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the Moon's surface , a contingency soil sample Armstrong collected , a contingency soil sample Armstrong collected using a sample bag Armstrong a contingency soil sample using collected the bag then He folded and collected , the TV camera he removed , the TV camera he removed from the MESA he the TV camera from removed a Hasselblad camera was photography with accomplished was a Hasselblad camera with that accomplished a Hasselblad camera with that accomplished could the surface Aldrin Armstrong on joined the simple phrase He the view with described the lunar gravity Armstrong moving in said absolutely no trouble It 's to walk the surface Aldrin him on joined a tendency The PLSS backpack created to tip movement Loping the preferred method of became sunlight that moving from remarked a stable work platform The MESA to provide failed a flag The astronauts the Lunar Flag Assembly containing planted But the telescoping rod the astronauts with struggled the telescoping rod the astronauts with struggled and But a crisp West Point salute he " gave a crisp West Point salute he " gave " with the flag , President Richard Nixon spoke the flag , President Richard Nixon spoke to , them President Richard Nixon to spoke them President Richard Nixon to spoke through They the EASEP which , deployed the EASEP which , deployed included Then the LM Armstrong from walked the LM Armstrong from walked to the geologist's hammer He used to pound rock samples then The astronauts collected using soil Aldrin of shoveled into rocks of Two types were found the rock samples were Three new minerals in discovered the rock samples in by collected discovered Armstrong was Armalcolite after named a coded phrase Mission Control used to warn throughout the walk , Mission Control granted the walk , the astronauts Mission Control granted , a 15-minute extension Mission Control the astronauts granted "Eagle Aldrin entered " first With some difficulty film the astronauts lifted some difficulty film the astronauts lifted and film the astronauts lifted and two sample boxes an inefficient tool This to be proved a bag Armstrong Aldrin of reminded

the ladder's third rung then Armstrong onto jumped to LM life support , the explorers lightened LM life support , the ascent stage the explorers lightened , the ascent stage the explorers lightened for the return the explorers the ascent stage for lightened a memo The remarks in were from the cabin , Aldrin accidentally damaged , the circuit breaker accidentally Aldrin damaged Aldrin accidentally the circuit breaker that damaged accidentally the circuit breaker that damaged would the circuit breaker that damaged would arm There a concern this was would a concern this was would prevent Vladimir Komarov of Soviet two memorial medals cosmonauts rest , the crew was awakened the crew was Houston by awakened was Houston by awakened to Houston by awakened to prepare 17:54:00 UTC , they lifted UTC , they lifted off "Eagle" ascent stage they off in lifted the LM ascent stage Film from taken upon " the LM of The ascent stage separated the LM of The ascent stage separated   the computers was I on concentrating the Moon , Collins never felt any human known such solitude " , Collins felt a part Collins very much felt In his autobiography he wrote : his autobiography he wrote : " Collins' first tasks of One was to over the suspected lunar landing site , he tried the suspected lunar landing site , he tried in , vain he in tried vain he in tried to on the third orbit , Mission Control informed the third orbit , Collins Mission Control informed , Mission Control Collins there informed Mission Control Collins there informed was a problem Collins there was informed him Mission Control advised to assume Instead , the switch Collins flicked , the switch Collins flicked on the system Collins the switch on flicked the Moon again , he was of orbits , he described orbits , his time he described , his time he described on the back side he his time on described completed their EVA , Collins slept their EVA , Collins slept so lunar orbit was Eagle"s ascent stage into jettisoned the Apollo 12 flight , it was noted

" the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters " Hornet embarked the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters " Hornet embarked of the launch pad , "Hornet " departed , Pearl Harbor " "Hornet departed Pearl Harbor " "Hornet departed for board , they would fly "Hornet would they to fly Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr. Brandli alerted , the commander computer programs of A different sequence was used computer programs was one , used P64 was P67 by followed P67 P65 directly to led July 24 , "Hornet " launched , four Sea King helicopters " "Hornet launched four Sea King helicopters " "Hornet launched and the E-1s of Two were designated divers of the Sea Kings Two carried This was the helicopters by observed " the water " Columbia struck the water " Columbia struck forcefully biological isolation garments then The divers passed ( remote NASA , but considered isolation facilities until they reached worn 17:53 UTC , the helicopter was lowered the helicopter was the elevator by lowered was the elevator by lowered into the hangar bay by the elevator into lowered two more Apollo missions would This practice for continue the astronauts Nixon welcomed back to them He told : " Pearl Harbor " Hornet to returned the Lunar Receiving Laboratory The astronauts at arrived at codify its quarantine protocol , the astronauts continued its quarantine protocol , the astronauts continued in , quarantine the astronauts in continued , a clean bill were the astronauts given a clean bill were the astronauts given of On August 10, 1969 , the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met August 10, 1969 , the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in , Atlanta the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination in met Atlanta the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination in met and On August 13 , the three astronauts rode August 13 , the three astronauts rode in , ticker-tape parades the three astronauts in rode ticker-tape parades the three astronauts in rode in the same evening in Los Angeles there was in Los Angeles an official state dinner there was Los Angeles an official state dinner there was to

an official state dinner there was to celebrate a joint session The three astronauts before spoke of two US flags They presented , one This celebration a 38-day world tour that began brought the astronauts a 38-day world tour that brought began during the Apollo 11 landing , Kennedy's speech flashed the Apollo 11 landing , Kennedy's speech flashed on , the screen Kennedy's speech on flashed the screen Kennedy's speech on flashed , Twenty percent of the world's population humans watched of the world's population humans watched walk the world's population humans watched walk on the Moon humans walk on watched the interest did not the follow-on Apollo missions hold complexity One possible explanation the shift in was during the late 1960s did the Gallup Poll indicate the late 1960s did the Gallup Poll indicate that Americans that a majority of indicate those of 59 percent polled favored a time This also was when a time also inflation when was What the space program saved was that saved the space program it that was the space program it that was was one that it was was , the Soviet Union from officials said officials from the Soviet Union landing said from the Soviet Union humans landing said the Soviet Union humans landing said on the Moon landing humans on said At the time the Soviet Union was attempting the time the Soviet Union was attempting to publicly a race there was denied a race there was denied to July 1969 Mstislav Keldysh in said , 1989 was It in revealed 1989 in the Soviets that revealed the Soviet Union in The public's reaction was mixed information The Soviet government the release of limited the songs is The Apollo 11 landing in referenced a tour " The command module "Columbia on went 1971 , it was transferred the Smithsonian Institution was it to transferred October 14, 2017 This Space Center Houston from included time at the Smithsonian Continued renovations allowed For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's "Apollo were Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits in displayed

Armstrong's suit of A special display was unveiled the LM "Eagle of The descent stage " remains the various Apollo landing sites (LRO ) the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter imaged specialists financed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos by located financed the F-1 engines Amazon founder Jeff Bezos by located the F-1 engines Amazon founder Jeff Bezos by located from the S-IC stage the F-1 engines from that located the Atlantic seabed were They on found two His team parts of brought In July 2013 , a conservator discovered July 2013 , a serial number a conservator discovered , a serial number a conservator discovered under the rust a conservator a serial number under discovered the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility for the Apollo Moon rocks The main repository is For safekeeping , there is safekeeping , there is also , a smaller collection there also is a smaller collection there also is stored the rocks of Most are stored In November 1969 , Nixon asked November 1969 , NASA Nixon asked , NASA Nixon asked to NASA Nixon asked to make Apollo Each display Moon dust from included Moon soil The rice-sized particles four small pieces of were lunar dust This acrylic button the grains of magnified in 2012 , his widow contacted 2012 , the National Air and Space Museum his widow contacted , the National Air and Space Museum his widow contacted to the National Air and Space Museum his widow contacted to inform The bag various items which , contained various items which , contained should On July 15, 2009 , Life.com released July 15, 2009 , a photo gallery Life.com released , a photo gallery Life.com released of previously unpublished photos Life.com a photo gallery of released From July 16 to 24, 2009 , NASA streamed July 16 to 24, 2009 , the original mission audio NASA streamed , the original mission audio NASA streamed on its website NASA the original mission audio on streamed the process It in is of , Congress of an act awarded the three astronauts of Congress an act awarded On June 10, 2015 , Congressman Bill Posey introduced

June 10, 2015 , resolution Congressman Bill Posey introduced , resolution Congressman Bill Posey introduced H.R. resolution Congressman Bill Posey introduced H.R. 2726 the "Apollo 50 Festival and NASA The Smithsonian Institute's National Air and Space Museum sponsored the tall Saturn V rocket of a projection was displayed a 17-minute show also The program included that The projection was a wide recreation by joined was a wide recreation by joined of the Kennedy Space Center countdown clock by a wide recreation of joined December 21, 1968 8 Apollo on launched early 1969 , the mission profile was changed August 1968 was the mission profile in changed 68 hours 8 Apollo took ( the Moon The crew orbited ten times At the time , the broadcast was the time , the most watched TV program the broadcast was , the most watched TV program the broadcast was ever Apollo8's successful mission the way Apollo11 for paved the way Apollo11 for paved to Earth The Apollo8 astronauts to returned on the Cold War was the United States in engaged On October 4, 1957 , the Soviet Union launched October 4, 1957 , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , the first artificial satellite fears This unexpected success stoked and imaginations over intercontinental distances , it challenged intercontinental distances , American claims it challenged , American claims it challenged of military, economic, and technological superiority it American claims of challenged The Soviet Union heavier-lifting carrier rockets which , had heavier-lifting carrier rockets which , had meant advisors , such a project he chose , such a project he chose : such a project he chose : to lunar orbit rendezvous An early and crucial decision the adoption of was three primary components therefore The Apollo spacecraft had : Collins was Jim Lovell by replaced was Jim Lovell by replaced in July 1968 by Jim Lovell in replaced pre-Space Shuttle era missions This crew unique among was the first case would also This be the prime crew , Aldrin was moved

CMP was Aldrin to moved Apollo11 would later Armstrong command Gemini , a prime each mission had , a prime each mission had and a prime each mission had and a backup crew astronauts of a third crew was added the flight plan The support crew maintained , checklists the simulators The support crew procedures in developed three shifts The mission control teams in rotated , the insignia of The triangular shape refers to the Earth a red figure8 looping around shows the bottom of the8 the names are of the8 the names are of the8 the three astronauts the names of are their spacecraft The crew to name wanted On September 20, 1967 , NASA adopted September 20, 1967 , a seven-step plan NASA adopted , a seven-step plan NASA adopted for Apollo missions NASA a seven-step plan for adopted "A" missions and Apollo6 Apollo4 were a "B" mission Apollo5 was , a test the readiness Further missions on depended of May 1967 as early as there that decided the "D" mission was Apollo8 as planned the LM of Production fell behind the original seven-step plan Following would have meant lunar landing procedures NASA to test allow On August 9, 1968 , Low discussed August 9, 1968 , the idea Low discussed , the idea Low discussed with Gilruth Low the idea with discussed the Marshall Space Flight Center then They to flew NASA at Almost every senior manager agreed with The only person some convincing needed who was who needed some convincing James E. Webb was needed some convincing James E. Webb was , some convincing James E. Webb was , the NASA administrator of his agency , Webb authorized his agency , the mission Webb authorized Apollo 8 , Slayton asked 8 , McDivitt Slayton asked , McDivitt Slayton asked if Slayton McDivitt he if asked McDivitt he if asked still ; a great deal had his crew spent a great deal had his crew spent of a swap also This swap meant of a tenth had carried he was used Apollo8 by was designated AS-503 Apollo8 was by designated

December 20, 1967 , it was thought several major problems had Apollo6 suffered during the MSFC from Teams went to primary concern the pogo oscillation which , was the pogo oscillation which , was would MSFC researchers the engines that concluded researchers the engines that concluded vibrated Of equal importance the failure was of equal importance three engines the failure of was three engines the failure of was during a result , engine three failed one second three engine within failed the third-stage engine Further investigation the same problem for revealed August 1968 The teams their solutions in tested shock-absorbing devices was IC with equipped top was The Apollo 8 spacecraft on placed December Testing all through continued orbit more than one celestial body , Apollo8's profile had more than one celestial body , two different sets Apollo8's profile had , two different sets Apollo8's profile had of orbital parameters Apollo8's profile two different sets of had a nominal circular Earth parking orbit would Apollo lunar missions with begin an initial orbit was Apollo8 into launched Apollo missions for The standard lunar orbit was planned a perilune Initial lunar orbit insertion an ellipse with was the Atlantic Ocean The S-IC first stage in landed at the next 2hours and Houston flight controllers both the crew spent duty Collins the first CAPCOM on was TLI are You for Go time The S-IVB engine on ignited and After the mission had the S-IVB placed the mission had the S-IVB placed on the spacecraft then The crew rotated to from it — this marked it — the first time this marked — this the first time humans marked this the first time humans marked had the first time humans marked had viewed the spacecraft first Mission Control pointing suggested after launch , Mission Control sent launch , a command Mission Control sent , to Mission Control a command sent the S-IVB Mission Control a command to sent the first humans The Apollo 8 crew were to pass the belts that passing through predicted record the actual radiation dosages , each crew member wore the actual radiation dosages , a Personal Radiation Dosimeter each crew member wore

, each crew member a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that wore each crew member a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that wore transmitted data a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted wore Command Module Pilot as Lovell's main job was as performed all the actual navigation calculations , it was all the actual navigation calculations , it was necessary star sightings navigated by Lovell using into the mission , the crew was the mission , about 1hour and 40 minutes the crew was , about 1hour and 40 minutes the crew was behind flight plan the crew about 1hour and 40 minutes behind was Passive Thermal Control The crew the spacecraft into placed get a perfect roll , the spacecraft swept a perfect roll , the spacecraft swept out , a cone the spacecraft out swept a cone the spacecraft out swept as a cone out it as swept the flight The first mid-course correction eleven hours into came launch , NASA had decided the first sleep shift Borman started but found the ground on Testing had shown the ground had the service propulsion system that shown only 2.4 seconds This first correction burn was and added the small RCS thrusters The crew to use had starting his sleep shift , Borman obtained his sleep shift , permission Borman obtained , permission Borman obtained from ground control Borman permission from obtained of diarrhea ; this left diarrhea ; the spacecraft this left ; the spacecraft this left full the spacecraft this left full of the Data Storage Equipment The crew to use decided using an unoccupied second-floor control room ( there were an unoccupied second-floor control room ( two identical control rooms there were ( two identical control rooms there were in Houston there two identical control rooms in were the flight The cruise phase a relatively uneventful part of was During this time , NASA scheduled this time , a television broadcast NASA scheduled , a television broadcast NASA scheduled at 31 hours NASA a television broadcast at scheduled The Apollo8 crew a camera that used broadcast a camera that used broadcast in During this first broadcast , the crew gave

this first broadcast , a tour the crew gave , a tour the crew gave of the spacecraft the crew a tour of gave proper filters , the Earth image became saturated the Earth image became any bright source by saturated the end , all the crew could show the planned sleep shifts had completely the crew abandoned 32-and-a-half hours Lovell to sleep went sleep also Anders to went a second television broadcast 8 Apollo made at , filters the crew up rigged filters the crew up rigged meant maneuver the entire spacecraft , the crew was the entire spacecraft , the crew was able describing the Earth , what was the Earth , what was visible , Apollo8 of the crew became the first humans of Apollo8 the crew became , the Moon Apollo8 from was the Moon Apollo8 from was and little interest This historic moment of was to retrograde It in was ( from the Moon , the crew burned the Moon , the RCS the crew burned , the RCS the crew burned for 11 seconds the crew the RCS for burned into the flight , the crew began the flight , the crew began to a "no go" decision , the crew was told 68 hours was the crew at told 68 hours at they that told before LOI-1 , the crew began LOI-1 , one last check the crew began , one last check the crew began of the spacecraft systems the crew one last check of began that time , they finally got , their first glimpses finally they got their first glimpses finally they got of 69 hours was The SPS at ignited the burn The crew described as being the Moon could have they struck On Earth , Mission Control continued Earth , Mission Control continued to the terrain Lovell to describe continued the terrain to describe they continued reconnaissance of the crew's major tasks One was the next 20 hours Bill Anders much of spent with Earth , Borman kept Earth , Borman kept asking of the Moon , the crew set

the Moon , the crew set up , equipment the crew up set equipment the crew up set to Anders that the craters they described that the craters they described were Throughout the next two orbits , the crew continued the next two orbits , the crew continued to the spacecraft the crew to check continued During the third pass , Borman read the third pass , a small prayer Borman read , a small prayer Borman read for his church Borman a small prayer for read across the front , the crew witnessed the front , an "Earthrise the crew witnessed , an "Earthrise the crew witnessed " an "Earthrise the crew witnessed " in the first picture had NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 taken of about the Earth , Earthrise is the Earth , Earthrise is not photographs Anders to take continued in the cramped and noisy spacecraft , Borman was the cramped and noisy spacecraft , Borman was able Anders He ordered and Lovell the condition finally Anders under agreed the condition under Borman that agreed a second television broadcast that there was remembered for the ninth time , the astronauts began the ninth time , the second television transmission the astronauts began the crew Borman introduced , followed the crew by , followed introduced it Borman described as being a message that the crew had said a section on board Each man read the broadcast Borman finished by wishing the flight The TEI the most critical burn of was with the previous burn , the crew had the previous burn , the crew had to the maneuver the crew to perform had time The burn exactly on occurred Later , some otherwise idle time Lovell used , some otherwise idle time Lovell used to some otherwise idle time Lovell used to do changed the module's attitude , they realized the module's attitude , they realized that Lovell It took ten minutes to Earth back to The cruise was a time mostly the crew for was On Christmas afternoon , the crew made Christmas afternoon , their fifth television broadcast the crew made

time , a tour they gave , a tour they gave of the spacecraft they a tour of gave three miniature bottles Another Slayton surprise a gift of was small presents There also were to into the mission , the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission , the mission's best video images the sixth and final TV transmission showed , the mission's best video images the sixth and final TV transmission showed of the Earth the sixth and final TV transmission the mission's best video images of showed After two uneventful days , the crew prepared two uneventful days , the crew prepared for , reentry the crew for prepared the reentry would The computer control , the reentry all the crew , and control the command module from the service module Separation prepared of the atmosphere , the crew saw the atmosphere , the crew the Moon saw the Earth's horizon the Moon rising above saw hit the thin outer atmosphere , the crew noticed the thin outer atmosphere , the crew noticed that of the spacecraft , Apollo8 rose the spacecraft , Apollo8 rose briefly a skipping stone Apollo8 briefly like rose the spacecraft the drogue parachute , stabilizing deployed hit the water , the parachutes dragged the water , it the parachutes dragged , it the parachutes dragged over it the parachutes dragged over and by a swell , Borman was a swell , Borman was sick splashdown , the command module was righted a normal apex-up was the command module into righted aircraft carrier from The first frogman arrived 43 minutes the end of 1968 8 Apollo at came Spring , the crew "Time" magazine chose , the crew "Time" magazine chose of Apollo8 "Time" magazine the crew of chose the first people had They been ever that had They a mission survived had that a mission even the crew survived that a mission even the crew survived themselves the flight the "Earthrise" picture the crew that was the "Earthrise" picture the crew that was took This the first time humans that was the first time humans that was had

the mission There 1,200 journalists covering were a quote " The Soviet newspaper "Pravda featured from the people that a quarter of estimated American astronauts the courts to ban wanted in outer space , it caused outer space , it NASA caused In 1969 , the United States Post Office Department issued 1969 , a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department issued , a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department issued ( a postage stamp the United States Post Office Department issued ( Scott catalogue the famous photograph The stamp a detail of featured January 1970 , the spacecraft was delivered Osaka was the spacecraft to delivered public display Jim Lovell's Apollo8 space suit on is in NASA and released by compiled In addition , Spacecraft Films released addition , Spacecraft Films released , 2003 Spacecraft Films , in released Race to the Moon Other documentaries " include " the mission of Parts are dramatized Luke Byrne " by The choral music piece "Earthrise commemorates made China by have led China by have led to 1961 , 600 astronauts have flown space have 600 astronauts in flown 2002 , astronauts were sponsored for astronautics only flights that recognizes astronautics only flights that recognizes exceed the Kármán line only flights that exceed recognizes these , 24 people have traveled low Earth orbit have 24 people beyond traveled under the U.S. definition , 558 people qualify the U.S. definition , 558 people qualify as over 41,790 man-days have Space travelers spent ( "astronaut Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred " , "astronaut which " , preferred an "astronaut is A professional space traveler called " a spacecraft " "astronaut to referred have been "aeronaut by inspired been "aeronaut by inspired " "aeronaut by inspired " , any crew member NASA the term astronaut to applies the term also NASA uses as "kosmonavt The word an Anglicization of is Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin The first cosmonaut was , also the first person the first six Russians He part of was the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova was and the first and youngest woman

