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Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is and movement a political philosophy Anarchism calls for the abolition of Humans lived in societies without scepticism toward rose also authority throughout modern anarchism , emerged history modern anarchism , emerged history from , modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment , the anarchist movement flourished in most parts the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of Anarchists have taken part in into there ; is revolutionary and evolutionary tactics revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; there is significant overlap ; there is significant overlap between there is significant overlap between the The etymological origin of is " "anarchism The suffix "-ism " that denotes the ideological current " that denotes the ideological current favours that the ideological current denotes favours anarchy from early English usages ; emphasised 1539 1539 ; early English usages emphasised a sense ; early English usages emphasised a sense of early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents Additionally , some anarchists use "libertarian socialist , some anarchists use "libertarian socialist " some anarchists use "libertarian socialist " to Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms is which to contrasted socialist forms which to contrasted socialist forms are Scholars of highlight generally anarchism defining " is " anarchism It was after the creation of by ) was delineated the state ) was by delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou was by delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and by delineated Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi were also by articulated tragedians also by articulated tragedians and by articulated tragedians and philosophers Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and Cynics dismissed human law ( "nomos In there , was medieval Europe medieval Europe , there was no anarchistic activity , there was no anarchistic activity except there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements In religious sects , preached Basra religious sects , preached Basra against , religious sects preached against the state In various sects , developed Europe Europe , various sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies |
delegitimising Max Stirner's thinking , paved the state the state , Max Stirner's thinking paved the way , Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to individualism various anarchist schools of become had thought from Mikhail Bakunin , founded mutualism mutualism , Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism , Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered The International became a significant political force , with Karl Marx became , with a significant political force the Bakuninists , expelled were bitter disputes the Bakuninists were expelled from the International were by from expelled the International by from the International expelled the Marxists from anarchists , formed the First International the First International , anarchists formed the St. Imier International , anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism anarchism , spread had the century It was a notable feature of the international syndicalism movement , small groups of imported students small groups of students imported the humanistic pro-science version Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth In Argentina , was Latin America Latin America , Argentina was a stronghold , Argentina was a stronghold for Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism , a minority of adopted anarchists a minority of anarchists adopted tactics This strategy became known as propaganda from infamy , came these terrorist acts infamy , came these terrorist acts upon , infamy came upon the movement infamy came upon the movement and however , they met harsh suppression , they met harsh suppression after they the Bolshevik government met after harsh suppression the Bolshevik government met after harsh suppression was in two new antithetical currents , emerged Russia two new antithetical currents , emerged Russia , former sought to create a coherent group that to create sought a coherent group activists which to turned communist parties which to turned communist parties grew A long tradition of led Spanish anarchism to supported by took , armed militias by armed militias , took control The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism During anarchism , found this time this time , anarchism found a presence |
, anarchism found a presence in anarchism found a presence in other movements It also saw a transition from Anarchism became associated with punk subculture The established feminist tendencies of returned anarcha-feminism with Black anarchism began to take form of anarchism , grew the 21st century anarchism , grew the 21st century in , anarchism grew in popularity anarchism grew in popularity and Anarchists became known for their involvement Other organisational tactics pioneered in include this time A significant event of this period was the confrontations The individualist current emphasises negative liberty individualist current emphasises negative liberty in current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints anarchist movements which constitute lies political anarchism which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism constitute political anarchism which lies philosophical anarchism political anarchism which lies philosophical anarchism holds which lies philosophical anarchism holds that philosophical anarchism , tolerate may individualist anarchism , philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments by has been espoused political nihilism has been by espoused anarchists Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism They were by followed the major currents were by followed the major currents of by followed the major currents of social anarchism Mutualism that is an 18th-century economic theory was that is an 18th-century economic theory was developed Its aims include reciprocity , free association , Proudhon first characterised his goal Proudhon first characterised his goal as Collectivist anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism Collectivist anarchists advocate collective ownership of the means Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that a theory of is anarchism Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that a branch of is anarchism Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left Interest in developed the anarchist movement alongside , wider embrace of signaled anarchist principles wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival which emphasizes reinforced has black bloc demonstrations Its publicity has also led more scholars there " , is anarchist principles |
" , there is no consensus , there is no consensus on there is no consensus on which principles no consensus on is which Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by The principle of is equal liberty closer Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course During anarchists , had the classical era the classical era , anarchists had a militant tendency only did they confront state armed forces did they confront state armed forces , they confront state armed forces , as Anarchists also took part in Many of done were these attacks of by were done these attacks these attacks were by done individual assailants were by done individual assailants and the majority by done and individual assailants achieve nonviolent , ends their stateless Other anarchist groups advocate direct action , a tactic which advocate , a tactic direct action Anarchists took an active role in strike actions They saw it as a part Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda within This can take the form of been that with engaging various grassroots movements that with engaging various grassroots movements are the newly coined term "small-a anarchism , signals " the classical era , the newly coined term "small-a anarchism " signals their tendency the newly coined term "small-a anarchism " signals their tendency not The decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role Anarchists have employed various methods in One way is for an individual from Minorities usually accept rough consensus , Anarchists usually form small groups ( that in developing involved various software Anarchists organize themselves to squat they are often called Temporary Autonomous Zones by squatting , is anarchists anarchists , squatting is a way , squatting is a way to squatting is a way to regain Acquiring space enables anarchists to Its diversity has led to widely different uses not often by discussed classical anarchists often by discussed classical anarchists but by discussed classical anarchists but the Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists current , this survives contemporary anarchism this current survives as a tendency |
current survives as a tendency to Free love advocates were against marriage , The notion of was free love much Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of , some anarchists struggled with the jealousy some anarchists that with struggled the jealousy that with struggled the jealousy arose Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject Anarchists consider proper education , one which consider , one proper education Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna Ferrer aimed to educate the working class constant harassment after closed by the state Nonetheless , his ideas formed the inspiration , his ideas formed the inspiration for his ideas formed the inspiration for a series also its founding principle established with a similar school its founding principle established with a similar school being , there has been little consensus there has been little consensus among to its institutions and is the state the state and its institutions is a "sine qua non and its institutions is a "sine qua non " its institutions is a "sine qua non " of Anarchists consider the state as a tool major decisions , taken are their life major decisions are by taken a small elite Another anarchist argument against is states that against the people is that states the people is that states constituting the people that is constituting a government the tension that believed between authority Bakunin saw the state as meaning the state , believed that philosophical anarchism art made useful to anarchists It could depict a critique of art could appeal to the whole human The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered The most common critique of is anarchism that of humans is that anarchism humans is that anarchism can Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique , stating Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue Michael Huemer " , defends "The Problem of Political Authority |
" , Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism , Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism , Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism , claiming One of is the earliest criticisms that of anarchism is that the earliest criticisms anarchism is that the earliest criticisms defies the acceptance that states of authority Anarchists challenging or disobeying authority reject because this criticism challenging or disobeying authority reject because this criticism does by has been criticised social revolution has been by criticised academics been by criticised academics as by criticised academics as naive Academic John Molyneux writes in his book "Anarchism: A Marxist The Marxist criticism of is anarchism that of it is that anarchism it is that anarchism has it that is has a utopian character Autism by is characterized a neurodevelopmental disorder by a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized is difficulties Parents often notice signs during Autism is associated with a combination Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes ; for about 1.5% of diagnosed are children Autism whose symptoms is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder first whose symptoms is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder first appear Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months It is by distinguished a characteristic triad is by distinguished a characteristic triad of by distinguished a characteristic triad of symptoms Autistic people have social impairments and often Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli for they , have example example , they have less eye contact , they have less eye contact and they have less eye contact and turn-taking Three- to five-year-old are autistic children less likely , they do form attachments they do form attachments to Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children Children with high-functioning autism have more intense and frequent loneliness There are many anecdotal reports , but Differences in be may communication they , look may example they may look at a pointing hand , high-functioning autistic children aged performed 8–15 high-functioning autistic children aged performed 8–15 equally Both autistic groups performed worse than controls Many individuals with ASD show superior skills Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% |
Differences are greater for under-responsivity An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs of autistic people that have motor signs autistic people that have motor signs include that motor signs have include poor muscle tone Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of There gender dysphoria is that tentative evidence gender dysphoria is that tentative evidence occurs Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions there that presumed is a common cause Autism has a strong genetic basis , although the genetics has , although a strong genetic basis Complexity arises due to interactions Studies of suggest twins that of heritability suggest that twins heritability suggest that twins is heritability that suggest is 0.7 Most loci individually explain less than 1% of that that , is the mutation that , is the mutation causes Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with ASD to or exacerbate autism include certain foods or exacerbate autism include certain foods , exacerbate autism include certain foods , infectious diseases The latter theory was by supported a litigation-funded study was that by supported a litigation-funded study that by supported a litigation-funded study has Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in There gut–brain axis abnormalities is that evidence gut–brain axis abnormalities is that evidence may A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation , gastrointestinal inflammation Some rare mutations may lead to autism Gene replacement studies in suggest mice that in autistic symptoms suggest that mice autistic symptoms suggest that mice are Diagnosis is based on behavior autism , characterized is the DSM-5 autism is by characterized persistent deficits is by characterized persistent deficits in by characterized persistent deficits in social communication These deficits are present in early childhood Sample symptoms include lack of social or emotional reciprocity better by for accounted Rett syndrome by for accounted Rett syndrome , the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R ) is a semistructured parent interview the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule is , and a semistructured parent interview A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by Commercial availability of precede may tests the UK the National Autism Plan for recommends Children |
the National Autism Plan for recommends Children at Signs of be may autism oneself making include perform normative facial expressions Autism one is of the five pervasive developmental disorders one is of the five pervasive developmental disorders ( , people with have Asperger syndrome people with Asperger syndrome have no substantial delay The terminology of be can autism by has been hampered causes has been by hampered the inability been by hampered the inability to by hampered the inability to identify The United States Preventive Services Task Force in it found 2016 in it found 2016 was it found 2016 was unclear The Japanese practice is to screen all children whose families the UK , in children Screening tools include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( M-CHAT The main goals when treating are autistic children higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness Families and the educational system are the main resources be by out carried behavior analysts by out carried behavior analysts , Studies of interventions have methodological problems of interventions that have methodological problems interventions that have methodological problems prevent that methodological problems have prevent definitive conclusions the development of advanced has evidence-based interventions Intensive , sustained special education programs and Educational interventions often used include applied behavior analysis interventions , treat either these approaches , interventions either treat autistic features interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include One interventional strategy which utilizes , a parent training model which utilizes , a parent training model teaches in it ; is preschool children it ; is preschool children also treatment programs whether known for children that to treat used ASD symptoms There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness few are by supported scientific studies Treatment approaches have little empirical support in quality Some alternative treatments may place the child at In botched chelation therapy , killed 2005 2005 , botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old child , botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old child with botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old child with autism the associated risks for recommended since autistic people |
as of there is 2018 of 2018 there is no good evidence 2018 there is no good evidence to there is no good evidence to recommend The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet no significant effect , observed was 3 months a longer duration that concluded of the diet This includes decreasing stress , There music therapy is that tentative evidence music therapy is that tentative evidence may There has been early research looking There is no known cure for autism of this ; occurs ASD this ; occurs ASD sometimes this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment ; rates reported in unselected samples rates reported in unselected samples have Most autistic children acquire language by age five Many autistic children lack social support , future employment opportunities no study has focused on autism Many autistic people face significant obstacles in transitioning Compared to autistic people are the general population to autistic people are the general population more autistic people are the general population more likely of reviews , estimate 2007 2007 , reviews estimate a prevalence , reviews estimate a prevalence of reviews estimate a prevalence of 1–2 A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate Globally , autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects , while an estimated 24.8 million people In the NHS , estimated 2012 the NHS , estimated 2012 that the overall prevalence that estimated of autism from the autism diagnoses , increased 1998 to 2018 the autism diagnoses , increased 1998 to 2018 by , the autism diagnoses increased by 787% a real increase would suggest directing more attention Males are at higher risk for it : be may cognitive impairment the risk of associated is autism with two potential explanations ; are older mothers older mothers ; two potential explanations are the known increase ; two potential explanations are the known increase in two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden |
who the story of contains a 12-year-old boy The earliest well-documented case of autism is that He derived it from the Greek word "autós "autism " first took its modern sense Asperger was investigating an ASD now Leo Kanner of used first the Johns Hopkins Hospital late as there was the mid-1970s as the mid-1970s there was little evidence the mid-1970s there was little evidence of there was little evidence of a genetic role It took until 1980 for In the DSM-III-R , provided 1987 1987 , the DSM-III-R provided a checklist , the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing the DSM-5 , released was May 2013 The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues by , accompanied emerged the autistic rights Events include World Autism Awareness Day , Autism Sunday Social-science scholars study those with autism The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context This perspective is distinct from fringe theories About half of are autistic people unemployed most , employed are work most are employed in sheltered settings , experienced employers of give autistic people experienced employers of autistic people give positive reports of by is caused autism autism is by caused decreased earnings is by caused decreased earnings in by caused decreased earnings in the job market Surface albedo is defined as the ratio not only by determined properties only by determined properties of by determined properties of the surface These factors vary with atmospheric composition , albedo ) , is the Sun ) , albedo is the directional integration , albedo is the directional integration of albedo is the directional integration of reflectance , albedo refers to the entire spectrum albedo refers to the entire spectrum of it is often given for Albedo is an important concept in climatology Any albedo in falls visible light within Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching from the ocean surface , has a distance a distance , the ocean surface has a low albedo , the ocean surface has a low albedo , the ocean surface has a low albedo , as |
