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, him also they brought gifts also they him brought Delphi , Python had attacked , her had Python attacked his mother Apollo defended and killed of Pytho , Earth gave Pytho , birth Earth gave , birth Earth gave to dream visions Earth birth to gave Olympus The lord his swift way to made divination that all other methods of demanded , a blood murder had Apollo committed a blood murder had Apollo committed and of Gaia , Gaia wanted Gaia , Gaia Apollo wanted per his father's order , he travelled his father's order , he travelled to , the Vale he to travelled the Vale he to travelled of There purificatory rites himself Zeus performed purificatory rites himself Zeus performed on Apollo was his half sister by escorted was his half sister by escorted Athena his half sister by escorted Athena to the Pythian games later Apollo established to after , Apollo Zeus instructed , Apollo Zeus instructed to Apollo Zeus instructed to go after his return , Apollo needed his return , Apollo needed to people Apollo to recruit needed from Crete , he sprang Crete , he sprang aboard the form he aboard in sprang submission was The crew into awed There himself Apollo revealed as a god Apollo himself as revealed to his service , he instructed his service , them he instructed , them he instructed to them he instructed to keep Apollo's high priestess The Pythia was and his mouthpiece another giant once again Hera sent again another giant Tityos , sent another giant Tityos , sent to This time him Apollo shot time him Apollo shot with his arrows Apollo him with shot other version , Artemis also aided , him also Artemis aided him also Artemis aided in After the battle Zeus finally relented the battle his aid finally Zeus relented his aid finally Zeus relented and Pherae Admetus the king of was killing Python , he served Python , he served as , a herdsman he as served a herdsman he as served under Apollo well , the god conferred

well , great benefits the god conferred , great benefits the god conferred on him the god great benefits on conferred Apollo the hand Admetus win helped the hand Admetus win helped of their wedding He present during was her the due offerings , Apollo came the due offerings , Apollo came to , the rescue Apollo to came the rescue Apollo to came and , revenge in Apollo killed the Cyclopes in revenge Apollo killed revenge the Cyclopes who , killed the Cyclopes who , killed had Niobe of The fate was prophesied of Niobe was by prophesied Niobe was Apollo by prophesied was Apollo by prophesied while Apollo by he while prophesied Thebes Niobe the queen of was She hubris she when displayed hubris she when displayed boasted Apollo's effeminate appearance further She mocked and insulted this by , told her children this , by told Accordingly , Niobe's sons Apollo killed , Niobe's sons Apollo killed , Niobe's sons Apollo killed , and Mount Sipylos A devastated Niobe to fled in had children , Apollo granted children , her son Apollo granted , her son Apollo granted Nestor her son Apollo granted Nestor the years her son he Nestor the years granted Laomedon Apollo the cattle of guarded In Pindar's odes , the gods took Pindar's odes , the gods took a , mortal the gods a took mortal the gods a took named , the wall three snakes against rushed the wall three snakes against rushed , the insults , the city Apollo infected , the city Apollo infected with a pestilence Apollo the city with infected in Troy , Apollo had Troy , a lover Apollo had , a lover Apollo had named Ourea Apollo a lover named had the war , the Greek king Agamemnon captured , Chryseis Agamemnon the Greek king captured Chryseis Agamemnon the Greek king captured , by this , Apollo shot this , arrows Apollo shot , arrows Apollo shot infected arrows Apollo shot infected with from Zeus , Apollo entered Zeus , the battlefield Apollo entered , the battlefield Apollo entered as

the battlefield Apollo entered as per the Greeks He pushed back and the war , Apollo was provoked Apollo was Poseidon by provoked was Poseidon by provoked to a duel by Poseidon to provoked injured the Trojan hero Aeneas , Aphrodite tried the Trojan hero Aeneas , Aphrodite tried to him Aphrodite to rescue tried Aeneas then Apollo enveloped in He the attacks Diomedes repelled made the attacks Diomedes repelled made on of Zeus , Apollo rescued Zeus , the corpse Apollo rescued , the corpse Apollo rescued from the battlefield Apollo the corpse from rescued it then He gave to Hecuba ) was by favored ) was Apollo by favored injured , him Apollo healed , him Apollo healed and him Apollo healed and encouraged lose , Hector Apollo hid , Hector Apollo hid in a cloud Apollo Hector in hid Troy , he was stopped he was Apollo by stopped attack Patroclus , Apollo stripped Patroclus , the armour Apollo stripped , the armour Apollo stripped of the Greek warrior Apollo the armour of stripped was eventually Hector by killed Achilles Apollo a grudge against held Achilles , he also tricked , Achilles also he tricked Achilles also he tricked by Finally , Achilles' death Apollo caused , Achilles' death Apollo caused by Achilles' death Apollo caused by guiding many Trojan warriors Apollo helped , including killed his family , he sought his family , he sought to himself he to purify sought his sin be Alcides of absolved complete his third task , Heracles had his third task , Heracles had to the Ceryneian Hind Heracles to capture had one year , the animal eventually got he was Apollo by confronted was Apollo by confronted and Apollo by confronted and Artemis However , the goddess Heracles soothed , the goddess Heracles soothed and the goddess Heracles soothed and explained to Eurystheus , Heracles fell Eurystheus , Heracles fell in , conflict Heracles in fell conflict Heracles in fell with after , a terrible disease he contracted Apollo He the oracle of consulted In anger , Heracles snatched anger , the sacred tripod Heracles snatched

, the sacred tripod Heracles snatched and the sacred tripod Heracles snatched and started this did not Apollo tolerate Apollo Artemis to support rushed Soon , his thunderbolt Zeus threw , his thunderbolt Zeus threw between the fighting brothers Zeus his thunderbolt between threw this act He Heracles for reprimanded an Attican king Periphas was and a priest At one point , they worshipped one point , Periphas they worshipped , Periphas they worshipped in place they Periphas in worshipped his father Apollo and requested intervened Apollo's words Zeus considered and agreed But Periphas he metamorphosed into an eagle he Periphas into metamorphosed A long time ago , three kinds there were , three kinds there were of human beings there three kinds of were check their insolence , Zeus devised their insolence , a plan Zeus devised , a plan Zeus devised to a plan Zeus devised to humble them He cut all in towards their wounds , he pulled their wounds , he pulled together , their skin he together pulled their skin he together pulled at This what we is call navel what we call is the wrinkles He smoothened and shaped after another , he bade another , he Apollo bade he the face Apollo give bade the face Apollo give bade and Apollo "Kourotrophos " the god who is " the god who is nurtures the god who is nurtures and their education He oversees and their passage Many myths have his children him train , was Apollo by fostered was Apollo by fostered , Apollo by who , fostered much knowledge in his childhood Asclepius gained Rhoeo , was by abandoned , was his mother by abandoned was his mother by abandoned soon his mother by abandoned soon after him Apollo brought up and Apollo Iamus the son of was into labour , Apollo sent labour , the Moirai Apollo sent , the Moirai Apollo sent to the Moirai Apollo sent to assist born , snakes Apollo sent , snakes Apollo sent to snakes Apollo sent to feed Idmon was Apollo by educated was Apollo by educated to

Apollo by educated to be with the Argonauts , he embraced the Argonauts , his destiny he embraced , his destiny he embraced and his destiny he embraced and died Carnus Apollo adopted , the abandoned son a shepherd boy Apollo saved ( name after his birth , Apollo demanded his birth , a lyre Apollo demanded , a lyre Apollo demanded and a lyre Apollo demanded and invented As the divine singer , he is the divine singer , the patron he is , the patron he is of poets he the patron of is string music of The invention is attributed humans that the innate ability of said to Socrates , ancient Greeks believed Socrates , ancient Greeks believed that the god that Apollo is believed this reason , he was called , "Homopolon was he called "Homopolon was he called " "Homopolon the "Homo " before called their pain Apollo's harmonious music people from delivered Apollo's sacred birds They are and acted the soul that the music purifies was the companion Apollo as appears of dance he them in leads Parnassus They their time on spend of banquets , he was banquets , he was always the Bacchanalia He a frequent guest of is musical contests also Apollo in participated lyre of The invention is attributed In the cave , he found the cave , a tortoise he found , a tortoise he found and a tortoise he found and killed discovering the theft , Apollo confronted the theft , Hermes Apollo confronted , Hermes Apollo confronted and Hermes Apollo confronted and asked innocent , the matter Apollo took , the matter Apollo took to Zeus Apollo the matter to took love Apollo in fell with other versions , Apollo had invented , the lyre had Apollo invented the lyre had Apollo invented himself Once the audacity Pan had to the audacity Pan had to compare umpire was The mountain-god Tmolus to chosen his pipes Pan on blew , Then , the strings Apollo struck , the strings Apollo struck of his lyre Apollo the strings of struck

the justice Only Midas and questioned dissented Marsyas a satyr who was was a satyr who was was punished an aulos had He found on a curse had also Athena placed played the flute , everyone became the flute , everyone became frenzied joy everyone frenzied with became Marsyas This led to think The contest was the Muses by judged was the Muses by judged , the Muses by judged , or Apollo Marsyas taunted for " bright , oracles his tongue gives , oracles his tongue gives , oracles his tongue gives , and oracles he , and gives flashes gold , gleams white gold , gleams white with , ivory gleams with white ivory gleams with white , , naught save luxury all these allurements with suit equal both were they deemed both were equal by deemed were the Nysiads equal by deemed in the next round , Apollo decided the next round , Apollo decided to this Marsyas against argued , his lyre then Apollo played and this could not Marsyas do to another account , Marsyas played another account , his flute Marsyas played , his flute Marsyas played out his flute Marsyas played out of of shame , he assigned shame , he assigned to , himself he to assigned the punishment he to himself assigned his instrument that Apollo played is this could not Marsyas do the Muses the judges were who declared who were the judges Apollo declared were the judges Apollo declared the the judges Apollo declared the winner Marsyas Apollo the limbs of flayed the rest then He gave of done , the strings he tore , the strings he tore of his lyre he the strings of tore was later the Muses by discovered later the Muses by discovered and the Muses by discovered and Apollo's sons the middle string The Muses fixed , Linus Cyprus Cinyras a ruler of was Agamemnon Cinyras to assist promised Apollo He invoked and asked a lyre-playing contest then Apollo had with faced a terrible storm , Jason prayed a terrible storm , Jason prayed to

, his patron Jason to prayed his patron Jason to prayed , his bow Apollo used and golden arrow During the Trojan War , Odysseus came the Trojan War , Odysseus came to , the Trojan camp Odysseus to came the Trojan camp Odysseus to came to Arion a poet who was was a poet who was was kidnapped them Arion requested to let them him to let requested a song Arion singing began in the entire Trojan War Apollo a pivotal role in played the Trojans He with sided , the Greek heroes Patroclus He killed , Achilles many Trojan heroes also He helped , the Brygoi A war out between broke the hero Athena helped Odysseus while the hero Ares Odysseus while helped among the gods , Dionysus declared the gods , war Dionysus declared , war Dionysus declared against the Indians Dionysus war against declared Among the warriors Aristaeus was , the warriors Aristaeus was , Apollo's son his own hands Apollo his son with armed join the war , he went the war , he went to , the battlefield he to went in a river , he took a river , them he took , them he took to safety he them to took between the sons of Oedipus, Apollo favored the sons of Amphiaraus Oedipus, Apollo favored of Amphiaraus Oedipus, Apollo favored , Amphiaraus Oedipus, Apollo favored , a seer in the war , Apollo made the war , Apollo made Amphiaraus' by a spear , Apollo directed a spear , the spear Apollo directed , the spear Apollo directed towards the charioteer Apollo the spear towards directed Then the charioteer himself Apollo replaced the charioteer himself Apollo replaced and many spears He deflected and arrows many also He killed of the giant Ephialtes and Heracles Apollo blinded namely Otis and Ephialtes , twin giants who were , twin giants who were decided twin giants who were decided to Mt. Olympus They to storm attempted by this , Apollo killed this , them Apollo killed , them Apollo killed by them Apollo killed by shooting

Phlegyas Phorbas a savage giant king of was Phlegyas a savage giant king of who was Delphi He to plunder wished Delphi He the roads to seized the old people He captured and children And the young and sturdy men he challenged to a match he the young and sturdy men to challenged an oak tree He the chopped off heads to hung an end Apollo to put came In the first Olympic games , Apollo defeated the first Olympic games , Ares Apollo defeated , Ares Apollo defeated and Ares Apollo defeated and became summer Apollo months into divides the back He on rides of the sisters and Parthenos Molpadia were charge were they in put the wine jar was the swines by broken was the swines by their family broken the swines by their family broken kept happened , themselves they threw , themselves they threw off a cliff they themselves off threw goddesses He them into turned Prometheus the titan who was was the titan who was was punished a rock was He to bound Seeing his plight , Apollo pleaded his plight , Zeus Apollo pleaded , Zeus Apollo pleaded to Zeus Apollo pleaded to release the sanctuary It present in was love Aphrodite deeply in fell the rock Aphrodite looking for wandered in Argos , she confided Argos , she confided in , him she in confided her love she in him confided her then Apollo brought to Nireus that a man named relates , the net he into fell the net he into fell of the Leukadians It an ancestral custom among was Apollo ascribed to Love affairs are Daphne a nymph who was scorned Apollo's advances a nymph who scorned was persuade her , she changed her , herself she changed , herself she changed into a laurel tree she herself into changed to other versions , she cried other versions , she cried for , help she for cried help she for cried during Roman poet Ovid , the chase was brought was Cupid about by brought Cupid about by brought , the laurel The myth the origin of explains

