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, they also brought him they also brought him gifts Python , attacked had Delphi , Python had attacked her Apollo defended his mother and killed of Earth , gave Pytho Pytho , Earth gave birth , Earth gave birth to Earth gave birth to dream visions The lord made his swift way to Olympus all other methods that demanded of divination , Apollo had committed a blood murder Apollo had committed a blood murder and of Gaia , wanted Gaia Apollo , Gaia wanted Gaia per he , travelled his father's order he , travelled his father's order to , he travelled to the Vale he travelled to the Vale of There Zeus himself performed purificatory rites Zeus himself performed purificatory rites on Apollo was by escorted his half sister was by escorted his half sister Athena by escorted his half sister Athena to Apollo later established the Pythian games to after , Zeus instructed Apollo , Zeus instructed Apollo to Zeus instructed Apollo to go after Apollo , needed his return Apollo , needed his return to Apollo needed to recruit people from he , sprang Crete he , sprang Crete aboard he sprang aboard in the form The crew was awed into submission There Apollo revealed himself as Apollo revealed himself as a god to he , instructed his service his service , he instructed them , he instructed them to he instructed them to keep The Pythia was Apollo's high priestess and his mouthpiece Hera once again sent another giant again Tityos sent , another giant Tityos sent , another giant to This time Apollo shot him time Apollo shot him with Apollo shot him with his arrows Artemis , aided also other version , Artemis also aided him Artemis also aided him in After Zeus relented finally the battle the battle Zeus finally relented his aid Zeus finally relented his aid and Admetus was the king of Pherae killing he , served Python he , served Python as , he served as a herdsman he served as a herdsman under the god well , conferred Apollo

well , the god conferred great benefits , the god conferred great benefits on the god conferred great benefits on him Apollo Admetus helped win the hand Admetus helped win the hand of He was present during their wedding her Apollo , came the due offerings Apollo , came the due offerings to , Apollo came to the rescue Apollo came to the rescue and , Apollo in killed revenge Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes revenge who killed , the Cyclopes who killed , the Cyclopes had The fate of prophesied was Niobe of by was prophesied Niobe Niobe was by prophesied Apollo was by prophesied Apollo while he by prophesied while Apollo Niobe was the queen of Thebes She she displayed when hubris she displayed when hubris boasted She further mocked Apollo's effeminate appearance and insulted by told , this by this , told her children Accordingly , Apollo killed Niobe's sons , Apollo killed Niobe's sons , Apollo killed Niobe's sons , and A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in had Apollo , granted children children , Apollo granted her son , Apollo granted her son Nestor Apollo granted her son Nestor the years he granted Nestor the years her son Apollo guarded the cattle of Laomedon In the gods , took Pindar's odes the gods , took Pindar's odes a , the gods took a mortal the gods took a mortal named , three snakes rushed against the wall three snakes rushed against the wall , the insults , Apollo infected the city , Apollo infected the city with Apollo infected the city with a pestilence in Apollo , had Troy Troy , Apollo had a lover , Apollo had a lover named Apollo had a lover named Ourea the Greek king , captured Agamemnon the war , the Greek king Agamemnon captured Chryseis the Greek king Agamemnon captured Chryseis , by Apollo , shot this this , Apollo shot arrows , Apollo shot arrows infected Apollo shot arrows infected with from Apollo , entered Zeus Zeus , Apollo entered the battlefield , Apollo entered the battlefield as

Apollo entered the battlefield as per He pushed the Greeks back and Apollo , provoked was the war Apollo was by provoked Poseidon was by provoked Poseidon to by provoked Poseidon to a duel injured Aphrodite , tried the Trojan hero Aeneas Aphrodite , tried the Trojan hero Aeneas to Aphrodite tried to rescue him Apollo then enveloped Aeneas in He Diomedes repelled the attacks made Diomedes repelled the attacks made on of Apollo , rescued Zeus Zeus , Apollo rescued the corpse , Apollo rescued the corpse from Apollo rescued the corpse from the battlefield He then gave it to by ) was favored Hecuba ) was by favored Apollo injured , Apollo healed him , Apollo healed him and Apollo healed him and encouraged lose , Apollo hid Hector , Apollo hid Hector in Apollo hid Hector in a cloud he , stopped was Troy he was by stopped Apollo attack Apollo , stripped Patroclus Patroclus , Apollo stripped the armour , Apollo stripped the armour of Apollo stripped the armour of the Greek warrior was eventually by killed Hector Apollo held a grudge against Achilles he , tricked also Achilles , he also tricked Achilles he also tricked Achilles by Finally , Apollo caused Achilles' death , Apollo caused Achilles' death by Apollo caused Achilles' death by guiding Apollo helped many Trojan warriors , including killed he , sought his family he , sought his family to he sought to purify himself Alcides be absolved of his sin complete Heracles , had his third task Heracles , had his third task to Heracles had to capture the Ceryneian Hind the animal , got eventually one year he was by confronted Apollo was by confronted Apollo and by confronted Apollo and Artemis However , Heracles soothed the goddess , Heracles soothed the goddess and Heracles soothed the goddess and explained to Heracles , fell Eurystheus Heracles , fell Eurystheus in , Heracles fell in conflict Heracles fell in conflict with after , he contracted a terrible disease He consulted the oracle of Apollo In Heracles , snatched anger anger , Heracles snatched the sacred tripod

, Heracles snatched the sacred tripod and Heracles snatched the sacred tripod and started Apollo did not tolerate this Artemis rushed to support Apollo Soon , Zeus threw his thunderbolt , Zeus threw his thunderbolt between Zeus threw his thunderbolt between the fighting brothers He reprimanded Heracles for this act Periphas was an Attican king and a priest At they , worshipped one point one point , they worshipped Periphas , they worshipped Periphas in they worshipped Periphas in place Apollo intervened and requested his father Zeus considered Apollo's words and agreed But he metamorphosed Periphas into he metamorphosed Periphas into an eagle A long time ago , there were three kinds , there were three kinds of there were three kinds of human beings check Zeus , devised their insolence their insolence , Zeus devised a plan , Zeus devised a plan to Zeus devised a plan to humble He cut them all in towards he , pulled their wounds he , pulled their wounds together , he pulled together their skin he pulled together their skin at This we is what call we what is call navel He smoothened the wrinkles and shaped after he , bade another Apollo , he bade another he Apollo bade give the face Apollo bade give the face and Apollo "Kourotrophos " who is the god " who is the god nurtures who is the god nurtures and He oversees their education and their passage Many myths have him train his children , was by fostered Apollo was by fostered Apollo , who by fostered , Apollo Asclepius in his childhood gained much knowledge by , was abandoned Rhoeo , was by abandoned his mother was by abandoned his mother soon by abandoned his mother soon after Apollo brought him up and Iamus was the son of Apollo into Apollo , sent labour labour , Apollo sent the Moirai , Apollo sent the Moirai to Apollo sent the Moirai to assist born , Apollo sent snakes , Apollo sent snakes to Apollo sent snakes to feed Idmon was by educated Apollo was by educated Apollo to

by educated Apollo to be with he , embraced the Argonauts the Argonauts , he embraced his destiny , he embraced his destiny and he embraced his destiny and died Apollo adopted Carnus , the abandoned son Apollo saved a shepherd boy ( name after Apollo , demanded his birth his birth , Apollo demanded a lyre , Apollo demanded a lyre and Apollo demanded a lyre and invented As he , is the divine singer the divine singer , he is the patron , he is the patron of he is the patron of poets The invention of attributed is string music the innate ability that said of humans to ancient Greeks , believed Socrates ancient Greeks , believed Socrates that Apollo that believed is the god he , called was this reason , he was called "Homopolon he was called "Homopolon " the "Homo called " before "Homopolon Apollo's harmonious music delivered people from their pain They are Apollo's sacred birds and acted the music that was purifies the soul Apollo appears as the companion of he leads them in dance They spend their time on Parnassus of he , was banquets he , was banquets always He is a frequent guest of the Bacchanalia Apollo also participated in musical contests The invention of attributed is lyre In he , found the cave the cave , he found a tortoise , he found a tortoise and he found a tortoise and killed discovering Apollo , confronted the theft the theft , Apollo confronted Hermes , Apollo confronted Hermes and Apollo confronted Hermes and asked innocent , Apollo took the matter , Apollo took the matter to Apollo took the matter to Zeus Apollo fell in love with Apollo , invented had other versions , Apollo had invented the lyre Apollo had invented the lyre himself Once Pan had the audacity to Pan had the audacity to compare The mountain-god Tmolus was chosen to umpire Pan blew on his pipes , Then , Apollo struck the strings , Apollo struck the strings of Apollo struck the strings of his lyre

Only Midas dissented and questioned the justice Marsyas who was a satyr was who was a satyr was punished He had found an aulos on Athena had also placed a curse played everyone , became the flute everyone , became the flute frenzied everyone became frenzied with joy This led Marsyas to think The contest was by judged the Muses was by judged the Muses , by judged the Muses , or Marsyas taunted Apollo for " bright , his tongue gives oracles , his tongue gives oracles , his tongue gives oracles , and he gives , and oracles flashes gleams , white gold gleams , white gold with , gleams white with ivory gleams white with ivory , , all these allurements suit with naught save luxury they both were deemed equal both were by deemed equal were by equal deemed the Nysiads in Apollo , decided the next round Apollo , decided the next round to Marsyas argued against this , Apollo then played his lyre and Marsyas could not do this to Marsyas , played another account another account , Marsyas played his flute , Marsyas played his flute out Marsyas played his flute out of of he , assigned shame he , assigned shame to , he assigned to himself he assigned to himself the punishment Apollo that is played his instrument Marsyas could not do this the Muses who were declared the judges who were Apollo declared the judges were Apollo declared the judges the Apollo declared the judges the winner Apollo flayed the limbs of Marsyas He then gave the rest of done , he tore the strings , he tore the strings of he tore the strings of his lyre was later by discovered the Muses later by discovered the Muses and by discovered the Muses and Apollo's sons The Muses fixed the middle string , Linus Cinyras was a ruler of Cyprus Cinyras promised to assist Agamemnon He invoked Apollo and asked Apollo then had a lyre-playing contest with faced Jason , prayed a terrible storm Jason , prayed a terrible storm to

, Jason prayed to his patron Jason prayed to his patron , Apollo used his bow and golden arrow During Odysseus , came the Trojan War Odysseus , came the Trojan War to , Odysseus came to the Trojan camp Odysseus came to the Trojan camp to Arion who was a poet was who was a poet was kidnapped Arion requested them to let him requested to let them Arion began singing a song in Apollo played a pivotal role in the entire Trojan War He sided with the Trojans , He killed the Greek heroes Patroclus , Achilles He also helped many Trojan heroes , A war broke out between the Brygoi Athena helped the hero Odysseus while Ares helped Odysseus while the hero among Dionysus , declared the gods the gods , Dionysus declared war , Dionysus declared war against Dionysus declared war against the Indians Among Aristaeus was the warriors , Aristaeus was the warriors , Apollo's son Apollo armed his son with his own hands join he , went the war he , went the war to , he went to the battlefield in he , took a river a river , he took them , he took them to he took them to safety between Oedipus, Apollo of favored the sons the sons of Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus of Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus , Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus , a seer in Apollo , made the war Apollo , made the war Amphiaraus' by Apollo , directed a spear a spear , Apollo directed the spear , Apollo directed the spear towards Apollo directed the spear towards the charioteer Then Apollo himself replaced the charioteer Apollo himself replaced the charioteer and He deflected many spears and arrows He also killed many of Apollo and Heracles blinded the giant Ephialtes namely Otis and Ephialtes , who were twin giants , who were twin giants decided who were twin giants decided to They attempted to storm Mt. Olympus by Apollo , killed this this , Apollo killed them , Apollo killed them by Apollo killed them by shooting

Phorbas was a savage giant king of Phlegyas who a savage giant king of was Phlegyas He wished to plunder Delphi He seized the roads to Delphi He captured the old people and children And he challenged the young and sturdy men to he challenged the young and sturdy men to a match He hung the chopped off heads to an oak tree Apollo came to put an end In Apollo , defeated the first Olympic games the first Olympic games , Apollo defeated Ares , Apollo defeated Ares and Apollo defeated Ares and became Apollo divides months into summer He rides on the back of Molpadia and Parthenos were the sisters they were put in charge the wine jar was by broken the swines was their family by broken the swines their family by broken the swines kept happened , they threw themselves , they threw themselves off they threw themselves off a cliff He turned them into goddesses Prometheus who was the titan was who was the titan was punished He was bound to a rock Seeing Apollo , pleaded his plight his plight , Apollo pleaded Zeus , Apollo pleaded Zeus to Apollo pleaded Zeus to release It was present in the sanctuary Aphrodite fell deeply in love Aphrodite wandered looking for the rock in she , confided Argos she , confided Argos in , she confided in him she confided in him her love Apollo then brought her to a man that relates named Nireus , he fell into the net he fell into the net of It was an ancestral custom among the Leukadians Love affairs ascribed to are Apollo Daphne who was a nymph scorned who a nymph was scorned Apollo's advances persuade she , changed her her , she changed herself , she changed herself into she changed herself into a laurel tree to she , cried other versions she , cried other versions for , she cried for help she cried for help during the chase , brought was Roman poet Ovid was by about brought Cupid by about brought Cupid , The myth explains the origin of the laurel

Cyrene Apollo a Thessalian princess was whom Apollo a Thessalian princess was whom loved In he , built her honor her honor , he built the city , he built the city Cyrene he built the city Cyrene and She was later granted longevity was later by granted longevity later by longevity granted Apollo who longevity by granted Apollo Evadne was a nymph daughter of Poseidon She bore him a son , of by was loved Naxos Naxos was by loved Apollo for Apollo , turned her her , Apollo turned her sisters , Apollo turned her sisters into Apollo turned her sisters into goddesses On she Delos bore the island the island Delos she bore Apollo Delos she bore Apollo a son she bore Apollo a son named have she , entrusted the child the child , she entrusted the infant , she entrusted the infant to she entrusted the infant to Apollo They both united on the day both the walls on united the day the walls on united the day of She bore to Apollo a son by , was loved the moonbeams , was by loved the radiant Apollo was by loved the radiant Apollo , by loved the radiant Apollo , and By she , became their union their union , she became mother , she became mother of she became mother of Chaeron Hyrie or Thyrie was the mother Hecuba was the wife of King Priam by and killed ambushed Achilleus Coronis was daughter of Phlegyas with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with through he , sent his prophetic powers his prophetic powers , he sent his sister , he sent his sister , he sent his sister , Artemis by , was impregnated Dryops , was by impregnated Apollo was by impregnated Apollo in by impregnated Apollo in the form " , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , wife He used his powers to conceal The pair was practicing throwing the discus a discus throwing practicing when the discus

of Apollo , created Hyacinthus' blood Hyacinthus' blood , Apollo created a flower , Apollo created a flower named Apollo created a flower named after Another male lover was Cyparissus , a descendant Apollo gave him a tame deer as was so by saddened its death so by saddened its death that he by saddened that its death nine years , Apollo served Admetus , Apollo served Admetus as Apollo served Admetus as a herdsman by was first described their relationship was first by described Callimachus of Alexandria first by described Callimachus of Alexandria , who by described , Callimachus of Alexandria Plutarch lists Admetus as one Latin poet Ovid in said his Ars Amatoria Tibullus desrcibes Apollo's love to the king He would also make cheese marry Apollo , provided princess Alcestis princess Alcestis , Apollo provided a chariot , Apollo provided a chariot pulled Apollo by provided pulled a chariot by a chariot pulled provided a lion he Admetus let marry his daughter , one day came across Apollo one day came across Apollo in by he , kissed the god's beauty the god's beauty , he kissed Apollo Apollo requited his affections and wanting Apollo sired many children , from Many of his sons founded new cities Asclepius is the most famous son of Apollo His skills as a physician surpassed that Aristaeus was placed under the care He became the god of beekeeping He was ultimately given immortality he immortality for given the benefits Apollo fathered 3 daughters , Apollonis They were nicknamed Nete , He also had a son named who a son named had Chrysorrhoas His other daughters include Eurynome , Chariclo wife , Apollo fostered and educated Chiron Apollo fostered and educated Chiron , Marpessa was by kidnapped Idas was by kidnapped Idas but by kidnapped Idas but was , was by approached the amorous Apollo Bolina was by admired Apollo was by admired Apollo but she by admired but Apollo Castalia Apollo a nymph was whom Apollo a nymph was whom loved She fled from him and Cassandra , was a daughter of

Apollo wished to court her he - give should one condition - he should give her he should give her the power Apollo fulfilled her wish , but she fulfilled , but her wish , she as represented a female divinity she as a female divinity represented the same idea a female divinity Apollo the same idea represented that Apollo the same idea represented that did their relationship , described was the pre-Hellenic period their relationship was described as the one She is the cause of sudden deaths She also is the protector of , she sometimes led the female chorus she sometimes led the female chorus on " Apollo Daphnephoros " had a temple Apollo Daphnephoros " had a temple in They both are cousins , their mothers are , since cousins "Hecatos " , is the masculine form , Hecate presided over the prophetic powers Hecate presided over the prophetic powers and The oldest evidence found for is Hecate's worship Apollo was seen being the male counterpart they , given were Zeus' favorite children , they were given more powers they were given more powers and Apollo and Athena were companions Apollo , seen is Zeus' executive Apollo is holding seen the aegis is holding seen the aegis like holding seen the aegis like Athena In Clytemnestra , kills Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy , Clytemnestra kills her husband , Clytemnestra kills her husband , Clytemnestra kills her husband , King Agamemnon Apollo gives an order through the Oracle the bond that holds of marriage They invade his temple , and he invade , and his temple Apollo promises to protect Orestes The Roman worship of adopted was Apollo As Apollo , had a quintessentially Greek god a quintessentially Greek god , Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent , Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent , Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent , although later Roman poets had , although no direct Roman equivalent Apollo's first temple at established was Rome of Augustus , enlarged Apollo Apollo , Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple , Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple ,

Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple , dedicated He also erected a new temple to Apollo's most common attributes were the bow and arrow Other attributes of his included the kithara Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod , representing The Pythian Games were held in Apollo's honor Apollo that wrote had a hawk In Apollo transformed is many myths Apollo transformed is many myths into Apollo is transformed into a hawk In Claudius Aelianus , wrote addition Claudius Aelianus , wrote addition that the second appearance that wrote of the moon of Apollo , gave colonization colonization , Apollo gave oracular guidance , Apollo gave oracular guidance on Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies to he , helped Greek tradition Cretan or Arcadian colonists , he helped Greek tradition he Cretan or Arcadian colonists helped found the city Cretan or Arcadian colonists helped found the city of had Hittite cuneiform texts : mention the reverse direction an Asia Minor god : Hittite cuneiform texts mention the reverse direction Hittite cuneiform texts an Asia Minor god mention called "Appaliunas an Asia Minor god mention called "Appaliunas " — characteristics contrasted with those characteristics contrasted with those of complementary : the two gods are brothers : the two gods are brothers , the two gods are brothers , and Apollo is a common theme in Greek and Roman art The earliest Greek word for is a statue " Greek art puts into Apollo the highest degree The naked bodies of associated are the statues later discoveries , though indicated Apollo , though later discoveries indicated that many represented mortals the preponderance of found were these It was found in Piraeus ; for it epitomized centuries for centuries it epitomized the ideals centuries it epitomized the ideals of it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity is by as identified an Apollo by as an Apollo identified modern scholars Another haloed Apollo in mosaic Apollo has featured in dance Percy Bysshe Shelley a "Hymn of Apollo" (1820), and the god's instruction composed of the Muses a "Hymn of Apollo" (1820), and the god's instruction composed of the Muses formed

Apollo been portrayed in modern literature Apollo order represents where a 'role' culture order represents where a 'role' culture , Apollo has appeared in many modern video games Apollo appears as a minor character in Agassi was the first man to win Agassi is the second of Agassi was the first man to win He also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles and Agassi reached the world No . Agassi returned to No . with Agassi , retired the nerve Agassi , retired the nerve from , Agassi retired from professional tennis Agassi retired from professional tennis on He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation In the Foundation , opened 2001 2001 , the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy , the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas Andre Agassi was born in Las Vegas He has three older siblings – Rita Andre was given the middle name Kirk Agassi , sent was 13 , Agassi was sent to Agassi was sent to Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Academy Agassi turned professional at the age of 16 He won his first match against John Austin Agassi , ranked was the end of 1986 , Agassi was ranked No Agassi was ranked No . He won his first top-level singles title in 1987 the fastest anyone in reached had history he , set also 1988 , he also set the open-era record he also set the open-era record for His year-end ranking was No . 3 Strong performances on meant the tour that on Agassi meant that the tour Agassi meant that the tour was teenager , he reached the semi , he reached the semi - he reached the semi - finals He began the 1990s with a series He reached his first Grand Slam final in His opponent in the was final The rivalry between became these two American players the In Agassi , reached 1991 1991 , Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final , Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final ,

Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final , where he reached , where his second consecutive French Open final Courier emerged the victor in a He eventually emerged for the first round Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came at Wimbledon , In he , defeated 1992 1992 , he defeated Goran Ivanišević , he defeated Goran Ivanišević in he defeated Goran Ivanišević in a Along Agassi , overcame the way the way , Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions , Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions : Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions : Boris Becker No other baseliner would triumph at Wimbledon Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year in It was their second Davis cup title in three years Agassi famously played the game wearing In Agassi , won 1993 1993 , Agassi won the only doubles title , Agassi won the only doubles title of Agassi won the only doubles title of his career He missed much of the early part in he , lost his Wimbledon title defense he , lost his Wimbledon title defense to , he lost to eventual champion he lost to eventual champion and on Agassi , began board Agassi , began board to Agassi began to employ more He started slowly in 1994 , he emerged during the hard-court season he emerged during the hard-court season , His comeback culminated at the 1994 US Open with He then became the first man to In Agassi , shaved 1995 1995 , Agassi shaved his balding head , Agassi shaved his balding head , Agassi breaking shaved , his balding head breaking shaved , his balding head with He competed in the 1995 Australian Open ( Agassi won three Masters Series events in 1995 He compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during the summer hard-court circuit Agassi reached the world No . He held that ranking until Agassi skipped most of the fall indoor season which most of skipped the fall indoor season of 1995 , was win/loss record win/loss record , 1995 was Agassi's best year 1996 was a less successful year for Agassi

He suffered two early-round losses to Chris Woodruff At Agassi , blamed the time the time , Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss , Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions The high point for winning was Agassi 1997 was the low point of Agassi's career He failed an ATP drug test , but The ATP dropped the failed drug test as a warning In Agassi , admitted his autobiography Agassi , admitted his autobiography that the letter that admitted was a lie He quit the drug soon after At Agassi was this time also Agassi was this time also in Agassi was also in a failing marriage In Agassi , began 1998 1998 , Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program , Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and worked In Agassi , won 1998 1998 , Agassi won five titles , Agassi won five titles and Agassi won five titles and leapt At he , had Wimbledon Wimbledon , he had an early loss , he had an early loss in he had an early loss in the second round He won five titles in ten finals Agassi entered the history books in 1999 Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by Overall during Agassi won the year during the year Agassi won 5 titles the year Agassi won 5 titles including Agassi won 5 titles including two majors Agassi ended 1999 as the No This Agassi was the only time ended Agassi was the only time ended the year He was the first male player to have At Agassi , was the time Agassi , was the time also , Agassi was also only the fourth player Agassi was also only the fourth player since in Agassi , reached Lisbon Agassi , reached Lisbon the , Agassi reached the final Agassi reached the final after En he , beat route route , he beat a cramping Rafter , he beat a cramping Rafter in

he beat a cramping Rafter in five sets At they , met Wimbledon they , met Wimbledon again they met again in the semi at Agassi , lost the US Open the US Open , Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match , Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match with Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match with Sampras 2002 opened with disappointment for Agassi recovered from the injury and The match was the last of In Agassi , won 2003 Agassi , won 2003 the , Agassi won the eighth Agassi won the eighth ( On he , recaptured April 28, 2003 he , recaptured April 28, 2003 the was later by surpassed Roger Federer later by surpassed Roger Federer in by surpassed Roger Federer in 2018 He had held the No . he managed to reach the US Open semi During Agassi , held his career his career , Agassi held the ranking , Agassi held the ranking for Agassi held the ranking for a total injuries when slipped forced him At Agassi , lost the year-end Tennis Masters Cup Agassi , lost the year-end Tennis Masters Cup in Agassi lost in the final to the loss ; ended Marat Safin Marat Safin ; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak ; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the event He won the Masters series event in Cincinnati in the tournament ( began Cincinnati tournament history the tournament ( began Cincinnati tournament history in ( the tournament began in 1899 the tournament began in 1899 ) 's 2005 began with a quarterfinal loss 2005 began with a quarterfinal loss to Agassi had several other deep runs at tournaments He lost to Jarkko Nieminen in 2005 was by defined an improbable run was by defined an improbable run to by defined an improbable run to the in Agassi , won four sets four sets , Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches , Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to advance

most notable of was these matches notable of these matches was his quarterfinal victory His other five-set victories were on Xavier Malisse in the Agassi , faced final final , Agassi faced Federer , Agassi faced Federer , Agassi who faced , Federer who faced , Federer was Federer defeated Agassi in four sets Agassi had a poor start to 2006 Agassi withdrew from the Australian Open because Agassi returned for the grass-court season , He was defeated in the third round At Agassi , announced Wimbledon Wimbledon , Agassi announced his plans , Agassi announced his plans to Agassi announced his plans to retire Agassi had a short , Agassi , forced was extreme back pain who eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in faced the second round Agassi won in five tough sets as the younger Baghdatis in won as five tough sets In Agassi , fell his last match Agassi , fell his last match to , Agassi fell to 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker Agassi fell to 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker of They also had very contrasting playing styles , Sampras had , with very contrasting playing styles The 1990 US Open was their first meeting in a Grand Slam tournament Their next meeting in was a Grand Slam at They met again on a Grand Slam level participating , the US won the Davis Cup , the US won the Davis Cup in the US won the Davis Cup in 1995 The year should be considered the peak however , Sampras took the US Open title , Sampras took the US Open title , Sampras took the US Open title , ending Agassi every season , slumped Grand Slam titles , Agassi slumped in the rankings Agassi slumped in the rankings and it , considered was both , it was considered a career rejuvenation it was considered a career rejuvenation , Sampras considered , as a career rejuvenation In they , met the 2000s the 2000s , they met three more times , they met three more times on they met three more times on the Grand Slam level In the top-ranked Agassi , defeated 2000

2000 , the top-ranked Agassi defeated No , the top-ranked Agassi defeated No . 3 Sampras the top-ranked Agassi defeated No . 3 Sampras in Sampras ever , defeated arguably their most memorable match ever , Sampras defeated Agassi , Sampras defeated Agassi in Sampras defeated Agassi in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals There were no breaks of serve Their last meeting was the final of Sampras had defeated No . 3 Tommy Haas Sampras defeated Agassi in four sets Michael Chang Agassi was the opponent faced Agassi was the opponent faced most most that was of their meetings Agassi won the first four matches including a straight-set victory Arguably their best match took place in their best match took place in the round presented the momentum , changed high-quality shot-making the momentum , changed high-quality shot-making from Their next two Grand Slam meetings came in 1996 , Agassi shockingly admitted in his book he in admitted that his book Becker won their first three matches in 1988 They first played at Indian Wells Their most notable match was the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match , which Becker the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match , was which Agassi , considered a baseliner with , a playing style considered with a baseliner a playing style considered with a baseliner not The intensity of peaked the rivalry in this time it was Agassi time it who was Agassi it who was Agassi came who was Agassi came out The rivalry has been considered special Agassi led 8–2 on hard courts They played four matches at Wimbledon Agassi won the first two Agassi also won both their meetings at Agassi won their first three matches , but They first met in just the third tournament Agassi also defeated Federer at Federer began to turn the tide They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that a memorable quarterfinal match at played the 2004 US Open that worldwide headlines with attracted a publicity stunt Their final duel took place in the of Federer , was generations Federer , was generations victorious Federer was victorious in four sets

Agassi earned more than $30 million in prize-money Agassi , participated has the 2006 US Open Agassi has participated in a series On he , was September 5, 2007 September 5, 2007 , he was a surprise guest commentator , he was a surprise guest commentator for He played an exhibition match at Wimbledon He played World Team Tennis for the Philadelphia Freedoms in Agassi , played 2009 Agassi , played 2009 at , Agassi played at the Outback Champions Series event Agassi played at the Outback Champions Series event for He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise Agassi returned to the tour renamed In Agassi , took 2012 2012 , Agassi took part , Agassi took part in Agassi took part in five tournaments at first he won BILT Champions Showdown first he won BILT Champions Showdown in he won BILT Champions Showdown in San Jose day , he defended his title , he defended his title of he defended his title of the CTCA Championships In he , beat the series season finale the series season finale , he beat Michael Chang , he beat Michael Chang for he beat Michael Chang for the Acura Champions Cup Agassi he won both tournaments participated he won both tournaments participated in He defeated Blake again in In Agassi , took 2015 2015 , Agassi took part , Agassi took part in Agassi took part in just one event Sampras won the exhibition in three sets The rivalry between the former champions headlined sports media , the old rivals began making jokes the old rivals began making jokes at After Agassi , admitted the event Agassi , admitted the event that He returned to the tour in Agassi , look would his career charged Agassi , liked the net Agassi , liked the net to Agassi liked to take the ball His favored groundstroke was his flat, accurate two-handed backhand , hit Agassi's strength was in dictating play his father and Nick Bollettieri trained him by was largely initiated more methodical, less aggressive baseline play was largely by initiated his longtime coach

largely by initiated his longtime coach , by initiated his longtime coach , Brad Gilbert Gilbert encouraged Agassi to wear play later in was his career Agassi was raised on hardcourts being his first major win , was his worst surface his first major win , was his worst surface at , his first major win was at the slick grass his first major win was at the slick grass of Agassi established a limited liability company named Andre Agassi Ventures In he , joined 2002 2002 , he joined the Tennis Channel , he joined the Tennis Channel to he joined the Tennis Channel to promote in Agassi , partnered San Francisco Agassi , partnered San Francisco with , Agassi partnered with him Agassi partnered with him in Agassi was an equity investor of a group that an equity investor of was a group One year later , the group sold the hotel-casino , the group sold the hotel-casino to the group sold the hotel-casino to Landry's, Inc. In he , sat 2007 he , sat 2007 on , he sat on the board he sat on the board of Agassi and Graf formed a company They invested in PURE , Agassi and Graf developed a joint venture They launched a furniture line called Agassi Graf Collection , they withdrew from the project they withdrew from the project in The group still owns three small chunks of Village Roadshow has a 51% stake in the park IMG managed Agassi from the time he Agassi from managed the time Agassi used Prince Graphite rackets early in He signed a $7 million endorsement contract with Belgian tennis racquet makers He later switched to Head Ti Radical racket He renewed his contract in 1999 On Agassi , left July 25, 2005 July 25, 2005 , Agassi left Nike , Agassi left Nike after Agassi left Nike after 17 years leaving Nike was because Nike Nike was because Nike refused Agassi was by sponsored DuPont was by sponsored DuPont , by sponsored DuPont , Ebel In he , appeared 1990 he , appeared 1990 in

, he appeared in a television commercial he appeared in a television commercial for Between 1999 and 2000 , he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal , he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with Schick Agassi signed a multiyear contract with Twinlab he , named was mid-2003 , he was named the spokesman he was named the spokesman of In he , signed March 2004 March 2004 , he signed a ten-year agreement , he signed a ten-year agreement worth he signed a ten-year agreement worth $1.5 million Agassi has appeared in many advertisements Agassi dating after , Wendi Stewart He wrote about the relationship in We 're sympatico , and the public outcry 're , and sympatico Dating is Barbra Streisand like wearing at the only witnesses ; were their Las Vegas home their Las Vegas home ; the only witnesses were their mothers They have two children : son Jaden Gil The Graf-Agassi family resides in Summerlin , some ; described have Agassi's closest friends ; some have described him some have described him as Agassi and Reyes introduced their own line In Agassi , talks it Agassi , talks it about , Agassi talks about his childhood Agassi talks about his childhood and There is also mention in to Roger Federer , declared this revelation himself , Roger Federer declared this revelation with Agassi , justified CBS CBS , Agassi justified himself , Agassi justified himself and Agassi justified himself and asked The book reached No . 1 It won the Autobiography category of the 2010 British Sports Book Awards Agassi has donated more than $100,000 to Agassi founded the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in 1994 He was awarded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award in help in assisting reach children His Boys & Girls Club sees 2,000 children throughout the year In Agassi , opened 2001 2001 , Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy , Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas He personally donated $35 million to

In the graduating class , had 2009 2009 , the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate , the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate and the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate and expected Agassi supports through is his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation In Agassi , donated 1997 1997 , Agassi donated funding , Agassi donated funding to Agassi donated funding to Child Haven His foundation also provided $ 720,000 with Agassi , founded several other athletes several other athletes , Agassi founded the charity , Agassi founded the charity Athletes Agassi founded the charity Athletes for He created the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund , now The Fund is an investment initiative for social change , the Andre Agassi Foundation for formed Education the Andre Agassi Foundation for Education formed a partnership In Agassi , remodeled February 2014 the vacant University of Phoenix , Agassi remodeled February 2014 the vacant University of Phoenix remodeled building in Las Vegas the 1999 French Open , Agassi completed a men's singles Career Grand Slam These languages are scattered throughout parts There are around 117 million speakers of Austroasiatic languages , and Mon have a long-established recorded history Only two have official status as modern national languages The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar In the Wa language , is Myanmar Myanmar , the Wa language is the de facto official language , the Wa language is the de facto official language of the Wa language is the de facto official language of Wa State Santali is one of the 22 scheduled languages " Ethnologue " identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages Austroasiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across Southeast Asia This reduction of led has presyllables , some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by This is identical to earlier reconstructions Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of two recent proposals , given are the traditional classification neither , given of which Peiros is a lexicostatistic classification , based He therefore takes the conservative view that therefore the thirteen branches takes that the conservative view

the thirteen branches takes that the conservative view of would Sidwell & Blench , suggest the case Sidwell & Blench , suggest the case that have two possible dispersal routes had from the western periphery two possible dispersal routes had from the western periphery of the locus that proposes of Proto-Austroasiatic Khasic that from resulted a westward dispersal that from resulted a westward dispersal ultimately Many of the tentative groupings are likely linkages many Austroasiatic languages , written are Latin-based alphabets many Austroasiatic languages are written with the Khmer Vietnamese divergently had an indigenous script based since been by supplanted the Latin alphabet been by supplanted the Latin alphabet in by supplanted the Latin alphabet in the 20th century Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families the Austroasiatic languages that suggested have some influence a specific number that pointed of substantives From the Austroasiatic-speakers , expanded Mainland Southeast Asia the Austroasiatic-speakers , expanded Mainland Southeast Asia into , the Austroasiatic-speakers expanded into the Indian-subcontinent the Austroasiatic-speakers expanded into the Indian-subcontinent and There later back migration is that evidence later back migration is that evidence from . 2021 could reproduce the genetic evidence 2021 could reproduce the genetic evidence for that a large language family of is about 300 languages Afroasiatic languages which have , over 500 million native speakers which have , over 500 million native speakers is The phylum Berber has : six branches Berber has : six branches , today , Afroasiatic includes several important ancient languages , Afroasiatic includes several important ancient languages , Afroasiatic includes several important ancient languages , such There is no consensus among historical linguists In linguists , grouped the early 19th century the early 19th century , linguists grouped the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages , linguists grouped the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages within linguists grouped the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages within a "Hamitic" phylum which from derived , the Book of Genesis Friedrich Müller introduced the name "Hamito-Semitic " Joseph Greenberg into come until general use Individual scholars have also called the family "Erythraean he together ; perceived Afroasiatic

together ; he perceived a relationship ; he perceived a relationship between he perceived a relationship between Berber He knew of Semitic through Europeans , began also the 19th century Europeans also began suggesting such relationships Cushitic ( he called the latter "Ethiopic ( he called the latter "Ethiopic " he called the latter "Ethiopic " ) Cushitic ; he excluded the Chadic group It was the Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius ( 1810–1884 Unlike Lepsius , saw Müller Müller , Lepsius saw Hausa , Lepsius saw Hausa and Lepsius saw Hausa and Nama These classifications relied in part on In Carl Meinhof , published 1912 Carl Meinhof , published 1912 " it was based on the typological feature However , his suggestion found little acceptance , Joseph Greenberg's 1950 work led to the widespread rejection Joseph Greenberg's 1950 work led to the widespread rejection of Greenberg refuted Meinhof's linguistic theories and rejected He consequently rejoined Meinhof's so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages with Greenberg developed his model fully in rejecting he , classified Meinhof Meinhof , he classified the Khoekhoe language , he classified the Khoekhoe language as he classified the Khoekhoe language as a member To he added also Khoisan Khoisan he also added the Tanzanian Hadza he also added the Tanzanian Hadza and linguists no longer use the term In Harold Fleming , proposed 1969 Harold Fleming , proposed 1969 that with Robert Hetzron , proposed the other Cushitic languages Robert Hetzron , proposed the other Cushitic languages that Little agreement exists on the subgrouping of Afroasiatic is one of the four major language families The earliest written evidence of an Afroasiatic language is an Ancient Egyptian inscription This gives us a minimum date for the Proto-Afroasiatic language vary was spoken which They fall within a range between many existed , link this language family existed , many link the first speakers , many link the first speakers to many link the first speakers to the first farmers , tonal languages appear in the Omotic and Chadic branches tonal languages appear in the Omotic and Chadic branches of The Berber and Semitic branches share certain grammatical features ( e.g. alternative feminine endings