Most land areas are in an albedo range of The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3 These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function the average temperature of drop would the planet the mean temperature of drop would the planet In scientists , reported 2021 scientists , reported 2021 that by - caused co climate change ; high albedo areas in are the Arctic and Antarctic regions high albedo areas in are the Arctic and Antarctic regions cold Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas have low albedo , and Arctic regions notably release more heat back This has been a concern since has arctic ice been since a concern arctic ice been since a concern and Albedo affects climate by determining A layer of snowfall increases local albedo , the albedo of is snow-covered sea ice the albedo of is snow-covered sea ice far Sea water absorbs more solar radiation than would the same surface absorbs than would more solar radiation The extra absorbed energy which heats , the sea water which heats , the sea water in Albedo works on a smaller scale , Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of the effects of illustrated are a spectrally responsive albedo of by are illustrated a spectrally responsive albedo a spectrally responsive albedo are by illustrated the differences are by illustrated the differences between by illustrated the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo Research showed impacts of over 10% greater heat absorption that suggested by trees Trees also impact climate in , it causes where heating it causes where heating condenses , winter albedos of are treeless areas winter albedos of are treeless areas 10% to 50% Deciduous trees have an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 Studies by investigated have the Hadley Centre Water reflects light very differently the wavelength of even wavy water is light of even wavy water is light always even wavy water is light always smooth of it , becomes incident light it , becomes incident light very above , waviness causes an appreciable reduction white caps that Note on waves Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures |
Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity about half of covered is Earth of by is covered Earth Earth is by covered clouds is by covered clouds , which by covered , clouds Clouds keep Earth cool by in by are affected some areas some areas are by affected artificial clouds are by affected artificial clouds , by affected artificial clouds , such Another albedo-related effect on is the climate from of we comes know what we comes know what from we know comes from the study Another notable high-albedo body is Eris , with in asteroid belt and have the outer Solar System the outer Solar System and asteroid belt have low albedos and asteroid belt have low albedos down asteroid belt have low albedos down to A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04 The overall albedo of measured is the Moon One of is these five parameters yet a microwave (or radar) pulse , transmitted is planetary radar astronomy a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target by ) are dominated a smooth or mirror-like surface ) are by dominated the OC component are by dominated the OC component as there by dominated as the OC component where the denominator is the effective cross-sectional area of the denominator is the effective cross-sectional area of the target object Its name in is English " It is similar in shape The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of it is also called an abjad they — so used the letter — so they used their version so they used their version of they used their version of the sign The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization During there , were Roman times Roman times , there were many variant forms , there were many variant forms of there were many variant forms of the letter First which was , the monumental or lapidary style which was , the monumental or lapidary style was There was also a cursive style used of there , are these surfaces there , are these surfaces not |
, there are not as many examples there are not as many examples of , several variants of developed the cursive minuscule several variants of developed the cursive minuscule through to the principal form , was the present-day form the principal form , was the present-day form used the principal form was used in book-making 15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that the formation of saw the two main variants in it ; consists most current handwriting it ; consists most current handwriting of ; it consists of a circle it consists of a circle and in it ; consists most printed material it ; consists most printed material of ; it consists of a small loop it consists of a small loop with In it , was Greek handwriting it , was Greek handwriting common that , the serif these the that serif began the right leg stroke that serif began the right leg stroke developed that use denotes , the Latin alphabet Alabama ( ) is a state Alabama is nicknamed the "Yellowhammer State " The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is , and the longleaf pine Alabama's capital is Montgomery , and its largest city is , and Montgomery Its oldest city is Mobile , founded by is , founded Mobile of Alabama , is the Deep South Alabama , is the Deep South now , Alabama is now a predominantly conservative state Alabama is now a predominantly conservative state , to present-day Alabama , was many native tribes many native tribes , present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory , present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in The British won the territory in 1763 Spain held Mobile as part Alabama , recognized was December 1819 Alabama was recognized as a state During Alabama , was the antebellum period the antebellum period , Alabama was a major producer , Alabama was a major producer of Alabama was a major producer of cotton until Alabama , suffered World War II World War II , Alabama suffered economic hardship |
, Alabama suffered economic hardship , Alabama suffered economic hardship , in to Alabamian legislators , employed other former slave states other former slave states , Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws , Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise urban centers , white rural interests dominated the state legislature , white rural interests dominated the state legislature from white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 the Selma to the state made Montgomery march to the state made Montgomery march a the state made Montgomery march a major Following Alabama , grew World War II Alabama , grew World War II as in the plural form ; is different dialects the plural form ; is different dialects ) The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources of Garcilaso de la Vega : used 1540 Garcilaso de la Vega : used 1540 , As early as 1702 , the French called the tribe , the French called the tribe the the French called the tribe the , Other spellings of included have the name the word suggest comes from the Choctaw The state has numerous place names of Native American origin An 1842 article in proposed " the "Jacksonville Republican in it " proposed the "Jacksonville Republican it " proposed the "Jacksonville Republican meant This notion was popularized in the 1850s Indigenous peoples of lived varying cultures in The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era Moundville scholars were of the basis scholars were of the basis ' to the SECC , appears popular belief the SECC , appears popular belief to the SECC appears to have no direct links the time of the Cherokee were European contact of the Cherokee were European contact , the Cherokee were European contact , an Iroquoian language people The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach The expedition of passed Hernando de Soto through More than 160 years later , the French founded the region's first European settlement , the French founded the region's first European settlement at |
the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile The city was moved to the current site in it , became the Seven Years' War the Seven Years' War , it became part , it became part of it became part of British West Florida the territory , divided was the American Revolutionary War the territory was divided between the United States He settled in the Tombigbee District during the northern two-thirds of known was Alabama the Yazoo was known as Alabama was the Yazoo as known lands the Yazoo as known lands beginning It was by claimed the Province of was by claimed the Province of Georgia by claimed the Province of Georgia from the lower one-third of made was Alabama The Yazoo lands were added to the territory half of separated was the territory The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817 Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state From delegates , met July5 to August 2, 1819 delegates , met July5 to August 2, 1819 to delegates met to prepare the new state constitution was whose owners' wealth around built large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth around built large cotton plantations grew The area also who drew many poor, disenfranchised people also who drew many poor, disenfranchised people became who many poor, disenfranchised people drew became subsistence farmers Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people , Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital On the Alabama legislature , announced January 30, 1846 it , the Alabama legislature announced January 30, 1846 The first legislative session in met the new capital in A new capitol building was erected under the direction The first structure burned down in 1849 This second capitol building in remains Montgomery to the population , increased had 1860 the population had increased to 964,201 people On Alabama , declared January 11, 1861 January 11, 1861 , Alabama declared its secession , Alabama declared its secession from Alabama declared its secession from the Union for it , joined a few days a few days , it joined the Confederate States of America |
The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim Alabama's slaves were by freed the 13th Amendment were by freed the 13th Amendment in by freed the 13th Amendment in 1865 Alabama was under military rule from , many African Americans emerged as political leaders many African Americans emerged as political leaders in Following the state , remained the war the state , remained the war chiefly During state legislators , ratified Reconstruction Reconstruction , state legislators ratified a new state constitution , state legislators ratified a new state constitution in state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which a new state constitution in ratified 1868 Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects , although these funded , although numerous public road and railroad projects resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen Reconstruction in ended Alabama in They wrote another constitution in 1875 that approved called for racially segregated schools The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions that provisions for included voter registration The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools By only 2,980 African Americans registered were 1903 only 2,980 African Americans registered were 1903 in only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible suppress the new restrictions , resulted black voting the new restrictions , resulted black voting in , the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as By whites , constituted 1941 1941 , whites constituted a slight majority , whites constituted a slight majority of whites constituted a slight majority of those Nearly all Blacks had lost the ability to the state legislature , create would certain provisions , the state legislature would create new ones the state legislature would create new ones to in the Rosenwald Fund , began the South the Rosenwald Fund , began the South funding , the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what funding began of the construction In these schools designed were Alabama these schools designed were Alabama and |
The fund required the local community and state Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice the first 80 Rosenwald Schools , built were 1913 the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 At many rural people , migrated the same time many rural people , migrated the same time to , many rural people migrated to the city many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham it experienced such rapid growth was it experienced such rapid growth was called By Birmingham , was 1920 1920 , Birmingham was the 36th-largest city , Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States Heavy industry and mining were the basis Rural workers poured into the largest cities in , more than 89,000 people moved into the city more than 89,000 people moved into the city to the rural-dominated legislature from 1901 to 1961 , refused the state the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats They held on to old representation since the legislature , completed 1901 1901 , the legislature completed the congressional redistricting , the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on This that benefited the urban areas had that benefited the urban areas had developed In the U.S. Supreme Court , ruled 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court , ruled 1954 in the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in " Brown v. Board of Education under Alabama , resisted Governor George Wallace Governor George Wallace , Alabama resisted compliance , Alabama resisted compliance with Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama Legal segregation ended in the states in many of living were Alabama's African-Americans the Black Belt region across is " central Alabama that home to is largely poor counties These counties include Dallas , Lowndes Alabama has made some changes since At-large voting had diluted the votes of This has resulted in more proportional representation of 23 jurisdictions , use proportional representation proportional representation , 23 jurisdictions use limited voting |
, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting , 23 jurisdictions use limited voting , as in the state's economy , shifted the 1960s the state's economy , shifted the 1960s away the state's economy shifted away from its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries In Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore , installed 2001 2001 , Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue , Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Commandments In the 11th US Circuit Court , ordered 2002 2002 , the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue , the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed , A few natural disasters have occurred in the state It was among the most destructive storms to : 3.2% of is the area 3.2% of the area is water About three-fifths of the land area is part Alabama is by bordered the states is by bordered the states of by bordered the states of Tennessee Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico Alabama's land consists of of forest Alabama administered by include the National Park Service administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Additionally , Alabama has four National Forests , Alabama has four National Forests : Alabama has four National Forests : Conecuh A -wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County This is the Wetumpka crater , the site A -wide meteorite hit the area about 80 that the eroded remains of showcase the impact crater The average annual temperature is 64°F ( 18°C Generally , Alabama has very hot summers , Alabama has very hot summers and Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters Summers in are Alabama among averages between 70 and 80 days per year with reported thunder ; the central and northern parts of are the state the central and northern parts of are the state most |
Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama The state was by affected the 1974 Super Outbreak was by affected the 1974 Super Outbreak and by affected the 1974 Super Outbreak and was The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes The peak season for varies tornadoes from Alabama is one of the few places Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century The annual average snowfall for is the Birmingham area per Alabama is home to a diverse array Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species the 2020 United States Census the population of was Alabama the population of Alabama was 5,024,279 Immigration from outside resulted the U.S. most English Americans , however identify overwhelmingly English extraction a minimum that estimate of 20–23% under the state legislature , established the Davis–Strong Act the Davis–Strong Act , the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes In there , is the major Southern speech region the major Southern speech region , there is the decreasing loss , there is the decreasing loss of there is the decreasing loss of the final "r of there , is the state the state , there is a South Midland "arm , there is a South Midland "arm " there is a South Midland "arm " and , 86% of reported Alabama respondents 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion Alabama is located in the middle this ; followed is 1,380,121 this is by followed the United Methodist Church is by followed the United Methodist Church with by followed the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening had the Churches of Christ , had almost 60,000 members almost 60,000 members , the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members nearly 70% of name could respondents indicated 59% , said a religious preference they , 59% said a religious preference |
59% they said possessed a "full understanding they said possessed a "full understanding " The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim was formally by recognized the state legislature formally by recognized the state legislature on by recognized the state legislature on January 25, 1844 Later immigrants in tended the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to There are six Dharma centers and organizations Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County This area has attracted an influx of was by in founded 1896 by in 1896 founded Paul K. Dealy , life expectancy in was Alabama life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years Disease Control and Prevention study in that obesity showed 2008 in that obesity showed 2008 in 2008 that obesity showed in Alabama that obesity showed in Alabama is On Alabama , passed May 14, 2019 May 14, 2019 , Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act , Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act , Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act , banning , would who punish doctors would who punish doctors perform who doctors punish perform abortions The state has invested in aerospace crop and animal production in valued was Alabama of this , was the previous century the previous century , this was only about one percent , this was only about one percent of this was only about one percent of the state's gross domestic product to the 2008 total gross state product , was the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , the 2008 total gross state product was $170billion , the 2008 total gross state product was $170billion , the 2008 total gross state product was $170billion , or Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year The single largest increase came in the area of The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015 Alabama has no minimum wage and in Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs Aquaculture is a large part of the economy Alabamians began to practice aquaculture U.S. farm-raised catfish is the 8th most popular seafood product in America |
approximately 4,000 people in employed were Alabama in by were employed Alabama Alabama were by employed the catfish industry were by employed the catfish industry and by employed the catfish industry and Alabama In Alabama , produced 2020 2020 , Alabama produced ⅓ , Alabama produced ⅓ of Alabama produced ⅓ of the United States' farm-raised catfish the Alabamian catfish industry , declined has the early 2000s to 2020 the Alabamian catfish industry has declined from 250 farms Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products ( including the automobile industry , generated has 1993 , the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in Automakers accounted for approximately a third of The eight models produced at totaled the state's auto factories ThyssenKrupp , German steelmaker selected May 2007 , German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids the ThyssenKrupp plant by had submitted final bids by final bids submitted had ArcelorMittal Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill The company also operates terminals in The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden which a large plant in operates Gadsden by was formally announced Mobile was formally by announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier formally by announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from by announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center The plans include a $600million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex Construction began in 2013 , The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be to Alabama , ranked Business Insider Alabama , ranked Business Insider 14th Alabama ranked 14th in most popular states It was also host to In Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , was 2018 2018 , Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event , Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event , Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event , producing The top attraction was the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville |
Alabama has historically been a popular region , and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Alabama UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama Regions Financial Corporation is the largest bank headquartered in Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters , an operations center campus The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution Alabama's government which is , the Alabama Constitution which is , the Alabama Constitution was There has been a significant movement to Alabama's constitution that argue maintains highly centralized power Most counties do not have home rule by must be approved the state must be by approved the entire Alabama legislature be by approved the entire Alabama legislature and by approved the entire Alabama legislature and , Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature , a bicameral assembly The Legislature is responsible for writing The Republican Party currently holds a majority in Until the state , elected 1964 1964 , the state elected state senators , the state elected state senators on the state elected state senators on a geographic basis as urbanized areas , were a result urbanized areas , were a result grossly It had not changed legislative districts ) , the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle , the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of "one man This had caused decades of The executive branch is responsible for the execution It is by headed the governor is by headed the governor of by headed the governor of Alabama Other members of the executive branch include the cabinet The members of the Legislature take office Alabama uses partisan elections to select The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Tom Parker All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members Some critics the election believe of judges the election believe of judges has Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country |