Cyrene whom a Thessalian princess Apollo was whom a Thessalian princess Apollo was loved In her honor , he built her honor , the city he built , the city he built Cyrene the city he built Cyrene and longevity was later She granted was later longevity by granted later Apollo longevity by granted Apollo longevity by who granted Poseidon Evadne a nymph daughter of was a son She him bore , of Naxos was by loved Naxos was Apollo by loved for her , Apollo turned her , her sisters Apollo turned , her sisters Apollo turned into goddesses Apollo her sisters into turned On the island Delos she bore the island Delos Apollo she bore Delos Apollo she bore a son Apollo she bore a son named have the child , she entrusted the child , the infant she entrusted , to she the infant entrusted Apollo she the infant to entrusted the day both They on united both the day on the walls united the day on the walls united of Apollo She to bore a son the moonbeams , was by loved , was the radiant Apollo by loved was the radiant Apollo by loved , the radiant Apollo by loved , and By their union , she became their union , mother she became , mother she became of Chaeron she mother of became the mother or Thyrie Hyrie was King Priam Hecuba the wife of was Achilleus and killed by ambushed Phlegyas Coronis daughter of was with love Asclepius, Coronis in fell love Asclepius, Coronis in fell with through his prophetic powers , he sent his prophetic powers , his sister he sent , his sister he sent , his sister he sent , Artemis Dryops , was by impregnated , was Apollo by impregnated was Apollo by impregnated in the form by Apollo in impregnated " , Ion by Creusa Apollo fathered , Ion by Creusa Apollo fathered , Ion by Creusa Apollo fathered , wife his powers He used to conceal the discus was The pair throwing practicing the discus throwing a discus when practicing

of Hyacinthus' blood , Apollo created Hyacinthus' blood , a flower Apollo created , a flower Apollo created named a flower Apollo created named after Cyparissus Another male lover was , a descendant a tame deer Apollo him gave as was so its death by saddened so its death by saddened that its death by he that saddened nine years , Admetus Apollo served , Admetus Apollo served as a herdsman Apollo Admetus as served their relationship was first by described was first Callimachus of Alexandria by described first Callimachus of Alexandria by described , Callimachus of Alexandria by who , described one Plutarch Admetus as lists his Ars Amatoria Ovid in Latin poet said the king Tibullus Apollo's love to desrcibes cheese would also He make marry princess Alcestis , Apollo provided princess Alcestis , a chariot Apollo provided , a chariot Apollo provided pulled Apollo a chariot by pulled provided a lion a chariot pulled by provided he his daughter Admetus marry let , Apollo one day across came Apollo one day across came in by the god's beauty , he kissed the god's beauty , Apollo he kissed his affections Apollo requited and wanting many children Apollo sired , from new cities of his sons Many founded Apollo Asclepius the most famous son of is that as a physician His skills surpassed the care was Aristaeus under placed beekeeping He the god of became immortality was ultimately He given the benefits immortality for he given 3 daughters Apollo fathered , Apollonis Nete were They nicknamed , a son also He had named Chrysorrhoas a son named who had Eurynome His other daughters include , Chariclo wife , educated Chiron Apollo and fostered educated Chiron Apollo and fostered , Marpessa was Idas by kidnapped was Idas by kidnapped but Idas by kidnapped but was , was the amorous Apollo by approached Bolina was Apollo by admired was Apollo by admired but Apollo by she but admired Castalia whom a nymph Apollo was whom a nymph Apollo was loved him She from fled and a daughter , Cassandra was of

her Apollo to court wished one condition - he should give - her should he give the power should he her give her wish Apollo fulfilled , but her wish she , but fulfilled , a female divinity as she represented the same idea as a female divinity she represented a female divinity that the same idea Apollo represented that the same idea Apollo represented did the pre-Hellenic period , their relationship was described the one was their relationship as described sudden deaths She the cause of is the protector also She is of , the female chorus sometimes she led the female chorus sometimes she led on " a temple " Apollo Daphnephoros had a temple " Apollo Daphnephoros had in cousins both They are , cousins their mothers , since are the masculine form " , "Hecatos is , the prophetic powers Hecate over presided the prophetic powers Hecate over presided and Hecate's worship found for The oldest evidence is the male counterpart was Apollo being seen Zeus' favorite children , they were given , more powers were they given more powers were they given and companions and Athena Apollo were Zeus' executive , Apollo is seen Apollo is the aegis holding seen is the aegis holding seen like Athena holding the aegis like seen In Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy , Clytemnestra kills Aeschylus' "Oresteia" trilogy , her husband Clytemnestra kills , her husband Clytemnestra kills , her husband Clytemnestra kills , King Agamemnon the Oracle Apollo an order through gives marriage that the bond of holds his temple They invade , and his temple he , and invade Orestes Apollo to protect promises Apollo of The Roman worship was adopted As a quintessentially Greek god , Apollo had a quintessentially Greek god , no direct Roman equivalent Apollo had , no direct Roman equivalent Apollo had , no direct Roman equivalent Apollo had , although no direct Roman equivalent later Roman poets , although had Rome at Apollo's first temple was established of Apollo , Augustus enlarged Apollo , Apollo's temple Augustus enlarged , Apollo's temple Augustus enlarged ,

Apollo's temple Augustus enlarged , dedicated a new temple also He erected to the bow Apollo's most common attributes were and arrow the kithara of his Other attributes included the sacrificial tripod Another common emblem was , representing Apollo's honor were The Pythian Games in held a hawk that Apollo had wrote In many myths Apollo is transformed many myths Apollo is transformed into a hawk is Apollo into transformed In addition , Claudius Aelianus wrote addition , Claudius Aelianus wrote that the moon that the second appearance of wrote of colonization , Apollo gave colonization , oracular guidance Apollo gave , oracular guidance Apollo gave on colonies Apollo oracular guidance on gave to Greek tradition , he helped Greek tradition , he Cretan or Arcadian colonists helped he the city Cretan or Arcadian colonists found helped the city Cretan or Arcadian colonists found helped of had the reverse direction : Hittite cuneiform texts mention the reverse direction : Hittite cuneiform texts an Asia Minor god mention Hittite cuneiform texts "Appaliunas an Asia Minor god called mention "Appaliunas an Asia Minor god called mention " — those characteristics with contrasted those characteristics with contrasted of complementary : brothers the two gods are : brothers the two gods are , brothers the two gods are , and Greek and Roman art Apollo a common theme in is a statue for The earliest Greek word is " Apollo Greek art into puts the highest degree the statues of The naked bodies are associated Apollo , though later discoveries indicated , though that many represented mortals later discoveries indicated these of the preponderance were found Piraeus was It in found ; for centuries it epitomized for centuries the ideals it epitomized centuries the ideals it epitomized of Classical Antiquity it the ideals of epitomized is an Apollo as by identified modern scholars as an Apollo by identified mosaic Another Apollo in haloed dance has Apollo in featured Percy Bysshe Shelley the Muses a "Hymn of Apollo" (1820), and the god's instruction of composed the Muses a "Hymn of Apollo" (1820), and the god's instruction of composed formed

modern literature been Apollo in portrayed Apollo a 'role' culture order where represents a 'role' culture order where represents , many modern video games has Apollo in appeared a minor character Apollo as appears in the first man Agassi was to win second Agassi the is of the first man Agassi was to win 17 ATP Masters Series titles also He won and . Agassi the world No reached . Agassi to No returned with the nerve , Agassi retired the nerve , Agassi retired from , professional tennis Agassi from retired professional tennis Agassi from retired on the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation He the founder of is In 2001 , the Foundation opened 2001 , the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy the Foundation opened , the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy the Foundation opened in Las Vegas the Foundation the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in opened Las Vegas was Andre Agassi in born three older siblings He has – Rita the middle name was Andre given Kirk 13 , Agassi was sent , to was Agassi sent Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Academy was Agassi to sent the age of 16 Agassi professional at turned John Austin He his first match against won the end of 1986 , Agassi was ranked , No was Agassi ranked No was Agassi ranked . 1987 He his first top-level singles title in won history in the fastest anyone had reached 1988 , he also set , the open-era record also he set the open-era record also he set for . His year-end ranking No was 3 the tour on Strong performances meant that on the tour Agassi that meant the tour Agassi that meant was teenager , the semi he reached , - he the semi reached finals he the semi - reached a series He the 1990s with began final He his first Grand Slam reached in final in the His opponent was these two American players between The rivalry became the In 1991 , Agassi reached 1991 , his second consecutive French Open final Agassi reached , his second consecutive French Open final Agassi reached ,

his second consecutive French Open final Agassi reached , where his second consecutive French Open final he , where reached the victor Courier emerged in a the first round eventually He for emerged Wimbledon Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough at came , In 1992 , he defeated 1992 , Goran Ivanišević he defeated , Goran Ivanišević he defeated in Goran Ivanišević he defeated in a Along the way , Agassi overcame the way , two former Wimbledon champions Agassi overcame , two former Wimbledon champions Agassi overcame : two former Wimbledon champions Agassi overcame : Boris Becker Wimbledon would No other baseliner at triumph the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year was Agassi named in three years It their second Davis cup title in was the game famously Agassi played wearing In 1993 , Agassi won 1993 , the only doubles title Agassi won , the only doubles title Agassi won of his career Agassi the only doubles title of won the early part He much of missed in his Wimbledon title defense , he lost his Wimbledon title defense , he lost to , eventual champion he to lost eventual champion he to lost and on board , Agassi began board , Agassi began to more Agassi to employ began 1994 He slowly in started , the hard-court season he during emerged the hard-court season he during emerged , the 1994 US Open His comeback at culminated with the first man then He became to In 1995 , Agassi shaved 1995 , his balding head Agassi shaved , his balding head Agassi shaved , Agassi his balding head breaking , shaved his balding head breaking , shaved with the 1995 Australian Open He in competed ( 1995 Agassi three Masters Series events in won the summer hard-court circuit He a career-best 26-match winning streak during compiled . Agassi the world No reached ranking He that held until the fall indoor season Agassi most of skipped the fall indoor season most of which skipped of win/loss record , 1995 was win/loss record , Agassi's best year 1995 was Agassi 1996 a less successful year for was

Chris Woodruff He two early-round losses to suffered At the time , Agassi blamed the time , the Australian Open loss Agassi blamed , the Australian Open loss Agassi blamed on the windy conditions Agassi the Australian Open loss on blamed Agassi for The high point was winning Agassi's career 1997 the low point of was an ATP drug test He failed , but a warning The ATP the failed drug test as dropped In his autobiography , Agassi admitted his autobiography , Agassi admitted that a lie that the letter was admitted the drug He quit soon after At this time Agassi was also this time Agassi was also in a failing marriage Agassi also in was In 1998 , Agassi began 1998 , a rigorous conditioning program Agassi began , a rigorous conditioning program Agassi began and a rigorous conditioning program Agassi began and worked In 1998 , Agassi won 1998 , five titles Agassi won , five titles Agassi won and five titles Agassi won and leapt At Wimbledon , he had Wimbledon , an early loss he had , an early loss he had in the second round he an early loss in had ten finals He five titles in won 1999 Agassi the history books in entered his 1999 French Open victory Agassi followed by reaching his Wimbledon defeat He from rebounded by Overall during the year Agassi won during the year 5 titles Agassi won the year 5 titles Agassi won including two majors Agassi 5 titles including won the No Agassi 1999 as ended This the only time Agassi was ended the only time Agassi was ended the year the first male player He was to have At the time , Agassi was the time , Agassi was also , only the fourth player Agassi also was only the fourth player Agassi also was since in Lisbon , Agassi reached Lisbon , Agassi reached the , final Agassi the reached final Agassi the reached after En route , he beat route , a cramping Rafter he beat , a cramping Rafter he beat in

five sets he a cramping Rafter in beat At Wimbledon , they met Wimbledon , they met again the semi they again in met at the US Open , Agassi lost the US Open , a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match Agassi lost , a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match Agassi lost with Sampras Agassi a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match with lost disappointment 2002 with opened for the injury Agassi from recovered and last The match the was of In 2003 , Agassi won 2003 , Agassi won the , eighth Agassi the won eighth Agassi the won ( On April 28, 2003 , he recaptured April 28, 2003 , he recaptured the was later Roger Federer by surpassed later Roger Federer by surpassed in 2018 by Roger Federer in surpassed . had He the No held the US Open semi he to reach managed During his career , Agassi held his career , the ranking Agassi held , the ranking Agassi held for a total Agassi the ranking for held him when injuries forced slipped At the year-end Tennis Masters Cup , Agassi lost the year-end Tennis Masters Cup , Agassi lost in final Agassi in the lost to Marat Safin ; the loss ended Marat Safin ; Agassi's 26-match winning streak the loss ended ; Agassi's 26-match winning streak the loss ended at the event the loss Agassi's 26-match winning streak at ended Cincinnati He the Masters series event in won in Cincinnati tournament history ( the tournament began Cincinnati tournament history ( the tournament began in ( 1899 the tournament in began 1899 the tournament in began ) 's a quarterfinal loss 2005 with began a quarterfinal loss 2005 with began to tournaments Agassi several other deep runs at had Jarkko Nieminen He to lost in 2005 was an improbable run by defined was an improbable run by defined to an improbable run by defined to the in four sets , Agassi won four sets , three consecutive five-set matches Agassi won , three consecutive five-set matches Agassi won to three consecutive five-set matches Agassi won to advance

most these matches of notable was his quarterfinal victory of these matches notable was Xavier Malisse His other five-set victories on were in the final , Agassi faced final , Federer Agassi faced , Federer Agassi faced , Agassi Federer who , faced Federer who , faced was four sets Federer Agassi in defeated 2006 Agassi a poor start to had the Australian Open Agassi from withdrew because the grass-court season Agassi for returned , the third round was He in defeated At Wimbledon , Agassi announced Wimbledon , his plans Agassi announced , his plans Agassi announced to his plans Agassi announced to retire short Agassi a had , extreme back pain , Agassi was forced the second round eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in who faced five tough sets Agassi in won as five tough sets in the younger Baghdatis as won In his last match , Agassi fell his last match , Agassi fell to , 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker Agassi to fell 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker Agassi to fell of very contrasting playing styles also They had , very contrasting playing styles Sampras , with had a Grand Slam tournament The 1990 US Open their first meeting in was a Grand Slam in Their next meeting was at a Grand Slam level They again on met participating , the Davis Cup the US won , the Davis Cup the US won in 1995 the US the Davis Cup in won the peak should be The year considered however , the US Open title Sampras took , the US Open title Sampras took , the US Open title Sampras took , ending Grand Slam titles every season , Agassi slumped , the rankings Agassi in slumped the rankings Agassi in slumped and both , it was considered , a career rejuvenation was it considered a career rejuvenation was it considered , a career rejuvenation Sampras , as considered In the 2000s , they met the 2000s , three more times they met , three more times they met on the Grand Slam level they three more times on met In 2000 , the top-ranked Agassi defeated

2000 , No the top-ranked Agassi defeated , . 3 Sampras the top-ranked Agassi No defeated . 3 Sampras the top-ranked Agassi No defeated in arguably their most memorable match ever , Sampras defeated ever , Agassi Sampras defeated , Agassi Sampras defeated in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals Sampras Agassi in defeated serve There no breaks of were final Their last meeting the was of . 3 Tommy Haas had Sampras No defeated four sets Sampras Agassi in defeated Michael Chang the opponent Agassi was faced the opponent Agassi was faced most their meetings that most of was a straight-set victory Agassi the first four matches including won Arguably place their best match took in the round their best match place in took presented high-quality shot-making , the momentum changed high-quality shot-making , the momentum changed from 1996 Their next two Grand Slam meetings in came , his book shockingly Agassi in admitted his book in he that admitted 1988 Becker their first three matches in won Indian Wells first They at played which Their most notable match the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match , was which the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match , Becker was a baseliner , Agassi considered with , a baseliner a playing style with considered a baseliner a playing style with considered not the rivalry of The intensity peaked in this time Agassi it was time it Agassi who was it Agassi who was came Agassi who was came out special has been The rivalry considered hard courts Agassi 8–2 on led Wimbledon They four matches at played two Agassi the first won both their meetings also Agassi won at their first three matches Agassi won , but just the third tournament first They in met Federer also Agassi defeated at the tide Federer to turn began the 2004 US Open They a memorable quarterfinal match at played the 2004 US Open a memorable quarterfinal match at that played a publicity stunt worldwide headlines with that attracted place Their final duel took in the of generations , Federer was generations , Federer was victorious four sets Federer victorious in was

