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a political philosophy Anarchism is and movement a political philosophy that and movement is the abolition Anarchism for calls of societies Humans in lived without authority toward scepticism also rose throughout history , modern anarchism emerged history , modern anarchism emerged from , the Enlightenment modern anarchism from emerged , most parts the anarchist movement in flourished most parts the anarchist movement in flourished of part have Anarchists taken in into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; there is revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; significant overlap there is ; significant overlap there is between significant overlap there is between the "anarchism of The etymological origin " is The suffix "-ism " the ideological current that denotes " the ideological current that denotes favours anarchy the ideological current that favours denotes from 1539 ; early English usages emphasised 1539 ; a sense early English usages emphasised ; a sense early English usages emphasised of disorder early English usages a sense of emphasised their opponents within the French Revolution Various factions labelled Additionally , "libertarian socialist some anarchists use , "libertarian socialist some anarchists use " "libertarian socialist some anarchists use " to socialist forms is Anarchism to contrasted is socialist forms to which contrasted socialist forms to which contrasted are anarchism of Scholars generally highlight anarchism " defining " is the creation It after was of the state ) was by delineated ) was Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by delineated was Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by delineated and Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou by delineated and Laozi were also tragedians by articulated also tragedians by articulated and tragedians by articulated and philosophers the myth and Sophocles Aeschylus used Athenian authorities Socrates questioned constantly and human law Cynics dismissed ( "nomos In medieval Europe , there was medieval Europe , no anarchistic activity there was , no anarchistic activity there was except some ascetic religious movements there no anarchistic activity except was In Basra , religious sects preached Basra , religious sects preached against , the state religious sects against preached In Europe , various sects developed Europe , anti-state and libertarian tendencies various sects developed |
delegitimising the state , Max Stirner's thinking paved the state , the way Max Stirner's thinking paved , the way Max Stirner's thinking paved to individualism Max Stirner's thinking the way to paved thought of various anarchist schools had become from mutualism , Mikhail Bakunin founded mutualism , collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin founded , collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin founded and collectivist anarchism Mikhail Bakunin founded and entered a significant political force The International became , with a significant political force Karl Marx , with became bitter disputes , the Bakuninists were expelled the International were the Bakuninists from expelled were the International from by expelled the Marxists from the International by expelled from the First International , anarchists formed the First International , the St. Imier International anarchists formed , collectivism anarcho-communism with overlapped the century , anarchism had spread the international syndicalism movement It a notable feature of was , students of small groups imported the humanistic pro-science version of students small groups imported rebellious youth Tokyo a hotspot for was In Latin America , Argentina was Latin America , a stronghold Argentina was , a stronghold Argentina was for anarcho-syndicalism Argentina a stronghold for was , anarchists of a minority adopted tactics of anarchists a minority adopted propaganda became This strategy as known from these terrorist acts , infamy came these terrorist acts , infamy came upon , the movement infamy upon came the movement infamy upon came and however , harsh suppression they met , harsh suppression they met after they harsh suppression the Bolshevik government after met harsh suppression the Bolshevik government after met was in Russia , two new antithetical currents emerged Russia , two new antithetical currents emerged , a coherent group former to create sought a coherent group to create that sought activists communist parties to which turned communist parties to which turned grew Spanish anarchism of A long tradition led to supported armed militias by , took control armed militias , by took anarchism The 1960s a revival of witnessed During this time , anarchism found this time , a presence anarchism found |
, a presence anarchism found in other movements anarchism a presence in found a transition also It saw from punk subculture became Anarchism with associated anarcha-feminism of The established feminist tendencies returned with form Black anarchism to take began of the 21st century , anarchism grew the 21st century , anarchism grew in , popularity anarchism in grew popularity anarchism in grew and their involvement became Anarchists for known this time pioneered in Other organisational tactics include the confrontations of this period A significant event was The individualist negative liberty current emphasises individualist negative liberty current emphasises in opposing restraints current negative liberty in emphasises anarchist movements political anarchism constitute which lies philosophical anarchism constitute political anarchism which lies constitute political anarchism philosophical anarchism which lies political anarchism philosophical anarchism which lies holds philosophical anarchism which lies holds that individualist anarchism , philosophical anarchism may tolerate , the existence may philosophical anarchism tolerate the existence may philosophical anarchism tolerate of moral arguments Anarchism significant attention to pays political nihilism has been by espoused has been anarchists by espoused mutualism among classical anarchist currents Inceptive currents were They were the major currents by followed were the major currents by followed of social anarchism by the major currents of followed Mutualism an 18th-century economic theory that is was an 18th-century economic theory that is was developed reciprocity Its aims include , free association , his goal first Proudhon characterised his goal first Proudhon characterised as anarchism Collectivist anarchism a revolutionary socialist form of is the means Collectivist anarchists collective ownership of advocate anarchism Anarcho-communism a theory of is anarchism a theory of that is radical socialist currents Anarcho-communism from developed after anarchism Anarcho-syndicalism a branch of is anarchism a branch of that is several traditions Individualist anarchism a set of is the left Anarchist undergird contemporary radical social movements of principles the anarchist movement in Interest developed alongside , anarchist principles of wider embrace signaled a revival of anarchist principles wider embrace signaled black bloc demonstrations emphasizes which has reinforced more scholars has also Its publicity led anarchist principles " , there is |
" , no consensus there is , no consensus there is on which there no consensus on is which no consensus on principles is the methods Anarchist schools on disagree by equal liberty of The principle is closer various forms Anarchists' tactics take but in the course have Anarchist tactics during shifted During the classical era , anarchists had the classical era , a militant tendency anarchists had only did state armed forces they confront did state armed forces they confront , state armed forces they confront , as part also Anarchists took in these attacks of Many were done of these attacks were by done these attacks were individual assailants by done were individual assailants by done and individual assailants by the majority and done achieve their stateless , nonviolent ends direct action Other anarchist groups advocate , a tactic direct action which , a tactic advocate strike actions Anarchists an active role in took a part They it as saw their propaganda also Anarchists reinforced within the form can This take of been various grassroots movements with that engaging various grassroots movements with that engaging are the classical era , the newly coined term "small-a anarchism " signals , their tendency " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism signals their tendency " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism signals not a significant tactical role of small anarchist affinity groups The decision-making process plays various methods have Anarchists employed in an individual One way for is from rough consensus usually Minorities accept , small groups usually Anarchists form ( various software in developing that involved squat Anarchists themselves to organize Temporary Autonomous Zones are often they called by anarchists , squatting is anarchists , a way squatting is , a way squatting is to a way squatting is to regain anarchists space Acquiring enables to widely different uses has Its diversity to led not often classical anarchists by discussed often classical anarchists by discussed but classical anarchists by discussed but the anarchists Sexual violence a concern for was contemporary anarchism , this current survives this a tendency current as survives |
a tendency current as survives to marriage Free love advocates against were , free love of The notion was much the establishment Those free love movements to contributed of , the jealousy some anarchists with struggled some anarchists the jealousy with that struggled the jealousy with that struggled arose free love Anarchist feminists advocates of were a subject and compulsory heterosexuality sexual identity became proper education Anarchists consider , one proper education which , one consider the Escuela Moderna and free thinker Francisco Ferrer Catalan anarchist established the working class Ferrer to educate aimed the state after constant harassment by closed Nonetheless , the inspiration his ideas formed , the inspiration his ideas formed for a series his ideas the inspiration for formed also a similar school its founding principle with established a similar school its founding principle with established being , little consensus has there been little consensus has there been among to the state and its institutions is the state and a "sine qua non its institutions is and a "sine qua non its institutions is " a "sine qua non its institutions is " of a tool Anarchists the state as consider their life , major decisions are taken major decisions are a small elite by taken states against Another anarchist argument is that against states the people that is states the people that is constituting a government that the people constituting is authority that the tension between believed the state Bakunin saw as meaning philosophical anarchism , the state that believed anarchists art useful to made a critique could It depict of the whole human could art to appeal an ecological aesthetic The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had and offered anarchism of The most common critique is that of anarchism humans that is anarchism humans that is can this critique Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported , stating common arguments Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala a list of composed the ruling political theory would anarchism into turn the criticism has Philosophical anarchism met of an essay Law professor William A. Edmundson authored to argue "The Problem of Political Authority " , Michael Huemer defends |
" , philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer defends , philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer defends , philosophical anarchism Michael Huemer defends , claiming the earliest criticisms of One is that of the earliest criticisms anarchism that is the earliest criticisms anarchism that is defies authority that the acceptance of states Anarchists this criticism challenging or disobeying authority because reject this criticism challenging or disobeying authority because reject does social revolution has been by criticised has been academics by criticised been academics by criticised as academics by criticised as naive his book Academic John Molyneux in writes "Anarchism: A Marxist anarchism of The Marxist criticism is that of anarchism it that is anarchism it that is has a utopian character that it has is Autism a neurodevelopmental disorder by characterized is difficulties a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by is signs often Parents notice during a combination is Autism with associated certain infections during pregnancy Risk factors include other proposed environmental causes Controversies surround ; for children of about 1.5% are diagnosed Autism a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms is first a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms is first appear the age of six months gradually Overt symptoms after begin It is a characteristic triad by distinguished is a characteristic triad by distinguished of symptoms by a characteristic triad of distinguished social impairments Autistic people have and often social stimuli Autistic infants less attention to show for example , they have example , less eye contact they have , less eye contact they have and less eye contact they have and turn-taking autistic children Three- to five-year-old are less likely , attachments do they form attachments do they form to neurotypical children Most autistic children moderately less attachment security than display more intense and frequent loneliness with high-functioning autism Children have many anecdotal reports There are , but communication in Differences may be example , they may look a pointing hand may they at look , 8–15 aged high-functioning autistic children performed 8–15 aged high-functioning autistic children performed equally controls Both autistic groups worse than performed superior skills with ASD Many individuals show over 90% are Sensory abnormalities in found |
under-responsivity Differences greater for are motor signs of autistic people An estimated 60–80% have of autistic people motor signs that have autistic people motor signs that have include poor muscle tone motor signs that include have about three-quarters Unusual eating behavior in occurs of There tentative evidence gender dysphoria that is tentative evidence gender dysphoria that is occurs the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions Gastrointestinal problems one of are a common cause that there is presumed a strong genetic basis Autism has , although a strong genetic basis the genetics , although has interactions Complexity due to arises twins of Studies suggest that of twins heritability that suggest twins heritability that suggest is 0.7 that heritability is suggest less than 1% individually Most loci explain of that the mutation , that is the mutation , that is causes ASD is Intrauterine growth restriction with associated to or certain foods exacerbate autism include or certain foods exacerbate autism include , certain foods exacerbate autism include , infectious diseases The latter theory was a litigation-funded study by supported was a litigation-funded study by that supported a litigation-funded study by that supported has maturation-related changes Autism's symptoms from result in There evidence gut–brain axis abnormalities that is evidence gut–brain axis abnormalities that is may that immune dysregulation A 2015 review proposed , gastrointestinal inflammation autism may Some rare mutations to lead mice in Gene replacement studies suggest that in mice autistic symptoms that suggest mice autistic symptoms that suggest are behavior is Diagnosis on based the DSM-5 , autism is characterized autism is persistent deficits by characterized is persistent deficits by characterized in social communication by persistent deficits in characterized early childhood These deficits present in are social or emotional reciprocity Sample symptoms lack of include better Rett syndrome for by accounted Rett syndrome for by accounted , a semistructured parent interview (ADI-R ) the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised is a semistructured parent interview the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule , and is a preliminary investigation commonly A pediatrician performs by tests of Commercial availability may precede the UK Children for the National Autism Plan recommends |
Children for the National Autism Plan recommends at autism of Signs may be normative facial expressions making oneself perform include Autism the five pervasive developmental disorders one of is the five pervasive developmental disorders one of is ( , Asperger syndrome with people have no substantial delay with Asperger syndrome people have autism of The terminology can be causes has been by hampered has been the inability by hampered been the inability by hampered to the inability by hampered to identify The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 it found in 2016 it found was 2016 it found was unclear all children The Japanese practice to screen is children the UK , whose families in the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Screening tools include ( M-CHAT autistic children when treating The main goals are greater responsiveness are higher IQs with correlated the main resources and the educational system Families are be behavior analysts out by carried behavior analysts out by carried , methodological problems of interventions Studies have of interventions methodological problems that have interventions methodological problems that have prevent definitive conclusions methodological problems that prevent have evidence-based interventions of the development has advanced special education programs , Intensive sustained and applied behavior analysis often used Educational interventions include these approaches , interventions either treat , autistic features either interventions treat autistic features either interventions treat comprehensively early childhood intervention Two theoretical frameworks for outlined include One interventional strategy a parent training model which , utilizes a parent training model which , utilizes teaches in preschool children ; it is preschool children ; it is also children whether treatment programs for known ASD symptoms to treat that used the effectiveness There scant reliable research about is few are scientific studies by supported little empirical support Treatment approaches have in quality the child may Some alternative treatments place at In 2005 , botched chelation therapy killed 2005 , a five-year-old child botched chelation therapy killed , a five-year-old child botched chelation therapy killed with autism botched chelation therapy a five-year-old child with killed autistic people for the associated risks since recommended |
as of 2018 there is of 2018 no good evidence there is 2018 no good evidence there is to no good evidence there is to recommend the prospective trials The authors analyzed conducted to gluten- and casein-free diet of them All compared 3 months , no significant effect was observed the diet that a longer duration of concluded stress This decreasing includes , There tentative evidence music therapy that is tentative evidence music therapy that is may early research has There been looking autism There no known cure for is of ASD ; this occurs ASD ; this occurs sometimes intensive treatment this sometimes after occurs ; unselected samples rates in reported unselected samples rates in reported have age five Most autistic children language by acquire social support Many autistic children lack , future employment opportunities autism has no study on focused significant obstacles Many autistic people face in transitioning Compared to the general population autistic people are to the general population autistic people are more the general population autistic people are more likely of 2007 , reviews estimate 2007 , a prevalence reviews estimate , a prevalence reviews estimate of 1–2 reviews a prevalence of estimate a rate in the United States A 2016 survey reported Globally , an estimated 24.8 million people autism affects , an estimated 24.8 million people autism affects , an estimated 24.8 million people autism affects , while an estimated 24.8 million people Asperger syndrome , while affects In 2012 , the NHS estimated 2012 , the NHS estimated that autism that the overall prevalence of estimated from 1998 to 2018 , the autism diagnoses increased 1998 to 2018 , the autism diagnoses increased by , 787% the autism diagnoses by increased more attention would a real increase directing suggest higher risk Males at are for cognitive impairment : it may be autism of the risk is associated with older mothers ; two potential explanations are older mothers ; the known increase two potential explanations are ; the known increase two potential explanations are in mutation burden two potential explanations the known increase in are |
a 12-year-old boy the story of who contains that of autism The earliest well-documented case is the Greek word "autós He it from derived its modern sense " first "autism took an ASD was Asperger investigating now the Johns Hopkins Hospital of Leo Kanner first used late as the mid-1970s there was as the mid-1970s little evidence there was the mid-1970s little evidence there was of a genetic role there little evidence of was 1980 It until took for In 1987 , the DSM-III-R provided 1987 , a checklist the DSM-III-R provided , a checklist the DSM-III-R provided for a checklist the DSM-III-R provided for diagnosing May 2013 , the DSM-5 was released autistic individuals has The Internet helped bypass nonverbal cues the autistic rights , accompanied by emerged World Autism Awareness Day Events include , Autism Sunday autism Social-science scholars those with study the context The autism rights movement a social movement within is fringe theories This perspective distinct from is autistic people of About half are unemployed work , most are employed sheltered settings are most in employed , autistic people of experienced employers give positive reports of autistic people experienced employers give of autism is by caused autism is decreased earnings by caused is decreased earnings by caused in the job market by decreased earnings in caused the ratio is Surface albedo as defined not only properties by determined only properties by determined of the surface by properties of determined atmospheric composition These factors with vary , the Sun ) , albedo is ) , the directional integration albedo is , the directional integration albedo is of reflectance albedo the directional integration of is , the entire spectrum albedo to refers the entire spectrum albedo to refers of for is often it given climatology Albedo an important concept in is visible light in Any albedo falls within an effective albedo can Deeply shadowed cavities achieve approaching from a distance , the ocean surface has a distance , a low albedo the ocean surface has , a low albedo the ocean surface has , a low albedo the ocean surface has , as |
