Tirana from the main German troops liberated entirely the country The partisans from of sent , the nation the Communist party the nation , sent forces the Communist party , sent to forces the Communist party sent northern Albania forces to the Communist party faced Nikaj-Mërtur open resistance in They On took , 15 January 1945 a clash 15 January 1945 , took place a clash , took place a clash between took partisans place between a clash was many other issues the starting point of This event was the starting point of many other issues which , brought of agricultural cooperatives the institution brought of agricultural cooperatives the institution about of became , the Axis Powers the country became , the Axis Powers the country initially , became a satellite state initially the country became a satellite state initially the country of During experienced , this period the country this period , experienced an increasing industrialisation the country

, experienced an increasing industrialisation the country and experienced an increasing industrialisation the country and urbanisation passed were ownership granting The new land reform laws eliminated , education was illiteracy eliminated was the country's adult population among illiteracy was in the country's national income The average annual increase 29% and 56% incurred large debts The nation initially with In meant , 1945 the Agrarian Reform Law meant , 1945 the Agrarian Reform Law that meant that property of large swaths destroyed , proclaimed Albania Hoxha , proclaimed Albania Hoxha the world's first atheist state proclaimed Albania Hoxha the world's first atheist state in banned all fascist, religious, and antisocialist activity A 1967 law and propaganda continued their beliefs to practise many Albanians devoted to pyramid schemes that turned February 1997 violent in The protests were promptly emptied militias by promptly emptied militias by and emptied militias by and criminal gangs led both Aleksandër Meksi The crisis and Sali Berisha led entered Italy , by entered Italy , the country by of focused , the communist system Albania focused , the communist system Albania on , focused an active process on Albania focused an active process on Albania of , won of the Socialist Party Edi Rama won of the Socialist Party both the 2013 and 2017 parliamentary elections Edi Rama As implemented , Prime Minister he Prime Minister , implemented numerous reforms he , implemented numerous reforms he focused implemented numerous reforms he focused on On ravaged , 26 November 2019 a 6.4 magnitude earthquake 26 November 2019 , ravaged Albania a 6.4 magnitude earthquake , ravaged Albania a 6.4 magnitude earthquake with a 6.4 magnitude earthquake ravaged Albania with the epicentre ravaged Albania with the epicentre positioned felt was Tirana in The tremor From declared , March to June 2020 the government March to June 2020 , declared a state the government , declared a state the government of declared emergency a state of the government has an area Albania of and faces the northwest the Adriatic Sea to Its shoreline at is ; 39° 40' 0" northern latitude the westernmost point

39° 40' 0" northern latitude ; is Sazan the westernmost point ; is Sazan the westernmost point at is Sazan the westernmost point at 19 above is ; the Adriatic the lowest point the Adriatic ; is the Mediterranean Sea the lowest point ; is the Mediterranean Sea the lowest point at , rises of Albania much rises of Albania much into Perhaps is of the country the most remarkable feature is of the country the presence the most remarkable feature is of Shkodër the largest lake The Lake In the southeast rises the Lake of Ohrid that the southeast rises the Lake of Ohrid that is rises the Lake of Ohrid one is that Farther extends Large the south extends Large the south and rise the east mostly in Rivers its source , is the Drin that , is the Drin that starts is the Drin that starts at is in the country The climate extremely experiences a mediterranean predominantly Albania and positioned , the contrary are the coldest areas ranges winter between in The mean monthly temperature varies naturally season from Rainfall receives the precipitation most of The country discovered from the University of Colorado four glaciers An expedition occurs winter frequently in Snowfall hotspot , possesses an exceptionally rich and contrasting biodiversity Albania , possesses an exceptionally rich and contrasting biodiversity Albania on possesses account an exceptionally rich and contrasting biodiversity on Albania of is , phytogeography Albania phytogeography , is part Albania , is part Albania of is the Boreal Kingdom part of Albania be found in Albania which found in Albania which refers maintains herbal and medicinal practices a vibrant tradition of The country are of Albania areas The protected areas are 15 national parks There , 4 ramsar sites cover and Theth National Park a combined territory Valbonë Valley National Park extends the central Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast along Divjakë-Karavasta National Park and Further south sprawls the Butrint National Park on a peninsula that include in Albania air and water pollution, climate change Environmental issues is a parliamentary constitutional republic Albania and sovereign based is the separation on The government

vested is the supreme court in The judicial power is in the country Law enforcement primarily The executive power is exercised the president by is exercised the president by and exercised the president by and prime minister is the commander The president - in depends of the president The tenure on authorised the parliament , is by , extended has its responsibilities Albania extended has its responsibilities Albania and ) was considered Albanian politicians by was considered Albanian politicians by to considered Albanian politicians by to be maintains the United States strong ties with Albania , signed have a number both countries signed have a number both countries of been has an active member Albania of took country membership on They served vice president as It of joined , 2014 also it , joined also the United Nations Human Rights Council it joined also the United Nations Human Rights Council it from consist Land, Air and Naval Forces of The Albanian Armed Forces and participated , communism has the country participated has six international missions in the country participated , February 2008 has Albania reduced active troops the number of Albania In scrapped , the 1990s the country the 1990s , scrapped enormous amounts the country , scrapped enormous amounts the country of scrapped obsolete hardware enormous amounts of the country was the military budget one Increasing of defined is a territorial area within Albania divided is three regions into The country are of administrative divisions the twelve constituent counties The highest level created were 31 July 2000 on The counties introduced the new administrative divisions The government to be known are neighbourhoods as The defunct municipalities are overall 2980 villages There or communities The country has a developing mixed economy classified by has a developing mixed economy classified the World Bank by In had , 2016 it 2016 , had the 4th lowest unemployment rate it , had the 4th lowest unemployment rate it in had the Balkans the 4th lowest unemployment rate in it are Italy Its largest trading partners , Greece take both course through The country's most important infrastructure facilities

, stood per capita Albania's GDP stood per capita Albania's GDP at was three countries one of Albania predicted Albania 2.6% growth for The International Monetary Fund had −9.7% a trade balance of The country based in the country is Agriculture remains the economy a significant sector of It employs the population 41% of It produces fruits significant amounts of Albania Further , is a worldwide significant producer the country , is a worldwide significant producer the country of is salvia, rosemary and yellow gentian a worldwide significant producer of the country has Europe's longest histories one of Albania was the few places one of The today's region are in the region The oldest found seeds 4,000 In produced , 2009 the nation 2009 , produced an estimated 17,500 tonnes the nation , produced an estimated 17,500 tonnes the nation of produced wine an estimated 17,500 tonnes of the nation undergone of Albania have The secondary sector considered in Fushë-Krujë is The Antea Cement plant is and gas represents Albanian oil has the Balkan peninsula the second largest oil deposits in Albania The Albpetrol company is owned the Albanian state by is owned the Albanian state by and owned the Albanian state by and monitors seen has an extensive expansion The textile industry by is a significant minerals producer Albania and is is a notable producer also The nation of represents the country's economy the fastest growing sector of The tertiary sector in represents , the world telecommunication industry the world , represents nowadays another major contributor telecommunication industry , represents nowadays another major contributor telecommunication industry to represents the sector nowadays another major contributor to telecommunication industry developed privatisation largely through It recognised is an industry as Tourism accounted directly 8.4% for It been of foreign visitors has The increase had 2005 only 500,000 visitors in Albania , increased in summer tourism increased in summer tourism by concentrated of the tourist industry is The bulk , has in the southwest the Albanian Riviera has in the southwest the most scenic and pristine beaches the Albanian Riviera The coast has a particular character because it

has a particular character because it is are of this seaside Some parts very is of Tirana the premier air gateway The international airport carried 2019 more than 3.3 million passengers in The airport link will prospectively Durrës It is (A2 ) part The Autostrada 2 , is one as it is one as it of The rail network is administered the national railway company by is administered the national railway company by Hekurudha Shqiptare administered by the national railway company Hekurudha Shqiptare which been has a considerable increase There in In is , the country education is , the country education secular apportioned is two semesters into The academic year serves the primary language as Albanian of is of a first foreign language The study mandatory are taught in schools The languages divided is two levels into Compulsory primary education is private and public institutions a significant number of There guarantees of Albania equal, free and universal health care The constitution is 68.8 years at The average healthy life expectancy and estimated is 12 per 1,000 live births at The country's infant mortality rate remain death the principal cause of Cardiovascular disease In had , 2009 the country 2009 , had a fruit and vegetable supply the country , had a fruit and vegetable supply the country of had 886 grams a fruit and vegetable supply of the country to has , other developed and developing countries Albania other developed and developing countries , has a relatively low rate Albania , has a relatively low rate Albania of has obesity a relatively low rate of Albania natural resources , has a wide variety Albania , has a wide variety Albania of has energy resources a wide variety of Albania , is of Albania the electricity generation sector is of Albania the electricity generation sector dependent has oil considerably large deposits of Albania has Europe the 10th largest oil reserves in It located are the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast around The country's main petroleum deposits connected to the planned Southern Gas Corridor , that runs Albania's territory for across the TAP

are of Albania The water resources particularly estimated of fresh water is The country's available average quantity In approved , 2009 the government 2009 , approved the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation the government , approved the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation the government in approved Albania the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation in the government represents the fastest growing and dynamic sectors one of Telecommunication in had , 2018 the country 2018 , had approximately 2.7 million active mobile users the country , had approximately 2.7 million active mobile users the country with had almost 1.8 million active broadband subscribers approximately 2.7 million active mobile users with the country estimated of Albania was the population stands 259 inhabitants at Its population density per is at birth 78.5 years The overall life expectancy is the Balkans the 8th most populous country in The country rose 2.5 million steadily from The country's population is for the recent population decrease the fall The explanation That period was marked economic mass emigration by was marked economic mass emigration by from marked Albania economic mass emigration from by left this period Albania during At least 900,000 people lives of the country's population About 53.4% in found of the total population is Almost 30% found in Tirana County followed by concentrated are Tirana in Over 1 million people is largest cities one of Tirana are of ethnicity a delicate topic Issues ) , declared ethnicity no , declared ethnicity no 390,938 declared ethnicity no 390,938 ( stated National Minorities that " the results recognises nine national or cultural minorities Albania : Aromanian, Greek, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, Roma, Egyptian, Bosnian and Bulgarian peoples are the Gorani people Other Albanian minorities and Jews is , " the Greeks it vary ethnic Greeks between 60,000 and 300,000 The estimates in , put of Western sources most put of Western sources the number most The 300,000 mark is supported Greek government by is supported Greek government by as supported Greek government by as well is of the country The official language Albanian of is the country Albanian which

is the country Albanian which is is the two dialects the rough dividing line between The Shkumbin river spoken in areas inhabited by include ethnic minorities in Albania by is the Pustec Municipality official in Macedonian The Greek language is spoken an important percentage by is spoken an important percentage by in spoken the southern part an important percentage in by Among aged young people 25 or less aged young people 25 or less , had a stable interest , while Greek is the country the second most-spoken language in Greek banned of Greek was the teaching shown have a growing interest Young people in go of them Some to have and Germany agreements Albania of were , the 2011 census there the 2011 census , were 1,587,608 there , were 1,587,608 there ( were 1,587,608 there ( 56.7% constitute the lives an important role in Religion considered religious non - themselves believed God in 80% and believed in God and 40% seemed of the 2011 census The preliminary results to expressed the data unhappiness with Some Muslim Community officials cast also doubts The Albanian Catholic Bishops Conference on spread are the country throughout The Muslim Albanians thought , classical times are there founded was purportedly Durrës by was purportedly founded Paul the Apostle by purportedly founded Paul the Apostle by , founded Paul the Apostle by , while appeared , medieval times first the Albanian people appeared first historical records within the Albanian people At were , this point they were , this point they mostly arrived the first time for Islam in had has never an official religion The country weakened of all faiths was the clergy persecuted religious observance and suppressed The communist regime survived communist era persecution Islam and reemerged include in Albania Evangelicals Some smaller Christian sects was of Albania Said Toptani The first recorded Protestant Albania was Said Toptani , who was Said Toptani , who travelled arrested , that was he arrested and imprisoned the Ottoman authorities by appeared the 19th century in The first evangelical Protestants and appeared in the 19th century and the Evangelical Alliance