prize-money Agassi more than $30 million in earned the 2006 US Open , Agassi has participated a series has Agassi in participated On September 5, 2007 , he was September 5, 2007 , a surprise guest commentator he was , a surprise guest commentator he was for Wimbledon He an exhibition match at played the Philadelphia Freedoms He World Team Tennis for played in 2009 , Agassi played 2009 , Agassi played at , the Outback Champions Series event Agassi at played the Outback Champions Series event Agassi at played for Surprise He the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at played the tour Agassi to returned renamed In 2012 , Agassi took 2012 , part Agassi took , part Agassi took in five tournaments Agassi part in took at first BILT Champions Showdown he won first BILT Champions Showdown he won in San Jose he BILT Champions Showdown in won day , his title he defended , his title he defended of the CTCA Championships he his title of defended In the series season finale , he beat the series season finale , Michael Chang he beat , Michael Chang he beat for the Acura Champions Cup he Michael Chang for beat Agassi both tournaments he won participated both tournaments he won participated in Blake He defeated again in In 2015 , Agassi took 2015 , part Agassi took , part Agassi took in just one event Agassi part in took three sets Sampras the exhibition in won sports media between the former champions The rivalry headlined , jokes the old rivals making began jokes the old rivals making began at After the event , Agassi admitted the event , Agassi admitted that the tour He to returned in his career , Agassi would look charged the net , Agassi liked the net , Agassi liked to the ball Agassi to take liked his flat, accurate two-handed backhand His favored groundstroke was , hit play Agassi's strength in dictating was him and Nick Bollettieri his father trained more methodical, less aggressive baseline play was largely by initiated was largely his longtime coach by initiated

largely his longtime coach by initiated , his longtime coach by initiated , Brad Gilbert Agassi Gilbert encouraged to wear his career later in play was hardcourts was Agassi on raised being his worst surface , his first major win was his worst surface , his first major win was at , the slick grass his first major win at was the slick grass his first major win at was of Andre Agassi Ventures Agassi a limited liability company named established In 2002 , he joined 2002 , the Tennis Channel he joined , the Tennis Channel he joined to the Tennis Channel he joined to promote in San Francisco , Agassi partnered San Francisco , Agassi partnered with , him Agassi with partnered him Agassi with partnered in a group Agassi an equity investor of was a group an equity investor of that was One year later , the hotel-casino the group sold , to the group the hotel-casino sold Landry's, Inc. the group the hotel-casino to sold In 2007 , he sat 2007 , he sat on , the board he on sat the board he on sat of a company and Graf Agassi formed PURE They in invested , a joint venture and Graf Agassi developed Agassi Graf Collection They a furniture line called launched , the project they from withdrew the project they from withdrew in three small chunks still The group owns of the park Village Roadshow a 51% stake in has the time IMG Agassi from managed the time Agassi from he managed Prince Graphite rackets Agassi used early in Belgian tennis racquet makers He a $7 million endorsement contract with signed Head Ti Radical racket later He to switched 1999 He his contract in renewed On July 25, 2005 , Agassi left July 25, 2005 , Nike Agassi left , Nike Agassi left after 17 years Agassi Nike after left leaving Nike Nike because was Nike Nike because was refused Agassi was DuPont by sponsored was DuPont by sponsored , DuPont by sponsored , Ebel In 1990 , he appeared 1990 , he appeared in

, a television commercial he in appeared a television commercial he in appeared for Between 1999 and 2000 , a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal he signed , a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal he signed with Schick he a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with signed Twinlab Agassi a multiyear contract with signed mid-2003 , he was named , the spokesman was he named the spokesman was he named of In March 2004 , he signed March 2004 , a ten-year agreement he signed , a ten-year agreement he signed worth a ten-year agreement he signed worth $1.5 million many advertisements has Agassi in appeared Wendi Stewart dating Agassi , after the relationship He about wrote in sympatico We 're , and sympatico the public outcry , and 're Barbra Streisand Dating is like wearing at their Las Vegas home ; the only witnesses were their Las Vegas home ; their mothers the only witnesses were two children They have : son Jaden Gil Summerlin The Graf-Agassi family in resides , Agassi's closest friends ; some have described ; him have some described him have some described as their own line and Reyes Agassi introduced In it , Agassi talks it , Agassi talks about , his childhood Agassi about talks his childhood Agassi about talks and mention There also is in to this revelation , Roger Federer declared this revelation , Roger Federer himself declared with CBS , Agassi justified CBS , himself Agassi justified , himself Agassi justified and himself Agassi justified and asked . The book No reached 1 the 2010 British Sports Book Awards It the Autobiography category of won more than $100,000 has Agassi donated to 1994 Agassi the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in founded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award was He awarded in children in assisting help reach the year His Boys & Girls Club 2,000 children throughout sees In 2001 , Agassi opened 2001 , the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy Agassi opened , the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy Agassi opened in Las Vegas Agassi the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in opened $35 million personally He donated to

In 2009 , the graduating class had 2009 , a 100 percent graduation rate the graduating class had , a 100 percent graduation rate the graduating class had and a 100 percent graduation rate the graduating class had and expected his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation supports through Agassi is In 1997 , Agassi donated 1997 , funding Agassi donated , funding Agassi donated to Child Haven Agassi funding to donated 720,000 also His foundation $ provided with several other athletes , Agassi founded several other athletes , the charity Agassi founded , the charity Agassi founded Athletes the charity Agassi founded Athletes for the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund He created , now social change The Fund an investment initiative for is , Education for the Andre Agassi Foundation formed a partnership for Education the Andre Agassi Foundation formed In February 2014 , Agassi remodeled February 2014 , Agassi the vacant University of Phoenix remodeled Las Vegas the vacant University of Phoenix building in remodeled a men's singles Career Grand Slam , Agassi the 1999 French Open completed parts are These languages throughout scattered Austroasiatic languages There around 117 million speakers of are , and a long-established recorded history Mon have modern national languages Only two official status as have Myanmar The Mon language a recognized indigenous language in is In Myanmar , the Wa language is Myanmar , the de facto official language the Wa language is , the de facto official language the Wa language is of Wa State the Wa language the de facto official language of is the 22 scheduled languages Santali one of is " 168 Austroasiatic languages " Ethnologue identifies Southeast Asia Austroasiatic languages a disjunct distribution across have presyllables of This reduction has led , the register contrast have some Austroasiatic languages lost the register contrast have some Austroasiatic languages lost by earlier reconstructions This identical to is two primary divisions traditionally Linguists recognize of the traditional classification , two recent proposals are given which , neither of given a lexicostatistic classification Peiros is , based the conservative view therefore He takes that therefore the conservative view the thirteen branches that takes

the conservative view the thirteen branches that takes of would the case , Sidwell & Blench suggest the case , Sidwell & Blench suggest that have the western periphery two possible dispersal routes from had the western periphery two possible dispersal routes from had of Proto-Austroasiatic that the locus of proposes Khasic a westward dispersal from that resulted a westward dispersal from that resulted ultimately likely linkages of the tentative groupings Many are Latin-based alphabets , many Austroasiatic languages are written the Khmer are many Austroasiatic languages with written an indigenous script divergently Vietnamese had based since been the Latin alphabet by supplanted been the Latin alphabet by supplanted in the 20th century by the Latin alphabet in supplanted the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families are Several lexical resemblances between found some influence that the Austroasiatic languages have suggested substantives that a specific number of pointed From Mainland Southeast Asia , the Austroasiatic-speakers expanded Mainland Southeast Asia , the Austroasiatic-speakers expanded into , the Indian-subcontinent the Austroasiatic-speakers into expanded the Indian-subcontinent the Austroasiatic-speakers into expanded and There evidence later back migration that is evidence later back migration that is from . the genetic evidence could 2021 reproduce the genetic evidence could 2021 reproduce for about 300 languages a large language family of that is Afroasiatic languages over 500 million native speakers which , have over 500 million native speakers which , have is The phylum six branches Berber : has six branches Berber : has , today , several important ancient languages Afroasiatic includes , several important ancient languages Afroasiatic includes , several important ancient languages Afroasiatic includes , such historical linguists There no consensus among is In the early 19th century , linguists grouped the early 19th century , the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages linguists grouped , the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages linguists grouped within a "Hamitic" phylum linguists the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages within grouped the Book of Genesis from which , derived the name Friedrich Müller introduced "Hamito-Semitic " general use into Joseph Greenberg until come the family "Erythraean have also Individual scholars called Afroasiatic together ; he perceived

together ; a relationship he perceived ; a relationship he perceived between Berber he a relationship between perceived Semitic He of knew through the 19th century , Europeans also began such relationships also Europeans suggesting began Cushitic ( the latter "Ethiopic he called ( the latter "Ethiopic he called " the latter "Ethiopic he called " ) Cushitic ; the Chadic group he excluded the Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius It was ( 1810–1884 Unlike Müller , Lepsius saw Müller , Hausa Lepsius saw , Hausa Lepsius saw and Hausa Lepsius saw and Nama part These classifications in relied on In 1912 , Carl Meinhof published 1912 , Carl Meinhof published " the typological feature was it on based However , little acceptance his suggestion found , the widespread rejection Joseph Greenberg's 1950 work to led the widespread rejection Joseph Greenberg's 1950 work to led of Meinhof's linguistic theories Greenberg refuted and rejected Meinhof's so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages consequently He rejoined with his model Greenberg developed fully in rejecting Meinhof , he classified Meinhof , the Khoekhoe language he classified , the Khoekhoe language he classified as a member he the Khoekhoe language as classified To Khoisan he also added Khoisan the Tanzanian Hadza also he added the Tanzanian Hadza also he added and the term no longer linguists use In 1969 , Harold Fleming proposed 1969 , Harold Fleming proposed that with the other Cushitic languages , Robert Hetzron proposed the other Cushitic languages , Robert Hetzron proposed that the subgrouping Little agreement on exists of the four major language families Afroasiatic one of is an Ancient Egyptian inscription of an Afroasiatic language The earliest written evidence is a minimum date This us gives for which the Proto-Afroasiatic language was spoken vary a range They within fall between this language family existed , many link existed , the first speakers many link , the first speakers many link to the first farmers many the first speakers to link , the Omotic and Chadic branches tonal languages in appear the Omotic and Chadic branches tonal languages in appear of certain grammatical features The Berber and Semitic branches share ( e.g. alternative feminine endings

Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled Andorra was the count by ruled was the count by ruled of Urgell by the count of ruled The present principality was a charter by formed was a charter by formed in 1278 by a charter in formed It is two co by headed is - by two co headed princes by two co - headed Europe Andorra the sixth-smallest state in is originally Catalan descent The Andorran people a Romance ethnic group of are land Andorra the world's 16th-smallest country by is an estimated 10.2 million visitors in Andorra Tourism sees a member state Andorra not is of a member has It been of the word of Andorra The origin is the Greek historian Polybius The oldest derivation from is ( The Andorran evidence toponymy shows of Basque language toponymy evidence of shows of the High Pyrenees were by covered the High Pyrenees were large tracts by covered were large tracts by covered of forest by large tracts of covered , people of a group moved people of a group moved to the Tombs of Segudet Other archaeological deposits include ( Ordino small settlements of The model began to by the Aquitanian, Basque and Iberian languages , the locals developed the Aquitanian, Basque and Iberian languages , some current toponyms the locals developed Roman influence of The presence is recorded the most Roman presence with The places are in of the Roman Empire , Andorra came the Roman Empire , Andorra came under , the influence Andorra under came the influence Andorra under came of the valleys The Visigoths in remained for the Frankish "Marca Hispanica Andorra part of remained Before 1095 , Andorra had 1095 , no military protection Andorra had , no military protection Andorra had , no military protection Andorra had , and In the 13th century , a military dispute arose the 13th century , a military dispute arose between , the bishop a military dispute between arose the bishop a military dispute between arose of 1278 was The conflict in resolved 1288 was A second paréage in signed , the country of the political organization named

the figure of the country the political organization named ) , exquisite Romanesque Art Andorra developed , exquisite Romanesque Art Andorra developed during exquisite Romanesque Art Andorra developed during the 9th through 14th centuries the Catalan language The Catalan Pyrenees embryonic of were the Middle Ages during The local economy was based - Andorra to title passed Andorra to title passed to that Andorra with the same economic system continued that with the same economic system it continued weavers The country a unique and experienced guild of had in 1604 , it took 1604 , advantage it took , advantage it took of the local thermal waters it advantage of took after its foundation , the Consell de la Terra located its foundation , its headquarters the Consell de la Terra located , its headquarters the Consell de la Terra located and its headquarters the Consell de la Terra located and the Tribunal de Corts 1580 built in The manor house served a neutral country ) the Catalans who supported ) the Catalans who supported saw the Catalans their rights who saw supported the French Revolution , Napoleon I reestablished , Napoleon the Co-Principate I reestablished Napoleon the Co-Principate I reestablished in 1809 I the Co-Principate in reestablished In 1812–1813 , the First French Empire annexed 1812–1813 , Catalonia the First French Empire annexed , Catalonia the First French Empire annexed during the Peninsular War the First French Empire Catalonia during annexed In 1866 , the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led 1866 , the reformist group the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led , the reformist group the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit led in a Council General the syndic Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit the reformist group in led the Co-Princes banned casinos of The authorities and betting an economic conflict The ban in resulted and the construction The Provisional Revolutionary Council for allowed of , Canillo and Encamp of the loyalists reconquered the parishes of Canillo and Encamp the loyalists reconquered of combat the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls was signed combat the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls was signed on 10 June was the Treaty of the Bridge of Escalls on signed

the cultural movement Andorra in participated of political reforms for the universal suffrage vote , called On 8 July 1934 a proclamation Boris issued 8 July 1934 a proclamation Boris issued in Urgell Boris a proclamation in issued He was the Co-Prince by arrested was the Co-Prince by arrested and the Co-Prince by arrested and Bishop Justí Guitart led well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard by was garrisoned well-known Colonel René-Jules Baulard by was garrisoned in , Andorra of the inhabitants welcomed refugees of Andorra the inhabitants welcomed During World War II , Andorra remained World War II , Andorra remained neutral the General Council Many Andorrans the passivity of criticized the council's political and diplomatic actions General Council members justified as necessary victims Certain groups to help formed the most prominent the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command was most prominent the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command was , prominent which the Hostal Palanques Evasion Network Command , was In the capital city a smuggling black market there was the capital city a smuggling black market there was of propaganda there a smuggling black market of was the war was The network after maintained the capitalist economy opening to The Andorran resulted with the Trente Glorieuses : the mass culture rooted the Trente Glorieuses : the country the mass culture rooted : the country the mass culture rooted experiencing radical changes the mass culture the country experiencing rooted Ràdio Andorra of this Proof was its relative isolation , Andorra has existed the mainstream has Andorra outside existed Since 1976 the country has seen 1976 the need has the country seen the need has the country seen to , powers of a first separation took place of powers a first separation took 1993 was Its political system in modernized the new constitution under The first elections were held the United States Andorra diplomatic relations with formalized a speech First General Syndic Marc Forné part on took principality Andorra a parliamentary co - is France This peculiarity the president of makes place of Andorra The politics take Xavier Espot Zamora of government The current head is