an albedo range Most land areas in are of about 0.3 of Earth The average albedo is the bidirectional reflectance distribution function are These calculations on based the planet of the average temperature would drop the planet of the mean temperature would drop In 2021 , scientists reported 2021 , scientists reported that climate change - caused by co ; the Arctic and Antarctic regions in high albedo areas are the Arctic and Antarctic regions in high albedo areas are cold low albedo Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas have , and more heat notably Arctic regions release back a concern has This been since has a concern arctic ice since been a concern arctic ice since been and climate Albedo affects by determining local albedo of snowfall A layer increases , snow-covered sea ice of the albedo is snow-covered sea ice of the albedo is far more solar radiation Sea water absorbs than would more solar radiation the same surface than would absorbs The extra absorbed energy the sea water which , heats the sea water which , heats in a smaller scale Albedo on works , the electrical energy output can Albedo affect of a spectrally responsive albedo of the effects are illustrated of a spectrally responsive albedo are by illustrated a spectrally responsive albedo are the differences by illustrated are the differences by illustrated between the spectrally weighted albedo by the differences between illustrated over 10% Research impacts of showed trees that greater heat absorption by suggested climate also Trees impact in , heating it where causes heating it where causes condenses , treeless areas of winter albedos are treeless areas of winter albedos are 10% to 50% about 0.15 to 0.18 Deciduous trees an albedo value of have the Hadley Centre by Studies have investigated light Water reflects very differently the wavelength of light even wavy water is of light even wavy water is always light even wavy water is always smooth of incident light , it becomes incident light , it becomes very above , an appreciable reduction waviness causes waves that white caps on Note atmospheric temperatures Cloud albedo substantial influence over has |
different reflectivity of clouds Different types exhibit Earth of about half is covered of Earth is by covered Earth is clouds by covered is clouds by covered , clouds by which , covered cool Clouds Earth keep by in some areas are by affected some areas are artificial clouds by affected are artificial clouds by affected , artificial clouds by affected , such the climate on Another albedo-related effect is from of what we know comes what we know comes from the study know we from comes Eris Another notable high-albedo body is , with in the outer Solar System and asteroid belt have the outer Solar System and low albedos asteroid belt have and low albedos asteroid belt have down low albedos asteroid belt have down to 0.04 A typical comet nucleus an albedo of has the Moon of The overall albedo is measured these five parameters of One is yet planetary radar astronomy , a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted a planetary target is a microwave (or radar) pulse toward transmitted a smooth or mirror-like surface ) are by dominated ) are the OC component by dominated are the OC component by dominated as the OC component by there as dominated where the effective cross-sectional area the denominator is of the target object the denominator the effective cross-sectional area of is English in Its name is " shape It similar in is the two slanting sides The uppercase version of consists of an abjad is also it called the letter — so they used — so their version they used so their version they used of the sign they their version of used their civilization The Etruscans the Greek alphabet to brought During Roman times , there were Roman times , many variant forms there were , many variant forms there were of the letter there many variant forms of were First the monumental or lapidary style which , was the monumental or lapidary style which , was was a cursive style There also was used of these surfaces , there are these surfaces , there are not |
, as many examples there not are as many examples there not are of , the cursive minuscule of several variants developed the cursive minuscule of several variants developed through to the present-day form , the principal form was the present-day form , the principal form was used book-making the principal form used in was the two main variants 15th-century Italy the formation of saw the two main variants the formation of that saw in most current handwriting ; it consists most current handwriting ; it consists of ; a circle it of consists a circle it of consists and in most printed material ; it consists most printed material ; it consists of ; a small loop it of consists a small loop it of consists with In Greek handwriting , it was Greek handwriting , it was common these , the that serif the the right leg stroke that began serif the right leg stroke that began serif developed the Latin alphabet use that , denotes a state ( ) Alabama is the "Yellowhammer State is Alabama nicknamed " the longleaf pine The state tree is , and the longleaf pine the state flower , and is Montgomery Alabama's capital is , and Montgomery its largest city , and is Mobile Its oldest city is , founded Mobile by , founded is of the Deep South , Alabama is the Deep South , Alabama is now , a predominantly conservative state Alabama now is a predominantly conservative state Alabama now is , to many native tribes , present-day Alabama was many native tribes , a Spanish territory present-day Alabama was , a Spanish territory present-day Alabama was beginning a Spanish territory present-day Alabama was beginning in 1763 The British the territory in won part Spain Mobile as held December 1819 , Alabama was recognized a state was Alabama as recognized During the antebellum period , Alabama was the antebellum period , a major producer Alabama was , a major producer Alabama was of cotton Alabama a major producer of was until World War II , Alabama suffered World War II , economic hardship Alabama suffered |
, economic hardship Alabama suffered , economic hardship Alabama suffered , in to other former slave states , Alabamian legislators employed other former slave states , Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators employed , Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators employed to Jim Crow laws Alabamian legislators employed to disenfranchise urban centers , the state legislature white rural interests dominated , the state legislature white rural interests dominated from 1901 white rural interests the state legislature from dominated the Selma to Montgomery march the state made to Montgomery march the state made a Montgomery march the state made a major Following World War II , Alabama grew World War II , Alabama grew as in different dialects ; the plural form is different dialects ; the plural form is ) historical sources The word's spelling significantly among varies of 1540 : Garcilaso de la Vega used 1540 : Garcilaso de la Vega used , As early as 1702 , the tribe the French called , the the French the tribe called the the French the tribe called , the name of Other spellings have included the Choctaw the word comes from suggest Native American origin The state numerous place names of has the "Jacksonville Republican in An 1842 article " proposed in the "Jacksonville Republican " it proposed the "Jacksonville Republican " it proposed meant the 1850s was This notion in popularized varying cultures of Indigenous peoples lived in the state The agrarian Mississippian culture most of covered the classic Middle Mississippian era This the second-largest complex of is Moundville the basis scholars of were the basis scholars of were ' to popular belief , the SECC appears popular belief , the SECC appears to no direct links the SECC to have appears the time of European contact the Cherokee were of European contact the Cherokee were , European contact the Cherokee were , an Iroquoian language people the first Europeans The Spanish were to reach Hernando de Soto of The expedition passed through More than 160 years later , the region's first European settlement the French founded , the region's first European settlement the French founded at |
Old Mobile the French the region's first European settlement at founded the current site was The city to moved in the Seven Years' War , it became the Seven Years' War , part it became , part it became of British West Florida it part of became the American Revolutionary War , the territory was divided the United States was the territory between divided the Tombigbee District He in settled during Alabama of the northern two-thirds was known Alabama was the Yazoo as known was lands as the Yazoo known lands as the Yazoo known beginning It was the Province of by claimed was Georgia by the Province of claimed Georgia by the Province of claimed from Alabama of the lower one-third was made the territory were The Yazoo lands to added the territory of half was separated March 3, 1817 The United States Congress the Alabama Territory on created the 22nd state was Alabama as admitted From July5 to August 2, 1819 , delegates met July5 to August 2, 1819 , delegates met to the new state constitution delegates to prepare met was large cotton plantations around whose owners' wealth built large cotton plantations around whose owners' wealth built grew The area also many poor, disenfranchised people who drew also many poor, disenfranchised people who drew became subsistence farmers many poor, disenfranchised people who became drew under 10,000 people Alabama an estimated population of had , Alabama's capital Tuscaloosa as served On January 30, 1846 , the Alabama legislature announced January 30, 1846 , the Alabama legislature it announced the new capital in The first legislative session met in the direction was A new capitol building under erected 1849 The first structure down in burned Montgomery in This second capitol building remains to 1860 , the population had increased 964,201 people had the population to increased On January 11, 1861 , Alabama declared January 11, 1861 , its secession Alabama declared , its secession Alabama declared from the Union Alabama its secession from declared for a few days , it joined a few days , the Confederate States of America it joined |
Montgomery The Confederacy's capital initially at was yellow trim The company new uniforms with wore Alabama's slaves were the 13th Amendment by freed were the 13th Amendment by freed in 1865 by the 13th Amendment in freed military rule Alabama under was from , political leaders many African Americans as emerged political leaders many African Americans as emerged in Following the war , the state remained the war , the state remained chiefly During Reconstruction , state legislators ratified Reconstruction , a new state constitution state legislators ratified , a new state constitution state legislators ratified in 1868 state legislators a new state constitution in ratified 1868 a new state constitution in which ratified numerous public road and railroad projects Legislators funded , although numerous public road and railroad projects these , although funded the freedmen resistance groups to suppress tried Alabama in Reconstruction ended in 1875 They another constitution in wrote racially segregated schools that called for approved provisions of Alabama The new 1901 Constitution included voter registration provisions for that included public schools The 1901 constitution racial segregation of required By 1903 only 2,980 African Americans were registered 1903 only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama were only 2,980 African Americans in registered more than 181,000 African Americans This to compared eligible suppress black voting , the new restrictions resulted black voting , the new restrictions resulted in , their disenfranchisement the new restrictions in resulted their disenfranchisement the new restrictions in resulted as By 1941 , whites constituted 1941 , a slight majority whites constituted , a slight majority whites constituted of those whites a slight majority of constituted the ability had Nearly all Blacks lost to certain provisions , the state legislature would create , new ones would the state legislature create new ones would the state legislature create to in the South , the Rosenwald Fund began the South , the Rosenwald Fund began funding , the construction the Rosenwald Fund funding began the construction the Rosenwald Fund funding began of the construction funding what of began In Alabama these schools were designed Alabama these schools were designed and |
the local community The fund required and state themselves effectively Black residents taxed twice 1913 , the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built Alabama were the first 80 Rosenwald Schools in built 1937 were several vocational buildings by completed At the same time , many rural people migrated the same time , many rural people migrated to , the city many rural people to migrated the city many rural people to migrated of Birmingham such rapid growth it experienced was such rapid growth it experienced was called By 1920 , Birmingham was 1920 , the 36th-largest city Birmingham was , the 36th-largest city Birmingham was in the United States Birmingham the 36th-largest city in was the basis and mining Heavy industry were the largest cities Rural workers into poured in , the city more than 89,000 people into moved the city more than 89,000 people into moved to the state from 1901 to 1961 , the rural-dominated legislature refused House and Senate seats the rural-dominated legislature to reapportion refused old representation They on to held since 1901 , the legislature completed 1901 , the congressional redistricting the legislature completed , the congressional redistricting the legislature completed based the congressional redistricting the legislature completed based on This the urban areas that benefited had the urban areas that benefited had developed In 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education the U.S. Supreme Court in " ruled under Governor George Wallace , Alabama resisted Governor George Wallace , compliance Alabama resisted , compliance Alabama resisted with federal demands Alabama compliance with resisted Alabama The civil rights movement notable events in had the states Legal segregation in ended in Alabama's African-Americans of many were living central Alabama across the Black Belt region " is largely poor counties home to that is Dallas These counties include , Lowndes some changes has Alabama made since the votes had At-large voting diluted of more proportional representation has This in resulted of proportional representation , 23 jurisdictions use proportional representation , limited voting 23 jurisdictions use |
, limited voting 23 jurisdictions use , limited voting 23 jurisdictions use , as in the 1960s , the state's economy shifted the 1960s , the state's economy shifted away its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries the state's economy away from shifted In 2001 , Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed 2001 , a statue Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed , a statue Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed of the Ten Commandments Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore a statue of installed In 2002 , the 11th US Circuit Court ordered 2002 , the statue the 11th US Circuit Court ordered , the statue the 11th US Circuit Court ordered removed the statue the 11th US Circuit Court ordered removed , the state have A few natural disasters in occurred the most destructive storms It among was to : the area of 3.2% is water of the area 3.2% is part of the land area About three-fifths is Alabama is the states by bordered is the states by bordered of Tennessee by the states of bordered the Gulf of Mexico Alabama coastline at has forest Alabama's land of of consists Alabama administered the National Park Service by include administered Horseshoe Bend National Military Park the National Park Service by include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park the National Park Service by include near Additionally , four National Forests Alabama has , four National Forests Alabama has : four National Forests Alabama has : Conecuh Elmore County is A -wide meteorite impact crater in located the Wetumpka crater This is , the site the area A -wide meteorite hit about 80 the impact crater the eroded remains of that showcase 64°F The average annual temperature is ( 18°C Generally , very hot summers Alabama has , very hot summers Alabama has and very hot summers Alabama has and mild winters Alabama in Summers are among thunder between 70 and 80 days per year with averages reported ; the state of the central and northern parts are the state of the central and northern parts are most |
Alabama have Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes to contributed The state was the 1974 Super Outbreak by affected was the 1974 Super Outbreak by affected and the 1974 Super Outbreak by affected and was tornadoes The 2011 Super Outbreak a record amount of produced tornadoes for The peak season varies from the few places Alabama one of is New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm Historic snowfall events include and the 1993 Storm of the Century the Birmingham area for The annual average snowfall is per a diverse array Alabama home to is the subtropical coniferous forest biome Alabama in is and 62 mammal species in the state Indigenous animal species include 97 crayfish species Invertebrates include and 383 mollusk species the 2020 United States Census Alabama of the population was 5,024,279 of Alabama the population was the U.S. from outside Immigration resulted overwhelmingly English extraction , however most English Americans identify 20–23% that a minimum of estimate under the Davis–Strong Act , the state legislature established the Davis–Strong Act , the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission the state legislature established nine American Indian tribes has officially The state recognized In the major Southern speech region , there is the major Southern speech region , the decreasing loss there is , the decreasing loss there is of the final "r there the decreasing loss of is of the state , there is the state , a South Midland "arm there is , a South Midland "arm there is " a South Midland "arm there is " and , Alabama respondents of 86% reported their religion of Alabama respondents 86% reported the middle is Alabama in located 1,380,121 ; this is followed this is the United Methodist Church by followed is the United Methodist Church by followed with 327,734 adherents by the United Methodist Church with followed the Great Awakening became Many Baptist and Methodist congregations in established had almost 60,000 members , the Churches of Christ had almost 60,000 members , nearly 120,000 members the Churches of Christ had respondents of nearly 70% could name indicated a religious preference , 59% said a religious preference , 59% they said |
59% a "full understanding they possessed said a "full understanding they possessed said " Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in the state The oldest Jewish congregation is was formally the state legislature by recognized formally the state legislature by recognized on January 25, 1844 by the state legislature on recognized the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Later immigrants tended to six Dharma centers There are and organizations southern Mobile County are Most monastic Buddhist temples in concentrated an influx has This area attracted of was 1896 in by founded Paul K. Dealy in 1896 by founded , Alabama in life expectancy was 75.1 years in Alabama life expectancy was Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 that obesity showed in 2008 that obesity showed in 2008 Alabama that obesity in showed Alabama that obesity in showed is On May 14, 2019 , Alabama passed May 14, 2019 , the Human Life Protection Act Alabama passed , the Human Life Protection Act Alabama passed , the Human Life Protection Act Alabama passed , banning , would doctors who punish would doctors who punish perform abortions doctors who perform punish aerospace has The state in invested Alabama in crop and animal production was valued of the previous century , this was the previous century , only about one percent this was , only about one percent this was of the state's gross domestic product this only about one percent of was to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , the 2008 total gross state product was the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , $170billion the 2008 total gross state product was , $170billion the 2008 total gross state product was , $170billion the 2008 total gross state product was , or the previous year Alabama's 2012 GDP 1.2% from increased the area The single largest increase in came of April 2015 The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate 5.8% in was no minimum wage Alabama has and in poultry Alabama's agricultural outputs include and eggs the economy Aquaculture a large part of is aquaculture Alabamians to practice began America U.S. farm-raised catfish the 8th most popular seafood product in is |
Alabama in approximately 4,000 people were employed in Alabama were by employed Alabama were the catfish industry by employed were the catfish industry by employed and the catfish industry by employed and Alabama In 2020 , Alabama produced 2020 , ⅓ Alabama produced , ⅓ Alabama produced of the United States' farm-raised catfish Alabama ⅓ of produced the early 2000s to 2020 , the Alabamian catfish industry has declined 250 farms has the Alabamian catfish industry from declined iron and steel products Alabama's industrial outputs include ( including 1993 , the automobile industry has generated , more than 67,800 new jobs has the automobile industry generated more than 67,800 new jobs has the automobile industry generated in approximately a third Automakers for accounted of the state's auto factories produced at The eight models totaled May 2007 , German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected , German steelmaker Calvert ThyssenKrupp selected German steelmaker Calvert ThyssenKrupp selected in Mobile County ThyssenKrupp Calvert in selected final bids of the ThyssenKrupp plant The remaining portion had the ThyssenKrupp plant final bids by submitted had ArcelorMittal final bids submitted by had the mill Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional a combined bid for submitted terminals also The company operates in Gadsden The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company a large plant in operates Gadsden a large plant in which operates Mobile was formally by announced was formally Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier by announced formally Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier by announced from the Mobile Convention Center by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from announced the Brookley Aeroplex The plans a $600million factory at include 2013 Construction in began , the company's first factory The assembly plant is to be to Business Insider , Alabama ranked Business Insider , Alabama ranked 14th most popular states Alabama 14th in ranked host It also was to In 2018 , Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was 2018 , the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was , the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was , the state's top event Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was , producing Huntsville The top attraction the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in was |
a popular region has historically Alabama been , and the only LevelI trauma centers Children's Hospital of Alabama are and the only LevelI trauma centers Children's Hospital of Alabama are in Alabama Children's Hospital of Alabama the only LevelI trauma centers in are Alabama UAB the largest state government employer in is the largest bank Regions Financial Corporation is headquartered in a regional headquarters Wells Fargo has , an operations center campus the Alabama Constitution for Alabama's government The foundational document is Alabama's government the Alabama Constitution which , is the Alabama Constitution which , is was a significant movement has There been to highly centralized power that Alabama's constitution maintains argue home rule do not Most counties have the state must be by approved must be the entire Alabama legislature by approved be the entire Alabama legislature by approved and the entire Alabama legislature by approved and , three coequal branches is Alabama's government into divided the Alabama Legislature The legislative branch is , a bicameral assembly writing The Legislature responsible for is a majority currently The Republican Party holds in Until 1964 , the state elected 1964 , state senators the state elected , state senators the state elected on a geographic basis the state state senators on elected as a result , urbanized areas were a result , urbanized areas were grossly legislative districts had not It changed ) , the principle the U.S. Supreme Court implemented , the principle the U.S. Supreme Court implemented of "one man the U.S. Supreme Court the principle of implemented decades had This caused of the execution The executive branch responsible for is It is the governor by headed is the governor by headed of Alabama by the governor of headed the cabinet of the executive branch Other members include office of the Legislature The members take partisan elections Alabama uses to select Republican Tom Parker of the Alabama Supreme Court The current chief justice is members on the Alabama Supreme Court All sitting justices are Some critics judges the election of believe judges the election of believe has the country Alabama the highest per capita death penalty rate in has |