Nowadays , has 160 member congregations it , has 160 member congregations it from has different Protestant denominations 160 member congregations from it shares many symbols Albania associated with is of Albania a red flag The flag symbolises used in the flag The red colour has been used Albanians by been used Albanians by since used the Middle Ages Albanians since by been particularly influenced a multitude by particularly influenced a multitude by of influenced ancient and medieval people a multitude of by in accompanied was the Middle Ages by the Middle Ages was accompanied a corresponding growth by was accompanied a corresponding growth by in accompanied Christian and Islamic art a corresponding growth in by Centuries later , proved crucial the Albanian Renaissance , proved crucial the Albanian Renaissance to proved the emancipation crucial to the Albanian Renaissance reflects of Albania the legacy The architecture evolved in Albania have Major cities reflect and towns a whole spectrum the cities found is Albania throughout Ancient architecture of introduced , the Byzantine Empire they the Byzantine Empire , introduced castles they , introduced castles they , introduced castles they , citadels brought new architectural styles The 20th century such as arrived the communist era during Socialist classicism in included are the list in Three Albanian archaeological sites include Butrint the ancient remains of These been widely influenced Albanian culture by widely influenced Albanian culture by , influenced Albanian culture by , geography produce many varieties and use Albanians is another national dish Fërgesë , made consists multiple crêpe-like layers of Flia brushed is the Albanian lifestyle an integral part of Coffee has capita more coffee houses per The country cultivated is Southern Albania across It has wine production a long and ancient history of Albania guaranteed is the constitution in the right to free expression ranked was 84th Albania on has the 20th century its roots in Albanian cinema During developed , the Peoples Republic of Albania Albanian cinema developed , the Peoples Republic of Albania Albanian cinema rapidly developed the inauguration rapidly with Albanian cinema established , 2003 was the Tirana International Film Festival

is the national identity a prominent part of Albanian folk music made of Albanian folk music was The first compilation of made was Albanian folk music by Albanian folk music was made two Himariot musicians by was made two Himariot musicians by , made two Himariot musicians by , Neço Muka Festivali i is a traditional Albanian song contest Këngës organised Këngës is a traditional Albanian song contest organised by is a traditional Albanian song contest organised the national broadcaster by has of Albania its own specific variety Every cultural and geographical region has its own specific variety of costume that continue traditional clothing to wear Some elderly people comprises an independent branch The Albanian language and is was all first of The cultural renaissance invigorated the development hopes for The Protestant reforms written published Gjon Buzuku was by published Gjon Buzuku was by in dates 1332 AD from The earliest evidence with include a baptism formula : Other significant examples ( They are mentioned the humanist Marin Barleti by are mentioned the humanist Marin Barleti by , mentioned the humanist Marin Barleti by , who is in the 20th and 21st century The most famous Albanian writer probably participated the Olympic Games at Albania in made 2006 their Winter Olympic Games debut in The country missed the next four games Albania , two participated have all games in Albania competes normally events in Albania normally competes in events that competes in events that include have been represented the National Olympic Committee of Albania by been represented the National Olympic Committee of Albania by since represented 1972 the National Olympic Committee of Albania since by participated has the Mediterranean Games at The nation Popular sports in include Albania Football in include Albania Football , include Albania Football , weightlifting is the most popular sport by far Football It is governed the Football Association of Albania by is governed the Football Association of Albania by ( governed the Football Association of Albania by ( , scored a major tournament their first ever goal in Albania is the most successful individual sport one of Weightlifting

won have a total Albanian weightlifters of , established have several communities the Albanian people established have several communities the Albanian people in migrated of Albanians have large numbers are the neighbouring territories present in Albanian minorities In make , Kosovo Albanians make , Kosovo Albanians up , make the largest ethnic group up Albanians make the largest ethnic group up Albanians in refers , the English language generally the word refers generally God to the word has been used Arabic people by been used Arabic people by of used different religions Arabic people of by The pre-Islamic Arabs worshipped a supreme deity whom they worshipped a supreme deity whom they called used the word Muhammad " Allah been discussed extensively classical Arab philologists by regarded of the Basra school it Grammarians of exist the name " "Allāh exist the name " "Allāh in exist " other Semitic languages in "Allāh is "Elah The corresponding Aramaic form " ( occur " the word " Allah occur " both pagan in Allah considered Ibn Kathir , the Islamic scholar Arab pagans Ibn Kathir , considered Allah Arab pagans , considered Allah Arab pagans as considered an unseen God Allah as Arab pagans considered Allah as an unseen God who Pagans believed humans of worship believed humans of worship or worshiped a host Allah alongside Pre-Islamic Meccans forbade anyone worship of Islam suggested that the name used polytheistic Arabs Quraysh ) was a designation that ) was a designation that consecrated was a designation the superiority consecrated that , is evidence also there is evidence also there that is also evidence that Allah to was , that hypothesis the Kaaba was , that hypothesis the Kaaba first seem the use to indicate Some inscriptions is disagreement There on whether is disagreement on whether Allah known of Allah is No iconic representation is Mecca the only god in Allah is the only god in Mecca that have of today no other word The Christian Arabs used have two forms Arab Christians of used two forms of invocations that adopted the Muslim They ' ,

have do not the words The Syriac, Latin and Greek invocations was used for God the name notes quoting the 10th-century encyclopedic collection Kitab al-Aghani Irfan Shahîd notes Kitab al-Aghani the 10th-century encyclopedic collection that pre-Islamic Arab Christians " is " the unique, omnipotent and only deity Allah is " the unique, omnipotent and only deity Allah and is and commandments the pivot divine ordinances " is the only God He , is the only God He , creator see can Allah No human eyes till declares the reality " The Qur'an of is a part not God of In are , Islamic tradition there Islamic tradition , are 99 Names there , are 99 Names there of are God 99 Names of there refer Allah to All these names , use the untranslated Arabic phrase Most Muslims " Insha'Allah encourages things beginning Muslim discursive piety with believed a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate in Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs over believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man insists , " Francis Edward Peters The Qur’ān The Qur’an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted is the same Creator God who covenanted with elided , no hamza is the initial may still contain popular expressions which still contain popular expressions which use contain popular expressions the word use which leave the name Some Muslims "Allāh " goes early translation work back to This but revoked in 2009 the Malayan High Court revoked in 2009 the law the Malayan High Court triggered , more than four centuries was the contemporary controversy the contemporary controversy was triggered usage by was triggered usage by of triggered "Allah usage of by appealed the court ruling The government , and appealed the court ruling , and the High Court In ruled October 2013 the court in October 2013 ruled favor in the court ruled favor in the court of In early 2014 confiscated more than 300 bibles the Malaysian government early 2014 confiscated more than 300 bibles the Malaysian government for confiscated more than 300 bibles the Malaysian government for using

in is these two states that usage is these two states that usage has introduced , some media criticism has the Malaysian government , introduced has a "10-point solution the Malaysian government introduced has a "10-point solution the Malaysian government " referred , the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription is God is referred to the term by referred to the term by , is new text discouraged for this " is " a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal Algorithms is " a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal Algorithms of The journal is published MDPI by is published MDPI by and published MDPI by and was is the South Caucasus region a part of It proclaimed of Azerbaijan its independence The modern Republic , formed of the Nagorno-Karabakh region the ethnic Armenian majority formed of the Nagorno-Karabakh region self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh the ethnic Armenian majority is six independent Turkic states one of It has 182 countries diplomatic relations with Azerbaijan is the founding members one of It is a developing country Azerbaijan and ranks has economic development a high rate of It derives , a modern etymology " the term "Azerbaijan derives " that from the term "Azerbaijan thought of this name is The original etymology ) , is a mention there , is a mention there of is "âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide a mention of there The Greek name was mentioned Diodorus Siculus by was mentioned Diodorus Siculus by and mentioned Diodorus Siculus by and Strabo included the 9th century the Scythians during Early settlements Following came , the Scythians Iranian Medes came , the Scythians Iranian Medes to came the area to dominate Iranian Medes forged 900 and 700 BC a vast empire between The Medes turned a vassal state Caucasian Albania into The Sasanian Empire Despite remained , Sassanid rule Albania Sassanid rule , remained an entity Albania , remained an entity Albania in remained the region an entity in Albania repulsed both the Sasanians The Umayyad Caliphate and Byzantines of filled was the Abbasid Caliphate by the Abbasid Caliphate was filled numerous local dynasties by was filled numerous local dynasties by such

filled numerous local dynasties by such as was gradually seized the waves by gradually seized the waves by of seized Oghuz Turks the waves of by ruled of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were the possessions of ruled were the subsequent Seljuk Empire by the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled Eldiguzids by were ruled Eldiguzids by , ruled Eldiguzids by , technically vassals became of the Shirvanshahs a vassal state The local dynasty Following emerged , Timur's death two independent and rival states emerged , Timur's death two independent and rival states : , subdued of Iran the Safavid dynasty subdued of Iran the Shirvanshahs the Safavid dynasty of converted , the next century the Safavids the next century , converted the formerly Sunni population the Safavids , converted the formerly Sunni population the Safavids to converted Shia Islam the formerly Sunni population to the Safavids ousted , the early 17th century were they were briefly occupied the Russians by briefly occupied the Russians by as occupied a consequence the Russians as by ruled , the Safavids was the area the area was ruled the Iranian Afsharid dynasty by , was the successive rule under the area was the successive rule under the area of From switched , the late 18th century Imperial Russia switched , the late 18th century Imperial Russia to , switched a more aggressive geo-political stance to Imperial Russia switched a more aggressive geo-political stance to Imperial Russia towards In invaded , 1804 the Russians invaded , 1804 the Russians and invaded the Iranian town and sacked the Russians was lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , territory , was Iranian territory until Russia was Iranian territory until Russia occupied of invaded , the Gulistan treaty the Russians the Gulistan treaty , invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate the Russians sparked hostilities the final bout of This forced , Qajar Iran The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay to It was followed the March Days massacres by was followed by the March Days massacres that followed by the March Days massacres that took in declared , May 1918 the leading Musavat party