Executive power is the government by exercised Andorra of The Parliament is known equal numbers are Half in elected are equal numbers in by elected each in equal numbers by elected after the election , the councillors hold the election , their inauguration the councillors hold can be a minimum by proposed be a minimum by proposed of one-fifth by a minimum of proposed the candidate then The Council elects with - then The Syndic General the co notifies the annual budget also The council approves of the proposed budget must The government submit for the first day of the next year , the previous budget is extended the council , he may request In turn , the councillors have turn , the power the councillors have , the power the councillors have to the power the councillors have to remove the Magistrates Court is The judiciary of composed five judges is The High Court of Justice of composed judges are the High Court by appointed are the High Court by appointed , the High Court by appointed , as members also The High Court appoints of four judges is It of composed its own armed forces does not Andorra have its own armed forces there , although have the nation for defending Responsibility rests , observer status also it has observer status also it has at Andorra a small army which , has a small army which , has has Andorran defence of The basic principle is that of Andorran defence all able-bodied men that is Andorran defence all able-bodied men that is are Before World War I , an armed force Andorra maintained , an armed force Andorra maintained of about 600 part-time militiamen Andorra an armed force of maintained the modern era , the army has consisted a very small body has the army of consisted largely the formation over by taken the formation over by taken of of 1933 assistance to led 1933 assistance to led being the following year was The Andorran Police in reformed six Corporals The force of consisted , Today the only permanent section a small, twelve-man ceremonial unit remains of

the Sometent a small, twelve-man ceremonial unit the only permanent section of remains household per A shotgun is unregulated a license and pistols Rifles require a small but modern and well-equipped internal police force Andorra maintains , with The principal services supplied the corps by are supplied uniformed community policing the corps by are uniformed community policing the corps by are , to an active military force , it is an active military force , part it is , part it is of the Police Corps it part of is purchased the government by was acquired the government by was acquired in in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range , Andorra consists the eastern Pyrenees mountain range , Andorra consists predominantly rugged mountains Andorra predominantly of consists These are three narrow valleys by dissected are three narrow valleys by dissected in a Y shape by three narrow valleys in dissected , the Atlantic European province Andorra to belongs the Atlantic European province Andorra to belongs of , Andorra of the territory belongs Andorra of the territory belongs to alpine Andorra has , continental typical of the Mediterranean climates the country make of the Mediterranean climates the country make have the Mediterranean climates a great diversity the country have make a great diversity the country have make of convective and abundant rains by can be defined spring and summer during which , defined ski resorts tourism from which is of the 21st century , the tourist industry suffered the 21st century , a decline the tourist industry suffered , a decline the tourist industry suffered , a decline the tourist industry suffered , partly ; the land of only 1.7% is the land of only 1.7% is arable cigarettes Manufacturing output mainly of consists a member Andorra not is of a currency Andorra lacked of its one has historically Andorra had 31 May 2013 , it was announced a meeting was The announcement following made Andorra of The population is estimated originally Catalan descent The Andorrans a Romance ethnic group of are Andorran nationality of residents Two-thirds lack Catalan The historic and official language is , a Romance language

Catalan The Andorran government the use of encourages Catalan Toponymy It a Commission for funds one can Most Andorran residents speak or Andorra of The population is predominantly Meritxell Their patron saint Our Lady of is members There also are of small numbers There also are of 16 are law by required are law by required to law by required to have school There three systems of are Parents may which system their children choose may which system their children choose attend Andorran authorities and maintained by built 1997 was It in established nursing The university first-level degrees in provides as students of the small number prevents the University of Andorra of students the small number prevents the university ) at The Virtual Studies Centre (Centre d'Estudis Virtuals runs Until the 20th century , Andorra had the 20th century , very limited transport links Andorra had , very limited transport links Andorra had to the outside world Andorra very limited transport links to had a road network Andorra has of , all metropolitan areas Bus services cover and many rural communities Andorra There frequent long-distance bus services from are fixed-wing aircraft There no airports for are Perpignan The nearest airports at are , Toulouse The largest nearby airports at are , Andorre-L'Hospitalet station The nearest railway station is east of This line is the SNCF by operated Villefranche-de-Conflent Latour-de-Carol a scenic trainline to has are the Andorran national telecommunications company exclusively by operated the Andorran national telecommunications company exclusively by operated , the technical infrastructure also The same company manages for Radio Andorra to broadcast The first commercial radio station was broadcast Radio Andorra which , was Radio Andorra which , was was On 12 October 1989 , the General Council established 12 October 1989 , radio the General Council established , radio the General Council established and radio the General Council established and television 1990 , the public radio was founded the Radio Nacional d'Andorra was the public radio on founded As an autochthonous television channel , there is an autochthonous television channel , only the national public television network there is

, only the national public television network there is Andorra Televisió only the national public television network there is Andorra Televisió , three national newspapers There are , " the Andorran press of The history begins in 1974 , the "Poble Andorrà " became , the first regular newspaper " the "Poble Andorrà became the first regular newspaper " the "Poble Andorrà became in folk dances Andorra home to is the music Andorran folk music similarities to has Andorra Other Andorran folk dances contrapàs in include Catalan Andorran gastronomy mainly is , similar characteristics of the country The cuisine has Andorra's cuisine is its nature by marked is its nature by marked as mountain valleys by its nature as marked the most important artistic manifestations Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art one of are the formation The Romanesque one to know allows the Pyrenees in Summer solstice fire festivals was included the practice Andorra famous for is ski slopes Andorra the largest territory of has roller hockey , Andorra usually plays CERH Euro Cup usually Andorra in plays association football is The country in represented is association football in by represented the Andorra national football team in association football by represented a European Championship The team its first competitive win in gained Andorra is Football in governed is Andorra in by governed the Andorran Football Federation in Andorra by governed UEFA was Andorra to admitted Andorra Rugby a traditional sport in is a rugby team VPC Andorra XV is based in the country has Basketball popularity in increased Andorra practised in Other sports include the Olympic Games first Andorra at participated every Winter Olympic Games has The country in appeared of the Catalan Countries , Andorra is the Catalan Countries , home Andorra is , home Andorra is to a team Andorra home to is a set The collection often is of report central tendencies , it is central tendencies , it is not , a robust statistic it not is a robust statistic it not is , that population of the mean is called some order , then the median and arithmetic average are

For example , the data sample consider example , the data sample consider formula 19 formula 20 The average is , as formula 21 , the median and arithmetic average can differ In this case , the arithmetic average is this case , 6.2 the arithmetic average is , 6.2 the arithmetic average is , 6.2 the arithmetic average is , while 6.2 the median , while is this phenomenon There applications of are which an average in some data points is the value one , formula 27 are called the normal distribution ; it has the normal distribution ; the property it has ; the property it has that it the property all measures that has the property all measures that has of general application , such an oversight will lead the average value will such an oversight to lead 16 teams currently This conference contains organized part were Both conferences as created an application of the 2020 season standings This chart displays their respective division Each AFC team the other teams in plays , the AFC West in each team plays the AFC West in each team plays against the AFC Championship Game The AFC playoffs in culminate , 1960 The AFL play in began the merger , five expansion teams have joined , the AFC have five expansion teams joined the AFC have five expansion teams joined and have the AFC two and joined the AFC two and joined have one season This arrangement for lasted only the NFC eventually The Seahawks to returned The expansion the AFC Jacksonville Jaguars joined in 1995 Jacksonville Jaguars the AFC in joined There have five teams that been have five teams that been have five teams that been have relocated In 1984 , the Baltimore Colts relocated 1984 , the Baltimore Colts relocated to , Indianapolis the Baltimore Colts to relocated Tennessee The Houston Oilers to moved in , only half has the AFC sent only half has the AFC sent of contrast , the NFC has sent , 13 has the NFC sent 13 has the NFC sent of the last 19 AFC champions of 16 have started

the AFC The merged league a new logo for created the AFC a new logo for that created 1970 NBC the AFC's Sunday afternoon and playoff games from aired either NBC were the visiting team on broadcast Since 2014 , the cross-flex policy allows 2014 , select AFC games the cross-flex policy allows , select AFC games the cross-flex policy allows ( the cross-flex policy select AFC games that ( allows select AFC games that ( allows involve " a satirical allegorical novella " Animal Farm is a satirical allegorical novella " Animal Farm is by a group The book the story of tells to Orwell , the fable reflects Orwell , events the fable reflects , events the fable reflects leading events the fable reflects leading up a totalitarian autocracy had The Soviet Union become built Animal Farm The original title " was : subtitles Other titular variations include like " the title Orwell suggested ' for the book Orwell wrote between November 1943 and was initially a number by rejected initially a number by rejected of British and American publishers by a number of rejected number 31 also it at featured Animalism They the Seven Commandments of adopt large letters is The decree in painted the animals Snowball teaches to read of Animal Farm , Snowball raises Animal Farm , a green flag Snowball raises , a green flag Snowball raises with a white hoof Snowball a green flag with raises positions The pigs themselves to elevate ) , his plans Snowball announces , his plans Snowball announces to his plans Snowball announces to modernise the governance structure Napoleon changes to enacts named Squealer , Napoleon claims Squealer , credit Napoleon claims , credit Napoleon claims for the windmill idea Napoleon credit for claims the promise The animals harder with work the animals and Squealer Napoleon persuade Squealer the animals Snowball that persuade the animals Snowball that persuade is a second purge then Napoleon conducts , win the battle , they do the battle , they do so great cost they so at do this , Boxer eventually collapses

Boxer's death subsequently Squealer reports and the rebellion participated in who are humans The pigs to resemble start just one phrase are The Seven Commandments to abridged the pigs Napoleon a dinner party for holds the revolutionary traditions He the practice of abolishes an example " George Orwell's "Animal Farm is of a political satire an example of that is Stylistically , many similarities the work shares , many similarities the work shares with some the work many similarities with shares for humanity ; he seems humanity ; he seems to the potential/current threat he to stress seems works , Orwell distinctly references , the disarray distinctly Orwell references the disarray distinctly Orwell references and For this reason , he is this reason , he is careful the way is The difference in seen that in the way the animals seen the manuscript George Orwell wrote between November 1943 and Animal Farm " , he explained he the communist purges how escaping explained the communist purges how escaping explained in Orwell This motivated to expose the book , Orwell had quit , the BBC had Orwell quit upset about a booklet He also was for difficulty initially Orwell encountered getting initially difficulty the manuscript getting encountered difficulty the manuscript getting encountered published the work had initially one accepted During the Second World War , it became the Second World War , it became clear Orwell it clear to became rejected it ; Eliot wrote it ; Eliot wrote back Orwell Eliot back to wrote run the farm ; he posited the farm ; he posited that Partisan Review " , Orwell wrote pressures also Frederic Warburg faced against the paper "Posev was A Russian translation in printed In October 1945 , Orwell wrote October 1945 , Orwell wrote to , Frederic Warburg Orwell to wrote expressing interest Orwell to Frederic Warburg wrote satire – it would illustrate the first edition and Warburg Secker published , space had the publisher provided space had the publisher provided for In 1972 , Ian Angus found 1972 , the original typescript Ian Angus found , the original typescript Ian Angus found titled

"The Freedom of the Press Ian Angus the original typescript titled found the press Orwell's essay British self-censorship by criticised the Italian 1976 edition also The same essay in appeared the work of Contemporary reviews were not in the American "New Republic" magazine , George Soule expressed the American "New Republic" magazine , his disappointment George Soule expressed , his disappointment George Soule expressed in the book George Soule his disappointment in expressed 24 August 1945 " on The Guardian called 7 September Julian Symons , on responded me It to seems that me to a reviewer that seems a fairy story ; today it is ; today a political satire it is today a political satire it is with a good deal it a political satire with is number 31 also it at featured In 2018 , the government made 2018 , the decision the government made , the decision the government made to the decision the government made to censor books the elites , because reads the maxims , " All animals are the original purpose This an ironic twist to is 1946 himself Orwell in wrote for a 1947 Ukrainian edition , he stated a 1947 Ukrainian edition , he stated , the Soviet myth I of exposing thought The puppies controlled Napoleon by parallel controlled the nurture Napoleon by parallel the nurture Napoleon by parallel of the purges directly Orwell to alludes the battle , Orwell first wrote Orwell this the publisher alter had this the publisher alter had to Orwell the change he after requested the change he after requested met Orwell Orwell , as told the 1943 Tehran Conference Orwell's view of that reflected a film adaptation is Andy Serkis directing for Rayner Heppenstall by , was broadcast the production Orwell to listened at Heppenstall later Orwell to wrote later Heppenstall to that wrote Heppenstall to that wrote Porteous were secretly the Information Research Department by hired secretly the Information Research Department by hired ( the Information Research Department by hired ( IRD , tetrapod vertebrates Amphibians ectothermic are of the group All living amphibians to belong Lissamphibia

habitats They a wide variety of inhabit The metamorphosis generally young undergo metamorphosis generally young undergo from a secondary respiratory surface Amphibians their skin as use Anura of amphibians The three modern orders are approximately 8,000 of known amphibian species The number is the South China giant salamander The largest living amphibian is ( "Andrias sligoi in each group the taxonomic classification on depends each group the taxonomic classification on depends followed The two most common systems the classification by adopted are the website the classification adopted by are a polyparaphyletic group as it is discarded the preferred phylogeny Classification according to varies a class as amphibians are defined Paleozoic amphibians of The phylogeny is uncertain phylogenetic nomenclature that advocates of means the subclass Lissamphibia are All modern amphibians in included the subclass Lissamphibia in which , included Anura The three modern orders are ( the frogs , "Prosalirus bitis " the oldest "true frog is "Prosalirus bitis " the oldest "true frog is " another Early Jurassic species The oldest known caecilian is , " multi-jointed leg-like fins had These ancient lobe-finned fish evolved with digits multi-jointed leg-like fins with that evolved Some fish had primitive lungs that developed had primitive lungs that developed help primitive lungs them that help developed their strong fins could also They use limbs would their bony fins into evolve limbs into they and evolve these prehistoric tetrapodomorph fish of many still spent " one " Ichthyostega was one " Ichthyostega was of four sturdy limbs It had , a neck Amphibians adaptations that evolved allowed adaptations them that allowed evolved with five or more digits ; the skin became five or more digits ; the skin became more life with the land while teeming mosses Extensive swamps with developed , the land Air-breathing arthropods and invaded evolved the land There no other tetrapods on were air , most still had , a long tapering body still most had a long tapering body still most had and the top land predators They were , sometimes After way the Carboniferous rainforest collapse amphibian dominance gave to

reptiles the Carboniferous rainforest collapse amphibian dominance way to gave rDNA analysis , salamanders that suggests the three groups that the divergence of appears the fossil record There large gaps in are place that the frog–salamander divergence took suggests from lunged fish , amphibians had lunged fish , amphibians had to certain adaptations amphibians to make had their tails of the sideways thrusts had propelled their lateral line systems Terrestrial adults discarded and adapted new methods They to develop needed behaviours They developed suitable for harmful ultraviolet rays were Their skins to exposed were harmful ultraviolet rays to that exposed harmful ultraviolet rays to that exposed had four classes is Tetrapoda into divided mammals amniotes the eggs , are amniotes the eggs , are of Lacking these membranes , amphibians require these membranes , water bodies amphibians require , water bodies amphibians require for reproduction amphibians water bodies for require mangrove swamps ; the Anderson's salamander meanwhile occurs brackish meanwhile the Anderson's salamander in occurs a simplified anatomy Modern amphibians have compared to ; in all other known lines the development was in all other known lines the development was much all other known lines the development was much more during the metamorphosis , the metamorphosis has the metamorphosis , the metamorphosis has to New Guinea a microhylid frog from ("Paedophryne amauensis is an average length It has of and the Chinese giant salamander The largest living amphibian is ( "Andrias davidianus as a result , their food and energy requirements are a result , their food and energy requirements are limited In the adult state , they have the adult state , tear ducts they have , tear ducts they have and tear ducts they have and movable eyelids They muscular tongues which , have muscular tongues which , have in vertebrae have fully Modern amphibians ossified little keratin Their skin contains and lacks many mucous glands The skin contains and in three chambers of amphibians The hearts have They a urinary bladder nitrogenous waste products and have a urinary bladder nitrogenous waste products and have are water Most amphibians their eggs in lay