In some years , it imposes some years , more death sentences it imposes , more death sentences it imposes than more death sentences it imposes than does more death sentences Texas than does imposes , capita per executions are capita per executions are significantly ; 24 convictions has the U.S. Supreme Court overturned 24 convictions has the U.S. Supreme Court overturned in ; in 10 cases judges overturned in 10 cases sentences judges overturned 10 cases sentences judges overturned of life imprisonment judges sentences of overturned Taxes are the Alabama Department of Revenue by collected a 2% Alabama levies , 4% 6.5% in Alabama The corporate income tax rate is its own elected legislative branch Each county has , usually limited executive authority also It has in power has The state legislature retained over each county Legislative delegations certain powers over retain 1964 ) both houses that required districts that both houses have required that , each county was represented each county was one state senator by represented was one state senator by represented , one state senator by represented , leading each legislative session of A significant part is spent an alcoholic beverage control state Alabama is , meaning an alcoholic beverage control state the state government , meaning is the sale The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls and distribution the American Civil War , Alabama was occupied Alabama was federal troops by occupied was federal troops by occupied of the Third Military District by federal troops of occupied , White Democratic politicians of a coalition passed laws of White Democratic politicians a coalition passed Provisions blacks disenfranchised which resulted blacks disenfranchised which resulted in election districts did not the state redraw not election districts population as redraw election districts population as redraw grew the 1950s Alabama state politics nationwide and international attention in gained the state's only four-term governor , a controversial figure who was , a controversial figure who was vowed a controversial figure who was vowed to of 1965 did African Americans regain 1965 did the ability African Americans regain did the ability African Americans regain to |
the ability African Americans regain to exercise In many jurisdictions , they continued many jurisdictions , they continued to In 2007 , the Alabama Legislature passed 2007 , the Alabama Legislature passed , in 1901 , the state became 1901 , part the state became , part the state became of the "Solid South the state part of became Alabama in nearly a hundred years local and state elections were decided the Republican Party white conservatives shifting to started the state appellate courts on all ten seats are elected Until 1994 , no Republicans held 1994 , any no Republicans held , any no Republicans held of the court seats no Republicans any of held Alabama Hornsby sued and defiantly In the early 21st century , Republicans hold the early 21st century , Republicans hold all , seven Republicans all hold seven Republicans all hold of the eight elected seats Republicans six of hold In 2010 , Republicans took 2010 , large majorities Republicans took , large majorities Republicans took of both chambers Republicans large majorities of took the state are still by held are still Democrats by held Many rural counties voters who have are majority Democrats voters who are have partisan are Alabama's 67 county sheriffs in elected 35 Democrats The current split is , 31 Republicans , the Democratic sheriffs of most preside the Democratic sheriffs of most preside over Republican Richard C. Shelby The state's two U.S. senators are and Republican Tommy Tuberville Alabama in Public primary and secondary education is under the Alabama Legislature is Public school funding through appropriated In FY 2006–2007 , Alabama appropriated FY 2006–2007 , Alabama appropriated $ , 3,775,163,578 Alabama $ appropriated 3,775,163,578 Alabama $ appropriated for an increase That represented of $ in recent decades , it lags recent decades , it lags behind achievement it behind in lags 14 four-year public universities of higher education Alabama's programs include Alabama in Public, post-secondary education is overseen in Alabama is by overseen Alabama is the Alabama Commission by overseen is the Alabama Commission by overseen on Higher Education by the Alabama Commission on overseen |
the University of Alabama The largest single campus is , located the state Troy University the largest institution in was a series The Talladega Superspeedway complex hosts motorsports of 143,000 It a seating capacity of has game Alabama over 100,000 fans per averages the home – Denny Stadium Bryant is the UAB Blazers football program Legion Field home of is Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic ; 40,646 the stadium seats In addition , there are addition , there are currently , five auxiliary interstate routes there currently are five auxiliary interstate routes there currently are in 12th by tons was The Port of Mobile ranked of the Port of Mobile at The newly expanded container terminal was ranked the slaying during the Trojan War Achilles' most notable feat was the "Iliad " , other sources concur the personal name Linear B tablets to attest "Achilleus has been Gregory Nagy by construed been Gregory Nagy by construed , Gregory Nagy by following , construed rightly , distress his men bring , distress his men bring to the enemy his men distress to bring a Proto-Indo-European compound "*h₂eḱ-pṓds" "sharp foot Another etymology the name to relates a loan word Some researchers the name deem , speculations to his about led the Thetis Achilles the son of was also Hera up by brought Hera up by brought , , vulnerable was he left vulnerable was he left at of this story , Thetis anointed this story , the boy Thetis anointed , the boy Thetis anointed in ambrosia Thetis the boy in anointed Miletus ) , there is ) , no trace there is , no trace there is of any reference there no trace of is Achilles Peleus entrusted to Chiron the Centaur either that her son's fate was foretold former Achilles the chose , by Ptolemy Hephaestion Thetis that reported Ptolemy Hephaestion Thetis that reported burned , two sons there Achilles fathered two sons there Achilles fathered , to this story , Odysseus learned this story , Odysseus learned from , the prophet Odysseus from learned Calchas Odysseus from the prophet learned Skyros Odysseus to went in |
up the spear , Odysseus saw the spear , Odysseus saw through , his disguise Odysseus through saw his disguise Odysseus through saw and of the story , Odysseus arranged the story , Odysseus arranged for , a trumpet alarm Odysseus for arranged a trumpet alarm Odysseus for arranged to the "Iliad " , Achilles arrived , Troy Achilles at arrived Troy Achilles at arrived with the Trojan War , they accidentally stopped Mysia accidentally they in stopped heal ; an oracle Telephus consulted ; an oracle Telephus consulted , Telephus an oracle who , consulted an oracle who , consulted stated about Telephus , he went Telephus , he went to , Aulis he to went Aulis he to went pretending Alternatively , Orestes Telephus held , Orestes Telephus held for ransom Telephus Orestes for held in older accounts , Troilus was older accounts , a young Trojan prince Troilus was , a young Trojan prince Troilus was , a young Trojan prince Troilus was , the Despite his youth , he was his youth , one he was , one he was of the main Trojan war leaders he one of was that Prophecies Troilus' fate to linked Later the story of versions suggested versions of the story Troilus suggested of the story Troilus suggested was the story Troilus suggested was accidentally the myth , Achilles' death therefore came retribution therefore Achilles' death in came the epitome Ancient writers Troilus as treated a few weeks of the decade-long war only The Homeric epic covers , Achilles' withdrawal It with begins from a woman has Agamemnon taken named The prophet the source correctly Calchas determines the source correctly Calchas determines of his mother Thetis , Achilles refuses of Zeus , Nestor declares Zeus , Nestor declares that Odysseus Agamemnon and sends agrees Hector by , subsequently push of absolute destruction , Patroclus leads absolute destruction , the Myrmidons Patroclus leads , the Myrmidons Patroclus leads into battle Patroclus the Myrmidons into leads of Nestor , Achilles grieves Nestor , Achilles grieves over , his beloved companion's death Achilles over grieves |
Hephaestus She persuades to make of Patroclus , Achilles ends Patroclus , his refusal Achilles ends , his refusal Achilles ends to his refusal Achilles ends to fight battle even Achilles in engages Achilles The god to drown tries note himself Zeus takes of Finally , his prey Achilles finds realizes the trick , he knows the trick , he the battle knows , Achilles he at charges Achilles he at charges with Accepting his fate , Hector begs his fate , Achilles Hector begs , Achilles Hector begs not Achilles Hector begs not to Achilles Hector it tells is Hector it tells is hopeless Hector then Achilles kills and Hector , Achilles is referred Achilles' tent Priam Hector's father to goes in Troy , Priam hopes Troy , Priam hopes that with Priam , Achilles fights Priam , Achilles fights and the warrior queen Achilles and kills fights of Ethiopia , Antilochus slays Ethiopia , Antilochus slays , many details that episode inspired argued the basis then The episode formed of the "Iliad " , it appears the model it to be appears lovers , this theory was expressed this theory was some later authors by expressed were a couple ; Phaedrus argues a couple ; Phaedrus argues that However , no words ancient Greek had , no words ancient Greek had to no words ancient Greek had to distinguish his dying breath , the hero's death was brought was Paris about by brought Paris about by brought with some versions , the god Apollo guided , the god Paris' arrow Apollo guided death , Achilles' bones were mingled those were Achilles' bones with mingled Achilles' death of Another version is that of Achilles' death he that is Achilles' death he that is fell Polyxena's hand Achilles Priam for asks the "Odyssey " , Agamemnon informs " , Achilles Agamemnon informs , Achilles Agamemnon informs of his pompous burial Agamemnon Achilles of informs He a massive burial mound they built claims a massive burial mound they built claims on But Odysseus then Achilles asks Odysseus then Achilles asks of a feud Achilles' armour the object of was |
it They for competed by Furious , Odysseus Ajax cursed , Odysseus Ajax cursed , Ajax Odysseus which , cursed Odysseus which , cursed earned killing sheep , he was sheep , he was so to eventually Odysseus the armour gave pottery on Numerous paintings have suggested the game were They in absorbed Troad , was by venerated , was Thessalians by venerated was Thessalians by venerated , Thessalians by venerated , but the Milesian colony is An archaic cult for attested clay disks , these possibly being , votive offerings possibly these being votive offerings possibly these being , from this island , he places this island , a peninsula he places , a peninsula he places " he a peninsula which " places a peninsula which " places stretches Pliny's account of This last feature is considered of his book , Pliny refers his book , Pliny refers to , the same island Pliny to refers the same island Pliny to refers as Achilles , were by discovered , were Captain Kritzikly by discovered were Captain Kritzikly by discovered in 1823 by Captain Kritzikly in discovered 1840 in A second exploration showed that in 1840 the construction that showed 1840 the construction that showed of a lighthouse that the construction of showed his untimely death , Thetis had snatched , her son had Thetis snatched her son had Thetis snatched from , a cult had Pindar mentioned a cult had Pindar mentioned of known these mythological Fortunate Isles the connection of is these mythological Fortunate Isles the connection of is (μακαρῶν νῆσοι the first century CE , the island that wrote Similarly , the island's name others relate , the island's name others relate to its white cliffs others the island's name to relate In this island there is also this island Achilles' temple there also is Achilles' temple there also is and a reputation Leuce also had as a lord that the Delphic Pythia sent reports Later an "Achílleion attestations to point an "Achílleion attestations to point " Epirus of The kings claimed to a trilogy Aeschylus The Greek tragedian wrote of |
Achilles The tragedies the deeds of relate with Agamemnon ; only a few lines survive Agamemnon ; only a few lines survive today The Lovers of Achilles also The tragedian Sophocles " wrote Elea Zeno of The philosopher centred The a discussion two into get a discussion two into get about various analogies Socrates uses , discussing The Homer also two reference Homer also two reference extensively a generally honest man that Achilles was believes Achilles Virgil to refers as an American lawyer who and statesman was poverty was Lincoln into born In 1849 , he returned 1849 , he returned to , his law practice he to returned his law practice he to returned but 1854 He politics in reentered President Lincoln for ran in his success in the South Pro-slavery elements equated Lincoln irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements , and despised the factions He managed by exploiting nationalistic, republican His Gettysburg Address to appealed , the strategy Lincoln scrutinized and tactics corpus He " habeas suspended slavery He the end to engineered the war-torn nation He to heal sought Appomattox , he was attending , a play was he attending a play was he attending at February 12, 1809 was Abraham Lincoln on born Samuel Lincoln He a descendant of was west then The family migrated , an Indian raid was The captain in killed Lincoln's mother of The heritage Nancy remains farms Thomas Lincoln or leased bought In 1816 , the family moved 1816 , the family moved to , Indiana the family to moved Indiana the family to moved where Indiana to the land surveys where moved a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory Indiana was , and a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory they , and was , a farmer Thomas as worked a farmer Thomas as worked , On October 5, 1818 , Nancy Lincoln succumbed October 5, 1818 , Nancy Lincoln succumbed to , milk sickness Nancy Lincoln to succumbed milk sickness Nancy Lincoln to succumbed , On December 2, 1819 , Thomas married December 2, 1819 , Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas married , Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas married , Sarah Bush Johnston Thomas married , a widow |
his stepmother Abraham close to became the hard labor Lincoln disliked associated with Kentucky It two short stints in included an avid reader He as persisted and As a teen , Lincoln took a teen , responsibility Lincoln took , responsibility Lincoln took for chores Lincoln responsibility for took his youth He an active wrestler during was the age of 21 He county wrestling champion at became New Salem He his home in made 1865 , Lincoln was asked the practice He that in answered So , Springfield he left , Springfield he left for his father's home he Springfield for left whom Lincoln's first romantic interest Ann Rutledge , was whom Ann Rutledge , he was By 1835 , they were 1835 , they were in , a relationship they in were a relationship they in were but August 25, 1835 She on died , in 1836 , Lincoln agreed 1836 , Lincoln agreed to , a match Lincoln to agreed a match Lincoln to agreed with , second thoughts both they had In 1839 , Lincoln met 1839 , Mary Todd Lincoln met , Mary Todd Lincoln met in Springfield Lincoln Mary Todd in met Robert Smith Todd She the daughter of was To hell , I suppose hell , I suppose . In 1844 , the couple bought 1844 , a house the couple bought , a house the couple bought in Springfield the couple a house in bought an affectionate husband Lincoln was and father December 21, 1850 was Willie" Lincoln on born what did not Lincoln note did not what his children note not what his children note were what his children note were doing In 1832 , Lincoln joined 1832 , Lincoln joined with , a partner Lincoln with joined a partner Lincoln with joined , That March politics he entered March politics he entered , politics he entered , running his campaign briefly Lincoln interrupted to returning , a supporter he observed , a supporter he observed in the crowd he a supporter in observed New Salem's postmaster Lincoln as served and the custom , legal texts Lincoln borrowed |
, legal texts Lincoln borrowed from attorneys John Todd Stuart Lincoln legal texts from borrowed the Illinois and Michigan Canal He construction of championed suffrage He to expand voted In 1837 , he declared 1837 , he declared , the Illinois bar was He to admitted a formidable trial combatant Lincoln as emerged during to his record , Lincoln professed his record , Lincoln professed to , friends Lincoln to professed friends Lincoln to professed in the U.S. House of Representatives ; he was defeated he was John J. Hardin by defeated was John J. Hardin by defeated though John J. Hardin by he though defeated the Illinois delegation He the only Whig in was the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in was He to assigned Joshua R. Giddings Lincoln with teamed on On foreign and military policy , Lincoln spoke foreign and military policy , Lincoln spoke against , the Mexican–American War Lincoln against spoke the Mexican–American War Lincoln against spoke , Polk Lincoln his opposition to emphasized a Mexican slaughter had The war with begun Congress that Polk show demanded both Congress was The resolution in ignored "spotty Lincoln derisively One Illinois newspaper him nicknamed 1846 had Lincoln in pledged win the presidency , he supported the presidency , General Zachary Taylor he supported , General Zachary Taylor he supported for the Whig nomination he General Zachary Taylor for supported him The administration to appoint offered In his Springfield practice , Lincoln handled his Springfield practice , Lincoln handled " , every kind Lincoln " handled every kind Lincoln " handled of in the Midstate county courts ; this continued the Midstate county courts ; this continued for ; 16 years this for continued the midst Lincoln transportation cases in handled a riverboat man , Lincoln initially favored , those interests initially Lincoln favored those interests initially Lincoln favored , a bridge company later He represented against In 1849 , he received 1849 , a patent he received , a patent he received for a flotation device he a patent for received |
in 175 cases ; he was 175 cases ; sole counsel he was ; sole counsel he was in 51 cases he sole counsel in was , his largest clients of one was one of his largest clients the Illinois Central Railroad was an 1858 criminal trial Lincoln in argued , Lincoln's use The case famous for is in the moonlight , Lincoln produced the moonlight , Lincoln a "Farmers' Almanac produced the moon a "Farmers' Almanac " showing produced was a third cousin ; Harrison was a third cousin ; Harrison was also ; the grandson Harrison also was the grandson Harrison also was of the murder was Harrison with charged the judge's initial decision angrily Lincoln protested to a dying declaration that the testimony involved argued for Clay , Lincoln highlighted Clay , the latter's support Lincoln highlighted , the latter's support Lincoln highlighted for gradual emancipation Lincoln the latter's support for highlighted a compromise ; the measure would allow would each territory the electorate of allow each territory the electorate of allow to his opposition then Lincoln declared to He a "declared" indifference the Kansas Act had said a "declared" indifference the Kansas Act had said , it I hate because of I it it because hate it it because hate deprives were irreparably the Kansas–Nebraska Act by split irreparably the Kansas–Nebraska Act by split and the Kansas–Nebraska Act by split and other efforts of his party , Lincoln wrote his party , Lincoln wrote in , 1855 Lincoln in wrote 1855 Lincoln in wrote , more I no do than combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , Lincoln resisted Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , early Republican entreaties Lincoln resisted , early Republican entreaties Lincoln resisted , early Republican entreaties Lincoln resisted , fearing 1854 , Lincoln was elected the Illinois legislature was Lincoln to elected the Kansas–Nebraska Act The year's elections the strong opposition to showed that time , senators were elected senators were the state legislature by elected of voting , he was voting , he was unable his backers Lincoln instructed to vote |
Kansas in Violent political confrontations continued , Kansas opposition , and continued approached , the Republicans Lincoln joined , the Republicans Lincoln joined and the Republicans Lincoln joined and attended Congress's right The convention platform endorsed to regulate the convention Lincoln the final speech of gave the June 1856 Republican National Convention , though Lincoln received , though support Lincoln received though support Lincoln received to support Lincoln received to run Dred Scott a slave whose master was took him a slave whose master took was returned to the slave state he petitioned to the slave state a federal court he petitioned the slave state a federal court he petitioned for his freedom he a federal court for petitioned the decision in Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that in the decision blacks that wrote the decision blacks that wrote were in the territories , the decision sparked the territories , further outrage the decision sparked , further outrage the decision sparked in the North the decision further outrage in sparked the product Lincoln it as denounced In 1858 , Douglas was 1858 , Douglas was up re Douglas up for was the party in Many felt that in the party a former Whig that felt the party a former Whig that felt should his opposition Some eastern Republicans Douglas from supported great enthusiasm Lincoln the nomination with accepted all one thing will It become , the danger The speech a stark image of created of Lincoln's nomination , Douglas stated Lincoln's nomination , Douglas stated , Lincoln The Senate campaign seven debates between featured in American history ; they had American history ; an atmosphere they had ; an atmosphere they had akin an atmosphere they had akin to stark contrast The principals in stood both his Freeport Doctrine Douglas emphasized , that his Freeport Doctrine local settlers , that emphasized a moral tone Lincoln's argument assumed , as a moral tone he , as assumed won more popular votes , the Democrats won more popular votes , more seats the Democrats won , more seats the Democrats won , |