Andorra , ruled was Charlemagne Andorra was by ruled the count was by ruled the count of by ruled the count of Urgell The present principality was by formed a charter was by formed a charter in by formed a charter in 1278 It is by headed two co is by headed two co - by headed two co - princes Andorra is the sixth-smallest state in Europe The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent Andorra is the world's 16th-smallest country by land Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors Andorra is not a member state of It has been a member of Andorra of The origin the word is The oldest derivation is from the Greek historian Polybius ( The Andorran toponymy shows evidence of toponymy shows evidence of Basque language of by were covered the High Pyrenees the High Pyrenees were by covered large tracts were by covered large tracts of by covered large tracts of forest , a group of moved people a group of moved people to Other archaeological deposits include the Tombs of Segudet ( Ordino The model of began small settlements to by the locals , developed the Aquitanian, Basque and Iberian languages the Aquitanian, Basque and Iberian languages , the locals developed some current toponyms The presence of recorded is Roman influence The places with are the most Roman presence in of Andorra , came the Roman Empire Andorra , came the Roman Empire under , Andorra came under the influence Andorra came under the influence of The Visigoths remained in the valleys for Andorra remained part of the Frankish "Marca Hispanica Before Andorra , had 1095 1095 , Andorra had no military protection , Andorra had no military protection , Andorra had no military protection , and In a military dispute , arose the 13th century a military dispute , arose the 13th century between , a military dispute arose between the bishop a military dispute arose between the bishop of The conflict was resolved in 1278 A second paréage was signed in 1288 , the political organization of named the country

the political organization of the country named the figure ) , Andorra developed exquisite Romanesque Art , Andorra developed exquisite Romanesque Art during Andorra developed exquisite Romanesque Art during the 9th through 14th centuries The Catalan Pyrenees were embryonic of the Catalan language The local economy during based was the Middle Ages - title to passed Andorra title to passed Andorra to Andorra continued with the same economic system that it with the same economic system continued that The country had a unique and experienced guild of weavers in it , took 1604 1604 , it took advantage , it took advantage of it took advantage of the local thermal waters after the Consell de la Terra , located its foundation its foundation , the Consell de la Terra located its headquarters , the Consell de la Terra located its headquarters and the Consell de la Terra located its headquarters and the Tribunal de Corts The manor house built in served 1580 a neutral country ) who supported the Catalans ) who supported the Catalans saw their rights supported who saw the Catalans I , Napoleon reestablished the French Revolution , Napoleon I reestablished the Co-Principate Napoleon I reestablished the Co-Principate in I reestablished the Co-Principate in 1809 In the First French Empire , annexed 1812–1813 1812–1813 , the First French Empire annexed Catalonia , the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the Peninsular War In the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit , led 1866 1866 , the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led the reformist group , the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led the reformist group in the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led the reformist group in a Council General The authorities of betting and the Co-Princes banned casinos The ban resulted in an economic conflict and The Provisional Revolutionary Council allowed for the construction of , the loyalists of reconquered Canillo and Encamp the loyalists of Canillo and Encamp reconquered the parishes of the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls signed was combat the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls signed was combat on the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls was signed on 10 June

Andorra participated in the cultural movement of the universal suffrage vote for called , political reforms On 8 July 1934 Boris issued a proclamation 8 July 1934 Boris issued a proclamation in Boris issued a proclamation in Urgell He was by arrested the Co-Prince was by arrested the Co-Prince and by arrested the Co-Prince and Bishop Justí Guitart led by garrisoned was well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard by garrisoned was well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard in , the inhabitants of welcomed Andorra the inhabitants of Andorra welcomed refugees During Andorra , remained World War II Andorra , remained World War II neutral Many Andorrans criticized the passivity of the General Council General Council members justified the council's political and diplomatic actions as necessary Certain groups formed to help victims the most the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command was prominent most the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command was prominent , which was the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command , prominent In the capital city there was a smuggling black market the capital city there was a smuggling black market of there was a smuggling black market of propaganda The network was maintained after the war The Andorran opening to resulted the capitalist economy with the mass culture : rooted the Trente Glorieuses the Trente Glorieuses : the mass culture rooted the country : the mass culture rooted the country experiencing the mass culture rooted the country experiencing radical changes Proof of this was Ràdio Andorra Andorra , existed has its relative isolation Andorra has existed outside the mainstream Since the country seen has 1976 1976 the country has seen the need the country has seen the need to , a first separation of took powers a first separation of powers took place Its political system was modernized in 1993 The first elections under held were the new constitution Andorra formalized diplomatic relations with the United States First General Syndic Marc Forné took part on a speech Andorra is a parliamentary co - principality This peculiarity makes the president of France The politics of Andorra take place The current head of government is Xavier Espot Zamora

Executive power is by exercised the government The Parliament of known is Andorra Half are elected in equal numbers are by in elected equal numbers by in equal numbers elected each after the councillors , hold the election the election , the councillors hold their inauguration can be by proposed a minimum be by proposed a minimum of by proposed a minimum of one-fifth The Council then elects the candidate with The Syndic General then notifies the co - The council also approves the annual budget of The government must submit the proposed budget for the previous budget , extended is the first day of the next year he , request may the council In the councillors , have turn turn , the councillors have the power , the councillors have the power to the councillors have the power to remove The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges judges are by appointed the High Court are by appointed the High Court , by appointed the High Court , as The High Court also appoints members of It is composed of four judges Andorra does not have its own armed forces there have , although its own armed forces Responsibility for defending rests the nation , it also has observer status it also has observer status at Andorra which has , a small army which has , a small army has The basic principle of is Andorran defence that of all able-bodied men is that Andorran defence all able-bodied men is that Andorran defence are Before World War I , Andorra maintained an armed force , Andorra maintained an armed force of Andorra maintained an armed force of about 600 part-time militiamen the army , consisted has the modern era the army has consisted of a very small body largely by over taken the formation by over taken the formation of of assistance led to 1933 assistance led to 1933 being The Andorran Police was reformed in the following year The force consisted of six Corporals , Today a small, twelve-man ceremonial unit remains the only permanent section of

a small, twelve-man ceremonial unit remains the only permanent section of the Sometent A shotgun per is household unregulated Rifles and pistols require a license Andorra maintains a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force , with The principal services supplied by are the corps supplied by the corps are uniformed community policing by the corps are uniformed community policing , to it , is an active military force an active military force , it is part , it is part of it is part of the Police Corps purchased by acquired was the government by acquired was the government in in Andorra , consists the eastern Pyrenees mountain range Andorra , consists the eastern Pyrenees mountain range predominantly Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains These are by dissected three narrow valleys are by dissected three narrow valleys in by dissected three narrow valleys in a Y shape , Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of , the territory of belongs Andorra the territory of belongs Andorra to Andorra has alpine , continental typical of the country make the Mediterranean climates of the country make the Mediterranean climates have the Mediterranean climates the country make have a great diversity the country make have a great diversity of by defined can be convective and abundant rains which during defined , spring and summer which tourism from is ski resorts of the tourist industry , suffered the 21st century the 21st century , the tourist industry suffered a decline , the tourist industry suffered a decline , the tourist industry suffered a decline , partly ; only 1.7% of is the land only 1.7% of is the land arable Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes Andorra is not a member of Andorra lacked a currency of its Andorra has historically had one it , announced was 31 May 2013 The announcement was made following a meeting The population of estimated is Andorra The Andorrans are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent Two-thirds of residents lack Andorran nationality The historic and official language is Catalan , a Romance language

The Andorran government encourages the use of Catalan It funds a Commission for Catalan Toponymy Most Andorran residents can speak one or The population of is Andorra predominantly Their patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell There are also members of There are also small numbers of 16 are by required law are by required law to by required law to have There are three systems of school Parents may their children choose which system may their children choose which system attend by and maintained built Andorran authorities It was established in 1997 The university provides first-level degrees in nursing as the small number of prevents students the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra The Virtual Studies Centre (Centre d'Estudis Virtuals ) at runs the university Until Andorra , had the 20th century the 20th century , Andorra had very limited transport links , Andorra had very limited transport links to Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world Andorra has a road network of , Bus services cover all metropolitan areas and many rural communities There are frequent long-distance bus services from Andorra There are no airports for fixed-wing aircraft The nearest airports are at Perpignan , The largest nearby airports are at Toulouse , The nearest railway station is Andorre-L'Hospitalet station east of This line is by operated the SNCF Latour-de-Carol has a scenic trainline to Villefranche-de-Conflent are by exclusively operated the Andorran national telecommunications company by exclusively operated the Andorran national telecommunications company , The same company also manages the technical infrastructure for The first commercial radio station to broadcast was Radio Andorra broadcast which was , Radio Andorra which was , Radio Andorra was On the General Council , established 12 October 1989 12 October 1989 , the General Council established radio , the General Council established radio and the General Council established radio and television the public radio , founded was 1990 the public radio was founded on the Radio Nacional d'Andorra As there , is an autochthonous television channel an autochthonous television channel , there is only the national public television network

, there is only the national public television network Andorra Televisió there is only the national public television network Andorra Televisió , There are three national newspapers , " The history of begins the Andorran press in the "Poble Andorrà , became " 1974 , the "Poble Andorrà " became the first regular newspaper the "Poble Andorrà " became the first regular newspaper in Andorra is home to folk dances Andorran folk music has similarities to the music Other Andorran folk dances include contrapàs in Andorra Andorran gastronomy is mainly Catalan , The cuisine of the country has similar characteristics Andorra's cuisine is by marked its nature is by marked its nature as by marked its nature as mountain valleys Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art are one of the most important artistic manifestations The Romanesque one allows to know the formation Summer solstice fire festivals in included was the Pyrenees Andorra is famous for the practice Andorra has the largest territory of ski slopes Andorra , plays usually roller hockey Andorra usually plays in CERH Euro Cup The country is represented in association football is by in represented association football by in association football represented the Andorra national football team The team gained its first competitive win in a European Championship Football is governed in Andorra is by in governed Andorra by in Andorra governed the Andorran Football Federation Andorra was admitted to UEFA Rugby is a traditional sport in Andorra VPC Andorra XV is a rugby team based in Basketball popularity has increased in the country Other sports practised in include Andorra Andorra first participated at the Olympic Games The country has appeared in every Winter Olympic Games of Andorra , is the Catalan Countries the Catalan Countries , Andorra is home , Andorra is home to Andorra is home to a team The collection is often a set of report it , is central tendencies it , is central tendencies not , it is not a robust statistic it is not a robust statistic , the mean of called is that population the median and arithmetic average , then are some order

For the data sample , consider example the data sample , consider example formula 19 The average is formula 20 , as the median and arithmetic average , differ can formula 21 In the arithmetic average , is this case this case , the arithmetic average is 6.2 , the arithmetic average is 6.2 , the arithmetic average is 6.2 , while the median is , while 6.2 There are applications of this phenomenon some data points an average in is which formula 27 one , are the value called it ; has the normal distribution the normal distribution ; it has the property ; it has the property that it all measures has that the property all measures has that the property of such an oversight , lead will general application such an oversight will lead to the average value This conference currently contains 16 teams organized Both conferences were created as part This chart of the 2020 season standings displays an application Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division , each team in plays the AFC West each team in plays the AFC West against The AFC playoffs culminate in the AFC Championship Game , The AFL began play in 1960 five expansion teams , joined have the merger , five expansion teams have joined the AFC five expansion teams have joined the AFC and have two joined and the AFC two joined and the AFC have This arrangement lasted for one season only The Seahawks eventually returned to the NFC The expansion Jacksonville Jaguars joined the AFC in Jacksonville Jaguars joined the AFC in 1995 There have that been five teams have that been five teams have that been five teams have relocated In the Baltimore Colts , relocated 1984 the Baltimore Colts , relocated 1984 to , the Baltimore Colts relocated to Indianapolis The Houston Oilers moved to Tennessee in , the AFC has sent only half the AFC has sent only half of the NFC , sent has contrast , the NFC has sent 13 the NFC has sent 13 of 16 of started have the last 19 AFC champions

The merged league created a new logo for the AFC that a new logo for created the AFC NBC aired the AFC's Sunday afternoon and playoff games from 1970 the visiting team were broadcast on either NBC Since the cross-flex policy , allows 2014 2014 , the cross-flex policy allows select AFC games , the cross-flex policy allows select AFC games ( the cross-flex policy that allows ( select AFC games that allows ( select AFC games involve " Animal Farm " is a satirical allegorical novella Animal Farm " is a satirical allegorical novella by The book tells the story of a group to the fable , reflects Orwell Orwell , the fable reflects events , the fable reflects events leading the fable reflects events leading up The Soviet Union had become a totalitarian autocracy built The original title was " Animal Farm : Other titular variations include subtitles like " Orwell suggested the title ' for Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and was initially by rejected a number initially by rejected a number of by rejected a number of British and American publishers it also featured at number 31 They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism The decree is painted in large letters Snowball teaches the animals to read of Snowball , raises Animal Farm Animal Farm , Snowball raises a green flag , Snowball raises a green flag with Snowball raises a green flag with a white hoof The pigs elevate themselves to positions ) , Snowball announces his plans , Snowball announces his plans to Snowball announces his plans to modernise Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure named Napoleon , claims Squealer Squealer , Napoleon claims credit , Napoleon claims credit for Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea The animals work harder with the promise Napoleon and Squealer persuade the animals Squealer Snowball persuade that the animals Snowball persuade that the animals is Napoleon then conducts a second purge , win they , do the battle they , do the battle so they do so at great cost Boxer , collapses eventually this

Squealer subsequently reports Boxer's death and who participated in are the rebellion The pigs start to resemble humans The Seven Commandments are abridged to just one phrase Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions George Orwell's "Animal Farm " is an example of that an example of is a political satire Stylistically , the work shares many similarities , the work shares many similarities with the work shares many similarities with some for he ; seems humanity he ; seems humanity to he seems to stress the potential/current threat Orwell , references distinctly works , Orwell distinctly references the disarray Orwell distinctly references the disarray and For he , is this reason he , is this reason careful The difference is seen in the way the animals in the way seen that George Orwell wrote the manuscript between November 1943 and he " , explained Animal Farm he escaping how explained the communist purges escaping how explained the communist purges in This motivated Orwell to expose Orwell , quit had the book , Orwell had quit the BBC He was also upset about a booklet for Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting initially the manuscript encountered getting difficulty the manuscript encountered getting difficulty published one had initially accepted the work During it , became the Second World War it , became the Second World War clear it became clear to Orwell rejected Eliot ; wrote it Eliot ; wrote it back Eliot wrote back to Orwell run he ; posited the farm he ; posited the farm that Orwell " , wrote Partisan Review Frederic Warburg also faced pressures against A Russian translation was printed in the paper "Posev In Orwell , wrote October 1945 Orwell , wrote October 1945 to , Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest it – illustrate would satire Secker and Warburg published the first edition , the publisher had provided space the publisher had provided space for In Ian Angus , found 1972 1972 , Ian Angus found the original typescript , Ian Angus found the original typescript titled

Ian Angus found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition Contemporary reviews of were the work not in George Soule , expressed the American "New Republic" magazine the American "New Republic" magazine , George Soule expressed his disappointment , George Soule expressed his disappointment in George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book The Guardian " on called 24 August 1945 Julian Symons responded , on 7 September It seems to me that a reviewer to seems that me it ; today is a fairy story ; today it is a political satire today it is a political satire with it is a political satire with a good deal it also featured at number 31 In the government , made 2018 2018 , the government made the decision , the government made the decision to the government made the decision to censor the elites reads , because books All animals , " are the maxims This is an ironic twist to the original purpose Orwell himself wrote in 1946 for he , stated a 1947 Ukrainian edition he , stated a 1947 Ukrainian edition , I thought of exposing the Soviet myth The puppies controlled by parallel Napoleon controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture by Napoleon parallel the nurture of Orwell directly alludes to the purges Orwell , wrote first the battle Orwell the publisher had alter this the publisher had alter this to Orwell he requested after the change he requested after the change met Orwell told , as Orwell that Orwell's view of reflected the 1943 Tehran Conference Andy Serkis is directing a film adaptation for by broadcast , was Rayner Heppenstall Orwell listened to the production at Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall later that to wrote Heppenstall that to wrote Heppenstall Porteous were secretly by hired the Information Research Department secretly by hired the Information Research Department ( by hired the Information Research Department ( IRD Amphibians are ectothermic , tetrapod vertebrates of All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia

They inhabit a wide variety of habitats The young generally undergo metamorphosis young generally undergo metamorphosis from Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface The three modern orders of amphibians are Anura The number of known amphibian species is approximately 8,000 The largest living amphibian is the South China giant salamander ( "Andrias sligoi in the taxonomic classification depends on each group the taxonomic classification depends on each group followed The two most common systems by are adopted the classification by the classification adopted are the website it as discarded is a polyparaphyletic group Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny amphibians as defined are a class The phylogeny of is Paleozoic amphibians uncertain advocates that means of phylogenetic nomenclature All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia which in included , the subclass Lissamphibia The three modern orders are Anura ( the frogs , the oldest "true frog " is "Prosalirus bitis the oldest "true frog " is "Prosalirus bitis " The oldest known caecilian is another Early Jurassic species , " These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with that multi-jointed leg-like fins with evolved digits Some fish had that developed primitive lungs had that developed primitive lungs help them developed that help primitive lungs They could also use their strong fins their bony fins would evolve into limbs they into evolve and limbs many of spent still these prehistoric tetrapodomorph fish " Ichthyostega " was one Ichthyostega " was one of It had four sturdy limbs , a neck Amphibians that evolved adaptations allowed them evolved that allowed adaptations with the skin ; became five or more digits the skin ; became five or more digits more the land with teeming while life Extensive swamps developed with mosses , Air-breathing arthropods evolved and invaded the land There were no other tetrapods on the land most , had still air , most still had a long tapering body most still had a long tapering body and They were the top land predators , sometimes After the Carboniferous rainforest collapse amphibian dominance gave way to

the Carboniferous rainforest collapse amphibian dominance gave way to reptiles salamanders , suggests that rDNA analysis the divergence that appears of the three groups There are large gaps in the fossil record the frog–salamander divergence that suggests took place from amphibians , had lunged fish amphibians , had lunged fish to amphibians had to make certain adaptations the sideways thrusts of propelled had their tails Terrestrial adults discarded their lateral line systems and adapted They needed to develop new methods They developed behaviours suitable for Their skins were exposed to harmful ultraviolet rays were that to exposed harmful ultraviolet rays that to exposed harmful ultraviolet rays had Tetrapoda is divided into four classes mammals the eggs are , amniotes the eggs are , amniotes of Lacking amphibians , require these membranes these membranes , amphibians require water bodies , amphibians require water bodies for amphibians require water bodies for reproduction the Anderson's salamander ; occurs meanwhile mangrove swamps the Anderson's salamander meanwhile occurs in brackish Modern amphibians have a simplified anatomy compared to ; in the development was all other known lines in the development was all other known lines much the development was all other known lines much more during the metamorphosis , has the metamorphosis the metamorphosis , has the metamorphosis to ("Paedophryne amauensis a microhylid frog from is New Guinea It has an average length of and The largest living amphibian is the Chinese giant salamander ( "Andrias davidianus as their food and energy requirements , are a result their food and energy requirements , are a result limited In they , have the adult state the adult state , they have tear ducts , they have tear ducts and they have tear ducts and movable eyelids They which have , muscular tongues which have , muscular tongues in Modern amphibians have fully ossified vertebrae Their skin contains little keratin and lacks The skin contains many mucous glands and in The hearts of amphibians have three chambers They nitrogenous waste products have and a urinary bladder nitrogenous waste products have and a urinary bladder are Most amphibians lay their eggs in water