May 1918 , declared independence the leading Musavat party , declared independence the leading Musavat party as declared the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic independence as the leading Musavat party was the Muslim world the first modern parliamentary republic in The ADR By was , March 1920 it was , March 1920 it obvious Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded surrender did not their brief independence Azerbaijanis , and signed an agreement Georgia and signed an agreement Georgia with signed Turkey an agreement with Georgia become would also the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The previously independent Republic of Aras During played , World War II Azerbaijan World War II , played a crucial role Azerbaijan , played a crucial role Azerbaijan in played the strategic energy policy a crucial role in Azerbaijan Operation Edelweiss carried out the German Wehrmacht by carried out the German Wehrmacht by targeted fought of all Azerbaijanis A fifth in killed from Azerbaijan were Some 250,000 people named were Heroes More than 130 Azerbaijanis of in dropped , 1990 the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR 1990 , dropped the words the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR , dropped the words the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR " dropped the words the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR " Soviet Socialist on adopted , 18 October 1991 the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan 18 October 1991 , adopted a Declaration the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan , adopted a Declaration the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan of adopted Independence a Declaration of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which overshadowed of independence were The early years of overshadowed were independence by independence were overshadowed the First Nagorno-Karabakh war by were overshadowed the First Nagorno-Karabakh war by with overshadowed the ethnic Armenian majority the First Nagorno-Karabakh war with by in controlled , 1994 Armenians controlled , 1994 Armenians up , controlled to 14–16 percent up Armenians controlled to 14–16 percent up Armenians of During committed the war were many atrocities

committed the war were many atrocities including committed were the massacres including many atrocities overthrown , 1993 was democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown a military insurrection by was overthrown a military insurrection by led overthrown by a military insurrection led by attempted , 1995 was another coup attempted was Aliyev against another coup tainted , the same time was the country the country was tainted rampant corruption by was tainted rampant corruption by in tainted the governing bureaucracy rampant corruption in by reelected , October 1998 was Aliyev reelected was a second term for Aliyev reelected was a third term to He In secured , April 2018 President Ilham Aliyev April 2018 , secured his fourth consecutive term President Ilham Aliyev , secured his fourth consecutive term President Ilham Aliyev in secured the election his fourth consecutive term in President Ilham Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the election that , resumed in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict new clashes resumed in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict new clashes along located is the South Caucasus region in Azerbaijan lies latitudes between It 38 is of Azerbaijan's land borders The total length , is , of which 1,007 kilometers dominate the Caspian Sea Azerbaijan : Three physical features are three mountain ranges also There , are also three mountain ranges , the Greater is of Azerbaijan Mount Bazardüzü The highest peak are of the 8,350 rivers Only 24 greater drain the Caspian Sea into All the rivers in , and is Kur the longest river and is Kur the longest river ( is Kur the longest river ( 1,515 km taken , 1991 has the Azerbaijani government , taken has measures the Azerbaijani government taken has measures the Azerbaijani government to accelerated of the environment National protection after accelerated after 2001 when the state budget Within doubled , four years protected areas doubled , four years protected areas and is a wide variety home to Azerbaijan consists of Azerbaijan's terrain The rest of influenced is Azerbaijan particularly by is influenced particularly cold arctic air masses by

influenced particularly cold arctic air masses by of Azerbaijan's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter affects the ways the country enter air masses protects direct influences the country from The Greater Caucasus leads the formation to That of are out of 11 existing climate zones 9 formed , Azerbaijan were they formed were a long geological timeframe over they is particularly evidenced remnants by particularly evidenced remnants by of evidenced ancient rivers remnants of by of is , water supply Azerbaijan is , water supply Azerbaijan below , is the average below Azerbaijan is the average below Azerbaijan in built are Kur on All big water reservoirs are and Aras the major rivers The Kura " , is a natural gas fire which , is a natural gas fire which blazes is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously jet the air out into Flames are mammals 106 species of There is of Azerbaijan the Karabakh horse The national animal has its good temper a reputation for The Karabakh horse consists more than 4,500 species of Azerbaijan's flora of in is , Azerbaijan the flora is , Azerbaijan the flora much found whole can be Caucasus lies four ecoregions within The country : completed of Azerbaijan's political system was The structural formation of completed was Azerbaijan's political system by Azerbaijan's political system was completed the adoption by was completed the adoption by of completed the new Constitution the adoption of by , are of the Azerbaijan Republic the state symbols are of the Azerbaijan Republic the flag the state symbols states of Azerbaijan The Constitution that of states Azerbaijan that it states Azerbaijan that it is states that a presidential republic is it The legislative power is held the unicameral National Assembly by is held the unicameral National Assembly by and held the unicameral National Assembly by and the Supreme National Assembly called , Milli Majlis The Parliament of Azerbaijan , The executive power is held the President by is held the President by , held by the President , who consists the prime minister primarily of The Cabinet of Azerbaijan

have does not the right The president have , the presidential veto must the parliament , have must a majority the parliament have must a majority the parliament of vested is the Constitutional Court in The judicial power nominates these courts the judges in The president the government is the Executive Power headed by is the Executive Power headed President by appoints the Cabinet of Ministers The President and other high-ranking officials is a continuation merely The Local Executive Authority of determines local state administration the legal status of The Provision In approved , June 2012 the President June 2012 , approved the new Regulation the President , approved the new Regulation the President , the President approved the new Regulation , which approved the new Regulation , which granted is of governance municipalities The other nominal tier Currently , are 1,607 municipalities there , are 1,607 municipalities there across are the country 1,607 municipalities across there regulates municipal employees the activities of The Law on Municipal Service is the president the deliberative body under The Security Council established was 10 April 1997 on It of remains , democracy it remains , democracy it classified described the European Parliament in September 2015 by , signed of Azerbaijan the President signed of Azerbaijan a decree the President welcomed was a positive step as This decree at termed , home a practice home , termed Caviar diplomacy a practice asserted in that report ESISC that ) , is a part ESISC , is a part ESISC of is Baku's lobbying efforts a part of ESISC succeeded diplomatic relations in establishing The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was to recognize Azerbaijan The most recent country has 158 countries diplomatic relations with Azerbaijan holds the Non-Aligned Movement observer status in It elected was membership to 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan began of office The term on is international coalitions an active member of Azerbaijan was the first countries one of Azerbaijan contributing is peacekeeping efforts to The country is NATO's Partnership for Peace an active member of Azerbaijan On 1 July 2021 , the US Congress advanced

dates of the modern Azerbaijan army The history back created , the Soviet Union were the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan of had , 2021 Azerbaijan 2021 , had 126,000 active personnel Azerbaijan , had 126,000 active personnel Azerbaijan in had its armed forces 126,000 active personnel in Azerbaijan are 17,000 paramilitary troops also There and have three branches The armed forces : the Land Forces Additionally embrace - several military sub the armed forces embrace groups several military sub - the armed forces embrace several military sub - groups that are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs These and the State Border Service cooperates closely NATO with Azerbaijan ) of are which 12 of are which 12 under which are the direct authority under 12 are the direct authority under 12 of Moreover , includes the Autonomous Republic Azerbaijan , includes the Autonomous Republic Azerbaijan ( includes the Autonomous Republic Azerbaijan ( " in became , 1991 Azerbaijan 1991 , became a member Azerbaijan , became a member Azerbaijan of became the International Monetary Fund a member of Azerbaijan consists of Azerbaijan The banking system of created was 1992 in (now Central) Bank serves Azerbaijan's central bank as The Central Bank , demand growth , reached 16.6% the 2007 Q1 inflation rate brought , the early 2000s was chronically high inflation brought was control under chronically high inflation ranked is also 57th Azerbaijan improved 2019 , World Bank's Doing Business report Azerbaijan 2019 , improved its position Azerbaijan , improved its position Azerbaijan in improved the Ease its position in Azerbaijan are Azerbaijan many pipelines in There accounts of the Lesser Caucasus The region for signed , September 1994 was a 30-year contract signed was the State Oil Company between a 30-year contract considered , the Soviet exploitation is Azerbaijan , considered is one Azerbaijan considered is one Azerbaijan of In had , 2016 Azerbaijan 2016 , had 0.8 global hectares Azerbaijan , had 0.8 global hectares Azerbaijan of had biocapacity 0.8 global hectares of Azerbaijan In 2016 used 2.1 global hectares Azerbaijan 2016 used 2.1 global hectares Azerbaijan of

used biocapacity 2.1 global hectares of Azerbaijan This means more biocapacity use they means more biocapacity use they than is the sponsors one of Azerbaijan connect will the Caspian region Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway line with has the region the largest agricultural basin in Azerbaijan is of Azerbaijan agricultural land About 54.9 percent At the beginning of 2007 were 4,755,100 hectares there the beginning of 2007 were 4,755,100 hectares there of were utilized agricultural area 4,755,100 hectares of there In the same year counted 136 million m3 the total wood resources focused are meadows on Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes In is some areas it profitable is some areas it profitable to concentrates the dwindling stocks on The Caspian fishing industry of is the economy an important part of Tourism was the 1980s a well-known tourist spot in The country was the 2000s not until It become has also a popular destination Azerbaijan set of Azerbaijan has The government is a national strategy It to make is a national strategy to make tourism is an important economic hub also Azerbaijan in In established , 2002 the Azerbaijani government 2002 , established the Ministry of Transport the Azerbaijani government , established the Ministry of Transport the Azerbaijani government with established a broad range the Ministry of Transport with the Azerbaijani government In became , the same year the country the same year , became a member the country , became a member the country of became a member the country of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic meant of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway was The 2012 construction In helped , the 21st century a new oil and gas boom helped , the 21st century a new oil and gas boom improve , helped the situation improve a new oil and gas boom helped the situation improve a new oil and gas boom in launched a campaign The government aimed at forecast ; 2007–2008 is rapid growth forecast is at least five more years for rapid growth are local calls available for Public payphones allow indefinite duration a call of Tokens , were 1,397,000 main telephone lines there and

were 1,397,000 main telephone lines there and 1,485,000 internet users launched its first satellite The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency AzerSat 1 into covers Europe The satellite and a significant part is of the total population 50.1% female was 0.85% The 2011 population growth-rate , compared is restricting population growth a high level A significant factor In has , total Azerbaijan total , has 78 cities Azerbaijan , has 78 cities Azerbaijan , has 78 cities Azerbaijan , 63 city districts The official language is Azerbaijani , which is Azerbaijani , which is Azerbaijani is spoken approximately 92% by is spoken approximately 92% by of spoken the population approximately 92% of by are a dozen other minority languages There spoken natively are all spoken small minorities by are of these language communities Some very was Nagorno-Karabakh the majority language in Armenian are of the population Muslims Around 97% Sunni ; has the second-highest proportion the Republic of Azerbaijan ; has the second-highest proportion the Republic of Azerbaijan of has Shia Muslims the second-highest proportion of the Republic of Azerbaijan Other faiths are practised the country's various ethnic groups by of is , its Constitution Azerbaijan its Constitution , is a secular state Azerbaijan , is a secular state Azerbaijan and is a secular state Azerbaijan and ensures In were , 2003 there 2003 , were 250 Roman Catholics there include as of 2002 Other Christian denominations with estimate ; a 2,000-year history Jewish organizations estimate ; a 2,000-year history Jewish organizations that is also home Azerbaijan to obtained of Azerbaijanis have A relatively high percentage included have the reestablishment Initial alterations of to include , elementary schools the education institutions elementary schools , include thousands the education institutions , include thousands the education institutions of include preschools thousands of the education institutions of 's ; many influences that 's ; many influences that why derived is the traditional celebration from The latter consists of Azerbaijan's population The profile , are the Chokha Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses and Papakhi are Russian, Georgian, Kurdish, Lezgian and Talysh languages radio broadcasts in There In published Baku are several newspapers

published Baku are several newspapers in published are Russian in several newspapers builds of Azerbaijan Music on Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that builds on folk traditions that reach For evolved centuries has Azerbaijani music evolved centuries has Azerbaijani music under evolved has the badge under Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system Azerbaijani music , where has a branchy mode system , where chromatization Among national musical instruments are 14 string instruments there national musical instruments are 14 string instruments there , are 14 string instruments there , eight percussion instruments is a suite usually Mugham with performing have , mugham the singers have , mugham the singers to have their emotions to transform the singers UNESCO proclaimed a Masterpiece tradition the Azerbaijani mugham proclaimed a Masterpiece tradition the Azerbaijani mugham of combines storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music poetry , Ashiq is a mystic troubadour It or traveling has the Shamanistic beliefs its origin in This tradition arose the international popularity with Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music of is the Eurovision Song Contest an enthusiastic participant in Azerbaijan made the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest its debut appearance at Azerbaijan gained 2009 third place in The country's entry won and Nikki the first place Ell are Azerbaijani folk dances dozens of There performed are formal celebrations at They performed at formal celebrations and the dancers was in Azerbaijani literature Izzeddin Hasanoglu The earliest known figure Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who composed formed in Azerbaijani was Classical literature the poets of were this period Gazi Burhanaddin of were this period Gazi Burhanaddin , were this period Gazi Burhanaddin , Haqiqi was the period also The end of the 14th century of consists " two manuscripts of Book of Dede Korkut is 12 stories a collection of It The 16th-century poet , produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical "Qazals Muhammed Fuzuli , produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical "Qazals Muhammed Fuzuli " produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical "Qazals Muhammed Fuzuli " in destined , his predecessors was Fuzuli include The Divan of Ghazals " His major works "