means Amphibians by breathe of They usually long hind limbs that have usually long hind limbs that have fold long hind limbs that have fold underneath a formal one The difference not is taxonomically of the family Bufonidae are known the family Bufonidae are known as the "true toads are Bufonidae as known size Frogs in range from water and damp habitats , some are specialised three suborders is Anura into divided is three suborders into that divided three suborders into that divided are further insights should Future molecular studies provide into four families Archaeobatrachia The suborder contains of Ascaphidae These are , Bombinatoridae the more evolutionarily advanced suborder in The six families Mesobatrachia are These certain characteristics that have are certain characteristics that have are intermediate the largest suborder Neobatrachia by far is This a symplesiomorphic trait they and is a symplesiomorphic trait they and is are scale-free skins , Salamanders lack claws have , size They in range from a mostly Laurasian distribution Salamanders have , being a name Urodela is sometimes used several salamander families of Members have become in their adult state ; gills slits are their adult state ; gills slits are present their ability A unique feature is to feed nests The males excavate , persuade the cryptobranchids They from differ by In salamandrids , the male deposits salamandrids , a bundle the male deposits , a bundle the male deposits of sperm the male a bundle of deposits Plethodontidae in this group The largest family is eel-like aquatic salamanders of this order Members are their features of Some are primitive their features others primitive while are ) or the caecilians Apoda comprises a snake- or worm-like form These long, cylindrical, limbless animals with are length The adults in vary from transverse folds A caecilian's skin a large number of has skin rudimentary eyes covered in has a pair also It has of burrows Most caecilians underground in live their eggs Most species lay underground and their eggs Others brood and the larvae birth A few species give to live terrestrial vertebrates some typical characteristics common to contains

the skin of The outside is shed amphibians Caecilians unique among are water Amphibian skin permeable to is place can Gas exchange take through their thin and delicate skin , amphibians have evolved , mucous glands have amphibians evolved mucous glands have amphibians evolved , The secretions produced these help by keep produced the skin moist these help by keep , amphibian of most species have granular glands of amphibian most species have of amphibian granular glands that have amphibian granular glands that have secrete distasteful or poisonous substances granular glands that secrete have amphibians of The skin colour is produced of amphibians is by produced amphibians is three layers by produced is three layers by produced of pigment cells by three layers of produced the melanophores These three cell layers of consist ( displayed many species by is initiated by many species is by initiated many species is hormones by initiated is hormones by initiated secreted hormones by by secreted initiated Unlike bony fish , there is bony fish , no direct control there is , no direct control there is of the pigment cells there no direct control of is Amphibians a skeletal system that have is a skeletal system that have is structurally four limbs all They have except The pectoral girdle is muscle by supported is muscle by supported , muscle by supported , and In most amphibians , there are most amphibians , four digits there are , four digits there are on the fore foot there four digits on are Some salamanders fewer digits the amphiumas and have fewer digits the amphiumas and have are stumpy forelimbs The sirens aquatic salamanders with are the manner They in burrow of In frogs , the hind legs are frogs , the hind legs are larger the fore legs the hind legs larger than are the walkers and runners the hind limbs are In most salamanders , the limbs are most salamanders , the limbs are short land on Locomotion is by In their normal gait , only one leg is their normal gait , only one leg is advanced

a time only one leg advanced at is in frog tadpoles , the tail has frog tadpoles , dorsal and ventral fins the tail has , dorsal and ventral fins the tail has and dorsal and ventral fins the tail has and is defence Salamanders their tails in use a weak zone in the Plethodontidae Certain species have a juvenile stage Amphibians have and an adult stage of a fish ; the two-chambered heart pumps a fish ; the blood the two-chambered heart pumps ; the blood the two-chambered heart pumps through the gills the two-chambered heart the blood through pumps They a heart that have consists a heart that have consists of contracting , deoxygenated blood is pumped the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated blood through pumped oxygenated blood then Continued contraction pumps around same The nervous system basically the is equal parts The brain of consists , muscular coordination The cerebellum the center of is the spinal cord The brain signals through sends their ancestral fishes Tadpoles the lateral line system of retain Some caecilians electroreceptors that possess allow electroreceptors them that allow possess no external ear There is , but specialized haircells There a patch of is , the auditory capsule the columella-operculum complex adjoining is the auditory capsule the columella-operculum complex adjoining which is invertebrate eyes The adult eyes an improvement on are colour vision They allow and depth their prey Many amphibians catch by flicking inertial feeding Some use to help inertial feeding them to help use their prey Most amphibians swallow whole without cilia is The short oesophagus with lined is cilia with that lined cilia with that lined help a pancreas Amphibians possess , liver Its size is its function by determined is its function by determined as a glycogen and fat storage unit by its function as determined two kidneys There are located dorsally the blood Their job to filter is ammonia Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians the nitrogen as excrete amphibians in The lungs are primitive Ventilation is buccal pumping by accomplished their highly vascularised skin of the surface must remain these situations in aquatic amphibians can rely

the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require of reproduction fresh water most amphibians require reproduction fresh water most amphibians require although most amphibians fresh water some although require fresh water some although require lay brackish water there , but inhabit reports There are , however direct development They via reproduce , these frogs of Almost all live in In the tropics , many amphibians breed the tropics , many amphibians breed continuously In temperate regions , breeding is temperate regions , breeding is mostly the importance have Experiments shown of In caecilians , fertilisation is caecilians , fertilisation is internal the male cloaca secrete inside which a fluid The paired Müllerian glands salamanders of The majority also engage of these , the male deposits these , a spermatophore the male deposits , a spermatophore the male deposits , a spermatophore the male deposits , a small packet the sperm packet The female up takes by With a few exceptions , frogs use a few exceptions , external fertilisation frogs use the female The male grasps tightly with amplexus They in remain with amplexus in their cloacae with remain the granular poison frog An exception is ( "Oophaga granulifera is only the male by possessed only the male by possessed and the male by possessed and is fast-flowing streams This frog in lives and a breeding site , the males usually arriving sporadically , place mate selection takes , place mate selection takes and mate selection place eggs and takes place eggs and takes are due course More females and in appear the other hand on Explosive breeders are found the other hand are temporary pools where found These frogs fossorial species typically that are fossorial species typically that are emerge are the calling there by attracted the calling there by attracted of males There a direct competition between is metamorphosis Most amphibians through go , typical amphibian development , eggs are laid water are eggs in laid amphibians in Metamorphosis is regulated in amphibians is by regulated amphibians is thyroxine concentration by regulated is thyroxine concentration by regulated in the blood by thyroxine concentration in regulated

threshold values Specific events dependent on are outside the parental body , it is the parental body , it is subject many adaptations it subject to is For this reason tadpoles can have this reason horny ridges can tadpoles have horny ridges can tadpoles have instead use also They make of After metamorphosis , these organs become metamorphosis , these organs become redundant an amphibian is typically by surrounded is typically a transparent gelatinous covering by surrounded typically a transparent gelatinous covering by surrounded secreted a transparent gelatinous covering by by secreted surrounded water This capsule permeable to is salamander eggs also This in happens These the jelly envelope the eggs after penetrate the jelly envelope the eggs after penetrate are Most eggs the pigment melanin which contain raises their temperature the pigment melanin which raises contain certain frogs eggs that underground lay eggs that underground lay are terrestrial caecilians , the eggs are laid grape-like clusters are the eggs in laid " its similar clusters " Ensatina attaches its similar clusters " Ensatina attaches by the centre are eggs in laid ) , place direct development takes , place direct development takes , direct development place the larvae , takes place the larvae , takes growing their eggs and some other amphibians Many caecilians lay The varying stages larvae at emerge varying stages larvae at emerge of tadpoles are Frog larvae as known cartilaginous skeletons Tadpoles have , gills Newly hatched tadpoles soon gill pouches that develop soon gill pouches that develop cover the gills gill pouches that cover develop the egg Some species their development inside complete gills do not These larvae have ; the quiet waters they in swim the quiet waters they in swim feeding caudal fins ; themselves they attach ; themselves they attach to plants they themselves to attach diatoms also They on feed a relatively long, spiral-shaped gut They have to enable the tadpole stage Some species carnivorous at are , the body in rapid changes take place in the body rapid changes take horny tooth ridges with The spiral‐shaped mouth is reabsorbed a large jaw The animal develops , and

a large jaw its gills , and develops about a day can All this in happen hatching , eyes a typical salamander larva has , eyes a typical salamander larva has without lids a typical salamander larva eyes without has a pair often Pond-type larvae have of "Dicamptodon " larvae that have " larvae that have never larvae that have never fully one " ) ("Ambystoma gracile is these of Both are able metamorphosis may inhibit that include land , larval breeding may allow , continuation may larval breeding allow continuation may larval breeding allow of a population continuation of that allow the family in Lungless salamanders Plethodontidae are Each egg a large yolk sac the larva and has a large yolk sac the larva and has feeds are never gill sacs by covered never gill sacs by covered and gill sacs by covered and are size Other changes the reduction in include an aquatic phase often Adult salamanders have in to a water phase , prolactin is a water phase , the required hormone prolactin is , the required hormone prolactin is , the required hormone prolactin is , and Most terrestrial caecilians eggs lay that do eggs lay that do so external red feathery gills They three pairs of have their body They by undulating swim of about ten months they have developed about ten months a pointed head have they developed a pointed head have they developed with young are viviparity by produced the oviduct can Up to nine larvae in develop , the yolks they on feed the yolks they on feed of fluids This the secretion of stimulates their length may They increase sixfold undergone metamorphosis have they , lost The progeny a skin layer on that feed a skin layer on that feed is a batch The brood as feed for eggs Many woodland salamanders clutches of lay does this , the mother brooding this , the eggs the mother brooding , the eggs the mother brooding and the eggs the mother brooding and guarding developed , their way they break , their way they break out

their way they break out of a tiny frog , the egg cluster which protects , the egg cluster which protects is the egg cluster which protects is hidden hatch , the tadpoles the male transports , the tadpoles the male transports on his back the male the tadpoles on transports ) his thighs egg strings round winds his thighs egg strings round winds and moist He them keeps and that The tadpoles a hormone secrete inhibits hatch , the tadpoles the male carries , the tadpoles the male carries around the tadpoles the male carries around in the forest floor are Its eggs on laid vertebrates Amphibians notable among are diploid amphibians of the karyotypes are characterized of diploid amphibians are by characterized diploid amphibians are 20–26 bi-armed chromosomes by characterized very large genomes Amphibians also have compared whole-genome sequencing have The large genome sizes prevented of "Xenopus tropicalis of The 1.7GB draft genome " was Compared to some salamanders this frog genome is to some salamanders this frog genome is tiny With a few exceptions , adult amphibians are a few exceptions , predators adult amphibians are , predators adult amphibians are , predators adult amphibians are , feeding small prey mostly The diet of consists mostly small prey of that consists small prey of that consists do is mostly sight by selected mostly sight by selected , sight by selected , even a feeding response of the prey Movement triggers smell normally Cave-dwelling amphibians by hunt whole usually Amphibians food swallow small hinged pedicellate teeth typically They have , dentine of by separated composed in Panama , that frogs Panama , actively hunt prey that frogs narrow mouths that actively hunt prey have frogs their tongues do not Caecilians flick When some move is this exhausted some move is this exhausted on specialised mouthparts Others have consisting of food They and bite scrape produced caecilians by may be a means caecilians may by be voiceless are Most salamanders considered , voiceless the California giant salamander , but considered more easily its characteristic call by discerned easily its characteristic call by discerned than

its characteristic call by discerned than by most species , the sound is produced the sound is expelling air by produced is expelling air by produced from the lungs by expelling air from produced a balloon may This like distend The main vocalisation the male's loud advertisement call which is seeks the male's loud advertisement call which is seeks to a quieter courtship call is This call to modified the risk Calling carries of attracting Other calls those by given include a female those given by include the territorial behaviour is Little of known such behaviour normally Males exhibit though than males , this is males , this is not , the case this not is the case this not is in , a territory of defence involves a territory of defence involves adopting their territories The salamanders odour marks around left their territories odour marks around which left others These the intrusion of deterred stereotyped of their behaviour Much seemed at breeding locations ; calling is breeding locations ; calling is both ; an announcement calling both is an announcement calling both is of general , a heavier and more powerful individual a deeper voice represents , a heavier and more powerful individual a deeper voice represents , a heavier and more powerful individual a deeper voice represents , and a heavier and more powerful individual this , and represents the vocalization is Much energy in used the vocalization in it and used There a tendency males for is a tendency males for is to a "home advantage of territories Holders have chest tussles to chest may take thin skins Amphibians soft bodies with have , various defence mechanisms have they evolved various defence mechanisms have they evolved to frogs that the mucous secretion they is that the mucous secretion they is produce their skin moist This keeps and makes their skin moist them and makes keeps yawning have been Snakes observed In some salamanders , the skin is some salamanders , the skin is poisonous the newts Handling does not cause harm ingestion , but cause locations both snake where In and

the newt Coevolution with occurs increasing the attacking animal are These regions to presented the attacking animal to their secretions and presented bright colouring often Poisonous species use to of these , it is these , it is likely , the belly the warning colouration on is the belly the warning colouration on is and the belly on these animals and is camouflage Other amphibians use to avoid various colourings They have such as defensive poses Some salamanders adopt when faced defensive poses by when faced adopt their tails will A few salamanders autotomise when a constriction may The tail have at themselves and toads Some frogs inflate themselves themselves to make inflate , larger salamanders the chose larger salamanders the chose of low numbers can Frogs between distinguish 2006 , there were believed causes of A number are believed In many terrestrial ecosystems , they constitute many terrestrial ecosystems , one they constitute , one they constitute of the largest parts they one of constitute amphibian numbers in Any decline will affect on amphibians are by affected amphibians are their decline by affected , birds would this affect birds would this affect of lakes , fewer tadpoles fewer frogs means an important role normally These play in in the field , this call the field , this call to , action details this to call this action details to what call action details to what call would the IUCN of The Amphibian Specialist Group is spearheading Amphibian Ark an organization that is was an organization that is was formed of the U.S. , it borders the U.S. , the Canadian province it borders , the Canadian province it borders of British Columbia it the Canadian province of borders the largest U.S. state Alaska by far is the world It the seventh largest subnational division in represents Alaska's residents of Approximately half live within the second-largest city of Juneau The state capital is Alaska was various indigenous peoples by occupied was various indigenous peoples by occupied for thousands of years by various indigenous peoples for occupied the entry point is The state considered for

the first Europeans The Russians were to settle several administrative changes The area through went before 's per capita income is per capita income is among capita income is among the highest income among the is Alaska of The indigenous population is proportionally the Russian colonial period in it when introduced an Aleut-language idiom was It from derived thousands of years Numerous indigenous peoples Alaska for occupied a six-week-old infant of remains were found a matrilineal kinship system The Tlingit people a society with developed Alaska The Tsimshian people to came from Athabaskan of the northern Interior region The Gwich'in people are Some researchers Alaska the first Russian settlement in believe Alaska the first Russian settlement in believe was the testimony is This hypothesis on based Alaska with Another European contact occurred in , fur traders of small associations began fur traders of small associations began to Between 1774 and 1800 , several expeditions Spain sent , to Spain several expeditions sent Alaska Spain several expeditions to sent places These expeditions names to gave , an expanded colonization program the Russian-American Company out carried an expanded colonization program the Russian-American Company out carried during It the capital the colony after remained the capital the colony after remained was Alaska never fully The Russians colonized Alaska the colony , and colonized the sale ; the purchase was made March 30, 1867 was the purchase on made Six months later Sitka the commissioners in arrived Sitka the commissioners in arrived and Sitka in the formal transfer and arrived In the ceremony 250 uniformed U.S. soldiers marched the ceremony 250 uniformed U.S. soldiers marched to 250 the governor's house uniformed U.S. soldiers to marched the governor's house uniformed U.S. soldiers to marched at was loosely the military by governed loosely the military by governed initially the military by governed initially , Sitka was A federal district court in headquartered under the United States flag , Sitka was the United States flag , the only community Sitka was , the only community Sitka was inhabited Sitka the only community by inhabited was American settlers the only community inhabited by was