In it , imposes some years some years , it imposes more death sentences , it imposes more death sentences than it imposes more death sentences than does Texas imposes than does more death sentences , executions per are capita executions per are capita significantly ; the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in ; in judges overturned 10 cases in 10 cases judges overturned sentences 10 cases judges overturned sentences of judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment Taxes are by collected the Alabama Department of Revenue Alabama levies a 2% , 4% The corporate income tax rate in Alabama is 6.5% Each county has its own elected legislative branch , usually It also has limited executive authority in The state legislature has retained power over Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county both houses ) required that 1964 both houses that required have districts each county , represented was that each county was by represented one state senator was by represented one state senator , by represented one state senator , leading A significant part of spent is each legislative session Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning the state government is , meaning an alcoholic beverage control state The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution Alabama , occupied was the American Civil War Alabama was by occupied federal troops was by occupied federal troops of by occupied federal troops of the Third Military District , a coalition of passed White Democratic politicians a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws Provisions which disenfranchised resulted blacks which disenfranchised resulted blacks in the state did not redraw election districts not population redraw as election districts population redraw as election districts grew Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s the state's only four-term governor , who was a controversial figure , who was a controversial figure vowed who was a controversial figure vowed to of African Americans did regain 1965 1965 did African Americans regain the ability did African Americans regain the ability to |
African Americans regain the ability to exercise In they , continued many jurisdictions they , continued many jurisdictions to In the Alabama Legislature , passed 2007 the Alabama Legislature , passed 2007 , in the state , became 1901 1901 , the state became part , the state became part of the state became part of the "Solid South nearly a hundred years local and state elections in decided were Alabama white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party all ten seats on elected are the state appellate courts Until no Republicans , held 1994 1994 , no Republicans held any , no Republicans held any of no Republicans held any of the court seats Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly In Republicans , hold the early 21st century Republicans , hold the early 21st century all , Republicans hold all seven Republicans hold all seven of Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats In Republicans , took 2010 2010 , Republicans took large majorities , Republicans took large majorities of Republicans took large majorities of both chambers by are still held the state are still by held Democrats Many rural counties who have voters are who voters have are majority Democrats Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan The current split is 35 Democrats , 31 Republicans , most of preside the Democratic sheriffs most of preside the Democratic sheriffs over The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville Public primary and secondary education in is Alabama under Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature In Alabama , appropriated FY 2006–2007 Alabama , appropriated FY 2006–2007 $ , Alabama appropriated $ 3,775,163,578 Alabama appropriated $ 3,775,163,578 for That represented an increase of $ in it , lags recent decades it , lags recent decades behind it lags behind in achievement Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities Public, post-secondary education in overseen is Alabama in by is overseen Alabama Alabama is by overseen the Alabama Commission is by overseen the Alabama Commission on by overseen the Alabama Commission on Higher Education |
The largest single campus is the University of Alabama , located Troy University was the largest institution in the state The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of It has a seating capacity of 143,000 Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game Bryant – Denny Stadium is the home Legion Field is home of the UAB Blazers football program Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic ; the stadium seats 40,646 In there , are addition there , are addition currently , there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of The newly expanded container terminal at ranked was the Port of Mobile Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying other sources " , concur the "Iliad Linear B tablets attest to the personal name "Achilleus has been by construed Gregory Nagy been by construed Gregory Nagy , following by construed , Gregory Nagy rightly , his men bring distress , his men bring distress to his men bring distress to the enemy Another etymology relates the name to a Proto-Indo-European compound "*h₂eḱ-pṓds" "sharp foot Some researchers deem the name a loan word , his to led about speculations Achilles was the son of the Thetis also by up brought Hera by up brought Hera , , he was left vulnerable he was left vulnerable at of Thetis , anointed this story this story , Thetis anointed the boy , Thetis anointed the boy in Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia there ) , is Miletus ) , there is no trace , there is no trace of there is no trace of any reference Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron the Centaur her son's fate that foretold was either Achilles chose the former , by Thetis reported that Ptolemy Hephaestion Thetis reported that Ptolemy Hephaestion burned , Achilles there fathered two sons Achilles there fathered two sons , to Odysseus , learned this story Odysseus , learned this story from , Odysseus learned from the prophet Odysseus learned from the prophet Calchas Odysseus went to Skyros in |
up Odysseus , saw the spear Odysseus , saw the spear through , Odysseus saw through his disguise Odysseus saw through his disguise and of Odysseus , arranged the story Odysseus , arranged the story for , Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm to Achilles " , arrived the "Iliad , Achilles arrived at Troy Achilles arrived at Troy with they , stopped accidentally the Trojan War they accidentally stopped in Mysia heal ; Telephus consulted an oracle ; Telephus consulted an oracle , Telephus who consulted , an oracle who consulted , an oracle stated about he , went Telephus he , went Telephus to , he went to Aulis he went to Aulis pretending Alternatively , Telephus held Orestes , Telephus held Orestes for Telephus held Orestes for ransom in Troilus , was older accounts older accounts , Troilus was a young Trojan prince , Troilus was a young Trojan prince , Troilus was a young Trojan prince , the Despite he , was his youth his youth , he was one , he was one of he was one of the main Trojan war leaders Prophecies linked Troilus' fate to that Later versions of suggested the story versions of Troilus suggested the story of Troilus suggested the story was Troilus suggested the story was accidentally Achilles' death , came therefore the myth Achilles' death therefore came in retribution Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war , It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from Agamemnon has taken a woman named The prophet Calchas correctly determines the source Calchas correctly determines the source of Achilles Thetis , refuses his mother of Nestor , declares Zeus Nestor , declares Zeus that Agamemnon agrees and sends Odysseus by push , subsequently Hector of Patroclus , leads absolute destruction absolute destruction , Patroclus leads the Myrmidons , Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle of Achilles , grieves Nestor Achilles , grieves Nestor over , Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death |
She persuades Hephaestus to make of Achilles , ends Patroclus Patroclus , Achilles ends his refusal , Achilles ends his refusal to Achilles ends his refusal to fight Achilles even engages in battle The god tries to drown Achilles Zeus himself takes note of Finally , Achilles finds his prey realizes he , knows the trick the battle , he knows the trick , he charges at Achilles he charges at Achilles with Accepting Hector , begs his fate his fate , Hector begs Achilles , Hector begs Achilles not Hector begs Achilles not to Achilles it tells Hector is it tells Hector is hopeless Achilles then kills Hector and Achilles , referred is Hector Hector's father Priam goes to Achilles' tent in Priam , hopes Troy Priam , hopes Troy that with Achilles , fights Priam Achilles , fights Priam and Achilles fights and kills the warrior queen of Antilochus , slays Ethiopia Antilochus , slays Ethiopia , episode that argued inspired many details The episode then formed the basis of it " , appears the "Iliad it appears to be the model this theory , expressed was lovers this theory was by expressed some later authors were Phaedrus ; argues a couple Phaedrus ; argues a couple that However , ancient Greek had no words , ancient Greek had no words to ancient Greek had no words to distinguish the hero's death , brought was his dying breath was by about brought Paris by about brought Paris with Apollo , the god guided some versions , the god Apollo guided Paris' arrow Achilles' bones , mingled were death Achilles' bones were mingled with those Another version of is Achilles' death that of he is that Achilles' death he is that Achilles' death fell Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand Agamemnon " , informs the "Odyssey " , Agamemnon informs Achilles , Agamemnon informs Achilles of Agamemnon informs Achilles of his pompous burial He they claims built a massive burial mound they claims built a massive burial mound on But Achilles then asks Odysseus Achilles then asks Odysseus of Achilles' armour was the object of a feud |
They competed for it by Furious , Ajax cursed Odysseus , Ajax cursed Odysseus , Ajax which cursed , Odysseus which cursed , Odysseus earned killing he , was sheep he , was sheep so Odysseus eventually gave the armour to Numerous paintings on suggested have pottery They were absorbed in the game by , was venerated Troad , was by venerated Thessalians was by venerated Thessalians , by venerated Thessalians , but An archaic cult is attested for the Milesian colony these , being possibly clay disks , these possibly being votive offerings these possibly being votive offerings , from he , places this island this island , he places a peninsula , he places a peninsula " he which places " a peninsula which places " a peninsula stretches This last feature of considered is Pliny's account of Pliny , refers his book Pliny , refers his book to , Pliny refers to the same island Pliny refers to the same island as by , were discovered Achilles , were by discovered Captain Kritzikly were by discovered Captain Kritzikly in by discovered Captain Kritzikly in 1823 A second exploration in showed 1840 that in the construction showed that 1840 the construction showed that 1840 of the construction that showed of a lighthouse Thetis , snatched had his untimely death , Thetis had snatched her son Thetis had snatched her son from , Pindar had mentioned a cult Pindar had mentioned a cult of known the connection is of these mythological Fortunate Isles the connection is of these mythological Fortunate Isles (μακαρῶν νῆσοι the island , wrote that the first century CE Similarly , others relate the island's name , others relate the island's name to others relate the island's name to its white cliffs In there is this island also this island there is also Achilles' temple there is also Achilles' temple and Leuce had also a reputation as the Delphic Pythia that reports sent a lord Later attestations point to an "Achílleion attestations point to an "Achílleion " The kings of claimed Epirus to The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of |
The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles with only a few lines ; survive Agamemnon only a few lines ; survive Agamemnon today The tragedian Sophocles also wrote " The Lovers of Achilles The philosopher Zeno of centred Elea The two get into a discussion two get into a discussion about Socrates uses various analogies , discussing The two also reference Homer two also reference Homer extensively Achilles that believes was a generally honest man Virgil refers to Achilles as who was and statesman an American lawyer Lincoln was born into poverty In he , returned 1849 he , returned 1849 to , he returned to his law practice he returned to his law practice but He reentered politics in 1854 Lincoln ran for President in Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements despised , and Lincoln He managed the factions by exploiting His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican , Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics He suspended " habeas corpus He engineered the end to slavery He sought to heal the war-torn nation he , attending was Appomattox , he was attending a play he was attending a play at Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln The family then migrated west , The captain was killed in an Indian raid The heritage of remains Nancy Lincoln's mother Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms In the family , moved 1816 the family , moved 1816 to , the family moved to Indiana the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys to moved where Indiana Indiana was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory , and they was , and a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory , Thomas worked as a farmer Thomas worked as a farmer , On Nancy Lincoln , succumbed October 5, 1818 Nancy Lincoln , succumbed October 5, 1818 to , Nancy Lincoln succumbed to milk sickness Nancy Lincoln succumbed to milk sickness , On Thomas , married December 2, 1819 December 2, 1819 , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston , a widow |
Abraham became close to his stepmother Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with It included two short stints in Kentucky He persisted as an avid reader and As Lincoln , took a teen a teen , Lincoln took responsibility , Lincoln took responsibility for Lincoln took responsibility for chores He was an active wrestler during his youth He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21 He made his home in New Salem Lincoln , asked was 1865 He answered that in the practice So , he left Springfield , he left Springfield for he left Springfield for his father's home Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge , whom he Ann Rutledge , was whom By they , were 1835 they , were 1835 in , they were in a relationship they were in a relationship but She died on August 25, 1835 , in Lincoln , agreed 1836 Lincoln , agreed 1836 to , Lincoln agreed to a match Lincoln agreed to a match with , they both had second thoughts In Lincoln , met 1839 1839 , Lincoln met Mary Todd , Lincoln met Mary Todd in Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd To I , suppose hell I , suppose hell . In the couple , bought 1844 1844 , the couple bought a house , the couple bought a house in the couple bought a house in Springfield Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father Willie" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850 Lincoln did not note what did not his children note what not his children note what were his children note what were doing In Lincoln , joined 1832 Lincoln , joined 1832 with , Lincoln joined with a partner Lincoln joined with a partner , That March he entered politics March he entered politics , he entered politics , running Lincoln briefly interrupted his campaign to returning , he observed a supporter , he observed a supporter in he observed a supporter in the crowd Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and the custom , Lincoln borrowed legal texts |
, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal He voted to expand suffrage In he , declared 1837 he , declared 1837 , He was admitted to the Illinois bar Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during to Lincoln , professed his record Lincoln , professed his record to , Lincoln professed to friends Lincoln professed to friends in he ; defeated was the U.S. House of Representatives he was by defeated John J. Hardin was by defeated John J. Hardin though he by defeated though John J. Hardin He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on On Lincoln , spoke foreign and military policy Lincoln , spoke foreign and military policy against , Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War , Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter Polk that demanded show Congress The resolution was ignored in both Congress One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln Lincoln had pledged in 1846 win he , supported the presidency the presidency , he supported General Zachary Taylor , he supported General Zachary Taylor for he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination The administration offered to appoint him In Lincoln , handled his Springfield practice Lincoln , handled his Springfield practice " , Lincoln handled " every kind Lincoln handled " every kind of in this ; continued the Midstate county courts this ; continued the Midstate county courts for ; this continued for 16 years Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst Lincoln , favored initially a riverboat man , Lincoln initially favored those interests Lincoln initially favored those interests , He later represented a bridge company against In he , received 1849 1849 , he received a patent , he received a patent for he received a patent for a flotation device |
in he ; was 175 cases 175 cases ; he was sole counsel ; he was sole counsel in he was sole counsel in 51 cases , one of was his largest clients one of the Illinois Central Railroad was his largest clients Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial , The case is famous for Lincoln's use in Lincoln , produced the moonlight a "Farmers' Almanac , Lincoln produced the moonlight a "Farmers' Almanac produced " showing the moon was Harrison ; was a third cousin Harrison ; was a third cousin also ; Harrison was also the grandson Harrison was also the grandson of Harrison was charged with the murder Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to the testimony that argued involved a dying declaration for Lincoln , highlighted Clay Clay , Lincoln highlighted the latter's support , Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation the measure ; allow would a compromise would the electorate allow of each territory the electorate allow of each territory to Lincoln then declared his opposition to He the Kansas Act said had a "declared" indifference the Kansas Act said had a "declared" indifference , I hate it because of I it hate because it it hate because it deprives were irreparably by split the Kansas–Nebraska Act irreparably by split the Kansas–Nebraska Act and by split the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts of Lincoln , wrote his party Lincoln , wrote his party in , Lincoln wrote in 1855 Lincoln wrote in 1855 , I do no more than combining Lincoln , resisted Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties , Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties , Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties , fearing Lincoln , elected was 1854 Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act senators , elected were that time senators were by elected the state legislature of he , was voting he , was voting unable Lincoln instructed his backers to vote |
Violent political confrontations in continued Kansas , opposition continued , and Kansas approached , Lincoln joined the Republicans , Lincoln joined the Republicans and Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention Lincoln , though received the June 1856 Republican National Convention , though Lincoln received support though Lincoln received support to Lincoln received support to run Dred Scott whose master was a slave took whose master a slave was took him returned to he petitioned the slave state to the slave state he petitioned a federal court the slave state he petitioned a federal court for he petitioned a federal court for his freedom Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in wrote the decision that in blacks wrote that the decision blacks wrote that the decision were in the decision , sparked the territories the territories , the decision sparked further outrage , the decision sparked further outrage in the decision sparked further outrage in the North Lincoln denounced it as the product In Douglas , was 1858 Douglas , was 1858 up Douglas was up for re Many in felt the party that in a former Whig felt that the party a former Whig felt that the party should Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas from his opposition Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm It will become all one thing , The speech created a stark image of the danger of Douglas , stated Lincoln's nomination Douglas , stated Lincoln's nomination , The Senate campaign featured seven debates between Lincoln in they ; had American history American history ; they had an atmosphere ; they had an atmosphere akin they had an atmosphere akin to The principals stood in stark contrast both Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine , that local settlers emphasized , that his Freeport Doctrine Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone , as he assumed , as a moral tone won the Democrats , won more popular votes more popular votes , the Democrats won more seats , the Democrats won more seats , |
the Democrats won more seats , and the legislature won , and more seats Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him ; most of voted the state's 130,000 German Americans most of voted the state's 130,000 German Americans Democratically the German-language paper voted Democratically but the state's 130,000 German Americans newspapers , mentioned frequently the 1858 election , newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as in he , lacked the Midwest the Midwest , he lacked support , he lacked support in he lacked support in the Northeast Traveling untiringly Lincoln made about fifty speeches , he quickly became the champion he quickly became the champion of the Midwestern United States his support in was the east his support in was the east not On powerful New York Republicans , invited February 27, 1860 February 27, 1860 , powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln , powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery Many in he thought the audience in he thought the audience appeared the audience he thought appeared awkward he thought appeared awkward and But Lincoln that demonstrated intellectual leadership Lincoln that demonstrated intellectual leadership brought that intellectual leadership demonstrated brought him Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move about Lincoln , said his ambitions Lincoln , said his ambitions , the Illinois Republican State Convention , held was May 9–10, 1860 the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur Lincoln's followers by organized led a campaign team by a campaign team led organized David Davis Lincoln's supporters ) , adopted fence rails ) , Lincoln's supporters adopted the label , Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate In Lincoln , described 1860 1860 , Lincoln described himself , Lincoln described himself : Lincoln described himself : " I described : " himself Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of in Lincoln , won Chicago Chicago , Lincoln won the nomination , Lincoln won the nomination on |
Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot Pennsylvania put him over the top on most Republicans , agreed the national government most Republicans , agreed the national government with , most Republicans agreed with Lincoln most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North with agreed that Lincoln Lincoln , doubted had the 1850s , Lincoln had doubted the prospects Lincoln had doubted the prospects of of they ; opposed the Democratic convention the Democratic convention ; they opposed Douglas's position ; they opposed Douglas's position on they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty to the Lincoln campaign , began the Republican convention the Lincoln campaign , began the Republican convention cultivating , the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization , campaigned , Lincoln gave no speeches , Lincoln gave no speeches , Lincoln gave no speeches , relying The party that did the leg work produced that the leg work did produced majorities Republican speakers focused first on the party platform The goal was to demonstrate the power dwarfed a "Chicago Tribune" writer ; produced the combined opposition the combined opposition ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced a pamphlet ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer that produced a pamphlet a "Chicago Tribune" writer that produced a pamphlet detailed that a pamphlet produced detailed Lincoln's life give many , sought public appearances many , sought public appearances to many sought to visit him to he , took the election the election , he took an office , he took an office in he took an office in the Illinois state capitol Lincoln , elected was November 6, 1860 , Lincoln was elected the 16th president He was the first Republican president and his victory No ballots were cast for him Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes , or The South was by outraged Lincoln's election was by outraged Lincoln's election , by outraged Lincoln's election , and Six of themselves declared these states of themselves declared these states to themselves declared these states to be themselves declared to be a sovereign nation Attempts at followed compromise but |
at Lincoln followed but compromise Lincoln followed but compromise and Lincoln tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to That doomed amendment would have protected slavery Lincoln cited his plans for banning We : " are the South " We are not enemies We are not enemies , We must not be enemies of legislative compromise signaled that 1861 legislative compromise signaled that 1861 was no leaders of proposed had the insurrection the dismantling that agreed of the Union In Lincoln , looked his second inaugural address Lincoln , looked his second inaugural address back Lincoln looked back on the situation On Confederate forces , fired April 12, 1861 Confederate forces , fired April 12, 1861 on , Confederate forces fired on Union troops Confederate forces fired on Union troops at William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during fire they ; did the first shot the first shot ; they did just that On Lincoln , called April 15 Lincoln , called April 15 on , Lincoln called on the states Lincoln called on the states to This call forced states to choose of the rail links who attacked Union troops the rail links who attacked Union troops were who attacked Union troops were changing Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to Lincoln suspended the writ of " ex parte Merryman , which issued the writ , he issued which the writ he issued which the writ felt Lincoln took executive control of the war He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as He expanded his war powers , imposed Lincoln gained the support of Congress It was clear from the outset Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving On Lincoln , signed August 6, 1861 August 6, 1861 , Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act , Lincoln that signed the Confiscation Act Lincoln that signed the Confiscation Act authorized that the Confiscation Act signed authorized judicial proceedings Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation as politically Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming He tracked all phases of the effort in Lincoln , replaced the War Department |
the War Department , Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron , Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton Stanton centralized the War Department's activities , auditing Stanton who was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat gravitated who was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat gravitated toward Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities : ensuring , Lincoln met with his cabinet Lincoln met with his cabinet in Occasionally Mary prevailed on him Mary prevailed on him to Halleck " ; was Elements of Military Art and Science " ; Halleck was a disciple ; Halleck was a disciple of Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need at Lincoln , appointed Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan , Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general - McClellan then took months to McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln , as In Lincoln , removed 1862 1862 , Lincoln removed McClellan , Lincoln removed McClellan for Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction He elevated Henry Halleck in July Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance reinforce Lincoln , restored Pope Pope , Lincoln restored him , Lincoln restored him to Lincoln restored him to command to General Robert E. Lee's forces , crossed command command , General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River , General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland McClellan then resisted the president's demand that then he resisted that the president's demand he resisted that the president's demand pursue Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due the Republicans suffered severe losses due to Hooker was by routed Lee was by routed Lee at by routed Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville Meade followed Lee north into |
end by was limited slavery slavery was by limited the Constitution was by limited the Constitution , which by limited , the Constitution He sought to persuade the states In Congress , passed June 1862 June 1862 , Congress passed an act , Congress passed an act banning Congress passed an act banning slavery aiding Lincoln ; approved the rebellion the rebellion ; Lincoln approved the bill ; Lincoln approved the bill despite Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief Lincoln's comment on signing was the Proclamation I was : " the Proclamation By Lincoln , was the spring of 1863 Lincoln , was the spring of 1863 ready raising Lincoln , wrote black troops Lincoln , wrote black troops , Lincoln spoke at the dedication of and Lincoln , asserted three minutes Lincoln , asserted three minutes that He defined the war as dedicated Lincoln , said had Shiloh in Lincoln , felt command the Union Army , Lincoln felt command by " was provided the Senate " was by provided a new bill was by provided a new bill which Lincoln by a new bill provided which Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign 1864 which waged , the bloody Overland Campaign which waged , the bloody Overland Campaign exacted Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at Lincoln reacted to Union losses by Lincoln authorized Grant to target He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies Legend has it that while Lincoln it has while that efforts to discuss began peace Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with Lincoln The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln Lincoln ran for reelection in Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers At the Republicans , selected its convention its convention , the Republicans selected Johnson , the Republicans selected Johnson as the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing " of Meanwhile , Lincoln emboldened Grant , Lincoln emboldened Grant with Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and David Farragut's capture of ended Mobile David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism The National Union Party was by united Lincoln's support |
was by united Lincoln's support for by united Lincoln's support for emancipation State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads Reconstruction preceded the war's end , as Lincoln preceded , as the war's end Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy alienate Lincoln , urged the South Lincoln , urged the South that speedy elections that urged under generous terms fell , they needed leaders , they needed leaders while they their administrations needed while leaders their administrations needed while leaders were , Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and In Lincoln , ordered Louisiana Louisiana , Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks , Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using The Radicals denounced his policy as too implementing Lincoln , increased the Emancipation Proclamation the Emancipation Proclamation , Lincoln increased pressure , Lincoln increased pressure on Lincoln increased pressure on Congress This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform the federal government believed had limited responsibility He that signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill set that signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill set up The law opened land for a lease Lincoln's experience with Indians followed the death in he , saw 1832 1832 , he saw no significant action Lincoln's policy toward driven was Indians toward by was driven Indians Indians was by driven politics He used the Indian Bureau as a source supported by killed , the Yankton Indians by the Yankton Indians , killed hundreds Some it believed was a conspiracy it believed was a conspiracy by Lincoln sent General John Pope , the former head Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners fight Lincoln , revoked Indians Indians , Lincoln revoked the policy Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly Aiding led , Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley Pope ; hostilities ceased on December 26 killing he ; commuted innocent farmers innocent farmers ; he commuted the sentences ; he commuted the sentences of he commuted the sentences of all |
He also faced significant public pressure , Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln of Lincoln , employed his cabinet his cabinet , Lincoln employed the strengths , Lincoln employed the strengths of Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents Lincoln commented on his thought process , We needed to hold our own people I had looked the party over Then I had no right to I had no right to deprive Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of Lincoln vetoed only four bills , including The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges There were two measures passed to In Lincoln , signed 1861 1861 , Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs , Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs , Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs , following He also signed the Revenue Act of Lincoln presided over the expansion of The National Banking Act created the system of national banks The US issued paper currency for the first time and the "Journal of Commerce " published a false draft proclamation the "Journal of Commerce " that published a false draft proclamation " that published a false draft proclamation created that a false draft proclamation published created an opportunity Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in been sporadically by proclaimed the federal government sporadically by proclaimed the federal government on by proclaimed the federal government on irregular dates The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency Lincoln's philosophy on was court nominations that we was that " court nominations Therefore we must take a man we must whose opinions take a man must whose opinions take a man are whose opinions take a man are known Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court Noah Haynes Swayne who was an anti-slavery lawyer was who was an anti-slavery lawyer was committed Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 joined he , had the Confederate army the Confederate army , he had contacts |
, he had contacts with he had contacts with the Confederate secret service for Booth , hatched blacks blacks , Booth hatched a plot , Booth hatched a plot to Booth hatched a plot to assassinate with he , planned General Grant he , planned General Grant to he planned to assassinate Lincoln Lincoln and his wife attended the play At Booth , entered 10:15 in the evening 10:15 in the evening , Booth entered the back , Booth entered the back of Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth Lincoln was taken across the street for Lincoln , died eight hours Lincoln , died eight hours at Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin which in placed , a flag-wrapped coffin The late President lay in state , The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train along gathered as the tracks they had lost ' their Moses In the reaction , was a larger sense the reaction , was a larger sense in , the reaction was in response the reaction was in response to Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow As Lincoln , was a young man a young man , Lincoln was a religious skeptic He was private about his position He never made a clear profession of Through Lincoln , had his entire public career his entire public career , Lincoln had a proneness , Lincoln had a proneness for Lincoln had a proneness for quoting In Lincoln , subscribed the 1840s Lincoln , subscribed the 1840s to , Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity , he expressed more frequently 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence of he ; regarded the evangelicals the evangelicals ; he regarded the republicanism ; he regarded the republicanism of he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers him may have caused February 1862 After he , questioned Willie's death Willie's death , he questioned the divine necessity , he questioned the divine necessity of |
he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity He wrote at this time that God at wrote that this time , He could give the final victory He could give the final victory to Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God did that in believe an all-powerful God that in believe an all-powerful God shaped in I : claim Kentucky I : claim Kentucky not , at the nation's condition struggle the end of three years at the nation's condition struggle the end of three years is the nation's condition struggle the end of three years is not the nation's condition struggle is not what God alone can claim it it is tending seems plain impartial history , find will wrong impartial history will find therein new cause Lincoln explains therein the cause , He which took , blue mass pills which took , blue mass pills contained has been by stressed historians been by stressed historians such by stressed historians such as Lincoln which called — the Declaration of Independence which called — the Declaration of Independence emphasized He did this at a time His position on founded was war Furthermore , it was a national duty , it was a national duty to it was a national duty to ensure the republic was to ensure a national duty As Lincoln , was a Whig activist a Whig activist , Lincoln was a spokesman , Lincoln was a spokesman for Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests Lincoln's "reverence that found for the Founding Fathers James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation In he , explored Lincoln's first inaugural address Lincoln's first inaugural address , he explored the nature , he explored the nature of he explored the nature of democracy He denounced secession as anarchy The successful reunification of the states had consequences people had for how consequences since the top three presidents , are 1948 1948 , the top three presidents are Lincoln , the top three presidents are Lincoln , the top three presidents are Lincoln , Washington He was by viewed abolitionists was by viewed abolitionists as |
by viewed abolitionists as a champion Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party he said was " a classical liberal by helped , " Lincoln Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s Lincoln served " as a means Americans asked , " What In Lincoln's image , shifted the Cold War years Lincoln's image , shifted the Cold War years to , Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of led by rejected , Lerone Bennett Jr. by Lerone Bennett Jr. , rejected Lincoln's role Bennett he won when wide attention he won when wide attention called Lincoln that noted used ethnic slurs Lincoln that argued opposed social equality Lincoln , become had the 1970s , Lincoln had become a hero Lincoln had become a hero to Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image in wrote that 2009 In President Barack Obama , named the 21st century the 21st century , President Barack Obama named Lincoln , President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of His likeness also appears on many postage stamps he did n't grow a beard Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in Illinois , include Springfield Springfield , Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library , Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum ; 384–322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher 384–322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and by he , was Plato Plato , he was the founder , he was the founder of he was the founder of the Lyceum His writings cover many subjects including physics Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies Little is known about his life Aristotle was born in the city Aristotle when died was a child At seventeen or eighteen years of age he joined Plato's Academy seventeen or eighteen years of age he joined Plato's Academy in he joined Plato's Academy in Athens died , Aristotle left Athens , Aristotle left Athens and |
Aristotle left Athens and , He established a library in the Lyceum which a library in established the Lyceum He also influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies ( Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars Aristotle's influence on continued logic well , the details of are Aristotle's life the details of are Aristotle's life not , Aristotle learned about biology Aristotle learned about biology and Both of died Aristotle's parents when of he died when Aristotle's parents he died when Aristotle's parents was of Aristotle , moved seventeen or eighteen Aristotle , moved seventeen or eighteen to , Aristotle moved to Athens Aristotle moved to Athens to He probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as probably he experienced as the Eleusinian Mysteries he experienced as the Eleusinian Mysteries wrote Aristotle remained in Athens for he about The traditional story that his departure records Aristotle then accompanied Xenocrates to of Aristotle , travelled Hermias Aristotle , travelled Hermias with , Aristotle travelled with his pupil Aristotle travelled with his pupil Theophrastus in Aristotle , married Lesbos Lesbos , Aristotle married Pythias , Aristotle married Pythias , Aristotle married Pythias , either Hermias's adoptive daughter She bore him a daughter , Aristotle was appointed as the head in he , gave the Macedonian court the Macedonian court , he gave lessons , he gave lessons not he gave lessons not only Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest In he , counsels one famous example one famous example , he counsels Alexander , he counsels Alexander to he counsels Alexander to be Aristotle , returned had 335 BC Aristotle had returned to Athens Aristotle conducted courses at the school his wife , died Pythias Athens Aristotle , is when BC He wrote many dialogues , of His most important treatises include " Physics " Aristotle studied and made significant contributions A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle anti-Macedonian sentiment in rekindled was Athens Aristotle is credited with the earliest study It goes from the basics , The first three treatises form the core of the logical theory Aristotle examines the concepts of substance In he , distinguishes Book VIII |
Book VIII , he distinguishes the matter , he distinguishes the matter of he distinguishes the matter of the substance , the matter of is a house the matter of a house is the bricks Aristotle's philosophy Plato , aims his teacher , Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal whereas for the universal is Plato for Plato the universal is a separately existing form Plato the universal is a separately existing form which the universal actual things a separately existing form is which actual things a separately existing form is which imitate all things that argued have a universal form for one , sees example example , one sees an apple , one sees an apple , one sees an apple , and one sees , and an apple In there , is this distinction this distinction , there is a particular apple , there is a particular apple and there is a particular apple and a universal form , one can place an apple one can place an apple next there that argued are some universal forms For it , is example it , is example possible Aristotle disagreed with Plato on In Aristotle , disagreed addition Aristotle , disagreed addition with , Aristotle disagreed with Plato Aristotle disagreed with Plato about Where Plato spoke of the world Plato spoke of the world of The coming to be is a change be nothing is where a change nothing is where a change persists In that particular change he introduces the concept that particular change he introduces the concept of he introduces the concept of potentiality to this , is potentiality potentiality , this is what , this a thing is what this a thing is what is a thing is what is capable Actuality is the fulfilment of the end ("telos " ) is the principle the final house which are , actualities which are , actualities is , " it is what " that is it what that is it what makes that it is makes a man how then man is a unity Aristotle's "natural philosophy " spans a wide range of |