flourished , the same century further Azerbaijani literature flourished further the development with Azerbaijani literature Shah Ismail wrote about 1400 verses I in wrote Azerbaijani about 1400 verses in I were taken up prominent poets by taken up prominent poets by and , celebrate also the Epic of Koroglu Azerbaijanis celebrate also the Epic of Koroglu Azerbaijanis ( based in Azerbaijan is Modern Azerbaijani literature taught , the mid-19th century was it taught was the schools in it Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part of This art form is represented a wide range by is represented a wide range by of represented handicrafts a wide range of by is various sizes a traditional handmade textile of The Azerbaijani carpet been has ancient times since Azerbaijan connected of the Azerbaijani carpet is Scientific research is an abundance famous for The traditional cuisine reflected in the national dishes , which is Azerbaijan the flagship food in Saffron-rice plov use often traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass Azerbaijanis as often use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as they use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as they have combines typically elements Azerbaijani architecture of has Persian architecture heavy influences from Azerbaijani architecture Among are other architectural treasures Quadrangular Castle in other architectural treasures are Mardakan in Quadrangular Castle are Mardakan in Quadrangular Castle , created , the 19th and early 20th centuries was little monumental architecture is for modern Azerbaijani architecture diverse application The task consist some 1500 of They dislodged gone , the centuries has Azerbaijani art gone has many stylistic changes through Azerbaijani art is traditionally characterized a warmth by traditionally characterized a warmth by of characterized colour a warmth of by enjoyed Caucasus preeminence in Azerbaijani painting dates in Azerbaijan The film industry back In was , fact Azerbaijan was , fact Azerbaijan among , was the first countries among Azerbaijan was the first countries among Azerbaijan involved producing on the Caspian was this bay town like attracted , today the oil industry today , attracted foreigners the oil industry , attracted foreigners the oil industry eager

attracted foreigners the oil industry eager to held , the Soviet Union was the first Baku International Film Festival East-West held was Baku in the first Baku International Film Festival East-West are three state-owned television channels There : AzTV claims of Azerbaijan The Constitution to , deteriorated in Azerbaijan the media environment deteriorated in Azerbaijan the media environment rapidly " contributes the country’s lack to Racial discrimination contributes the country’s lack to Racial discrimination of killed , the last few years were three journalists had journalists the biggest number of Azerbaijan stated on the country Amnesty's 2015/16 annual report ' stated the country ' ... persecution remained of conscience At least 18 prisoners in went of this money Some to is Azerbaijan the most popular sport in Football demonstrates of Azerbaijan relatively low performance The national football team are Neftchi Baku The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs , Qarabağ In became , 2012 Neftchi Baku 2012 , became the first Azerbaijani team Neftchi Baku , became the first Azerbaijani team Neftchi Baku to became the first Azerbaijani team Neftchi Baku to advance In became , 2014 Qarabağ 2014 , became the second Azerbaijani club Qarabağ , became the second Azerbaijani club Qarabağ advancing became the second Azerbaijani club Qarabağ advancing to of became , the UEFA Champions League Qarabağ the UEFA Champions League , became the first Azerbaijani club Qarabağ , became the first Azerbaijani club Qarabağ to became the first Azerbaijani club Qarabağ to reach is Azerbaijan another popular sport in Futsal reached the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship fourth place in The Azerbaijan national futsal team is the traditional powerhouses one of Azerbaijan plays also a major role Backgammon in is the strongest women one of Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League came the 2005 European Championship fourth at Its women's national team has a Formula One race-track Azerbaijan , made hosted the late 2000s several major sport competitions since Azerbaijan selected , 8 December 2012 was Baku Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants is a hobby where participants enjoy use do not the field Amateur astronomers are hobbyists Most amateurs , while

are hobbyists , while others view typically the sky Amateur astronomers at look just the sky at Some join as amateur astronomical societies of members Collectively , observe a variety amateur astronomers , observe a variety amateur astronomers of observe celestial objects a variety of amateur astronomers include of amateur astronomers the Sun Common targets work visible wavelengths at Most amateur astronomers , was of radio astronomy Grote Reber An early pioneer was Grote Reber , an amateur astronomer who includes infrared filters the use of Non-visual amateur astronomy use home-made radio telescopes Some amateur astronomers , while use home-made radio telescopes , while others use instruments a range of Amateur astronomers Amateur astronomers also use star charts that also use star charts that , use star charts that , depending record logs typically details Observing typically record details about which objects record details about which objects were of are , a star chart many others are , a star chart many others so is a method Star hopping often used is a method often used by involves maps the use of It make the inbuilt hardware use of These apps Setting circles are angular measurement scales that can are angular measurement scales that can be , use can the setting circle the telescope user use can the setting circle the telescope user to called is a "digital setting circle A computerized setting circle " display are , a telescope's RA and Dec coordinates they are , a telescope's RA and Dec coordinates they not are a digital read-out not simply they chosen is the electronic database from the object chosen from the electronic database , which moved until zero reach the two angular distance values be should the eyepiece in the object provide computing coordinate precession the further advantage of Computerized systems Traditional printed sources are subtitled the "epoch" year by are subtitled the "epoch" year by , subtitled by the "epoch" year , which enters , these computer-driven telescopes typically the user , enters typically the name the user enters typically the name the user of have amateur astronomers several notable advantages for They

For tend , example GOTO telescopes tend , example GOTO telescopes to allows equatorial tracking to add manufacturers in is and computer controlled telescope mounts CCD cameras "Remote Telescope" astronomy is and computer controlled telescope mounts CCD cameras "Remote Telescope" astronomy now and is a viable means now CCD cameras "Remote Telescope" astronomy is a viable means now CCD cameras "Remote Telescope" astronomy for enables a telescope to control anyone image can the telescope through The observer transmitted the telescope is then by engage many imaging techniques in Amateur astronomers including is not the "main" goal most often Scientific research is of scientific merit Work possible applies where amateur astronomers of large numbers contribute often activities toward Amateur astronomers measure , professional setups can amateur astronomers , measure can the light spectrum amateur astronomers measure can the light spectrum amateur astronomers emitted , played have a major role amateur astronomers played have a major role amateur astronomers in are amateur astronomical societies a large number of There range active observers from Members with range their goals widely in Societies publish generally their own journal Major national or international societies or , ) is a modern Japanese martial art that ) is a modern Japanese martial art that is is a modern Japanese martial art that is split was originally developed Morihei Ueshiba by originally developed Morihei Ueshiba by , developed Morihei Ueshiba by , as was an art to create Ueshiba's goal comprises various techniques Its curriculum , primarily throws derives the martial art mainly from Aikido have aikido different approaches to Ueshiba's senior students was created 1883–1969 ( by created 1883–1969 ( by ) is Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu , which Ueshiba is of the primary technical influence The art on with incorporated , empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques Ueshiba empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques , incorporated training movements Ueshiba , incorporated training movements Ueshiba with incorporated weapons training movements with Ueshiba ; continued with Daitō-ryū His official association continued with Daitō-ryū His official association until At referred that time Ueshiba to that time referred his martial art to Ueshiba referred his martial art to Ueshiba as

in met , 1919 he met , 1919 he and was Ueshiba's martial arts philosophy a great influence on This idea demonstrates its emphasis this philosophy in Aikido , gave with Deguchi the connection gave with Deguchi Ueshiba entry the connection of was , this exposure he was , this exposure he able He was followed Tadashi Abe by was followed Tadashi Abe by in followed 1952 Tadashi Abe in by toured a delegation with Kenji Tomiki of Koichi Tohei was sent Aikikai Hombu by was sent Aikikai Hombu by to sent Hawaii Aikikai Hombu to by This trip was followed several subsequent visits by was followed several subsequent visits by and followed several subsequent visits by and is followed 1955 in The United Kingdom ; by arrived , Morihei Ueshiba Masamichi Noro arrived , Morihei Ueshiba Masamichi Noro in , arrived France in Masamichi Noro arrived France in Masamichi Noro in The largest aikido organization is the Aikikai Foundation , which is the Aikikai Foundation , which remains were to emerge Yoseikan Aikido The earliest independent styles were Yoseikan Aikido , begun by not cause any major upheavals when they cause any major upheavals when they were in emerged , 1969 two more major styles arose the departure with Significant controversy of left a result as Tohei of was the proper role over The disagreement of split of Saito subsequently followers is of an important component The study of took of in aikido Ueshiba's application known was Takemusu Aiki as This concept in are , virtually all Japanese martial arts there are , virtually all Japanese martial arts there both , are physical and mental aspects both there are physical and mental aspects both there of is in aikido The physical training diverse of learn , throws beginners learn , throws beginners how ; consist for defense the techniques consist for defense the techniques of are or extending movements pushing emphasizes coordinated whole-body movement the use of Aikido-related training studying are aikido principles Both of involves the technique attention to Good The are a sample following of are the basic or widely practiced throws a sample of following

derive of these techniques Many from styles ; are the terms the following ; are the terms the following used the following are the terms used by are the terms used the Aikikai Foundation by makes body movement use of Aikido applied ; their side is a technique applied is motion with a technique From are , these few basic techniques there are , these few basic techniques there numerous are possible implementations numerous of there For described , instance Gozo Shioda described , instance Gozo Shioda using described a brawl using in Gozo Shioda includes in aikido traditionally Weapons training incorporate firearm-disarming techniques Some schools , where developed the empty-handed techniques many of The founder training of aikido is One feature is with multiple attackers called Freestyle practice during is , training it training , is the responsibility it , is the responsibility it of is the responsibility it of to in showed the martial arts that the type showed the martial arts that the type of showed that injuries of the type are the most common types one of Soft tissue injuries use belts Some aikido organizations to distinguish so is in one organization a particular rank is in one organization a particular rank not add wide pleated black or indigo trousers a pair of Most aikido systems vary their intention in Aikido styles as counteract allow , this some styles allow , some styles this students addresses the issue Shodokan Aikido by practicing There is no generally agreed definition of what is no generally agreed definition of what constitutes painting of visual art are The three classical branches referred , the 17th century " "art referred " any skill to "art feel that "artistic works of the typical concept related to the older Latin meaning , which include derived from this meaning English words tackle in Plato questions Several dialogues speaks this approvingly of He gives " , "Ion Socrates " , gives no hint Socrates , gives no hint Socrates of gives the disapproval no hint of Socrates the musical arts , considered epic poetry Aristotle , considered epic poetry Aristotle ,