" is some English-language news media organizations by used is some English-language news media organizations by used for professional space travelers by some English-language news media organizations for used the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries has The word in featured This the term by used is Xinhua News Agency the term used by is a crewed spacecraft , several other nations have sent , people have several other nations sent people have several other nations sent into astronaut for other synonyms have entered On July 20, 2021 , the FAA issued July 20, 2021 , an order the FAA issued , an order the FAA issued redefining the eligibility criteria the FAA an order redefining issued Soviet Yuri Gagarin in space The first human was space Soviet Yuri Gagarin who , was Soviet Yuri Gagarin who , was was space Alan Shepard the first American and second person in became the Earth to orbit The first American was Sally Ride in space The first American woman was the first person Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was to conduct through its Intercosmos program , people allowed its Intercosmos program , people allowed from , other "socialist" (i.e. Warsaw Pact people from allowed other "socialist" (i.e. Warsaw Pact people from allowed and Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek An example is , the first cosmonaut the first Indian citizen Rakesh Sharma became to travel 23 July 1980 , Vietnam Pham Tuan of became , the first Asian Vietnam Pham Tuan of became the first Asian Vietnam Pham Tuan of became in in 1980 , Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became 1980 , the first person Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became , the first person Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez became of Hispanic and black African descent Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez the first person of became In April 1985 , Taylor Wang became April 1985 , the first ethnic Chinese person Taylor Wang became , the first ethnic Chinese person Taylor Wang became in space Taylor Wang the first ethnic Chinese person in became In 1985 , Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became 1985 , the first Arab Muslim astronaut Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became

, the first Arab Muslim astronaut Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud became in space Saudi Arabian Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud the first Arab Muslim astronaut in became on the Space Shuttle , the U.S. began the Space Shuttle , the U.S. began taking , international astronauts the U.S. taking began , West Germany of Ulf Merbold became the first non-US citizen of West Germany Ulf Merbold became In 1985 , Rodolfo Neri Vela became 1985 , the first Mexican-born person Rodolfo Neri Vela became , the first Mexican-born person Rodolfo Neri Vela became in space Rodolfo Neri Vela the first Mexican-born person in became In 2002 , Mark Shuttleworth became 2002 , the first citizen Mark Shuttleworth became , the first citizen Mark Shuttleworth became of an African country Mark Shuttleworth the first citizen of became space to reach The youngest person is space Oliver Daemen who , is Oliver Daemen who , is was reach orbit ; he rounded orbit ; the planet he rounded ; the planet he rounded 17 the planet he rounded 17 times the same flight Daemen as On was first She the is of orbit to reach The oldest person is , an individual astronaut by the most spaceflights is seven by an individual astronaut the most spaceflights is the USSR's Air Force into which , inducted A month later , the first American civilian Joseph Albert Walker became , the first American civilian Joseph Albert Walker became in space Joseph Albert Walker the first American civilian in became Byron K. Lichtenberg The first non-governmental space traveler was , a researcher In December 1990 , Toyohiro Akiyama became December 1990 , the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama became , the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama became and the first paying space traveler Toyohiro Akiyama became and the first journalist training were The first NASA astronauts for selected in the space program , military jet test piloting the space program , military jet test piloting and , twenty months NASA astronauts through go twenty months NASA astronauts through go of

a variety Astronauts susceptible to are 2017 , bacteria were found On 2 November 2017 , scientists reported 2 November 2017 , scientists reported that the position that significant changes in reported the otolith organs can It affect and In October 2018 , NASA-funded researchers found October 2018 , NASA-funded researchers found that outer space that lengthy journeys into found in April 2019 astronauts that stated April 2019 astronauts that stated facing space radiation that astronauts facing stated their intellectual capabilities , it temporarily hinders , formation temporarily it hinders formation temporarily it hinders of aboard the International Space Station long-duration spaceflight that showed the International Space Station long-duration spaceflight that showed causes many physiological adaptions that long-duration spaceflight causes showed on brain structure , this study showed brain structure , this study showed that nutritionists Space Shuttle astronauts with worked to flight , menus were selected a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula are Caloric requirements using determined On Earth , the average American uses Earth , the average American uses about water the average American about of uses Russia , cosmonauts are awarded , Pilot-Cosmonaut are cosmonauts awarded Pilot-Cosmonaut are cosmonauts awarded of those astronaut candidate training complete who receive a silver lapel pin complete astronaut candidate training who receive in space , they receive space , a gold pin they receive active-duty military status also have who receive the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex , is by maintained , is the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by maintained is the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by maintained and the Astronauts Memorial Foundation by maintained and commemorates great lengths Swift to goes to argument He methods of uses "A Modest Proposal that Swift's main target in argued projects was especially Swift attacking was especially projects that attacking especially projects that attacking tried projects that attacking tried to the calculating way " also "A Modest Proposal targets " also the calculating way people targets also the calculating way people targets perceived the calculating way people targets perceived the The pamphlet reformers who targets " reformers who targets " regard Swift's intentions Critics about differ in

the 'Modest proposal that statistically "the logic of argues the reader that Swift's rhetorical style persuades argues and them towards his narrator's cool approach create them towards his narrator's cool approach create " the proposer's serious tone Swift uses to highlight making his argument , the speaker uses his argument , the conventional, textbook-approved order the speaker uses , the conventional, textbook-approved order the speaker uses of argument the speaker the conventional, textbook-approved order of uses major similarities that Swift saw believes Tertullian Johnson Swift's obvious affinity for notes In structure , Johnson points structure , Johnson points out , the same central theme Johnson out points the same central theme Johnson out points , the same command and Tertullian Swift share with Johnson , Donald C. Baker points Johnson , Donald C. Baker points out , the similarity Donald C. Baker out points the similarity Donald C. Baker out points between which I suppose , have the Principle Aggravation suppose , I have A Modest Proposal in The Reader " focuses the pamphlet that a reader of stresses the 18th century , it was believed " in the mercantilist view no child was in the mercantilist view no child was too the mercantilist view no child was too young Louis A. Landa a conducive analysis he when composed a conducive analysis he when composed noted Swift's "A Modest Proposal Landa presents " as Ireland Swift the dire state of presents a country of the wealth is based it did immediately 12 February 1729–30:"I propose nine , she does begin another woman , he might dispose children ; for I happened the other day I to peep happened For my own part , I had my own part , I had not , the least inclination I not had the least inclination I not had to an introduction also It as serves , Swift's work Francis Schaeffer the evangelical author emulated Swift's work Francis Schaeffer the evangelical author emulated in " the title " A Modest Video Game Proposal is the title " A Modest Video Game Proposal is of a letter ' Hunter S. Thompson's includes in

which a letter in he includes a local Aspen newspaper Thompson a letter to writes folks Henkel the descendants of imagined folks the descendants of who imagined On 3 October 2019 , a satirist spoke 3 October 2019 , a satirist spoke up an event a satirist up at spoke a T-shirt also The individual wore saying Together with hydrogen they constitute with hydrogen group they constitute hydrogen group they constitute 1 group they constitute 1 , group which 1 , constitute very similar characteristic properties in their having results Indeed , the best example the alkali metals provide , the best example the alkali metals provide of group trends the alkali metals the best example of provide shiny, soft, highly reactive metals The alkali metals all are at to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only minute traces francium only in occurs of the group ; none was the group ; none was successful sodium the sodium-vapour lamp which , is the sodium-vapour lamp which , is emits a psychiatric medication Lithium use as finds its history for most of understood Georg Ernst Stahl experimental evidence which obtained led him experimental evidence which led obtained Potassium the first metal that was was the first metal that was was isolated was 1800 in by discovered the Brazilian chemist in 1800 by discovered 1817 it not until was 1817 not until that was This new element was him by noted was him by noted to him by noted to form the name Berzelius the unknown material gave " the material "lithium He the metal inside named the first elements and caesium Rubidium were The next year , caesium they discovered , caesium they discovered in the mineral water they caesium in discovered the following year of rubidium Their discovery came of eight ; he likened eight ; such periodicity he likened ; such periodicity he likened to the octaves he such periodicity to likened all the alkali metals His version put then known After 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev proposed 1869 , his periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev proposed

, his periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev proposed placing lithium Dmitri Mendeleev his periodic table placing proposed Two years later , his table Mendeleev revised , his table Mendeleev revised , his table Mendeleev revised , placing the 18-column table , the group IB elements were moved their current position were the group IB elements to moved "group was the group's name to changed in Paris , France discovered Paris , francium France discovered , francium France discovered in 1939 France francium in discovered However , decay particles Perey noticed , decay particles Perey noticed with an energy level Perey decay particles with noticed the unknown element Various tests the possibility of eliminated an alkali metal The new product chemical properties of exhibited first 1985 in by attempted 1985 in by attempted bombarding the period 8 elements has been discovered even atomic numbers that elements with holds odd atomic numbers that elements with argues even atomic numbers , protons are paired All the alkali metals odd atomic numbers they and have odd atomic numbers they and have are the same cloud The Earth from formed of , the Earth of the natural history caused the natural history of the Earth parts caused of the Earth parts caused of the Earth this planet parts of caused this planet parts of caused to approximately 5.98 kg of the Earth The mass is lithophiles They are and therefore in Earth's crust ; sodium makes Earth's crust ; sodium makes up ; approximately 2.6% sodium up makes approximately 2.6% sodium up makes of approximately 1.5% Potassium up makes of many different minerals is Sodium in found halite Other solid deposits include , amphibole these solid deposits of Many occur as large amounts ; it is estimated approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts that seawater is estimated magnesium with Its diagonal relationship often allows with magnesium often it allows magnesium often it allows to magnesium it to replace allows the minerals leucite It naturally in occurs uranium , there is estimated an ns1 valence electron configuration by their having explained the body-centered cubic crystal structure all They in crystallise

the alkali metals also The ns1 configuration in results Their chemistry is the loss by dominated is the loss by dominated of their lone valence electron by the loss of dominated its properties of the presentation here is is francium about known shows francium about known shows that about francium it that shows francium it that shows is a very smooth trend their reduction potentials lithium's value : is their reduction potentials lithium's value : is is has a pale golden tint : it is a pale golden tint : one it is : one it is of only three metals it one of is only three metals one of that is air Their lustre rapidly in tarnishes the body-centered cubic crystal structure all They in crystallise the halogens They aggressively with react water also The alkali metals with react into water , caesium produces water , a larger explosion caesium produces , a larger explosion caesium produces than potassium caesium a larger explosion than produces their respective periods The alkali metals the lowest first ionisation energies in have a single electron almost always they lose s-subshells have The alkalide anions filled , have s-subshells which , filled s-subshells which , filled gives lithium except All the stable alkali metals are known In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions form aqueous solution , aqua ions the alkali metal ions form , aqua ions the alkali metal ions form of the formula the alkali metal ions aqua ions of form a dative covalent bond the oxygen atom , with is may be hydrogen bonds by attached be hydrogen bonds by attached to other water molecules by hydrogen bonds to attached for the alkali metal cations , the second coordination sphere is the alkali metal cations , the second coordination sphere is not the result less than 4 may solvation numbers be though the existence may molecular dynamic simulations indicate the existence may molecular dynamic simulations indicate of six water molecules There also probably are several differences of lithium The chemistry shows a diagonal relationship and magnesium Lithium have Lithium fluoride the only alkali metal halide that is is

the only alkali metal halide that is is poorly to expectation , caesium is expectation , the most reactive caesium is , the most reactive caesium is of the alkali metals caesium the most reactive of is francium of All known physical properties also deviate Cs+Fr− is The CsFr molecule as polarised Odd–odd nuclei even mass numbers whereas odd–even nuclei , have even mass numbers whereas odd–even nuclei , have have a given odd mass number , there can be , only a single beta-stable nuclide can there be only a single beta-stable nuclide can there be , only a single beta-stable nuclide there , since be of nucleons odd-numbered elements that is nucleons odd-numbered elements that is , , one but all have an odd atomic number but one all have one an odd atomic number all and have an odd atomic number all and have but caesium at least one naturally occurring radioisotope sodium-22 : have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope sodium-22 : have and a mistaken claim This natural radioactivity a basis for became the radioactivity It most of constitutes gamma radiation It a strong emitter of is neutron capture Caesium-137 a very low rate of has of 2005 , caesium-137 is 2005 , the principal source caesium-137 is , the principal source caesium-137 is of radiation caesium-137 the principal source of is the alkali metals increase of The atomic radii going down has more than one electron shell , each electron feels more than one electron shell , electric repulsion each electron feels , electric repulsion each electron feels from the other electrons each electron electric repulsion from feels the alkali metals of The ionic radii are much the alkali metals because the outermost electron of is the nuclear charge affecting the first ionisation energy The factors are the effective nuclear charge The first two factors change the most the only factor the first ionisation energy affects which is the distance affects the first ionisation energy which is down the group , the outermost electron feels the group , less attraction the outermost electron feels , less attraction the outermost electron feels from

the nucleus the outermost electron less attraction from feels francium is This trend in broken the alkali metals increase of The reactivities going down a combination This the result of is down the group , it is the group , it is easier the atomisation Adding and first ionisation energies gives Electronegativity a chemical property that is describes the tendency a chemical property that describes is the chlorine to the effective nuclear charge because attracted , its compounds of some have a more covalent character of its compounds some have the point of a substance The melting point is a substance the point it where is the point it where is changes place the atoms so that weaken , the alkali metals of the falling melting and boiling points indicate the alkali metals of the falling melting and boiling points indicate that of the alkali metals the strength that indicate the alkali metals the strength that indicate of the metallic bonds that the strength of indicate , the ions of the nuclei move the ions of the nuclei move further the same crystal structure all The alkali metals have ( the volume The first factor on depends of an alkali metal atom of The mass also increases in their periods , the alkali metals are their periods , the least dense metals the alkali metals are , the least dense metals the alkali metals are in the periodic table the alkali metals the least dense metals in are into water , it produces water , an explosion it produces , an explosion it produces , an explosion it produces , of producing hydrogen gas ; this takes hydrogen gas ; place this takes ; place this takes faster place this takes faster for the hydrogen gas it , causing ignites the bowl This secondary hydrogen gas explosion the visible flame above produces alkali metals that the explosive behavior of suggested the liquid metal Water molecules the bare metallic surface of ionise the most basic hydroxides themselves The hydroxides are known carbon dioxide easily They with react amphoteric oxides They with react :

many intermetallic compounds The alkali metals form with each ionic characteristics of these Some have sodium NaK an alloy of is form discrete anionic clusters , group 13 elements tend discrete anionic clusters , group 13 elements tend to polymeric ions group 13 elements to form tend For example , NaTl consists example , NaTl consists of , a polymeric anion NaTl of consists a polymeric anion NaTl of consists ( a special case Boron is , being , boron with reactivity decreases boron with reactivity decreases down graphite ; their atoms are intercalated the hexagonal graphite layers are their atoms between intercalated a very strong reducing agent KC8 is and is MC8 , the smaller ones initially form , MC6 initially the smaller ones form MC6 initially the smaller ones form , cage-like structures with ionic substances are formed the alkali metals , the only alkali metal which is , the only alkali metal which is reacts the only alkali metal which is reacts with Nitrogen an unreactive gas breaking because is the strong triple bond an unreactive gas because breaking is highly charged ions do not the alkali metals form rubidium Steric hindrance the existence of forbids phosphorus All the alkali metals readily with react the greater size This due to is for example , potassium has example , nine different known phosphides potassium has , nine different known phosphides potassium has , nine different known phosphides potassium has , with arsenides , mostly ionic arsenides only the alkali and alkaline earth metals form Na3As of The structure is complex the formula not Other alkali metal arsenides to conforming not the formula to M3As conforming the formula to M3As conforming are Indeed , some metallic properties they have , some metallic properties they have , some metallic properties they have , and some metallic properties the alkali metal antimonides , and have oxygen All the alkali metals vigorously with react oxides They various types of form air Lithium in burns to potassium peroxide Potassium a mixture of forms the larger anions The smaller alkali metals to polarise tend the more complex anions This the electrons in attracts

lithium This causes to form the larger alkali metals for the more complex anions where formed , the Li+ and O2− ions of the small size contributes the Li+ and O2− ions of the small size contributes to of the Li+ and O2− ions their to contributes the Li+ and O2− ions their to contributes forming a stable ionic lattice structure to their forming contributes powerful oxidising agents and superoxides The alkali metal peroxides are in breath , the removal makes breath , the removal makes of , carbon dioxide the removal of makes carbon dioxide the removal of makes by standard conditions slowly They at decompose Rb6O can Rubidium form and example , sodium can react sulfur can sodium with react the most electropositive elements The alkali metals among are on twenty of the known is All of the stable alkali metal halides the formula MX have of the stable alkali metal halides the formula MX have where the stable alkali metal halides M the formula MX where have They white ionic crystalline solids all that are white ionic crystalline solids all that are have water All the alkali metal halides soluble in are the respective halides These isostructural to are a very rich coordination chemistry in particular Lithium has which a very rich coordination chemistry in it has In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions exist aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions exist as , octahedral hexahydrate complexes the alkali metal ions as exist octahedral hexahydrate complexes the alkali metal ions as exist ( was first Humphry Davy by noted first Humphry Davy by noted in 1809 by Humphry Davy in noted be a catalyst up by speeded Similar solutions are the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by formed are the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by formed , the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium by formed , strontium quite insoluble and readily precipitates The amide salt is out of In 1907 , Charles Krause identified 1907 , the colour Charles Krause identified , the colour Charles Krause identified as the colour Charles Krause identified as being