more seats the Democrats won , and more seats the legislature , and won him of the issues Lincoln's articulation gave ; the state's 130,000 German Americans of most voted the state's 130,000 German Americans of most voted Democratically the state's 130,000 German Americans the German-language paper Democratically but voted the 1858 election , newspapers frequently mentioned , Lincoln frequently newspapers mentioned Lincoln frequently newspapers mentioned as in the Midwest , he lacked the Midwest , support he lacked , support he lacked in the Northeast he support in lacked Traveling untiringly about fifty speeches Lincoln made , the champion quickly he became the champion quickly he became of the Midwestern United States the east in his support was the east in his support was not On February 27, 1860 , powerful New York Republicans invited February 27, 1860 , Lincoln powerful New York Republicans invited , Lincoln powerful New York Republicans invited to Lincoln powerful New York Republicans invited to give slavery He that morality required opposition to insisted Many in the audience he thought in the audience he thought appeared the audience awkward he appeared thought awkward he appeared thought and But Lincoln intellectual leadership that demonstrated Lincoln intellectual leadership that demonstrated brought him intellectual leadership that brought demonstrated a "superb political move Historian David Herbert Donald the speech as described about his ambitions , Lincoln said his ambitions , Lincoln said , May 9–10, 1860 , the Illinois Republican State Convention was held Decatur was the Illinois Republican State Convention in held Lincoln's followers a campaign team by led organized David Davis a campaign team led by organized fence rails ) , Lincoln's supporters adopted ) , the label Lincoln's supporters adopted , the label Lincoln's supporters adopted of "The Rail Candidate Lincoln's supporters the label of adopted In 1860 , Lincoln described 1860 , himself Lincoln described , himself Lincoln described : himself Lincoln described : " himself I : " described the effective imaging Michael Martinez about wrote of in Chicago , Lincoln won Chicago , the nomination Lincoln won , the nomination Lincoln won on |
the third ballot Lincoln the nomination on won the top Pennsylvania him over put on the national government , most Republicans agreed the national government , most Republicans agreed with , Lincoln most Republicans with agreed Lincoln most Republicans with agreed that Lincoln with the North that agreed the 1850s , Lincoln had doubted , the prospects had Lincoln doubted the prospects had Lincoln doubted of of the Democratic convention ; they opposed the Democratic convention ; Douglas's position they opposed ; Douglas's position they opposed on popular sovereignty they Douglas's position on opposed to the Republican convention , the Lincoln campaign began the Republican convention , the Lincoln campaign began cultivating , a nationwide youth organization the Lincoln campaign cultivating began a nationwide youth organization the Lincoln campaign cultivating began , campaigned , no speeches Lincoln gave , no speeches Lincoln gave , no speeches Lincoln gave , relying The party the leg work that did produced majorities the leg work that produced did the party platform Republican speakers first on focused the power The goal to demonstrate was dwarfed the combined opposition ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced the combined opposition ; a pamphlet a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer a pamphlet that produced a "Chicago Tribune" writer a pamphlet that produced detailed Lincoln's life a pamphlet that detailed produced give public appearances , many sought public appearances , many sought to him many to visit sought to the election , he took the election , an office he took , an office he took in the Illinois state capitol he an office in took November 6, 1860 , Lincoln was elected , the 16th president was Lincoln elected the first Republican president He was and his victory him were No ballots for cast 1,866,452 votes Lincoln received , or The South was Lincoln's election by outraged was Lincoln's election by outraged , Lincoln's election by outraged , and Six of these states themselves declared of these states themselves declared to these states themselves declared to be a sovereign nation themselves to be declared compromise at Attempts followed but |
at compromise Lincoln but followed compromise Lincoln but followed and the Corwin Amendment tacitly Lincoln supported to slavery would have That doomed amendment protected his plans Lincoln cited for banning the South : " We are " enemies We not are enemies We not are , enemies must not We be of 1861 legislative compromise that signaled 1861 legislative compromise that signaled was the insurrection of no leaders had proposed the Union that the dismantling of agreed In his second inaugural address , Lincoln looked his second inaugural address , Lincoln looked back the situation Lincoln back on looked On April 12, 1861 , Confederate forces fired April 12, 1861 , Confederate forces fired on , Union troops Confederate forces on fired Union troops Confederate forces on fired at Lincoln William Tecumseh Sherman to talked during fire the first shot ; they did the first shot ; just that they did On April 15 , Lincoln called April 15 , Lincoln called on , the states Lincoln on called the states Lincoln on called to states This call forced to choose of the rail links Union troops who attacked the rail links Union troops who attacked were Union troops who attacked were changing critical rail bridges later Local leaders' groups burned to the writ Lincoln suspended of " ex parte Merryman , the writ which issued , the writ he which issued the writ he which issued felt the war Lincoln executive control of took the unprecedented political and military crisis He to responded as his war powers He expanded , imposed Congress Lincoln the support of gained the outset It clear from was Lincoln Copperheads criticized for refusing him The Radical Republicans criticized for moving On August 6, 1861 , Lincoln signed August 6, 1861 , the Confiscation Act Lincoln signed , Lincoln the Confiscation Act that signed Lincoln the Confiscation Act that signed authorized judicial proceedings the Confiscation Act that authorized signed the illegal proclamation Lincoln canceled as politically the telegraph reports painstakingly Lincoln monitored coming the effort He all phases of tracked in the War Department , Lincoln replaced |
the War Department , War Secretary Simon Cameron Lincoln replaced , War Secretary Simon Cameron Lincoln replaced with Edwin Stanton Lincoln War Secretary Simon Cameron with replaced the War Department's activities Stanton centralized , auditing Stanton a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who was gravitated a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who was gravitated toward two priorities Lincoln's war strategy embraced : ensuring , his cabinet Lincoln with met his cabinet Lincoln with met in Occasionally him Mary on prevailed him Mary on prevailed to Elements of Military Art and Science " ; Halleck was " ; a disciple Halleck was ; a disciple Halleck was of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini Halleck a disciple of was the critical need Lincoln to appreciate began at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , Lincoln appointed Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln appointed , general Lincoln Major General George B. McClellan appointed general Lincoln Major General George B. McClellan appointed - months then McClellan took to Lincoln McClellan's slow progress frustrated , as In 1862 , Lincoln removed 1862 , McClellan Lincoln removed , McClellan Lincoln removed for the general's continued inaction Lincoln McClellan for removed July He Henry Halleck in elevated Lincoln's desire Pope satisfied to advance reinforce Pope , Lincoln restored Pope , him Lincoln restored , him Lincoln restored to command Lincoln him to restored to command , General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed command , the Potomac River General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed , the Potomac River General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed into Maryland General Robert E. Lee's forces the Potomac River into crossed the president's demand then McClellan resisted that then the president's demand he that resisted the president's demand he that resisted pursue William Rosecrans Lincoln Buell with replaced In the 1862 midterm elections severe losses the Republicans suffered the 1862 midterm elections severe losses the Republicans suffered due severe losses the Republicans suffered due to Hooker was Lee by routed was Lee by routed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by Lee at routed north Meade Lee followed into |
end slavery was by limited slavery was the Constitution by limited was the Constitution by limited , the Constitution by which , limited the states He to persuade sought In June 1862 , Congress passed June 1862 , an act Congress passed , an act Congress passed banning slavery Congress an act banning passed aiding the rebellion ; Lincoln approved the rebellion ; the bill Lincoln approved ; the bill Lincoln approved despite his belief Lincoln the bill despite approved the Proclamation on signing Lincoln's comment was the Proclamation I : " was By the spring of 1863 , Lincoln was the spring of 1863 , Lincoln was ready raising black troops , Lincoln wrote black troops , Lincoln wrote , the dedication Lincoln at spoke of and three minutes , Lincoln asserted three minutes , Lincoln asserted that the war He defined as dedicated Shiloh , Lincoln had said in command , Lincoln felt command , Lincoln the Union Army felt the Senate " was by provided " was a new bill by provided was which by a new bill provided which by a new bill Lincoln provided the bloody Overland Campaign in 1864 Grant waged 1864 the bloody Overland Campaign which , waged the bloody Overland Campaign which , waged exacted Grant's headquarters Lincoln to traveled at Union losses Lincoln to reacted by Grant Lincoln authorized to target the Confederate armies He defeat of emphasized that Legend it has while that it Lincoln while has peace to discuss efforts began Lincoln Confederate Vice President Stephens a group meeting with led Richmond The Confederate government evacuated and Lincoln reelection Lincoln for ran in conversation Lincoln used and his patronage powers At its convention , the Republicans selected its convention , Johnson the Republicans selected , Johnson the Republicans selected as his running mate the Republicans Johnson as selected the "Peace wing The Democratic platform followed " of Meanwhile , Grant Lincoln emboldened , Grant Lincoln emboldened with more troops Lincoln Grant with emboldened and Mobile of David Farragut's capture ended defeatism of Mobile David Farragut's capture ended The National Union Party was Lincoln's support by united |
was Lincoln's support by united for emancipation by Lincoln's support for united the Copperheads State Republican parties the perfidy of stressed the war's end Reconstruction preceded , as the war's end Lincoln , as preceded Reconstruction policy Lincoln the moderates in led alienate the South , Lincoln urged the South , Lincoln urged that generous terms that speedy elections under urged fell , leaders they needed , leaders they needed while they leaders their administrations while needed leaders their administrations while needed were , Johnson respectively Lincoln appointed Johnson respectively Lincoln appointed and In Louisiana , Lincoln ordered Louisiana , General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln ordered , General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln ordered to General Nathaniel P. Banks Lincoln ordered to promote Lincoln Democratic opponents accused of using his policy The Radicals denounced as too implementing the Emancipation Proclamation , Lincoln increased the Emancipation Proclamation , pressure Lincoln increased , pressure Lincoln increased on Congress Lincoln pressure on increased the required two-thirds majority This first attempt short of fell Lincoln's reelection platform Passage part of became responsibility the federal government had limited believed He Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that signed set Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that signed set up a lease The law land for opened the death with Indians Lincoln's experience followed in 1832 , he saw 1832 , no significant action he saw Indians toward Lincoln's policy was driven toward Indians was by driven Indians was politics by driven a source He the Indian Bureau as used supported the Yankton Indians by , killed hundreds the Yankton Indians , by killed Some a conspiracy it was believed a conspiracy it was believed by General John Pope Lincoln sent , the former head Confederate prisoners Lincoln thousands of ordered fight Indians , Lincoln revoked Indians , the policy Lincoln revoked the Indians Pope against fought mercilessly Pope Aiding , Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led ; December 26 hostilities on ceased killing innocent farmers ; he commuted innocent farmers ; the sentences he commuted ; the sentences he commuted of all he the sentences of commuted |
significant public pressure also He faced , Lincoln of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey Former Governor told of his cabinet , Lincoln employed his cabinet , the strengths Lincoln employed , the strengths Lincoln employed of his opponents Lincoln the strengths of employed his thought process Lincoln on commented , our own people We to hold needed the party had I looked over Then no right I had to no right I had to deprive the Whig theory Lincoln to adhered of only four bills Lincoln vetoed , including Western government-held land The 1862 Homestead Act millions of acres of made agricultural colleges The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act government grants for provided two measures There were passed to In 1861 , Lincoln signed 1861 , the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln signed , the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln signed , the second and third Morrill Tariffs Lincoln signed , following the Revenue Act also He signed of the expansion Lincoln over presided of national banks The National Banking Act the system of created the first time The US paper currency for issued and a false draft proclamation " the "Journal of Commerce published the "Journal of Commerce " a false draft proclamation that published " a false draft proclamation that published created an opportunity a false draft proclamation that created published a regional holiday had Thanksgiving become in been sporadically the federal government by proclaimed sporadically the federal government by proclaimed on irregular dates by the federal government on proclaimed James Madison's presidency had The prior proclamation during been court nominations on Lincoln's philosophy was that court nominations we that " was Therefore a man must we take we must a man whose opinions take must a man whose opinions take are a man whose opinions take are known the Supreme Court Lincoln five appointments to made Noah Haynes Swayne an anti-slavery lawyer who was was an anti-slavery lawyer who was was committed the 1860 election Samuel Freeman Miller Lincoln in supported 1860 David Davis Lincoln's campaign manager in was joined the Confederate army , he had the Confederate army , contacts he had |
, contacts he had with the Confederate secret service he contacts with had for blacks , Booth hatched blacks , a plot Booth hatched , a plot Booth hatched to a plot Booth hatched to assassinate with General Grant , he planned General Grant , he planned to Lincoln he to assassinate planned the play and his wife Lincoln attended At 10:15 in the evening , Booth entered 10:15 in the evening , the back Booth entered , the back Booth entered of Lincoln's theater box Booth the back of entered Booth momentarily Major Henry Rathbone with grappled the street was Lincoln across taken for eight hours , Lincoln died eight hours , Lincoln died at a flag-wrapped coffin was Lincoln's body in placed a flag-wrapped coffin in which , placed state The late President in lay , Washington D.C. The train a circuitous route from followed the tracks Many others along gathered as the tracks along the train as gathered their Moses had they ' lost In a larger sense , the reaction was a larger sense , the reaction was in , response the reaction in was response the reaction in was to the widespread shock Historians emphasized and sorrow As a young man , Lincoln was a young man , a religious skeptic Lincoln was his position He private about was a clear profession never He made of Through his entire public career , Lincoln had his entire public career , a proneness Lincoln had , a proneness Lincoln had for a proneness Lincoln had for quoting In the 1840s , Lincoln subscribed the 1840s , Lincoln subscribed to , the Doctrine of Necessity Lincoln to subscribed the Doctrine of Necessity Lincoln to subscribed , 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence more frequently he expressed of the evangelicals ; he regarded the evangelicals ; the republicanism he regarded ; the republicanism he regarded of the Founding Fathers he the republicanism of regarded February 1862 may have him caused After Willie's death , he questioned Willie's death , the divine necessity he questioned , the divine necessity he questioned of |
the war's severity he the divine necessity of questioned this time He at wrote that this time at God that wrote , the final victory could He give to could He the final victory give an all-powerful God did Lincoln in believe did an all-powerful God in that believe an all-powerful God in that believe shaped in Kentucky : I claim Kentucky : I claim not , at the end of three years the nation's condition struggle at the end of three years the nation's condition struggle is the end of three years the nation's condition struggle is not what the nation's condition is not struggle it alone can God claim plain is tending it seems wrong , impartial history will find new cause will impartial history therein find the cause Lincoln therein explains , He blue mass pills which , took blue mass pills which , took contained has been historians by stressed been historians by stressed such historians by stressed such as Lincoln the Declaration of Independence which — called the Declaration of Independence which — called emphasized a time He this at did war on His position was founded Furthermore , a national duty it was , a national duty it was to a national duty it was to ensure a national duty the republic to ensure was As a Whig activist , Lincoln was a Whig activist , a spokesman Lincoln was , a spokesman Lincoln was for business interests Lincoln a spokesman for was the Founding Fathers that Lincoln's "reverence for found his tolerance James G. Randall emphasizes and moderation In Lincoln's first inaugural address , he explored Lincoln's first inaugural address , the nature he explored , the nature he explored of democracy he the nature of explored anarchy He secession as denounced consequences of the states The successful reunification had consequences people for how had since 1948 , the top three presidents are 1948 , Lincoln the top three presidents are , Lincoln the top three presidents are , Lincoln the top three presidents are , Washington He was abolitionists by viewed was abolitionists by viewed as |
a champion by abolitionists as viewed their party Republicans Lincoln's name to linked a classical liberal he was " said Lincoln by , " helped the 1930s Sociologist Barry Schwartz that in argues a means Lincoln " as served What Americans , " asked In the Cold War years , Lincoln's image shifted the Cold War years , Lincoln's image shifted to , a symbol Lincoln's image to shifted a symbol Lincoln's image to shifted of led Lerone Bennett Jr. by , rejected Lincoln's role Lerone Bennett Jr. , by rejected Bennett wide attention he when won wide attention he when won called ethnic slurs that Lincoln used noted social equality that Lincoln opposed argued the 1970s , Lincoln had become , a hero had Lincoln become a hero had Lincoln become to 2009 Historian Barry Schwartz in wrote that 2009 in Lincoln's image that wrote In the 21st century , President Barack Obama named the 21st century , Lincoln President Barack Obama named , his favorite president President Barack Obama Lincoln named his favorite president President Barack Obama Lincoln named and two denominations Lincoln's portrait on appears of many postage stamps also His likeness on appears a beard did n't he grow the most visited monuments Lincoln Memorial one of is in Springfield , Illinois include Springfield , Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois include , Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois include and Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Illinois include and Museum ; a Greek philosopher ) 384–322 BC was a Greek philosopher ) 384–322 BC was and by Plato , he was Plato , the founder he was , the founder he was of the Lyceum he the founder of was physics His writings many subjects including cover the various philosophies Aristotle a complex synthesis of provided his life is Little about known the city was Aristotle in born a child when Aristotle was died At seventeen or eighteen years of age Plato's Academy he joined seventeen or eighteen years of age Plato's Academy he joined in Athens he Plato's Academy in joined died , Athens Aristotle left , Athens Aristotle left and |
Athens Aristotle left and , the Lyceum He a library in established the Lyceum a library in which established Judeo-Islamic philosophies also He influenced ( medieval Muslim scholars was Aristotle among revered logic on Aristotle's influence continued well , Aristotle's life of the details are Aristotle's life of the details are not , biology Aristotle about learned biology Aristotle about learned and Aristotle's parents of Both died when of Aristotle's parents he when died Aristotle's parents he when died was of seventeen or eighteen , Aristotle moved seventeen or eighteen , Aristotle moved to , Athens Aristotle to moved Athens Aristotle to moved to the Eleusinian Mysteries probably He experienced as probably the Eleusinian Mysteries he as experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries he as experienced wrote Athens Aristotle in remained for his departure records about he that The traditional story Xenocrates then Aristotle accompanied to of Hermias , Aristotle travelled Hermias , Aristotle travelled with , his pupil Aristotle with travelled his pupil Aristotle with travelled Theophrastus in Lesbos , Aristotle married Lesbos , Pythias Aristotle married , Pythias Aristotle married , Pythias Aristotle married , either Hermias's adoptive daughter a daughter She him bore , the head was Aristotle as appointed in the Macedonian court , he gave the Macedonian court , lessons he gave , lessons he gave not lessons he gave not only eastern conquest Aristotle Alexander toward encouraged In one famous example , he counsels one famous example , Alexander he counsels , Alexander he counsels to Alexander he counsels to be 335 BC , Aristotle had returned Athens had Aristotle to returned the school Aristotle courses at conducted Athens , his wife Pythias died BC , Aristotle when is many dialogues He wrote , of Physics His most important treatises " include " significant contributions Aristotle and made studied Aristotle in antiquity A widespread tradition suspected Athens in anti-Macedonian sentiment was rekindled the earliest study is Aristotle with credited the basics It from goes , the logical theory The first three treatises the core of form substance Aristotle the concepts of examines In Book VIII , he distinguishes |
Book VIII , the matter he distinguishes , the matter he distinguishes of the substance he the matter of distinguishes , a house of the matter is the bricks of a house the matter is his teacher Plato , Aristotle's philosophy aims , the universal Aristotle's philosophy at aims whereas for Plato the universal is for Plato a separately existing form the universal is Plato which the universal a separately existing form is the universal which a separately existing form actual things is which a separately existing form actual things is imitate a universal form that all things have argued for example , one sees example , an apple one sees , an apple one sees , an apple one sees , and an apple one , and sees In this distinction , there is this distinction , a particular apple there is , a particular apple there is and a particular apple there is and a universal form , an apple can one place an apple can one place next some universal forms that there are argued For example , it is example , it is possible Plato Aristotle with disagreed on In addition , Aristotle disagreed addition , Aristotle disagreed with , Plato Aristotle with disagreed Plato Aristotle with disagreed about Where the world Plato of spoke the world Plato of spoke of a change to be The coming is be a change nothing where is a change nothing where is persists In that particular change the concept he introduces that particular change the concept he introduces of potentiality he the concept of introduces to potentiality , this is potentiality , what this is , this what a thing is this what a thing is is what a thing is is capable the end Actuality the fulfilment of is the principle " ) ("telos is the final house actualities which , are actualities which , are is , " what it is " what that it is what that it is makes a man it that makes is how then a unity man is a wide range " Aristotle's "natural philosophy spans of |