"natural philosophy , is " Aristotle's terminology , "natural philosophy " is a branch "natural philosophy " is a branch of Aristotle's work encompassed virtually all facets of intellectual inquiry Aristotle makes philosophy in the broad sense his use of carries " the term "science " , Aristotle related each , Aristotle related each of Aristotle related each of the four elements all matter , made was the Empedoclean scheme all matter was made of the four elements Aristotle describes two kinds of motion , the natural state of is an object the natural state of is an object to Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed that in implies a vacuum Aristotle's writings on remained motion influential A contrary opinion is by given Carlo Rovelli is by given Carlo Rovelli , who by given , Carlo Rovelli the reason that suggested for anything Aristotle describes experiments in optics The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with the sun's image , remained always the hole chance causes are of some things causes are of some things , as an incidental cause lies in the realm an incidental cause lies in the realm of In Aristotle , refuted astronomy astronomy , Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim , Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that Aristotle the Milky Way refuted that Democritus's claim the Milky Way refuted that Democritus's claim was Aristotle was one of the first people Aristotle that noted described such change Aristotle also made many observations about Aristotle was the first person to study He spent two years observing and Aristotle reports on the sea-life visible He describes the catfish , electric ray Aristotle's writings can seem to modern readers Aristotle did not do experiments He used the ancient Greek term "pepeiramenoi " to Instead , he practiced a different style , he practiced a different style of he practiced a different style of science This style is common in modern biology documented , Aristotle inferred quite a number , Aristotle inferred quite a number of Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass , Aristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals |
His system had eleven grades of animal Animals came above plants , also : He grouped what : He the modern zoologist grouped what He the modern zoologist grouped what would the modern zoologist grouped what would call Those with divided were blood Those without blood were insects The human soul incorporates the powers of the other kinds For the soul , is Aristotle Aristotle , the soul is the form , the soul is the form of the soul is the form of a living being , the form of is living beings the form of that is living beings of which is that living beings which is that living beings endows which that is endows them with he , placed the Egyptians the Egyptians , he placed the rational soul , he placed the rational soul in he placed the rational soul in the heart " , memory is the ability , memory is the ability to memory is the ability to hold In a memory , is other words other words , a memory is a mental picture , a memory is a mental picture (phantasm a memory is a mental picture (phantasm ) that is (phantasm ) a mental picture Aristotle uses the term 'memory ' for of prediction , is the past prediction , is the past of , prediction is of the future prediction is of the future , for people , search these impressions these impressions , people search the memory , people search the memory itself that person , reject will a specific memory , that person will reject this experience that person will reject this experience until will they reject until this experience they reject until this experience find one memory will stimulate the next recall they , stimulate experiences experiences , they stimulate certain previous experiences , they stimulate certain previous experiences until they they stimulate until certain previous experiences they stimulate until certain previous experiences reach Recollection is thus the self-directed activity of Only humans can remember impressions of Aristotle believed the chain of thought A force operates to awaken the hidden material |
Aristotle describes sleep in " it , so is digestion it is vital to the body they have can not sleep they can not have desire not which have , desire which have , desire is of it , leaves their attention their attention , it leaves an impression , a person constantly encounters new stimuli a person constantly encounters new stimuli to there are noticed as the day there as noticed are no new distracting sensory experiences , dreams result from these lasting impressions dreams do not resemble the actual waking experience During a person , is sleep a person , is sleep in , a person is in an altered state a person is in an altered state of Aristotle compares a sleeping person to a person who a sleeping person to compares a person This leads the person to believe the dream leads to believe the person If a person had appear an image a person had appear an image for , this sensory experience is not part this sensory experience is not part of ethics considered to be a practical rather than theoretical study Aristotle taught that virtue has to An eye is only a good eye in so Aristotle identified such an optimum activity ( the virtuous mean Aristotle taught that to achieve address Aristotle , addressed the individual the individual , Aristotle addressed the city , Aristotle addressed the city in Aristotle addressed the city in his work the city considered to be a natural community Aristotle conceived of politics as the natural community according to was Aristotle This is distinguished from modern approaches Aristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought Aristotle " , addresses "Politics " , Aristotle addresses the city , Aristotle addresses the city , Aristotle addresses the city , property Aristotle " , offers "Politics " , Aristotle offers one , Aristotle offers one of Aristotle offers one of the earliest accounts Money came into use because people into came because use He had a low opinion of retail It thus uses goods as Aristotle gave a summary of the function |
He it wrote because that it wrote because that is Money thus allows for the association He also categorizes rhetoric into Aristotle writes in his "Poetics " He applies the term "mimesis " both of Aristotle , believed this Aristotle , believed this that each that believed of the mimetic arts For music , imitates example music , imitates example with , music imitates with the media music imitates with the media of The forms also differ in their object The characters in are a tragedy merely Tragedy is the imitation of action Aristotle concludes "Poetics " with Aristotle's analysis of describes procreation an proponents of accused have feminist metaphysics after Aristotle , remains his death his death , Aristotle remains one , Aristotle remains one of Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who one of remains the most influential people He contributed to almost every field of Among Aristotle , was countless other achievements countless other achievements , Aristotle was the founder , Aristotle was the founder of Aristotle was the founder of formal logic The immediate influence of felt was Aristotle's work the Lyceum was felt as Aristotle's work Aristotle's notable students included Aristoxenus , Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum Aristotle's influence over seen is Alexander the Great He had also learned a great deal After the Lyceum , failed Theophrastus the Lyceum , failed Theophrastus to the Lyceum failed to produce any original work Herophilus also distinguished between veins a few ancient atomists such as challenged Lucretius Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers Alkindus greatly admired Aristotle's philosophy , Averroes admired , and Aristotle's philosophy Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as in Aristotle , was the early medieval Latin West Aristotle , was the early medieval Latin West practically , interest in revived Aristotle interest in revived Aristotle and in Latin Christians revived and Aristotle Latin Christians revived and Aristotle had Latin Christians and revived had translations , the demand for grew Aristotle's writings the demand for grew Aristotle's writings , the Greek manuscripts grew , and Aristotle's writings |
These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity Aristotle that held advised his pupil Phyllis had secretly told Alexander Dante built up the philosophy of Dante knew Aristotle directly from Aristotle considered to be the greatest philosopher there that observes is no need Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood Aristotle rigidly separated action from The English mathematician George Boole fully accepted Aristotle's logic , Charles Darwin regarded Aristotle as the most important contributor In he wrote an 1882 letter that he wrote an 1882 letter that " James Joyce's favoured philosopher was Aristotle , whom he Aristotle , was whom Ayn Rand acknowledged Aristotle as her greatest influence Russell called Aristotle's ethics " repulsive The Dutch historian of wrote Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis science Aristotle Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote that science Aristotle in "pure seventeenth century" tones state that he to reform attempted what Aristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls His writings are divisible into two groups Aristotle's "lost" works stray considerably in characterization surviving works mostly resemble lecture notes works mostly resemble lecture notes not of the exoteric writings is how Aristotle's works the exoteric writings is how Aristotle's works were has been by depicted major artists been by depicted major artists including by depicted major artists including Lucas Cranach The Aristotle Mountains in named are Antarctica He was the first person known to An American in is " Paris Gershwin scored the piece for the standard instruments He brought back four Parisian taxi horns for It who was Damrosch had who was Damrosch had commissioned He completed the orchestration on November 18 Gershwin strongly encouraged Ravel to Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York Ravel's tour reignited Gershwin's desire to return an introductory letter to Gershwin caused Nadia Boulanger to Gershwin caused Nadia Boulanger to Gershwin caused Nadia Boulanger to seriously for she , told her her , she told him , she she told him she she told him could she told him could not " I could give What What could I give you could I give you that I you give that you you give that you have |
This did not set Gershwin Gershwin based "An American in Paris Gershwin explained in " Musical America The piece is structured into five sections which into structured , five sections Gershwin's first A episode introduces the two main "walking" themes in the "Allegretto grazioso The style of written is this A section This A section featured duple meter , singsong rhythms The B section's "Andante ma con ritmo deciso " introduces the American Blues and In Gershwin , uses the B section the B section , Gershwin uses common time , Gershwin uses common time , Gershwin uses common time , syncopated rhythms , it had been Gershwin's intention it had been Gershwin's intention to This became the standard performing edition until 2000 it , announced was September 22, 2013 a musicological critical edition that announced of the full orchestral score Two urtext editions of published were the work of by were published the work the work were by published the German publisher B-Note Music were by published the German publisher B-Note Music in by published the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015 made by withdrawn were Campbell-Watson by withdrawn were Campbell-Watson in 120 bars of re were music On The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra , gave September 9, 2017 September 9, 2017 , The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere , The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere of The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere of the long-awaited critical edition The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company play Gershwin ; said the solo he ; Gershwin said the solo he briefly participated in the actual recording In Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , released 1951 1951 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film , "An American The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction The category's original name was Best Art Direction , but This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the award , shared is 1947 the award is shared with the set decorator(s They are by regarded many |
are by regarded many as by regarded many as the most prestigious and significant awards the awards ) , are the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition , the awards are an international recognition of the awards are an international recognition of excellence The various category winners are awarded a copy of was originally by sculpted George Stanley originally by sculpted George Stanley from by sculpted George Stanley from a design sketch AMPAS first presented it in was first by broadcast radio first by broadcast radio in by broadcast radio in 1930 It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is with there , was the two previous ceremonies the two previous ceremonies , there was no host The ceremony was broadcast on ABC The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel Winners were announced to the media That was changed for the second ceremony the results , given were the first decade , the results were given to the results were given to newspapers The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings , this earlier ; made the prize for Jannings , received example example , Jannings received the award , Jannings received the award for Jannings received the award for two movies Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in was history the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel history who was , 34-year-old Robert Opel who was , 34-year-old Robert Opel streaked all Academy Awards ceremonies , ended have 2020 Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony , The museum development started in 2017 under The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit on it , is a black metal base a black metal base , it is 13.5 , it is 13.5 it is 13.5 in The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were the bronze , abandoned was a few years the bronze was abandoned in favor Oscars , made were World War II Oscars were made of painted plaster Following the Academy , invited the war the war , the Academy invited recipients |
, the Academy invited recipients to the Academy invited recipients to redeem it was created is a minor streamlining The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 by each year in made Chicago In the Academy , returned 2016 the Academy , returned 2016 to , the Academy returned to bronze the Academy returned to bronze as of the statuettes , retain an original 1929 Oscar an original 1929 Oscar , the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions , the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal then by in electroplated 24-karat gold by in 24-karat gold electroplated Brooklyn The Academy officially adopted the name "Oscar in she , claims 1941 she , claims 1941 named , she claims named the award she claims named the award after The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar statuettes , presented the ceremony Oscar statuettes , presented the ceremony at , Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have Until winners , returned 2010 2010 , winners returned their statuettes , winners returned their statuettes to winners returned their statuettes to the Academy winners , had have 2010 , winners have had the option winners have had the option of The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made been legally by encumbered the requirement legally by encumbered the requirement that the statuette by encumbered that the requirement the Academy , then keeps this stipulation , then the Academy keeps the statuette In Michael Todd's grandson , tried 1989 Michael Todd's grandson , tried 1989 to Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar In Harold Russell , consigned 1992 1992 , Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor , Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for " Russell defended his action , saying the results , announced were that the results were announced in early February Academy membership is divided into different branches Actors constitute the largest voting bloc , numbering |
have been by certified the auditing firm been by certified the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers by certified the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers ( it that stated has just under 6,000 voting members by published " were the "Los Angeles Times 94% , confirmed were Caucasian a film , open must the official Academy Awards Rules a film must open in the previous calendar year This followed the win of ' The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as the film , be will the defined deadline The form includes the production credits for all related categories Second , there are multiple methods , there are multiple methods of there are multiple methods of qualification The main method is a week-long theatrical release in " The requirements for are the qualifying theatrical run also Only one screening per required is day of all voting members , are Best Picture all voting members , are Best Picture eligible a variant of used is the single transferable vote the winner , selected is most categories by from among selected the nominees has been by chosen instant runoff voting Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning It has an awards czar on staff who an awards czar on has staff The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony It is the culmination of the film awards season This is an elaborate extravaganza , with the invited guests is , with an elaborate extravaganza Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men The Academy Awards the world's longest-running awards is show televised the world's longest-running awards is show televised live first by in televised 1953 by in 1953 televised NBC for ABC then resumed five years five years then ABC resumed broadcast duties then ABC resumed broadcast duties in ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 The Academy has also produced condensed versions Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success |
ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday The earlier date is also to the advantage the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March it , moved was the 1999 ceremonies it was moved to Sundays The reasons given for were the move for more viewers were that the move more viewers were that the move would For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because the film industry it opposed because a Sunday broadcast it opposed because a Sunday broadcast would In the Academy , contemplated 2010 the Academy , contemplated 2010 moving , the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period a January ceremony on clash would Sunday the 40th Academy Awards ceremony , postponed was April 8, 1968 the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days segment " introduced was Memoriam who , honoring introduced those This segment has drawn criticism over the ceremony , averages generally broadcast length , the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours of the 2002 ceremony , lasted the spectrum the 2002 ceremony , lasted the spectrum four hours , the organizers of announced the Academy Awards the organizers of winners' acceptance speeches announced the Academy Awards of winners' acceptance speeches announced the Academy Awards must winners' acceptance speeches announced the Academy Awards must not winners' dedications , displayed were speeches During host Jimmy Kimmel , acknowledged the 2018 ceremony host Jimmy Kimmel , acknowledged the 2018 ceremony how "Variety , reported " the show AMPAS is responsible for most aspects More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 80th Academy Awards telecast , watched was 2008 the 80th Academy Awards telecast was by watched 31.76 million viewers was by watched 31.76 million viewers on by watched 31.76 million viewers on average of the 93rd Academy Awards , drew 23.6 million viewers 23.6 million viewers , the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership , the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of |
the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony the first Academy Awards , presented were 1929 the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner Grauman's Chinese Theatre in hosted then Hollywood the awards , presented were 1950 to 1960 the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre , the awards from took 1953 to 1957 the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in By the Academy , decided 1969 the Academy , decided 1969 to the Academy decided to move the ceremonies the Best Directing award , split was the awards the Best Directing award was split into two categories from they , announced Academy members they , announced Academy members that are by on voted special committees by on voted special committees , of many studios , spend the Academy Awards the Academy Awards , many studios spend millions of dollars , many studios spend millions of dollars and many studios spend millions of dollars and hire This has generated accusations of The Academy Awards have long received criticism This criticism is based on the statistics The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott Netflix that concerned as a movie production and distribution studio Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later George C. Scott became the second person to refuse Scott described it as a "meat parade The third person to refuse was the award the award who was , Marlon Brando who was , Marlon Brando refused other categories , unsegregated are unsegregated categories It has become a tradition to the value , reported was 2014 Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to the adult products retailer , had Adam & Eve 2014 , the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite " The film has no male actors , with |