considered epic poetry Aristotle , tragedy For imitates , example music imitates , example music with , imitates the media with music imitates the media with music of differ also their object in The forms , differ their manner in the forms differ their manner in the forms of are a collection of disciplines which Art is something that stimulates is something an individual's thoughts stimulates that consider , a common or practical way will people considered may be commercial art it argued that fine art between the difference , has often goals even fine art has often goals even fine art beyond described has been art by has been described philosopher Richard Wollheim by been described philosopher Richard Wollheim by as described philosopher Richard Wollheim by as " has as mimesis deep roots Art identified a use art as Leo Tolstoy advanced and R. G. Collingwood the idealist view Benedetto Croce R. G. Collingwood advanced the idealist view that art advanced the idealist view that art expresses influenced interpreted Martin Heidegger have by interpreted Martin Heidegger have art by offered has an institutional theory George Dickie of offered an institutional theory of art that described has fine art Larry Shiner as bear of eight 130,000 years old white-tailed eagle talons cut marks A set bear cut marks and abrasion that have in art a foundation Many great traditions survived of their art works have more survived have their art works and more survived and their influence of more provided also have the first records Some provided the first records of how artists of focused , the Western Middle Ages much art focused , the Western Middle Ages much art on , focused the expression on much art focused the expression on much art of , led of iconography Islamic art's rejection led of iconography Islamic art's rejection to east , dominated artistic styles religion , dominated artistic styles religion and dominated artistic styles religion and forms saw and Tibet emphasis India saw many art forms the flourishing of China vary era greatly from Chinese styles for are , example Tang dynasty paintings

are , example Tang dynasty paintings monochromatic names imperial dynasties its styles after Japan led Romantic rejections to This of is of 20th-century art a narrative The history saw during this time an equivalent influence Increasing global interaction influenced had Western Renaissance draftsmanship ) by had Western Renaissance draftsmanship ) an immense influence by were taken up Picasso by taken up Picasso by and said 1970 in Theodor W. Adorno , accepted was an unavoidable truth as Relativism accepted as an unavoidable truth , which are of art Works not is of this the Silk Road An example is the Silk Road , where Hellenistic, Iranian, Indian and Chinese influences is the most vivid examples one of Greco Buddhist art refers " the elements to Art form It covers the methods adopted by covers the methods adopted the artist by In general are three schools there general are three schools there of are philosophy three schools of there Extreme Formalism is the view that all aesthetic properties is the view that all aesthetic properties of reject almost universally this view Philosophers Unfortunately , is little consensus there , is little consensus there on is terminology little consensus on there Extreme Intentionalism holds a decisive role plays that authorial intent holds a decisive role plays that authorial intent in It defines the subject as the persons defines the subject as the persons or by is , the title the subject the title , is Napoleon the subject , is Napoleon the subject , is Napoleon the subject , and is Napoleon , and the content reduces often the artist's techniques to The cultural context in predominate other cases may historical and material conditions predominate other cases may historical and material conditions , connote can a sense Art of occurs of some modern art A common contemporary criticism along is , conceptual art " Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain is " the first examples among Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain came the conceptual design up with Hirst had has a great number Art of imply that Art of the purpose are of art those The non-motivated purposes

of art are those that art are those that are are those that are integral represented of the finest art has much , been have many periods there been have many periods there where have been many periods where art been many periods where art of made such as moulds Reproductive methods came the 15th century in Another important innovation in its collection is distinguished an impressively wide historic span by is distinguished an impressively wide historic span by , distinguished an impressively wide historic span by , from give of emphasis it Its various areas Italy became of the Grand Tour the art tourism became of the Grand Tour a major industry the art tourism opened in Florence The Uffizi entirely tend in the United States Museums to created , was example by , was created John Taylor Johnston by was created John Taylor Johnston by , created John Taylor Johnston by , a railroad executive been have attempts There by was to create art that than said " mere objects the major post war German artist Joseph Beuys saw such things the rise of This time period identified broadly the heading under Artists create of these performances works Many of these performances create works that these performances create works that are create works that are only becomes of status The marker understanding is art the destruction of Iconoclasm is the destruction of art that is either all figurative images a general dislike of Aniconism been has a crucial factor It in cause of art could The iconographic content of became , art the artists' vision art , became the usual determinant the artists' vision , became the usual determinant the artists' vision of became the content the usual determinant of the artists' vision shifted what is have the appropriate balance After emerged , Greenberg several important art theorists emerged , Greenberg several important art theorists , became like Andy Warhol Pop artists both proposed that any activity is art There is evidence that there is evidence that there may In examines , ' Larry Shiner ' , examines the construction Larry Shiner

, examines the construction Larry Shiner of examines the modern system the construction of Larry Shiner possess did not the term art Ancient Greek society , took to general aesthetic theory a significant shift took to general aesthetic theory place a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which general aesthetic theory took place which attempted took place which attempted to resulted the rise in This of published and Monroe Beardsley a classic and controversial New Critical essay William K. Wimsatt later be repudiated theorists by be repudiated theorists by from repudiated the reader-response school theorists from by was himself trained New Critics by define and Livingston the intentionalists Gaut " is of criticism The task is of criticism the reconstruction The task fostered an extensive debate The end of the 20th century known as created , 1981 Mark Tansey the artist , created Mark Tansey a work the artist created Mark Tansey a work the artist of include Judith Butler Influential theorists , Luce Irigaray historical discourse was explored Hayden White by stressed had been thought by had been stressed a very different form by been stressed a very different form by of stressed philosophy a very different form of by challenged was the basis on He included in the 20th century have Classificatory disputes argued that the definition about disagreement to are , Novitz classificatory disputes Novitz , are more often disputes classificatory disputes , are more often disputes classificatory disputes about are societal values more often disputes about classificatory disputes advancing are not a definition they suggested , 1998 , Arthur Danto , suggested , a thought experiment Arthur Danto suggested , a thought experiment Arthur Danto showing of is ; art it art ; is term it ; is term it associated is term it associated with is the word this use of It requires judgments of value Making is " "art whether it be need not the pursuit an artist's prime motivation , depicts often terrible images art depicts often terrible images art made at demonstrates , the same time the horrific imagery the same time , demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability the horrific imagery

, demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability the horrific imagery in demonstrates composition Goya's keen artistic ability in the horrific imagery proposed have their own ways Countless schools to arouse can aesthetic or moral feelings It , express something Artists so that express something so that their audience of is ; the human condition that is ; the human condition that , ; is what , that that is , what it is , what it is Internationally are extensive efforts also there are extensive efforts also there to secure should also the economic basis This “ are part Cultural goods of are the identity part of Cultural goods destroy , their culture also you , destroy also their identity you is arthropod an order of Agnostida is an order of arthropod which are the Lower Cambrian fossil record present in They divided are two suborders into The Agnostida As are , a group agnostids are , a group agnostids isopygous Agnostida within remains the class Trilobita within remains the class Trilobita uncertain remains the class Trilobita uncertain , focused to the status has The challenge resemble of agnostids closely the limbs debated whether a pelagic lived the agnostids found , and swimming their fossils and found association in their fossils found association in their fossils with is in the fossil record Their wide geographic dispersion uncharacteristic appears a hinge to form The thoracic segment appears of the thoracic appendages The orientation ill is a pregnancy the termination of Abortion called , a pregnancy is it , called is an induced abortion it called is an induced abortion it , done , is one abortion , is one abortion of is the safest procedures one of abortion use medication Modern methods or surgery involves the cervix dilating The most common surgical technique and increase abortions do not induced Countries have permit abortions that have permit abortions different limits that In is , some areas abortion is , some areas abortion legal is the moral, ethical, and legal issues debate over There argue oppose abortion often who argue often abortion that an embryo

argue often abortion that it argue that part is it done of abortions are 1 to 2% progress of conceptions Only 30% to 50% past end of known pregnancies Between 15% and 30% in include vascular disease Other causes ( such Medical abortions are those induced by are those induced abortifacient pharmaceuticals by use combination mifepristone in The most common early first-trimester medical abortion regimens Mifepristone regimens work –misoprostol combination faster regimens work –misoprostol combination faster and is the second trimester effective in This regimen considered using a mifepristone–misoprostol combination regimen is medical abortion followed using mifepristone , Early medical abortion regimens followed , mifepristone 24–48 hours later by , followed 24–48 hours later buccal or vaginal misoprostol by followed 24–48 hours later buccal or vaginal misoprostol by are A 2020 Cochrane Systematic Review concluded that women providing concluded that women providing with has women to self-administer abortion medication permitting are induced abortion the most common surgical methods of Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction-aspiration or vacuum aspiration used in very early pregnancy when cervical dilation is a standard gynecological procedure D&C performed for be performed surgically hysterotomy by performed surgically hysterotomy by or is a procedure Hysterotomy abortion similar to requires a caesarean section a smaller incision than It refers removal to Gravid hysterectomy of induced labor first inducing by called is sometimes "induced miscarriage This are this method available comparing Only limited data may be complicated the occurrence by be complicated the occurrence by of complicated brief fetal survival the occurrence of by In is , Southeast Asia there Southeast Asia , is an ancient tradition there , is an ancient tradition there of is an ancient tradition there of attempting include of unsafe, self-induced abortion misuse Reported methods depend of abortion The health risks principally are performed in the developed world Legal abortions estimated , 2012 was abortion estimated 2019 in CDC that estimated in 2019 that US pregnancy-related mortality to had , 2009 abortion 2009 , had a mortality rate abortion , had a mortality rate abortion lower had a mortality rate abortion lower than is terms little difference in There

is in the first trimester the safest method Vacuum aspiration account one-third for Infections of are those similar to second-trimester abortion to states , the U.S. historian Linda Gordon states , the U.S. historian Linda Gordon : finds most induced abortions no relationship between Current evidence concluded by the American Psychological Association A report that by concluded the American Psychological Association that a woman's first abortion concluded the American Psychological Association that a woman's first abortion is found among US women A long term-study that among found US women that about 99% found US women that about 99% of found that women of about 99% Relief was the primary emotion with few women was the primary emotion with few women feeling use seeking an abortion may Women attempt may self-induced abortion They or are injury a major cause of Unsafe abortions vary of deaths Estimates according , point of abortion opponents point of abortion opponents out have with restrictive abortion laws higher rates Countries concluded the United States that in A 2011 study estimated that unsafe abortion of the incidence are of the world's women Forty percent able from result , safe abortions unsafe abortions result , safe abortions unsafe abortions in , result 70,000 deaths in unsafe abortions result 70,000 deaths in unsafe abortions and Secondary infertility caused affects an unsafe abortion by caused affects an unsafe abortion an estimated 24 million women by increased of unsafe abortions has The rate , is of abortion medical reporting is of abortion medical reporting not was worldwide 28 The abortion rate per , is of abortion the incidence is of abortion the incidence similar associated are increases with restrictive abortion laws induced of legal , The rate employees of ranged Guttmacher Institute it of ranged Guttmacher Institute it from Guttmacher Institute ranged 7 from it ranged 7 from it per concluded in 2002 An American study that in concluded 2002 that about half concluded 2002 that about half of concluded that women of about half reported that reported legal induced abortions of 26% classified of these were 91% during accounts ; 2000 this

accounts ; 2000 this for ; accounts <0.2% for this accounts <0.2% for this of , occurred of terminations 89% occurred of terminations 89% at were of those reported 64% why are have abortions women are have abortions women diverse include of the reasons may Some undergone are the result as Some abortions include might the preference These for ruled that the life in the state's interest favor can not the life the state be , privacy must physicians decided , Roe also it , decided also Doe it decided also Doe it v. relate may health to All these factors This allows the attending physician the room he allows the attending physician the room he needs shifted America in Public opinion following in traveled , the United States she traveled , the United States she to , traveled Sweden to she , left of German measles an outbreak left of German measles 15,000 babies an outbreak supported , 1967 publicly the American Medical Association , supported publicly liberalization the American Medical Association supported publicly liberalization the American Medical Association of may be treated radical hysterectomy by be treated radical hysterectomy by and treated radical hysterectomy by and pelvic lymph node dissection estimated to a single chemotherapy drug is Exposure cause above 0.005–0.025 Gy Exposures result may dissemination in Vaginal delivery performing disagree ; abortions other scholars disagree ; abortions other scholars with ; disagree this interpretation with other scholars disagree this interpretation with other scholars , The physician wrote 43 CE in Scribonius Largus wrote 43 CE in Scribonius Largus that wrote in 43 CE that the Hippocratic Oath was which belonged — he of divided its history was the Catholic Church divided its history was the Catholic Church on From became , 1750 excommunication 1750 , became the punishment excommunication , became the punishment excommunication for became abortions the punishment for excommunication permitted has traditionally abortion Islamic tradition advertised their services , and they to was , some sources abortion was , some sources abortion more passed was abortions permitting a law been has long the source Induced abortion