Aristotle's terminology , "natural philosophy " is , a branch " "natural philosophy is a branch " "natural philosophy is of intellectual inquiry Aristotle's work virtually all facets of encompassed the broad sense Aristotle philosophy in makes the term "science of his use " carries " , each Aristotle related , each Aristotle related of the four elements Aristotle each of related the Empedoclean scheme , all matter was made the four elements was all matter of made motion Aristotle two kinds of describes , an object of the natural state is an object of the natural state is to a vacuum Aristotle that in implies a vacuum that in the speed implies motion on Aristotle's writings remained influential A contrary opinion is Carlo Rovelli by given is Carlo Rovelli by given , Carlo Rovelli by who , given anything that the reason for suggested optics Aristotle experiments in describes a dark chamber The apparatus of consisted with the hole , the sun's image always remained chance some things causes of are some things causes of are , as the realm an incidental cause in lies the realm an incidental cause in lies of In astronomy , Aristotle refuted astronomy , Democritus's claim Aristotle refuted , Democritus's claim Aristotle refuted that Aristotle Democritus's claim the Milky Way that refuted Democritus's claim the Milky Way that refuted was the first people Aristotle one of was such change that Aristotle described noted many observations also Aristotle made about the first person Aristotle was to study two years He spent observing and the sea-life Aristotle on reports visible the catfish He describes , electric ray modern readers can Aristotle's writings to seem experiments did not Aristotle do the ancient Greek term "pepeiramenoi He used " to Instead , a different style he practiced , a different style he practiced of science he a different style of practiced modern biology This style common in is documented , quite a number Aristotle inferred , quite a number Aristotle inferred of rules Aristotle quite a number of inferred (adult) body mass Brood size with decreases , animals Aristotle about 500 species of distinguished |
animal His system eleven grades of had plants Animals above came , also : what He grouped : He what the modern zoologist grouped He what the modern zoologist grouped would what the modern zoologist grouped would call blood with Those were divided insects without blood Those were the other kinds The human soul the powers of incorporates For Aristotle , the soul is Aristotle , the form the soul is , the form the soul is of a living being the soul the form of is , living beings of the form is the form of living beings that is of living beings which that is living beings which that is endows them that which endows is with the Egyptians , he placed the Egyptians , the rational soul he placed , the rational soul he placed in the heart he the rational soul in placed " , the ability memory is , the ability memory is to the ability memory is to hold In other words , a memory is other words , a mental picture a memory is , a mental picture a memory is (phantasm a mental picture a memory is (phantasm ) a mental picture that (phantasm ) is the term 'memory Aristotle uses ' for of the past , prediction is the past , prediction is of , the future prediction of is the future prediction of is , for these impressions , people search these impressions , the memory people search , the memory people search itself a specific memory , that person will reject , this experience will that person reject this experience will that person reject until will this experience they until reject this experience they until reject find next will one memory the stimulate recall experiences , they stimulate experiences , certain previous experiences they stimulate , certain previous experiences they stimulate until they certain previous experiences they until stimulate certain previous experiences they until stimulate reach the self-directed activity Recollection thus is of impressions can Only humans remember of thought Aristotle the chain of believed the hidden material A force to awaken operates |
sleep Aristotle describes in " digestion , so it is the body it vital to is sleep they can not have desire can not they have not desire which , have desire which , have is of their attention , it leaves their attention , an impression it leaves , new stimuli constantly a person encounters new stimuli constantly a person encounters to the day are there as noticed no new distracting sensory experiences as there are noticed , these lasting impressions dreams from result the actual waking experience do not dreams resemble During sleep , a person is sleep , a person is in , an altered state a person in is an altered state a person in is of a person Aristotle a sleeping person to compares a person a sleeping person to who compares the person This leads to believe the person the dream to believe leads If an image had a person appear an image had a person appear for , part this sensory experience not is part this sensory experience not is of a practical rather than theoretical study ethics to be considered that virtue Aristotle taught has to only a good eye An eye is in so such an optimum activity Aristotle identified ( the virtuous mean that Aristotle taught to achieve address the individual , Aristotle addressed the individual , the city Aristotle addressed , the city Aristotle addressed in his work Aristotle the city in addressed a natural community the city to be considered politics Aristotle of conceived as Aristotle according to the natural community was modern approaches is This from distinguished economic thought Aristotle substantial contributions to made "Politics " , Aristotle addresses " , the city Aristotle addresses , the city Aristotle addresses , the city Aristotle addresses , property "Politics " , Aristotle offers " , one Aristotle offers , one Aristotle offers of the earliest accounts Aristotle one of offers use Money into came because use into people because came retail He a low opinion of had goods thus It uses as the function Aristotle a summary of gave |
He that it because wrote that it because wrote is the association thus Money for allows rhetoric also He categorizes into his "Poetics Aristotle in writes " the term "mimesis He applies " both of this , Aristotle believed this , Aristotle believed that the mimetic arts that each of believed For example , music imitates example , music imitates with , the media music with imitates the media music with imitates of their object also The forms in differ a tragedy in The characters are merely action Tragedy the imitation of is "Poetics Aristotle concludes " with procreation of Aristotle's analysis describes an feminist metaphysics of proponents have accused after his death , Aristotle remains his death , one Aristotle remains , one Aristotle remains of the most influential people Aristotle one of remains the most influential people one of who remains almost every field He to contributed of Among countless other achievements , Aristotle was countless other achievements , the founder Aristotle was , the founder Aristotle was of formal logic Aristotle the founder of was Aristotle's work of The immediate influence was felt Aristotle's work was the Lyceum as felt Aristoxenus Aristotle's notable students included , Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum Alexander the Great over Aristotle's influence is seen a great deal had also He learned After Theophrastus , the Lyceum failed Theophrastus , the Lyceum failed to any original work the Lyceum to produce failed veins also Herophilus between distinguished Lucretius such as a few ancient atomists challenged the preservation Greek Christian scribes a crucial role in played the most revered Western thinkers Aristotle one of was Aristotle's philosophy greatly Alkindus admired , Aristotle's philosophy Averroes , and admired Aristotle regularly Medieval Muslim scholars described as in the early medieval Latin West , Aristotle was the early medieval Latin West , Aristotle was practically , Aristotle in interest revived Aristotle in interest revived and in Aristotle Latin Christians and revived Aristotle Latin Christians and revived had translations and Latin Christians had revived , Aristotle's writings for the demand grew Aristotle's writings for the demand grew , Aristotle's writings the Greek manuscripts , and grew |
Christianity These thinkers Aristotelian philosophy with blended his pupil that Aristotle advised held Alexander had secretly Phyllis told the philosophy Dante up built of Aristotle Dante knew directly from the greatest philosopher Aristotle to be considered no need that there is observes the blood Harvey the circulation of demonstrated action rigidly Aristotle separated from Aristotle's logic fully The English mathematician George Boole accepted , the most important contributor Charles Darwin Aristotle as regarded In an 1882 letter he wrote that an 1882 letter he wrote that " whom James Joyce's favoured philosopher Aristotle , was whom Aristotle , he was her greatest influence Ayn Rand Aristotle as acknowledged repulsive Russell Aristotle's ethics " called science of The Dutch historian Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis Aristotle that wrote that in "pure seventeenth century" tones Aristotle state what to reform he attempted papyrus scrolls Aristotle his works on wrote two groups His writings divisible into are characterization Aristotle's "lost" works considerably in stray surviving lecture notes mostly works resemble lecture notes mostly works resemble not of Aristotle's works the exoteric writings how is Aristotle's works the exoteric writings how is were has been major artists by depicted been major artists by depicted including Lucas Cranach by major artists including depicted Antarctica in The Aristotle Mountains are named the first person He was known to Paris in An American " is the standard instruments Gershwin the piece for scored four Parisian taxi horns He back brought for It Damrosch who was had Damrosch who was had commissioned November 18 He the orchestration on completed Ravel strongly Gershwin encouraged to New York Gershwin Ravel in greeted Gershwin's desire Ravel's tour reignited to return an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger Gershwin caused to Nadia Boulanger Gershwin caused to Nadia Boulanger Gershwin caused to seriously for her , she told her , him she told , she him she told she him she told could him she told could not " What could I give What could you I give could you I give that I you you that give you you that give have |
Gershwin did not This set Paris Gershwin "An American in based Musical America Gershwin in " explained five sections is The piece into structured five sections into which , structured the "Allegretto grazioso Gershwin's first A episode the two main "walking" themes in introduces this A section of The style is written duple meter This A section featured , singsong rhythms the American Blues " The B section's "Andante ma con ritmo deciso introduces and In the B section , Gershwin uses the B section , common time Gershwin uses , common time Gershwin uses , syncopated rhythms Gershwin common time , uses , Gershwin's intention had it been Gershwin's intention had it been to 2000 This the standard performing edition until became September 22, 2013 , it was announced the full orchestral score that a musicological critical edition of announced the work of Two urtext editions were published of the work were by published the work were the German publisher B-Note Music by published were the German publisher B-Note Music by published in 2015 by the German publisher B-Note Music in published made Campbell-Watson by were withdrawn Campbell-Watson by were withdrawn in music of 120 bars were re On September 9, 2017 , The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave September 9, 2017 , the world premiere The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave , the world premiere The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave of the long-awaited critical edition The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra the world premiere of gave the Victor Talking Machine Company was The first recording for made play the solo ; Gershwin said the solo ; Gershwin he said the actual recording briefly he in participated In 1951 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released 1951 , the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released , the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released , the musical film Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released , "An American art direction The Academy Award for Best Production Design achievement for recognizes Best Art Direction The category's original name was , but the Art Director's branch This change from resulted of 1947 , the award is shared the set decorator(s is the award with shared They are many by regarded |
are many by regarded as the most prestigious and significant awards by many as regarded the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS ) , the awards are ) , an international recognition the awards are , an international recognition the awards are of excellence the awards an international recognition of are a copy are The various category winners awarded of was originally George Stanley by sculpted originally George Stanley by sculpted from a design sketch by George Stanley from sculpted it first AMPAS presented in was first radio by broadcast first radio by broadcast in 1930 by radio in broadcast the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony It is and is with the two previous ceremonies , there was the two previous ceremonies , no host there was ABC was The ceremony on broadcast the Mayfair Hotel was The post-awards party at held the media were Winners to announced the second ceremony was That for changed the first decade , the results were given , to were the results given newspapers were the results to given Emil Jannings The first Best Actor was awarded , the prize earlier ; this made for example , Jannings received example , the award Jannings received , the award Jannings received for two movies Jannings the award for received Perhaps history in the most widely seen streaker was 34-year-old Robert Opel in history the most widely seen streaker was history 34-year-old Robert Opel who , was 34-year-old Robert Opel who , was streaked 2020 , all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended the 2020 Oscar Ceremony Tom Hanks at announced , 2017 The museum development in started under Merit The best known award the Academy Award of is on a black metal base , it is a black metal base , 13.5 it is , 13.5 it is 13.5 it is in the initial ceremonies The statuettes at presented were a few years , the bronze was abandoned favor was the bronze in abandoned World War II , Oscars were made painted plaster were Oscars of made Following the war , the Academy invited the war , recipients the Academy invited |
, recipients the Academy invited to recipients the Academy invited to redeem a minor streamlining was created it is 1928 was The original Oscar mold in cast Chicago each year in by made In 2016 , the Academy returned 2016 , the Academy returned to , bronze the Academy to returned bronze the Academy to returned as of an original 1929 Oscar , the statuettes retain an original 1929 Oscar , their modern-era dimensions the statuettes retain , their modern-era dimensions the statuettes retain and their modern-era dimensions the statuettes retain and black pedestal then 24-karat gold in by electroplated Brooklyn in 24-karat gold by electroplated the name officially The Academy adopted "Oscar in 1941 , she claims 1941 , she claims named , the award she named claims the award she named claims after another early media mention The 1934 awards again in appeared of the ceremony , Oscar statuettes presented the ceremony , Oscar statuettes presented at , the ceremony Oscar statuettes at presented the ceremony Oscar statuettes at presented have Until 2010 , winners returned 2010 , their statuettes winners returned , their statuettes winners returned to the Academy winners their statuettes to returned 2010 , winners have had , the option have winners had the option have winners had of nameplates has The R.S. Owens company engraved made been legally the requirement by encumbered legally the requirement by encumbered that the requirement by the statuette that encumbered this stipulation , then the Academy keeps , then the statuette the Academy keeps In 1989 , Michael Todd's grandson tried 1989 , Michael Todd's grandson tried to Todd's Best Picture Oscar Michael Todd's grandson to sell tried In 1992 , Harold Russell consigned 1992 , his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell consigned , his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell consigned for his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell consigned for " his action Russell defended , saying that , the results were announced early February were the results in announced different branches is Academy membership into divided the largest voting bloc Actors constitute , numbering |
have been the auditing firm by certified been the auditing firm by certified PricewaterhouseCoopers the auditing firm by certified PricewaterhouseCoopers ( just under 6,000 voting members that it has stated the "Los Angeles Times by " were published Caucasian , 94% were confirmed the official Academy Awards Rules , a film must open the previous calendar year must a film in open ' This the win of followed a U.S. release does not The Best International Feature Film award require both Los Angeles County The Best Documentary Feature award either week-long releases in requires the same requirements must The qualifying theatrical runs meet as the defined deadline , the film will be all related categories The form the production credits for includes Second , multiple methods there are , multiple methods there are of qualification there multiple methods of are a week-long theatrical release The main method is in " the qualifying theatrical run for The requirements are also day per Only one screening is required of Best Picture , all voting members are Best Picture , all voting members are eligible the single transferable vote of a variant is used most categories , the winner is selected the nominees from among by selected has been instant runoff voting by chosen as much as several million dollars will Film companies spend on overt campaigning The Academy enforces to limit rules staff It an awards czar on has staff an awards czar on who has a live televised ceremony are The major awards at presented the film awards season It the culmination of is an elaborate extravaganza This is , with an elaborate extravaganza the invited guests , with is men Black tie dress the most common outfit for is The Academy Awards show the world's longest-running awards is televised show the world's longest-running awards is televised live first 1953 in by televised NBC in 1953 by televised for five years then ABC resumed five years then broadcast duties ABC resumed then broadcast duties ABC resumed in 1976 ABC broadcast duties in resumed condensed versions has also The Academy produced the growing TV ratings success Another reason because of was |
Tuesday were ABC's regained Oscars from moved the advantage The earlier date also to is the first Sunday of March is the ceremony into moved the 1999 ceremonies , it was moved Sundays was it to moved the move given for The reasons were for the move more viewers that were the move more viewers that were would For many years a Sunday broadcast the film industry opposed many years a Sunday broadcast the film industry opposed because the film industry a Sunday broadcast it because opposed a Sunday broadcast it because opposed would In 2010 , the Academy contemplated 2010 , the Academy contemplated moving , the ceremony the Academy moving contemplated the ceremony the Academy moving contemplated even the voting period would dramatically such an accelerated schedule decrease Sunday on a January ceremony would clash April 8, 1968 , the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed two days was the 40th Academy Awards ceremony for postponed Memoriam " segment was introduced those , honoring who introduced criticism has This segment drawn over broadcast length , the ceremony generally averages , three and a half hours generally the ceremony averages of the spectrum , the 2002 ceremony lasted the spectrum , the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours , the Academy Awards of the organizers announced the organizers of the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches announced of the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches announced must the Academy Awards winners' acceptance speeches announced must not speeches , winners' dedications were displayed During the 2018 ceremony , host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged the 2018 ceremony , host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how the show , "Variety " reported most aspects AMPAS responsible for is the telecast More than 57.25 million viewers to tuned for 2008 , the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched the 80th Academy Awards telecast was 31.76 million viewers by watched was 31.76 million viewers by watched on average by 31.76 million viewers on watched of 23.6 million viewers , the 93rd Academy Awards drew 23.6 million viewers , an even lower viewership the 93rd Academy Awards drew , an even lower viewership the 93rd Academy Awards drew of |
10.4 million the 93rd Academy Awards an even lower viewership of drew every Academy Awards ceremony The Academy Film Archive copies of holds 1929 , the first Academy Awards were presented a banquet dinner were the first Academy Awards at presented Hollywood in Grauman's Chinese Theatre then hosted 1950 to 1960 , the awards were presented Hollywood's Pantages Theatre were the awards at presented , 1953 to 1957 from the awards took place from 1953 to 1957 the awards took the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium The Oscars to moved in By 1969 , the Academy decided 1969 , the Academy decided to the ceremonies the Academy to move decided the awards , the Best Directing award was split two categories was the Best Directing award into split from Academy members , they announced Academy members , they announced that are special committees on by voted special committees on by voted , of the Academy Awards , many studios spend the Academy Awards , millions of dollars many studios spend , millions of dollars many studios spend and millions of dollars many studios spend and hire accusations has This generated of criticism have long The Academy Awards received the statistics is This criticism on based a boycott The 88th awards ceremony the target of became a movie production and distribution studio that Netflix as concerned the 8th Academy Awards ceremony Nichols boycotted because of the 1935 award eventually Nichols accepted three years later the second person George C. Scott became to refuse a "meat parade Scott it as described the award to refuse The third person was the award Marlon Brando who , was Marlon Brando who , was refused unsegregated categories , other categories are unsegregated a tradition has It become to 2014 , the value was reported vacation packages have Oscar gift bags included to 2014 , the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had , a "Secret Room Gifting Suite Adam & Eve the adult products retailer had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite Adam & Eve the adult products retailer had " no male actors The film has , with |