Christopher Tookey " , wrote "Movie - Film - Review This cinematic adaptation " wrote of a theatrical work " Animalia " is an illustrated children's book Animalia " is an illustrated children's book by " Animalia " is an alliterative alphabet book Animalia " is an alliterative alphabet book and Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom Julia MacRae Books published an "Animalia" colouring book in 2008 It also airs on Minimax It is a continuous scale of time It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time It is also the basis for into UTC , is effect UTC , is effect currently , UTC is currently exactly 37 seconds UTC is currently exactly 37 seconds behind TAI is a weighted average of the time The clocks are compared using GPS signals which with signal , timecodes These time scales are denoted in the form "UTC(NPL This time scale is expressed in the form In it , is hindsight it , is hindsight possible Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955 It was used as a basis The SI second was defined in terms corrections were applied to the output above this , meant sea level this , meant sea level that three of defined were these time scales TAI was henceforth a realisation of The continued existence of questioned was TAI is occasionally by adjusted leap seconds it , composed is these adjustments it is composed of segments is that of composed segments that of composed segments are the adjustments , made were December 1971 This was a compromise arrangement in order Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern It is a traditional virtue in many cultures the object(s ) of vary concern which an individual performing is an action Steinberg suggests a definition for altruism latter are predicated upon social relationships The theory of suggests psychological egoism that of no act suggests that psychological egoism no act suggests that psychological egoism of no act that suggests of sharing also that to refer an ethical doctrine that to refer an ethical doctrine claims which with contrasted , egoism |
The concept has a long history in philosophical and ethical thought originally by in coined the 19th century by in the 19th century coined the founding sociologist can the different methods affect , the other fields the different methods affect , the other fields and Alms are the fruits of a moral notion Generosity is an obligation , because Nemesis is , because an obligation This is the ancient morality of the gift of altruism , refers social evolution altruism , refers social evolution to , altruism refers to behaviour altruism refers to behaviour by Theories of accelerated were apparently altruistic behavior of by were accelerated apparently altruistic behavior apparently altruistic behavior were by accelerated the need were by accelerated the need to by accelerated the need to produce The study of altruism was the initial impetus An interesting example of found is altruism in they , showed October 2006 they , showed October 2006 that , that not was a superior moral faculty that not was a superior moral faculty suppresses subjects that showed with damage " Psychopaths often feel no empathy Psychopaths often feel no empathy or it seem to find reasoning There has been some debate on Some definitions specify a self-sacrificial nature to altruism the selflessness of brought is altruistic acts Daniel Batson who is a psychologist examined who a psychologist is examined this question He identified four major motives : to Feelings of contrasted are empathic concern People with empathic concern help others studies , observe often altruism , studies often observe altruism studies often observe altruism as the number that suggests of bystanders Greater numbers of bystanders decrease individual feelings Many studies have observed the effects of One study examined the physical health of mothers who the physical health of examined mothers it , determined was prior health status , one study on found volunteerism one study on found volunteerism that on feeling found that volunteerism feeling found that volunteerism overwhelmed about it , is themselves it , is themselves also This type of sociology seeks contributions of sociology that seeks contributions sociology that seeks contributions aid |
that seeks contributions aid grassroots motivates it at is the group level of some publications ; link study study ; some publications link the occurrence ; some publications link the occurrence of some publications link the occurrence of moral outrage Most, if not all , of promote the world's religions Altruism figures prominently in Buddhism love equally : is all beings equally : love is the wish : love is the wish that love all beings is that the wish all beings is that the wish be can be by cured the one medicine be by cured the one medicine of by cured the one medicine of love Buddhism is by characterized the belief is by characterized the belief that negative (unhappy) consequences by characterized that the belief The fundamental principles of revolve Jainism around Jainism preaches the view of "Ahimsa Jainism prescribes a path of non A major characteristic of Jain belief is the emphasis and uncontrolled sense organs are the powerful enemies uncontrolled sense organs are the powerful enemies of organs are the powerful enemies of humans The monks have to observe them The principle of seeks nonviolence to which to minimize seeks karmas Jainism views every soul as worthy Jainism emphasizes the equality of all life This policy extends even to microscopic organisms he " , concluded ourselves we thinks should love God Many biblical authors draw a strong connection between love Thomas Jay Oord has argued in several books altruism in several books argued that An altruistic action is not always a loving action German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which One way is a sincere expression of Christian love Another way is merely " one For this , means Sufis Sufis , this means devotion , this means devotion to this means devotion to others This is similar to the notion Judaism defines altruism as the desired goal love that stated is the most important attribute This is defined as bestowal This can be altruism towards that altruism towards be humanity Kabbalah defines God as the force such a framework that proposed is the purpose |
Altruism is essential to the Sikh religion The central faith in is Sikhism that in the greatest deed is that Sikhism any one is that the greatest deed Sikhism He gave water to both friends Some of began the enemy to Sikh soldiers brought Bhai Kanhaiya before Guru Gobind Singh Bhai Kanhaiya " , replied them You were you practicing what were you practicing what were you practicing what were coached of Sivananda , notes the Brahma Sutras Sivananda , notes the Brahma Sutras that karma can not bestow the fruits karma that argue generates apurva by unless moved act an intelligent being text , the Bhagavad Gita supports the doctrine , the Bhagavad Gita supports the doctrine of the Bhagavad Gita supports the doctrine of karma yoga There exists a wide range of philosophical views Proponents of maintain ethical altruism that of individuals maintain that ethical altruism individuals maintain that ethical altruism are The opposing view which is , ethical egoism which is , ethical egoism maintains A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that is and social movement a philosophy Effective altruism encourages individuals to consider It that is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach distinguishes that the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach is distinguishes effective altruism , the philosophy of applies effective altruism the philosophy of applies effective altruism more She is known for her fiction in she , moved Russia she , moved Russia to , she moved to the United States she moved to the United States in She that wrote a play opened that wrote a play opened on unsuccessful , she achieved fame , she achieved fame with she achieved fame with her 1943 novel In Rand , published 1957 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , Rand published her best-known work , Rand published her best-known work , the novel acquiring she ; rejected knowledge knowledge ; she rejected faith ; she rejected faith and she rejected faith and religion She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected In she , condemned politics |
politics , she condemned the initiation , she condemned the initiation of she condemned the initiation of force , she supported " laissez-faire" capitalism she supported " laissez-faire" capitalism , In Rand , promoted art art , Rand promoted romantic realism Rand's fiction received mixed reviews from literary critics Her writings have politically influenced some libertarians Rand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum She was twelve at the time under Vladimir Lenin the family disrupted the life Vladimir Lenin the family disrupted the life had the family disrupted the life had enjoyed Rand there , concluded high school Rand she concluded was an atheist she concluded was an atheist and universities , opened were the Russian Revolution universities were opened to women At she , began 16 16 , she began her studies , she began her studies in she began her studies in the department Rand came to see their differing views she , purged was many other bourgeois students she was purged from the university many of allowed were the purged students She then studied for a year she , decided had this time had her professional surname decided for writing her professional surname decided for writing would Rand , granted was late 1925 , Rand was granted a visa Rand was granted a visa to She departed on January become she , lived a screenwriter she , lived a screenwriter for , she lived for a few months she lived for a few months with One of them owned a movie theater her owned and allowed a movie theater she " , met The King of Kings " , she met an aspiring young actor , she met an aspiring young actor , she met an aspiring young actor , Frank O'Connor She became a permanent American resident in July 1929 , Rand's first literary success came with the sale Rand's first literary success came with the sale of in it , focused Soviet Russia it , focused Soviet Russia on , it focused on the struggle |
it focused on the struggle between She adapted the story as a stage play of Rand , was her later novels Rand , was her later novels able to Rand , wrote the 1959 edition Rand , wrote the 1959 edition that Rand wrote her novella "Anthem " It presents a vision of a dystopian future world Rand could not find an American publisher During Rand , became the 1940s Rand , became the 1940s politically she ; fielding enjoyed Rand's first public speaking experiences ; she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions from who sometimes hostile questions from fielding New York City audiences Her work brought her into contact She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt Rand , endorsed strongly them , Rand strongly endorsed the writings Rand strongly endorsed the writings of Mises once referred to her Rand became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson Rand's first major success as came a writer in Twelve publishers the Bobbs-Merrill Company rejected before it the Bobbs-Merrill Company rejected before it finally Rand , prescribed was the novel , Rand was prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine Rand was prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine to her helped to work long hours " The Fountainhead " became a worldwide success The Fountainhead " became a worldwide success , In she , sold 1943 1943 , she sold the film rights , she sold the film rights to she sold the film rights to Warner Bros. Producer Hal B. Wallis hired her afterwards as Her work for him included the screenplays Rand extended her involvement with free-market and anti-communist activism She became involved with the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance during Rand , testified the Second Red Scare Rand , testified the Second Red Scare as , Rand testified as a "friendly witness Rand testified as a "friendly witness " of the book influenced had whom the book influenced had whom profoundly In Rand , moved 1951 Rand , moved 1951 from , Rand moved from Los Angeles Rand moved from Los Angeles to Initially , the group was an informal gathering , the group was an informal gathering of |
the group was an informal gathering of friends who an informal gathering of was friends "Atlas Shrugged " was considered Rand's "magnum opus She described the novel's theme as " It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists a dystopian United States in involves which With Rand , intended this fictional strike Rand , intended this fictional strike to In Nathaniel Branden , established 1958 1958 , Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , later Collective members gave lectures for the NBI She later published some of Rand was by unimpressed many was by unimpressed many of by unimpressed many of the NBI students Some described the NBI or the Objectivist movement Rand expressed opinions on a wide range Some of her followers mimicked her preferences Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy She began delivering annual lectures at she , took often these appearances , she often took controversial stances she often took controversial stances on These included : supporting abortion rights In Nathaniel Branden , began 1964 1964 , Nathaniel Branden began an affair , Nathaniel Branden began an affair with Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair ended , Rand ended her relationship , Rand ended her relationship with Rand ended her relationship with both Brandens She published an article in " Rand underwent surgery for lung cancer In she , retired 1976 she , retired 1976 from she retired from writing her newsletter , her activities within declined the Objectivist movement her activities within declined the Objectivist movement , On Rand , died March 6, 1982 Rand , died March 6, 1982 of , Rand died of heart failure Rand died of heart failure at She was interred in the Kensico Cemetery Rand described her approach to literature her fiction wanted to present the world This approach led her to create Her fiction typically who has protagonists typically who has protagonists are |
who protagonists has are heroic individualists In school Rand read works by school Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky , her depictions of show her heroes her depictions of her heroes show the influence for her novels ; have movies movies ; her novels have many narrative descriptions ; her novels that have many narrative descriptions her novels that have many narrative descriptions resemble that many narrative descriptions have resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios Rand called her philosophy "Objectivism " , In Rand , supported metaphysics metaphysics , Rand supported philosophical realism , Rand supported philosophical realism and Rand supported philosophical realism and opposed In she , considered epistemology all knowledge , she considered epistemology Rand rejected all claims of non In Rand , argued ethics Rand , argued ethics for , Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism ( Rand referred to egoism as In she , presented it it , she presented her solution , she presented her solution to she presented her solution to the She condemned ethical altruism as incompatible Rand's political philosophy emphasized individual rights — including She considered "laissez-faire" capitalism the only moral social system because Rand which opposed , statism she opposed , which statism a constitutionally limited government believed should protect natural rights libertarian , Rand preferred the term , Rand preferred the term " Rand preferred the term " radical She worked with conservatives on Rand denounced libertarianism , which she libertarianism , denounced which In Rand , defined aesthetics aesthetics , Rand defined art , Rand defined art as Rand defined art as a "selective re to art , allows her philosophical concepts , art allows her the art form , focused Rand a writer Rand her most important contributions said to philosophy her most important contributions said to philosophy were She epistemology believed was a foundational branch epistemology believed was a foundational branch of all the rest consistently , follows it Rand's ethics and politics are the most criticized areas of she , said her ideas she , said her ideas failed she said failed in her attempt |
Critics have called her definitions of Critics from religious traditions oppose her rejection her attempt , have said Nozick her attempt said to justify individual rights as Rand , remarked her greatest influence Rand , remarked her greatest influence that Rand remarked that in the history I devised the rest of my philosophy political scientist Charles Murray " , criticized the "Claremont Review of Books " , political scientist Charles Murray criticized her claim , political scientist Charles Murray criticized her claim that political scientist Charles Murray her only "philosophical debt criticized that her claim her only "philosophical debt criticized that her claim " He asserted her ideas were derivative Rand found early inspiration from Nietzsche In she , alluded 1928 she , alluded 1928 to , she alluded to his idea she alluded to his idea of There are other indications of Nietzsche's influence she " ; believed mankind's history she his epistemology believed undermined reason his epistemology believed undermined reason and Rand's relationship with was contemporary philosophers mostly She was not an academic She was dismissive toward critics Reviews of were the Broadway production largely We received than " far fewer reviews " Rand one was that Rand one was that greatly Pruette called her "a writer of There were other positive reviews , but Rand were , but other positive reviews on one ; called the novel's length the novel's length ; one called it ; one called it " one called it " a whale conservative author Whittaker Chambers " , called National Review " , conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book "sophomoric , conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book "sophomoric " conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book "sophomoric " and He described the book's tone as " He accused Rand of supporting " Atlas Shrugged " received positive reviews Atlas Shrugged " received positive reviews from Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels Philosopher Sidney Hook likened her certainty to " the way philosophy likened to " her certainty Rand's books sold , continue over 30 million copies Rand's "Atlas Shrugged " was the second most popular choice , |
; she has influenced later writers she has influenced later writers like Rand provided a positive view of business Television shows including animated sitcoms , Throughout her life she was the subject her life she was the subject of she was the subject of many articles the Ayn Rand Institute , provided has 2002 , the Ayn Rand Institute has provided free copies the Ayn Rand Institute has provided free copies of The Institute had distributed 4.5 million copies in , Rand has had a continuing influence Rand has had a continuing influence on Rand is often considered one of journalist Brian Doherty , described that movement that movement , journalist Brian Doherty described her , journalist Brian Doherty described her as journalist Brian Doherty described her as " She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. Opinion articles compared real-world events with the novel's plot John Galt and her fictional hero appeared Rand her fictional hero John Galt appeared at Tea Party protests There was increased criticism of her ideas Critics blamed the economic crisis on her support In Adam Weiner , said 2015 Adam Weiner , said 2015 that Adam Weiner said that through Greenspan Rand's novels that said had "incalculable impact During her work , received Rand's lifetime Rand's lifetime , her work received little attention , her work received little attention from her work received little attention from academic scholars interest in increased has her work In historian Jennifer Burns , identified 2009 2009 , historian Jennifer Burns identified "three overlapping waves , historian Jennifer Burns identified "three overlapping waves " historian Jennifer Burns identified "three overlapping waves " of of few universities , included that same year that same year , few universities included Rand , few universities included Rand or few universities included Rand or Objectivism in the grants , were some cases the grants , were some cases controversial In media critic Eric Burns , said 2020 media critic Eric Burns , said 2020 that In John Hospers , discussed 1967 1967 , John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas , John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in |
John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition That same year , Hazel Barnes included a chapter , Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Objectivism in its author , declared 1971 its author , declared 1971 writing its author declared writing about Rand "a treacherous undertaking A few articles about appeared Rand's ideas in One of was these " Nozick , argued that the same publication Nozick that argued misstated Rand's case edited by was , Den Uyl and Rasmussen by Den Uyl and Rasmussen , was the first academic book In political writer Jack Wheeler , wrote one essay political writer Jack Wheeler , wrote one essay that Jenny A. Heyl " , described Contemporary Women Philosophers " , Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence , Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence in Jenny A. Heyl how different academic specialties described in a divergence how different academic specialties described in a divergence viewed Ayn Rand , considered is literary academia , Ayn Rand is considered a philosopher Ayn Rand is considered a philosopher . political theorist Chandran Kukathas " , summarized the "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy " , political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized the mainstream philosophical reception , political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized the mainstream philosophical reception of political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized the mainstream philosophical reception of her work He most commentators said view her ethical argument most commentators said view her ethical argument as for libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer , argued the Cato Institute very few people , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued the Cato Institute He she attributed the attention receives she attributed the attention receives to In the Pennsylvania State University Press , agreed 2012 the Pennsylvania State University Press , agreed 2012 to Mimi Reisel Gladstein could not find any scholarly articles scholars of continued have English and American literature Several academic book series about important authors cover Rand These include Twayne's United States Authors ( " in John David Lewis , declared 2001 John David Lewis , declared 2001 that of the Objectivist movement , continued the Nathaniel Branden Institute |