3 M ) , the solution is , the alkali metal cation also such ammonia solutions contain the alkali metal cation also such ammonia solutions contain ( creating a carbanion , organolithium compounds are a carbanion , extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds are , extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds are and extremely powerful bases organolithium compounds are and nucleophiles methyllithium of an organolithium compound An example is lithium hydride : the reaction another route is : the reaction another route is of ethers another route the reaction of is In non-polar solvents , aryllithiums react non-polar solvents , aryllithiums react as , the carbanions aryllithiums as react aryllithiums the carbanions as they react the carbanions as they react effectively , the heavier alkali metals of the organometallic compounds are the heavier alkali metals of the organometallic compounds are predominantly sodium cyclopentadienide of commercial importance The principal organosodium compound is the higher alkali metals of Organometallic compounds are even Schlosser's base A notable reagent is , a mixture the heavier alkali metals it slow with is most these compounds of important is sodium cyclopentadienide of these compounds important is the types below The table shows of The alkali metal peroxides ionic compounds that are are ionic compounds that are are unstable Lithium the only metal that is reacts the only metal that is reacts directly with water , they generate water , hydroxide ions they generate , hydroxide ions they generate and hydroxide ions they generate and hydrogen gas They can metal cations that reduce can metal cations that reduce are metal cations that reduce are less liquid ammonia Alkali metals in dissolve or , some theoretical work has there been some theoretical work has there been predicting , relativistic effects ignoring would predict ununennium relativistic effects would ignoring predict a very large drop also Relativistic effects cause in thus the contraction of the 8s orbital its atomic radius cause of the 8s orbital its atomic radius cause to the 8s orbital its atomic radius cause to be the Uue+ ion of the ionic radius is predicted the +3 oxidation state may also Ununennium show

also the +3 oxidation state which , show the +3 oxidation state which , show is under ununennium , Dirac-Fock calculations predict ununennium , Dirac-Fock calculations predict that ununennium that the next element after predict of the periodic table , relativistic and shell-structure effects become the periodic table , relativistic and shell-structure effects become so the s-orbitals ( which stabilise effects the alkali metals Many other substances similar to are lithium above Its placement is primarily the hydrogen atom , hydrogen often behaves a halogen often hydrogen like behaves negative ions can also The alkali metals form this placement against An argument is that against this placement formation that is this placement formation that is of hydride that formation of is this phase , it is known metallic hydrogen is it as known a good fit 14 Group also is Thus the three placements of none are the three placements of none are entirely small size , very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion is , very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion is compared very small (radius around 150 fm the hydrogen ion is compared to hydrogen bonds hydrogen's ability to form is very similar properties ( ) The ammonium ion has For example , most alkali metal salts are example , most alkali metal salts are soluble water most alkali metal salts soluble in are a mixture that the transition from estimated the alkylammonium cations " Other "pseudo-alkali metals include , alkali metal hydroxides , very strong bases that are , very strong bases that are react very strong bases that are react with 19 valence electrons Cobaltocene has , one This additional electron an orbital that occupies is an orbital that occupies is antibonding Co(C5H5)2 of many chemical reactions are characterized of Co(C5H5)2 are by characterized Co(C5H5)2 are its tendency by characterized are its tendency by characterized to its tendency by characterized to lose caesium salts Many cobaltocenium salts with coprecipitate , Like the alkali metals , cobaltocene is the alkali metals , a strong reducing agent cobaltocene is , a strong reducing agent cobaltocene is ,

a strong reducing agent cobaltocene is , and a strong reducing agent decamethylcobaltocene , and is may be its heavier congener rhodium by substituted be its heavier congener rhodium by substituted to its heavier congener rhodium by substituted to give group Thallium the heaviest stable element in is of the periodic table , the inert pair effect is the periodic table , the inert pair effect is quite It the +1 oxidation state all the known alkali metals display that displays the +1 oxidation state all the known alkali metals display that displays , an alkali metal was sometimes It considered thallium and Meyer's 1870 periodic table Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table put , the oxidation state +3 also thallium displays the oxidation state +3 also thallium displays , , 6s electrons of this inert pair is 6s electrons of this inert pair is still transition metals as they given categorised Physically , the relatively low melting points they have , the relatively low melting points they have and the relatively low melting points they have and high electronegativity values to the alkali metals : this is the alkali metals : one reason this is : one reason this is for this one reason their for is one reason their for is previously those Their spectra analogous to are the maximum oxidation state for group assignment Mendeleev's main criterion was , group IB eliminating would make group group IB would eliminating make group IB would group I make would the only main group group I make the only main group group I make ( the filled d subshell This from stems providing Furthermore , higher melting points they have , higher melting points they have , higher melting points they have , hardnesses , the top the alkali metals at are the top the alkali metals at are of pure alkali metals of The production is somewhat seawater Sodium mostly in occurs many minerals Potassium in occurs , sodium like Metals are obtained like sodium are by obtained sodium are electrolysis by obtained are electrolysis by obtained of molten salts by electrolysis of obtained

the earth's crust , however it is lepidolite minerals all that are minerals all that are contain Alkarb 21% rubidium the rest while contained 21% rubidium the rest while contained was rich in rubidium the production limit in rubidium the production limit of rubidium rubidium the production of limit rubidium the production of limit compounds , pollucite ore of the mining is the main method of pollucite ore the mining is nature , most francium is synthesised the nuclear reaction is most francium in synthesised ever date to assembled is about 300,000 neutral atoms to date assembled is date about 300,000 neutral atoms which , is about 300,000 neutral atoms which , is were lubricating greases ; it is produced lithium is it from produced a brazing alloy is Lithium chloride as used many applications Sodium compounds have , the most well-known being sodium chloride fatty acids of Sodium salts are used many applications also Pure sodium metal has , fertilisers as potassium as used Potassium a very strong base hydroxide is , a very strong base hydroxide is , and breathing masks is Potassium superoxide in used the dinosaurs , it would be that reason , caesium atoms are used the definition are caesium atoms as used no commercial applications Francium has , but carbon dioxide also They with react be reaction of by disposed reaction of by disposed with argon used may The inert atmosphere be a mood is Lithium carbonate as used lithium causes drowsiness of Excessive ingestion , slurred ; sodium for the minimum physiological requirement is 500 milligrams for sodium the minimum physiological requirement is ; it of most comes it of most comes from the major cation Potassium is ( positive ion a difference of these charged particles The concentration differences causes sodium is ion transporter proteins by maintained is ion transporter proteins by maintained in the cell membrane by ion transporter proteins in maintained The cell membrane potential created potassium and sodium ions by allows created by potassium and sodium ions the cell allows by potassium and sodium ions the cell allows to potassium and sodium ions the cell allows to generate

an action potential the cell to generate allows no known biological role Rubidium has , but 0.36 g a 70 kg person on average contains up to 50% substitution can Rats survive of in some systems , caesium is some systems , caesium is never are rarely most people by encountered rarely most people by encountered , most people by encountered , but Like rubidium , caesium tends rubidium , caesium tends to potassium caesium to substitute tends hypokalemia can Excess caesium to lead , a major chemical environmental pollutant caesium not is caesium-137 gamma ray sources of the improper handling can lead Perhaps the Goiânia accident the best-known case is of 1987 the best-known case the Goiânia accident of is four deaths This to led and , the isotopes caesium-137 among was the isotopes caesium-137 among was distributed the isotopes among by distributed was basic written symbols An alphabet a standardized set of is It was Semitic-speaking workers by created was Semitic-speaking workers by created and Semitic-speaking workers by created and slaves However , an abugida Peter T. Daniels distinguishes , an abugida Peter T. Daniels distinguishes , an abugida Peter T. Daniels distinguishes , or the most the Latin alphabet popular is most the Latin alphabet popular is , popular the Latin alphabet which , is the Latin alphabet which , is was , exceptions there also are exceptions there also are such purposes them useful for makes the first two letters was The Greek word from made the alphabet of The history started in some 24 hieroglyphs Egyptian writing a set of had some 24 hieroglyphs a set of that had an even earlier version and Deborah Darnell John discovered vowels This script no characters representing had the Phoenician alphabet eventually The Proto-Sinaitic script into developed the Phoenician alphabet into which , developed an inscription in Phoenician script The oldest text is all western alphabets This script the parent script of is , namely Canaanite can be two other forms distinguished the Hebrew script The Aramaic rise to gave which the script from the Ge'ez alphabet is abjads are Vowelless alphabets called ,

vowels of The omission was not vowels a satisfactory solution not always was the first phonemic script probably it and was The script was the Phoenicians by spread was the Phoenicians by spread across the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians across spread Greece , the script was modified which It the first alphabet in was which the first alphabet in vowels was sounds The Greeks letters representing chose sounds letters representing that chose the Greek language Vowels significant in are was Greek colonists over by carried Greek colonists over by carried to the Latin alphabet of these One became these the Latin alphabet which , became the Latin alphabet which , became was of the Roman state , the alphabet survived the Roman state , the alphabet survived in , intellectual and religious works the alphabet in survived the Latin alphabet of Some adaptations are augmented Another notable script Elder Futhark which , is Elder Futhark which , is is a variety Elder Futhark rise to gave Germanic languages were The Runic alphabets for used the Hungarians The Old Hungarian script a contemporary writing system of is use It in was during the liturgical language Old Church Slavonic The Glagolitic alphabet the initial script of was the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts Cyrillic one of is the Serbian Cyrillic alphabets include , Macedonian Beyond the logographic Chinese writing , many phonetic scripts are the logographic Chinese writing , many phonetic scripts are in , existence many phonetic scripts in are existence many phonetic scripts in are in Korea , the Hangul alphabet was created the Hangul alphabet was Sejong by created was Sejong by created the Great - a semi syllabary is a form Zhuyin out of developed syllable initials of the phonemes are represented of syllable initials are by represented syllable initials are individual symbols by represented are individual symbols by represented , individual symbols by represented , but " is linguists by used is linguists by used and linguists by used and paleographers In the wider sense , an alphabet is the wider sense , a script an alphabet is

, an alphabet a script that is an alphabet a script that is is a script that is is " In the narrower sense , some scholars distinguish the narrower sense , "true" alphabets some scholars distinguish , "true" alphabets some scholars distinguish from two other types some scholars "true" alphabets from distinguish most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; true alphabets include the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; Latin true alphabets include ; Latin true alphabets include , Latin true alphabets include , Cyrillic an abugida The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics also are rather ( These the only time vowels are These the only time vowels are are the only time vowels are are indicated ) ; a letter Coptic has ; a letter Coptic has for example , Sorani Kurdish is written the Arabic script is Sorani Kurdish in written the Arabic script in which , written Kurdish , the vowels writing is , the vowels writing is mandatory the vowels writing is mandatory , a Semitic abjad may Other languages use with the Mongol Empire of the Phagspa script was based the Indic abugidas , one could argue their consonants into the modifications that assimilated Thus alphabets of the primary classification reflects alphabets of the primary classification reflects how of alphabets they how reflects alphabets they how reflects treat vowels how they treat reflects what Such scripts to tone are what to tone abjads are diacritics are tones with indicated Vietnamese This the case for is Thai , tone is determined is the choice primarily by determined the choice primarily by determined of vowels are diacritics by indicated are diacritics by indicated , diacritics by indicated , but , separate letters may a script have separate letters may a script have for However , only 13 letters Hawaiian Braille has , only 13 letters Hawaiian Braille has . eleven ) , Book Pahlavi was For example , a comma-shaped letter represented example , a comma-shaped letter represented " , g a comma-shaped letter " represented g a comma-shaped letter " represented " in Devanagari , Vedic Sanskrit has

Devanagari , an alphabet Vedic Sanskrit has , an alphabet Vedic Sanskrit has of 53 letters Vedic Sanskrit an alphabet of has both Sanskrit must The Hindi alphabet represent and Sindhi The largest known abjad is , with Kabardian and Abkhaz in the narrow sense The largest alphabets include With 33 letters , it is 33 letters , the largest true alphabet it is , the largest true alphabet it is where it the largest true alphabet each letter where is the largest true alphabet each letter where is is The original Georgian alphabet 38 letters 5 letters but had 38 letters 5 letters but had were the Greek The letter order parallels , with the alphabet of The origins are still the Georgian script Most scholars the creation of link 50 to 400 glyphs typically Syllabaries contain , 50 to 400 glyphs the glyphs , and contain ' ) a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that is ) a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that is has a graphically unique alphabetical writing system that is has been year was It in created was year in 405 A.D. created year in 405 A.D. created originally bicameral script also It uses like are different vowel distinct letters representing considered different vowel distinct letters representing considered sounds a separate letter " is ñ considered a separate letter accented vowels , but considered an umlaut with German words are collated a dozen Ugaritic tablets from the fourteenth century BC preserve from the fourteenth century the alphabet BC preserve the fourteenth century the alphabet BC preserve in two sequences BC the alphabet in preserve Runic an unrelated Futhark sequence which , used an unrelated Futhark sequence which , used was phonology : The letters are arranged after the consonant ; the two exceptions were the consonant ; Y the two exceptions were ; Y the two exceptions were and Y the two exceptions were and Z a given language , an orthography generally comes being generally an orthography into comes letters will generally these rules map In a perfectly phonemic orthography there would be a perfectly phonemic orthography a consistent one-to-one correspondence would there be

a consistent one-to-one correspondence would there be between speaking , a word these national languages lack , a word these national languages lack corresponding a word these national languages lack corresponding to standard Spanish , one can tell , the pronunciation can one tell the pronunciation can one tell of At the other extreme languages are such the other extreme languages are such as English languages such as are For English , this is English , this is partly countries a spelling reform the written language undergo have a spelling reform the written language undergo have to simple spelling changes can These from range the charge number It identical to is his first periodic tables that he arranged claimed of the elements' observed chemical properties , he changed the elements' observed chemical properties , the order he changed , the order he changed slightly the order he changed slightly and periodic table position based on A simple numbering was In 1911 , Ernest Rutherford gave 1911 , a model Ernest Rutherford gave , a model Ernest Rutherford gave of the atom Ernest Rutherford a model of gave approximately half the atomic weight would thus This central charge be approximately half the atomic weight it ( though be research The experimental position dramatically after improved the conclusion This to led ( ) were his method by examined seven elements There were ( with these missing elements of seven were discovered Prout's hypothesis called An old idea had postulated Prout's hypothesis had the elements that postulated In 1917 , Rutherford succeeded 1917 , Rutherford succeeded in , generating hydrogen nuclei Rutherford in succeeded generating hydrogen nuclei Rutherford in succeeded from 1920 He the new heavy nuclear particles protons in called nuclear electrons of All consideration ended with chemical properties Each element a specific set of has these electrons of The configuration follows from new elements of Synthesis is accomplished of new elements is by accomplished new elements is by accomplished bombarding is target atoms by bombarding accomplished target atoms by bombarding accomplished of natural science Anatomy a branch of is natural science a branch of which is

an old science It is , having anatomy of The discipline is divided the branch also Gross anatomy includes of anatomy of The history is characterized of anatomy is by characterized anatomy is a progressive understanding by characterized is a progressive understanding by characterized of the functions by a progressive understanding of characterized ) , the scientific study anatomy is , the scientific study anatomy is of the structure anatomy the scientific study of is the appearance It includes and position structures Gross anatomy the study of is dissection used Methods include , The kingdom Animalia multicellular organisms that contains Animalia multicellular organisms that contains are multicellular organisms that contains are heterotrophic bodies Most animals have differentiated into one or two openings ; the gametes are produced multicellular sex organs are the gametes in produced Unlike plant cells , animal cells have plant cells , neither a cell wall animal cells have , neither a cell wall animal cells have nor neither a cell wall animal cells have nor chloroplasts numerous types are The body tissues of composed a cell membrane typically Each has formed are diploblastic the more developed animals and called diploblastic whose structures and the more developed animals called organs Connective tissue shape to gives loose connective tissue The main types are , adipose tissue a major part Collagen plays in organizing An exoskeleton a thickened, rigid cuticle which is is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is is stiffened closely packed cells is Epithelial tissue of composed of the basement membrane , the lower layer is the basement membrane , the reticular lamina the lower layer is , the reticular lamina the lower layer is lying the reticular lamina the lower layer is lying next epithelium There many different types of are ; in the small intestine there are in the small intestine microvilli there are the small intestine microvilli there are on the epithelial lining there microvilli on are an outer layer Skin of consists of the cells Keratinocytes up to 95% of make simple animals this may just be a coat may just this be contractile filaments is Muscle of formed

no striations Smooth muscle has when examined such organs is It in found a limited range rapidly but Skeletal muscle contracts has the movement is It in found the type and this is staggered In higher animals striated muscles occur in higher animals bundles striated muscles in occur bundles striated muscles in occur attached the walls is Smooth muscle in found many nerve cells is Nervous tissue of composed ) , a nerve net the nerves form , a nerve net the nerves form , a nerve net the nerves form , but , the body wall in receptor neurons cause a local reaction in the body wall receptor neurons cause In higher animals , specialized receptors are higher animals , the basis specialized receptors are , the basis specialized receptors are of sense organs specialized receptors the basis of are The sensory nerves latter of consists latter sensory nerves of that consists sensory nerves of that consists transmit a similar basic body plan All vertebrates have and at The spinal cord is the vertebral column by protected is the vertebral column by protected and the vertebral column by protected and is the ectoderm , connective tissues are derived mesoderm are connective tissues from derived At the posterior end a tail which is the posterior end a tail which is continues the spinal cord a tail which continues is the anterior end is The mouth at found the vertebral column of a vertebrate The defining characteristic is In most vertebrates the nucleus pulposus the notochord becomes most vertebrates the nucleus pulposus the notochord becomes of the intervertebral discs the notochord the nucleus pulposus of becomes Jawed vertebrates are paired appendages by typified are paired appendages by typified , paired appendages by typified , fins vertebrates of The limbs are considered a fish of The body is divided the vertebral column The main skeletal element is , composed the spine The ribs to attach and the spine to there and attach They are the muscles by supported are the muscles by which supported the muscles by which supported compose two chambers The heart has and pumps

an inner ear There is but no external or middle ear basal fish and rays Sharks are , five pairs usually they have five pairs usually they have of separate dermal placoid scales is The dermis with covered which They a cloaca into have which a cloaca into the urinary and genital passages have large, yolky eggs Cartilaginous fish a small number of produce more derived anatomical traits The bony fish lineage shows , often a bony skeleton They have , are overlapping scales is The dermis with covered Bony fish a swim bladder which have helps a swim bladder them which helps have animals Amphibians a class of are tetrapods They are , but tetrapods the caecilians , but are little keratin Their skin contains and lacks three chambers of amphibians The hearts have They a urinary bladder nitrogenous waste products and have a urinary bladder nitrogenous waste products and have are means Amphibians by breathe of In frogs the pelvic girdle is robust frogs the pelvic girdle is robust and The feet four or five digits the toes and have four or five digits the toes and have are large eyes Frogs have and no tail earthworms superficially Caecilians resemble and animals Reptiles a class of are tetrapods They are , but tetrapods the snakes , but are the epidermis of The surface cells are modified are horny scales into which modified horny scales into which modified create that The heart resembles of the internal fertilization has The reproductive system for evolved The eggs are amniotic membranes by surrounded are amniotic membranes by which surrounded amniotic membranes by which surrounded prevents their protective shells Turtles notable for are an inflexible trunk They have encased in bony plates are These from formed Turtles vegetarians the typical reptile teeth and are vegetarians the typical reptile teeth and are have lizards superficially Tuataras resemble but one living species There is , " two openings The skull has ( fenestrae teeth There one row of is projections The teeth merely are of quadrupeds Lizards mostly are , a skull The skeleton of consists ,

extreme flexibility and the jaws have lost Snakes moveable eyelids the eyes , lack moveable eyelids the eyes , lack being eardrums do not They have long snouts Crocodilians large, low-slung aquatic reptiles with are side It from undulates to The tough keratinized scales body armour some and provide body armour some and provide are the nostrils Valves seal and ears tetrapods Birds are but though tetrapods their hind limbs but though are the centre from the lungs Air sac extensions occupy There no teeth the narrow jaws and are no teeth the narrow jaws and are are the epidermis The feathers outgrowths of are the base The only cutaneous gland the single uropygial gland near is This an oily secretion that produces waterproofs the feathers an oily secretion that waterproofs produces animals Mammals a diverse class of are four limbs mostly They have but mostly four limbs some aquatic mammals but have four limbs some aquatic mammals but have have most mammals of The legs are situated the trunk below which , situated mammals of The bones are well the middle ear Mammals three bones in have hair are They in clothed hair in their skin and clothed these glands of Some are specialized lungs Mammals with breathe and four chambers The mammalian heart has and oxygenated amniotes Mammals are , and amniotes most , and are the egg-laying monotremes to this The exception are a mammal Humans the overall body plan of have biochemistry complementary basic medical sciences which , are complementary basic medical sciences which , are are are usually universities by employed usually universities by employed , universities by employed , medical schools living organisms Invertebrates a vast array of constitute the animal species They about 95% of constitute , these creatures of none has a backbone of these creatures none has the same basic structure of single-cell protozoans The cells have is often cilia by provided often cilia by provided or cilia by provided or flagella a multicellular organism Metazoans are , with epithelium and connective tissue of metazoan tissues The most basic types are metazoan tissues epithelium and connective tissue both , are

epithelium and connective tissue both , are of the mesoderm derived from An endoskeleton is the epidermis are Exoskeletons from derived molluscs Calcium carbonate the shells of constitutes no rigid structures may Other invertebrates have but may no rigid structures the epidermis but have no rigid structures the epidermis but have may cells may The outer epithelial layer include of microscopical anatomy , plants that discovered tubules that plants had discovered Insects segmented bodies by supported possess a hard-jointed outer covering segmented bodies supported by possess the body of The segments are organized a pair typically The head bears of segmented legs The thorax three pairs of has eleven segments is The abdomen of composed eleven segments of some , composed arachnids a class of Spiders have no wings Spiders have and no antennae chelicerae They mouthparts called have chelicerae mouthparts called which have appendages They a second pair of have the legs These similar segmentation to have great changes and physiology Ancient Greek anatomy underwent medical a continually developing understanding expanded by practice a continually developing understanding expanded by practice of the stepping-stone of Alexandria The Hellenistic Egyptian city was the biggest library not only Alexandria housed in early anatomy and physiology took early anatomy and place physiology took and place physiology took in Hellenistic Alexandria physiology place in took human dissection These two physicians pioneer helped for vivisections also They conducted on his anatomical works became Herophilus for known the works of Some included classifying the human body of Herophilus's knowledge has provided the structure accurately Erasistratus described of During the third century , Greek physicians were the third century , Greek physicians were able It Herophilus who was made the point Herophilus who made was the third century were Great feats during made a hollow organ that the uterus is showed vertebrate anatomy Aristotle described based on arteries Praxagoras the difference between identified existing knowledge He compiled and studied the first experimental physiologists He one of was classical times Anatomy little from developed 1316 " of Mondino's "Anatomy was the order It the body in describes was anatomy in by trained