"Movie - Film - Review " , Christopher Tookey wrote a theatrical work " This cinematic adaptation of wrote " an illustrated children's book " Animalia is an illustrated children's book " Animalia is by " an alliterative alphabet book " Animalia is an alliterative alphabet book " Animalia is and the animal kingdom Each illustration an animal from features 2008 Julia MacRae Books an "Animalia" colouring book in published Minimax also It on airs time It a continuous scale of is Terrestrial Time It the principal realisation of is the basis It also is for into effect , UTC is effect , UTC is currently , exactly 37 seconds UTC currently is exactly 37 seconds UTC currently is behind the time TAI a weighted average of is GPS signals are The clocks using compared timecodes with which , signal the form "UTC(NPL are These time scales in denoted the form is This time scale in expressed In hindsight , it is hindsight , it is possible 1955 Atomic timekeeping services experimentally in started a basis was It as used terms was The SI second in defined the output were corrections to applied above sea level , this meant sea level , this meant that these time scales of three were defined a realisation TAI henceforth was of TAI of The continued existence was questioned is occasionally leap seconds by adjusted these adjustments , it is composed segments is it of composed is segments of that composed segments of that composed are December 1971 , the adjustments were made order This a compromise arrangement in was concern Altruism the principle and moral practice of is many cultures It a traditional virtue in is concern ) of the object(s vary an action an individual performing which is altruism Steinberg a definition for suggests social relationships are latter upon predicated psychological egoism of The theory suggests that of psychological egoism no act that suggests psychological egoism no act that suggests of sharing that no act of suggests also an ethical doctrine to that refer an ethical doctrine to that refer claims egoism with which , contrasted |
philosophical and ethical thought The concept a long history in has originally the 19th century in by coined the founding sociologist in the 19th century by coined can the other fields the different methods , affect the other fields the different methods , affect and a moral notion Alms the fruits of are an obligation Generosity is , because an obligation Nemesis , because is the gift This the ancient morality of is of social evolution , altruism refers social evolution , altruism refers to , behaviour altruism to refers behaviour altruism to refers by apparently altruistic behavior of Theories were accelerated of apparently altruistic behavior were by accelerated apparently altruistic behavior were the need by accelerated were the need by accelerated to the need by accelerated to produce the initial impetus of altruism The study was altruism of An interesting example is found in October 2006 , they showed October 2006 , they showed that , a superior moral faculty not that was a superior moral faculty not that was suppresses damage that subjects with showed " no empathy often Psychopaths feel no empathy often Psychopaths feel or reasoning it to find seem some debate has There been on altruism Some definitions a self-sacrificial nature to specify altruistic acts of the selflessness is brought Daniel Batson a psychologist who is examined this question a psychologist who examined is four major motives He identified : to empathic concern of Feelings are contrasted others with empathic concern People help altruism , studies often observe , altruism often studies observe altruism often studies observe as bystanders that the number of suggests individual feelings of bystanders Greater numbers decrease the effects have Many studies observed of mothers One study the physical health of examined mothers the physical health of who examined prior health status , it was determined , volunteerism on one study found volunteerism on one study found that on volunteerism feeling that found volunteerism feeling that found overwhelmed about themselves , it is themselves , it is also contributions of sociology This type seeks of sociology contributions that seeks sociology contributions that seeks aid |
contributions that seeks aid grassroots the group level it at motivates is of study ; some publications link study ; the occurrence some publications link ; the occurrence some publications link of moral outrage some publications the occurrence of link the world's religions , of Most, if not all promote Buddhism Altruism prominently in figures all beings equally : love is equally : the wish love is : the wish love is that love the wish all beings that is the wish all beings that is be can be the one medicine by cured be the one medicine by cured of love by the one medicine of cured Buddhism is the belief by characterized is the belief by characterized that the belief by negative (unhappy) consequences that characterized Jainism of The fundamental principles revolve around "Ahimsa Jainism the view of preaches non Jainism a path of prescribes the emphasis of Jain belief A major characteristic is and uncontrolled sense the powerful enemies organs are uncontrolled sense the powerful enemies organs are of humans organs the powerful enemies of are them The monks to observe have nonviolence of The principle seeks to karmas to minimize which seeks every soul Jainism views as worthy all life Jainism the equality of emphasizes microscopic organisms This policy even to extends ourselves " , he concluded God we should love thinks love Many biblical authors a strong connection between draw several books has Thomas Jay Oord in argued that in several books altruism argued a loving action An altruistic action not always is which German philosopher Max Scheler two ways in distinguishes Christian love One way a sincere expression of is one Another way merely " is For Sufis , this means Sufis , devotion this means , devotion this means to others this devotion to means the notion This similar to is the desired goal Judaism altruism as defines the most important attribute that love is stated bestowal is This as defined altruism can This be towards humanity altruism towards that be the force Kabbalah God as defines the purpose that such a framework is proposed |
the Sikh religion Altruism essential to is Sikhism in The central faith is that in Sikhism the greatest deed that is Sikhism any one that the greatest deed is both friends He water to gave the enemy of Some began to Guru Gobind Singh Sikh soldiers Bhai Kanhaiya before brought them " , Bhai Kanhaiya replied You were what you practicing were what you practicing were what you practicing were coached of the Brahma Sutras , Sivananda notes the Brahma Sutras , Sivananda notes that the fruits can not karma bestow apurva that karma generates argue an intelligent being unless moved by act text , the doctrine the Bhagavad Gita supports , the doctrine the Bhagavad Gita supports of karma yoga the Bhagavad Gita the doctrine of supports philosophical views There a wide range of exists ethical altruism of Proponents maintain that of ethical altruism individuals that maintain ethical altruism individuals that maintain are The opposing view ethical egoism which , is ethical egoism which , is maintains psychological egoism in descriptive ethics A related concept is a philosophy Effective altruism is and social movement a philosophy that and social movement is individuals Effective altruism encourages to consider It the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that is distinguishes effective altruism the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes is , effective altruism of the philosophy applies effective altruism of the philosophy applies more her fiction is She for known in Russia , she moved Russia , she moved to , the United States she to moved the United States she to moved in She a play that wrote opened a play that wrote opened on unsuccessful , fame she achieved , fame she achieved with her 1943 novel she fame with achieved In 1957 , Rand published 1957 , her best-known work Rand published , her best-known work Rand published , her best-known work Rand published , the novel acquiring knowledge ; she rejected knowledge ; faith she rejected ; faith she rejected and faith she rejected and religion rational and ethical egoism She supported and rejected In politics , she condemned |
politics , the initiation she condemned , the initiation she condemned of force she the initiation of condemned , laissez-faire" capitalism she " supported laissez-faire" capitalism she " supported , In art , Rand promoted art , romantic realism Rand promoted literary critics Rand's fiction mixed reviews from received some libertarians have politically Her writings influenced Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum was Rand born on Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum She the eldest of three daughters of was the time She twelve at was under Vladimir Lenin the life the family disrupted Vladimir Lenin the life the family disrupted had the life the family disrupted had enjoyed high school there , Rand concluded Rand an atheist she was concluded an atheist she was concluded and the Russian Revolution , universities were opened women were universities to opened At 16 , she began 16 , her studies she began , her studies she began in the department she her studies in began their differing views Rand to see came many other bourgeois students , she was purged the university was she from purged the purged students of many were allowed a year then She for studied this time , she had decided had writing her professional surname for decided writing her professional surname for decided would late 1925 , Rand was granted , a visa was Rand granted a visa was Rand granted to January She on departed become a screenwriter , she lived a screenwriter , she lived for , a few months she for lived a few months she for lived with a movie theater of them One owned a movie theater her and allowed owned The King of Kings " , she met " , an aspiring young actor she met , an aspiring young actor she met , an aspiring young actor she met , Frank O'Connor July 1929 She a permanent American resident in became , the sale Rand's first literary success with came the sale Rand's first literary success with came of in Soviet Russia , it focused Soviet Russia , it focused on , the struggle it on focused |
the struggle it on focused between a stage play She the story as adapted of her later novels , Rand was her later novels , Rand was able to the 1959 edition , Rand wrote the 1959 edition , Rand wrote that her novella Rand wrote "Anthem " a dystopian future world It a vision of presents an American publisher could not Rand find During the 1940s , Rand became the 1940s , Rand became politically Rand's first public speaking experiences ; she enjoyed fielding ; sometimes hostile questions enjoyed she fielding sometimes hostile questions enjoyed she fielding from New York City audiences sometimes hostile questions from who fielding contact Her work her into brought journalist Henry Hazlitt She friends with became them , Rand strongly endorsed , the writings strongly Rand endorsed the writings strongly Rand endorsed of her once Mises to referred libertarian writer Isabel Paterson Rand friends with became a writer as Rand's first major success came in Twelve publishers it the Bobbs-Merrill Company before rejected it the Bobbs-Merrill Company before rejected finally the novel , Rand was prescribed , the amphetamine Benzedrine was Rand prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine was Rand prescribed to long hours her to work helped " a worldwide success " The Fountainhead became a worldwide success " The Fountainhead became , In 1943 , she sold 1943 , the film rights she sold , the film rights she sold to Warner Bros. she the film rights to sold her Producer Hal B. Wallis hired afterwards as the screenplays for him Her work included free-market and anti-communist activism Rand her involvement with extended the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance She involved with became during the Second Red Scare , Rand testified the Second Red Scare , Rand testified as , a "friendly witness Rand as testified a "friendly witness Rand as testified " of whom the book had influenced whom the book had influenced profoundly In 1951 , Rand moved 1951 , Rand moved from , Los Angeles Rand from moved Los Angeles Rand from moved to Initially , an informal gathering the group was , an informal gathering the group was of |
friends the group an informal gathering of was friends an informal gathering of who was Rand's "magnum opus " was "Atlas Shrugged considered the novel's theme She described as " Rand's philosophy It the core tenets of advocates which The plot a dystopian United States in involves which a dystopian United States in the most creative industrialists involves With this fictional strike , Rand intended this fictional strike , Rand intended to In 1958 , Nathaniel Branden established 1958 , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden established , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden established , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures Nathaniel Branden established , later the NBI Collective members lectures for gave some later She published of Rand was many by unimpressed was many by unimpressed of the NBI students by many of unimpressed the NBI Some described or the Objectivist movement a wide range Rand opinions on expressed her preferences of her followers Some mimicked her Objectivist philosophy Rand and promoted developed annual lectures She delivering began at these appearances , she often took , controversial stances often she took controversial stances often she took on abortion rights These : supporting included In 1964 , Nathaniel Branden began 1964 , an affair Nathaniel Branden began , an affair Nathaniel Branden began with the young actress Nathaniel Branden an affair with began the affair and Barbara Branden Nathaniel kept ended , her relationship Rand ended , her relationship Rand ended with both Brandens Rand her relationship with ended an article She published in " lung cancer Rand surgery for underwent In 1976 , she retired 1976 , she retired from her newsletter she from writing retired , the Objectivist movement within her activities declined the Objectivist movement within her activities declined , On March 6, 1982 , Rand died March 6, 1982 , Rand died of , heart failure Rand of died heart failure Rand of died at the Kensico Cemetery was She in interred literature Rand her approach to described the world her fiction to present wanted her This approach led to create Her fiction typically protagonists who has typically protagonists who has are |
heroic individualists protagonists who are has In works school Rand read by Fyodor Dostoevsky school Rand works by read , her heroes of her depictions show the influence of her heroes her depictions show for movies ; her novels have movies ; many narrative descriptions her novels have ; her novels many narrative descriptions that have her novels many narrative descriptions that have resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios many narrative descriptions that resemble have her philosophy "Objectivism Rand called " , In metaphysics , Rand supported metaphysics , philosophical realism Rand supported , philosophical realism Rand supported and philosophical realism Rand supported and opposed In epistemology , she considered epistemology , she all knowledge considered non Rand all claims of rejected In ethics , Rand argued ethics , Rand argued for , rational and ethical egoism Rand for argued rational and ethical egoism Rand for argued ( egoism Rand to referred as In it , she presented it , her solution she presented , her solution she presented to her solution she presented to the ethical altruism She condemned as incompatible individual rights Rand's political philosophy emphasized — including the only moral social system She "laissez-faire" capitalism considered because Rand statism which , opposed statism she , which opposed natural rights a constitutionally limited government should protect believed libertarian , the term Rand preferred , the term Rand preferred " radical Rand the term " preferred conservatives She with worked on which Rand libertarianism , denounced which libertarianism , she denounced In aesthetics , Rand defined aesthetics , art Rand defined , art Rand defined as a "selective re Rand art as defined to her , art allows her , art philosophical concepts allows a writer , the art form Rand focused Rand philosophy her most important contributions to said philosophy her most important contributions to said were She a foundational branch epistemology was believed a foundational branch epistemology was believed of it consistently , all the rest follows the most criticized areas and politics Rand's ethics are of her ideas , she said her ideas , she said failed her attempt she failed in said |
her definitions have Critics called of her rejection from religious traditions Critics oppose Nozick , have her attempt said individual rights her attempt to justify said as her greatest influence , Rand remarked her greatest influence , Rand remarked that the history Rand that in remarked my philosophy I the rest of devised the "Claremont Review of Books " , political scientist Charles Murray criticized " , her claim political scientist Charles Murray criticized , her claim political scientist Charles Murray criticized that political scientist Charles Murray her claim her only "philosophical debt that criticized her claim her only "philosophical debt that criticized " her ideas He asserted were derivative Nietzsche Rand early inspiration from found In 1928 , she alluded 1928 , she alluded to , his idea she to alluded his idea she to alluded of Nietzsche's influence There other indications of are mankind's history " ; she believed she reason his epistemology undermined believed reason his epistemology undermined believed and contemporary philosophers with Rand's relationship was mostly academic She not an was critics She dismissive toward was the Broadway production of Reviews were largely far fewer reviews We than " received " that one Rand was that one Rand was greatly "a writer Pruette her called of other positive reviews There were , but other positive reviews Rand , but were on the novel's length ; one called the novel's length ; it one called ; it one called " a whale one it " called National Review " , conservative author Whittaker Chambers called " , the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers called , the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers called " the book "sophomoric conservative author Whittaker Chambers called " and the book's tone He described as " Rand He accused of supporting " positive reviews " Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews " Atlas Shrugged received from her novels Rand's nonfiction far fewer reviews than received her certainty Philosopher Sidney Hook likened to " her certainty the way philosophy to " likened over 30 million copies sold , Rand's books continue the second most popular choice " Rand's "Atlas Shrugged was , |
; later writers has she influenced later writers has she influenced like business Rand a positive view of provided animated sitcoms Television including shows , Throughout her life the subject she was her life the subject she was of many articles she the subject of was 2002 , the Ayn Rand Institute has provided , free copies has the Ayn Rand Institute provided free copies has the Ayn Rand Institute provided of 4.5 million copies had The Institute distributed in , a continuing influence has Rand had a continuing influence has Rand had on one is often Rand considered of that movement , journalist Brian Doherty described that movement , her journalist Brian Doherty described , her journalist Brian Doherty described as her journalist Brian Doherty described as " William F. Buckley Jr. She intense opposition from faced the novel's plot Opinion articles real-world events with compared Rand and her fictional hero John Galt appeared her fictional hero Tea Party protests John Galt at appeared her ideas There increased criticism of was her support Critics the economic crisis on blamed In 2015 , Adam Weiner said 2015 , Adam Weiner said that Greenspan Adam Weiner that through said "incalculable impact that Rand's novels had said During Rand's lifetime , her work received Rand's lifetime , little attention her work received , little attention her work received from academic scholars her work little attention from received her work in interest has increased In 2009 , historian Jennifer Burns identified 2009 , "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns identified , "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns identified " "three overlapping waves historian Jennifer Burns identified " of of that same year , few universities included that same year , Rand few universities included , Rand few universities included or Rand few universities included or Objectivism in some cases , the grants were some cases , the grants were controversial In 2020 , media critic Eric Burns said 2020 , media critic Eric Burns said that In 1967 , John Hospers discussed 1967 , Rand's ethical ideas John Hospers discussed , Rand's ethical ideas John Hospers discussed in |
the second edition John Hospers Rand's ethical ideas in discussed That same year , a chapter Hazel Barnes included , a chapter Hazel Barnes included critiquing Objectivism Hazel Barnes a chapter critiquing included in 1971 , its author declared 1971 , its author declared writing Rand "a treacherous undertaking its author writing about declared Rand's ideas about A few articles appeared in these of One was " the same publication , Nozick that argued Rand's case that Nozick misstated argued edited Den Uyl and Rasmussen by , was the first academic book Den Uyl and Rasmussen , by was In one essay , political writer Jack Wheeler wrote one essay , political writer Jack Wheeler wrote that Contemporary Women Philosophers " , Jenny A. Heyl described " , a divergence Jenny A. Heyl described , a divergence Jenny A. Heyl described in Jenny A. Heyl a divergence how different academic specialties in described a divergence how different academic specialties in described viewed literary academia , Ayn Rand is considered , a philosopher is Ayn Rand considered a philosopher is Ayn Rand considered . the "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy " , political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized " , the mainstream philosophical reception political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized , the mainstream philosophical reception political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized of her work political theorist Chandran Kukathas the mainstream philosophical reception of summarized He her ethical argument most commentators view said her ethical argument most commentators view said as for the Cato Institute , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued the Cato Institute , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer very few people argued He the attention she attributed receives the attention she attributed receives to In 2012 , the Pennsylvania State University Press agreed 2012 , the Pennsylvania State University Press agreed to any scholarly articles could not Mimi Reisel Gladstein find English and American literature of scholars have continued Rand about important authors Several academic book series cover Twayne's United States Authors These include ( " in 2001 , John David Lewis declared 2001 , John David Lewis declared that of the Nathaniel Branden Institute , the Objectivist movement continued |