a "provisional city government They organized " , a "provisional city government which " , organized to the early 1910s , gold rushes the early 1910s , gold rushes in , Alaska gold in rushes Alaska gold in rushes and the Alaska Governor's Mansion of Construction began that During World War II , the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused World War II , the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on , Attu the Aleutian Islands Campaign on focused Attu the Aleutian Islands Campaign on focused , the Aleuts of About half died during significant bases and Adak Unalaska/Dutch Harbor became Nome ; possession Soviet pilots took ; possession Soviet pilots took of these aircraft Soviet pilots possession of took an important cause for Alaska Statehood was Decades later , its first real momentum the statehood movement gained , its first real momentum the statehood movement gained following a territorial referendum the statehood movement its first real momentum following gained also major battles themselves fighting found major battles themselves fighting found against On March 27, 1964 , the massive Good Friday earthquake killed March 27, 1964 , 133 people the massive Good Friday earthquake killed , 133 people the massive Good Friday earthquake killed and 133 people the massive Good Friday earthquake killed and destroyed recorded history It the second-most-powerful earthquake in was 1989 , the "Exxon Valdez " hit , a reef " the "Exxon Valdez hit a reef " the "Exxon Valdez hit in of North America , Alaska is North America , the northernmost and westernmost state Alaska is , the northernmost and westernmost state Alaska is in the United States Alaska the northernmost and westernmost state in is in colloquial use ; Alaska is colloquial use ; Alaska is not ; part Alaska not is part Alaska not is of The state is Canada's Yukon by bordered is Canada's Yukon by bordered and Canada's Yukon by bordered and British Columbia the Bering Strait Alaska's territorial waters Russia's territorial waters in touch in area , Alaska is area , Alaska is by the largest state Alaska by far is With its myriad islands , Alaska has

its myriad islands , Alaska has nearly tidal shoreline Alaska nearly of has the southern tip The Aleutian Islands chain west from extends the Aleutians are Many active volcanoes in found volcanoes of The chain extends to Alaska Glacier ice about of covers Inside Passage , this is Passage , the region this is , the region this is of Alaska this the region of is the initial non-indigenous settlement where most of was The region is the Alexander Archipelago by dominated is the Alexander Archipelago by dominated as the Alexander Archipelago by dominated as well the state capital Juneau It contains , the former capital Sitka ; it of much is uninhabited wilderness of it much is the region Fairbanks the only large city in is a sparsely inhabited region Southwest Alaska is stretching some the population of Most lives along its massive reserves is The area for known this chain More than 300 small volcanic islands up make , this chain up which , make these islands of Some fall in Alaska of approximately 65% is owned the U.S. federal government and managed by owned Of these , the Bureau of Land Management manages these , the Bureau of Land Management manages , The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the United States Fish and Wildlife Service by managed , Alaska of the state owns Alaska of the state owns , Another are 12 regional by owned are 12 regional by owned , 12 regional by owned , and itself often Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited promotes as 1991 were they before repealed in many cases , a privilege denied many cases , a privilege denied to , individual Alaskans a privilege to denied individual Alaskans a privilege to denied ) the remaining land Various private interests own , totaling Alaska ; it is maintained it is the Office of History and Archaeology by maintained the Alaska Constitutional Convention to Delegates wanted to the entire land area do not the boroughs cover no government The Unorganized Borough has of its a mechanism " A "recording district is for 34 recording districts is The state into divided

is 34 recording districts into which divided 34 recording districts into which divided are Whereas a three-tiered system many U.S. states use of decentralization—state/county/township many U.S. states a three-tiered system of use the land of most is located implies , no intermediate borough government it has , no intermediate borough government it has but no intermediate borough government it has but is the Greater Anchorage Area Borough Anchorage the city government with merged Anchorage The state's most populous city is , home in the 2020 United States census , Alaska has the 2020 United States census , a total Alaska has , a total Alaska has of 355 incorporated cities Alaska a total of has four unified municipalities of cities The tally includes these communities of The majority are located people of that figure Approximately three-quarters were of that figure people who were that figure people who were live people who were live in On an annual basis , the southeast is an annual basis , the southeast is both wettest the southeast both the is the only region This also is in than southeast Alaska , it gets southeast Alaska , more snow it gets , more snow it gets , more snow it gets , and more snow days , and gets , precipitation Anchorage of receives precipitation Anchorage of receives a year western Alaska of The climate is determined is large part in by determined the Bering Sea in large part by determined the southwest It a subarctic oceanic climate in is variety This region a tremendous amount of has the 90s °F temperatures reaching into have Alaska in The highest and lowest recorded temperatures are both The Fort Yukon highest in is Fort Yukon highest in is ( Fort Yukon in which ( is , Utqiaġvik in the average low temperature is the 2020 United States census The United States Census Bureau in found that the 2020 United States census in the population that found In 2010 , Alaska ranked 2010 , Alaska ranked as , the 47th state Alaska as ranked the 47th state Alaska as ranked by

the least densely populated state Alaska is , and the largest U.S. state Alaska by far is The 2019 American Community Survey the population 60.2% of estimated the population 60.2% of estimated was , the total population of 7.8% was the total population of 7.8% was foreign In 2015 , 61.3% was 2015 , non-Hispanic white 61.3% was , non-Hispanic white 61.3% was , non-Hispanic white 61.3% was , 3.4% 7% and Latin Americans Hispanics were From 2015 to 2019 , the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were 2015 to 2019 , Mexican Americans the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were , Mexican Americans the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were , Mexican Americans the largest Hispanic and Latin American groups were , Puerto Ricans 66.7% White The state was ( 64.1% non-Hispanic white spoke another Indo-European language , about 4.3% spoke another Indo-European language , an Asian language about 4.3% spoke , an Asian language about 4.3% spoke ( an Asian language about 4.3% spoke ( including In 2019 , the American Community Survey determined 2019 , 83.7% the American Community Survey determined , 83.7% the American Community Survey determined spoke only English the American Community Survey 83.7% spoke determined Asian and Pacific Islander languages were 5.6% by spoken were 5.6% by spoken of Alaskans by 5.6% of spoken the University of Alaska Fairbanks at The Alaska Native Language Center claims that at the University of Alaska Fairbanks at least 20 Alaskan native languages that claims the University of Alaska Fairbanks at least 20 Alaskan native languages that claims exist , Alaska residents of about 34% were members of Alaska residents about 34% were Mormon Roughly 4% were , 0.5% the Catholic Church in Alaska The largest religious denominations was 62% in 2014 The Pew Research Center determined the largest Christian tradition Protestantism was , dominated the largest Christian tradition by , dominated was the second largest Protestant Christian group Mainline Protestants were , followed the second largest Protestant Christian group by , followed were the largest single Christian tradition The Catholic Church remained practiced in Of the unaffiliated population , they made

the unaffiliated population , they made up , the largest non-Christian religious affiliation they up made 1795 , the first Russian Orthodox Church was established Kodiak was the first Russian Orthodox Church in established Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped with Alaskan Natives the Russian immigrants helped Alaskan Natives the Russian immigrants helped integrate society the Russian immigrants integrate into helped the largest Quaker population also Alaska has ( In 2009 , there were 2009 , 6,000 Jews there were , 6,000 Jews there were in Alaska there 6,000 Jews in were venues often Alaskan Hindus share and In 2010 , Alaskan Hindus established 2010 , the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska Alaskan Hindus established , the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska Alaskan Hindus established , the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska Alaskan Hindus established , making the Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska it , making established Alaska There an estimated 2,000–3,000 Hindus in are the late 1990s The Islamic Community Center of Anchorage efforts in began a building They ground on broke first will the mosque the be of 2016 , Alaska had 2016 , a total employment Alaska had , a total employment Alaska had of 266,072 Alaska a total employment of had $55 billion The 2018 gross state product was , 48th by Phoenix Marketing International , Alaska had Phoenix Marketing International , the fifth-largest number Alaska had , the fifth-largest number Alaska had of millionaires Alaska the fifth-largest number of had the Alaskan economy The oil and gas industry dominates , with the Alaskan economy Agriculture a very small fraction of represents consumption Agricultural production primarily for is government Employment primarily in is the economy Military bases a significant component of are an important part Federal subsidies also are of crude petroleum Its industrial outputs are , natural gas vast energy resources Alaska has , although vast energy resources its oil reserves , although has the Alaska North Slope were Major oil and gas reserves in found Alaska's North Slope on Prudhoe Bay is still some also Alaska offers of increasingly expensive diesel fuel Alaska's economy heavily on depends

oil revenues The Alaska Permanent Fund a constitutionally authorized appropriation of is was originally Governor Keith Miller by proposed originally Governor Keith Miller by proposed on the eve of the by Governor Keith Miller on proposed was later Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone by championed the rare exception has The Permanent Fund become to 734,000 , the fund has grown $50 billion has the fund to grown , 8% the state legislature out takes 8% the state legislature out takes from either the Matanuska Valley Most farms in are , The short 100-day growing season the crops that limits can the crops that limits can be agronomic crops ; these farms mostly lie barley Delta-area crops predominantly of consist a surge has Alaskan agriculture experienced in seafood Alaska an abundance of has the few food items Seafood one of is the few food items one of that is salmon seasons Many Alaskans advantage of take Hunting for subsistence , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is for subsistence , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still subsistence , primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common Alaska in Most food is transported gathering an essential activity imported food because is an essential activity imported food because is is transport of The cost can reach the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race of Alaska's popular annual events Some are Alaska's 11 cultural groups The Alaska Native Heritage Center the rich heritage of celebrates cross-cultural exchanges Their purpose to encourage is singer Jewel from Alaska Prominent musicians include Alaska There many established music festivals in are the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra in Alaska The most prominent orchestra is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony , though is in Alaska , they set Alaska , they set up , "Camp Hollywood they up set "Camp Hollywood they up set " in New York City , the studio received New York City , the largest amount the studio received , the largest amount the studio received of feedback the studio the largest amount of received as a result , Mala became

a result , an international movie star Mala became Alaska are Many reality television shows in filmed a long and storied history They have , but Alaska in law enforcement was handled in Alaska was by handled Alaska was various federal agencies by handled their own local police usually Larger towns have and usually their own local police some villages and have their own local police some villages and have rely of the state , the troopers serve the state , the troopers serve as criminal law , hunting and fishing regulations wildlife Troopers enforce Alaska in Many rural communities are considered in the state ; this is the state ; this is in ; part this in is part this in is linked sexual assault Alaska the highest rate of has sexually assaulted victims of The average age is 16 years old many school districts Early Development The Alaska Department of Education and administers in more than a dozen colleges There are and universities the University of Alaska Anchorage in Alaska Accredited universities include AVTEC Workforce Development The Alaska Department of Labor and operates , a problem has Alaska had with rural Alaska in schools must have the loss This due to was few road connections Alaska has compared to only a car ferry ; this has spurred ; debate has this spurred debate has this spurred over Alaska in The Interstate Highways consists of the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel of the Alaska Highway system One unique feature is At , the longest road tunnel the tunnel was , the longest road tunnel the tunnel was in North America the tunnel the longest road tunnel in was north Pacific It links shipping through served ARR tracks by are known ARR tracks by are known statewide Alaska's development The railroad a vital role in played the last railroads The Alaska Railroad one of was one It to offer continues by road ; the railroad provides road ; the only transportation the railroad provides ; the only transportation the railroad provides to rural homes the railroad the only transportation to provides now mainly tourists by used

mainly tourists by used , tourists by used , often the 1983 BBC television series was It in featured ( the North American railway network to The nearest link is the northwest terminus to the North American railway network The nearest link is a ferry service also The system operates from recent years , cruise lines have created , a summertime tourism market have cruise lines created a summertime tourism market have cruise lines created , be air only by reached air only by reached , a lesser extent Fairbanks , is by served , is many major airlines by served of limited highway access , air travel remains limited highway access , the most efficient form air travel remains , the most efficient form air travel remains of transportation air travel the most efficient form of remains are heavily the federal government by subsidized heavily the federal government by subsidized through the Essential Air Service program by the federal government through subsidized remaining commercial flight offerings of The bulk come from be the Alaska bypass mail program to which attributed the Alaska bypass mail program to which attributed subsidizes the demand These operations from originated for In 2006 , Alaska had 2006 , the highest number Alaska had , the highest number Alaska had of pilots Alaska the highest number of had Of these , there are these , 2,507 there are , 2,507 there are Private 2,507 there are Private , mid-late 1920s ) , dog mushing is ) , more dog mushing is , more dog mushing is of a sport dog mushing more of is the state are Various races around held what GCI and operates owns what and operates it owns a 40-member House of Representatives The Alaska Legislature of consists and four-year terms Senators serve and House members four-year terms of Alaska The governor serves four levels Alaska's court system has : the Alaska Supreme Court appellate courts and the Court of Appeals The Supreme Court are its early years of statehood Alaska was of statehood a Democratic state Alaska was statehood a Democratic state Alaska was ,

a Democratic state Alaska was , since addition , Republican governor Wally Hickel was elected the office was Republican governor Wally Hickel to elected Alaska's voter initiative effect marijuana legal took making effect marijuana legal took making on The new law 21 people over means 21 people over means can finance state government operations , Alaska depends state government operations , Alaska depends primarily petroleum revenues Alaska primarily on depends the lowest individual tax burden it to have allows five states It one of is the state's revenue sources The Department of Revenue Tax Division regularly on reports an annual summary also The Department issues of has no state sales tax , 89 municipalities collect no state sales tax , a local sales tax 89 municipalities collect , a local sales tax 89 municipalities collect , a local sales tax 89 municipalities collect , from raw fish taxes Other local taxes include levied , has Alaska's state treasury which , decimated Alaska's state treasury which , decimated has Republicans regularly Alaska supports in the state's electoral college votes have Republicans won in a Democratic presidential candidate has No state for voted Alaska was Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson by carried was Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson by carried during his landslide election by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during carried , the state have Republicans carried Republicans have the state by carried have large margins the state by carried In 2008 , Republican John McCain defeated 2008 , Democrat Barack Obama Republican John McCain defeated , Democrat Barack Obama Republican John McCain defeated in Alaska Republican John McCain Democrat Barack Obama in defeated Sarah Palin McCain's running mate was , the state's governor In the 2020 election cycle , Alaskan voters approved the 2020 election cycle , Ballot Measure 2 Alaskan voters approved a margin passed by The measure of campaigns The measure requires to disclose statewide elections The measure non-partisan blanket primaries for establishes the practice Agriculture is of cultivating the rise Agriculture the key development in was thousands of years ago of agriculture The history began them nascent farmers to plant began