Andrea del Verrocchio in anatomy by trained from Brabant , Vesalius published Brabant , the influential book Vesalius published , the influential book Vesalius published " the influential book Vesalius published " De humani corporis fabrica In the United States , medical schools began the United States , medical schools began to a continual stream in anatomy Classes needed Britain A similar problem in existed where Britain in demand where existed consequence Some graveyards in were protected in Britain was by transformed Britain was Sir John Struthers by transformed was Sir John Struthers by transformed , Sir John Struthers by transformed , Regius Professor the reform This system until lasted of as teaching , he collected teaching , many vertebrate skeletons he collected , many vertebrate skeletons he collected for his museum he many vertebrate skeletons for collected From 1822 the teaching the Royal College of Surgeons regulated 1822 the teaching the Royal College of Surgeons regulated of anatomy the Royal College of Surgeons the teaching of regulated comparative anatomy Medical museums examples in provided Ignaz Semmelweis puerperal fever he and investigated puerperal fever he and investigated discovered the dissecting room The students from went to microscopy It the advent of was microscopy the advent of that was small structures of Study involved passing a great advance of the electron microscope The invention brought its converse ( " The room is the action the consequent Affirming is of the consequent Affirming can also result the statements " August 13 It is " August 13 It is , August 13 It is , so August 13 it , so is certainty can one with affirm " then four legs it has then four legs it has " four legs it has " ) this case " in "P is in this case The chaplain ' is this case signs ' The chaplain is his own name ' The chaplain signs is Moscow's VGIK Tarkovsky film at studied with state film authorities , Tarkovsky left state film authorities , the country Tarkovsky left , the country Tarkovsky left in 1979 Tarkovsky the country in left

1986 , he also published , a book also he published a book also he published about several awards Tarkovsky the recipient of was the Soviet Union's prestigious Lenin Prize was posthumously he awarded in ) a Polish nobleman who was ) a Polish nobleman who was worked a Polish nobleman who was worked as His wife Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya a Romanian teacher who was Maria Danilovna Rachkovskaya a Romanian teacher who was arrived a Romanian teacher who was arrived from ; among her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov was among her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov was , her relatives Admiral Fyodor Dubasov was , a fact Yuryevets Tarkovsky his childhood in spent He was childhood friends by described was childhood friends by described as childhood friends by described as active 1937 His father the family in left 1943 He home in returned In 1939 , Tarkovsky enrolled 1939 , Tarkovsky enrolled at , the Moscow School No Tarkovsky at enrolled . Tarkovsky at the Moscow School No enrolled In 1943 , the family returned 1943 , the family returned to , Moscow the family to returned his old school Tarkovsky his studies at continued a music school He piano at studied Shchipok Street The family on lived in From November 1947 to spring 1948 he was in November 1947 to spring 1948 the hospital he in was the hospital he in was with In his school years , Tarkovsky was his school years , a troublemaker Tarkovsky was , a troublemaker Tarkovsky was and a troublemaker Tarkovsky was and a poor student his studies did not he finish a year-long research expedition He in participated to in 1954 , Tarkovsky applied 1954 , Tarkovsky applied at , the State Institute of Cinematography Tarkovsky at applied the State Institute of Cinematography Tarkovsky at applied ( young film directors The early Khrushchev era good opportunities for offered Before 1953 , annual film production was 1953 , annual film production was low 1953 , more films were produced Mikhail Romm and mentor Tarkovsky's teacher was mentor Mikhail Romm who , was Mikhail Romm who , was taught

In 1956 , Tarkovsky directed 1956 , his first student short film Tarkovsky directed , his first student short film Tarkovsky directed , his first student short film Tarkovsky directed , " the VGIK students Both films a collaboration between were the film director Grigory Chukhray on Tarkovsky An important influence was Tarkovsky the film director Grigory Chukhray who , was the film director Grigory Chukhray who , was was of his student , Chukhray offered his student , Tarkovsky Chukhray offered , a position Chukhray Tarkovsky offered a position Chukhray Tarkovsky offered as at the VGIK , Tarkovsky met the VGIK , Andrei Konchalovsky Tarkovsky met common They much in found In 1959 , they wrote 1959 , the script they wrote , the script they wrote " the script they wrote " Antarctica – Distant Country Lenfilm Tarkovsky the script to submitted Ivan's Childhood Tarkovsky's first feature film " was " the film had He inherited from Tarkovsky international acclaim The film earned and won In 1965 , he directed 1965 , the film he directed , the film he directed " the film he directed " Andrei Rublev the film Tarkovsky to cut had Nevertheless , a budget the film had , a budget the film had of more than 1 million rubles the film a budget of had his wife He divorced , Irina In the same year , he married the same year , Larisa Kizilova he married , Larisa Kizilova he married ( Larisa Kizilova he married ( née Egorkina In 1972 , he completed 1972 , he completed " , Solaris he " completed Solaris he " completed " this had He on worked From 1973 to 1974 , the film "Mirror he shot , the film "Mirror he shot " the film "Mirror he shot " , In this film the plight Tarkovsky portrayed this film the plight Tarkovsky portrayed of childhood Tarkovsky the plight of portrayed the screenplay had Tarkovsky on worked not well Soviet authorities by received well Soviet authorities by received due Soviet authorities by received due to the "third category Soviet authorities the film in placed

no returns and the film-makers received made the film-makers also Third category films placed in 1975 , Tarkovsky also worked the screenplay also Tarkovsky on worked In December 1976 , he directed December 1976 , he directed " , Hamlet he " directed Hamlet he " directed " The main role was Anatoly Solonitsyn by played was Anatoly Solonitsyn by played , Anatoly Solonitsyn by who , played the Soviet Union completed in Tarkovsky was the brothers had Tarkovsky met first a film he to shoot wanted a discussion with Arkady Strugatsky he changed with Arkady Strugatsky his plan he changed Arkady Strugatsky his plan he changed and his plan he changed and began this film on Work began in the negatives of improper development had ruined cinematographer Georgy Rerberg with Tarkovsky's relationship deteriorated to the point to he where deteriorated Furthermore , a heart attack Tarkovsky suffered , a heart attack Tarkovsky suffered in April 1978 Tarkovsky a heart attack in suffered 1979 was The film in completed In 1979 , Tarkovsky began 1979 , production Tarkovsky began , production Tarkovsky began of the film Tarkovsky production of began 18th-century Russia was The film in set by Goskino , Tarkovsky submitted Goskino , a script Tarkovsky submitted , Tarkovsky a script that submitted Tarkovsky a script that submitted was a script that submitted was different During the summer of 1979 , Tarkovsky traveled the summer of 1979 , Tarkovsky traveled to , Italy Tarkovsky to traveled Italy Tarkovsky to traveled , Italy Tarkovsky to returned in Italy Tarkovsky to returned in 1983 Tarkovsky the film in completed a special prize also Tarkovsky shared called the film Soviet authorities to prevent lobbied on 10 July 1984 , he announced 10 July 1984 , he announced that that time , his son Andriosha was 1984 Tarkovsky most of spent on death — he claims death — he himself claims Ironically , the end of the year Tarkovsky at , the end of the year Tarkovsky at was the end of the year Tarkovsky at was diagnosed In January 1986 , he began

January 1986 , treatment he began , treatment he began in Paris he treatment in began Paris Tarkovsky in died on the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was His funeral ceremony at held 3 January 1987 was He on buried 1994 , was by conceived , was Tarkovsky's wife by conceived was Tarkovsky's wife by conceived , Tarkovsky's wife by conceived , Larisa Russia A conspiracy theory in emerged in testimonies for this hypothesis Evidence includes former KGB agents testimonies by who includes the mid and late 1950s Tarkovsky a film director during became films Tarkovsky to see allowed cinema that the art of perceived In 1972 , Tarkovsky told 1972 , film historian Leonid Kozlov Tarkovsky told , his ten favorite films Tarkovsky film historian Leonid Kozlov told Diary of a Country Priest The list : " includes any films does not the list contain film that Tarkovsky saw is no films The list also has or Dovzhenko's "Earth He of said " had such tact , they conveyed such tact , a feeling they conveyed , a feeling they conveyed of dignity they a feeling of conveyed life wherein the sense of understood a fan Andrei Tarkovsky not was of , in a famous exception Tarkovsky praised in a famous exception the blockbuster film Tarkovsky praised a famous exception the blockbuster film Tarkovsky praised " the blockbuster film Tarkovsky praised " The Terminator In a 1962 interview , Tarkovsky argued a 1962 interview , Tarkovsky argued : His films are metaphysical themes by characterized are metaphysical themes by characterized , metaphysical themes by characterized , extremely long takes dreams Recurring motifs are , memory a person : " Juxtaposing said several Tarkovsky levitation scenes into incorporated To him great power these scenes possess him great power these scenes possess and great power these scenes possess and are reflections were him by used were him by used for their surreal beauty and photogenic value by him for used cinema Tarkovsky a theory of developed By this he meant that this he the unique characteristic that meant cinema that the unique characteristic of meant

real time Unedited movie footage time in transcribes " , his cinematic works Tarkovsky focused , his cinematic works Tarkovsky focused on his cinematic works Tarkovsky focused on exploring color or black-and-white sequences of Tarkovsky's films Several have the otherwise monochrome "Andrei Rublev first This in occurs his films of All afterwards contain Andrei Rublev " , Tarkovsky dismissed " , color film Tarkovsky dismissed , color film Tarkovsky dismissed as a "commercial gimmick Tarkovsky color film as dismissed everyday life He that in claimed everyday life that in one claimed nearly always films Buñuel made always films Buñuel made . close collaboration Tarkovsky in worked with , cinematographer Sven Nykvist Tarkovsky with worked cinematographer Sven Nykvist Tarkovsky with worked , cinematographer Sven Nykvist with who , worked female sexuality that his work portrays argue the evidence Film teacher David Pratt criticized given for the claim likewise Dina Iordanova found on Furthermore , the play "Hamlet he directed , the play "Hamlet he directed " the play "Hamlet he directed " for Ivan's Childhood Tarkovsky's first feature film " was " Andrei Rublev then He " directed Tarkovsky's year is The screenplay on based the leader It about 's of his entrance examination Tarkovsky the screenplay during wrote the highest possible grade He earned , " the life is The screenplay on based , Tallinnfilm from an acquaintance approached Tarkovsky from Tallinnfilm an acquaintance approached Thomas Mann Tarkovsky considered and E. T. A. Hoffmann In the end a contract Tarkovsky signed the end a contract Tarkovsky signed for a script Tarkovsky a contract for signed the script He to write planned difficulty Writing not without was at Tallinnfilm , it was Tallinnfilm , the consensus it was , the consensus it was that it the consensus no one that was the consensus no one that was but Goskino was The script to sent in the West , Tarkovsky revisited the West , the screenplay Tarkovsky revisited , the screenplay Tarkovsky revisited and the screenplay Tarkovsky revisited and made , the Lenin Prize was he awarded the Lenin Prize was he awarded in

In 1996 , the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum opened 1996 , the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum opened in , Yuryevets the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum in opened Yuryevets the Andrei Tarkovsky Museum in opened , the subject has Tarkovsky been of been heavily Tarkovsky by influenced narration The film mostly of consists Directed Andrei Tarkovsky by " is a 1988 documentary film Andrei Tarkovsky " by is The Japanese filmmaker Tarkovsky's films Akira Kurosawa on remarked Tarkovsky's films Akira Kurosawa on remarked as his personality I love and all his works a marvelous image from his films Every cut is But nothing the finished image is more nothing the finished image is more than Tarkovsky Mexican filmmaker Alejandro González Iñarritu a huge fan of is an interview once He in said what did not I know I was it by shocked Tarkovsky Danish film director Lars von Trier a fervent admirer of is his film He dedicated Antichrist to it ’ve I seen 20 meaning Ambiguity a type of is uncertainty of ambiguity A common aspect is an attribute It thus is of semantic ambiguity is Lexical ambiguity with contrasted The a choice former represents between a finite number former a choice between represents which of none may have instance , the word "bank " has , several distinct lexical definitions " the word "bank has several distinct lexical definitions " the word "bank has , herbs " I bought say not a shovel someone used think a shovel someone used think to the author of multi-defined words The use requires clear concise communication of The goal is that of clear concise communication the receiver(s that is clear concise communication the receiver(s that is ) this to An exception could include this could a politician whose "weasel words include could a politician whose "weasel words include " a politician whose "weasel words include " and closely related concepts words whose senses express are a good daughter have I " is those cookies that he ate mean , an entrance fee will you need an entrance fee will you need of EITHER ten dollars that you need mean

your license that you need mean hand semantic and syntactic ambiguity hand in go her duck saw We " is many more types can Spoken language contain of ambiguities many more types of which contain one entity Metonymy referring to involves of critical semiotics , metonymy encompasses critical semiotics , any potentially ambiguous word substitution metonymy encompasses , metonymy any potentially ambiguous word substitution that encompasses metonymy any potentially ambiguous word substitution that encompasses is any potentially ambiguous word substitution that encompasses is based example , a politician might say will taxes they oppose think taxes they oppose think in may only those taxes they oppose think only those taxes they oppose that think — a positive statement can an opponent turn a positive statement can an opponent turn into ) , much greater tolerance there is , much greater tolerance there is of ambiguity there much greater tolerance of is the subject that the relation between argued In Heidegger's phenomenology , Dasein is Heidegger's phenomenology , Dasein is always a meaningful world Dasein always in is certain , little they have , little they have to little they have to do in phenomenological ontology " Jean-Paul Sartre follows phenomenological ontology " Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre follows " Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre follows in Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre follows in defining an ethics Simone de Beauvoir to base tries a matter has It been of the authoritative certainty on by given based the knowledge It in is of Following Ernest Becker , he argues Ernest Becker , he argues that On this basis , he argues this basis , he argues that , a useful tool can ambiguity be a grammatical ambiguity Groucho Marx's classic joke on depends for common practice It is to omit sees formula 2 , there is formula 2 , no way there is , no way there is to no way there is to distinguish algorithmic languages of Creators try to operations of The order may depend parentheses of the insertion is required The expression formula 24 formula 23 means in several texts formula 23 formula 24 in means

general , formula 31 formula 30 means an "unwritten rule " : the state is confusions easily Such ambiguities to lead a state may Expression formula 40 mean with an ambiguous term should be by preceded should be the definition by preceded be the definition by preceded , the definition by preceded , suitable a result The Berry paradox as arises of rise of this kind Terms give two related languages and Loglan Lojban are and Loglan two related languages which are Loglan two related languages which are have two related languages which are have been many diverse sources composed from Languages contain a protein three-dimensional structure of The analysis consists in the concept and Judaism Christianity employ Rudolf Otto's description and Jews Many Christians endorse paradox regularly The orthodox Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton employed to Africa of The music is often In visual art , certain images are visual art , certain images are visually In social psychology , ambiguity is social psychology , a factor ambiguity is , a factor ambiguity is used a factor ambiguity is used in on a park bench ) witnesses make a park bench ) witnesses make less to the new standard — this led the new standard — this led to — a "new" ambiguity this to led a "new" ambiguity this to led in the Book of Genesis Abel a Biblical figure in is Cain He the younger brother of was He a shepherd who was offered his firstborn flock a shepherd who offered was his offering God accepted but not his brother Hebrew in His name is composed In Abel Jesus of speaks Abel Jesus of speaks as better things [ ] speaks than the litany is Abel in invoked Abel of the soul is described summons whom , the King of Light Hibil whom , the King of Light Hibil proceeds the World of Darkness is Hibil to dispatched the world He to descends of Hibil Shdum directs further down the abodes Hibil , sealing ascends to the Right Ginza , Hibil assumes the Right Ginza , the appearance Hibil assumes

, the appearance Hibil assumes of Anathan Hibil the appearance of assumes Hibil what Qin they asks what Qin they asks are the mysteries had also Qin revealed Gaf Hibil himself as disguises her He leads out of the King of Light Hibil prayers to offers this mosque Shi'a frequent visitors of are a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native afer ) Orycteropus is the order It the only living species of is Unlike most other insectivores , it has most other insectivores , a long pig-like snout it has , a long pig-like snout it has , it a long pig-like snout which , has a long pig-like snout which , has is most It over roams of , ants it on subsists ants it on subsists and "least concern is The animal as listed afrotheres Aardvarks are , a clade afrotheres which , a clade are Afrikaans "aardvark " The name is burrowing foot " The name "Orycteropus means , burrowing foot the name , and means rather , the sole extant representative it is , the sole extant representative it is of the obscure mammalian order it the sole extant representative of is convergent evolution are The similarities on based the elephant shrews of the aardvark The closest living relatives are their extinct relatives , the superorder Afrotheria these animals form fossils , Bryan Patterson has concluded the aardvark that early relatives of concluded "Myorycteropus africanus The first unambiguous tubulidentate probably was " the genus "Orycteropus from The earliest example " was a tubulidentate to be that thought moderate length The limbs of are , the pollex have The front feet lost ( Each toe a large, robust nail which bears is a large, robust nail which bears is somewhat considered digitigrade , it appears digitigrade , it appears at , times it at appears times it at appears to the shoulder It tall at is the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia It the largest member of is longer hair its legs to have tend its nostrils surrounding The hair is dense a short, thick neck is The greatly elongated head on set

many unique and different features of the aardvark The head contains having a pulp cavity , each tooth has a pulp cavity , a cluster each tooth has , a cluster each tooth has of thin, hexagonal, upright, parallel tubes each tooth a cluster of has columns of The number is dependent no enamel coating The teeth have and are conventional incisors is The aardvark with born a dental formula of : These remaining teeth are the nostrils of The sides are thick the snout of The tip is highly its nostrils between The fleshy dividing tissue probably has sensory functions it , but has of turbinate bones , the aardvark has turbinate bones , more space the aardvark has , more space the aardvark has for the moist epithelium the aardvark more space for has nine olfactory bulbs The nose contains , more smell of Its keen sense is not a long, thin, snakelike, protruding tongue The aardvark has ( as The aardvark's stomach a muscular pyloric area that has acts a muscular pyloric area that has acts as an anal gland Both sexes a strong smelling secretion from emit ring the neck ; their output is the neck ; their output what is sub-Saharan Africa are Aardvarks in found dark burrows They the daylight hours in spend swamp forest the high water table precludes , as is terrain also They avoid rocky sub-Saharan Africa They present throughout are up to 23 years Aardvarks for live in predators Its keen hearing it of warns aardvarks also Some humans hunt for the only fruit eaten aardvarks by is eaten the aardvark cucumber aardvarks by is a symbiotic relationship and the aardvark the cucumber have the aardvark a symbiotic relationship they as have a symbiotic relationship they as have eat to their stringent diet requirements , they require their stringent diet requirements , a large range they require , a large range they require to a large range they require to survive its burrow An aardvark from emerges in food , the aardvark will keep , its nose will the aardvark keep

its nose will the aardvark keep to a foraging period , they will stop the dust It inhaling avoids by ) the insects tongue up licks the insects tongue up licks ; a termite mound , other animals will visit the aardvark , so they look so termites they for look they termites for that look termites for that look are , columns can they form columns can they form long columns these long and form a bleating sound It makes if frightened close a new one will it dig a new one will it dig rapidly at night , they pause night , they pause at , the entrance they at pause the entrance they at pause for watchfulness , it will bound , burrows also the aardvark excavates burrows also the aardvark excavates in the home range are Temporary sites around scattered its home burrow The aardvark the layout of changes the African wildlife scene The old burrows an important part of are they are smaller animals by inhabited are smaller animals by inhabited like the African wild dog by smaller animals like inhabited Other animals them use that are hares use them that are Without these refuges many animals would die these refuges many animals would die during wildfire season would many animals during die the tunnel , it will escape born , flaccid ears the young has , flaccid ears the young has and flaccid ears the young has and many wrinkles each teat will it off nurse , skin of the folds disappear skin of the folds disappear and After 5–6 weeks , body hair starts 5–6 weeks , body hair starts growing common are not They considered a slight decrease may There be in the IUCN It an official designation from receives In African folklore , the aardvark is African folklore , the aardvark is much the heart Hausa magicians a charm from make the chest , the charm is said the Aardvark was The supersonic fighter-bomber FB-111 nicknamed because similarities also It had with the Aardvarks VF-114 was the squadron nicknamed earth-wolf Its name " means "