Amphibians breathe by means of They usually that have long hind limbs usually that have long hind limbs fold that have long hind limbs fold underneath The difference is not a formal one taxonomically of Bufonidae known are the family Bufonidae known are the family as Bufonidae are known as the "true toads Frogs range in size from some , specialised are water and damp habitats Anura is divided into three suborders is that into divided three suborders that into divided three suborders are Future molecular studies should provide further insights into The suborder Archaeobatrachia contains four families of These are Ascaphidae , Bombinatoridae The six families in are Mesobatrachia the more evolutionarily advanced suborder These that have certain characteristics are that have certain characteristics are intermediate Neobatrachia is by far the largest suborder This they is and a symplesiomorphic trait they is and a symplesiomorphic trait are Salamanders lack claws , have scale-free skins , They range in size from Salamanders have a mostly Laurasian distribution , being Urodela is a name sometimes used Members of become have several salamander families in gills slits ; are their adult state gills slits ; are their adult state present A unique feature is their ability to feed The males excavate nests , persuade They differ from the cryptobranchids by In the male , deposits salamandrids salamandrids , the male deposits a bundle , the male deposits a bundle of the male deposits a bundle of sperm The largest family in this group is Plethodontidae Members of this order are eel-like aquatic salamanders Some of are their features primitive others are primitive while their features ) or Apoda comprises the caecilians These are long, cylindrical, limbless animals with a snake- or worm-like form The adults vary in length from A caecilian's skin has a large number of transverse folds rudimentary eyes has covered in skin It also has a pair of Most caecilians live underground in burrows Most species lay their eggs underground and Others brood their eggs and the larvae A few species give birth to live some typical characteristics contains common to terrestrial vertebrates

The outside of shed is the skin Caecilians are unique among amphibians Amphibian skin is permeable to water Gas exchange can take place through amphibians , evolved have their thin and delicate skin , amphibians have evolved mucous glands amphibians have evolved mucous glands , The secretions produced by keep these help produced by these help keep the skin moist , most species of have amphibian most species of amphibian have granular glands of amphibian that have granular glands amphibian that have granular glands secrete that granular glands have secrete distasteful or poisonous substances The skin colour of produced is amphibians of by is produced amphibians amphibians is by produced three layers is by produced three layers of by produced three layers of pigment cells These three cell layers consist of the melanophores ( displayed by initiated is many species by by is initiated many species many species is by initiated hormones is by initiated hormones secreted by by initiated secreted hormones Unlike there , is bony fish bony fish , there is no direct control , there is no direct control of there is no direct control of the pigment cells Amphibians that have a skeletal system is that have a skeletal system is structurally They all have four limbs except The pectoral girdle is by supported muscle is by supported muscle , by supported muscle , and In there , are most amphibians most amphibians , there are four digits , there are four digits on there are four digits on the fore foot Some salamanders the amphiumas have and fewer digits the amphiumas have and fewer digits are The sirens are aquatic salamanders with stumpy forelimbs They burrow in the manner of In the hind legs , are frogs the hind legs , are frogs larger the hind legs are larger than the fore legs the hind limbs and runners are the walkers In the limbs , are most salamanders the limbs , are most salamanders short Locomotion on is land by In only one leg , is their normal gait only one leg , is their normal gait advanced

only one leg is advanced at a time in the tail , has frog tadpoles frog tadpoles , the tail has dorsal and ventral fins , the tail has dorsal and ventral fins and the tail has dorsal and ventral fins and is Salamanders use their tails in defence Certain species in the Plethodontidae have a weak zone Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage of the two-chambered heart ; pumps a fish a fish ; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood ; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills They that have a heart consists that have a heart consists of deoxygenated blood , pumped is contracting deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around The nervous system is basically the same The brain consists of equal parts , The cerebellum is the center of muscular coordination The brain sends signals through the spinal cord Tadpoles retain the lateral line system of their ancestral fishes Some caecilians that possess electroreceptors allow them possess that allow electroreceptors There is no external ear , but There is a patch of specialized haircells , the columella-operculum complex is adjoining the auditory capsule which the columella-operculum complex adjoining is the auditory capsule The adult eyes are an improvement on invertebrate eyes They allow colour vision and depth Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking Some use inertial feeding to help them use to help inertial feeding Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without The short oesophagus is lined with cilia is that with lined cilia that with lined cilia help Amphibians possess a pancreas , liver Its size is by determined its function is by determined its function as by determined its function as a glycogen and fat storage unit There are two kidneys located dorsally Their job is to filter the blood Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete the nitrogen as ammonia The lungs in are amphibians primitive Ventilation is by accomplished buccal pumping the surface of remain must their highly vascularised skin aquatic amphibians in rely can these situations

the purpose of most amphibians require reproduction of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water reproduction most amphibians require fresh water although most amphibians some require although fresh water some require although fresh water lay there inhabit , but brackish water There are reports , however They reproduce via direct development , Almost all of live these frogs in In many amphibians , breed the tropics many amphibians , breed the tropics continuously In breeding , is temperate regions breeding , is temperate regions mostly Experiments have shown the importance of In fertilisation , is caecilians fertilisation , is caecilians internal which inside The paired Müllerian glands a fluid the male cloaca secrete The majority of engage also salamanders of the male , deposits these these , the male deposits a spermatophore , the male deposits a spermatophore , the male deposits a spermatophore , a small packet The female takes up the sperm packet by With frogs , use a few exceptions a few exceptions , frogs use external fertilisation The male grasps the female tightly with They remain in amplexus with their cloacae in remain with amplexus An exception is the granular poison frog ( "Oophaga granulifera is only by possessed the male only by possessed the male and by possessed the male and is This frog lives in fast-flowing streams and the males , arriving usually a breeding site sporadically , mate selection takes place , mate selection takes place and mate selection eggs takes and place eggs takes and place are More females appear and in due course Explosive breeders on found are the other hand temporary pools are found where the other hand These frogs that typically are fossorial species that typically are fossorial species emerge are by there attracted the calling by there attracted the calling of There is a direct competition between males Most amphibians go through metamorphosis , eggs , laid are typical amphibian development eggs are laid in water Metamorphosis in regulated is amphibians in by is regulated amphibians amphibians is by regulated thyroxine concentration is by regulated thyroxine concentration in by regulated thyroxine concentration in the blood

Specific events are dependent on threshold values outside it , is the parental body it , is the parental body subject it is subject to many adaptations For tadpoles have can this reason this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges tadpoles can have horny ridges instead They also make use of After these organs , become metamorphosis these organs , become metamorphosis redundant by is typically surrounded an amphibian is typically by surrounded a transparent gelatinous covering typically by surrounded a transparent gelatinous covering secreted by by surrounded secreted a transparent gelatinous covering This capsule is permeable to water This also happens in salamander eggs These the eggs penetrate after the jelly envelope the eggs penetrate after the jelly envelope are Most eggs which contain the pigment melanin raises which the pigment melanin contain raises their temperature certain frogs that lay underground eggs that lay underground eggs are the eggs , laid are terrestrial caecilians the eggs are laid in grape-like clusters " Ensatina " attaches its similar clusters Ensatina " attaches its similar clusters by eggs are laid in the centre ) , direct development takes place , direct development takes place , direct development the larvae takes , place the larvae takes , place growing Many caecilians and some other amphibians lay their eggs The larvae emerge at varying stages larvae emerge at varying stages of Frog larvae are known as tadpoles Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeletons , gills Newly hatched tadpoles soon that develop gill pouches soon that develop gill pouches cover that gill pouches develop cover the gills Some species complete their development inside the egg These larvae do not have gills ; they swim in the quiet waters they swim in the quiet waters feeding caudal fins ; they attach themselves ; they attach themselves to they attach themselves to plants They also feed on diatoms They have a relatively long, spiral-shaped gut to enable Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage , rapid changes in take the body rapid changes in the body take place The spiral‐shaped mouth with reabsorbed is horny tooth ridges The animal develops a large jaw , and

its gills develops , and a large jaw All this can happen in about a day hatching , a typical salamander larva has eyes , a typical salamander larva has eyes without a typical salamander larva has eyes without lids Pond-type larvae often have a pair of "Dicamptodon " that have larvae " that have larvae never that have larvae never fully ("Ambystoma gracile " ) is one Both of are these able that may inhibit include metamorphosis larval breeding , allow may land , larval breeding may allow continuation larval breeding may allow continuation of that continuation of allow a population Lungless salamanders in are Plethodontidae the family Each egg the larva has and a large yolk sac the larva has and a large yolk sac feeds are never by covered gill sacs never by covered gill sacs and by covered gill sacs and are Other changes include the reduction in size Adult salamanders often have an aquatic phase in to prolactin , is a water phase a water phase , prolactin is the required hormone , prolactin is the required hormone , prolactin is the required hormone , and Most terrestrial caecilians that lay do eggs that lay do eggs so They have three pairs of external red feathery gills They swim by undulating their body of they developed have about ten months about ten months they have developed a pointed head they have developed a pointed head with young are by produced viviparity Up to nine larvae can develop in the oviduct , they feed on the yolks they feed on the yolks of This stimulates the secretion of fluids They may increase their length sixfold they have lost , undergone metamorphosis The progeny that on feed a skin layer that on feed a skin layer is The brood feed as a batch for Many woodland salamanders lay clutches of eggs does the mother , brooding this this , the mother brooding the eggs , the mother brooding the eggs and the mother brooding the eggs and guarding developed , they break their way , they break their way out

they break their way out of a tiny frog , which protects the egg cluster , which protects the egg cluster is which protects the egg cluster is hidden hatch , the male transports the tadpoles , the male transports the tadpoles on the male transports the tadpoles on his back ) egg strings winds round his thighs egg strings winds round his thighs and He keeps them moist and The tadpoles secrete a hormone that inhibits hatch , the male carries the tadpoles , the male carries the tadpoles around the male carries the tadpoles around in Its eggs are laid on the forest floor Amphibians are notable among vertebrates the karyotypes of characterized are diploid amphibians of by are characterized diploid amphibians diploid amphibians are by characterized 20–26 bi-armed chromosomes Amphibians have also very large genomes compared The large genome sizes have prevented whole-genome sequencing of The 1.7GB draft genome of was " "Xenopus tropicalis Compared to this frog genome is some salamanders to this frog genome is some salamanders tiny With adult amphibians , are a few exceptions a few exceptions , adult amphibians are predators , adult amphibians are predators , adult amphibians are predators , feeding The diet mostly consists of small prey mostly that of consists small prey that of consists small prey do is mostly by selected sight mostly by selected sight , by selected sight , even Movement of the prey triggers a feeding response Cave-dwelling amphibians normally hunt by smell Amphibians usually swallow food whole They typically have small hinged pedicellate teeth , by of composed separated dentine in that , frogs Panama actively hunt prey , frogs that Panama actively hunt prey that frogs have narrow mouths Caecilians do not flick their tongues When this is exhausted some move this is exhausted some move on Others have specialised mouthparts consisting of They scrape and bite food produced by be may caecilians by caecilians may be a means Most salamanders are considered voiceless , the California giant salamander considered , but voiceless more easily by discerned its characteristic call easily by discerned its characteristic call than

by discerned its characteristic call than by the sound , produced is most species the sound is by produced expelling air is by produced expelling air from by produced expelling air from the lungs This may distend like a balloon The main vocalisation which is the male's loud advertisement call seeks which is the male's loud advertisement call seeks to This call is modified to a quieter courtship call Calling carries the risk of attracting Other calls by include given those by those given include a female Little is known of the territorial behaviour Males normally exhibit such behaviour though than this , is males this , is males not , this is not the case this is not the case in , defence of involves a territory defence of involves a territory adopting The salamanders left odour marks around their territories which odour marks around left their territories These deterred the intrusion of others Much of their behaviour seemed stereotyped at calling ; is breeding locations calling ; is breeding locations both ; calling is both an announcement calling is both an announcement of general , a deeper voice represents a heavier and more powerful individual , a deeper voice represents a heavier and more powerful individual , a deeper voice represents a heavier and more powerful individual , and this represents , and a heavier and more powerful individual Much energy is used in the vocalization it in used and the vocalization There males is for a tendency males is for a tendency to Holders of territories have a "home advantage chest to take may chest tussles Amphibians have soft bodies with thin skins , they have evolved various defence mechanisms they have evolved various defence mechanisms to frogs they the mucous secretion is that they the mucous secretion is that produce This keeps their skin moist and makes them keeps and makes their skin moist Snakes have been observed yawning In the skin , is some salamanders the skin , is some salamanders poisonous Handling cause does not the newts ingestion cause , but harm both snake In where locations and

Coevolution occurs with the newt increasing These regions are presented to the attacking animal their secretions to presented and the attacking animal Poisonous species often use bright colouring to of it , is these it , is these likely , the warning colouration is on the belly the warning colouration is on the belly and these animals on is and the belly Other amphibians use camouflage to avoid They have various colourings such as Some salamanders adopt defensive poses when faced by adopt when faced defensive poses A few salamanders will autotomise their tails when The tail may have a constriction at Some frogs and toads inflate themselves themselves inflate to make themselves , salamanders chose the larger salamanders chose the larger of Frogs can distinguish between low numbers there , believed were 2006 A number of believed are causes In they , constitute many terrestrial ecosystems many terrestrial ecosystems , they constitute one , they constitute one of they constitute one of the largest parts Any decline in affect will amphibian numbers on by are affected amphibians amphibians are by affected their decline , this would affect birds this would affect birds of lakes , fewer frogs means fewer tadpoles These normally play an important role in in this , call the field this , call the field to , this call to action details this what to call action details what to call action details would The Amphibian Specialist Group of spearheading is the IUCN Amphibian Ark that is an organization was that is an organization was formed of it , borders the U.S. the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province , it borders the Canadian province of it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia Alaska is by far the largest U.S. state It represents the seventh largest subnational division in the world Approximately half of live Alaska's residents within The state capital of Juneau is the second-largest city Alaska was by occupied various indigenous peoples was by occupied various indigenous peoples for by occupied various indigenous peoples for thousands of years The state is considered the entry point for

The Russians were the first Europeans to settle The area went through several administrative changes before 's per income is capita per income is capita among income is capita among the income is among the highest The indigenous population of is Alaska proportionally it in introduced when the Russian colonial period It was derived from an Aleut-language idiom Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years remains of found were a six-week-old infant The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan Some researchers the first Russian settlement believe in Alaska the first Russian settlement believe in Alaska was This hypothesis is based on the testimony Another European contact with occurred Alaska in , small associations of began fur traders small associations of began fur traders to Between 1774 and 1800 , Spain sent several expeditions , Spain sent several expeditions to Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska These expeditions gave names to places , the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during It the colony remained after the capital the colony remained after the capital was The Russians never fully colonized Alaska the colony colonized , and Alaska the purchase ; made was the sale the purchase was made on March 30, 1867 Six months later the commissioners arrived in Sitka the commissioners arrived in Sitka and the formal transfer in arrived and Sitka In uniformed U.S. soldiers 250 marched the ceremony uniformed U.S. soldiers 250 marched the ceremony to 250 uniformed U.S. soldiers marched to the governor's house uniformed U.S. soldiers marched to the governor's house at was loosely by governed the military loosely by governed the military initially by governed the military initially , A federal district court was headquartered in Sitka under Sitka , was the United States flag the United States flag , Sitka was the only community , Sitka was the only community inhabited Sitka by was inhabited the only community by the only community inhabited was American settlers

They organized a "provisional city government " , which organized " , a "provisional city government to gold , rushes the early 1910s gold , rushes the early 1910s in , gold rushes in Alaska gold rushes in Alaska and Construction of began the Alaska Governor's Mansion that During the Aleutian Islands Campaign , focused World War II the Aleutian Islands Campaign , focused World War II on , the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on Attu the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on Attu , About half of died the Aleuts during Unalaska/Dutch Harbor and Adak became significant bases Nome ; Soviet pilots took possession ; Soviet pilots took possession of Soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft Statehood for Alaska was an important cause Decades later , the statehood movement gained its first real momentum , the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum also themselves found fighting major battles themselves found fighting major battles against On the massive Good Friday earthquake , killed March 27, 1964 March 27, 1964 , the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people , the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in recorded history the "Exxon Valdez , hit " 1989 , the "Exxon Valdez " hit a reef the "Exxon Valdez " hit a reef in of Alaska , is North America North America , Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state , Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States in Alaska ; is colloquial use Alaska ; is colloquial use not ; Alaska is not part Alaska is not part of The state is by bordered Canada's Yukon is by bordered Canada's Yukon and by bordered Canada's Yukon and British Columbia Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait in Alaska , is area Alaska , is area by Alaska is by far the largest state With Alaska , has its myriad islands