the Nathaniel Branden Institute , the Objectivist movement continued in , other forms the Objectivist movement in continued In the 1970s , Leonard Peikoff began the 1970s , Leonard Peikoff began delivering , courses Leonard Peikoff delivering began courses Leonard Peikoff delivering began on In 1979 , Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started 1979 , a newsletter Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started , a newsletter Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started called "The Intellectual Activist Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz a newsletter called started In 1985 , Peikoff worked 1985 , Peikoff worked with , businessman Ed Snider Peikoff with worked businessman Ed Snider Peikoff with worked to with Peikoff , philosopher David Kelley founded Peikoff , the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley founded , the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley founded , the Institute for Objectivist Studies philosopher David Kelley founded , now the Collège de France He a Professor at is in the 1970s , he succeeded the 1970s , he succeeded in the almost complete classification he in obtaining succeeded also problem the Connes embedding formulated Following this , he made this , contributions he made , contributions he made in operator K-theory he contributions in made cyclic cohomology also He introduced in the Fields Medal was Connes awarded in the ICM He an invited speaker at was the United States The family to moved when the United States to he when moved the University of Notre Dame Allan Dwan engineering at studied the fledgling motion picture industry He a strong interest in had , the East Coast movie makers of some began the East Coast movie makers of some began to , movie companies of a number worked movie companies of a number worked there La Mesa Dwan Flying A Studios in operated the first motion pictures studios Flying A one of was comedies , fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford Dwan directed , fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford Dwan directed in several very successful movies Dwan fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in directed eight feature films Dwan Gloria Swanson in directed the career helped Dwan launch of spanning almost 50 years , Dwan directed |
almost 50 years , 125 motion pictures Dwan directed , 125 motion pictures Dwan directed , Dwan 125 motion pictures some , directed 125 motion pictures some , directed of "Film Journal International of Daniel Eagan " described total area It the largest country by is the northeast is It to bordered a semi-arid geography The country has , with a semi-arid geography most , with has an area Algeria covers of , of 44 million , Algeria is 44 million , the ninth-most populous country Algeria is , the ninth-most populous country Algeria is in Africa Algeria the ninth-most populous country in is many empires has Pre-1962 Algeria seen and Arab-Berber of Algeria's population The vast majority is , an administrative and educational language French as serves an administrative and educational language French as serves in a semi-presidential republic Algeria is , with North Africa Algeria a regional power in is all non-island African countries It the highest Human Development Index of has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves Algeria has and the ninth-largest reserves one Algeria's military is of the the name of Other forms are : the Mediterranean fringe that ancestral hominins inhabited shows the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles Neanderthal tool makers hand axes in produced the highest state Algeria the site of was North Africa in The earliest blade industries are called by 600 BC , a Phoenician presence existed 600 BC , a Phoenician presence existed at , Tipasa a Phoenician presence at existed Tipasa a Phoenician presence at existed , , the indigenous population on its impact increased the indigenous population on its impact increased dramatically a stage Berber civilisation already at was the early 4th century BC , Berbers formed BC , the single largest element Berbers formed , the single largest element Berbers formed of the Carthaginian army Berbers the single largest element of formed of the Mercenaries , Berber soldiers rebelled the Mercenaries , Berber soldiers rebelled from , 241 to 238 BC Berber soldiers from rebelled 241 to 238 BC Berber soldiers from rebelled after control They in obtaining succeeded Carthage of the city was destroyed |
BC , several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged them of Two were established Mauretania of Numidia West lay Numidia Mauretania which , lay Mauretania which , lay extended 148 BC , the Berber kingdoms were divided For several centuries Algeria was ruled several centuries Algeria was by ruled Algeria was the Romans by ruled was the Romans by ruled , the Romans by who , ruled of North Africa , Algeria was North Africa , one Algeria was , one Algeria was of the breadbaskets Algeria one of was Hippo Regius Saint Augustine the bishop of was North Africa The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric into moved in any significant settlement did not They make the Msellata region was the indigenous Laguatan by occupied was the indigenous Laguatan by who occupied the indigenous Laguatan by who occupied had the Western Roman Empire of The collapse led to It was another Kingdom by succeeded was another Kingdom by succeeded based another Kingdom by succeeded based in , the Umayyad Caliphate of Muslim Arabs conquered Algeria of the Umayyad Caliphate Muslim Arabs conquered the indigenous Berber people of Large numbers converted to of the Umayyad Caliphate , numerous local dynasties emerged the Umayyad Caliphate , numerous local dynasties emerged , the Rustamids numerous local dynasties , including emerged three waves The Christians in left : During the Middle Ages , North Africa was the Middle Ages , home North Africa was , home North Africa was to many great scholars North Africa home to was this time It during was that this time during the Fatimids that was to punish them the Fatimids sent punish them the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids sent them the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids sent and the Arab Banu Hilal the Fatimids sent and Banu Sulaym the epic Tāghribāt is The resultant war in recounted as Fatimid Caliphate an Islamic empire that made Fatimid Caliphate an Islamic empire that made included North Africa an Islamic empire that included made several tribes historically The Amazighs of consisted The two main branches the Botr and Barnès tribes who , were |
the Botr and Barnès tribes who , were were several tribes of the Maghreb Each region contained the Middle Ages Several Amazigh dynasties during emerged in the Amazigh dynasties Ibn Khaldun a table summarising provides well as their rule the Fatimids established as their rule the Fatimids established in all the Fatimids their rule in established The Zirids land what in ruled land what in ruled is important regions The Hammadids and held captured In Algeria the Rustamid Kingdom was established the Fatimid caliphs The Zirids nominal suzerainty of recognized this recognition the Zirid ruler to end decided attempt a direct invasion , they found a direct invasion , another means they found , another means they found of revenge they another means of found what The then Fatimid vizier to destroy decided what to destroy he decided women Whole tribes off with set the way Some on stopped , this rising tide The Zirid ruler to stop tried there the upper Algiers gradually they gained the upper Algiers gradually they gained and forcibly the Almohads back by taken the Almohads back by taken in a major factor of Bedouin tribes The influx was , the throne the main supporters of were the throne the main supporters of were and of modern-day Western Algeria , Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared modern-day Western Algeria , his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared , his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared and his independence Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared and established Algeria The Zayyanids their control over retained by the Zayyanid sultans , Spain decided the Zayyanid sultans , Spain decided to Algeria Spain to invade decided In 1505 , they invaded 1505 , they invaded and Mers el Kébir they and captured invaded of Algeria , the Spanish decided Algeria , the Spanish decided to In 1510 , they led 1510 , a series they led , a series they led of sieges they a series of led Jijel They in conquering succeeded of Tlemcen , Hayreddin succeeded Tlemcen , him Hayreddin succeeded , him Hayreddin succeeded as military commander Hayreddin him as succeeded the title The Ottoman sultan him gave of |
Hayreddin's son The next beylerbey was Hasan , Hayreddin's son who Hasan , was a Kouloughli He was or of Algiers of 1587 Beylerbeylik was governed of Algiers was by governed Algiers was Beylerbeys by governed was Beylerbeys by who governed Beylerbeys by who governed served The pasha was an autonomous janissary unit by assisted was an autonomous janissary unit by assisted , an autonomous janissary unit by assisted , known the ojaq among Discontent rose in the mid-1600s in they because rose the cities had repeatedly Plague struck Christian The Barbary pirates on preyed and the passengers often The pirates took and a brisk business also They did in from the 16th to 19th century , pirates captured the 16th to 19th century , 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans pirates captured , 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans pirates captured as slaves pirates 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as captured raids often They made , for example , Hayreddin Barbarossa captured example , the island Hayreddin Barbarossa captured , the island Hayreddin Barbarossa captured of Ischia Hayreddin Barbarossa the island of captured Dey The new leader the title of received the dey to select the right passed In 1710 , the dey persuaded 1710 , the sultan the dey persuaded , the sultan the dey persuaded to the sultan the dey persuaded to recognise a constitutional autocrat The dey in effect was a life term was The dey for elected the tribal chieftains , it never had , the unanimous allegiance never it had the unanimous allegiance never it had of the Mediterranean in Barbary raids continued to in 1784 , the Spanish fleet was 1784 , the Spanish fleet was to In 1792 , Algiers took 1792 , Algiers took back , Oran and Mers el Kébir Algiers back took Oran and Mers el Kébir Algiers back took , the First and Second Barbary Wars in which , resulted to their consul , the French invaded their consul , the French invaded and Algiers the French and captured invaded the French conquest Historian Ben Kiernan on wrote of |
approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians had The war killed since 92,329 from 1831 to 1851 French losses were A combination of violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population caused of violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population caused to violence and disease epidemics the indigenous Algerian population caused to decline On September 17, 1860 , Napoleon III declared September 17, 1860 , Napoleon III declared " until independence , France administered independence , the whole Mediterranean region France administered , the whole Mediterranean region France administered of Algeria France the whole Mediterranean region of administered of France's longest-held overseas territories , Algeria became France's longest-held overseas territories , a destination Algeria became , a destination Algeria became for hundreds of thousands Algeria a destination for became , Algeria 50,000 French people to emigrated the French government's confiscation These settlers from benefited of early 20th century , almost a fifth the European share was , almost a fifth the European share was of the population the European share almost a fifth of was the occupying French forces against the uprising was suppressed the occupying French forces was what through suppressed the two population groups between Tensions came to the death The war to led of Algerian Muslim war that the actual number of state the span of eight years Horne Algerian casualties during estimated " Algeria fled who totaled more than 900,000 fled Algeria who totaled 1965 was Ben Bella in overthrown was 1965 in by overthrown Houari Boumédiène in 1965 by overthrown authoritarian ; this trend Boumédienne continued agriculture He collectivised and launched under President Houari Boumediene , Algeria pursued President Houari Boumediene , a program Algeria pursued , a program Algeria pursued of industrialisation Algeria a program of pursued Arabisation He a policy of promoted by the end of the decade , Bendjedid introduced the end of the decade , a multi-party system Bendjedid introduced In December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the December 1991 first the Islamic Salvation Front the dominated first the Islamic Salvation Front the dominated of of an Islamist government , the authorities intervened |
an Islamist government , the authorities intervened on , 11 January 1992 the authorities on intervened 11 January 1992 the authorities on intervened , the FIS It banned , triggering civilian massacres The Islamist militants a violent campaign of conducted , Algeria in the situation became a point in Algeria the situation became 1999 Algeria elections in held political stability He to restore worked insurgent violence and levels of disbanded economic, institutional, political and social reform The programme comprised to modernise a second amnesty initiative also It included , November 2008 , the Algerian Constitution was amended a vote was the Algerian Constitution following amended Bouteflika This change enabled to stand On 24 February 2011 , the government lifted 24 February 2011 , Algeria's 19-year-old state the government lifted , Algeria's 19-year-old state the government lifted of emergency the government Algeria's 19-year-old state of lifted legislation The government enacted dealing with In April 2011 , Bouteflika promised April 2011 , further constitutional and political reform Bouteflika promised In December 2019 , Abdelmadjid Tebboune became December 2019 , Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune became , Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune became , Algeria's president Abdelmadjid Tebboune became , after South Sudan , Algeria has been , the largest country has Algeria been the largest country has Algeria been in the Sahara Its southern part a significant portion of includes To the north , the Tell Atlas form the north , the Tell Atlas form with , the Saharan Atlas the Tell Atlas with form the Saharan Atlas the Tell Atlas with form , latitudes Algeria mostly between lies south are They about located this region , midday desert temperatures can be however , rapid loss the clear, dry air permits , rapid loss the clear, dry air permits of heat the clear, dry air rapid loss of permits ergs also Algeria has , coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions of Algeria The varied vegetation includes of Algeria coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which includes Algeria coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions all which includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions all which includes support |
the wild boars The most commonly seen animals include , jackals a small African leopard also Algeria has and A variety of bird species the country makes of bird species the country makes an bird species the country makes an attraction The forests are boars by inhabited are boars by inhabited and boars by inhabited and jackals , the native flora of some includes Macchia scrub of the native flora some includes evergreens The mountain regions large forests of contain the coast The grape vine indigenous to is In the Sahara region , some oases have the Sahara region , palm trees some oases have the predominant flora with wild olives Acacias are Algeria Elected politicians relatively little sway over have Mohamed Mediène might have The most powerful man been these generals of many have died the President of state The head is president as the election after elected Tebboune Protestors to recognise refused 18 years of age Algeria universal suffrage at has the army The President the head of is the People's National Assembly , 462 members who has , 462 members who has are 462 members who has are directly In 2009 , the French government agreed 2009 , the French government agreed to victims the French government to compensate agreed Algeria of The military consists of 147,000 Total military personnel include active , the military in Service is compulsory the gross domestic product The military expenditure 4.3% of was North Africa Algeria the second largest military in has In 2007 , the Algerian Air Force signed 2007 , a deal the Algerian Air Force signed , a deal the Algerian Air Force signed with Russia the Algerian Air Force a deal with signed has been Freedom House by categorised been Freedom House by categorised as Freedom House by categorised as " December 2016 , the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor " issued , a report " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued regarding restriction that the Algerian government imposed clarified the government Independent and autonomous trade unions routine harassment from face |
Algeria Homosexuality illegal in is up to two years Public homosexual behavior punishable by is , Algerians of about 26% think Algerians of about 26% think that of Algerians homosexuality that think Algerians homosexuality that think should 58 provinces is Algeria into divided old provinces of the numbers are kept dinar Algeria's currency the is ( The economy remains the state by dominated remains the state by dominated , the state by dominated , a legacy recent years , the Algerian government has halted , the privatization has the Algerian government halted the privatization has the Algerian government halted of 27% has Public spending by increased to strong hydrocarbon revenues , Algeria has strong hydrocarbon revenues , a cushion Algeria has , a cushion Algeria has of $173 billion Algeria a cushion of has In addition , Algeria's external debt is addition , Algeria's external debt is extremely around 1.1 million barrels Its crude oil production at stands / the backbone have long Hydrocarbons been natural gas Algeria the 10th-largest reserves of has 2005 The U.S. Energy Information Administration that in reported 2011 for Non-hydrocarbon growth was projected with social demands , the authorities raised social demands , expenditure the authorities raised , expenditure the authorities raised , expenditure the authorities raised , especially The Algerian national oil company Sonatrach which , is Sonatrach which , is plays In 2016 , Algeria had 2016 , 0.53 global hectares Algeria had , 0.53 global hectares Algeria had of biocapacity Algeria 0.53 global hectares of had In 2016 , Algeria used 2016 , 2.4 global hectares Algeria used , 2.4 global hectares Algeria used of biocapacity Algeria 2.4 global hectares of used This just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity they use means just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity they use means as an estimated 100 billion dinars has Algeria invested towards Currently , 20,000 research professors Algeria has , 20,000 research professors Algeria has at various universities Algeria 20,000 research professors at has 10% of unemployment The overall rate was Algeria There several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in are Africa ; its length is estimated |
will be the East-West Highway by complemented be the East-West Highway by complemented , the East-West Highway by complemented , a major infrastructure project a 3-way, highway It is , linking is also the Trans-Sahara Highway by crossed also the Trans-Sahara Highway by crossed , the Trans-Sahara Highway by which , crossed a population Algeria has of an estimated of the 20th century , its population was the 20th century , approximately four million its population was Between 90,000 and 165,000 Western Sahara from Sahrawis live Western Sahara from Sahrawis live in more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees There also are , more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees also who , are the history have French to contributed Andalusian refugees of Descendants are also , Algerians of the majority identify Algerians of the majority identify with During the colonial period , there was the colonial period , a large (10% there was , a large (10% there was in 1960 there a large (10% in was French, Spanish and Italian origin They primarily of were the official languages and Berber Modern Standard Arabic are ) the language by used is the majority the language used by is a "national language as by " recognised in Algeria , it has Algeria , one it has , one it has of the largest Francophone populations it one of has 2008 , 11.2 million Algerians could read April 2000 in An Abassa Institute study found that in April 2000 60% that found April 2000 60% that found of households that 60% of found a bilingual state Algeria as emerged after Algeria Islam the predominant religion in is the M'zab Valley There about 290,000 Ibadis in are an increase has There been in Algerians that the percentage of found In 2018 , Algeria had 2018 , the highest numbers Algeria had , the highest numbers Algeria had of physicians Algeria the highest numbers of had "improved water sources to Access " was the World Bank , Algeria is making , progress is Algeria making progress is Algeria making toward Given Algeria's young population , policy favours Algeria's young population , preventive health care policy favours |
, preventive health care policy favours and preventive health care policy favours and clinics with this policy , the government maintains this policy , an immunisation program the government maintains independence , now the literacy rate is 1972 , Arabic is used the language is Arabic as used the third year , French is taught English can also The students learn from the 122 private schools , the Universities of the State are the 122 private schools , the Universities of the State are free charge the Universities of the State free of are primary school , students can go the high school can students to go two programs The school offers : general 26 universities Algeria has and 67 institutions the oldest , it offers oldest , education it offers , education it offers in various disciplines it education in offers Among the most important universities , there are the most important universities , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there are , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there are , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene there are , the University of Mentouri Constantine been strongly the country's recent history by influenced Mohammed Dib of the 20th century Famous novelists include Hippo of Augustine was born terms Contemporary Algerian cinema various in is Algerian literature of The historic roots go back Augustine had also This period known of the Algerian national entity , there is the Algerian national entity , the publication there is , the publication there is of novels there the publication of is the 1990s , the other party is defined a different style is the other party in defined Chaâbi music a typically Algerian musical genre by characterized is specific rhythms a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by is El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka of this music The undisputed master is Bedouin music Folk music styles include , characterized Bedouin music by , characterized include the Aures Rahaba music style unique to is Manel Filali of the diaspora Other Algerian singers include Tuareg languages generally , Tinariwen had |