"maanhaar-jackal is also It called large animals does not the aardwolf hunt as many as 250,000 termites can one aardwolf up lap the shrublands The aardwolf in lives of the subfamily Protelinae The aardwolf the only surviving species in is two words " The generic name "proteles from comes a very thin striped hyena The aardwolf resembles , but one or two diagonal stripes also It has down confrontations is The mane during raised that is It the throat spot missing is that the throat spot others missing that the throat spot others missing in the aardwolf This makes , the smallest extant member five toes The front feet have each , canines does still It have open, dry plains Aardwolves in live and regions in termites where found this family of Termites depend on two distinct populations There are : one In fact , they live fact , they live as , monogamous pairs they as live monogamous pairs they as live with , the intruder will they chase the intruder will they chase up incursions of The majority occur during The territory is both sexes by marked is both sexes by marked , both sexes by marked , as scent glands also Aardwolves have on termite mounds often They near mark up to 10 dens may An aardwolf pair have , up to 10 dens numerous feces , and have at their middens , they dig their middens , a small hole they dig , a small hole they dig and a small hole they dig and cover their own dens will also They dig fast runners Aardwolves not are nor , its mane may it raise its mane may it raise in termites The aardwolf primarily on feeds different species of termites This genus has in central Africa , they eat central Africa , they eat " rhodesiensis they " Trinervitermes eat them Their technique of licking consists sound They their food by locate the termite mound do not They destroy the location often They memorize of of midwinter , the primary termites become midwinter , the primary termites become scarce

these times , the southern aardwolf will seek "Hodotermes mossambicus will the southern aardwolf out seek carrion do not aardwolves eat meat do not they like meat it , unless like location The breeding season depending on varies In South Africa , breeding occurs South Africa , breeding occurs in , early July breeding in occurs During the breeding season , unpaired male aardwolves search the breeding season , their own territory unpaired male aardwolves search , their own territory unpaired male aardwolves search , their own territory unpaired male aardwolves search , as into oestrus , they add oestrus , pasting they add , pasting they add to their tricks they pasting to add the dominant male with which , mate between 89 and 92 days Gestation lasts , producing their eyes are They with born the den are The first six to eight weeks in spent up to six hours may The male spend a After three months , they begin three months , supervised foraging they begin , supervised foraging they begin , supervised foraging they begin , and these factors , the IUCN has rated , the aardwolf has the IUCN rated as least concern has the IUCN the aardwolf rated other areas , the farmers have recognized , this have the farmers recognized this have the farmers recognized , this they , but recognized zoos Aardwolves rare sights at are a building material ( ;) Adobe is the Southwestern United States , the term is used appearance Most adobe buildings similar in are rectangular prisms Adobe bricks are small enough no standard size There is , with In dry climates , adobe structures are dry climates , adobe structures are extremely significant advantages Adobe buildings offer due to sun-dried earth made of Buildings are use had Adobe in been handsful Puebloan peoples their adobe structures with built Spain were Adobe bricks in used Late Egyptian Middle Egyptian into evolved , Arabic was This into adopted the Old Spanish language was This into assimilated a composite material An adobe brick is made of sand typically The soil composition contains ,

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then dry adobe dirt of 18 inches applied dry adobe dirt of 18 inches applied to a low slope was The dirt into contoured the roof was moisture to applied was the roof to the clay particles applied the roof to the clay particles applied expanded the materials , adobe roofs can be , inherently fire-proof can adobe roofs be added requirements , Local ordinances the UBC referencing restriction These : included of adobe the Arg-é Bam by built is the Achaemenid Empire the Arg-é Bam built by is an exciting experience An adventure is or undertaking an exciting experience that or undertaking is activities may Adventures be with Adventurous experiences psychological arousal which , create psychological arousal which , create can For some people , adventure becomes some people , a major pursuit adventure becomes , a major pursuit adventure becomes in a major pursuit adventure becomes in and excitement : adventure racing examples are : adventure racing examples are and adventure racing examples are and adventure tourism the theme may Adventure books have of books Examples include such as of a quest : the hero goes a quest : the hero goes off pursuit the hero off in goes In video-game culture , an adventure game is video-game culture , a video game an adventure game is , a video game an adventure game is in which an adventure game a video game in is which a video game in the player is The genre's focus on story it allows on story it allows to story it allows to draw personal journals Others were , only books There also are written books also by written are many sports There are classified as mountain climbing of these Some include adventure lovers India immense opportunity for offers the many others ANGLING & FISHING two remarkable adventure activities among are the many others two remarkable adventure activities among that are adventure lovers The Indian Himalaya an ultimate destination for are mountain India of ranges offer breathtaking, highly challenging trekking routes of India ranges offer India in Mountaineering was introduced in India was by introduced

India was the Europeans by introduced was the Europeans by introduced in the 18th century by the Europeans in introduced an adventure sport lover India an exciting mountaineering experience to offers high rise peaks a number of that offers a landmass ( ) Asia is Eurasia It the continental landmass of shares an area Asia covers of , general terms , Asia is bounded the east is Asia on bounded is the east on by bounded the Pacific Ocean on the east by bounded a historical and cultural construct there , as is a major economic power China was and attracted the Asian hinterlands The Silk Road the main east–west trading route in became economic dynamism has Asia exhibited ( Asia Anaximander the boundary between placed the Hellenistic period , this convention was revised was historically European academics by defined northern Europeans The Don River unsatisfactory to became , in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published in 1730 a new atlas Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published 1730 a new atlas Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published proposing the Ural Mountains Philip Johan von Strahlenberg a new atlas proposing published the Emba River had The latter suggested as Over the next century various proposals were made the next century various proposals were made until perforce had been The border moved European conceptions Geographical Asia a cultural artifact of is geographers of a minority have rejected Geographically , the major eastern constituent Asia is , the major eastern constituent Asia is of the continent Asia the major eastern constituent of is Latin literature The English word from comes , Before Greek poetry , the Aegean Sea area was Greek poetry , the Aegean Sea area was in , a Greek Dark Age the Aegean Sea area in was a Greek Dark Age the Aegean Sea area in was , about 1200 BCE were The Mycenaean states destroyed by The burning of the palaces the clay tablets caused of the palaces the clay tablets caused holding the palaces the Mycenaean administrative records the clay tablets holding caused the Mycenaean administrative records the clay tablets holding caused to

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southern and eastern sections The monsoon circulation across dominates , the continent of Southwestern sections are hot the coldest places Siberia one of is in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 2010 by 16 countries global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft 16 countries that identified global risk analysis farm Maplecroft 16 countries that identified are 16 countries that identified are extremely 42 socio was Each nation's vulnerability using calculated , Asia in the largest economies are the largest economies in Asia China are in Asia China are , Asia China are , Japan on Global Office Locations 2011 , Asia dominated Global Office Locations 2011 , the office locations Asia dominated , the office locations Asia dominated with the office locations Asia dominated with 4 of the top 5 being " , the world's largest economy India had , the world's largest economy India had during 0 BCE India the world's largest economy during had Historically , the largest economy India was , the largest economy India was in the world India the largest economy in was earth China the largest and most advanced economy on was several decades in the late twentieth century Japan was in the late twentieth century the largest economy Japan was the late twentieth century the largest economy Japan was in Asia Japan the largest economy in was : supernational economies of A number are supernational economies of A number are larger early 1990s , almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP was , almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP was ) almost as large (current exchange rate method Japan's GDP was ) as almost as large (current exchange rate method that ) as was Goldman Sachs , China will have , the largest economy will China have the largest economy will China have in the world Asia the largest continent in is to Asia Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries from came Asia Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries from came driven Asia from by driven came Bangladesh They are , China

three main financial centers Asia has : Hong Kong outsourcing of The increased use has assisted the sea routes out on that carried this have Individual main routes from emerged the Chinese coast The main route from leads south the Asian goods traffic of A particularly significant part is carried In 2010 , Asia had 2010 , Asia 3.3 million millionaires had The Wealth Report in Citigroup 2012 stated The Wealth Report 2012 Asian centa-millionaire that stated North America's wealth that Asian centa-millionaire overtook stated the only country , 1970 is on Its per capita income increased per capita a stunning 21-fold income increased capita a stunning 21-fold income increased over a stunning 21-fold income increased over the last four decades the countries Hong Kong highest among ranked several language families Asia home to is Most Asian countries more than one language that have is more than one language that have is natively their origins of the world's major religions Many have an avatar similarly Hindu mythology about tells Israel Jews the predominant ethnic group in are Outside of Israel there are of Israel small ancient Jewish communities there are Israel small ancient Jewish communities there are in Turkey there small ancient Jewish communities in are In total , there are total , 14.4–17.5 million there are , 14.4–17.5 million there are ( 14.4–17.5 million there are ( 2016, est Asia Christianity a widespread religion in is the predominant religion ; it was introduced it was the Spaniards by introduced was the Spaniards by introduced and the Spaniards by introduced and the Portuguese Georgia , the predominant religion Eastern Orthodoxy is Oriental Orthodoxy prevalent minority denominations which , are prevalent minority denominations which , are are the largest Muslim population in the world Indonesia is in the world Indonesia is , the world Indonesia is , followed large numbers and Umrah The Hajj attract Asia The Baháʼí Faith in originated , Almost all Asian religions philosophical character Asian philosophical traditions and have philosophical character Asian philosophical traditions and have cover Hindu philosophy Indian philosophy includes and Buddhist philosophy nonmaterial pursuits They elements of include

Asia's population The faith around 25% of represents mainland Southeast Asia Buddhism a great following in has the majority Buddhism the religion of is Singapore also Large Buddhist populations in exist Northern India is Sikhism in found notable impact He his Nobel Prize in Literature for won notable impact his Nobel Prize in Literature for his prose works won Iranian Ebadi the first is Burma Another Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi from is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist She is and leader a Buddhist She is and was the Nobel Peace Prize was Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo awarded for the first Chinese citizen He is to be the first Asian Sir C.V. Raman is to get Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Other Asian Nobel Prize winners include , Abdus Salam Bangladesh of Dr. Muhammad Yunus was awarded economics Dr. Yunus his PhD in received approximately eighty-four awards has The Dalai Lama received over On 22 June 2006 , he became 22 June 2006 , one he became , one he became of only four people he one of became On 28 May 2005 , he received 28 May 2005 , the Christmas Humphreys Award he received , the Christmas Humphreys Award he received from the Buddhist Society he the Christmas Humphreys Award from received Curaçao , a group Aruba forms , a group Aruba forms referred a group Aruba forms referred to ; these countries of the citizens are these countries of the citizens are all no administrative subdivisions Aruba has , but of the Caribbean region , Aruba has the Caribbean region , a dry climate Aruba has , a dry climate Aruba has and a dry climate Aruba has and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape tourism has The climate helped , tourism visitors , because helped a human presence has There been on The first identifiable group the Arawak Caquetío Amerindians who are migrated the Arawak Caquetío Amerindians who are migrated from Aruba to visit The first Europeans were an "island Both men Aruba as described Spain Vespucci to returned with Aruba Vespucci and Ojeda's tales interest in spurred the island's first governor was Alonso de Ojeda appointed in

From 1513 the Spanish began enslaving 1513 the Caquetíos the Spanish enslaving began the Caquetíos the Spanish enslaving began , Spain The Netherlands Aruba from seized of colonial administration ; its use increased colonial administration ; its use increased in ; the late 19th its use in increased the late 19th its use in increased and During the Napoleonic Wars , the British Empire took the Napoleonic Wars , control the British Empire took , control the British Empire took of the island the British Empire control of took part subsequently Aruba became of Aruba in The first oil refinery was built was 1928 in by built Royal Dutch Shell in 1928 by built that , another refinery was built another refinery was Lago Oil and Transport Company by built was Lago Oil and Transport Company by built , Lago Oil and Transport Company by built , in the vast Venezuelan oil fields The refineries crude oil from processed World War II , the Netherlands was occupied the Netherlands was Nazi Germany by occupied In August 1947 , Aruba formulated August 1947 , its first "Staatsreglement Aruba formulated , its first "Staatsreglement Aruba formulated " its first "Staatsreglement Aruba formulated " ( That the Netherlands Antilles which , created the Netherlands Antilles which , created united Pueblo , greater autonomy Croes sought , greater autonomy Croes sought for Aruba Croes greater autonomy for sought March 1977 , a referendum was held the support was a referendum with held the participants of 82% voted for In March 1983 , Aruba reached March 1983 , an official agreement Aruba reached , an official agreement Aruba reached within the Kingdom Aruba an official agreement within reached In August 1985 , Aruba drafted August 1985 , a constitution Aruba drafted , Aruba a constitution that drafted Aruba a constitution that drafted was a constitution that drafted was unanimously for its first parliament , Aruba seceded its first parliament , Aruba seceded from , the Netherlands Antilles Aruba from seceded the Netherlands Antilles Aruba from seceded , his death , Croes was proclaimed , "Libertador di Aruba was Croes proclaimed

"Libertador di Aruba was Croes proclaimed " 1985 , Aruba's oil refinery had closed Aruba had It provided with the economy to The significant blow led to the Leeward Antilles island arc Aruba a generally flat, riverless island in is Curaçao It west of lies the western and southern coasts Aruba white sandy beaches on has the population where the bulk of is some rolling hills of the island The hinterland features the island's north shore The Natural Bridge a large, naturally formed limestone bridge on was Aruba of The flora differs from By the Köppen climate classification , Aruba has the Köppen climate classification , a hot semi-arid climate Aruba has , a hot semi-arid climate Aruba has (Köppen "BSh a hot semi-arid climate Aruba has (Köppen "BSh " , Aruba of the landscape is Aruba of the landscape is arid Oranjestad monthly temperature in Mean varies ethnic composition , the population is estimated the islanders of the features clearly indicate , substantial immigration has there been substantial immigration has there been to 2007 , new immigration laws were introduced legal matters , the predominant language Papiamento is , the predominant language Papiamento is used the predominant language Papiamento is used on a Portuguese- and Spanish-based creole language Papiamento is , spoken Aruba of the government has shown among the several Papiamento-speaking islands , there is the several Papiamento-speaking islands , a big difference there is , a big difference there is in written Papiamento there a big difference in is island The orthography per differs , eyewitness account through the natives that states the 18th century Spanish an important language in became the island are Venezuelan TV networks on received the population of Around 13% today speaks newspapers Aruba has published in the dominant religion Roman Catholicism is , practiced the dominant religion by , practiced is Sint Maarten , a constituent country Aruba is , a constituent country Aruba is of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Aruba a constituent country of is defense are the Netherlands by handled the Staten's 21 members are direct, popular vote by elected

are direct, popular vote by elected to direct, popular vote by elected to serve the Dutch model is The Aruban legal system on based In Aruba , legal jurisdiction lies Aruba , legal jurisdiction lies with , the "Gerecht legal jurisdiction with lies the "Gerecht legal jurisdiction with lies in a staple has Deficit spending been in 2006 , the government's debt had grown 1.883 billion Aruban florins had the government's debt to grown In 2006 , the Aruban government changed 2006 , several tax laws the Aruban government changed , several tax laws the Aruban government changed to several tax laws the Aruban government changed to reduce the overseas countries Aruba one of is the responsibility on Aruba Defence is Marines base are All forces at stationed the Dutch system is Aruba's educational system after patterned The island's economy is four main industries by dominated is four main industries by dominated : four main industries by dominated : tourism the highest standards Aruba one of has the 19th century Gold mining important in was Aruba was Aloe to introduced Aruba Aloe Balm Cornelius Eman founded , and the island of two-thirds was covered In 2016 , Aruba had 2016 , 0.57 global hectares Aruba had , 0.57 global hectares Aruba had of biocapacity Aruba 0.57 global hectares of had In 2016 , Aruba used 2016 , 6.5 global hectares Aruba used , 6.5 global hectares Aruba used of biocapacity Aruba 6.5 global hectares of used This almost 12 times the biocapacity they use means that they use almost 12 times the biocapacity means the Aruban florin of The official exchange rate is pegged Until the mid-1980s , Aruba's main industry was the mid-1980s , oil refining Aruba's main industry was , (2007) guests Aruba about 1,235,673 receives (2007) guests Aruba about 1,235,673 receives per Until 2009 , the Netherlands granted 2009 , development aid the Netherlands granted , to the Netherlands development aid granted Aruba the Netherlands development aid to granted law enforcement This aid mainly for was Aruba's request was This aid at discontinued a large and well-developed tourism industry Aruba has , receiving

the Aruban gross national product of About is earned North America Most tourists from are , a full pre-clearance facility (CBP ) U.S. Customs and Border Protection has many luxury There are and lesser luxury hotels "Highrise-area is also This area called the many cruise ships Oranjestad the port for is the many cruise ships the port for that is tourism The cruise industry a very important pillar of is With 334 cruise calls , Aruba received 334 cruise calls , 815,161 cruise tourists Aruba received , 815,161 cruise tourists Aruba received in 2018 Aruba 815,161 cruise tourists in received Aruba's economy The 2017/2018 cruise season $102.8 million to brought , in 2005 there were in 2005 ninety-two different nationalities there were 2005 ninety-two different nationalities there were living ninety-two different nationalities there were living on On 18 March , Aruba celebrates 18 March , its National Day Aruba celebrates 25 January , Betico Croes' birthday is celebrated 24 June is Dia di San Juan on celebrated Carnaval of The festival is also Aruba in Its celebration started in of Aruba was by influenced Aruba was the Dutch colonial style by influenced was the Dutch colonial style by influenced and the Dutch colonial style by also some Spanish elements and influenced the 20th century the island of the architectural style incorporated a more American and international influence of the island the architectural style incorporated three ports Aruba has : Barcadera year Nearly one million tourists this port per enter " a government-owned bus company " Arubus is 3:30 a.m. Its buses from operate until power ; one its eponymous plant was ; one its eponymous plant was of the world's largest desalination plants its eponymous plant one of was Aruba in Average daily consumption is about electricity N.V. Elmar the sole distributor of is two telecommunications providers There are : government-based Setar the 13 original states The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union an agreement among was much debate was It after approved force The Articles of Confederation into came on the Articles of A guiding principle was to During the ratification process , the Congress looked

the ratification process , the Congress looked to , the Articles the Congress to looked the Articles the Congress to looked for govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that , the fledgling union in some prominent political thinkers began the fledgling union in some prominent political thinkers began asking a stronger government Their hope to create was the Articles , a meeting was set Philadelphia was a meeting in set the Articles under the government was replaced coercive and quelling measures Civil disobedience in resulted , Crown Loyalists These actions the number of eroded of constitution writing — most states were constitution writing — most states were busy the task most states busy at were During the war , Congress exercised the war , an unprecedented level Congress exercised , an unprecedented level Congress exercised of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority Congress an unprecedented level of exercised into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed a legitimate nation , international recognition the colonists needed , international recognition the colonists needed for their cause the colonists international recognition for needed In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in , the closing pages Thomas Paine in argued the closing pages Thomas Paine in argued of those to aid they expected American grievances Foreign courts to have needed Without such a declaration , Paine concluded such a declaration , Paine concluded , , the Second Continental Congress of the records show the Second Continental Congress of the records show that of the Second Continental Congress the need that show the Second Continental Congress the need that show for a declaration that the need for show the same time , he also urged , Congress also he urged Congress also he urged to three overlapping committees then Congress created to Afterward , long debates there were , long debates there were on such issues there long debates on were the constitution , Congress was forced the states was The Articles of Confederation to submitted December 16, 1777 ; 12 states had ratified