Alaska , has its myriad islands nearly Alaska has nearly of tidal shoreline The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians The chain of extends volcanoes to Glacier ice covers about of Alaska Inside this , is Passage Passage , this is the region , this is the region of this is the region of Alaska most where was of the initial non-indigenous settlement The region is by dominated the Alexander Archipelago is by dominated the Alexander Archipelago as by dominated the Alexander Archipelago as well It contains the state capital Juneau , the former capital Sitka ; much of is it much of it is uninhabited wilderness Fairbanks is the only large city in the region Southwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretching some Most of lives the population along The area is known for its massive reserves More than 300 small volcanic islands make up this chain , which up make , this chain Some of fall these islands in approximately 65% of owned is Alaska by and managed owned the U.S. federal government Of the Bureau of Land Management , manages these the Bureau of Land Management , manages these , The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is by managed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service , the state of owns Alaska the state of owns Alaska , Another are by owned 12 regional are by owned 12 regional , by owned 12 regional , and Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as they were repealed before 1991 in a privilege , denied many cases a privilege , denied many cases to , a privilege denied to individual Alaskans a privilege denied to individual Alaskans ) Various private interests own the remaining land , totaling it ; maintained is Alaska it is by maintained the Office of History and Archaeology Delegates to wanted the Alaska Constitutional Convention to the boroughs do not cover the entire land area The Unorganized Borough has no government of its A "recording district " is a mechanism for The state is divided into 34 recording districts

is which into divided 34 recording districts which into divided 34 recording districts are Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered system of many U.S. states use a three-tiered system of decentralization—state/county/township most of located is the land implies , it has no intermediate borough government , it has no intermediate borough government but it has no intermediate borough government but is Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough The state's most populous city is Anchorage , home in Alaska , has the 2020 United States census the 2020 United States census , Alaska has a total , Alaska has a total of Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities The majority of located are these communities Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people of that figure who were people that figure who were people live who were people live in On the southeast , is an annual basis the southeast , is an annual basis both the southeast is both the wettest This is also the only region in than it , gets southeast Alaska southeast Alaska , it gets more snow , it gets more snow , it gets more snow , and days gets , and more snow , Anchorage receives of precipitation Anchorage receives of precipitation a year The climate of determined is western Alaska is by in determined large part by in large part determined the Bering Sea It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest This region has a tremendous amount of variety temperatures have reaching into the 90s °F The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in are Alaska both The highest is in Fort Yukon highest is in Fort Yukon ( which in is ( Fort Yukon , the average low temperature in is Utqiaġvik The United States Census Bureau found in the 2020 United States census that the population in found that the 2020 United States census In Alaska , ranked 2010 Alaska , ranked 2010 as , Alaska ranked as the 47th state Alaska ranked as the 47th state by

Alaska is the least densely populated state , and Alaska is by far the largest U.S. state The 2019 American Community Survey 60.2% estimated of the population 60.2% estimated of the population was , 7.8% of was the total population 7.8% of was the total population foreign In 61.3% , was 2015 2015 , 61.3% was non-Hispanic white , 61.3% was non-Hispanic white , 61.3% was non-Hispanic white , 3.4% Hispanics and Latin Americans were 7% From the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups , were 2015 to 2019 2015 to 2019 , the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were Mexican Americans , the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were Mexican Americans , the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were Mexican Americans , Puerto Ricans The state was 66.7% White ( 64.1% non-Hispanic white spoke about 4.3% , spoke another Indo-European language another Indo-European language , about 4.3% spoke an Asian language , about 4.3% spoke an Asian language ( about 4.3% spoke an Asian language ( including In the American Community Survey , determined 2019 2019 , the American Community Survey determined 83.7% , the American Community Survey determined 83.7% spoke the American Community Survey determined 83.7% spoke only English Asian and Pacific Islander languages were by spoken 5.6% were by spoken 5.6% of by spoken 5.6% of Alaskans The Alaska Native Language Center at claims the University of Alaska Fairbanks that at at least 20 Alaskan native languages claims that the University of Alaska Fairbanks at least 20 Alaskan native languages claims that the University of Alaska Fairbanks exist , about 34% of were Alaska residents about 34% of Alaska residents were members Roughly 4% were Mormon , 0.5% The largest religious denominations in Alaska was the Catholic Church The Pew Research Center in 2014 determined 62% Protestantism was the largest Christian tradition , dominated by was , dominated the largest Christian tradition Mainline Protestants were the second largest Protestant Christian group , followed by were , followed the second largest Protestant Christian group The Catholic Church remained the largest single Christian tradition practiced in Of they , made the unaffiliated population

they , made the unaffiliated population up , they made up the largest non-Christian religious affiliation the first Russian Orthodox Church , established was 1795 the first Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak Intermarriage with Natives helped Alaskan with the Russian immigrants Natives helped Alaskan the Russian immigrants Natives helped Alaskan integrate the Russian immigrants helped integrate into society Alaska also has the largest Quaker population ( In there , were 2009 2009 , there were 6,000 Jews , there were 6,000 Jews in there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska Alaskan Hindus often share venues and In Alaskan Hindus , established 2010 2010 , Alaskan Hindus established the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska , Alaskan Hindus established the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska , Alaskan Hindus established the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska , making it established , making the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska There are an estimated 2,000–3,000 Hindus in Alaska The Islamic Community Center of Anchorage began efforts in the late 1990s They broke ground on a building the mosque will be the first of Alaska , had 2016 2016 , Alaska had a total employment , Alaska had a total employment of Alaska had a total employment of 266,072 The 2018 gross state product was $55 billion , 48th by Alaska , had Phoenix Marketing International Phoenix Marketing International , Alaska had the fifth-largest number , Alaska had the fifth-largest number of Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy , with Agriculture represents a very small fraction of the Alaskan economy Agricultural production is primarily for consumption Employment is primarily in government Military bases are a significant component of the economy Federal subsidies are also an important part of Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum , natural gas Alaska has vast energy resources , although its oil reserves has , although vast energy resources Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope Prudhoe Bay on is Alaska's North Slope still Alaska also offers some of Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel

The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues was originally by proposed Governor Keith Miller originally by proposed Governor Keith Miller on by proposed Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the was later by championed Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to the fund , grown has 734,000 the fund has grown to $50 billion , the state legislature takes out 8% the state legislature takes out 8% from Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley , The short 100-day growing season that limits the crops can that limits the crops can be these farms ; lie mostly agronomic crops Delta-area crops consist predominantly of barley Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in Alaska has an abundance of seafood Seafood is one of the few food items that one of is the few food items Many Alaskans take advantage of salmon seasons Hunting for , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is subsistence for , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is subsistence still , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is subsistence still common Most food in transported is Alaska gathering imported food is because an essential activity imported food is because an essential activity is The cost of reach can transport Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race The Alaska Native Heritage Center celebrates the rich heritage of Alaska's 11 cultural groups Their purpose is to encourage cross-cultural exchanges Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel There are many established music festivals in Alaska The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony is , though the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra in they , set Alaska they , set Alaska up , they set up "Camp Hollywood they set up "Camp Hollywood " in the studio , received New York City New York City , the studio received the largest amount , the studio received the largest amount of the studio received the largest amount of feedback as Mala , became a result

a result , Mala became an international movie star Many reality television shows are filmed in Alaska They have a long and storied history , but law enforcement in handled was Alaska in by was handled Alaska Alaska was by handled various federal agencies Larger towns usually have their own local police and usually some villages have and their own local police some villages have and their own local police rely of the troopers , serve the state the troopers , serve the state as criminal law , wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations Many rural communities in considered are Alaska in this ; is the state this ; is the state in ; this is in part this is in part linked Alaska has the highest rate of sexual assault The average age of is sexually assaulted victims 16 years old The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development administers many school districts in There are more than a dozen colleges and universities Accredited universities in Alaska include the University of Alaska Anchorage The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development operates AVTEC , Alaska has had a problem with schools in have must rural Alaska This was due to the loss Alaska has few road connections compared to this ; spurred has only a car ferry ; this has spurred debate this has spurred debate over The Interstate Highways in consists Alaska of One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel At , the tunnel was the longest road tunnel , the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America It links north Pacific shipping through served by known are ARR tracks by known are ARR tracks statewide The railroad played a vital role in Alaska's development The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads It continues to offer one by the railroad ; provides road road ; the railroad provides the only transportation ; the railroad provides the only transportation to the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes now mainly by used tourists

mainly by used tourists , by used tourists , often It was featured in the 1983 BBC television series ( The nearest link to is the North American railway network The nearest link to the North American railway network is the northwest terminus The system also operates a ferry service from cruise lines , created have recent years , cruise lines have created a summertime tourism market cruise lines have created a summertime tourism market , be by only reached air by only reached air , by , is served a lesser extent Fairbanks , is by served many major airlines of air travel , remains limited highway access limited highway access , air travel remains the most efficient form , air travel remains the most efficient form of air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation are heavily by subsidized the federal government heavily by subsidized the federal government through by subsidized the federal government through the Essential Air Service program The bulk of come remaining commercial flight offerings from be which to attributed the Alaska bypass mail program which to attributed the Alaska bypass mail program subsidizes These operations originated from the demand for In Alaska , had 2006 2006 , Alaska had the highest number , Alaska had the highest number of Alaska had the highest number of pilots Of there , are these these , there are 2,507 , there are 2,507 Private there are 2,507 Private , dog mushing ) , is mid-late 1920s ) , dog mushing is more , dog mushing is more of dog mushing is more of a sport Various races are held around the state GCI owns and operates what it and operates owns what The Alaska Legislature consists of a 40-member House of Representatives and Senators serve four-year terms and House members The governor of Alaska serves four-year terms Alaska's court system has four levels : the Alaska Supreme Court The Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals are appellate courts its early years of Alaska was statehood of statehood Alaska was a Democratic state statehood Alaska was a Democratic state ,

Alaska was a Democratic state , since Republican governor Wally Hickel , elected was addition Republican governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office Alaska's voter initiative marijuana legal making took effect marijuana legal making took effect on The new law people means over 21 people means over 21 can finance Alaska , depends state government operations Alaska , depends state government operations primarily Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues it allows to have the lowest individual tax burden It is one of five states The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources The Department also issues an annual summary of has 89 municipalities , collect no state sales tax no state sales tax , 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax , 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax , 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax , from Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes , has which decimated , Alaska's state treasury which decimated , Alaska's state treasury has Alaska regularly supports Republicans in Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate Alaska was by carried Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson was by carried Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during by carried Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election , Republicans have carried the state Republicans have by carried the state have by the state carried large margins In Republican John McCain , defeated 2008 2008 , Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama , Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin , the state's governor In Alaskan voters , approved the 2020 election cycle the 2020 election cycle , Alaskan voters approved Ballot Measure 2 by passed The measure a margin of The measure requires campaigns to disclose The measure establishes non-partisan blanket primaries for statewide elections Agriculture is the practice of cultivating Agriculture was the key development in the rise The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago nascent farmers began to plant them

Food classes include cereals ( grains Environmental issues include contributions to global warming Agriculture is both a cause of The word "agriculture " is a late Middle English adaptation Agriculture is defined with varying scopes The development of agriculture enabled the human population Agriculture began independently in different parts Rice was domesticated in China Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs Pig production emerged in Eurasia , the potato , domesticated was the Andes of South America Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region Cotton was domesticated in Peru was by in domesticated Peru by in domesticated Peru 5,600 years ago Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to increasing examples ; are sedentism sedentism ; examples are the Natufian culture ; examples are the Natufian culture in examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant In the Sumerians , started Eurasia the Sumerians , started Eurasia to Farmers grew wheat , barley Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and Farming started in the predynastic period at Staple food crops were grains such as jujube were by domesticated 9,000 BC were by domesticated 9,000 BC , by domesticated 9,000 BC , soon were by in domesticated Mehrgarh culture by in Mehrgarh culture domesticated 8,000–6,000 BC Cotton was by cultivated the 5th–4th millennium BC from the 5th century there was BC the 5th century BC there was a nationwide granary system BC there was a nationwide granary system and there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming Water-powered grain mills were in use by These spread westwards across Eurasia Rome , the major cereals were wheat , the major cereals were wheat , the major cereals were wheat , emmer The Aztecs developed irrigation systems , formed The Mayas used extensive canal and raised Coca was domesticated in the Andes Cotton was domesticated in Peru was by in domesticated Peru by in Peru domesticated 3,600 BC Animals including domesticated were llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs , the indigenous people of domesticated the East the indigenous people of the East domesticated crops The domesticated strawberry is a hybrid of a Chilean

The natives controlled fire on a regional scale The Gunditjmara and other groups developed eel farming There is evidence of ' The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer herds of moved are livestock a small area of cleared is forest of by is cleared forest by is cleared forest cutting Another patch of selected is land the process is selected and land This type of practiced is farming Intensive farming is cultivation to maximise From intensive agriculture , increased the twentieth century the twentieth century , intensive agriculture increased productivity It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides In there been has recent years recent years there has been a backlash there has been a backlash against has which been , the European Union which been , the European Union first The growth of renewed has organic farming an increase that posits in smallholder agriculture , the agricultural output of was China the agricultural output of was China the many countries , made have the Industrial Revolution , many countries have made the transition many countries have made the transition to this , dropped had the 19th century this had dropped to between 35 and 65% It constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment farmers remains , and a hazardous industry entire families can be at risk The International Labour Organization considers agriculture " one the annual work-related death toll that estimates among agricultural employees the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has issued guidelines forests a system in is which Then the plot is left fallow the plot is left fallow to Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity Further industrialization led to the use of of nutrient use , is the low biodiversity nutrient use , is the low biodiversity uniform by may be limited agriculture may be by limited rainfall be by limited rainfall , by limited rainfall , either of perennial crops grown are these environments perennial crops grown are these environments ( Important categories of food crops include cereals Natural fibers include cotton , wool Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions

Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising the 2000s , there was a significant increase , there was a significant increase in there was a significant increase in livestock production , producers using focused selective breeding producers using focused selective breeding on Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such Mixed production systems use grassland , fodder Landless systems rely upon feed from Industrialized countries use these operations to produce 75% that estimate of the growth Much of happening is this growth Tillage is the practice of breaking Tillage varies in intensity from Pest control includes the management of weeds Cultural practices include crop rotation , culling Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers , Some farmers use irrigation to supplement Canada , farmers use a fallow year , farmers use a fallow year to farmers use a fallow year to conserve Payment for services is ecosystem for ecosystem services is a method ecosystem services is a method of services is a method of providing has been by practiced humankind been by practiced humankind for by practiced humankind for thousands of years Altering crops through changes breeding practices The Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t South American average wheat yields are around 2 t / ha GMO ) whose genetic material are organisms ) whose genetic material are organisms has whose genetic material are organisms has been Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available For GMO crops , cause some some , GMO crops cause food safety and food labeling concerns Numerous countries have placed restrictions on Herbicide-resistant seed has a gene implanted into the farmer allow to grow a crop Herbicide-tolerant crops are by used farmers are by used farmers worldwide of an increase , comes herbicide-tolerant crops an increase , comes herbicide-tolerant crops in , an increase comes in the use an increase comes in the use of In glyphosate resistant weeds developed have some areas glyphosate resistant weeds developed have some areas , Other GMO crops used by include growers

used by growers include insect-resistant crops by growers include insect-resistant crops , growers which include , insect-resistant crops which include , insect-resistant crops have These crops resist damage by insects Agriculture is both a cause of Agriculture is one of the most important drivers Agriculture is the main source of toxins agricultural operations that stated produced some 13 per cent Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society in cropland concluded that the US cropland concluded that the US imposes cropland that concluded imposes approximately $5 to $16 billion more , concluded that the fiscal impacts Agriculture seeks to increase yield Yield increases with inputs such ; this means removing hedges this means removing hedges , Pesticides kill insects , plants These and other measures have cut biodiversity to Livestock production occupies 70% of all land It is one of the largest sources By all transportation , emits comparison comparison , all transportation emits 13.5% , all transportation emits 13.5% of all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO2 It produces 65% of human-related nitrous oxide It also generates 64% of by is now occupied previously forested area is now by occupied pastures now by occupied pastures and by occupied pastures and the remainder livestock is also driving reductions services , humans is the most substantial way , humans is the most substantial way alter humans the most substantial way is alter the Earth's ecosystems land transformed by vary humans transformed by vary humans from by humans vary from 39 to 50% behind 1.5 billion people ; rely degradation 1.5 billion people ; rely degradation upon ; 1.5 billion people rely upon the degrading land These nutrients are major nonpoint pollutants contributing to Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of Agriculture is a major draw on water aquifers that known in areas being by on placed water resources by on water resources placed industry Pesticide use has increased since 1950 The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings in estimated that 1992 a trade-off that argue between the environment Global warming affects agriculture through changes Global warming is already affecting agriculture

Agriculture contributes to climate change Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources Technological advancements help provide farmers with Technology permits innovations like conservation tillage Other potential practices include conservation agriculture , agroforestry by it , found 2050 it , found 2050 that the number that found of people agricultural productivity , increased has the 1940s The vast majority of comes this energy input from the 1980s , the Green Revolution transformed agriculture , the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe Industrialized agriculture depends on fossil fuels in Indirect consumption includes the manufacture of fertilizers the production of account can nitrogen fertilizer , direct and indirect consumption by accounts US farms direct and indirect consumption by accounts US farms for Direct and indirect energy consumption by peaked U.S. farms in Food systems encompass not just agriculture but off Agricultural economics it is as economics it is as economics relates This is related to the greater efficiency National government policies can significantly change the economic marketplace , non-subsidized farmers in experienced developing countries non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects that adverse effects from experienced national policies , there was still a significant amount there was still a significant amount of The three agricultural products with the most trade distortion were sugar Among sesame , had the oilseeds the oilseeds , sesame had the most taxation , sesame had the most taxation , sesame had the most taxation , but overall, feed grains had , but the most taxation policy-driven distortions , seen have the 1980s , policy-driven distortions have seen a greater decrease policy-driven distortions have seen a greater decrease among subsidies , still see cotton still subsidies see in developed countries subsidies see in developed countries artificially Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that a broad multidisciplinary field of is biology The scientific study of began agriculture in , the Hatch Act of provided 1887 the Hatch Act of 1887 provided funding it funding for provided what Agricultural policy is the set of government decisions Governments usually implement agricultural policies with

Some overarching themes include risk management and adjustment There are many influences on the creation Agribusiness interests hold a large amount of influence lobbying , states that FAO's animal production and health division lobbying that states by large corporations into he , graduated the prominent Huxley family he , graduated the prominent Huxley family from , he graduated from Balliol College he graduated from Balliol College , in he , published his career his career , he published short stories , he published short stories and he published short stories and poetry He spent the latter part of his life He grew interested in philosophical mysticism Huxley was born in Godalming He was the third son of the writer Julia was the niece of poet Julia named him Aldous after Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley As Huxley's nickname , was a child a child , Huxley's nickname was "Ogie , Huxley's nickname was "Ogie " Huxley's nickname was "Ogie " , He was by described his brother was by described his brother , by described his brother , Julian He taught French for a year Huxley also worked for a time Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 His first published novels were social satires , "Crome Yellow During Huxley , spent the First World War the First World War , Huxley spent much , Huxley spent much of Huxley spent much of his time There he met several Bloomsbury Group figures , he met several Bloomsbury Group figures , including 1921 ) he caricatured the Garsington lifestyle They lived with their young son in in Huxley , edited 1930 1930 , Huxley edited Lawrence's letters , Huxley edited Lawrence's letters ( Huxley edited Lawrence's letters ( 1932 Works of this period included important novels in Huxley , portrays a dystopian London a dystopian London , Huxley portrays a society , Huxley portrays a society operating Huxley portrays a society operating on In Huxley , moved 1937 Huxley , moved 1937 to , Huxley moved to Hollywood Huxley moved to Hollywood with He lived in the U.S. ,