the Objectivist movement , continued the Nathaniel Branden Institute in , the Objectivist movement continued in other forms In Leonard Peikoff , began the 1970s Leonard Peikoff , began the 1970s delivering , Leonard Peikoff began delivering courses Leonard Peikoff began delivering courses on In Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz , started 1979 1979 , Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started a newsletter , Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started a newsletter called Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started a newsletter called "The Intellectual Activist In Peikoff , worked 1985 Peikoff , worked 1985 with , Peikoff worked with businessman Ed Snider Peikoff worked with businessman Ed Snider to with philosopher David Kelley , founded Peikoff Peikoff , philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies , philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies , philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies , now He is a Professor at the Collège de France in he , succeeded the 1970s he , succeeded the 1970s in he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification also the Connes formulated embedding problem Following he , made this this , he made contributions , he made contributions in he made contributions in operator K-theory He also introduced cyclic cohomology in Connes was awarded the Fields Medal in He was an invited speaker at the ICM The family moved to the United States when he to moved when the United States Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry , some of began the East Coast movie makers some of began the East Coast movie makers to , a number of worked movie companies a number of worked movie companies there Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios comedies , Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford , Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films Dwan helped launch the career of spanning Dwan , directed almost 50 years |
almost 50 years , Dwan directed 125 motion pictures , Dwan directed 125 motion pictures , Dwan some directed , 125 motion pictures some directed , 125 motion pictures of Daniel Eagan of described " "Film Journal International It is the largest country by total area It is bordered to the northeast The country has a semi-arid geography , with most has , with a semi-arid geography Algeria covers an area of , of Algeria , is 44 million 44 million , Algeria is the ninth-most populous country , Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa Pre-1962 Algeria has seen many empires and The vast majority of Algeria's population is Arab-Berber , French serves as an administrative and educational language French serves as an administrative and educational language in Algeria is a semi-presidential republic , with Algeria is a regional power in North Africa It has the highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves Algeria's military is one of the Other forms of are the name : ancestral hominins that shows inhabited the Mediterranean fringe Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles Algeria was the site of the highest state The earliest blade industries in called are North Africa by a Phoenician presence , existed 600 BC a Phoenician presence , existed 600 BC at , a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa , , its impact on increased the indigenous population its impact on increased the indigenous population dramatically Berber civilisation was already at a stage Berbers BC , formed the early 4th century BC , Berbers formed the single largest element , Berbers formed the single largest element of Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army of Berber soldiers , rebelled the Mercenaries Berber soldiers , rebelled the Mercenaries from , Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after They succeeded in obtaining control the city of destroyed was Carthage |
several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms , emerged had BC Two of established were them West of Numidia lay Mauretania Numidia which lay , Mauretania which lay , Mauretania extended the Berber kingdoms , divided were 148 BC For Algeria ruled was several centuries by Algeria was ruled several centuries Algeria was by ruled the Romans was by ruled the Romans , who by ruled , the Romans of Algeria , was North Africa North Africa , Algeria was one , Algeria was one of Algeria was one of the breadbaskets Saint Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric moved into North Africa in They did not make any significant settlement the Msellata region was by occupied the indigenous Laguatan was who by occupied the indigenous Laguatan who by occupied the indigenous Laguatan had The collapse of led the Western Roman Empire to It was by succeeded another Kingdom was by succeeded another Kingdom based by succeeded another Kingdom based in , Muslim Arabs of conquered the Umayyad Caliphate Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria Large numbers of converted the indigenous Berber people to of numerous local dynasties , emerged the Umayyad Caliphate numerous local dynasties , emerged the Umayyad Caliphate , numerous local dynasties emerged , including the Rustamids The Christians left in three waves : During North Africa , was the Middle Ages the Middle Ages , North Africa was home , North Africa was home to North Africa was home to many great scholars It was during this time that the Fatimids during was that this time to punish the Fatimids sent them punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab Banu Hilal them the Fatimids sent the Arab Banu Hilal and the Fatimids sent the Arab Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym The resultant war is recounted in the epic Tāghribāt as Fatimid Caliphate that made an Islamic empire Fatimid Caliphate that made an Islamic empire included that an Islamic empire made included North Africa The Amazighs historically consisted of several tribes The two main branches who were , the Botr and Barnès tribes |
who were , the Botr and Barnès tribes were Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes Several Amazigh dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties well as the Fatimids established their rule as the Fatimids established their rule in the Fatimids established their rule in all The Zirids what ruled in land what ruled in land is The Hammadids captured and held important regions In the Rustamid Kingdom established was Algeria The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition attempt they , found a direct invasion a direct invasion , they found another means , they found another means of they found another means of revenge The then Fatimid vizier decided to destroy what he to destroy decided what Whole tribes set off with women Some stopped on the way , The Zirid ruler tried to stop this rising tide there they gradually gained the upper Algiers they gradually gained the upper Algiers and forcibly by back taken the Almohads by back taken the Almohads in The influx of Bedouin tribes was a major factor , the main supporters were of the throne the main supporters were of the throne and of Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan , declared modern-day Western Algeria modern-day Western Algeria , Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence , Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence and Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence and established The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria by Spain , decided the Zayyanid sultans Spain , decided the Zayyanid sultans to Spain decided to invade Algeria In they , invaded 1505 they , invaded 1505 and they invaded and captured Mers el Kébir of the Spanish , decided Algeria the Spanish , decided Algeria to In they , led 1510 1510 , they led a series , they led a series of they led a series of sieges They succeeded in conquering Jijel of Hayreddin , succeeded Tlemcen Tlemcen , Hayreddin succeeded him , Hayreddin succeeded him as Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander The Ottoman sultan gave him the title of |
The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son Hasan , who was Hasan , Hayreddin's son He was a Kouloughli or of 1587 Beylerbeylik of governed was Algiers of by was governed Algiers Algiers was by governed Beylerbeys was who by governed Beylerbeys who by governed Beylerbeys served The pasha was by assisted an autonomous janissary unit was by assisted an autonomous janissary unit , by assisted an autonomous janissary unit , known Discontent among rose the ojaq in they in rose because the mid-1600s Plague had repeatedly struck the cities The Barbary pirates preyed on Christian and The pirates often took the passengers and They also did a brisk business in from pirates , captured the 16th to 19th century the 16th to 19th century , pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans , pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves They often made raids , for Hayreddin Barbarossa , captured example example , Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island , Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia The new leader received the title of Dey the right to select passed the dey In the dey , persuaded 1710 1710 , the dey persuaded the sultan , the dey persuaded the sultan to the dey persuaded the sultan to recognise The dey was in effect a constitutional autocrat The dey was elected for a life term it , had never the tribal chieftains , it never had the unanimous allegiance it never had the unanimous allegiance of Barbary raids in continued the Mediterranean to in the Spanish fleet , was 1784 the Spanish fleet , was 1784 to In Algiers , took 1792 Algiers , took 1792 back , Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir , which in resulted , the First and Second Barbary Wars to the French , invaded their consul the French , invaded their consul and the French invaded and captured Algiers Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of |
The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 A combination of the indigenous Algerian population caused violence and disease epidemics of the indigenous Algerian population caused violence and disease epidemics to the indigenous Algerian population caused violence and disease epidemics to decline On Napoleon III , declared September 17, 1860 Napoleon III , declared September 17, 1860 " until France , administered independence independence , France administered the whole Mediterranean region , France administered the whole Mediterranean region of France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria of Algeria , became France's longest-held overseas territories France's longest-held overseas territories , Algeria became a destination , Algeria became a destination for Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands , 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of early 20th century , the European share was almost a fifth , the European share was almost a fifth of the European share was almost a fifth of the population the uprising against suppressed was the occupying French forces what was suppressed through the occupying French forces Tensions between came the two population groups to The war led to the death of the actual number that state of Algerian Muslim war Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years " who fled totaled Algeria who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 was by in overthrown 1965 by in 1965 overthrown Houari Boumédiène authoritarian ; Boumédienne continued this trend He collectivised agriculture and launched under Algeria , pursued President Houari Boumediene President Houari Boumediene , Algeria pursued a program , Algeria pursued a program of Algeria pursued a program of industrialisation He promoted a policy of Arabisation by Bendjedid , introduced the end of the decade the end of the decade , Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system In the Islamic Salvation Front dominated December 1991 the December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first of of the authorities , intervened an Islamist government |
the authorities , intervened an Islamist government on , the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992 the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992 , It banned the FIS , triggering The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres , the situation in became Algeria the situation in Algeria became a point Algeria held elections in 1999 He worked to restore political stability levels and disbanded of insurgent violence The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise It also included a second amnesty initiative , the Algerian Constitution , amended was November 2008 the Algerian Constitution was amended following a vote This change enabled Bouteflika to stand On the government , lifted 24 February 2011 24 February 2011 , the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state , the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency The government enacted legislation dealing with In Bouteflika , promised April 2011 April 2011 , Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform In Abdelmadjid Tebboune , became December 2019 December 2019 , Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president , Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president , Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president , after Algeria , been has South Sudan , Algeria has been the largest country Algeria has been the largest country in Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara To the Tell Atlas , form the north the Tell Atlas , form the north with , the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas , Algeria lies mostly between latitudes They are located about south midday desert temperatures , be can this region however , the clear, dry air permits rapid loss , the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat Algeria also has ergs , The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions of Algeria which includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions Algeria all includes which coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions all includes which coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions support |
The most commonly seen animals include the wild boars , jackals Algeria also has a small African leopard and A variety of the country makes bird species of the country makes bird species an the country makes bird species an attraction The forests are by inhabited boars are by inhabited boars and by inhabited boars and jackals , some of includes the native flora some of the native flora includes Macchia scrub The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens The grape vine is indigenous to the coast In some oases , have the Sahara region the Sahara region , some oases have palm trees Acacias with wild olives are the predominant flora Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria The most powerful man might have been Mohamed Mediène many of died have these generals The head of state is the President the election as elected after president Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age The President is the head of the army the People's National Assembly , who has 462 members , who has 462 members are who has 462 members are directly In the French government , agreed 2009 the French government , agreed 2009 to the French government agreed to compensate victims The military of consists Algeria of Total military personnel include 147,000 active , Service in is the military compulsory The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa In the Algerian Air Force , signed 2007 2007 , the Algerian Air Force signed a deal , the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia has been by categorised Freedom House been by categorised Freedom House as by categorised Freedom House as " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor , issued " December 2016 , the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor " issued a report the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor " issued a report regarding the Algerian government that clarified imposed restriction Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government |
Homosexuality is illegal in Algeria Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years , about 26% of think Algerians about 26% of think Algerians that of homosexuality think that Algerians homosexuality think that Algerians should Algeria is divided into 58 provinces the numbers of kept are old provinces Algeria's currency is the dinar ( The economy remains by dominated the state remains by dominated the state , by dominated the state , a legacy the Algerian government , halted has recent years , the Algerian government has halted the privatization the Algerian government has halted the privatization of Public spending has increased by 27% to Algeria , has strong hydrocarbon revenues strong hydrocarbon revenues , Algeria has a cushion , Algeria has a cushion of Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion In Algeria's external debt , is addition Algeria's external debt , is addition extremely Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels / Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005 Non-hydrocarbon growth for projected was 2011 with the authorities , raised social demands social demands , the authorities raised expenditure , the authorities raised expenditure , the authorities raised expenditure , especially The Algerian national oil company which is , Sonatrach which is , Sonatrach plays In Algeria , had 2016 2016 , Algeria had 0.53 global hectares , Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity In Algeria , used 2016 2016 , Algeria used 2.4 global hectares , Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity This they means use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity they means use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards Currently , Algeria has 20,000 research professors , Algeria has 20,000 research professors at Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities The overall rate of unemployment was 10% There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria its length ; estimated is Africa |
will be by complemented the East-West Highway be by complemented the East-West Highway , by complemented the East-West Highway , a major infrastructure project It is a 3-way, highway , linking is also by crossed the Trans-Sahara Highway also by crossed the Trans-Sahara Highway , which by crossed , the Trans-Sahara Highway Algeria has a population of an estimated of its population , was the 20th century the 20th century , its population was approximately four million Between 90,000 and 165,000 Sahrawis from live Western Sahara Sahrawis from live Western Sahara in There are also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees , who also are , more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees French have contributed to the history Descendants of are Andalusian refugees also , the majority of identify Algerians the majority of identify Algerians with During there , was the colonial period the colonial period , there was a large (10% , there was a large (10% in there was a large (10% in 1960 They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin Modern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages ) by is used the language by the language used is the majority by as recognised " a "national language in it , has Algeria Algeria , it has one , it has one of it has one of the largest Francophone populations 11.2 million Algerians , read could 2008 An Abassa Institute study in found April 2000 that in 60% found that April 2000 60% found that April 2000 of 60% that found of households Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria There are about 290,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley There has been an increase in the percentage that found of Algerians In Algeria , had 2018 2018 , Algeria had the highest numbers , Algeria had the highest numbers of Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians Access to was " "improved water sources Algeria , making is the World Bank , Algeria is making progress Algeria is making progress toward Given policy , favours Algeria's young population Algeria's young population , policy favours preventive health care |
, policy favours preventive health care and policy favours preventive health care and clinics with the government , maintains this policy this policy , the government maintains an immunisation program the literacy rate , now is independence Arabic , used is 1972 Arabic is used as the language French , taught is the third year The students can also learn English from the Universities of the State , are the 122 private schools the Universities of the State , are the 122 private schools free the Universities of the State are free of charge students , go can primary school students can go to the high school The school offers two programs : general Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions the it , offers oldest oldest , it offers education , it offers education in it offers education in various disciplines Among there , are the most important universities the most important universities , there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , the University of Mentouri Constantine been strongly by influenced the country's recent history Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib Augustine of born was Hippo Contemporary Algerian cinema is various in terms The historic roots of go Algerian literature back This period had also known Augustine of there , is the Algerian national entity the Algerian national entity , there is the publication , there is the publication of there is the publication of novels the other party , defined is the 1990s the other party is defined in a different style Chaâbi music by is characterized a typically Algerian musical genre by a typically Algerian musical genre characterized is specific rhythms The undisputed master of this music is El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka Folk music styles include Bedouin music , characterized by include , characterized Bedouin music Rahaba music style is unique to the Aures Other Algerian singers of the diaspora include Manel Filali Tinariwen generally , had Tuareg languages |
generally , Tinariwen had a worldwide success Modern music is available in several facets 2013 , FDATIC subsidised 98 films , FDATIC subsidised 98 films ( FDATIC subsidised 98 films ( feature films ; 21 films in were this repertoire 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co The country was considered as the "granary It offers a component of dishes The cuisine uses cereals as the main products Algerian cuisine varies from one region to Among there , are these cakes Tamina , there are these cakes Marketed and home-made bread products include varieties such as Various games have existed in Algeria In people , played the Aures the Aures , people played several games , people played several games such people played several games such as The first Algerian and African gold medalist is Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics The second Algerian Medalist was Alain Mimoun in 1956 Summer Olympics Football is the most popular sport in Algeria Several names are engraved in the history The Algeria national football team qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup , several football clubs , won have addition , several football clubs have won continental and international trophies several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria Dagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel She is vice - president Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters He is a childhood friend , and Francisco , dubbed was exceptional talents , Francisco was dubbed the "climax Francisco was dubbed the "climax " He was a classmate of John Galt Later , Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business , Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business to Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business to put John Galt is the primary male hero of " He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker Only Eddie's side of given is their conversations for Galt , worked Taggart Transcontinental Galt , worked Taggart Transcontinental as , Galt worked as an engineer Galt worked as an engineer for This prototype was by found Dagny Taggart was by found Dagny Taggart and |