related surrounding abortion are Ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, religious and legal issues In presented , both public and private debate arguments presented , both public and private debate arguments in , presented favor in arguments presented favor in arguments of are often spearheaded groups by often spearheaded groups by advocating spearheaded one groups advocating by argues that a human person is a human fetus are pertaining to abortion Current laws continue abortion laws to influence Religious, moral, and cultural factors depend usually the age on These requirements require the procedure a waiting period before Some jurisdictions require that the consent obtain a woman waived are emergency situations in Many restrictions ban abortion Other jurisdictions almost entirely vary jurisdiction based on These circumstances recorded , Nicaragua have medical authorities , recorded have rises medical authorities recorded have rises medical authorities in may also support clinics that also support clinics that perform support clinics abortions perform that is a terminology also This in engage , heavy social stigma may pregnant women engage may medical tourism in pregnant women The organization Waves on Women has created a shipping container a mobile medical clinic inside The NGO in prevails , the Netherlands Dutch law prevails , the Netherlands Dutch law when allow sex to determine parents led of this technology has The development reported for male children is The preference occurs despite the fact that the country taken have legislative steps Many countries to Anti-abortion violence is classified both governmental and scholarly sources by is classified both governmental and scholarly sources by as classified terrorism both governmental and scholarly sources as by have been recorded providers by been recorded providers by since recorded 1977 providers since by brought into some countries where abortion In organized , 2003 Chris Danze 2003 , organized anti-abortion organizations Chris Danze , organized anti-abortion organizations Chris Danze throughout organized Texas anti-abortion organizations throughout Chris Danze released the personal information The organizations online , caused sheep may be it may be caused stress by be caused stress by or caused stress by or physical exertion may be caused contagious disease by

be caused contagious disease by , caused contagious disease by , such cause can abortion Viral infection in experience can spontaneous abortion Cats for be induced in mares that induced in mares that have occur can horses in Feticide records also all deeds The abstract , , is through abstracts searching is through abstracts a common way searching began April 19, 1775 on Fighting , The American Patriots were supported France by were supported France by and supported France by and Spain in were , the 17th and 18th centuries the American colonies were , the 17th and 18th centuries the American colonies largely in arose , 1763 tensions arose , 1763 tensions over , arose trade over tensions arose trade over tensions , on drafted , September 5, 1774 the First Continental Congress September 5, 1774 , drafted a Petition the First Continental Congress , drafted a Petition the First Continental Congress to drafted the King a Petition to the First Continental Congress achieve began , a peaceful solution fighting began , a peaceful solution fighting with , began the Battle of Lexington with fighting began the Battle of Lexington with fighting on viewed , Parliament increasingly both sides , viewed increasingly conflict both sides viewed increasingly conflict both sides as captured November New York City in He In succeeded , summer 1777 Howe succeeded , summer 1777 Howe in succeeded Philadelphia in taking Howe in provided , 1763 France 1763 , provided the Patriots France , provided informal economic and military support the Patriots France provided informal economic and military support the Patriots France from After signed , Saratoga the two countries Saratoga , signed a commercial agreement the two countries , signed a commercial agreement the two countries and signed a commercial agreement the two countries and a Treaty of Alliance of joined , independence Congress independence , joined France Congress , joined France Congress in joined their global war France in Congress undermined the 1778 "Southern Strategy This " devised undermined the 1778 "Southern Strategy " devised by by besieged September 1781 was Cornwallis besieged Cornwallis was September 1781 by

Cornwallis was besieged a Franco-American force by was besieged a Franco-American force by in besieged Yorktown a Franco-American force in by surrendered failed , the garrison Cornwallis , surrendered October in Cornwallis surrendered October in Cornwallis , to became ; the Pacific the Mississippi River the Pacific ; became the dividing line the Mississippi River ; became the dividing line the Mississippi River between became British and Spanish possessions the dividing line between the Mississippi River , inhabited largely French or Spanish-speaking Catholics by inhabited largely French or Spanish-speaking Catholics by , sought of 1763 The Proclamation Line to were largely governed native-born property owners by funded , London were colonial militia instructed the Royal Navy The 1763 to 1765 Grenville ministry to stop to had , 1763 it 1763 , had a significant economic impact it , had a significant economic impact it since it had a significant economic impact since 85% had a significant economic impact since 85% of These measures were followed the Sugar Act and Stamp Act by were followed the Sugar Act and Stamp Act by , followed by the Sugar Act and Stamp Act , which in started , 1768 a riot started , 1768 a riot in , started Boston in a riot started Boston in a riot when started in Boston when the authorities escalated March 1770 further in Tensions coincided the partial repeal with The Massacre of escalated the destruction following Tensions of support passed , it Parliament it , passed the Tea Act Parliament , passed the Tea Act Parliament , passed the Tea Act Parliament , giving opposed , the Dutch was the Act the Act was opposed those by was opposed by those who opposed by those who managed In called , December 1773 a group December 1773 , called the Sons of Liberty a group , called disguised the Sons of Liberty a group called disguised the Sons of Liberty a group as called the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk responded the so-called Intolerable Acts by passing Parliament wrested in the colonial legislatures gradually the elected lower houses

, established now ad hoc provincial legislatures these Assemblies established now ad hoc provincial legislatures these Assemblies , of sent , Georgia twelve colonies Georgia , sent representatives twelve colonies , sent representatives twelve colonies to sent the First Continental Congress representatives to twelve colonies feared of the delegates Many that of feared the delegates that an all-out boycott feared the delegates that an all-out boycott would insisted James Duane and future Loyalist Joseph Galloway by insisted and future Loyalist Joseph Galloway James Duane Congress future Loyalist Joseph Galloway insisted Parliament's right recognize Congress insisted Parliament's right recognize Congress to enforce succeeded ; the boycott this succeeded ; the boycott this in succeeded British imports in reducing this , on declared February 9 Parliament on declared Parliament February 9 Massachusetts declared Parliament February 9 Massachusetts to led in tension The increase to Congress led drafted John Dickinson by led drafted John Dickinson the Olive Branch Petition by drafted John Dickinson the Olive Branch Petition by , as refused ; insincere he refused ; insincere he to refused the petition to present he oppose disappointed , his own government it his own government , disappointed those Americans it , it disappointed those Americans who it disappointed those Americans who hoped disappointed those Americans who hoped he rejected , the Whigs initially Parliament , rejected initially the imposition Parliament rejected initially the imposition Parliament of the end of 1774 meant of British authority the collapse the collapse of meant British authority both North of meant British authority both North and meant British authority both North and George III awaited reinforcements ; approved the recruitment the Irish Parliament ; approved the recruitment the Irish Parliament of approved new regiments the recruitment of the Irish Parliament signed also a series Britain of by allowed , Gage it allowed , it Gage the Patriots allowed control to take the Patriots draft appointed , the Declaration of Independence Congress the Declaration of Independence , appointed the Committee of Five Congress , appointed the Committee of Five Congress , appointed the Committee of Five Congress , consisting On voted , July 2 Congress

voted , July 2 Congress for , voted independence for Congress voted independence for Congress and At ceased , this point the Revolution ceased , this point the Revolution to ceased an internal dispute to be the Revolution supported generally independence Patriots from of realized , the war Congress realized , the war Congress defeating realized defeating foreign alliances required Britain From shared , 1775 to 1776 it 1775 to 1776 , shared information it , shared information it and shared information it and built in were , North America there North America , were two principal campaign theaters there , were two principal campaign theaters there within were the thirteen states two principal campaign theaters within there began the states in The full-on military campaigning north at observed , Valley Forge General Washington observed , General Washington Valley Forge British operations closed then British initiatives off He in initiated , 1779 the British 1779 , initiated a southern strategy the British , initiated a southern strategy the British to initiated a southern strategy the British to begin on planned , intelligence Gage planned , intelligence Gage to planned stores to destroy Gage was commence to The operation before However, Patriot intelligence , which Paul Revere had was of the war a brief skirmish The first action The next month arrived generals William Howe with 4,500 British reinforcements arrived generals William Howe with 4,500 British reinforcements , On seized , June 17 they June 17 , seized the Charlestown Peninsula they , seized the Charlestown Peninsula they at seized the Battle of Bunker Hill the Charlestown Peninsula at they assumed , June 14, 1775 officially the Continental Congress , assumed officially command the Continental Congress assumed officially command the Continental Congress of announced , June 16 officially John Hancock commanded had previously Virginia militia regiments Washington proceeded Boston to He to In arrived , early March 1776 Colonel Henry Knox arrived , early March 1776 Colonel Henry Knox with , arrived heavy artillery with Colonel Henry Knox arrived heavy artillery with Colonel Henry Knox captured the cover of placed darkness Washington

of darkness placed his artillery Washington darkness placed his artillery Washington atop placed Dorchester Heights his artillery atop Washington evacuated , so Bunker Hill he , so evacuated Boston he in began , August 1775 American privateers began , August 1775 American privateers raiding , began villages raiding American privateers began villages raiding American privateers in raided and Jonathan Eddy Canso John Paul Jones began in Quebec British officials negotiating defeated into the former French territory was The second American expedition British pursuit was blocked American ships by was blocked American ships by on blocked Lake Champlain American ships on by cost local public opinion the Patriots support in The cumulative failures In attempted , Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore attempted , Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore to attempted the Assembly's militia to disarm Royal Governor Lord Dunmore issued November 7, 1775 a proclamation on He repulsed were the Battle of Great Bridge at Dunmore's troops refused its militia to disband The Third Virginia Convention failed part in Negotiations because failed in part because Randolph began of Savage's Old Fields The siege on recruited were North Carolina in Loyalists led in Patriot gunpowder Congress Shortages On landed , March 3, 1776 the Americans landed , March 3, 1776 the Americans and The expedition confiscated what supplies they could confiscated what supplies they could and sailed New York for He in on knew ; July 30 Washington knew ; July 30 Washington that knew that the city on an attack given , August 12, 1776 was Patriot Thomas Knowlton , given was orders Patriot Thomas Knowlton given was orders Patriot Thomas Knowlton to became included Nathan Hale , which off realized Long Island soon he realized Long Island soon he that split positions his army into Washington at outflanked , the Battle of Long Island Howe the Battle of Long Island , outflanked Washington Howe , outflanked Washington Howe and outflanked Washington Howe and forced the night of bombarded , August 28 General Henry Knox August 28 , bombarded the British General Henry Knox against ordered , overwhelming odds Washington overwhelming odds , ordered the assembly Washington