; the Articles had 12 states ratified the Articles had 12 states ratified by During this time , Congress observed this time , the Articles Congress observed , the Articles Congress observed as its de facto frame Congress the Articles as observed the Articles finally Maryland ratified on a preamble, thirteen articles The Articles of Confederation contain , a conclusion current and future operations The individual articles the rules for set Under the Articles , the states retained the Articles , sovereignty the states retained , sovereignty the states retained over all governmental functions the states sovereignty over retained However no power Congress had to no power Congress had to compel Congress was No progress in made on the petitions , Knox wrote the petitions , Knox wrote to , Gouverneur Morris Knox to wrote Gouverneur Morris Knox to wrote , , the states of each had an army of the states each had their duty that state politicians understood claimed Paris of which , The 1783 Treaty many American nationalists The resulting paralysis and frustrated embarrassed money never will There be Spain with the 1786 Jay–Gardoqui Treaty also showed the British army could not it compel Confederation , the central government's power was kept limited was the central government's power quite kept decisions could The Confederation Congress make but money could only it request by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated In 1779 , George Washington wrote 1779 , George Washington wrote to , John Jay George Washington to wrote John Jay George Washington to wrote , John Jay to who , wrote their war debts Some States off paid and , two actions did the Confederation Congress take two actions did the Confederation Congress take with both the general practices of 1785 The Land Ordinance established the now-familiar squares were Frontier lands into surveyed The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 the agreement noted of 1787 the agreement noted of 1787 the original states the agreement of noted the original states the agreement of noted to 1787 of The Northwest Ordinance also made the Union were No new states to admitted

a blanket acceptance The Articles for provided of Congress of the presiding officer — referred Congress There 10 presidents of were independent The peace treaty the United States left and a permanent confederation The Articles envisioned but granted no president There was , no executive agencies a tax base of The absence meant that of a tax base there that meant a tax base there that meant was no way that there was meant the British blockade , the new nation was regaining , its prosperity was the new nation regaining trade opportunities were the mercantilism by restricted were the mercantilism by restricted of the British and French empires by the mercantilism of restricted the British West Indies of The ports were closed all staple products closed to which were similar policies and Spain France established Simultaneously , sharp competition new manufacturers faced , sharp competition new manufacturers faced from British products new manufacturers sharp competition from faced British products sharp competition from which faced the political and economic elites the anxiety of which increased The Continental Congress paper money which printed was paper money which printed was so taxes could not Congress levy of the United States , he found the United States , he it found favors were Demands for made favors for there and made Great Britain each State individually against acted By 1787 Congress was unable 1787 Congress was unable to distribution The Second Continental Congress the Articles for approved each state was A copy for made each state for one and made the signing process Congress began by examining On July 9, 1778 , the prepared copy was July 9, 1778 , the prepared copy was ready it They dated and began each also They requested of the next meeting signed at they delegates , New Hampshire of John Wentworth added his name of New Hampshire John Wentworth added July 24 Georgia on signed , the Articles Maryland to ratify refused the United States , the Articles that felt February 2, 1781 , the much-awaited decision was taken the much-awaited decision was the Maryland General Assembly by taken

was the Maryland General Assembly by taken in Annapolis by the Maryland General Assembly in taken Governor Thomas Sim Lee and sealed by signed the Articles had Congress debated for the original debates in Many participants were no , South Carolina of Charles Pinckney proposed South Carolina of Charles Pinckney proposed that of South Carolina Congress that proposed South Carolina Congress that proposed revise the Articles of Confederation that Congress revise proposed power Recommended changes granting Congress included many reasons have Historians given for Rakove several factors that identifies explain the collapse several factors that explain identifies compulsory direct taxation power of The lack was objectionable customs could not It collect factors of Rakove The second group identified , war scrip and land speculators of holders wanted holders of war scrip and land speculators a central government wanted of war scrip and land speculators a central government wanted to war scrip and land speculators a central government wanted to pay North Carolina the authority that " believed these two provisions between The apparent tension was addressed In 1788 , James Madison remarked 1788 , James Madison remarked ( Nevertheless , a historical and legal question it is , a historical and legal question it is whether it a historical and legal question opponents whether is a historical and legal question opponents whether is of At the time , there were the time , state legislators there were , there state legislators who were there state legislators who were argued state legislators who were argued that Francisco Forrest Martin such as Modern scholars agree as Francisco Forrest Martin the Articles of Confederation that agree Francisco Forrest Martin the Articles of Confederation that agree had On July 3, 1788 , the Congress received July 3, 1788 , New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification the Congress received , New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification the Congress received of the proposed Constitution the Congress New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of received following day a bill delegates considered day a bill delegates considered to a bill delegates considered to admit the 13 states of 11 had ratified Saturday, September 13, 1788 , the resolve the Confederation Congress voted

, the resolve the Confederation Congress voted to the resolve the Confederation Congress voted to implement Earth's surface It approximately 20% of covers an elongated, S-shaped basin The Atlantic Ocean occupies extending longitudinally the south ( other definitions describe south ( the Atlantic other definitions describe ( the Atlantic other definitions describe as the Atlantic other definitions describe as extending an "Atlantic" sea of The oldest known mentions come from In these uses , the name refers these uses , the name refers to , Atlas the name to refers Atlas the name to refers , a term The pond is often used a term by often used is the west is The Atlantic Ocean on bounded the Arctic Ocean It to connects through The Atlantic irregular coasts by indented has numerous bays irregular coasts indented by has the Baltic Sea These include , Black Sea Including its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers its marginal seas , an area the Atlantic covers , an area the Atlantic covers of an area the Atlantic covers of or Excluding its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers and a volume the Atlantic and has covers the Atlantic of The bathymetry is dominated of the Atlantic is by dominated the Atlantic is a submarine mountain range by dominated is a submarine mountain range by dominated called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by a submarine mountain range called dominated the Atlantic The MAR divides longitudinally into the surrounding ocean floor The MAR above rises and Eyjafjallajökull The MAR basaltic volcanoes in produces the ridge of The remainder was discovered was the 1920s in by discovered the German "Meteor" expedition in the 1920s by discovered the MAR of Most runs under The Atlantic is passive margins by surrounded is passive margins by surrounded except passive margins by surrounded except at north-eastern North America There numerous submarine canyons off are a Navy Sonic Depth Finder " The USS "Stewart used to This little guesswork the idea because involved little guesswork the idea because involved of the equator Maximum temperatures north of occur

a clockwise direction The Coriolis effect North Atlantic water in circulates ; the open ocean in surface water salinity ranges the open ocean in surface water salinity ranges from , the high latitudes the lowest values in are the high latitudes the lowest values in are and four major, upper water masses The Atlantic Ocean of consists with the source in the northernmost North Atlantic The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water is the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water into the western part since divided saltier The eastern water is because of There five intermediate waters four low-salinity waters : are five intermediate waters four low-salinity waters : are formed north , Arctic Intermediate Water from flows the western and eastern basins These two intermediate waters different salinity in have The NADW is a flow by fed is a flow by fed of warm shallow water by a flow of fed the North Atlantic , surface circulation is dominated surface circulation is three inter-connected currents by dominated is three inter-connected currents by dominated : three inter-connected currents by dominated : the Gulf Stream of the North Atlantic Gyre , the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays the North Atlantic Gyre , a key role the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays , a key role the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays in climate variability the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre a key role in plays the global thermohaline circulation The subpolar gyre an important part of forms branches Its eastern portion eddying includes of winter is this water during cooled part of this water A third becomes The South Atlantic is the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre by dominated the Indian Ocean Both these currents some contribution from receive is partly a wind-induced Ekman layer by masked 4.4–8.5 years of the gyre The residence time is the Sargasso Sea endemic to Other species include In the early 19th century it was discovered the early 19th century it was discovered that the spawning ground that the southern Sargasso Sea is discovered Climate is the temperatures by influenced is the temperatures by influenced of

the surface waters by the temperatures of influenced release heat , maritime climates are heat , maritime climates are more the atmospheric moisture The oceans the major source of are the atmospheric moisture the major source of that are with latitude ; the warmest zones stretch latitude ; the warmest zones stretch across ; the Atlantic north the warmest zones across stretch the Atlantic north the warmest zones across stretch of high latitudes The coldest zones in are , the climate Ocean currents influence by transporting Europe , the North Atlantic Drift is thought For example , the Gulf Stream helps example , moderate winter temperatures the Gulf Stream helps , moderate winter temperatures the Gulf Stream helps along the coastline the Gulf Stream moderate winter temperatures along helps extreme temperatures also The Gulf Stream keeps from heavy fog The cold water currents to contribute off winter , frequent storms the Icelandic Low produces early February Icebergs common from are the western parts Hurricanes a hazard in are Pangaea of The break-up began in the first stages also This period saw of the Central American Seaway of the Central American Isthmus The formation closed the isthmus of The formation resulted in Geologically , the area the Northern Atlantic is , the area the Northern Atlantic is delimited the area the Northern Atlantic is delimited to the Northern Atlantic of The opening closely followed the extension spreading Seafloor to led the Labrador Sea Spreading opening began around this time period at erupted are found significant uplift of the North Atlantic The opening caused The North Atlantic Ocean about 810 seamounts most , contains about 810 seamounts most , contains of was the first maps on that noted the first maps on that noted included various deformation zones problematic and later reconstructions have introduced proven Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced the Tristan hotspot by resulted produced the Tristan hotspot by resulted in an estimated volume the Tristan hotspot by in resulted an area It covered of in a much larger area the LIP originally covered suggest In the Falkland segment rifting began with

the Falkland segment dextral movements rifting with began dextral movements rifting with began between In the central segment rifting started to the central segment rifting started to break Africa rifting to break started the break-up The equatorial segment the last phase of is the propagation Various estimates date of sea the Drake Passage the opening of About 50 Ma resulted the western Mediterranean in The Gibraltar Arc is migrating the Agulhas Bank of the now-submerged plains were exposed the north is The GCFR to delimited is the north to by delimited the Cape Fold Belt to the north by delimited Africa Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within indicate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM ) 20,000 years ago humans had their initial settlements humans to abandon had of the LGM this region was repopulated the LGM this region was by repopulated this region was Magdalenian culture by repopulated waves Other hunter-gatherers in followed interrupted waves in by interrupted followed the coasts This human dispersal abundant traces along left , over 10 kya were only some 26,600 molluscs deposited , and thousands of tons Brazil generated and thousands of tons Brazil generated of debris Brazil thousands of tons of generated Denmark The Ertebølle in middens , new technologies as accompanied by described During most the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered of northern North America the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet most of covered In 1973 , late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed 1973 , a "blitzkrieg" colonization late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed , a "blitzkrieg" colonization late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed of the Americas late American geoscientist Paul S. Martin a "blitzkrieg" colonization of proposed a "three-wave" migration later Others proposed over and neither the "blitzkrieg respectively atDNA data support neither the "blitzkrieg respectively atDNA data support " most likely future hypotheses that deliver likely future hypotheses that deliver will future hypotheses that deliver will , Greenland on A settlement was established 865–930 CE was initially Iceland settled at a maximum had 1080 CE summer temperatures reached a maximum had 1080 CE summer temperatures reached of

1492 Christopher Columbus the Americas in reached Six years later India Vasco da Gama reached under the Portuguese flag Vasco da Gama India under reached following Vasco da Gama , Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Vasco da Gama , Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral reached , Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral reached , Brazil Pedro Alvares Cabral reached , taken Brazil by , taken reached this trade and Portugal Spain monopolized A peace treaty mediated the Pope by divided mediated the conquered territories the Pope by divided the conquered territories the Pope by divided into and the indigenous population quickly slavery reduced the indigenous population quickly slavery reduced of the slave trade , an estimated ten million Africans were exported slaves were an estimated ten million Africans as exported slaves as most , exported Spain ) a period 1500–1800 was ) a period 1500–1800 was of sustained growth 1500–1800 a period of was part Colonialism as evolved of facing the Atlantic , urbanization grew the Atlantic , urbanization grew from , 8% urbanization from grew 8% urbanization from grew in , Atlantic countries GDP in doubled Atlantic countries GDP in doubled but also rock in that encased rock in that encased must 2004 Blue whiting a 2.4 million tons peak in reached the 1960s–1980s Arctic cod its lowest levels in reached fished ; Sand eel is overfished capelin as was which overfished Limited data redfishes the state of makes redfishes the state of makes and During the 21st century some species have shown the 21st century weak signs have some species shown weak signs have some species shown of In 1497 , John Cabot became 1497 , the first Western European John Cabot became , the first Western European John Cabot became since John Cabot the first Western European the Vikings since became the first Western European the Vikings since became to as "Newfoundland Currency " this discovery yielded "Newfoundland Currency " some 200 million tons this discovery yielded " some 200 million tons this discovery yielded of fish this discovery some 200 million tons of yielded In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to

the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock new fisheries to exploit started the exploited areas also It expanded from the area in Overfishing was recognised the early 1990s , this finally resulted the collapse finally this in resulted In about 50% the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes constitute of landings the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes about 50% of constitute fished are Pelagic fish stocks fully considered the stocks of Almost half are fished the 1990s Round sardinella an important species in was the most important species and hake Horse mackerel are the South-West Atlantic , a peak was reached the mid-1980s was a peak in reached the mid-1980s in catches and reached 2013 it is now considered overfished is now it considered the manatee Endangered marine species include , seals the entry Marine pollution a generic term for is rivers The biggest culprits are and with Dover Air Force Base , Delaware was carrying , three nuclear bombs was Delaware carrying three nuclear bombs was Delaware carrying over strength in which , increased statistical analyses it clear from is heat storage The ocean mixed layer an important role in plays climate change This heat uptake a time-lag for provides , Schopenhauer an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that developed Schopenhauer an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that developed rejected the contemporaneous ideas an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected developed the first thinkers He among was in during his lifetime , Schopenhauer had his lifetime , a posthumous impact Schopenhauer had , a posthumous impact Schopenhauer had across various disciplines Schopenhauer a posthumous impact across had February 22, 1788 was Arthur Schopenhauer on born religious ; the French Revolution both supported ; the French Revolution both supported , the French Revolution both supported , and in 1793 , Heinrich moved 1793 , Heinrich moved to , Hamburg Heinrich to moved Hamburg Heinrich to moved — Danzig His firm trading in continued 1797 , Arthur was sent Le Havre was Arthur to sent his two year He to enjoy seemed , the flute Arthur playing started

In 1803 , he accompanied 1803 , his parents he accompanied , his parents he accompanied on a European tour he his parents on accompanied a choice : he could stay home could he at stay his choice deeply He regretted later his choice the merchant training later because regretted the tour He twelve weeks of spent In 1805 , Heinrich drowned 1805 , Heinrich drowned in , a canal Heinrich in drowned a canal Heinrich in drowned near suicide that it was believed anxiety He prone to was his mental health even his wife to doubt started the father's life There , in was his youth Arthur similar moodiness during showed serious mental health history There other instances of were Despite his hardship , Schopenhauer liked his hardship , his father Schopenhauer liked , his father Schopenhauer liked and his father Schopenhauer liked and later a significant inheritance Heinrich Schopenhauer the family with left a significant inheritance the family with that left control was Arthur Schopenhauer to entitled it He invested conservatively in from his mother , he dedicated his mother , himself he dedicated , himself he dedicated to studies he himself to dedicated , social life also he enjoyed social life also he enjoyed among the Gymnasium He left after writing a merchant Arthur two years as spent During this time , he had this time , doubts he had , doubts he had about doubts he had about being In one letter , she wrote one letter , she wrote : Weimar He to moved but his mother He accused of being his studies Arthur on concentrated , his studies on which , concentrated most them of celebrated being Goethe of them celebrated being her parties Arthur attended , usually was also the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by captivated also the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by captivated , the beautiful Karoline Jagemann by captivated , mistress sexuality , Schopenhauer occasionally had to his friend Anthime he claims his friend Anthime he claims that Weimar He left to become no written reasons There are about why no written reasons Schopenhauer about why are

income ; medicine he chose ; medicine he chose due medicine he chose due to Among his notable professors Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut were , his notable professors Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut were , Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren metaphysics He studied , psychology regret his medicinal and scientific studies ; he claimed his medicinal and scientific studies ; he claimed that at Göttingen , he spent Göttingen , he spent considerable studying he considerable time spent the newly founded University of Berlin He at arrived for begun her literary career ; she published her literary career ; her first book she published ; her first book she published in 1810 she her first book in published his ; he also found Fichte later He mentioned only the lectures also He attended of on Schleiermacher's lectures Schopenhauer that show Schleiermacher's lectures Schopenhauer that show was Fichte the works also he read the works also he read of a rush Schopenhauer Berlin in left than her ; he considered her ; the relationship he considered ; the relationship he considered an act the relationship he considered an act of a while He for settled in solitude He his time in spent about the same time He his dissertation at completed the arrival He irritated by became him She to convince tried her second book had just His mother published temper Arthur her people that told her people that told would of dubious quality , the Brockhaus publishing firm held dubious quality , her the Brockhaus publishing firm held , her the Brockhaus publishing firm held in high esteem the Brockhaus publishing firm her in held to his mother's prediction , Schopenhauer's dissertation made his mother's prediction , an impression Schopenhauer's dissertation made , an impression Schopenhauer's dissertation made on Goethe Schopenhauer's dissertation an impression on made Schopenhauer's philosophical positions , he was impressed he was his intellect by impressed was his intellect by impressed and his intellect by impressed and extensive scientific education a great honor and correspondence Their subsequent meetings were his own treatise soon Schopenhauer writing started other , their growing theoretical disagreementsand especially Schopenhauer's extreme self-confidence and tactless criticismssoon made

was immediately the "Upanishads by impressed immediately the "Upanishads by impressed " the "Upanishads by impressed " ( his studies He continued by reading loved Hindu texts , he was Hindu texts , he was more Hindu and Buddhist texts on His studies were constrained on Hindu and Buddhist texts were by constrained Hindu and Buddhist texts were the lack by constrained were the lack by constrained of adequate literature by the lack of constrained the Latin translation Schopenhauer read and praised , in May 1814 he left in May 1814 Weimar he left May 1814 Weimar he left and Weimar he left and moved his philosophical studies He continued , enjoyed Johann Gottlob von Quandt in Dresden His friends were local artists of His criticisms occasionally caused occasionally public quarrels he when caused public quarrels he when caused ran the publisher was He to recommended caused an unwanted pregnancy , Schopenhauer left an unwanted pregnancy , Dresden Schopenhauer left , Dresden Schopenhauer left for a year-long vacation Schopenhauer Dresden for left Venice He visited , Bologna Rome He the winter months in spent art He enjoyed , architecture his affairs of One supposedly became his sister He regularly with corresponded their financial troubles She him about informed his assets Arthur to share offered only thirty percent The women to receive managed Italy He his stay in shortened responses to his book he decided to his book he decided to his book he decided to take an academic position he to take decided universities He his friends at contacted his lectures He scheduled to coincide was especially Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge by appalled especially Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge by appalled of natural sciences by Hegel's supposedly poor knowledge of appalled political suspicions was also Hegel facing own , Hegel still voted Schopenhauer's lectures Only five students up to turned in academia , he continued academia , he continued to for his three-year travel , Schopenhauer had his three-year travel , an incident Schopenhauer had , an incident Schopenhauer had with his Berlin neighbor Schopenhauer an incident with had the August 1821 incident of The details are unknown