cereals Food classes include ( grains global warming Environmental issues contributions to include a cause Agriculture both is of a late Middle English adaptation "agriculture " The word is varying scopes is Agriculture with defined the human population of agriculture The development enabled different parts Agriculture independently in began China was Rice in domesticated Mesopotamia were Sheep in domesticated the wild aurochs were Cattle from domesticated Eurasia Pig production in emerged , the Andes of South America , the potato was domesticated the Sahel region was Sorghum in domesticated Peru was Cotton in domesticated was Peru in by domesticated Peru in by domesticated 5,600 years ago multiple hypotheses have Scholars offered to increasing sedentism ; examples are sedentism ; the Natufian culture examples are ; the Natufian culture examples are in the Levant examples the Natufian culture in are In Eurasia , the Sumerians started Eurasia , the Sumerians started to wheat Farmers grew , barley the Nile River Ancient Egyptian agriculture on relied and the predynastic period Farming in started at grains Staple food crops were such as jujube were 9,000 BC by domesticated were 9,000 BC by domesticated , 9,000 BC by domesticated , soon were Mehrgarh culture in by domesticated 8,000–6,000 BC in Mehrgarh culture by domesticated Cotton was the 5th–4th millennium BC by cultivated from the 5th century BC there was the 5th century BC a nationwide granary system there was BC a nationwide granary system there was and a nationwide granary system there was and widespread silk farming use Water-powered grain mills in were by Eurasia These westwards across spread Rome , wheat the major cereals were , wheat the major cereals were , wheat the major cereals were , emmer irrigation systems The Aztecs developed , formed extensive canal The Mayas used and raised the Andes was Coca in domesticated Peru was Cotton in domesticated was Peru in by domesticated 3,600 BC in Peru by domesticated llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs including Animals were domesticated , the East of the indigenous people domesticated crops of the East the indigenous people domesticated a Chilean The domesticated strawberry a hybrid of is

a regional scale The natives fire on controlled eel farming and other groups The Gunditjmara developed evidence There is of ' ammonium nitrate fertilizer The Haber-Bosch method the synthesis of allowed livestock of herds are moved forest of a small area is cleared of forest is by cleared forest is by cleared cutting land of Another patch is selected land is the process and selected farming of This type is practiced cultivation Intensive farming is to maximise From the twentieth century , intensive agriculture increased the twentieth century , productivity intensive agriculture increased synthetic fertilizers It substituted and pesticides In recent years there has been recent years a backlash has there been a backlash has there been against has the European Union which , been the European Union which , been first organic farming of The growth has renewed smallholder agriculture that an increase in posits , China of the agricultural output was China of the agricultural output was the the Industrial Revolution , many countries have made , the transition have many countries made the transition have many countries made to the 19th century , this had dropped between 35 and 65% had this to dropped the global employment It approximately 70% of constitutes a hazardous industry farmers , and remains risk can entire families at be agriculture The International Labour Organization considers " one agricultural employees that the annual work-related death toll among estimates guidelines Safety and Health at Work has the European Agency for issued which a system in forests is Then fallow is the plot left fallow is the plot left to intensity Annual cultivation the next phase of is the use Further industrialization to led of of the low biodiversity , nutrient use is the low biodiversity , nutrient use is uniform agriculture may be by limited may be rainfall by limited be rainfall by limited , rainfall by limited , either of these environments perennial crops are grown these environments perennial crops are grown ( cereals of food crops Important categories include cotton Natural fibers include , wool distinct growing regions are Specific crops in cultivated

the breeding Animal husbandry is and raising the 2000s , a significant increase there was , a significant increase there was in livestock production there a significant increase in was , selective breeding using producers focused selective breeding using producers focused on plant material Grassland based livestock production upon relies such grassland Mixed production systems use , fodder feed Landless systems upon rely from these operations Industrialized countries use to produce the growth that 75% of estimate this growth of Much is happening the practice Tillage is of breaking intensity Tillage in varies from weeds Pest control the management of includes crop rotation Cultural practices include , culling nutrient inputs Nutrient management both the source of includes chemical inorganic fertilizers can Nutrient inputs be , irrigation Some farmers use to supplement Canada , a fallow year farmers use , a fallow year farmers use to a fallow year farmers use to conserve Payment for ecosystem services is for ecosystem a method services is ecosystem a method services is of a method services is of providing has been humankind by practiced been humankind by practiced for thousands of years by humankind for practiced breeding practices crops through Altering changes conventional hybridization The Green Revolution the use of popularized less than 1 t have worldwide average wheat yields from increased around 2 t South American average wheat yields are / ha GMO ) organisms whose genetic material are ) organisms whose genetic material are has organisms whose genetic material are has been the genes has Genetic engineering expanded available For some , GMO crops cause some , food safety and food labeling concerns GMO crops cause restrictions have Numerous countries placed on a gene Herbicide-resistant seed has implanted into a crop the farmer to grow allow Herbicide-tolerant crops are farmers by used are farmers by used worldwide of herbicide-tolerant crops , an increase comes herbicide-tolerant crops , an increase comes in , the use an increase in comes the use an increase in comes of In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed , Other GMO crops used growers by include

used insect-resistant crops growers by include insect-resistant crops growers by include , growers insect-resistant crops which , include insect-resistant crops which , include have insects These crops damage by resist a cause Agriculture both is of the most important drivers Agriculture one of is toxins Agriculture the main source of is some 13 per cent that agricultural operations produced stated society Agriculture multiple external costs upon imposes in the US cropland that concluded the US cropland that concluded imposes approximately $5 to $16 billion that cropland imposes concluded the fiscal impacts , more that concluded yield Agriculture to increase seeks inputs Yield with increases such ; hedges this removing means hedges this removing means , insects Pesticides kill , plants biodiversity have These and other measures cut to all land Livestock production 70% of occupies the largest sources It one of is By comparison , all transportation emits comparison , 13.5% all transportation emits , 13.5% all transportation emits of the CO2 all transportation 13.5% of emits human-related nitrous oxide It 65% of produces 64% also It generates of previously forested area is now by occupied is now pastures by occupied now pastures by occupied and pastures by occupied and the remainder reductions is also livestock driving services , the most substantial way humans is , the most substantial way humans is alter the Earth's ecosystems the most substantial way humans alter is land transformed humans by vary transformed humans by vary from 39 to 50% humans by from vary behind degradation ; 1.5 billion people rely degradation ; 1.5 billion people rely upon ; the degrading land 1.5 billion people upon rely major nonpoint pollutants These nutrients are contributing to 70 percent Agriculture for accounts of water Agriculture a major draw on is areas that aquifers in known being water resources on by placed industry on water resources by placed 1950 has Pesticide use since increased 1992 The World Health Organization in estimated that 1992 in three million pesticide poisonings that estimated the environment that a trade-off between argue changes Global warming agriculture through affects agriculture is already Global warming affecting

change Agriculture to climate contributes over-stretched water resources have Current farming methods in resulted farmers Technological advancements provide help with conservation tillage Technology innovations like permits conservation agriculture Other potential practices include , agroforestry by 2050 , it found 2050 , it found that people that the number of found the 1940s , agricultural productivity has increased this energy input of The vast majority comes from the 1980s , agriculture the Green Revolution transformed , agriculture the Green Revolution transformed around the globe the Green Revolution agriculture around transformed fossil fuels Industrialized agriculture on depends in fertilizers Indirect consumption the manufacture of includes nitrogen fertilizer of the production can account , US farms by direct and indirect consumption accounts US farms by direct and indirect consumption accounts for U.S. farms by Direct and indirect energy consumption peaked in not just agriculture Food systems encompass but off Agricultural economics economics it as is economics it as is relates the greater efficiency is This to related the economic marketplace can significantly National government policies change , developing countries in non-subsidized farmers experienced adverse effects in developing countries non-subsidized farmers experienced national policies adverse effects from that experienced , a significant amount there still was a significant amount there still was of sugar with the most trade distortion The three agricultural products were Among the oilseeds , sesame had the oilseeds , the most taxation sesame had , the most taxation sesame had , the most taxation sesame had , but the most taxation overall, feed grains , but had the 1980s , policy-driven distortions have seen , a greater decrease have policy-driven distortions seen a greater decrease have policy-driven distortions seen among cotton , still subsidies see still developed countries subsidies in see developed countries subsidies in see artificially biology Agricultural science a broad multidisciplinary field of is biology a broad multidisciplinary field of that is agriculture of The scientific study began in , 1887 of the Hatch Act provided funding of 1887 the Hatch Act provided what funding for it provided government decisions Agricultural policy the set of is agricultural policies usually Governments implement with

risk management Some overarching themes include and adjustment the creation There many influences on are influence Agribusiness interests a large amount of hold FAO's animal production and health division , lobbying that states large corporations that lobbying by states into the prominent Huxley family , he graduated the prominent Huxley family , he graduated from , Balliol College he from graduated Balliol College he from graduated , in his career , he published his career , short stories he published , short stories he published and short stories he published and poetry his life He the latter part of spent philosophical mysticism He interested in grew Godalming was Huxley in born the writer He the third son of was poet Julia the niece of was Aldous Julia him named after Thomas Henry Huxley Aldous the grandson of was As a child , Huxley's nickname was a child , "Ogie Huxley's nickname was , "Ogie Huxley's nickname was " "Ogie Huxley's nickname was " , He was his brother by described was his brother by described , his brother by described , Julian a year He French for taught a time also Huxley for worked the age of 17 Huxley his first (unpublished) novel at completed social satires His first published novels were , "Crome Yellow During the First World War , Huxley spent the First World War , much Huxley spent , much Huxley spent of his time Huxley much of spent There several Bloomsbury Group figures he met , several Bloomsbury Group figures he met , including 1921 ) the Garsington lifestyle he caricatured their young son They with lived in in 1930 , Huxley edited 1930 , Lawrence's letters Huxley edited , Lawrence's letters Huxley edited ( Lawrence's letters Huxley edited ( 1932 important novels of this period Works included in a dystopian London , Huxley portrays a dystopian London , a society Huxley portrays , a society Huxley portrays operating a society Huxley portrays operating on In 1937 , Huxley moved 1937 , Huxley moved to , Hollywood Huxley to moved Hollywood Huxley to moved with the U.S. He in lived ,

Vedanta Heard Huxley to introduced In 1938 , Huxley befriended 1938 , Jiddu Krishnamurti Huxley befriended , Jiddu Krishnamurti Huxley befriended , whose teachings Huxley Jiddu Krishnamurti , befriended whose teachings Jiddu Krishnamurti , he befriended a Vedantist also Huxley became in afterwards , his book Huxley wrote , his book Huxley wrote on widely held spiritual values Huxley his book on wrote Remsen Bird Huxley a close friend of became the college He much time at spent "Tarzana College The college as appears " a British literary award The novel Huxley won , more than $3,000 that Huxley earned states the film was MGM by completed was MGM by completed in 1943 by MGM in completed screen credit Huxley received for " He was Walt Disney by commissioned was Walt Disney by commissioned in 1945 by Walt Disney in commissioned under the McCarran Act , the judge had the McCarran Act , the judge had to the proceedings the judge to adjourn had of 1960 Huxley was invited 1960 Huxley was by invited Huxley was Professor Huston Smith by invited was Professor Huston Smith by invited to Professor Huston Smith by invited to be the "final and extended period that Huxley's writings in wrote apprehensions had deeply Huxley felt the future apprehensions about the developed world felt From these , he made these , some warnings he made , some warnings he made in his writings he some warnings in made by journalist Mike Wallace , Huxley outlined journalist Mike Wallace , several major concerns Huxley outlined , several major concerns Huxley outlined : several major concerns Huxley outlined : the difficulties " What I said was What I said was that Eastern wisdom traditions with Huxley's engagement was entirely , the art must we cultivate the art must we cultivate of in 1963 , Huxley had 1963 , an extensive association Huxley had , an extensive association Huxley had with the Vedanta Society of Southern California Huxley an extensive association with had until 1960 , Huxley contributed 1960 , 48 articles Huxley contributed , 48 articles Huxley contributed to

"Vedanta Huxley 48 articles to contributed and " Who We Are " Who We Are ? Who We Are ? " In the spring of 1953 , Huxley had the spring of 1953 , his first experience Huxley had , his first experience Huxley had with the psychedelic drug mescaline Huxley his first experience with had a correspondence had Huxley initiated with the details Differing accounts about exist of 1939 , the Bates method Huxley encountered , the Bates method Huxley encountered , the Bates method Huxley encountered , in In 1940 , Huxley relocated 1940 , Huxley relocated from , Hollywood Huxley from relocated Hollywood Huxley from relocated to a car even He driving tried his experiences He a book about wrote his address was n't He reading it had He learned by To refresh his memory he brought refresh his memory the paper he brought his memory the paper he brought closer the paper he brought closer and the late 1950s , Huxley that wrote is true many indications there were true many indications there were of his impaired vision there many indications of were a few nuances Laura Huxley to elaborate proceeded the verge No hypnagogic visions me on greet itself does not the memory present near Aalter , he met Aalter , he met at , Garsington he at met Garsington he at met , one child They had , Matthew Huxley In 1956 , Huxley married 1956 , Laura Archera Huxley married , Laura Archera Huxley married ( Laura Archera Huxley married ( 1911–2007 This Timeless Moment She " wrote " deteriorating , the Utopian novel "Island he wrote , the Utopian novel "Island he wrote " the Utopian novel "Island he wrote " , Companion of Literature he was elected informed Huxley The society invited to appear to advanced laryngeal cancer , Huxley made advanced laryngeal cancer , a written request Huxley made , to Huxley a written request made his wife Huxley a written request to made December 1963 ; it was led it was his elder brother by led was his elder brother by led Julian

a long-time friend had Huxley been of Algae singular alga (; ) is an informal term singular alga ) (; is It a polyphyletic grouping that is includes species a polyphyletic grouping that includes is unicellular microalgae Included organisms from range , autotrophic ( food they generate ( food they generate internally food they generate internally ) "blue-green algae " , most authorities exclude " , all prokaryotes most authorities exclude , all prokaryotes most authorities exclude from the definition most authorities all prokaryotes from exclude Algae a polyphyletic group they since constitute a polyphyletic group they since constitute do algae Green algae examples of are algae examples of that are examples and brown algae Diatoms are Algae the various structures that lack characterize land plants the various structures that characterize lack also cells from whose ancestors derived cells from whose ancestors derived possessed photosynthetic machinery Algae have ultimately derived algae , they have increasing , different industrial and traditional applications have they increasing different industrial and traditional applications have they increasing in thousands of years have Traditional seaweed farming practices for existed other applications More modern algaculture applications the food traditions for extend the Latin word The singular is for ' marine and freshwater algae of the modern study is called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature on The committee has recommended algae of The primary classification is based The algae chloroplasts that contain are chloroplasts that contain are similar that Chloroplasts circular DNA like contain , the chloroplasts of the exact origin is the chloroplasts of the exact origin is different the composition below The table describes of the figure are Their lineage relationships in shown some members of these groups Many contain of these groups some members that contain these groups some members that contain are some members that contain are no modern botanical nomenclature for the starting point , recognized a biochemical criterion This the first use of is this time , microscopic algae were discovered a different group and reported by discovered animals were frequently microalgae considered frequently animals they because considered animals they because considered are