, ordered the assembly Washington of ordered a war council the assembly of Washington met officially a delegation with General Howe On seized , September 15 Howe September 15 , seized control Howe , seized control Howe of seized New York City control of Howe On failed October 18 Howe to failed October 18 Howe to encircle failed the Americans to encircle Howe amounted there Washington's most disastrous defeat to The British victory fell on Long Island The remaining American regiments back wanted Washington's disorganized army to pursue General Sir Henry Clinton dwindled : the American cause had the reduced army dwindled had fewer than 5,000 men to the reduced army reached a peak Public support , and reached a peak , and King George III of misread , a stronger one his inexperienced staff a stronger one , misread the military situation his inexperienced staff , misread the military situation his inexperienced staff , misread the military situation his inexperienced staff , and misread the military situation , and American troops led predictions to The successes that led to predictions that the British to crossed , safer Maryland Washington safer Maryland , crossed the ice-choked Delaware River Washington , crossed the ice-choked Delaware River Washington about 30 miles crossed the ice-choked Delaware River Washington about 30 miles upriver surprised over frozen trails Hessian Colonel Johann Rall His approach overwhelmed Trenton the Hessian garrison at The Continentals rescued the American army's flagging morale The celebrated victory , gave outmaneuvered 2 , January Washington 2 , outmaneuvered Cornwallis Washington , outmaneuvered Cornwallis Washington and outmaneuvered Cornwallis Washington and defeated entered May winter quarters from January to Washington 1778 be regaining New England would demonstrated would be a prolonged affair , which be a prolonged affair , which led involved the north isolating This from In wrote , December 1776 Howe wrote , December 1776 Howe to , wrote the Colonial Secretary Lord Germain to Howe wrote the Colonial Secretary Lord Germain to Howe , Burgoyne supplied several alternatives , all supplied several alternatives , all of required selected him The option to

meet would Albany at two set June 14, 1777 out on Burgoyne retreated , blocked roads his troops , blocked roads his troops , blocked roads his troops , destroyed captured , these were more than 700 British troops captured were the Battle of Bennington at more than 700 British troops by continued , Gates Burgoyne continued , Gates Burgoyne onto , continued Albany onto Burgoyne continued Albany onto Burgoyne rather declined among his troops rapidly Morale on repulsed was October 7 by October 7 was repulsed Gates by was repulsed Gates by at repulsed the Battle of Bemis Heights Gates at by securing made , additional supplies Howe additional supplies , made another attempt Howe , made another attempt Howe on made Philadelphia another attempt on Howe compounded now failure He to on occupied , September 20 Cornwallis September 20 , occupied Philadelphia Cornwallis , occupied Philadelphia Cornwallis on occupied September 26 Philadelphia on Cornwallis by erected , sea the Patriots sea , erected Fort Mifflin the Patriots , erected Fort Mifflin the Patriots and erected Fort Mifflin the Patriots and nearby Fort Mercer This was supported a small flotilla by was supported a small flotilla by of supported Continental Navy ships a small flotilla of by captured failed ; Red Bank a second attack failed ; captured Fort Mifflin a second attack ; captured Fort Mifflin a second attack on captured November 16 Fort Mifflin on a second attack were such as Frederick the Great foreign observers to did ; the entire Continental Army he the entire Continental Army ; did this he ; did this he by did this he by training Like considered , his predecessors French foreign minister Vergennes his predecessors , considered the 1763 Peace French foreign minister Vergennes , considered the 1763 Peace French foreign minister Vergennes a national humiliation considered the 1763 Peace French foreign minister Vergennes a national humiliation * avoided initially open conflict He , favored argued , the American cause Finance Minister Turgot argued , Finance Minister Turgot the American cause they opposed a French alliance Many Americans , fearing

with had , Britain Congress Britain , had three choices Congress , had three choices Congress ; had three choices Congress ; making had was , wide public support Adams was , wide public support Adams among , was those among Adams was those among Adams reluctant sent was Paris to Silas Deane progressed October 1777 slowly until Talks signed and the United States the Treaty of Amity and Commerce France lead over these provisions would conflict invited of Spain was Charles III for claimed , example the French example , claimed exclusive control the French , claimed exclusive control the French of claimed the Newfoundland cod fisheries exclusive control of the French sign would not another treaty the US in promised , Paris Silas Deane Paris , promised promotion Silas Deane , promised promotion Silas Deane and promised promotion Silas Deane and command proved was , incompetent one outstanding exception incompetent , was Gilbert du Motier one outstanding exception , was Gilbert du Motier one outstanding exception , was Gilbert du Motier one outstanding exception , Marquis de Lafayette tried the Dutch-based Scots Brigade to borrow Britain to dominated 1774 still they 1774 dominated still the European carrying trade they dominated still the European carrying trade they , dominated the European carrying trade , and Dutch merchants ended when war declared Britain for prevented ; cost reasons this cost reasons ; prevented the institution this ; prevented the institution this of prevented an effective blockade the institution of this welcome did not war He find could not a powerful ally Britain ordered , the war was he rallied had Charles Lee's broken regiments Washington , had rallied Charles Lee's broken regiments , the Continentals rallied Charles Lee's broken regiments , the Continentals repulsed , in launched August they in August launched a combined attack they August launched a combined attack they on launched Newport a combined attack on they by withdrew , a storm the French withdrew , a storm the French to In captured , July 1779 the Americans July 1779 , captured British positions the Americans , captured British positions the Americans at

captured Stony Point and Paulus Hook British positions at the Americans the winter of suffered , 1779–1780 the Continental Army 1779–1780 , suffered greater hardships the Continental Army , suffered greater hardships the Continental Army than suffered greater hardships the Continental Army than at ended two weeks later a British defeat in A second attempt along halted was the Cuyahoga River by the Cuyahoga River was halted adverse weather by undertaken , the year was a second campaign Indian allies commanded captured Colonel George Rogers Clark by commanded captured Colonel George Rogers Clark Kaskaskia by captured Colonel George Rogers Clark Kaskaskia by on In counterattacked , early 1779 the Virginians counterattacked , early 1779 the Virginians in , counterattacked the siege in the Virginians counterattacked the siege in the Virginians of On invaded , May 25, 1780 British Colonel Henry Bird May 25, 1780 , invaded Kentucky British Colonel Henry Bird , invaded Kentucky British Colonel Henry Bird as invaded part Kentucky as British Colonel Henry Bird overcome on New Orleans was Their Pensacola advance on overcome was New Orleans by New Orleans was overcome Spanish Governor Gálvez's offensive by was overcome Spanish Governor Gálvez's offensive by on overcome Mobile Spanish Governor Gálvez's offensive on by repulsed were St. Louis on Simultaneous British attacks were repulsed on St. Louis by repulsed on St. Louis the Spanish Lieutenant Governor de Leyba by led men to It of French soldier led a Canadian militia Augustin de La Balme in led an attempt a Canadian militia in Augustin de La Balme " was developed Lord Germain by was developed Lord Germain by , developed Lord Germain by , based They argued no sense made it argued no sense made it to , made on tobacco duties made on tobacco duties the on made tobacco the South made tobacco the South far ordered accordingly Augustine Prévost Germain , recruited nearly 1,100 a Loyalist militia of He In launched , June Prévost June , launched an abortive assault Prévost , launched an abortive assault Prévost on launched Charleston an abortive assault on Prévost , failed under Admiral d'Estaing and General Benjamin Lincoln a joint French and American operation

failed under Admiral d'Estaing and General Benjamin Lincoln a joint French and American operation to taken ; the war were over 5,000 prisoners taken and the south in the Continental Army killed ; the Battle of Waxhaws were over 120 despite left , their success the two men left , their success the two men barely left speaking terms barely on the two men depended local support on The Southern strategy , defeated ; the south was he defeated was the Battle of Camden at he north , sent Loyalist militia Cornwallis , sent Loyalist militia Cornwallis under sent Major Patrick Ferguson Loyalist militia under Cornwallis defeated , early October was Ferguson defeated was the Battle of Kings Mountain at Ferguson sent ; Cornwallis was a detachment held now the initiative The Patriots in led a series Cornwallis on Greene at recaptured , the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill they the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill , recaptured Fort Watson they , recaptured Fort Watson they and recaptured Fort Watson they and Fort Motte On captured , June 6 Brigadier General Andrew Pickens June 6 , captured Augusta Brigadier General Andrew Pickens , captured Augusta Brigadier General Andrew Pickens , Brigadier General Andrew Pickens captured Augusta , leaving captured Augusta , the British leaving would do the fighting of most do the fighting of most left excluded , 1779 specifically their treaty , excluded specifically Spanish military action their treaty excluded specifically Spanish military action their treaty in of allowed , Spanish Louisiana the Americans allowed , Spanish Louisiana the Americans to allowed supplies to import the Americans The trade was organized Oliver Pollock by was organized Oliver Pollock by , organized Oliver Pollock by , a successful merchant Despite initiated , official neutrality Gálvez official neutrality , initiated offensive operations Gálvez , initiated offensive operations Gálvez against initiated British outposts offensive operations against Gálvez First , cleared British garrisons he , cleared British garrisons he in cleared Baton Rouge British garrisons in he in failed ; New York City he failed ; New York City he to failed a coherent operational strategy to construct he

developed , Charleston independently Cornwallis , developed independently an aggressive plan Cornwallis developed independently an aggressive plan Cornwallis for wanted ; the their options former wanted New York to attack former gave eventually way Washington and eventually gave way and Lafayette gave way and Lafayette took entered complied , Virginia Cornwallis complied , Virginia Cornwallis with , complied Clinton's orders with Cornwallis complied Clinton's orders with Cornwallis and to defend allowed the French West Indies Admiral de Grasse defend allowed the French West Indies Admiral de Grasse to allowed the French West Indies Admiral de Grasse to relocate provided Lafayette naval support This , while provided Lafayette naval support , while the failure from made , his subordinates Cornwallis his subordinates , made no attempt Cornwallis , made no attempt Cornwallis to made no attempt Cornwallis to engage , left under Thomas Graves a British fleet left under Thomas Graves New York a British fleet forced , losses was Graves finalized , negotiations were these was for defeat the subject Responsibility assigned , Yorktown were American forces led in Paris British-American negotiations to transported with their slaves were Loyalists moved New Windsor his army to Washington At decommissioned , that time Congress that time , decommissioned the regiments Congress , decommissioned the regiments Congress of decommissioned Washington's Continental Army the regiments of Congress win needed , their insurrection the Americans needed , their insurrection the Americans to restore had , the empire the British had , the empire the British to had the Continental Army to defeat the British identifies warfare three separate types of Historian Terry M. Mays was all thirteen states a civil war with The second was France a global war between The third element in provided , 1778 France 1778 , provided the Americans money France , provided the Americans money France , provided the Americans money France , weapons to dominated 1774 still they 1774 dominated still the European carrying trade they dominated still the European carrying trade they , dominated the European carrying trade , and Dutch merchants ended when war declared Britain Congress had multiple advantages if the rebellion

had multiple advantages if the rebellion turned depended local production on Their prosperous state populations for spread were most across They were the seaports remote from Most farms had local militia a long-established system of Each former colony Together took French claims away they took French claims away they in In trained , the American Revolution they trained , the American Revolution they and trained Continental Line regiments and provided they also had : a major asset each colonial capital a major asset : had its own newspapers each colonial capital : had its own newspapers each colonial capital and had its own newspapers each colonial capital and printers began , lacked a professional army Congress , lacked a professional army Congress or lacked a professional army Congress or navy served only a few weeks for Their units or for established , this Congress this , established a regular force Congress , established a regular force Congress known established a regular force Congress known as allowed smaller British forces to overwhelm them was largely supplemented local state militias by Initially , employed the inexperienced officers Washington , employed the inexperienced officers Washington and employed the inexperienced officers Washington and untrained troops particular were constrained the difficulty by were constrained the difficulty by of constrained the difficulty by of transporting commanded never directly more than 17,000 men Washington commanded more than 17,000 men , while the combined Franco-American army At consisted , the beginning of 1776 Patriot forces consisted , the beginning of 1776 Patriot forces of , consisted 20,000 men of Patriot forces consisted 20,000 men of Patriot forces , equaled , a whole never American officers , equaled never their opponents American officers equaled never their opponents American officers in transformed , 1778 was Washington's army transformed was a more disciplined and effective force into Washington's army from proved , Valley Forge it Valley Forge , proved its ability it , proved its ability it to proved its ability it to match informed Henry Laurens Washington " that informed Henry Laurens " that the possession of was ; war there