Italy Schopenhauer enjoyed , where Italy he , where enjoyed the country It his last visit to was the treatment syphilis used his doctor suggests syphilis used his doctor suggests ) publishers He contacted , offering to Berlin , he began Berlin , he began to Spanish he to study began Pedro Calderón de la Barca He liked , Lope de Vega failed attempts also He made to his Berlin years , Schopenhauer occasionally mentioned , his desire occasionally Schopenhauer mentioned his desire occasionally Schopenhauer mentioned to a while he was unsuccessfully courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss was unsuccessfully he courting unsuccessfully 17-year-old Flora Weiss who , courting 17-year-old Flora Weiss who , courting was that time from His unpublished writings show that from that time he that show that time he that show was a young dancer He an on-and-off relationship with had an unnamed foreign diplomat ( she soon had ( another pregnancy soon she had another pregnancy soon she had but soon another pregnancy the child but had another pregnancy the child but had was to a cholera epidemic , he offered a cholera epidemic , he offered to her he to take offered Frankfurt , he supposedly had , another supernatural experience supposedly he had another supernatural experience supposedly he had , him This experience led to spend in Frankfurt , he experienced Frankfurt , a period he experienced , a period he experienced of depression he a period of experienced his mother He his correspondence with renewed her much income did not Johanna's writing bring her much income her popularity , and bring In July 1832 Frankfurt Schopenhauer left July 1832 Frankfurt Schopenhauer left for Mannheim Schopenhauer Frankfurt for left In 1836 , he published 1836 , he published " the Will he " On published In 1836 , he sent 1836 , his essay he sent , his essay he sent " his essay he sent " On another essay He sent , " , was this rejection by enraged both essays He published as " insults was still he pouring after some negotiations , he managed

some negotiations , he managed to his publisher he to convince managed some followers Schopenhauer to attract began them jokingly He to referred Julius Frauenstädt of the most active early followers One was the most active early followers Julius Frauenstädt who , was Julius Frauenstädt who , was wrote to his ideas , Frauenstädt continued his ideas , Frauenstädt continued to Schopenhauer's work Frauenstädt to promote continued 1859 They their communication in renewed In 1848 , Schopenhauer witnessed 1848 , violent upheaval Schopenhauer witnessed , violent upheaval Schopenhauer witnessed in Frankfurt Schopenhauer violent upheaval in witnessed his own safety He worried for became in life he had had life such worries had he had such worries had he had and Austrian soldiers He a friendly welcome to gave Austrian soldiers a friendly welcome to who gave any loss The rebellion without passed to his will even He modified , In 1851 , Schopenhauer published 1851 , Schopenhauer published " , Parerga Schopenhauer " published Parerga Schopenhauer " published and his first successful, widely read book It was , partly popular proved most that were most popular the ones that were popular the ones that were actually the ones that were actually did In 1856 , the University of Leipzig sponsored 1856 , an essay contest the University of Leipzig sponsored , an essay contest the University of Leipzig sponsored about Schopenhauer's philosophy the University of Leipzig an essay contest about sponsored first Jules Lunteschütz Schopenhauer's friend the made flattered Schopenhauer seemed and amused flattered by and amused seemed Frankfurt's "Englischer Hof People visited " to gifts Admirers him gave and his own old age He healthy in remained a great appetite He had and could ; in September he suffered in September inflammation he suffered September inflammation he suffered of the lungs he inflammation of suffered to him , Schopenhauer was him , Schopenhauer was concerned pulmonary-respiratory failure He of died on an extension Schopenhauer his philosophy as saw his main work : " The world is : " my representation The world is " my representation The world is (

my representation The world is ( " the world belongs to that is In November 1813 Schopenhauer Goethe invited November 1813 Schopenhauer Goethe invited to Schopenhauer Goethe invited to help matter , the invitation he accepted , the invitation he accepted out the invitation he accepted out of Hume's skeptical assault that it was admitted this : Kant simply declared perception that the empirical content of declared having an external cause , the external world arises vision the cause , finding With of perception ; the senses furnish perception ; the raw material the senses furnish ; the raw material the senses furnish by which the senses the raw material by furnish which the raw material by the intellect furnish beyond representation , the world considered representation , the world considered " us that appears to The empirical world , this multiplicity of each element has the same blind essence of this multiplicity each element has Human rationality a secondary phenomenon merely that is a secondary phenomenon merely that is does the ends argues , Schopenhauer serve of sufficient reason : a person's actions are sufficient reason : a necessary consequence a person's actions are : a necessary consequence a person's actions are of motives a person's actions a necessary consequence of are the actions Necessity to extends of the Schopenhauerian idea Albert Einstein quoted that " the Schopenhauerian idea a man that " quoted our miserable existence from salvation can come the insight from the world that stems this pain to escape A temporary way is ordinary cognizance one away from moves From this aesthetic immersion , one is this aesthetic immersion , one is no an individual one no longer is an individual no longer who is this brief aesthetic contemplation Art the practical consequence of is Daniel Albright , " Schopenhauer thought the only art that music was thought mathematics on Schopenhauer's realist views are evident ethics that the task of asserts itself in Reality is free ethics relevant for is are for ethics individuals who are ethics individuals who are can individuals who are can act to us , the egoist asserts

us , a gap the egoist asserts , a gap the egoist asserts between two individuals the egoist a gap between asserts What compassion the altruist motivates is others of The suffering is for which Schopenhauer the principle through calls which the principle through multiplicity calls we behold nature we see behold nature we see that nature we it that see a cruel battle that it is see the only thing that exists , has no other option exists , that has no delays There are or reprieves the offence is punishment to tied one and tormented Tormenter are our attachment Suffering the moral outcome of is life he itself since abhor life exhibit , but affirm poverty They welcome and neither satisfaction Human life a ceaseless struggle for is of evolution , a claim met evolution , a claim met with , satisfaction a claim with met satisfaction a claim with met by " , himself Schopenhauer described , himself Schopenhauer described as a proponent Schopenhauer himself as described Thomas Hobbes Schopenhauer the view of shared much thought did not Schopenhauer give and a few continent-shaking wars , he maintained a few continent-shaking wars , his position he maintained , his position he maintained of his position he maintained of " Germany He many disparaging remarks about wrote criminals claimed , Schopenhauer punishes every possible motive It " beside places a register the criminal code as complete is the fact All this due to is of the United States , he condemned the United States , he condemned " , those devils he " condemned those devils he " condemned in dark persons Blondes prefer , or of the pole , they are the pole , they are indigenous my opinion may here I express made to them he is to them he is furious them he is furious and Europe ; for it is ; for a religion it is for a religion it is without any metaphysical tendency it a religion without is " , opposition Schopenhauer expressed , opposition Schopenhauer expressed to what Schopenhauer opposition to expressed

what opposition to he expressed many Schopenhauer's writings influenced , from in 1859 , he was 1859 , he was much the young woman's wit much impressed by was with Ney , he told Ney , Richard Wagner's friend he told , Richard Wagner's friend he told Malwida von Meysenbug Richard Wagner's friend he told Malwida von Meysenbug : ) , an appendix Schopenhauer added , an appendix Schopenhauer added to his chapter Schopenhauer an appendix to added the benefit that pederasty has wrote the statement Schopenhauer the appendix with ends personality Schopenhauer viewed and intellect mental faculties , we are led the view are we to led the view to a real and thorough improvement that led the kind Plato something of had In another context , Schopenhauer reiterated another context , his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer reiterated , his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer reiterated : his eugenic thesis Schopenhauer reiterated : " my Utopia This proposal constitutes and my Platonic Republic of his monistic philosophy , Schopenhauer was his monistic philosophy , Schopenhauer was very desire ; the closest word it is ; it the closest word we is it the closest word we is have the closest word that we have is In 1841 , he praised 1841 , the establishment he praised , the establishment he praised in London he the establishment in praised India Schopenhauer considered as " the solace has It been of the winter of 1813–1814 They during met in Herder Majer a follower of was serious study did not Schopenhauer begin his neighbor This through was of Krause a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher then who was a minor and rather unorthodox philosopher then who was attempted Sanskrit had also Krause mastered the opening He called up of his doctrines Schopenhauer a correspondence between noted suffering is desire by caused is desire by caused ( desire by caused ( taṇhā over the intellect ; desire is the intellect ; desire is prior thought desire prior to is truth , I should have any case , it must be , a pleasure must it be a pleasure must it be to

Schopenhauer's philosophy more than any other Dharmic faith loses more than credence any other Dharmic faith loses than credence any other Dharmic faith loses since any other Dharmic faith credence he since loses credence he since loses did a recent case study are They in included are a recent case study in that included a recent case study in that included traces the Will in Schopenhauer grounded magic and claimed Aleister Crowley's system notably This theory parallels of to Schopenhauer's overarching system , this amounts Schopenhauer's overarching system , this amounts to disenchantment Schopenhauer the theory of rejected In his student years , Schopenhauer went his student years , Schopenhauer went more ; the operas especially Schopenhauer liked the operas especially Schopenhauer liked of As a polyglot , he knew a polyglot , German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he knew , German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he knew , German, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin and ancient Greek he knew , and Bruno Schopenhauer saw and Spinoza Consequently , no place there is , no place there is for God there no place for is Schopenhauer regret Spinoza that expressed regret Spinoza that expressed stuck complete could be it considered Schopenhauer Kant's philosophy the foundation of was Kant , causality can find , application can causality find application can causality find on this reasoning was also by acknowledged was also Schopenhauer by acknowledged Hegel Schopenhauer his most unqualified damning condemnation for reserved ) , a "commonplace, inane Hegel was , a "commonplace, inane Hegel was , a "commonplace, inane Hegel was , loathsome , the preface Schopenhauer in wrote the preface Schopenhauer in wrote to the First World War Schopenhauer the most influential German philosopher until remained a new generation His philosophy a starting point for was the intellectual debate His legacy shaped , and was well physicists by read well physicists by read , physicists by read , most notably Einstein a "continual consolation Einstein Schopenhauer's thoughts as described In his Berlin study three figures hung on his Berlin study the wall three figures on hung

the West " ) he considered ) his study he switching considered his study he switching considered of the rest He the idealistic views during maintained But all Schopenhauer of most is all Schopenhauer of most is famous the earliest and most famous adherents Richard Wagner one of became "the artist's philosopher has been he nicknamed read Schopenhauer's philosophy , Tolstoy exclaimed Schopenhauer's philosophy , Tolstoy exclaimed " an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection It the whole world in is strongly influenced Schopenhauer by were influenced Thomas Mann Schopenhauer by were Thomas Mann Schopenhauer by were , Billy Budd " , he read " , Schopenhauer's essays he read , Schopenhauer's essays he read and Schopenhauer's essays he read and marked " With his truths Schopenhauer gave With his truths me Schopenhauer gave his truths a spiritual world Schopenhauer me gave a spiritual world Schopenhauer me gave and in his career , Ludwig Wittgenstein adopted his career , Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein adopted , Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein adopted , Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism Ludwig Wittgenstein adopted , and Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism some traits , and adopted on , epistemological transcendental idealism Wittgenstein rejected , epistemological transcendental idealism Wittgenstein rejected for Gottlob Frege's conceptual realism Wittgenstein epistemological transcendental idealism for rejected In later years , Wittgenstein became later years , Wittgenstein became highly mathematics , the Dutch mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer incorporated , Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas L. E. J. Brouwer the Dutch mathematician incorporated Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas L. E. J. Brouwer the Dutch mathematician incorporated in the second-largest Lusophone It is (Portuguese-speaking) country in It is Namibia by bordered is Namibia by bordered to the south by Namibia to bordered an exclave province Angola has , the province the 19th century , European settlers gradually began After a protracted anti-colonial struggle , Angola achieved a protracted anti-colonial struggle , independence Angola achieved , independence Angola achieved in 1975 Angola independence in achieved a devastating civil war The country into descended the same year has been MPLA by governed been MPLA by governed ever MPLA by governed ever since

vast mineral and petroleum reserves Angola has , and vast mineral and petroleum reserves its economy , and has João Lourenço of the government has made the United Nations Angola a member of is 2021 , the Angolan population is estimated 32.87 million is the Angolan population at estimated the Portuguese colonial name " The name "Angola from comes The toponym was the Portuguese by derived was the Portuguese by derived from the title by the Portuguese from derived was nomadic Khoi predominantly by populated nomadic Khoi predominantly by populated and neither pastoralists and San peoples The Khoi were They were Bantu peoples by displaced were Bantu peoples by displaced arriving Bantu peoples by displaced arriving from - these of known was the Kingdom of the of these known was other city-states It trade routes with established 1484 Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão the area in reached , relations had the Portuguese established relations had the Portuguese established with Soyo The Portuguese their primary early trading post at established São Paulo de Loanda Paulo Dias de Novais founded ( Luanda several other settlements The Portuguese established , forts and trading posts In the 16th century control Portugal gained the 16th century control Portugal gained of the coast Portugal control of gained European colonists for Life was difficult European colonists progress difficult and was During the Portuguese Restoration War , the Dutch West India Company occupied the Portuguese Restoration War , the principal settlement the Dutch West India Company occupied , the principal settlement the Dutch West India Company occupied of Luanda the Dutch West India Company the principal settlement of occupied of the territory was by completed the territory was 1650 by completed Angola was The slave trade in abolished a more progressive administration appointed Portugal by abolished appointed slavery Portugal by abolished slavery Portugal by abolished altogether By the mid-nineteenth century Portugal had established the mid-nineteenth century its dominion had Portugal established its dominion had Portugal established as Until the late 1880s , Portugal entertained the late 1880s , proposals Portugal entertained , proposals Portugal entertained to proposals Portugal entertained to link

the colony's borders in 1884–1885 The Berlin Conference set colonial law , black Angolans were forbidden root did not The first nationalist movements take During the early 1960s they were joined the early 1960s they were by joined they were other associations by joined were other associations by joined stemming other associations by joined stemming from self-determination an armed conflict which , provoked an armed conflict which , provoked erupted with Zaire , Angolan political exiles were Zaire , Angolan political exiles were able of Mobutu Sese Seko's state employment programme , some found Mobutu Sese Seko's state employment programme , work some found , work some found as middlemen some work as found from 1966 was by spearheaded 1966 was Jonas Savimbi by spearheaded was Jonas Savimbi by spearheaded and Jonas Savimbi by spearheaded and the "National Union for the Total Independence of Angola Luanda north of hills came by the Angolan Communist Party , the organisation's leadership remained the Angolan Communist Party , the organisation's leadership remained predominantly , the strong anti-imperialist views former harboured the strong anti-imperialist views former harboured and strong anti-imperialist views former harboured and was its headquarters The MPLA to move attempted were severely political and military factionalism by hampered severely political and military factionalism by hampered , political and military factionalism by hampered , as and influence the FNLA for competed influence the FNLA for competed in This was the Alvor Agreement by ratified was the Alvor Agreement by ratified later that month the Alvor Agreement by ratified later that month , With tacit American and Zairean support the FNLA began massing tacit American and Zairean support large numbers the FNLA massing began large numbers the FNLA massing began of , control the MPLA securing began control the MPLA securing began of Luanda Sporadic violence out in broke street clashes The fighting with intensified in In August 1975 , the MPLA requested August 1975 , direct assistance the MPLA requested , direct assistance the MPLA requested from the Soviet Union the MPLA direct assistance from requested By independence , there were independence , over a thousand Cuban soldiers there were

, over a thousand Cuban soldiers there were in the country there over a thousand Cuban soldiers in were They were supplied by kept were a massive airbridge supplied by kept a massive airbridge supplied by kept carried The persistent buildup of Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA allowed of Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA allowed to Cuban and Soviet military aid the MPLA allowed to drive its opponents the MPLA to drive allowed Between 1975 and 1991 , an economic and political system the MPLA implemented , an economic and political system the MPLA implemented based an economic and political system the MPLA implemented based on an ambitious programme It on embarked of Under the MPLA , Angola experienced the MPLA , a significant degree Angola experienced , a significant degree Angola experienced of modern industrialisation Angola a significant degree of experienced its third party congress The MPLA its former Marxist ideology at abandoned By May 1991 a peace agreement it reached May 1991 a peace agreement it reached with UNITA it a peace agreement with reached secured a major electoral victory , UNITA objected a major electoral victory , UNITA objected to , the results UNITA to objected the results UNITA to objected of 22 March 2002 , Jonas Savimbi was killed action was Jonas Savimbi in killed a cease-fire and the MPLA UNITA reached its armed wing UNITA up gave and the result Angola a serious humanitarian crisis ; has the worst food crisis in 2016 A drought caused , Cabinda of the Northern Angolan province is Cabinda of the Northern Angolan province is unusual the north Cabinda the Congo Republic to borders to a 1995 census , Cabinda had a 1995 census , an estimated population Cabinda had , an estimated population Cabinda had of 600,000 Cabinda an estimated population of had , its oil which , is its oil which , is has its considerable offshore reserves from Cabinda's petroleum production now accounts Cabinda of the territory has been the virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC ) The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda announced

three branches is The Angolan government of composed the National Assembly of Angola The legislative branch a 220-seat unicameral legislature , comprises 2017 President dos Santos stepped MPLA leadership Santos down from stepped the Dos Santos family , Lourenço subsequently sacked , the chief subsequently Lourenço sacked the chief subsequently Lourenço sacked of allies are Both considered of the broad outlines of 2010 The Constitution establishes Portuguese law is The legal system on based the powers does not a Constitutional Court hold the 18 provinces of Governors are appointed of the 18 provinces are by appointed the 18 provinces are the president by appointed of the civil war , the regime came the civil war , the regime came under , pressure the regime under came pressure the regime under came from indirectly , all other organs the president controls , all other organs the president controls of the state the president all other organs of controls in constitutional law , this government falls constitutional law , this government falls under , the category this government under falls the category this government under falls of ) are a Chief by headed are a Chief by headed of Staff by a Chief of headed three divisions There are — the Army Russian-manufactured fighters Its equipment includes , bombers Brazilian-made EMB-312 Tucanos There also are for Public Order The National Police departments are , Criminal Investigation the process The National Police in are of their criminal investigation are The National Police developing and a modernisation and development plan have The National Police implemented to a court A Supreme Court as serves of the constitutional jurisdiction The Constitutional Court the supreme body of is Portuguese is The legal system on based more than 140 counties There 12 courts in are the candidacies Its first task the validation of was 25 June 2008 , the Constitutional Court was institutionalized the position and its Judicial Counselors assumed institutionalized In 2014 , a new penal code took 2014 , effect a new penal code took , effect a new penal code took in Angola a new penal code effect in took