Heard introduced Huxley to Vedanta In Huxley , befriended 1938 1938 , Huxley befriended Jiddu Krishnamurti , Huxley befriended Jiddu Krishnamurti , Huxley befriended Jiddu Krishnamurti , whose teachings he Jiddu Krishnamurti , befriended whose teachings Huxley also became a Vedantist in afterwards , Huxley wrote his book , Huxley wrote his book on Huxley wrote his book on widely held spiritual values Huxley became a close friend of Remsen Bird He spent much time at the college The college appears as "Tarzana College " The novel won Huxley a British literary award , Huxley that states earned more than $3,000 the film was by completed MGM was by completed MGM in by completed MGM in 1943 Huxley received screen credit for " He was by commissioned Walt Disney was by commissioned Walt Disney in by commissioned Walt Disney in 1945 under the judge , had the McCarran Act the judge , had the McCarran Act to the judge had to adjourn the proceedings of Huxley invited was 1960 by Huxley was invited 1960 Huxley was by invited Professor Huston Smith was by invited Professor Huston Smith to by invited Professor Huston Smith to be Huxley's writings that wrote in the "final and extended period Huxley had deeply felt apprehensions the developed world apprehensions about felt the future From he , made these these , he made some warnings , he made some warnings in he made some warnings in his writings by Huxley , outlined journalist Mike Wallace journalist Mike Wallace , Huxley outlined several major concerns , Huxley outlined several major concerns : Huxley outlined several major concerns : the difficulties " said I was What said I was What that Huxley's engagement with was Eastern wisdom traditions entirely , we must cultivate the art we must cultivate the art of in Huxley , had 1963 1963 , Huxley had an extensive association , Huxley had an extensive association with Huxley had an extensive association with the Vedanta Society of Southern California until Huxley , contributed 1960 1960 , Huxley contributed 48 articles , Huxley contributed 48 articles to

Huxley contributed 48 articles to "Vedanta and " We Are Who " We Are Who ? We Are Who ? " In Huxley , had the spring of 1953 the spring of 1953 , Huxley had his first experience , Huxley had his first experience with Huxley had his first experience with the psychedelic drug mescaline Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Differing accounts exist about the details of 1939 , Huxley encountered the Bates method , Huxley encountered the Bates method , Huxley encountered the Bates method , in In Huxley , relocated 1940 Huxley , relocated 1940 from , Huxley relocated from Hollywood Huxley relocated from Hollywood to He even tried driving a car He wrote a book about his experiences He was n't reading his address He had learned it by To refresh he brought his memory refresh his memory he brought the paper his memory he brought the paper closer he brought the paper closer and Huxley , wrote that the late 1950s is true there were many indications true there were many indications of there were many indications of his impaired vision Laura Huxley proceeded to elaborate a few nuances No hypnagogic visions greet me on the verge the memory does not present itself near he , met Aalter he , met Aalter at , he met at Garsington he met at Garsington , They had one child , Matthew Huxley In Huxley , married 1956 1956 , Huxley married Laura Archera , Huxley married Laura Archera ( Huxley married Laura Archera ( 1911–2007 She wrote " This Timeless Moment " deteriorating , he wrote the Utopian novel "Island , he wrote the Utopian novel "Island " he wrote the Utopian novel "Island " , he informed was elected Companion of Literature The society invited Huxley to appear to Huxley , made advanced laryngeal cancer advanced laryngeal cancer , Huxley made a written request , Huxley made a written request to Huxley made a written request to his wife it ; led was December 1963 it was by led his elder brother was by led his elder brother Julian

Huxley had been a long-time friend of Algae (; is ) singular alga (; singular alga ) is an informal term It that is a polyphyletic grouping includes that a polyphyletic grouping is includes species Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae , autotrophic ( they generate food ( they generate food internally they generate food internally ) most authorities " , exclude "blue-green algae " , most authorities exclude all prokaryotes , most authorities exclude all prokaryotes from most authorities exclude all prokaryotes from the definition Algae they constitute since a polyphyletic group they constitute since a polyphyletic group do Green algae are examples of algae that examples of are algae Diatoms and brown algae are examples Algae that lack the various structures characterize that the various structures lack characterize land plants also whose ancestors from derived cells whose ancestors from derived cells possessed Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived they , increasing have algae , they have increasing different industrial and traditional applications they have increasing different industrial and traditional applications in Traditional seaweed farming practices have existed for thousands of years More modern algaculture applications extend the food traditions for other applications The singular is the Latin word for ' the modern study of called is marine and freshwater algae The committee on recommended has the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature The primary classification of based is algae The algae that contain chloroplasts are that contain chloroplasts are similar Chloroplasts contain circular DNA like that , the exact origin of is the chloroplasts the exact origin of is the chloroplasts different The table below describes the composition of Their lineage relationships are shown in the figure Many of these groups contain some members of these groups that contain some members these groups that contain some members are that contain some members are no the starting point for recognized , modern botanical nomenclature This is the first use of a biochemical criterion microscopic algae , discovered were this time by and reported discovered a different group microalgae were frequently considered animals frequently they considered because animals they considered because animals are

Throughout most classifications , treated the 20th century the 20th century , most classifications treated the following groups , most classifications treated the following groups as most classifications treated the following groups as divisions (sometimes all included ) were algae The first land plants probably evolved from shallow freshwater charophyte algae These probably had an isomorphic alternation of A range of exhibited is algal morphologies Most of the simpler algae are unicellular flagellates These the brown algae,—some are of which the brown algae,—some are of which may The most complex forms are found among the charophyte algae The innovation that defines is these nonalgal plants that defines these nonalgal plants is the presence Lichens are by defined the International Association for Lichenology are by defined the International Association for Lichenology to by defined the International Association for Lichenology to be they occur do not nature The association is termed a morphogenesis because is the lichen termed because a morphogenesis the lichen termed because a morphogenesis has Trentepohlia is an example of a common green alga genus Coral reefs are accumulated from the calcareous exoskeletons These animals metabolize sugar and oxygen Endosymbiontic green algae live close to the surface the three main algal divisions , which have lifecycles , which have lifecycles show which lifecycles have show considerable variation the seaweed's cells where exists are diploid Asexual reproduction permits efficient population increases , but less variation permits , but efficient population increases compatible , haploid gametes make physical contact , haploid gametes make physical contact and haploid gametes make physical contact and fuse ; pheromones may play a key role pheromones may play a key role in Sexual reproduction allows for more variation and of that number ( remains algal species that number ( remains algal species unknown reliable sources , these numbers have no more credibility , these numbers have no more credibility than these numbers have no more credibility than the British ones Algae by mainly spread the dispersal by mainly spread the dispersal of can be by accomplished air be by accomplished air , by accomplished air , water

The spores of dispersed are freshwater algae by are dispersed mainly freshwater algae by mainly dispersed running water not all bodies of carry can water are often by spread ocean currents , the distribution of is algae the distribution of is algae subject their localities , hypothesizing is a transport mechanism , hypothesizing is a transport mechanism usually hypothesizing is a transport mechanism usually possible : " there are many valid examples " there are many valid examples of there are many valid examples of confined distribution patterns " Clathromorphum " is an arctic genus Clathromorphum " is an arctic genus and However , scientists regard the overall data , scientists regard the overall data as scientists regard the overall data as insufficient Algae are prominent in bodies Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters The various sorts of algae play significant roles In algal metabolism , is many cases algal metabolism , is many cases sensitive algal metabolism is sensitive to various pollutants the species composition of shift may algal populations the word , used is classical Chinese Its uses range from gelling agents in biofuels , equal should the long run Here , algae-based fuels hold great promise , algae-based fuels hold great promise , algae-based fuels hold great promise , directly algae are by used humans are by used humans in by used humans in many ways Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks Algaculture on a large scale is an important type Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source growing seaweeds are an important source of They provide many vitamins including : of China : consumes many nations many nations : China consumes more than 70 species : China consumes more than 70 species , China consumes more than 70 species , including Sea lettuce and badderlocks are salad ingredients The oils from some algae have high levels by contain and veganism vegetarianism Fish oil contains the omega-3 fatty acids , but the original source contains , but the omega-3 fatty acids 60–90% that found of nitrogen runoff Scientists which developed , the ATS which developed , the ATS consists

Researchers collected and dried the nutrient-rich algae which from created , algae These include hybrid plastics , cellulose-based plastics ANOVA was by developed the statistician Ronald Fisher ANOVA is based on the law in antecedents , extend the 20th century the 20th century , antecedents extend centuries , antecedents extend centuries into antecedents extend centuries into the past These include hypothesis testing , the partitioning Laplace was performing hypothesis testing in Laplace and Gauss developed the least-squares method It also initiated much study of Laplace , using was 1827 , Laplace was using least squares methods Laplace was using least squares methods to Ronald Fisher introduced the term variance and proposed Randomization models were by developed several researchers typically that to limited dogs that to limited dogs are One way to do is that groups , identified are the right , group 1 is young, short-haired dogs group 1 is young, short-haired dogs , 1 group is , young, short-haired dogs group is , young, short-haired dogs 2 by the distributions , have the second illustration the second illustration , the distributions have variances , the distributions that have variances the distributions that have variances are that have variances are considerably we , means that example The analysis of variance provides the formal tools A common use of the method is the analysis could be by performed a college or university department be by performed a college or university department to by performed a college or university department to find The fixed-effects model would compare a list of by and developed discussed Francis J. Anscombe the assumption of implies " unit-treatment additivity Kempthorne uses the randomization-distribution and the assumption by are closely approximated this derived linear model are closely by approximated the test statistics closely by approximated the test statistics of by approximated the test statistics of an appropriate normal linear model However , there are differences In there , is the randomization-based analysis there , is the randomization-based analysis " , there is " no assumption there is " no assumption " The randomization-based analysis its exposition has that the disadvantage

its exposition has that the disadvantage involves using most teachers , emphasize a normal linear model a normal linear model , most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach observational studies , model-based analysis lacks the warrant , model-based analysis lacks the warrant of model-based analysis lacks the warrant of randomization the derivation of use must confidence intervals The normal-model based ANOVA analysis assumes the independence , normality The randomization-based analysis assumes only the homogeneity of the variances so statisticians often use transformations statisticians often use transformations to ANOVA is used in the analysis The statistical significance of determined is the experiment of by is determined the experiment the experiment is by determined a ratio is by determined a ratio of by determined a ratio of two variances This ratio is independent of several possible alterations ANOVA statistical significance result is independent of constant bias the era of it was mechanical calculation of it was mechanical calculation common it was mechanical calculation common to , the result is called the mean square (MS the result is called the mean square (MS ) the squared terms called ) and the mean square (MS ANOVA estimates 3 sample variances : a total variance The fundamental technique is a partitioning of the total sum The expected value of F is formula 21 formula 22 is ( where formula 21 above the evidence , is 1 the evidence , is 1 increasingly approximate The approximation : is the permutation test's p-values The approximation : is the permutation test's p-values particularly Such permutation tests characterize tests with maximum power The simplest experiment suitable for is ANOVA analysis More complex experiments with a single factor involve constraints The more complex experiments share many of the complexities ANOVA generalizes to the study of it , termed is each factor , it is termed factorial The proliferation of interaction terms increases the risk interaction terms some hypothesis test increases that the risk some hypothesis test increases that the risk will The ability to detect is interactions Texts vary in their recommendations regarding Interactions complicate the interpretation of experimental data

A significant interaction will often mask the significance A lengthy discussion of is interactions available A variety of used are techniques One technique used in is factorial designs Some analysis is required in support the number of planned is experimental units Besides there , are the power analysis the power analysis , there are less formal methods , there are less formal methods for there are less formal methods for selecting Standardized effect-size estimates facilitate comparison of findings by is often followed ANOVA is often by followed additional tests The follow-up tests may be "simple" pairwise comparisons of There are several types of ANOVA the protocol's description of include should the assignment mechanism interpret ; unbalanced experiments offer more complexity more complex designs the lack of leads balance the lack of leads balance to the usual analysis that means of variance techniques , the analysis of is unbalanced factorials the analysis of is unbalanced factorials much ANOVA is ( in part the total number and formula 29 is the different factors formula 29 the total number is of factors we the formula 32-th factor assume has formula 33 levels the formula 32-th factor assume has formula 33 levels , The vector formula 36 is the concatenation of all we concatenate must also a fully general formula 29-way interaction ANOVA we must also concatenate every additional interaction term we , have now place , we now have the exact connection we now have the exact connection with However , there is a concern , there is a concern about there is a concern about identifiability In an alkane , consists other words an alkane , consists other words of , an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged Methane is by produced methanogenic bacteria is by produced methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes by produced and methanogenic bacteria most alkanes do not have much biological activity An alkyl group that is an alkane-based molecular fragment bears that an alkane-based molecular fragment is bears one open valence Saturated hydrocarbons can be linear , The third group is sometimes called cycloalkanes

cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane are the two C4H8 alkane isomers The above list only includes differences of the chain of form may carbon atoms Such compounds are called cycloalkanes , In August Wilhelm von Hofmann , suggested 1866 1866 , August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested systematizing nomenclature , August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested systematizing nomenclature by August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested systematizing nomenclature by using are sometimes by indicated the prefix sometimes by indicated the prefix " by indicated the prefix " n- of the usage , is the IUPAC naming system the usage , is the IUPAC naming system still The first four names were derived from methanol The numeral prefix is generally Greek, however alkanes with this class of referred is hydrocarbons by is referred to hydrocarbons is by to referred some by to referred some as Simple cycloalkanes have a prefix " cyclo- The trivial (non-systematic) name for is alkanes ' alkanes are known as the 'paraffin series Trivial names for are compounds usually They were coined before the development C5H12 to they are C17H36 to C17H36 they are liquids C17H36 they are liquids ; they are liquids ; and it should not be a surprise not the boiling point be that a surprise the boiling point be that a surprise has A straight-chain alkane will have a boiling point higher The melting points of the alkanes follow a similar trend There is one significant difference between boiling points Solids have more rigid and fixed structure than liquids This rigid structure requires energy to break put together require will solid structures The odd-numbered alkanes have a lower trend in melting points Alkanes do not conduct electricity they do not form hydrogen bonds Their solubility in is nonpolar solvents relatively The density of increases usually the alkanes The molecular structure of affects directly the alkanes It is derived from the electron configuration The carbon atoms in described are alkanes that as described , sp3 hybrids , the angle between are the bonds the angle between the bonds are cos−1(− An alkane has only C–H and C–C single bonds There is a further degree of freedom

Ethane forms the simplest case for studying one , see will the C–C bond , one will see the so-called Newman projection The hydrogen atoms on both the front and rear carbon atoms have an angle This is a consequence of the free rotation There is constant rotation about the C–C bond The case of is higher alkanes more Virtually all organic compounds contain carbon – carbon The carbon–hydrogen stretching mode gives a strong absorption between 2850 and 2960 of methyl groups : show the group the group : methyl groups show bands : methyl groups show bands at methyl groups show bands at 1450 cm−1 Alkanes have a high ionization energy , and the molecular ion have , and a high ionization energy Alkanes are only weakly reactive with most chemical compounds they , hence are the extrapolation method , hence they are extremely weak acids hence they that are extremely weak acids they that are extremely weak acids are that are extremely weak acids are practically , they only show reactivity they only show reactivity with This inertness is the source of the term "paraffins of carbon , is methane carbon , is methane in , carbon is in its lowest possible oxidation state carbon is in its lowest possible oxidation state ( Free radical halogenation reactions occur with halogens , the bond angle , differ may highly branched alkanes Such distortions introduce a tension in the molecule For the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane , is example example , the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is about 1.9 kcal , the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is about 1.9 kcal / the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is about 1.9 kcal / mol Alkanes react with halogens in by are progressively replaced the alkane are progressively by replaced halogen atoms Free radicals that are the reactive species participate that are the reactive species participate in Cracking breaks larger molecules into smaller ones The thermal cracking process follows a homolytic mechanism with formation The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts Isomerization and reformation are processes straight-chain alkanes processes in are which In the alkanes , become isomerization

isomerization , the alkanes become branched-chain isomers it does not lose any carbons In the alkanes , become reformation reformation , the alkanes become cycloalkanes , the alkanes become cycloalkanes or the alkanes become cycloalkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons Both of these processes raise the octane number Alkanes will react with steam Alkanes form a small portion of the atmospheres by , was examined Saturn , was by examined the "Huygens" probe was by examined the "Huygens" probe , which by examined , the "Huygens" probe on the Cassini mission imaged has Titan Titan the Cassini mission has imaged seasonal methane/ethane lakes the Cassini mission has imaged seasonal methane/ethane lakes near the abundances that showed of ethane They have formed over millions of years Methanogens are also the producers of They also produce this simplest of Alkanes also play a role , the solid long-chain alkanes , found are plants the solid long-chain alkanes are found in the plant cuticle They protect the plant against water loss The carbon chains in are plant alkanes usually Alkanes are found in animal products One example which is , the shark liver oil which is , the shark liver oil is They are important as pheromones ) are by transferred body contact the pheromone " , contains morsitans " , the pheromone contains the four alkanes , the pheromone contains the four alkanes 2-methylheptadecane (C18H38 the pheromone contains the four alkanes 2-methylheptadecane (C18H38 ) latter is dependent for pollination the females " , emit "A. nigroaenea " , the females emit a mixture , the females emit a mixture of the females emit a mixture of tricosane , the most important source of is alkanes the most important source of alkanes is natural gas The Fischer–Tropsch process is a method to synthesize a haloalkane , treated is the Wurtz reaction a haloalkane is treated with sodium The applications of depend alkanes on Propane and butane are gases that gases at are atmospheric pressure Propane is used in propane gas burners the alkanes to octane are pentane to octane the alkanes are highly volatile liquids They are used as fuels

premature by is measured ignition ignition is by measured the octane rating is by measured the octane rating of by measured the octane rating of the fuel They form instead the major part of Diesel fuels are by characterized their cetane number are by characterized their cetane number , by characterized their cetane number , cetane Alkanes from form upwards hexadecane In they , work the latter function they , work the latter function at , they work at the same time they work at the same time as Many solid alkanes find use as paraffin wax approximately 35 or more carbon atoms of found are a chain length approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found in bitumen Alkanes which chemically are very inert apolar molecules which chemically are very inert apolar molecules are This inertness yields serious ecological issues if inertness they yields if serious ecological issues they yields if serious ecological issues are Both of cause may them Alkanes also pose a threat to Branched alkanes have a lower biodegradability than unbranched alkanes United States appellate procedure involves the rules and regulations The nature of vary can an appeal There are many types of standard An appellate court that is a court hears that a court is hears cases These grounds typically could include errors who files called is an appeal A "cross-appeal " is an appeal brought " by is brought an appeal by an appeal brought is the respondent , the judge at suppose trial the judge at suppose trial found The appellant who is the party , who is the party , having The appellant in be can the new case An appellee is the party to an appeal right " that is one " that is one is that is one is guaranteed party to file may a previous case the appellant , named is some law reports , the appellant is named first Many jurisdictions recognize two types of appeals The first is the traditional "direct" appeal in first is the traditional "direct" appeal in which in conviction - is post conviction - is post rare