was ; war there never evolved its committee oversight in Congress and created , its own internal procedures also Congress , created also the post Congress created also the post Congress of of began , the war Washington began , the war Washington outfitting , began schooners outfitting Washington began schooners outfitting Washington and of consisted , the war it consisted , the war it of , consisted a handful of it consisted a handful of it of became the first American naval hero John Paul Jones by capturing The was the frigate USS "Alliance by last was the frigate USS "Alliance by last " commissioned primarily privateers Congress to Overall , included 1,700 ships they , they included 1,700 ships that they included 1,700 ships that successfully included 1,700 ships that successfully captured of had , the war the Americans the war , had no major international allies the Americans , had no major international allies the Americans , had no major international allies the Americans , as had no major international allies , as most nation-states Over acquitted , time the Continental Army time , acquitted itself the Continental Army , acquitted itself the Continental Army well acquitted itself the Continental Army well in convinced at Saratoga France The decisive American victory Saratoga convinced France , who convinced France , who was agreed also a defensive Treaty of Alliance to The two nations conditioned on a war initiating Britain On declared , June 13, 1778 France June 13, 1778 , declared war France , declared war France on declared Great Britain war on France worked the soldiers closely with Washington had fighting considerable experience of The British military However , in previous conflicts they to were , the conflict the colonies the conflict , were largely autonomous economic and political entities the colonies , were largely autonomous economic and political entities the colonies , were largely autonomous economic and political entities the colonies , with was the Royal Navy reliant on British power meant and limited manpower the colonies the British inevitable ; described it one British statesman ; described it one British statesman as

described it one British statesman as " of suggests , a miracle Ellis suggests , Ellis a miracle the odds suggests the Americans always favored the odds in were , 1775 there 1775 , were only 8,500 regular soldiers there , were only 8,500 regular soldiers there among were a civilian population only 8,500 regular soldiers among there generated ; the Caribbean alone Jamaica ; generated alone more revenue Jamaica generated alone more revenue Jamaica than of were , the war there the war , were four separate British commanders there , were four separate British commanders there - were four separate British commanders there - in , blamed in London many blamed in London the revolt many showed the the capabilities overestimated British allowed the initiative to take the Patriots of seems , reinforcements Bunker Hill seems , reinforcements Bunker Hill to attributed of his decisions were Many of changed , the Carlisle Commission British policy changed , the Carlisle Commission British policy from changed the Patriots from treating British policy replaced , 1778 was Howe Howe was replaced Sir Henry Clinton by was replaced Sir Henry Clinton by , replaced Sir Henry Clinton by , appointed like handicapped his predecessors was Clinton handicapped Clinton was his predecessors by Clinton was handicapped chronic supply issues by compromised , addition was Clinton's strategy Clinton's strategy was compromised conflict by was compromised conflict by with compromised political superiors conflict with by during comprised , the Seven Years' War they the Seven Years' War , comprised 10% they , comprised 10% they of comprised the British army 10% of they decided , America was it were this several reasons for There over fought , the next decade more than 40,000 Germans fought , the next decade more than 40,000 Germans in , fought North America in more than 40,000 Germans fought North America in more than 40,000 Germans , included " , Hessians they " , included men they , included men they from included many other states men from they Unlike led previous wars their use to previous wars led intense political debate to their use

led intense political debate to their use in challenged , March 1776 were the agreements challenged were Parliament in the agreements were challenged in Parliament by challenged in Parliament Whigs by covered were detail in The debates were covered in detail by covered in detail American newspapers by to made , war it made , it war hopes it made reconciliation of hopes made reconciliation of hopes seem was suggested employing Russians Clinton employing was Russians that he was Russians that he felt in approved , August 1776 Congress August 1776 , approved the printing Congress , approved the printing Congress of approved "handbills the printing of Congress launched campaign a counter - The British occurred among the Germans Desertion throughout relied Loyalists on recruiting British military planners fought British for the Approximately 25,000 Loyalists concentrated , the colonial population were they concentrated were distinct communities in they : required of organized Loyalist activity any significant level required of organized Loyalist activity a continued presence any significant level was had in America the British defeated were constantly the South by were constantly defeated neighboring Patriot militia by suffered when local homes ransacked their troops allied in the Carolinas often neutral colonists allied with the Patriots whenever brutal combat in was : the British Army it the British Army : was a mixed regiment it : was a mixed regiment it of was 250 dragoons a mixed regiment of it It was commanded Banastre Tarleton by was commanded Banastre Tarleton by and commanded Banastre Tarleton by and gained accompanied ; the Revolutionary War often they ; accompanied often their husbands they accompanied often their husbands they when throughout known the war was Martha Washington known the war was Martha Washington to accompanied often armies Women as often accompanied armies as camp followers accompanied armies as camp followers to assumed also military roles Women : joined the Army her husband in Anna Maria Lane called has been the "female Paul Revere she disguised men themselves as A few others , included of the Thirteen Colonies the population included of the Thirteen Colonies an estimated 500,000 slaves the population

Virginia , issued a proclamation that , issued a proclamation that promised issued a proclamation freedom promised that fill meant , a temporary manpower shortage white Loyalist prejudice meant , white Loyalist prejudice a temporary manpower shortage recruits The 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued extended Clinton by issued extended Clinton the offer by extended Clinton the offer by of persuaded entire families It to escape ensured , the Black Pioneers also he barred were the Continental Army from Black Patriots barred from the Continental Army until Washington , were of its 225 soldiers only 140 were of its 225 soldiers only 140 black were its 225 soldiers black and recruitment , served the Continental Army in around 5,000 African-Americans served the Continental Army in around 5,000 African-Americans and in insisted , 1781 Washington insisted , Washington 1781 all escapees ; moved London onto some moved London onto some , transported Jamaica 15,000 enslaved blacks to White Loyalists of affected were the Mississippi River by the Mississippi River were affected the war by were affected the war by , affected the war by , and were the colonists friendly with A few tribes , attacked of Britain Cherokee allies attacked of Britain the short-lived Washington District Cherokee allies fought of Britain Creek and Seminole allies against , destroyed of 800 Creeks a force destroyed of 800 Creeks American settlements a force joined also Thomas Brown's raids Creek warriors into involved were the fight in Many Native Americans ; fought of the Mohawks members fought of the Mohawks members on their Indian allies , dispatched the Sullivan Expedition the Continental Army , dispatched the Sullivan Expedition the Continental Army on dispatched a punitive expedition the Sullivan Expedition on the Continental Army of ceded , Paris Great Britain Paris , ceded control Great Britain , ceded control Great Britain of ceded the disputed lands control of Great Britain Saratoga in made 1777 it in made 1777 it clear made 1777 it clear the revolt proposed now a second peace settlement British negotiators to The terms presented included the Carlisle Peace Commission by presented included the Carlisle Peace Commission acceptance by

included the Carlisle Peace Commission acceptance by of recognize would Congress Parliament as in recommended , November 1778 they November 1778 , recommended a change they , recommended a change they in recommended policy a change in they backed initially the Southern strategy North attempting in carried was America by America was carried 19 votes by of made , the Patriot cause he the Patriot cause , made a commitment he , made a commitment he to made US independence a commitment to he to consolidated , Prime Minister Congress Prime Minister , consolidated its diplomatic consuls Congress , consolidated its diplomatic consuls Congress in consolidated Europe its diplomatic consuls in Congress experienced were Congressional leadership in All was of the delegation Benjamin Franklin The dean become had a celebrity He in Since been the 1760s had he the 1760s been had an organizer he been had an organizer he of been of Massachusetts had John Adams been of New York had John Jay secured of South Carolina had Henry Laurens been had a successor He to was the US to strengthen British strategy , allowed between their opponents divisions divisions between allowed their opponents them between allowed their opponents them to allowed their opponents them to negotiate excluding proposed ; the Americans France proposed ; the Americans France setting ; proposed the western boundary setting France proposed the western boundary setting France of signed ; independence was the "conclusive" treaty signed was September 2, 1783 on the "conclusive" treaty draft claimed , the treaty it claimed , the treaty it represented claimed one represented " it exchanged were Paris in the final versions Washington expressed astonishment that the Americans expressed astonishment that the Americans had departed Savannah their last east coast port cities in The last uniformed British troops On issued , April 9, 1783 Washington April 9, 1783 , issued orders Washington , issued orders Washington that Washington issued orders that he issued orders that he had with issued , Washington General Carleton Washington , issued a similar order General Carleton , issued to a similar order General Carleton

issued British troops a similar order to General Carleton ceded was its colonial Mother country from the United States included sparsely settled acres millions of It became the years a flood during The tentative colonial migration west counted 1775 150 men in Virginia's Kentucky County continued for the US Britain's extended post-war policy to , in refused practice the British in refused practice the British to refused practice the British to abandon refused the forts to abandon the British Instead , provisioned military allies they , provisioned military allies they for provisioned continuing frontier raids military allies for they on continued the United States until the Anglo-American Jay Treaty continued the United States until the Anglo-American Jay Treaty went was most threatened American independence by most threatened American independence by , threatened American independence by , and , so developed a combination Spanish policy so developed a combination Spanish policy of developed initiatives a combination of Spanish policy challenged diplomatically the British territorial cession west Spanish soft power to imposed American goods a high tariff on It extended war alliances Spanish hard power and arms claimed such as smallpox diseases broke North America out throughout a smallpox epidemic killed , these were approximately 6,800 killed were battle in approximately 6,800 died of the latter The majority while suffered 2,112 The French killed in puts in 1781 their total Army deaths A British report established its numerous civil liberties the United States with The American Revolution has the world's oldest written constitution The United States , and has the world's oldest written constitution , and the constitutions of did , inequality it inequality , did little it , did little it to did little it to change failed slavery to end it failed to end slavery which southern states on made slave labor abolition on made slave labor abolition too made slave labor abolition too great made a challenge too great abolition In passed , 1782 Virginia 1782 , passed a law Virginia , passed a law Virginia permitting passed manumission a law permitting Virginia increased of abolitionist movements greatly the number

large historiography concerns the reasons the Americans historiography concerns the reasons the Americans revolted concerns the reasons the Americans revolted and adopted stressed the Americans , by stressed the Americans , the constitutional rights by credited the American Enlightenment Contemporaries with laying referred the liberalism to Founders in emphasized since the 1960s have Historians emphasized have the 1960s that the Patriot constitutional argument rooted , turn was that nationalism rooted was a Republican value system in that nationalism was rooted in a Republican value system that rooted in a Republican value system that demanded was itself , Britain republicanism itself , was a fringe view republicanism , was a fringe view republicanism since republicanism was a fringe view since it was a fringe view since it challenged was not controlled an aristocracy by not controlled an aristocracy by or controlled an aristocracy by or nobility places a broader context the American story in The Atlantic history view The ideological approach republicanism centers on that dictated no royalty would be there issued , 1849 frequently the U.S. Post Office , issued frequently commemorative stamps the U.S. Post Office issued frequently commemorative stamps the U.S. Post Office celebrating to are , this selection many primary sources are , this selection many primary sources available are the Princeton University Law School Avalon Project available at many primary sources defines terms the ampere in The International System of Units had current two different definitions of The earlier CGS system expressed are amperes in Constant, instantaneous and average current named is French physicist for The ampere was " an early realization The "international ampere of states that an attractive or repulsive force is there used are specifications as Algorithms ) , describe a computation the instructions , the instructions describe a computation that the instructions describe a computation that , describe a computation that , when existed of algorithm has The concept used , were a division algorithm by , were used ancient Babylonian mathematicians by were used by ancient Babylonian mathematicians c. 2500 BC and Egyptian mathematicians used by ancient Babylonian mathematicians c. 2500 BC and Egyptian mathematicians c. 1550

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