16 October 2014 , Angola was elected the second time was Angola for elected the International Conference for the Great Lakes Region has been the Republic of Angola chairing the U.S. Department of State by A 2012 report said , forty-eight sub-Saharan African states Angola forty-two of ranked 39 was It ranked out 2019 , homosexual acts were decriminalized Angola were homosexual acts in decriminalized diamonds Angola has , oil recent years has in Angola's economy moved Angola's biggest trade partner and export destination China is as well 2011 Bilateral trade $27.67 billion in reached 2005 The Angolan economy 18% in grew to the global recession , the economy contracted the global recession , an estimated −0.3% the economy contracted , an estimated −0.3% the economy contracted in 2009 the economy an estimated −0.3% in contracted The security the 2002 peace settlement about by brought the 2002 peace settlement about by brought has Angola's financial system is the National Bank of Angola by maintained is the National Bank of Angola by maintained and the National Bank of Angola by maintained and managed in the oil sector , Angola faces the oil sector , huge social and economic problems Angola faces a result These in part are " the middle strata " Secondary beneficiaries are Secondary beneficiaries " the middle strata that are " the middle strata that are are the middle strata that are are about in 2008 the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by found 2008 the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by found that the Angolan Instituto Nacional de Estatística by found that in rural areas that in roughly 58% found In urban areas social inequality is most urban areas social inequality is most evident critical infrastructure has Angola upgraded , children for Mortality rates fell from , the third-largest financial market Angola now is the third-largest financial market Angola now is in , Angola in the Capital Market started almost entirely rising oil production by driven entirely rising oil production by which driven rising oil production by which driven surpassed the oil industry of Control is consolidated Angola from oil production has increased

to a recent Human Rights Watch report , 32 billion US dollars disappeared a recent Human Rights Watch report , 32 billion US dollars disappeared from , government accounts 32 billion US dollars from disappeared government accounts 32 billion US dollars from disappeared in to this market control , the company ends this market control , the company ends up the profit the company up determining ends out quasi-fiscal activities , it invests quasi-fiscal activities , public funds it invests , public funds it invests , public funds it invests , and interest This multifarious work programme conflicts of creates In 2016 , Angola had 2016 , 1.9 global hectares Angola had , 1.9 global hectares Angola had of biocapacity Angola 1.9 global hectares of had In 2016 , Angola used 2016 , 1.01 global hectares Angola used , 1.01 global hectares Angola used of biocapacity Angola 1.01 global hectares of used This about half as much biocapacity they use means about half as much biocapacity they use means as an area and forestry Agriculture is expensive food imports now The country on depends five main ports Angola its port trade in centers In many areas drivers have established many areas alternate tracks have drivers established alternate tracks have drivers established to the restoration has The Angolan government contracted of an optic fiber underwater cable of the building was announced Telecommunications and Information Technology of the First Angolan Forum was held the Baikonur space center was It from launched The satellite was Russia's RSC Energia by built was Russia's RSC Energia by built , Russia's RSC Energia by built , a subsidiary The satellite payload was Airbus Defence & Space by supplied on 27 December , RSC Energia revealed 27 December , RSC Energia revealed that communications contact that they lost revealed data eventually the satellite sending stopped data sending RSC Energia and stopped AngoSat-1 of The launch was aimed Telecommunications , the satellite was aimed AngoSat-2 named A replacement satellite is in of February 2021 , Ango-Sat-2 was February 2021 , Ango-Sat-2 was about 60% 24,383,301 inhabitants Angola a population of has

Ovimbundu (language Umbundu is It of composed a majority combined The Ambundu and Ovimbundu ethnic groups form of host that Angola was estimated those refugees of 11,400 were originally in 1975 , Angola had 1975 , a community Angola had , a community Angola had of approximately 350,000 Portuguese Angola a community of had currently , about 200,000 there are , about 200,000 there are registered about 200,000 there are registered with 258,920 The Chinese population at stands , those in Angola The languages are those by originally spoken are Umbundu The most widely spoken indigenous languages are , Kimbundu the first language that Portuguese is mentions about 1,000 religious communities There are , mostly Christian 80,000–90,000 the U.S. Department of State the Muslim population at estimates migrants Muslims largely of consist high incidence rates in this country Many regions have ) other diseases by carried are insects other diseases carried by are the highest infant mortality rates Angola one of has ) was presidential decree by created was presidential decree by created , presidential decree by created , and this new centre of The purpose is to In 2014 , Angola launched 2014 , a national campaign Angola launched , a national campaign Angola launched of vaccination Angola a national campaign of launched the Strategic Plan The measure part of is for eight years , the government reports eight years , the government reports that pupils that a percentage of reports In 1999 , the gross primary enrollment rate was 1999 , 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate was , 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate was and 74 per cent the gross primary enrollment rate was and in significant disparities There to be continue of children ages 7 to 14 years were attending children school were ages 7 to 14 years attending boys that higher percentages of reported 2005 The Ministry of Education 20,000 new teachers in recruited payment may reportedly Some teachers demand , 2011 in the adult literacy rate was 70.4% in 2011 the adult literacy rate was 2015 , this had increased

71.1% had this to increased In September 2014 , the Angolan Ministry of Education announced September 2014 , an investment the Angolan Ministry of Education announced , an investment the Angolan Ministry of Education announced of 16 million Euros the Angolan Ministry of Education an investment of announced In 2010 , the Angolan government started 2010 , the Angolan government started building , the Angolan Media Libraries Network the Angolan government building started the Angolan Media Libraries Network the Angolan government building started , a bibliographic archive Each site has , multimedia resources one media library The plan the establishment of envisages the implementation also The project includes of this urban culture , Portuguese heritage has become music African roots evident in are In 2014 , Angola resumed 2014 , the National Festival of Angolan Culture Angola resumed , the National Festival of Angolan Culture Angola resumed after a 25-year break Angola the National Festival of Angolan Culture after resumed Angola Basketball the second most popular sport in is the AfroBasket 11 has Its national team won times in Africa , it is Africa , a regular competitor it is , a regular competitor it is at the Summer Olympic Games it a regular competitor at is In football , Angola hosted football , the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations Angola hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup The Angola national football team for qualified , one defeat were They after eliminated the World Women's Handball Championship has Angola in participated Ethnically , three main groups there are , three main groups there are , there three main groups each , are three main groups each , are speaking the closely interrelated Chokwe Other numerically important groups include and Lunda until 1975 , Angola possesses 1975 , a Portuguese population Angola possesses , a Portuguese population Angola possesses of over 200,000 Angola a Portuguese population of possesses white , mixed race 1 million Angolans are , mixed race 1 million Angolans are ( mixed race 1 million Angolans are ( black In 1974 , white Angolans made 1974 , white Angolans made up

, a population white Angolans up made a population white Angolans up made of Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder on these numbers The only reliable source is the overall population on Estimates are given the 2000s , many Chinese have settled Angola that the Chinese community in claim In 1974/75 , over 25,000 Cuban soldiers arrived 1974/75 , over 25,000 Cuban soldiers arrived in , Angola over 25,000 Cuban soldiers in arrived Angola over 25,000 Cuban soldiers in arrived to a massive development cooperation this over , was Catholicism The largest religious denomination is , to Catholicism which , to is traditional forms Roughly 26% followers of are 221 people out of one were vital events of Registration is in 3.52% is The population by growing 44.2 births There are and 9.2 deaths 1,000 citizens The net migration rate 0.2 migrants per is 6.16 children of Angola The fertility rate is every 1,000 live births The infant mortality rate 67.6 deaths for is contracting disease of The risk is very other African countries Only 0.1% Muslims - generally immigrants from are Angola Portuguese the official language of is three branches is ce="preserve">The Angolan government of composed , Angola of the politics takes place of Angola the politics takes Executive power is the government by exercised a one-party Marxist-Leninist system Angola from changed ruled a one-party Marxist-Leninist system from by ruled changed the parliamentary elections The MPLA an absolute majority in won In the presidential elections , President José Eduardo dos the presidential elections , President José Eduardo Santos dos President José Eduardo the first round election Santos won dos the first round election Santos won dos with his functions Santos to exercise continued 1992 the constitution of by functioned the government of The executive branch was composed the 18 provinces of Governors were appointed of the 18 provinces were by appointed the 18 provinces were by appointed and government structure The Constitutional Law of 1992 the broad outlines of established Portuguese was The legal system on based only 12 Courts in operated of any government support largely The ongoing grave economic situation prevents for

a variety is also The President provided 1997 in The general elections were rescheduled 82% The ruling party MPLA won ( 191 seats the Supreme Court of judges are appointed of the Supreme Court are by appointed the Supreme Court are the president by appointed Angola remains heavily by influenced remains heavily the effects by influenced heavily the effects by influenced of four decades by the effects of influenced ended , the repair government policy prioritized , the repair government policy prioritized and the repair government policy prioritized and improvement During the first decade of the 21st century , Angola's economy was the first decade of the 21st century , one Angola's economy was , one Angola's economy was of one Angola's economy was of the the economy Corruption rife throughout is has been the production by dominated been the production by dominated of raw materials by the production of dominated across the Atlantic ; Luanda became the Atlantic ; the greatest slaving port Luanda became ; the greatest slaving port Luanda became in Africa Luanda the greatest slaving port in became in 1858 , it began 1858 , it began using , concessional agreements it using began concessional agreements it using began , In Mozambique , this policy spawned Mozambique , a number this policy spawned , a number this policy spawned of companies this policy a number of spawned in Angola , only Diamang showed Angola , even moderate success only Diamang showed At the same time , Portuguese began the same time , Portuguese began emigrating Angola Portuguese emigrating to began , and the principal exports salt fish joined and the principal exports salt fish joined , the principal exports salt fish joined , with the principal exports small quantities , with joined foodstuffs The principal imports were , cotton goods foreign traders against Legislation was implemented World War II , the Portuguese government was concerned the mid-1920s It no roads until built , Angola only 35,000 Portuguese emigrants in settled Angola only 35,000 Portuguese emigrants in settled , the rural areas , Portuguese settlers often found and raw materials for the parallel requirements led

Portugal for raw materials the parallel requirements led In the 1930s , Portugal started the 1930s , Portugal started to closer trade ties Portugal to develop started after the war , the Portuguese government began the war , the Portuguese government began to some profits the Portuguese government to reinvest began the 1950s , Portugal built dams addition , Portuguese citizens were encouraged Finally , mining operations the Portuguese initiated , mining operations the Portuguese initiated for iron ore the Portuguese mining operations for initiated complete disarray The economy in was in which had been by abandoned had been their owners by abandoned been their owners by abandoned ) the white settlers of Many had come , Angolan lands had these settlers appropriated Angolan lands had these settlers appropriated , , trade Angola's industries on depended trade Angola's industries on depended with investment Only the petroleum and diamond industries a wider clientele for boasted Angolans had not the Portuguese trained As a result , the government intervened a result , the government intervened , most businesses the government , nationalizing intervened state farms It established to continue US$1.5 billion overseeing implementation and MONUA United Nations Angola Verification Mission III spent In October 1997 travel sanctions the UN imposed October 1997 travel sanctions the UN imposed on UNITA leaders the UN travel sanctions on imposed between 1986 and 1991 , US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA made , US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA made , US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds UNITA made , primarily At the same time large amounts the Angolan government received the same time large amounts the Angolan government received of weapons the Angolan government large amounts of received in late 1998 , the economy grew late 1998 , the economy grew by , an estimated 4% the economy by grew an estimated 4% the economy by grew in 1998 was An economic reform effort in launched 174 nations Angola 160 of ranked In April 2000 an International Monetary Fund Angola started April 2000 an International Monetary Fund Angola started (

an International Monetary Fund Angola started ( IMF) Staff-Monitored Program June 2001 , but the IMF remains Angola of the Government has succeeded 3.8 million people internally The civil war displaced , diamonds Angola over of produced In 2004 , China's Eximbank approved 2004 , a $2 billion line China's Eximbank approved , a $2 billion line China's Eximbank approved of credit China's Eximbank a $2 billion line of approved 2005 The economy 18% in grew advantage is The construction industry taking of Block 14 ChevronTexaco pumping from started January 1, 2007 Angola the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries on joined , capita per output is capita per output is among 85% Subsistence agriculture the main livelihood for provides almost entirely rising oil production by driven entirely rising oil production by which driven rising oil production by which driven surpassed the oil industry of Control is consolidated of the colonial period , Angola was the colonial period , a major African food exporter Angola was , a major African food exporter Angola was but a major African food exporter Angola was but now imports almost half oil production Expanding now is the revenue Diamonds much of provided 1980–2017 The following table the main economic indicators in shows 2004 in Exports reached US$ Angola's oil of Nearly all goes to In the first quarter of 2008 , Angola became the first quarter of 2008 , the main exporter Angola became , the main exporter Angola became of oil Angola the main exporter of became its petroleum exports of The rest go to more than half the investment U.S. companies for account in more petroleum Angola and exports produces In January 2007 a member Angola became January 2007 a member Angola became of OPEC Angola a member of became Angola's crude oil production Block Zero the majority of provides Takula in Block Zero The largest fields are Block Zero Chevron in operates with the United States Angola the third-largest trading partner of is its oil The U.S. 7% of imports diamonds Angola the third largest producer of is 30% Production by rose in

$375 million The Angolan government loses annually from In 2003 , the government began 2003 , Operation Brilliant the government began , Operation Brilliant the government began , Operation Brilliant the government began , an anti-smuggling investigation Operation Brilliant that , an anti-smuggling investigation began foreign countries Marques on called to In December 2014 , the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued December 2014 , a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued , a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued or a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued or Forced Labor Under Portuguese rule , Angola began Portuguese rule , mining iron Angola began , mining iron Angola began in 1957 Angola mining iron in began , Portuguese Angola's iron exports of 70% went Portuguese Angola's iron exports of 70% went to these three lines of Reconstruction began in 2005 in they and began International and domestic services are TAAG Angola Airlines by maintained are TAAG Angola Airlines by maintained , TAAG Angola Airlines by maintained , Aeroflot ) or the military FAA is or the military FAA is of Angola FAA the military of is the Armed Forces The FAA the General Staff of include 2013 total manpower in Reported was the previous People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola The FAA to succeeded (FAPLA , both armies from troops were both armies from troops were to 9 October 1991 were The Angolan Armed Forces on created the FAA of The institutionalization was made six military regions is It in organized by the six military regions / infantry divisions , there are the six military regions / infantry divisions , 25 motorized infantry brigades there are , 25 motorized infantry brigades there are , 25 motorized infantry brigades there are , one tank brigade an artillery regiment also The Army includes , six aviation regiments is It in organized total about 8,000 ; its equipment includes about 8,000 ; transport aircraft its equipment includes ; transport aircraft its equipment includes and

transport aircraft its equipment includes and six Russian-manufactured Sukhoi Su-27 fighter aircraft the naval component " ) Marinha de Guerra de Angola is two naval zones is It in organized a Marines Brigade It includes and a Marines School to the present the Angolan Navy has shrunk the present the Angolan Navy has shrunk from around 4,200 personnel has the Angolan Navy from shrunk Angola's 1 600 km long coastline , the Angolan Navy is undergoing , modernisation is the Angolan Navy undergoing modernisation is the Angolan Navy undergoing but training has been Portugal providing However new boats the navy acquired from Spain the navy new boats from acquired In September 2014 it was reported September 2014 it was reported that special forces The FAA several types of include part and the Special forces The Commandos are commandos The BRIFE two battalions of includes the Special Actions Group also The BRIFE included (GAE a specialized paratrooper unit do not the FAA have 600,000 members It had , having villages both armed and unarmed units dispersed in had the military health system ; It also promotes ; post-graduate education also It promotes post-graduate education also It promotes and Currently , 39 special medical specialties the Main Military Hospital serves the hierarchy The Supreme Military Court the highest organ of is of the Supreme Military Court are by appointed the Supreme Military Court are the President by appointed are the President by appointed of the Republic by the President of appointed all three branches The FAA Portuguese-style military bands in maintains on 15 August 1998 , the National Air Force created 15 August 1998 , a music band the National Air Force created , a music band the National Air Force created within an artistic brigade the National Air Force a music band within created UNITA was The FAPLA's main counterinsurgency effort against directed its external assistance mission first The FAPLA performed with During the next several years , Angolan forces conducted the next several years , joint exercises Angolan forces conducted , joint exercises Angolan forces conducted with their counterparts Angolan forces joint exercises with conducted

FAA personnel of A small number are stationed 1975 to 1989 , Angola was aligned the Eastern bloc was Angola with aligned In 1993 , it established 1993 , formal diplomatic relations it established , formal diplomatic relations it established with the United States it formal diplomatic relations with established the Southern African Development Community has It entered as Angola and Namibia Zimbabwe joined , those efforts has it extended those efforts has it extended to the same time , Angola has promoted , the revival has Angola promoted the revival has Angola promoted of Robert E. Lee , he was killed the highest-ranking Confederate officer Johnston was killed during Davis General Johnston the loss of believed General Johnston the loss of believed " Washington was Johnston in born Salisbury His father a native of was in Kentucky , he lived Kentucky , much he lived , much he lived of his life he much of lived the United States Military Academy were Both to appointed posts was Johnston to assigned In 1829 , he married 1829 , Henrietta Preston he married , Henrietta Preston he married , Henrietta Preston he married , sister one son They had , William Preston Johnston from 1838 to 1840 , Johnston resigned 1838 to 1840 , Johnston resigned and In 1843 , he married 1843 , Eliza Griffin he married , Eliza Griffin he married , Eliza Griffin he married , his late wife's first cousin Texas The couple to moved , "China Grove Johnston the property named " Here Johnston's two children they raised from his first marriage they Johnston's two children from raised In 1836 , Johnston moved 1836 , Johnston moved to , Texas Johnston to moved a private He as enlisted in Adjutant General was He named as On February 5, 1837 , he fought February 5, 1837 , he fought in , a duel he in fought a duel he in fought with the defense He for provided of Johnston's volunteers of The enlistments ran out a few volunteers Johnston convinced to stay his plantation He on remained after

that role He in served for In 1855, 14th him president Franklin Pierce appointed 1855, 14th colonel president Franklin Pierce him appointed colonel president Franklin Pierce him appointed of in the Utah War , Johnston took the Utah War , command Johnston took , command Johnston took of the U.S forces Johnston command of took late June 1858 and in Johnston reached brigadier general He a brevet promotion to received slavery Johnston a proponent of was In 1846 , he owned 1846 , a family he owned , a family he owned of four slaves he a family of owned from the army payroll , Johnston refused the army payroll , Johnston refused to In 1856 , he called 1856 , abolitionism he called , "fanatical, idolotrous, negro worshipping he abolitionism called "fanatical, idolotrous, negro worshipping he abolitionism called " to California , Johnston sold California , one slave Johnston sold , one slave Johnston sold to his son Johnston one slave to sold the Civil War Ran Johnston throughout accompanied of the American Civil War , Johnston was the American Civil War , the commander Johnston was , the commander Johnston was of the U.S. Army Department Johnston the commander of was the South , he was opposed secession was he to opposed But his commission he resigned soon his commission he resigned soon after his commission he soon after resigned It was the War Department by accepted was the War Department by accepted on May 6, 1861 by the War Department on accepted On April 28 he moved to April 28 Los Angeles he to moved Los Angeles he to moved , May Johnston there until remained , the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles Johnston in enlisted the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles Johnston in enlisted as their trek He in participated across in the Civil War , Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided the Civil War , Confederate President Jefferson Davis decided that before the Confederacy's capital Johnston in arrived the Confederacy's capital Johnston in arrived of Union Brig and Pillow's action Polk gave September 10, 1861 , Johnston was assigned

the Confederacy's western armies He commander of became had been the Confederate Senate by confirmed been the Confederate Senate by confirmed on August 31, 1861 by the Confederate Senate on confirmed his appointment , Johnston immediately headed his new territory immediately Johnston for headed On September 13, 1861 , Johnston ordered September 13, 1861 , Brig Johnston ordered By September 18 , Johnston had September 18 , Brig Johnston had Kentucky fewer than 40,000 men spread throughout had Of these , 10,000 were these , 10,000 were in , Missouri 10,000 in were Missouri 10,000 in were under quickly many recruits he when gain many recruits he when gain first in the East , they gave the East , Johnston they gave , small numbers they Johnston gave small numbers they Johnston gave of his defense Johnston maintained by conducting Kentucky in he that Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman Johnston's forces Sherman overestimated , and was the Confederacy for by held two unimpressive brigadier generals for the Confederacy by held in Richmond , Zollicoffer moved Richmond , his forces Zollicoffer moved , his forces Zollicoffer moved to the north bank Zollicoffer his forces to moved against the Confederates , Crittenden decided the Confederates , Crittenden decided to one Crittenden to attack decided at the Mill Springs , Davis sent the Mill Springs , Johnston Davis sent , a brigade Davis Johnston sent a brigade Davis Johnston sent and Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard also He him assigned Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard him who , assigned The brigade was Brig by led Fort Donelson He command at took Historians Beauregard the assignment of believe Beauregard the assignment of believe to men initially had Tennessee sent Tennessee were Both forts in located the Tennessee River on Fort Henry was in the forts Maj. Gen. Polk the problems of ignored asserted his authority , Polk had his authority , Polk had to Major Alexander P. Stewart Johnston wanted to command join a partisan group , Johnston ordered a partisan group , him Johnston ordered , him Johnston ordered to him Johnston ordered to send