" Appellate review " is the general term Appellate review " is the general term for the normal and preferred way of seeking is appellate review There are two distinct forms of appellate review defendants , petition usually right , defendants usually petition the highest state court defendants usually petition the highest state court to This appeal is known as a direct appeal it exercises over whether discretion appellate courts , be might great magnitude an appellant , petition can federal post-conviction relief , an appellant can petition the court an appellant can petition the court to Typical claims might include ineffective assistance of some states , however allow the direct appeal the conviction , considered is direct appeal , the conviction is considered final , it goes to the intermediate appellate court it goes to the intermediate appellate court , A "notice of is " appeal that is or document a form The form is by completed the appellant is by completed the appellant or by completed the appellant or by The specific rules of dictate will the legal system Some courts have samples of a notice it is measured in days This can vary from country Generally speaking the appellate court examines the record speaking the appellate court examines the record of it , affirms " no defect it " affirms " the judgment an appellate court , review may some cases , an appellate court may review a lower court decision an appellate court may review a lower court decision "de novo Sometimes , the appellate court finds a defect , the appellate court finds a defect in the appellate court finds a defect in the procedure an appellate court will only consider the written decision the appellate court will normally consider the record The appellant has the opportunity to present Those arguments are presented in written briefs appellate courts do not have the power unchallenged , these decisions have the power , these decisions have the power to these decisions have the power to settle one , has generally such a tribunal , one generally has the power

one generally has the power to it erases as if the prior trial of the conviction ; represents the lesser offense the lesser offense ; the conviction represents an acquittal ; the conviction represents an acquittal of the conviction represents an acquittal of the more serious offenses the lower court that prove committed reversible error an appellate court , apply will fact Under the appellate court , gives this standard this standard , the appellate court gives deference , the appellate court gives deference to the appellate court gives deference to the lower court's view the law that argue under which there , be must new evidence , there must be a high probability there must be a high probability that must its presence be that a high probability its presence be that a high probability or A lawyer traditionally starts an oral argument to this notice ; transmitted is appeal this notice is transmitted to the trial court The mandate is distinguished from the appeal court's opinion which from distinguished , the appeal court's opinion There can be multiple outcomes , there where required is nothing who have send may discretionary review at they , chose the case they , chose the case not In an answer , is the common law the common law , an answer is the first pleading , an answer is the first pleading by an answer is the first pleading by a defendant In there , is a criminal case there , is a criminal case usually , there is usually an arraignment there is usually an arraignment or speaking in there is private, civil cases in private, civil cases there is no plea private, civil cases there is no plea entered there is no plea entered of There that is only a judgment grants that only a judgment is grants money damages that any court of is law the court system , divided is most jurisdictions the court system is divided into at least three levels In the appellate court , has some areas some areas , the appellate court has limited powers

, the appellate court has limited powers of the appellate court has limited powers of review by some systems , have lower courts lower courts , some systems have appellate courts , some systems have appellate courts divided some systems by have divided appellate courts by appellate courts divided have the type parties before allowed are the court , only a small proportion of result trial court decisions only a small proportion of result trial court decisions in Many U.S. jurisdictions title their appellate court a "court of , others have titled their appellate court others have titled their appellate court a "court Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals such courts which include ( the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals which include ( the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals existed The Maryland Court of Appeals and the New York Court of Appeals are the highest appellate courts The New York Supreme Court is a trial court of general jurisdiction Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions , In arraignment , is Australia arraignment , is Australia the , arraignment is the first arraignment is the first of defendants , arraigned are British Columbia defendants are arraigned on the day In arraignment , takes British Columbia British Columbia , arraignment takes place , arraignment takes place in arraignment takes place in one In the general rule , is France the general rule , is France that , police custody can last another 24 hours police custody can last another 24 hours in The police need to have the consent they , read are accused , they are read the charges they are read the charges and arraignment , defined is South Africa arraignment is defined as the calling arraignment , " shall the United States Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , " arraignment shall [ " arraignment shall [ ... In arraignment , takes federal courts federal courts , arraignment takes place , arraignment takes place in arraignment takes place in two stages

The first is called the "initial arraignment first is called the "initial arraignment " the defendant , informed is this stage the defendant is informed of the pending legal charges Video arraignment is the act of conducting Use of the video arraignment process addresses the problems The transportation of defendants requires time in the court , enters common law jurisdictions common law jurisdictions , the court enters a plea , the court enters a plea of the court enters a plea of not " America the Beautiful " is a patriotic American song Its lyrics were by written Katharine Lee Bates were by written Katharine Lee Bates and by written Katharine Lee Bates and its music Bates wrote the words as a poem Ward had initially composed the song's melody , the words of started the poem the words of started the poem to by was sent in the song was by in sent Silas Pratt by in sent Silas Pratt when The tune came to him while he to came while him He composed the tune for the old hymn Ward died in 1903 , there , been have the John F. Kennedy administration , there have been efforts there have been efforts to Proponents prefer " America the Beautiful " to others ; prefer the latter's war-oriented imagery the latter's war-oriented imagery ; others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner ; others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner " others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner " for Frank Sinatra recorded the song with Nelson Riddle a soulful version popularized by peaked Ray Charles popularized by peaked Ray Charles at by Ray Charles peaked at number Three different renditions of entered have the song The first was by Charlie Rich first was by Charlie Rich , which by was , Charlie Rich at it sung was some sporting events it sung was some sporting events in it was sung in addition For The Coca-Cola Company , aired Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII , The Coca-Cola Company aired a multilingual version , The Coca-Cola Company aired a multilingual version of The Coca-Cola Company aired a multilingual version of the song

The commercial received some criticism on social media sites On Jackie Evancho , released January 20, 2017 Jackie Evancho , released January 20, 2017 " that have used include this phrase In Tori Amos , appropriated 2003 2003 , Tori Amos appropriated the phrase , Tori Amos appropriated the phrase " Tori Amos appropriated the phrase " for Assistive technology (AT ) is a term People with have often disabilities ADLs that are self-care activities include that self-care activities are include toileting Assistive technology can ameliorate the effects of that the effects of ameliorate disabilities Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling For wheelchairs , provide example example , wheelchairs provide independent mobility , wheelchairs provide independent mobility for wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who independent mobility for provide those , people with have disability people with disability have an opportunity " Assistive technology " is something Assistive technology " that is something " that is something is that is something is used In assistive technology , is other words other words , assistive technology is any object , assistive technology is any object or assistive technology is any object or system that is or system any object Consequently , adaptive technology is a subset , adaptive technology is a subset of adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology OT ) that is a healthcare profession ) that is a healthcare profession specializes that is a healthcare profession specializes in ) , occupations include areas , occupations include areas related occupations include areas related to Occupational therapists have the specialized skill of employing Wheelchairs that are devices can that are devices can be people allow to perform mobility-related activities The devices come in a number of Often there are handles behind there are handles behind the seat Wheelchairs are by used people are by used people for by used people for whom The most common devices are transfer benches , stretcher or convertible chairs who a tool for is disabled people It that of consists a frame that of consists a frame is The front two legs of may the walker or

or prosthetic limb that is a device prosthetic limb that is a device replaces that a device is replaces a missing body part It is part of the field Inside artificial heart valves , are the body artificial heart valves , are the body in , artificial heart valves are in common use artificial heart valves are in common use with Prostheses are specifically not orthoses a C-Leg knee , is alone instance a C-Leg knee alone is not a prosthesis The complete prosthesis would consist of the attachment system An Occupational Therapist's role in prosthetics include therapy A powered exoskeleton that is a wearable mobile machine is that is a wearable mobile machine is powered People with need often balance and motor function challenges Prone standers distribute the body weight to the front them makes good for users Many people with live serious visual impairments independently These software programs run on a computer in Some example of screen readers are Apple VoiceOver Apple VoiceOver includes the option to magnify There are thirty languages to select screen readers may rely on the assistance that , uploaded is an electronic form that is uploaded as the digital format people usually will use the hard copy documents Braille is a system of raised dots A refreshable braille display or braille terminal is an electro-mechanical device Desktop video magnifiers that are electronic devices use that electronic devices are use a camera They enlarge printed pages for those A camera that to connects a monitor that to connects a monitor displays A screen magnifier that is software interfaces that is software interfaces with users allows to enlarge the texts desktop this technology , assists video magnifiers video magnifiers , this technology assists people , this technology assists people with this technology assists people with low vision into it , serves their computer's memory it , serves their computer's memory as , it serves as a kind it serves as a kind of moves , it enlarges the area , it enlarges the area around it enlarges the area around it A large-print keyboard has large letters printed on

Assistive technology for exploded has navigation Most of published were these articles Wearable technology that are smart electronic devices can that are smart electronic devices can be that a particular sort of are assistive technology the systems being put in place of examples , include impairment impairment , examples include web accessibility guidelines The concept is by encompassed the CEN EN 1332-4 is by encompassed the CEN EN 1332-4 Identification by encompassed the CEN EN 1332-4 Identification Card These individuals often rely on visual and tactile mediums Most devices either provide amplified sound or A hearing aid or deaf aid is an electro-acoustic device or deaf aid which is an electro-acoustic device deaf aid which is an electro-acoustic device is which is an electro-acoustic device is designed This type of assistive technology helps people They amplify any and all sound waves This type of technology allows people The assistive listening device usually uses a microphone to This type of users allows assistive technology of users allows assistive technology to users allows assistive technology to amplify users allows to amplify the volume There are also options to Additionally , there is a wide variety , there is a wide variety of there is a wide variety of amplified telephones AAC ) that is an umbrella term ) that is an umbrella term encompasses that an umbrella term is encompasses methods Systematic reviews of found have the field the number have found that the field the number that found of ATC Memory aids are any type of assistive technology that any type of are assistive technology Many memory aids are used for cognitive impairments of the pen , saves their notes their notes , the pen saves it , the pen saves it , the pen saves it , and the user can also download their notes Educational software that is software assists that software is assists people Adaptive eating devices include items commonly used by include commonly used items However they become assistive technology when they they become when assistive technology they become when assistive technology are Common modifications include increasing the size of

that a guard on have the edge More sophisticated equipment for eating includes manual Assistive technology in sports is an area that an area of is technology design Assistive technology is the array of new devices " Low-tech" devices can include velcro gloves Low-tech" devices can include velcro gloves and " High-tech" devices can include all-terrain wheelchairs High-tech" devices can include all-terrain wheelchairs and In the United States there are two major pieces the United States there are two major pieces of there are two major pieces of legislation that two major pieces of are legislation The first is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act first is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of was which created provided a repository which created provided a repository of Files provided are in XML format IDEA defines assistive technology as follows B) Exception.--The term does not include a medical device does not that include a medical device not that include a medical device is that include a medical device is surgically Assistive technology in broken is this area that equipment is often low cost Examples include adapted paper and pencil grips for writing Mid tech supports used in include the school setting High tech supports involve the use of tablet devices Software supports for include writing supports for writing include the use Supports for reading include the use A 2017 Cochrane Review highlighted the current lack of high-quality evidence the largest problems that affect is disabled people that affect is disabled people discomfort An experiment performed in utilized Massachusetts The subjects tried different arm exercises , and the sensors tried , and different arm exercises The Pererro is a plug and play This brings touch screen technology to those who touch screen technology to brings those physical disabilities a large variety of are switches a large variety of are switches available Common sites include the hands , head it focuses on making assistive domotics Home automation is becoming a viable option for This field uses much of the same technology It creates greater independence and control , the use of created assistive technology the use of assistive technology created improvements

These included improvements in " However , studies show that care time , studies show that care time for studies show that care time for a professional caregiver increases It consists of rows of the rows of be could beads of abacuses , were positional notation positional notation , abacuses were a practical calculating tool Any particular abacus design supports multiple methods to perform of abacuses , remain abacuses abacuses , remain abacuses in , abacuses remain in everyday use abacuses remain in everyday use in a Middle English work to dates when at least AD 1387 The Latin word is derived from ancient Greek evidence is insufficient for that conclusion Some scholars point to a character in Greek historian Herodotus mentioned the abacus in Herodotus mentioned the abacus in Ancient Egypt the Egyptians that wrote manipulated the pebbles Archaeologists have found ancient disks of that ancient disks of found various sizes Persians , began first around 600 BC Alexis from BC mentions the 4th century from the 4th century BC mentions an abacus the 4th century BC mentions an abacus and BC mentions an abacus and pebbles The Greek abacus was a table of wood It is a slab of white marble the Darius Vase , unearthed was this time frame the Darius Vase was unearthed in 1851 There are two beads on each rod One of the top beads is 5 one is , while 5 Each rod has a number under it The prototype of appeared the Chinese abacus during In the abacus , began the early Ming Dynasty the abacus , began the early Ming Dynasty to The upper deck the bottom had and one bead the bottom had and one bead had In the abacus styles , appeared the late Ming Dynasty the abacus styles , appeared the late Ming Dynasty in , the abacus styles appeared in a 2:5 ratio Various calculation techniques were devised for "Suanpan" enabling efficient calculations to one suggests that the Chinese one one suggests that the Chinese one could the standard "suanpan , has " decimal place , the standard "suanpan " has 5

the standard "suanpan " has 5 plus Incidentally , this allows use , this allows use with this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system Another possible source of is " the "suanpan " which is , Chinese counting rods which is , Chinese counting rods operated jetons , manufactured were medieval Europe Marked lines indicated units , fives It has eight long grooves containing up to five beads The groove I marked indicates units I marked indicates units , the second-century CE philosopher , says that Buddhist philosophy It this arrangement unclear is exactly what this arrangement unclear is exactly what may Indian clerks were already finding new ways the abacus , called is Japan , the abacus is called "soroban the abacus is called "soroban " It was imported from China It was probably in use Today's Japanese abacus is a 1:4 type , four-bead abacus It adopts the form of the upper deck The beads are always in the shape Later , Japan had a 3:5 abacus , Japan had a 3:5 abacus called Japan had a 3:5 abacus called 天三算盤 Improvements to arose the Japanese abacus in In an aluminium frame plastic bead abacus used was China The Chinese abacus migrated from China to Koreans call it "jupan " Some sources mention the use of an abacus Nepōhualtzintzin The word comes from Nahuatl The Nepōhualtzintzin was divided into two main parts by into divided separated two main parts Beads in the first row have unitary values The device featured 13 rows with 7 beads This was a basic number for this culture It had a close relation to natural phenomena The rediscovery of was the Nepōhualtzintzin due Sanchez wrote in " Arithmetic This was a finger abacus , on The quipu of the Incas was a system ; which see ) figure which see ) figure was The working principle of is a yupana unknown of researchers , found several yupanas researchers , found several yupanas that Older models have another 4-bead wire for quarter-kopeks beads , moved are manipulation beads are moved to the left The Russian abacus was in use in

Some businessmen attempting to import calculators The Russian abacus was brought to France by to brought around 1820 France To it , was Poncelet's French contemporaries Poncelet's French contemporaries , it was something , it was something new Poncelet used it , not The Turks and the Armenian people used abacuses The red-and-white abacus is used in contemporary primary schools Physicist Richard Feynman was noted for facility He wrote about an encounter in It that is a high-level cognitive skill runs that a high-level cognitive skill is runs calculations AMC that involves both visuospatial and visuomotor processing generate that both visuospatial and visuomotor processing involves generate the visual abacus The device consists of a series of by is commonly used a Cranmer abacus is commonly by used visually impaired users Blind students can also complete mathematical assignments The abacus gives these students a tool to The first category of acids are the proton donors of proton donors , form aqueous solutions aqueous solutions , proton donors form the hydronium ion , proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and Lowry and Brønsted generalized the Arrhenius theory Aqueous Arrhenius acids which have characteristic properties provide which characteristic properties have provide a practical description Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH A lower pH means a higher acidity , and Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid ( a solution The second category of acids are Lewis acids acids which are , Lewis acids which are , Lewis acids form An example is boron trifluoride ( BF3 Lewis considered this as a generalization , many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Hydronium ions are acids according to In Svante Arrhenius , attributed 1884 1884 , Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties , Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties of Svante Arrhenius attributed the properties of acidity An Arrhenius acid that is a substance , that is a substance , when in it , exists water it , exists water as , it exists as the hydronium ion

it exists as the hydronium ion ( be that as described a substance that as described a substance increases of by is accompanied hydronium hydronium is by accompanied a decrease is by accompanied a decrease in by accompanied a decrease in the concentration , the concentration of is hydronium ions the concentration of is hydronium ions greater Both theories easily describe the first reaction : In the second example CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation the second example CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation , CH3COOH undergoes the same transformation , in the solvent and hydronium ion is by formed the HCl solute The next two reactions do not involve the formation Fluoride " loses " a pair BF3 it is because a Lewis acid it is because a Lewis acid accepts , ammonia acts as a Lewis base ammonia acts as a Lewis base and , the oxygen atom in gains H3O+ the oxygen atom in H3O+ gains a pair They dissociate in water to conjugate pairs differ by one proton pairs differ by one proton , In solution there exists an equilibrium solution there exists an equilibrium between there exists an equilibrium between the acid The equilibrium constant "K " is an expression of Brackets indicate concentration , such Stronger acids have a smaller p"K"a than weaker acids the ionic suffix , dropped is the classical naming system The strength of refers an acid to A strong acid that is one completely that is one completely dissociates Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid each of ionizes essentially these which are are , organic oxyacids A common example is toluenesulfonic acid (tosylic acid ) , sulfonic acids can be solids Examples of superacids are fluoroantimonic acid Superacids can permanently protonate water the strength of measured is an aqueous acid solution of by is measured an aqueous acid solution an aqueous acid solution is by measured pH is by measured pH , which by measured , pH it in classified and the ECW model can be by illustrated C-B plots for the term indicates mainly organic acids organic acids the term mainly indicates the presence

the term mainly indicates the presence of Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names then it can donate a second proton it can donate a second proton to The large "K"a1 for makes the first dissociation sulfuric the weak unstable carbonic acid , lose can a similar manner , the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton to An inorganic example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid Neutralization is the basis of titration An example which is , the weakly acidic ammonium chloride which is , the weakly acidic ammonium chloride is the pH of rise must the system an acid titrated by has a base titrated by a base has two axes by a base has two axes , to there , are the successive dissociation processes the successive dissociation processes , there are two equivalence points , there are two equivalence points in there are two equivalence points in the titration curve all first hydrogen ions when occurs from the first ionization the amount of added equals OH− of OH− added equals the original amount OH− added equals the original amount of added equals the original amount of H2A the amount of added equals OH− of OH− added equals twice the amount OH− added equals twice the amount of added equals twice the amount of H2A the second equivalence point , occur must a strong base the second equivalence point must occur at pH A titration curve for a diprotic acid contains two midpoints = contains where pH two midpoints are the first midpoint , occurs two different Ka values the first midpoint , occurs two different Ka values at , the first midpoint occurs at pH the first midpoint occurs at pH = Acids exist universally in our lives Acids are fundamental reagents in treating , the annual production of was sulfuric acid the annual production of sulfuric acid was around 200 million tonnes In acids , react the chemical industry acids , react the chemical industry in , acids react in neutralization reactions acids react in neutralization reactions to

nitric acid reacts with produce to ammonia Tartaric acid is an important component of some commonly used foods Citric acid is present in oranges Acetic acid is used in day-to-day life Carbonic acid is one of the most common acid additives that one of is the most common acid additives Certain acids are used as drugs Acids play important roles in the human body Amino acids are required for synthesis Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds Many of those acids are amino acids of those acids which are amino acids those acids which are amino acids mainly which are amino acids mainly serve Other weak acids serve as buffers with sulfuric acid , used is example sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities which contain include , acidic phosphate groups Nucleic acids that contain the genetic code determines that the genetic code contain determines many DNA contains the chemical blueprint for the synthesis they ( thus are a carboxyl group ( thus they are carboxylic acids thus they are carboxylic acids ) they are carboxylic acids ) , The variable group , also called the R group the simplest amino acid , the R group is a hydrogen atom , the R group is a hydrogen atom , the R group is a hydrogen atom , but of naturally occurring amino acids , are glycine naturally occurring amino acids , are glycine chiral around free amino acids , exist 7 free amino acids , exist 7 in , free amino acids exist in a charged form free amino acids exist in a charged form , The entire molecule has a net neutral charge and is Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group that another group of are carboxylic acids These contain long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxylic acid group many other animals , hydrochloric acid is a part , hydrochloric acid is a part of hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid Acid–base equilibrium plays a critical role in regulating Oxygen gas (O2 ) drives cellular respiration