generally , a worldwide success Tinariwen had several facets Modern music available in is 2013 , 98 films FDATIC subsidised , 98 films FDATIC subsidised ( 98 films FDATIC subsidised ( feature films ; this repertoire in 21 films were Algerian-French co in this repertoire 21 films were the "granary was The country as considered dishes It a component of offers the main products The cuisine cereals as uses one region Algerian cuisine from varies to Among these cakes , there are these cakes , there Tamina are varieties Marketed and home-made bread products include such as Algeria have Various games in existed In the Aures , people played the Aures , several games people played , several games people played such several games people played such as 1928 Olympics The first Algerian and African gold medalist Boughera El Ouafi in is 1956 Summer Olympics The second Algerian Medalist Alain Mimoun in was Algeria Football the most popular sport in is the history are Several names in engraved the 1982 FIFA World Cup The Algeria national football team for qualified , addition , several football clubs have won , continental and international trophies have several football clubs won continental and international trophies have several football clubs won as Algeria The fennec fox the national animal of is the novel Dagny Taggart the protagonist of is president She vice - is the central characters Francisco d'Anconia one of is a childhood friend He is , and exceptional talents , Francisco was dubbed , the "climax was Francisco dubbed the "climax was Francisco dubbed " John Galt He a classmate of was Later , the d'Anconia business Francisco bankrupts , the d'Anconia business Francisco bankrupts to the d'Anconia business Francisco bankrupts to put the primary male hero John Galt is of " an unnamed menial worker initially He as appears their conversations of Only Eddie's side is given for Taggart Transcontinental , Galt worked Taggart Transcontinental , Galt worked as , an engineer Galt as worked an engineer Galt as worked for This prototype was Dagny Taggart by found was Dagny Taggart by found and |
Dagny Taggart by found and Hank Rearden Hank " ) Rearden is " ) one Rearden is ) one Rearden is of the central characters Rearden one of is the United States He the most important steel company in owns Philadelphia He in lives with the Vice-President Edwin "Eddie" Willers the Special Assistant to is the creative ability does not Willers possess of the book , Danneskjöld makes the book , a personal appearance Danneskjöld makes , a personal appearance Danneskjöld makes to a personal appearance Danneskjöld makes to encourage written , sections there were , sections there were written sections there were written describing at a lecture , Ayn Rand admitted a lecture , Ayn Rand admitted that a tribute that Danneskjöld's name was admitted an expert influence peddler Taggart is but incapable his sister He on relies , In a sense , he is a sense , the antithesis he is , the antithesis he is of Dagny he the antithesis of is the recurring absurdity This contradiction to leads of Hank Rearden of who , The unsupportive wife this Lillian achieves , when this she , when achieves Ferris a biologist who is works a biologist who is works as his position He uses there to several occasions He on clashes with one He also is of the Project X weapon Ferris the demonstration of hosts by the looters , Ferris uses the looters , the device Ferris uses , the device Ferris uses on Galt Ferris the device on uses a sell-out has since He become one a sell-out , who become the State Science Institute He at works where the State Science Institute at all his inventions where works part The character , in was whom Hank Rearden The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist reluctantly employs , a senior position is he given a senior position is he given at Later in the novel he becomes in the novel its Top Co he becomes the novel - he its Top Co becomes ordinator he its Top Co - becomes humanity Anthropology the scientific study of is social life how language influences Linguistic anthropology studies |
Renaissance Germany first Its present use in appeared ( the works Its adjectival form in appeared the works Its adjectival form in appeared of the times of These anthropologists were liberal the intellectual results and many other current fields Anthropology are everything the epiphany of they was evolution and Wallace Darwin unveiled an immediate rush There was to bring Paris in Paul Broca was in read Darwin , he became Darwin , an immediate convert he became , an immediate convert he became to "Transformisme he an immediate convert to became the difference He to localize wanted the human brain He the speech center of discovered Biological anthropology His interest mainly in was anthropology Waitz defined as " Following Broca's lead , Waitz points Broca's lead , Waitz points out comparison that the data of stresses British ethnologists Waitz influential among was the 2nd society It was dedicated to the French "Société from Representatives " were " , the work Hunt stressed , the work Hunt stressed of Waitz Hunt the work of stressed Among the first associates the young Edward Burnett Tylor were , the first associates the young Edward Burnett Tylor were , inventor other countries in Similar organizations followed : evolutionists of these The majority were the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology One notable exception was , and anthropology curricula They the gradual osmosis of supported , 13 countries in 48 educational institutions had some curriculum in 13 countries 48 educational institutions had the 20th century This meager statistic in expanded to a few major subdivisions has Anthropology from diversified buried victims of the presence might stimulate been other social sciences from by distinguished their emphasis from other social sciences by distinguished , social anthropology of the British tradition tends social anthropology of the British tradition tends to the four field approach into by developed divided overseas colonies with European countries tended to humanities Anthropology a global discipline involving is knowledge Anthropology upon builds from Classical Greece Early anthropology in originated and been heavily structuralist and postmodern theories by influenced heavily structuralist and postmodern theories by influenced , |
structuralist and postmodern theories by influenced , as 1990s , an epistemological shift there was , an epistemological shift there was away an epistemological shift there was away from the principle axes Sociocultural anthropology together draws of the manifold ways Cultural anthropology the comparative study of is ( how the experience one's culture affects how the experience one's culture affects for self one's culture the experience for affects In that , it helps that , it helps develop , an understanding it develop helps an understanding it develop helps of sociocultural anthropology in Inquiry is guided is part in by guided cultural relativism in part by guided their own terms other cultures in Accepting moderates both a methodology can Ethnography to refer a methodology , ethnography is based long-term fieldwork is ethnography upon based the foundational methods Participant observation one of is different cultures Ethnology the systematic comparison of involves a key element across cultures Comparison is synonymous terms and physical anthropology Biological anthropology are the human past Archaeology the study of is order material remains in examine anthropology It the branch of is anthropology the branch of that is a method Ethnography is of analysing participant observation often It involves though often participant observation an ethnographer though involves participant observation an ethnographer though involves may anthropology Tim Ingold ethnography from distinguishes art of anthropologists have focused range of ethnographic contexts The types explored cyber anthropology Other types include , a relatively new area ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses , the anthropological study also visual anthropology encompasses the anthropological study also visual anthropology encompasses of human economic behavior Economic anthropology to explain attempts the discipline It a complex relationship with has - anthropology of field begin anthropology of field begin with the most part Economic Anthropology , for remains the application in anthropology Political economy is history Political economy questions of introduced interest of Three main areas rapidly developed these areas of first was concerned was the "pre-capitalist" societies with that concerned the "pre-capitalist" societies with that concerned were the vast majority was The second area with concerned colonialism The third area on was , |
the application Applied anthropology to refers of complex It a " is of anthropological research ; it includes anthropological research ; researcher involvement it includes ; researcher involvement it includes and researcher involvement it includes and activism development of Anthropology tends to Why such a gap there is between plans there such a gap between is development those working in are both " can Kinship refer its history , anthropology has developed , a number has anthropology developed a number has anthropology developed of Within kinship two different families you have People their biological families it and have their biological families it and have is consanguineal relations is This called or a chosen family can also People have which a chosen family in they have anthropology Feminist anthropology a four field approach to is feminists Anthropology often with engages systemic bias of This correction may include to St. Clair Drake , Vera Mae Green was St. Clair Drake , Vera Mae Green was , the Caribbean She ethnic and family relations in studied Nutritional anthropology a synthetic concept that is deals a synthetic concept that is deals with anthropology Psychological anthropology an interdisciplinary subfield of is anthropology an interdisciplinary subfield of that is patterns Cognitive anthropology to explain seeks altered states Transpersonal anthropology the relationship between studies with transpersonal psychology , the field is transpersonal psychology , the field is much political systems Political anthropology the structure of concerns complex societies towards The turn meant that towards complex societies political themes that meant complex societies political themes that meant were political organization anthropologists to study continued the state of An anthropology developed , the state it , and developed a sub-focus group Cyborg anthropology as originated within the relationship Digital anthropology the study of is the "study is Ecological anthropology as defined their environments human populations adapt to helped this new perspective Many characterize as more , an active part has the observer become an active part has the observer become of ( non indigenous practices is The troubling problem borrowing non indigenous practices is The troubling problem borrowing and addressing environmental problems - anthropology is |
environmental problems - anthropology is now - a study anthropology now is a study anthropology now is of the most important agent Human activity is in creating anthropology environmental discourse to contributes is environmental discourse to contributes is by environmentalism - the term typically refers a concern typically the term to refers a concern to the environment that refers ethnographic cultures Ethnohistory the study of is the study It also is of its foundation Ethnohistory both historical and ethnographic data as uses the study of religion The anthropology involves issues is Urban anthropology with concerned Ulf Hannerz a 1960s remark traditional anthropologists that quotes a 1960s remark traditional anthropologists that quotes were urban anthropology There two main approaches to are cities , one would use , social factors would one use social factors would one use as It an interdisciplinary field that is overlaps an interdisciplinary field that is overlaps with the quantifying of anthrozoologic research A major focus is the relationships Biocultural anthropology the scientific exploration of is from a racial perspective ; that is a racial perspective ; that is , the assumption that , from is the evolution Evolutionary anthropology the interdisciplinary study of is natural science is Evolutionary anthropology in based both biological and cultural evolution is Evolutionary anthropology with concerned a scientific approach is It on based the science Forensic anthropology the application of is the identification can A forensic anthropologist in assist paleontology and physical anthropology Paleoanthropology the disciplines of combines ancient humans It the study of is academic departments Contemporary anthropology an established science with is the American Anthropological Association of anthropologists The single largest organization is scientific objectivity , present-day anthropologists typically urge , cultural relativism typically present-day anthropologists urge cultural relativism typically present-day anthropologists urge , typically cultural relativism which , urge cultural relativism which , urge has This the notion cultures that is the notion cultures that is should noticing and documenting genocide in anthropology Ethical commitments include , Boas' anthropologist contemporaries of many were Boas' anthropologist contemporaries of many were active the armed forces Many in served , the use often Professional anthropological bodies to object |
addition , HTS teams are working the US military are HTS teams with working There several characteristics that are tend several characteristics that are tend to the central characteristics of One is that of the central characteristics anthropology that is the central characteristics anthropology that is tends clarification for what of calls both human variation Biological anthropologists interested in are study They many different methods of use theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide , the world typically anthropologists divide the world typically anthropologists divide up Earth on Human time is divided approaches and geographers Anthropologists share Now many works there exist focusing many works there exist focusing on Since the 1980s it has become the 1980s it has become common biology Agricultural science a broad multidisciplinary field of is biology a broad multidisciplinary field of that is , agriculture in a scientific revolution began agriculture in a scientific revolution began with The Hatch Act was farmers' interest by driven was farmers' interest by driven in farmers' interest by driven in knowing agricultural education of 1917 The Smith-Hughes Act shifted an ancient branch " ) khumeía is chrysopoeia Common aims were , the laboratory techniques Islamic and European alchemists a basic set of developed the Ancient Greek philosophical idea did not They abandon not the Ancient Greek philosophical idea everything that abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea everything that abandon is former is historians by pursued is historians by pursued of the physical sciences by historians of pursued The word Old French alchemy from comes "alquemie alchemy from Old French comes was the Arabic word itself from brought the Arabic word itself from brought " first was Zosimos by proposed was Zosimos by proposed of Panopolis by Zosimos of proposed the Egyptian name Others its roots to trace Demotic "kmỉ This Coptic word from derives " some four millennia Alchemy several philosophical traditions spanning encompasses These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language it makes for cryptic and symbolic language it makes hard cryptic and symbolic language it makes hard to at least three major strands can One distinguish , can at least three major strands which , distinguish |
at least three major strands which , distinguish appear In contrast , Western alchemy developed contrast , its philosophical system Western alchemy developed , its philosophical system Western alchemy developed mostly its philosophical system Western alchemy developed mostly independent of André-Jean Festugière , modern scholars see André-Jean Festugière , alchemical practice modern scholars see , alchemical practice modern scholars see in the Roman Empire modern scholars alchemical practice in see in Egypt is by complicated Egypt is the pseudepigraphic nature by complicated is the pseudepigraphic nature by complicated of texts by the pseudepigraphic nature of complicated that Zosimus his work on based the testimony Recent scholarship to emphasize tends the vocabulary that early alchemical writers borrowed argued Panopolis of Zosimos wrote in "tinctures that the ancient practice of explains Panopolis – Zosimos of Mythology asserted of Panopolis alchemy that asserted Panopolis alchemy that asserted dated Greek Alchemical writers Classical figures from used the god is His name from derived of Alexandria , he wrote Alexandria , he what wrote the "forty-two books what were called wrote 250–300 , they contained 250–300 , recipes they contained , recipes they contained for dyeing they recipes for contained alchemy These writings the mystical, philosophical elements of lack – a melting pot Alexandria as acted a melting pot Alexandria as acted for developed Aristotle by , was Aristotle by , was that Aristotle , all things that was the universe that all things in was to Aristotle , each element had Aristotle , a sphere each element had , a sphere each element had to which each element a sphere to had which a sphere to it had mostly qualitative aspects of the Greek The four elements were the primary The four elements simply are , its birth Hermes Trismegistus had prophesied believed this later St Augustine affirmed in Zosimos are by only known are pseudonyms only by known pseudonyms only by known , fragments only we through know 400 , themselves Greek alchemical writers occupied , themselves Greek alchemical writers occupied solely themselves Greek alchemical writers occupied solely in The 2nd millennium BC text a connection Vedas describe between |
eternal life Vedas a connection between describe the transmutation from the 2nd to 5th centuries Buddhist texts mention their origins Some early alchemical writings to have seem Nāgārjuna Siddha Two famous early Indian alchemical authors were and Nityanātha Siddha Rasaratnākara Nityanātha Siddha " wrote " , alchemical development of the focus moved alchemical development of the focus moved to Islamic alchemy about it because known alchemy The early Islamic world a melting pot for was great contributions also Islamic philosophers made to arguably Jabir in this regard The most influential author was terms He each Aristotelian element in analyzed each metal these qualities of two were these qualities of two were interior these qualities two interior and were For example , lead was example , lead was externally the philosopher's stone for the search was introduced seven elements His original system of consisted , seven elements of which , consisted , eight elements this into evolved eight elements this into evolved , From the 9th to 14th centuries , alchemical theories faced the 9th to 14th centuries , criticism alchemical theories faced , criticism alchemical theories faced from a variety alchemical theories criticism from faced into noble metals , Chinese alchemy had noble metals , a more obvious connection Chinese alchemy had , a more obvious connection Chinese alchemy had to medicine Chinese alchemy a more obvious connection to had the Grand Elixir of Immortality to by sought compared an important invention may have Black powder been gunpowder that the Chinese invented said the 10th century , it was used cannons was it in used was cannons in by used 1290 in cannons by used , gunpowder of the use spread gunpowder of the use spread to would mercuric sulfide which , ingest mercuric sulfide which , ingest , to the Taoist heavens , the ensuing deaths encouraged the Taoist heavens , people the ensuing deaths encouraged , people the ensuing deaths encouraged to people the ensuing deaths encouraged to eschew the Turba Philosophorum of the time Translations included many new words These with them brought , the translators of theologian contemporaries made |
strides of the translators theologian contemporaries made the opinion The 11th-century St Anselm forth put that the opinion forth faith that put In the early 12th century , Peter Abelard followed the early 12th century , Anselm's work Peter Abelard followed , Anselm's work Peter Abelard followed , Anselm's work Peter Abelard followed , laying In the early 13th century , Robert Grosseteste used the early 13th century , Abelard's methods Robert Grosseteste used , Abelard's methods Robert Grosseteste used of analysis Robert Grosseteste Abelard's methods of used the translators of The efforts were succeeded of the translators were by succeeded the translators were that by succeeded were that by succeeded of the encyclopaedists by that of succeeded these critically Albertus compared to the 15th century , more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed him were more than 28 alchemical tracts to misattributed the topic , he did consider morality Bacon's writings integrated , salvation this with Clement His correspondence highlighted before him , Bacon acknowledged him , the division Bacon acknowledged , the division Bacon acknowledged of alchemy Bacon the division of acknowledged The the theoretical practical confirmed , the theoretical practical confirmed , and the theoretical Bacon , and confirmed In later European legend , he became later European legend , an archmage he became a staple summary " His "Summa Perfectionis remained of its inclusion It notable for was the end of the 13th century , alchemy had developed a fairly structured system had alchemy into developed the four elements They in believed and their art : they actively experimented chemicals actively they with experimented their belief Their entire philosophy around revolved that their belief around man's soul that revolved In the 14th century , alchemy became the 14th century , alchemy became more scholarly philosophical debate Alchemical discourse from shifted to , England of Henry IV banned the practice of England Henry IV banned a well-known alchemist Nicolas Flamel is , but a religious scholar Flamel not was as time His work a great deal of spends alchemical knowledge at gathering that aimed like Flamel : they concentrated |
Flamel : they concentrated on similar contributions and George Ripley Bernard Trevisan made In the late 15th century , Marsilo Ficino translated the late 15th century , the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino translated , the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino translated and the Corpus Hermeticum Marsilo Ficino translated and the works Esoteric systems alchemy that blended developed alchemy that blended developed into German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa in this development A key figure was his "De Occulta Philosophia " , he attempted Kabbalah he to merge attempted chemicals Paracelsus the use of pioneered For me such is not me the aim such not is the aim such not is , an approach He took different from a sort His writing alchemy as portrayed , alchemy of a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation became alchemy of a short-lived "supernatural" interpretation became popular the alchemists Entrepreneurial opportunities common for were Alchemists were the elite by contracted were the elite by contracted for practical purposes by the elite for contracted , pseudo-alchemical fraud of the trend continued pseudo-alchemical fraud of the trend continued through sleight " would Betrüger use practitioners There important overlaps between were Cornelius Drebbel Sendivogious his technique to taught Cornelius Drebbel his technique to who taught more Isaac Newton considerably devoted of European alchemy of The decline was brought European alchemy was by about brought was the rise about by brought the rise about by brought of the 17th century , alchemy still flourished some two hundred years still alchemy for flourished a diversity Early modern European alchemy to exhibit continued his experiments He nothing in assumed the place would Boyle note in which the place in the experiment note , the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment during academic writers attempted the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment during academic writers attempted , of the early 19th century , alchemy received the early 19th century , new attention alchemy received , new attention alchemy received as an occult science alchemy new attention as received of alchemy , the two most seminal figures were alchemy , Mary Anne Atwood the two most seminal figures were , Mary Anne Atwood the two most seminal figures were and |
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