by found Dagny Taggart and Hank Rearden Rearden " ) is Hank " ) Rearden is one ) Rearden is one of Rearden is one of the central characters He owns the most important steel company in the United States He lives in Philadelphia with Edwin "Eddie" Willers is the Special Assistant to the Vice-President Willers does not possess the creative ability of Danneskjöld , makes the book the book , Danneskjöld makes a personal appearance , Danneskjöld makes a personal appearance to Danneskjöld makes a personal appearance to encourage written , there were sections , there were sections written there were sections written describing at Ayn Rand , admitted a lecture Ayn Rand , admitted a lecture that Danneskjöld's name that admitted was a tribute Taggart is an expert influence peddler but incapable He relies on his sister , In he , is a sense a sense , he is the antithesis , he is the antithesis of he is the antithesis of Dagny This contradiction leads to the recurring absurdity of who of The unsupportive wife , Hank Rearden Lillian achieves this , when she achieves , when this Ferris who is a biologist works who is a biologist works as He uses his position there to He clashes on several occasions with He is also one of Ferris hosts the demonstration of the Project X weapon by Ferris , uses the looters the looters , Ferris uses the device , Ferris uses the device on Ferris uses the device on Galt He has since become a sell-out who a sell-out , become one He works at the State Science Institute where all his inventions at works where the State Science Institute The character was , in part Hank Rearden The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom reluctantly employs , he is given a senior position he is given a senior position at Later in he becomes the novel in the novel he becomes its Top Co the novel he becomes its Top Co - he becomes its Top Co - ordinator Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity language how Linguistic anthropology studies influences social life |
Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany ( Its adjectival form appeared in the works Its adjectival form appeared in the works of These anthropologists of were the times liberal Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results they the epiphany of was everything Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution There was an immediate rush to bring Paul Broca in was Paris in read he , became Darwin Darwin , he became an immediate convert , he became an immediate convert to he became an immediate convert to "Transformisme He wanted to localize the difference He discovered the speech center of the human brain His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology Waitz defined anthropology as " Following Waitz , points Broca's lead Waitz , points Broca's lead out the data that stresses of comparison Waitz was influential among British ethnologists It was the 2nd society dedicated to Representatives from were " the French "Société " , Hunt stressed the work , Hunt stressed the work of Hunt stressed the work of Waitz Among the young Edward Burnett Tylor were the first associates , the young Edward Burnett Tylor were the first associates , inventor Similar organizations in followed other countries : The majority of these were evolutionists One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology , and They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula , 48 educational institutions in had 13 countries 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum This meager statistic expanded in the 20th century to Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions the presence of stimulate might buried victims been by from distinguished other social sciences by from other social sciences distinguished their emphasis , the British tradition of tends social anthropology the British tradition of tends social anthropology to by into divided developed the four field approach European countries with tended overseas colonies to Anthropology is a global discipline involving humanities Anthropology builds upon knowledge from Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and been heavily by influenced structuralist and postmodern theories heavily by influenced structuralist and postmodern theories , |
by influenced structuralist and postmodern theories , as 1990s , there was an epistemological shift , there was an epistemological shift away there was an epistemological shift away from Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways ( how one's culture affects the experience how one's culture affects the experience for one's culture affects the experience for self In it , helps that it , helps that develop , it helps develop an understanding it helps develop an understanding of Inquiry in guided is sociocultural anthropology is by in guided part by in part guided cultural relativism Accepting other cultures in moderates their own terms Ethnography can refer to both a methodology ethnography , based is a methodology ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork Participant observation is one of the foundational methods Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures Comparison across cultures is a key element Biological anthropology and physical anthropology are synonymous terms Archaeology is the study of the human past material examine remains in order It is the branch of anthropology that the branch of is anthropology Ethnography is a method of analysing It often involves participant observation though often an ethnographer involves though participant observation an ethnographer involves though participant observation may Tim Ingold distinguishes ethnography from anthropology anthropologists of focused have art The types of ethnographic contexts explored range Other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area visual anthropology , encompasses also ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior It has a complex relationship with the discipline - field of begin anthropology field of begin anthropology with Economic Anthropology remains , for the most part Political economy in anthropology is the application Political economy introduced questions of history Three main areas of developed rapidly interest first of concerned was these areas was that with concerned the "pre-capitalist" societies that with concerned the "pre-capitalist" societies were The second area was concerned with the vast majority The third area was on colonialism , |
Applied anthropology refers to the application of It is a " complex of it ; includes anthropological research anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement ; it includes researcher involvement and it includes researcher involvement and activism Anthropology of tends development to Why there is such a gap between there is such a gap between plans those are working in development Kinship " can refer both anthropology , developed has its history , anthropology has developed a number anthropology has developed a number of Within kinship you have two different families People it have and their biological families it have and their biological families is This is called consanguineal relations or People can also have a chosen family they a chosen family in have which Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology Anthropology engages often with feminists This correction of include may systemic bias to Vera Mae Green , was St. Clair Drake Vera Mae Green , was St. Clair Drake , She studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean Nutritional anthropology that is a synthetic concept deals that is a synthetic concept deals with Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that an interdisciplinary subfield of is anthropology Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states with the field , is transpersonal psychology the field , is transpersonal psychology much Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems The turn towards meant complex societies that towards political themes meant that complex societies political themes meant that complex societies were anthropologists continued to study political organization An anthropology of developed the state , it developed , and the state Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship Ecological anthropology is defined as the "study human populations helped adapt to their environments Many characterize this new perspective as more , the observer has become an active part the observer has become an active part of ( The troubling problem is borrowing non indigenous practices The troubling problem is borrowing non indigenous practices and addressing anthropology - is environmental problems |
anthropology - is environmental problems now - anthropology is now a study anthropology is now a study of Human activity is the most important agent in creating anthropology contributes to is environmental discourse contributes to is environmental discourse by the term - refers typically environmentalism the term typically refers to a concern the environment to refers that a concern Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures It is also the study of Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation The anthropology of religion involves the study Urban anthropology is concerned with issues Ulf Hannerz traditional anthropologists quotes that a 1960s remark traditional anthropologists quotes that a 1960s remark were There are two main approaches to urban anthropology one , use would cities , one would use social factors one would use social factors as It that is an interdisciplinary field overlaps that is an interdisciplinary field overlaps with A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships from that ; is a racial perspective that ; is a racial perspective , that is , from the assumption Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution It is based on a scientific approach Forensic anthropology is the application of the science A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology It is the study of ancient humans Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments The single largest organization of anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association present-day anthropologists , urge typically scientific objectivity , present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism , typically which urge , cultural relativism which urge , cultural relativism has This cultures is that the notion cultures is that the notion should Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , many of were Boas' anthropologist contemporaries many of were Boas' anthropologist contemporaries active Many served in the armed forces , Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use |
HTS teams , working are addition HTS teams are working with the US military There that are several characteristics tend that are several characteristics tend to One of is the central characteristics that of anthropology is that the central characteristics anthropology is that the central characteristics tends what for calls of clarification Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation They use many different methods of study anthropologists , divide typically theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world anthropologists typically divide the world up Human time on divided is Earth Anthropologists and geographers share approaches Now there exist many works focusing there exist many works focusing on Since it become has the 1980s it become has the 1980s common Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that a broad multidisciplinary field of is biology , a scientific revolution in began agriculture a scientific revolution in began agriculture with The Hatch Act was by driven farmers' interest was by driven farmers' interest in by driven farmers' interest in knowing The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education khumeía " ) is an ancient branch Common aims were chrysopoeia , the Islamic and European alchemists developed a basic set of laboratory techniques They did not abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea not everything abandon that the Ancient Greek philosophical idea everything abandon that the Ancient Greek philosophical idea is former is by pursued historians is by pursued historians of by pursued historians of the physical sciences The word alchemy comes from Old French alchemy comes from Old French "alquemie was itself brought from the Arabic word itself brought from the Arabic word " first was by proposed Zosimos was by proposed Zosimos of by proposed Zosimos of Panopolis Others trace its roots to the Egyptian name This Coptic word derives from Demotic "kmỉ " Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia These traditions' general penchant for it makes cryptic and symbolic language for it makes cryptic and symbolic language hard it makes cryptic and symbolic language hard to One can distinguish at least three major strands , can which distinguish , at least three major strands |
which distinguish , at least three major strands appear In Western alchemy , developed contrast contrast , Western alchemy developed its philosophical system , Western alchemy developed its philosophical system mostly Western alchemy developed its philosophical system mostly independent of modern scholars , see André-Jean Festugière André-Jean Festugière , modern scholars see alchemical practice , modern scholars see alchemical practice in modern scholars see alchemical practice in the Roman Empire in by is complicated Egypt Egypt is by complicated the pseudepigraphic nature is by complicated the pseudepigraphic nature of by complicated the pseudepigraphic nature of texts Zosimus based his work on that Recent scholarship tends to emphasize the testimony early alchemical writers that argued borrowed the vocabulary Zosimos of wrote Panopolis in the ancient practice that explains of "tinctures Mythology – Zosimos of asserted Panopolis of alchemy asserted that Panopolis alchemy asserted that Panopolis dated Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek His name is derived from the god of he , wrote Alexandria what , he wrote Alexandria what wrote were called the "forty-two books they , contained 250–300 250–300 , they contained recipes , they contained recipes for they contained recipes for dyeing These writings lack the mystical, philosophical elements of alchemy – Alexandria acted as a melting pot Alexandria acted as a melting pot for developed by was , Aristotle by was , Aristotle that all things , was that Aristotle all things that was in the universe to each element , had Aristotle Aristotle , each element had a sphere , each element had a sphere to each element had a sphere to which it a sphere to had which The four elements of the Greek were mostly qualitative aspects The four elements are simply the primary , Hermes Trismegistus believed had prophesied its birth St Augustine later affirmed this in by are known only Zosimos are by only known pseudonyms by only known pseudonyms , we only know through fragments 400 , Greek alchemical writers occupied themselves , Greek alchemical writers occupied themselves solely Greek alchemical writers occupied themselves solely in The 2nd millennium BC text Vedas describe a connection between |
Vedas describe a connection between eternal life Buddhist texts from the 2nd to 5th centuries mention the transmutation Some early alchemical writings seem to have their origins Two famous early Indian alchemical authors were Nāgārjuna Siddha and Nityanātha Siddha Nityanātha Siddha wrote " Rasaratnākara " , the focus of moved alchemical development the focus of moved alchemical development to it about known because Islamic alchemy The early Islamic world was a melting pot for alchemy Islamic philosophers also made great contributions to The most influential author in this regard was arguably Jabir He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms each metal two of were these qualities two of were these qualities interior two were interior and these qualities For lead , was example lead , was example externally the search for introduced was the philosopher's stone His original system consisted of seven elements , which of consisted , seven elements , this evolved into eight elements this evolved into eight elements , From alchemical theories , faced the 9th to 14th centuries the 9th to 14th centuries , alchemical theories faced criticism , alchemical theories faced criticism from alchemical theories faced criticism from a variety into Chinese alchemy , had noble metals noble metals , Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection , Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection to Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection to medicine by to compared sought the Grand Elixir of Immortality Black powder may have been an important invention the Chinese that said invented gunpowder it , used was the 10th century it was used in cannons was by in used cannons by in cannons used 1290 , the use of spread gunpowder the use of spread gunpowder to would which ingest , mercuric sulfide which ingest , mercuric sulfide , to the ensuing deaths , encouraged the Taoist heavens the Taoist heavens , the ensuing deaths encouraged people , the ensuing deaths encouraged people to the ensuing deaths encouraged people to eschew Translations of the time included the Turba Philosophorum These brought with them many new words , theologian contemporaries of made the translators |
theologian contemporaries of the translators made strides The 11th-century St Anselm put forth the opinion that faith forth put that the opinion In Peter Abelard , followed the early 12th century the early 12th century , Peter Abelard followed Anselm's work , Peter Abelard followed Anselm's work , Peter Abelard followed Anselm's work , laying In Robert Grosseteste , used the early 13th century the early 13th century , Robert Grosseteste used Abelard's methods , Robert Grosseteste used Abelard's methods of Robert Grosseteste used Abelard's methods of analysis The efforts of succeeded were the translators of by were succeeded the translators the translators were by succeeded that were by succeeded that of by succeeded that of the encyclopaedists Albertus critically compared these to more than 28 alchemical tracts , misattributed were the 15th century more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed to him he , consider did the topic Bacon's writings integrated morality , salvation His correspondence with Clement highlighted this before Bacon , acknowledged him him , Bacon acknowledged the division , Bacon acknowledged the division of Bacon acknowledged the division of alchemy The practical confirmed the theoretical , practical confirmed the theoretical , and Bacon confirmed , and the theoretical In he , became later European legend later European legend , he became an archmage His "Summa Perfectionis " remained a staple summary of It was notable for its inclusion alchemy , developed had the end of the 13th century alchemy had developed into a fairly structured system They believed in the four elements and they : experimented actively their art they actively experimented with chemicals Their entire philosophy revolved around their belief that man's soul around revolved that their belief In alchemy , became the 14th century alchemy , became the 14th century more Alchemical discourse shifted from scholarly philosophical debate to , Henry IV of banned England Henry IV of England banned the practice Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist , but Flamel was not a religious scholar as His work spends a great deal of time that at gathering aimed alchemical knowledge like they : concentrated Flamel |
they : concentrated Flamel on Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions In Marsilo Ficino , translated the late 15th century the late 15th century , Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum , Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works Esoteric systems that developed blended alchemy that developed blended alchemy into A key figure in this development was German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa he " , attempted his "De Occulta Philosophia he attempted to merge Kabbalah Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals For such is me not me such is not the aim such is not the aim , He took an approach different from His writing portrayed alchemy as a sort , a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation of became alchemy a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation of became alchemy popular Entrepreneurial opportunities were common for the alchemists Alchemists were by contracted the elite were by contracted the elite for by contracted the elite for practical purposes , the trend of continued pseudo-alchemical fraud the trend of continued pseudo-alchemical fraud through Betrüger " would use sleight There were important overlaps between practitioners Sendivogious taught his technique to Cornelius Drebbel who his technique to taught Cornelius Drebbel Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of The decline of brought was European alchemy by was brought about European alchemy was by about brought the rise by about brought the rise of alchemy , flourished still the 17th century alchemy still flourished for some two hundred years Early modern European alchemy continued to exhibit a diversity He assumed nothing in his experiments Boyle would note the place in the experiment the place in note which , academic writers during attempted the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment academic writers during attempted the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment , of alchemy , received the early 19th century the early 19th century , alchemy received new attention , alchemy received new attention as alchemy received new attention as an occult science of the two most seminal figures , were alchemy alchemy , the two most seminal figures were Mary Anne Atwood , the two most seminal figures were Mary Anne Atwood and |
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