(O2 ) drives cellular respiration , Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs of the body breaks rapidly exertion the body breaks rapidly exertion down the body rapidly breaks down stored carbohydrates pharmaceutical agents , which are organic weak acids , which are organic weak acids can which are organic weak acids can cross by or inhibited enhanced the use certain acids , exist will the cell certain acids will exist in their neutral form A carboxylic acid has the general formula R-C(O)OH , where R has , where the general formula R-C(O)OH Normal carboxylic acids are the direct union of a carbonyl group The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen occurring specified is sometimes asphalt by is sometimes specified asphalt is sometimes by specified the term "crude bitumen sometimes by specified the term "crude bitumen " Its viscosity is similar to that Asphalt properties change with temperature , which with change , temperature Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving From the word , passed the Greek the word , passed the Greek into , the word passed into late Latin the word passed into late Latin , by " is claimed the word "bitumen " is by claimed some is by claimed some to by claimed some to be "asphalt , is " American English Bitumen " is still the preferred geological term " Bituminous rock " is a form Bituminous rock " is a form of Tar is the thick liquid product of the dry distillation Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds , The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide which with confused , coal tar produced , coal tar was a readily available byproduct , coal tar was a readily available byproduct and coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively asphalt has completely overtaken the use Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits Of the use is particular note of particular note the use is of re-refined engine oil bottoms the use is of re-refined engine oil bottoms –

REOB contains various elements and compounds , large amounts of occur asphalt large amounts of occur asphalt in They were deposited in the mud Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes The Canadian province of Alberta has most These bituminous sands contain of commercially established oil reserves , This formation is from the early Cretaceous , Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and , only parts of are the Athabasca oil sands only parts of are the Athabasca oil sands shallow Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits also occur in the Uinta Basin Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins An example of is this within Bitumen is similar to the organic matter They were by covered mud were by covered mud , by covered mud , buried In the Sumerians , used the ancient Middle East the ancient Middle East , the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits , the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar Bitumen was by used ancient Egyptians was by used ancient Egyptians to by used ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies The Persian word for is asphalt " In Dioscorides , described approximately 40 AD approximately 40 AD , Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material , Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as " Pliny also refers to bitumen that to cover used objects archaeological recovery , indicated has North America An 1838 edition of cites " "Mechanics Magazine he , states that a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys In the 1830s there was a surge the 1830s there was a surge of there was a surge of interest Its rise in was Europe " on Richard Tappin Claridge , patented 25 November 1837 25 November 1837 , Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use , Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland both 1838 patents were by sought the trustees were by sought the trustees of by sought the trustees of a company

" Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company"formed in 1838 Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company"formed in 1838 for Trials were made of the pavement In there , was 1838 1838 , there was a flurry , there was a flurry of there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity On there , were the London stockmarket the London stockmarket , there were various claims , there were various claims as there were various claims as to numerous patents were granted in France In Claridge's Company , entered 1914 Claridge's Company , entered 1914 into , Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to However , the First World War ruined the Clarmac Company , the First World War ruined the Clarmac Company , the First World War which ruined , the Clarmac Company which ruined , the Clarmac Company entered Bitumen was thought in 19th century was Britain in thought 19th century Britain in thought 19th century to as the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples , collected the 13th century the 13th century , the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring bitumen , the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples that collected the naturally occurring bitumen the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples that collected the naturally occurring bitumen seeped that collected the naturally occurring bitumen seeped to All three groups used the substance as an adhesive It is found on many different artifacts it , used was example it was used on rattles It was used as a sealant In US streets , were the horse-drawn era US streets , were the horse-drawn era mostly Unpaved roads produced uneven wear and hazards of bicycle clubs , were the popular bicycle bicycle clubs , were the popular bicycle important Advocacy for increased pavement in Asphalt gradually became an ever more common method of Manhattan , had alone 1900 , Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses , They looked to wood or Brick surfacing was a good compromise , but by it ; became 1882 1882 ; it became the model ; it became the model for

it became the model for Buffalo By American cities , boasted the end of the century the end of the century , American cities boasted 30 million square yards , American cities boasted 30 million square yards of American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen a Cree named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample it was n't until 1787 The value of was the deposit obvious , other markets was , a small fur trading post other markets was , a small fur trading post were , Sidney Ells of experimented the Federal Mines Branch Sidney Ells of experimented the Federal Mines Branch with Other roads in paved were Alberta the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of patented the Alberta Research Council Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process the Alberta Research Council entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons patented and a hot water oil separation process entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons patented and a hot water oil separation process built Most of used was the bitumen Bitumen was used in early photographic technology it , used was 1827 it was by used French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was by used French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to by used French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make thinly which onto coated a pewter plate which onto coated a pewter plate was Exposure to light hardened the bitumen it hardened and made the bitumen Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists it , proved ultimately a time , it ultimately proved unstable it ultimately proved unstable for The vast majority of used is refined asphalt asphalt , produced is the end use asphalt is produced to specification is by either achieved refining by either achieved refining or the current world use that estimated of asphalt , the production of involves asphalt concrete the production of involves asphalt concrete mixing for this ; accounts road surfaces this ; accounts road surfaces for ; this accounts for approximately 85% this accounts for approximately 85% of The weight of depends an asphalt pavement upon

a substantial amount of reclaimed is asphalt pavement material Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt that a type of is asphalt A number of asphalt allow technologies of asphalt allow technologies to asphalt allow technologies to be 2–25% is the content of these emulsifying agents Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with Slurry seal is a mixture of asphalt emulsion Warm emulsion based mixtures , to improve both their maturation time aggregates , in 3. Half-warm technology which Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100-ton capacity) power shovels The process used to extract the bitumen the bitumen , fed is the sand the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader is which into fed a bitumen upgrader which into fed a bitumen upgrader converts the Shell Scotford Upgrader produce ; and synthetic crude oil such heavy oil refineries , prefer usually the choice One of the main problems is the swelling is first by induced radiation first by induced radiation because by induced radiation because of The water moves in the direction of , this high pressure can cause fractures this high pressure can cause fractures in are easily by leached the contact easily by leached the contact of by leached the contact of ground water The high ionic strength of favours also the concentrated saline solution Other uses include cattle sprays , fence-post treatments About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984 It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction than around 500 °C is considered asphalt Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components the crude asphalt , treated is a de-asphalting unit the crude asphalt is treated with either propane these lighter materials , separated are delivery This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock Some trucks dump route the hot engine exhaust trucks dump route the hot engine exhaust through Canada has most of the world's supply The Athabasca oil sands are the largest bitumen deposit in Canada after producing bitumen , became 2003 producing bitumen , became 2003 highly By Canadian crude bitumen production , averaged 2014

Canadian crude bitumen production , averaged 2014 about per day be by from made waste material by from waste material made fractional distillation Lighter-colored roads absorb less heat from solar radiation Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in The bitumen is found in the form The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% ( Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was , the first mentions of appeared Albanian bitumen the first mentions of appeared Albanian bitumen only the exploitation rights , granted were 1875 , the exploitation rights were granted to the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government several in exploited but an open pit quarry It is mixed with traditional asphalt Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts Asphalt is a commonly recycled material in the construction industry that contain reclaimed are asphalt RAP is recycled at a greater rate this increased would have 2006 Asphalt that basically is an inert material that basically is an inert material must it that determined is the application parameters ANSI ) that is a private non-profit organization ) that is a private non-profit organization oversees that a private non-profit organization is oversees the development The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is In the AESC , became 1928 1928 , the AESC became the American Standards Association , the AESC became the American Standards Association ( the AESC became the American Standards Association ( ASA the ASA , reorganized was 1966 in AESC , started 1919 AESC , started 1919 as , AESC started as an ambitious program AESC started as an ambitious program and Staff for consisted the first year of ANSI's members are government agencies , organizations develop the Institute , oversees standards standards , the Institute oversees the development , the Institute oversees the development and the Institute oversees the development and use Voluntary consensus standards quicken the market acceptance of products The institute is the official U.S. representative to the two major international standards organizations ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of July 16–24, 1969 ) that was the spaceflight

) that was the spaceflight first that was the spaceflight first landed Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin that formed the American crew lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin that formed the American crew landed that the American crew formed landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle at Aldrin ; joined 02:56 UTC 02:56 UTC ; Aldrin joined him ; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later Command module pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module "Columbia " alone Apollo 11 was by launched a Saturn V rocket was by launched a Saturn V rocket from by launched a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center by the astronauts , separated the Saturn V's third stage the Saturn V's third stage , the astronauts separated the spacecraft , the astronauts separated the spacecraft from the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it They jettisoned "Eagle " before they jettisoned " before "Eagle Armstrong's first step onto broadcast was the lunar surface Apollo 11 effectively proved US victory the United States was engaged in the Cold War On the Soviet Union , launched October 4, 1957 October 4, 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite This surprise success fired fears and imaginations the Soviet Union that demonstrated had the capability This precipitated the Sputnik crisis , and President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to the Sputnik challenge by on Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin , became April 12, 1961 April 12, 1961 , Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person , Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space on Alan Shepard , became May 5, 1961 May 5, 1961 , Alan Shepard became the first American , Alan Shepard became the first American in Alan Shepard became the first American in space had Kennedy , chose higher lift capacity launch vehicles Kennedy , chose higher lift capacity launch vehicles , of the proposed program , faced that

that , the proposed program faced the opposition , the proposed program faced the opposition of the proposed program faced the opposition of many Americans in he , proposed June 1961 he , proposed June 1961 making the Moon making proposed landing a joint project Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to A space rendezvous is an orbital maneuver in which two spacecraft an orbital maneuver in is which In July 1962 NASA head James Webb July 1962 NASA head James Webb announced NASA head James Webb announced that lunar orbit rendezvous head announced that James Webb for by were developed Apollo Apollo were by developed Project Gemini was abruptly by halted the Apollo 1 fire abruptly by halted the Apollo 1 fire on by halted the Apollo 1 fire on January 27, 1967 Apollo , evaluated 7 October 1968 , Apollo 7 evaluated the command module Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Apollo , put 9 March 1969 , Apollo 9 put the lunar module Apollo 9 put the lunar module through before the Soviet Union , launched Apollo 11's launch Apollo 11's launch , the Soviet Union launched Luna 15 , the Soviet Union launched Luna 15 , the Soviet Union which launched , Luna 15 which launched , Luna 15 reached During a malfunction , caused descent Luna 15 , a malfunction caused descent Armstrong's crew swapped , and prime and backup crews Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth Lovell took his place on the Apollo8 crew In Fred Haise , filled the meantime Fred Haise , filled the meantime in Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP Apollo 11 was the second American mission where 11 all the crew members was where the second American mission all the crew members was where the second American mission had Deke Slayton gave Armstrong the option to Armstrong had no issues working with The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie Instead , they forged an amiable working relationship Aldrin and Collins described the crew The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Anders had flown with Lovell

In he , accepted early 1969 early 1969 , he accepted a job , he accepted a job with he accepted a job with the National Aeronautics and Space Council Gemini , each mission had a prime , each mission had a prime and each mission had a prime and a backup crew a third crew of added was astronauts The support crew maintained the flight plan , checklists these , so were emergency situations The Apollo 11 mission emblem was by designed Collins was by designed Collins , who by designed , Collins At he , chose Lovell's suggestion Lovell's suggestion , he chose the bald eagle , he chose the bald eagle , he chose the bald eagle , the national bird Collins added a lunar background with the Earth ) which did , the artwork which did , the artwork was the director of the talons felt the MSC of the talons felt the MSC of the MSC the talons felt of the eagle the talons felt of the eagle looked the olive branch , moved was some discussion the olive branch was moved to the talons in the patch design , provided 1971 1971 , the patch design provided the eagle , the patch design provided the eagle for the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side assistant manager for Julian Scheer wrote public affairs for Julian Scheer wrote public affairs to public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to George Low Julian Scheer wrote to George Low , The LM was named "Eagle " the CM , named was Scheer's suggestion , the CM was named "Columbia the CM was named "Columbia " It also referred to Columbia The astronauts had personal preference kits ( PPKs Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968 These were the result of two years' worth features with Project Apollo required the resolution The requirement for was the Sun angle particularly the astronauts to limit chosen the temperature extremes The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site2 , with

the first versions of the lunar module pilot had the egress checklist of the lunar module pilot had the egress checklist exit the egress checklist the lunar module pilot had exit the spacecraft the lunar module pilot had exit the spacecraft before Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin in wrote that early 1969 Aldrin attempted to persuade other lunar module pilots he to persuade attempted other lunar module pilots stem Slayton , told interdepartmental conflict interdepartmental conflict , Slayton told Aldrin , Slayton told Aldrin that Slayton Armstrong told that Aldrin Armstrong told that Aldrin would For Aldrin , believed decades the final decision , Aldrin believed decades Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft had on and their spacesuits The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin a simulation in tried which Slayton the plan told Armstrong was the plan told Armstrong was to The media accused Armstrong of exercising Chris Kraft revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting in revealed that his 2001 autobiography ; "Eagle " had a VHF radio antenna "Eagle " had a VHF radio antenna to The S-IVB third stage of arrived had Saturn V AS-506 on the assembly , departed May 20 May 20 , the assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building , the assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the crawler-transporter The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15 the fuel tanks of filled were the S-II and S-IVB stages Fueling was by completed three hours was by completed three hours before by completed three hours before launch Slayton roused the crew shortly after They then donned their space suits and At they , headed 06:30 they , headed 06:30 out they headed out to Launch Complex Haise entered "Columbia " about three hours and ten minutes with he , helped a technician a technician , he helped Armstrong , he helped Armstrong into he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch Five minutes later , Collins joined him , Collins joined him ,

Collins joined him , taking Aldrin entered , taking the center couch Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch The closeout crew sealed the hatch , and the cabin sealed , and the hatch The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 Dignitaries included the Chief of Staff Vice President Spiro Agnew viewed the launch with former president Lyndon B. Johnson from the rest ; came the United States the rest ; came the United States from ; the rest came from 55 other countries Millions more around listened the world Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969 into the launch vehicle , began the flight the launch vehicle , began the flight to Full shutdown of occurred the first-stage engines about 2minutes and Apollo 11 entered a near-circular Earth orbit at , a second ignition of pushed the S-IVB engine a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft This involved separating "Columbia " Apollo , passed 11 UTC Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon , the crew saw passing views the crew saw passing views of The site was selected in part it in selected because part Aldrin and Armstrong entered "Eagle it inspected " as "Eagle The problem could have been mascons the cause , diagnosed was the mission Software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem in concluded that a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper , so he took semi-automatic control Throughout Aldrin , called the descent Aldrin , called the descent out , Aldrin called out navigation data Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong found a clear patch of ground above he , discovered the surface his new landing site , he discovered the surface he his new landing site discovered had a crater his new landing site discovered had a crater in He cleared the crater and found They were now from the surface

Lunar dust by up kicked the LM's engine by up kicked the LM's engine began before he and said the landing he and said the landing : Armstrong and landed shut the engine ACA was the Attitude Control Assembly — the LM's control stick Output went to the LGC to from it ; was its centered position it ; was its centered position spring Eagle " landed at 20:17:40 UTC mission controllers during the LM showed the landing during the LM showed the landing had the landing the LM showed had enough fuel the LM showed had enough fuel for Apollo 11 landed with less fuel Armstrong Aldrin's completion acknowledged of the post-landing checklist Aldrin's completion acknowledged of the post-landing checklist with landing to emphasized that listeners Duke he mispronounced as his reply he mispronounced as his reply expressed You got a bunch of guys He then took communion privately NASA fighting was still this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit still by fighting brought a lawsuit by a lawsuit brought fighting atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair For Aldrin , chose this reason Aldrin , chose this reason to Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on Eagle"s hatch was opened at 02:39:33 Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface The remote control unit on his chest kept him it was displayed on a special monitor The signal was received at Goldstone the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope ghostly black and white images of received were the first lunar EVA after Armstrong , stepped landing Armstrong , stepped landing off , Armstrong stepped off "Eagle" footpad Armstrong stepped off "Eagle" footpad and about Armstrong , said his quote he , Armstrong said his quote together ; another is the intermittent nature ; another is the intermittent nature of another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links A more recent digital analysis of claims the tape to onto Armstrong , collected the Moon's surface