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freshwater algae of The spores are dispersed freshwater algae are by mainly dispersed water mainly by running dispersed water of not all bodies can carry are often ocean currents by spread , algae of the distribution is algae of the distribution is subject their localities , a transport mechanism hypothesizing is , a transport mechanism hypothesizing is usually a transport mechanism hypothesizing is usually possible : " many valid examples there are " many valid examples there are of confined distribution patterns there many valid examples of are " an arctic genus " Clathromorphum is an arctic genus " Clathromorphum is and However , the overall data scientists regard , the overall data scientists regard as the overall data scientists regard as insufficient bodies Algae prominent in are shallow marine waters Seaweeds mostly in grow significant roles of algae The various sorts play In many cases , algal metabolism is many cases , algal metabolism is sensitive various pollutants algal metabolism sensitive to is algal populations of the species composition may shift classical Chinese , the word is used gelling agents Its uses from range in the long run , biofuels should equal Here , great promise algae-based fuels hold , great promise algae-based fuels hold , great promise algae-based fuels hold , directly algae are humans by used are humans by used in many ways by humans in used clear tanks Aquatic and microscopic species cultured in are an important type on a large scale Algaculture is Naturally an important source seaweeds growing are an important source seaweeds growing are of many vitamins They provide including : of many nations : China consumes many nations : more than 70 species China consumes : more than 70 species China consumes , more than 70 species China consumes , including salad ingredients and badderlocks Sea lettuce are high levels from some algae The oils have vegetarianism by and veganism contain the omega-3 fatty acids Fish oil contains , but the omega-3 fatty acids the original source , but contains nitrogen runoff that 60–90% of found Scientists the ATS which , developed the ATS which , developed consists

the nutrient-rich algae Researchers and dried collected algae from which , created hybrid plastics These include , cellulose-based plastics ANOVA was the statistician Ronald Fisher by developed the law is ANOVA on based in the 20th century , antecedents extend the 20th century , centuries antecedents extend , centuries antecedents extend into the past antecedents centuries into extend hypothesis testing These include , the partitioning hypothesis testing was Laplace performing in the least-squares method and Gauss Laplace developed much study also It initiated of 1827 , Laplace was using , least squares methods was Laplace using least squares methods was Laplace using to the term variance Ronald Fisher introduced and proposed Randomization models were several researchers by developed typically dogs to that limited dogs to that limited are that to do One way is the right , groups are identified , young, short-haired dogs 1 group is young, short-haired dogs 1 group is , 1 young, short-haired dogs group , is young, short-haired dogs group , is 2 by the second illustration , the distributions have the second illustration , variances the distributions have , the distributions variances that have the distributions variances that have are variances that have are considerably example , we that means the formal tools of variance The analysis provides the analysis of the method A common use is could be a college or university department by performed be a college or university department by performed to a college or university department by performed to find a list would The fixed-effects model compare of Francis J. Anscombe and developed by discussed unit-treatment additivity of the assumption " implies the randomization-distribution Kempthorne uses and the assumption this derived linear model are closely by approximated are closely the test statistics by approximated closely the test statistics by approximated of an appropriate normal linear model by the test statistics of approximated However , differences there are In the randomization-based analysis , there is the randomization-based analysis , there is " , no assumption there " is no assumption there " is " The randomization-based analysis the disadvantage its exposition that has

the disadvantage its exposition that has involves using a normal linear model , most teachers emphasize a normal linear model , the normal linear model approach most teachers emphasize observational studies , the warrant model-based analysis lacks , the warrant model-based analysis lacks of randomization model-based analysis the warrant of lacks confidence intervals of the derivation must use the independence The normal-model based ANOVA analysis assumes , normality the variances The randomization-based analysis only the homogeneity of assumes so transformations often statisticians use transformations often statisticians use to the analysis is ANOVA in used the experiment of The statistical significance is determined of the experiment is by determined the experiment is a ratio by determined is a ratio by determined of two variances by a ratio of determined several possible alterations This ratio independent of is constant bias ANOVA statistical significance result independent of is the era of mechanical calculation it was of mechanical calculation it was common mechanical calculation it was common to , the mean square (MS is the result called the mean square (MS is the result called ) the mean square (MS the squared terms ) and called 3 sample variances ANOVA estimates : a total variance the total sum The fundamental technique a partitioning of is formula 21 of F The expected value is formula 21 formula 22 ( where is above 1 , the evidence is 1 , the evidence is increasingly approximate the permutation test's p-values : The approximation is the permutation test's p-values : The approximation is particularly maximum power Such permutation tests tests with characterize ANOVA analysis suitable for The simplest experiment is constraints with a single factor More complex experiments involve the complexities The more complex experiments many of share the study ANOVA to generalizes of each factor , it is termed , factorial is it termed the risk of interaction terms The proliferation increases interaction terms the risk some hypothesis test that increases the risk some hypothesis test that increases will interactions to detect The ability is their recommendations Texts in vary regarding experimental data Interactions the interpretation of complicate

the significance will often A significant interaction mask interactions of A lengthy discussion is available techniques of A variety are used factorial designs used in One technique is support is Some analysis in required experimental units of the number is planned Besides the power analysis , there are the power analysis , less formal methods there are , less formal methods there are for less formal methods there are for selecting findings Standardized effect-size estimates comparison of facilitate ANOVA is often by followed is often additional tests by followed "simple" pairwise comparisons may The follow-up tests be of ANOVA There several types of are the assignment mechanism of the protocol's description should include interpret ; more complexity unbalanced experiments offer more complex designs balance of the lack leads balance of the lack leads to variance techniques that the usual analysis of means , unbalanced factorials of the analysis is unbalanced factorials of the analysis is much part ANOVA ( in is the different factors and formula 29 the total number is formula 29 factors the total number of is we formula 33 levels the formula 32-th factor has assume formula 33 levels the formula 32-th factor has assume , all The vector formula 36 the concatenation of is a fully general formula 29-way interaction ANOVA we must also concatenate every additional interaction term must also we concatenate place , we now have , the exact connection now we have the exact connection now we have with However , a concern there is , a concern there is about identifiability there a concern about is In other words , an alkane consists other words , an alkane consists of , hydrogen and carbon atoms an alkane of consists hydrogen and carbon atoms an alkane of consists arranged Methane is methanogenic bacteria by produced is methanogenic bacteria by produced and methanogenic bacteria by some long-chain alkanes and produced much biological activity do not most alkanes have An alkyl group an alkane-based molecular fragment that is bears one open valence an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears is linear can Saturated hydrocarbons be , cycloalkanes is sometimes The third group called

the two C4H8 alkane isomers and methylcyclopropane cyclobutane are differences only The above list includes of carbon atoms of the chain may form cycloalkanes are Such compounds called , In 1866 , August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested 1866 , systematizing nomenclature August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested , systematizing nomenclature August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested by systematizing nomenclature August Wilhelm von Hofmann suggested by using are sometimes the prefix by indicated sometimes the prefix by indicated " the prefix by indicated " n- of the IUPAC naming system , the usage is the IUPAC naming system , the usage is still methanol were The first four names from derived Greek, however alkanes The numeral prefix generally is with hydrocarbons of this class is referred hydrocarbons is by to referred is some to by referred some to by referred as a prefix Simple cycloalkanes have " cyclo- alkanes for The trivial (non-systematic) name is ' the 'paraffin series are alkanes as known compounds for Trivial names are usually the development were They before coined C5H12 to C17H36 they are to C17H36 liquids they are C17H36 liquids they are ; liquids they are ; and a surprise should not it be not a surprise the boiling point that be a surprise the boiling point that be has a boiling point will A straight-chain alkane have higher a similar trend of the alkanes The melting points follow boiling points There one significant difference between is liquids Solids more rigid and fixed structure than have energy This rigid structure requires to break solid structures together put will require melting points The odd-numbered alkanes a lower trend in have electricity do not Alkanes conduct hydrogen bonds do not they form nonpolar solvents in Their solubility is relatively the alkanes of The density usually increases the alkanes of The molecular structure directly affects the electron configuration is It from derived alkanes in The carbon atoms are described sp3 hybrids as that , described , the bonds between the angle are cos−1(− between the bonds the angle are only C–H An alkane has and C–C single bonds freedom There a further degree of is

the simplest case Ethane forms for studying the C–C bond , one will see , the so-called Newman projection will one see an angle on both the front and rear carbon atoms The hydrogen atoms have the free rotation This a consequence of is the C–C bond There constant rotation about is higher alkanes of The case is more carbon Virtually all organic compounds contain – carbon a strong absorption The carbon–hydrogen stretching mode gives between 2850 and 2960 of the group : methyl groups show the group : bands methyl groups show : bands methyl groups show at 1450 cm−1 methyl groups bands at show a high ionization energy Alkanes have , and a high ionization energy the molecular ion , and have most chemical compounds Alkanes only weakly reactive with are the extrapolation method , hence they are , hence extremely weak acids they are hence they extremely weak acids that are they extremely weak acids that are are extremely weak acids that are are practically , reactivity only they show reactivity only they show with the term "paraffins This inertness the source of is of methane , carbon is methane , carbon is in , its lowest possible oxidation state carbon in is its lowest possible oxidation state carbon in is ( halogens Free radical halogenation reactions with occur , highly branched alkanes , the bond angle may differ the molecule Such distortions a tension in introduce For example , the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is example , about 1.9 kcal the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is , about 1.9 kcal the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is / about 1.9 kcal the highly branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane is / mol halogens Alkanes with react in the alkane are progressively by replaced are progressively halogen atoms by replaced Free radicals the reactive species that are participate the reactive species that are participate in smaller ones Cracking larger molecules into breaks formation The thermal cracking process a homolytic mechanism with follows acid catalysts The catalytic cracking process the presence of involves processes and reformation Isomerization are which processes in straight-chain alkanes are In isomerization , the alkanes become

isomerization , branched-chain isomers the alkanes become any carbons does not it lose In reformation , the alkanes become reformation , cycloalkanes the alkanes become , cycloalkanes the alkanes become or cycloalkanes the alkanes become or aromatic hydrocarbons the octane number of these processes Both raise steam will Alkanes with react the atmospheres Alkanes a small portion of form Saturn , was by examined , was the "Huygens" probe by examined was the "Huygens" probe by examined , the "Huygens" probe by which , examined on Titan the Cassini mission has imaged Titan seasonal methane/ethane lakes has the Cassini mission imaged seasonal methane/ethane lakes has the Cassini mission imaged near ethane that the abundances of showed millions of years have They over formed the producers Methanogens also are of this simplest also They produce of a role also Alkanes play , plants , the solid long-chain alkanes are found the plant cuticle are the solid long-chain alkanes in found water loss They the plant against protect plant alkanes in The carbon chains are usually animal products are Alkanes in found One example the shark liver oil which , is the shark liver oil which , is is pheromones They important as are ) are body contact by transferred morsitans " , the pheromone contains " , the four alkanes the pheromone contains , the four alkanes the pheromone contains 2-methylheptadecane (C18H38 the four alkanes the pheromone contains 2-methylheptadecane (C18H38 ) pollination latter dependent for is "A. nigroaenea " , the females emit " , a mixture the females emit , a mixture the females emit of tricosane the females a mixture of emit , alkanes of the most important source is natural gas of alkanes the most important source is a method The Fischer–Tropsch process is to synthesize the Wurtz reaction , a haloalkane is treated sodium is a haloalkane with treated alkanes of The applications depend on gases and butane Propane are atmospheric pressure gases at that are propane gas burners is Propane in used pentane to octane the alkanes are to octane highly volatile liquids the alkanes are fuels are They as used

premature ignition is by measured ignition is the octane rating by measured is the octane rating by measured of the fuel by the octane rating of measured the major part They instead form of Diesel fuels are their cetane number by characterized are their cetane number by characterized , their cetane number by characterized , cetane hexadecane from Alkanes upwards form In the latter function , they work the latter function , they work at , the same time they at work the same time they at work as paraffin wax Many solid alkanes use as find a chain length of approximately 35 or more carbon atoms are found bitumen are approximately 35 or more carbon atoms in found Alkanes very inert apolar molecules chemically which are very inert apolar molecules chemically which are are serious ecological issues inertness This yields if inertness serious ecological issues they if yields serious ecological issues they if yields are them of Both may cause a threat also Alkanes pose to unbranched alkanes Branched alkanes a lower biodegradability than have the rules United States appellate procedure involves and regulations an appeal of The nature can vary standard There many types of are An appellate court a court that is hears cases a court that hears is errors typically could These grounds include an appeal files who is called an appeal " A "cross-appeal is brought " an appeal by brought is the respondent an appeal brought by is , trial at the judge suppose trial at the judge suppose found The appellant the party who is , the party who is , having the new case in The appellant can be an appeal An appellee the party to is right " one that is " one that is is one that is is guaranteed a previous case to party may file some law reports , the appellant is named , first is the appellant named appeals Many jurisdictions two types of recognize The the traditional "direct" appeal first is in which first the traditional "direct" appeal in is in post - conviction is post - conviction is rare

" the general term " Appellate review is the general term " Appellate review is for appellate review of seeking the normal and preferred way is appellate review There two distinct forms of are right , defendants usually petition , the highest state court usually defendants petition the highest state court usually defendants petition to a direct appeal is This appeal as known discretion it over whether exercises great magnitude , appellate courts might be federal post-conviction relief , an appellant can petition , the court can an appellant petition the court can an appellant petition to ineffective assistance might Typical claims include of the direct appeal , however some states allow direct appeal , the conviction is considered , final is the conviction considered , the intermediate appellate court it to goes the intermediate appellate court it to goes , appeal of A "notice " is a form that or document is The form is the appellant by completed is the appellant by completed or the appellant by completed or by the legal system of The specific rules will dictate a notice Some courts samples of have days is it in measured country can This from vary Generally the record the appellate court speaking examines the record the appellate court speaking examines of no defect , it " affirms the judgment " it " affirms some cases , an appellate court may review , a lower court decision may an appellate court review a lower court decision may an appellate court review "de novo Sometimes , a defect the appellate court finds , a defect the appellate court finds in the procedure the appellate court a defect in finds the written decision will only an appellate court consider the record will normally the appellate court consider the opportunity The appellant has to present written briefs are Those arguments in presented the power do not appellate courts have unchallenged , the power these decisions have , the power these decisions have to the power these decisions have to settle such a tribunal , one generally has , the power generally one has

the power generally one has to the prior trial it as if erases of the lesser offense ; the conviction represents the lesser offense ; an acquittal the conviction represents ; an acquittal the conviction represents of the more serious offenses the conviction an acquittal of represents reversible error that the lower court committed prove fact , an appellate court will apply Under this standard , the appellate court gives this standard , deference the appellate court gives , to the appellate court deference gives the lower court's view the appellate court deference to gives which that the law under argue new evidence , there must be , a high probability must there be a high probability must there be that must a high probability its presence that be a high probability its presence that be or an oral argument traditionally A lawyer starts to appeal ; this notice is transmitted the trial court is this notice to transmitted the appeal court's opinion is The mandate from distinguished the appeal court's opinion from which , distinguished multiple outcomes can There be , nothing where there is required discretionary review have who may send at the case , they chose the case , they chose not In the common law , an answer is the common law , the first pleading an answer is , the first pleading an answer is by a defendant an answer the first pleading by is In a criminal case , there is a criminal case , there is usually , an arraignment there usually is an arraignment there usually is or speaking in private, civil cases there is in private, civil cases no plea there is private, civil cases no plea there is entered no plea there is entered of There only a judgment that is grants money damages only a judgment that grants is law any court of that is most jurisdictions , the court system is divided at least three levels is the court system into divided In some areas , the appellate court has some areas , limited powers the appellate court has

, limited powers the appellate court has of review the appellate court limited powers of has by lower courts , some systems have lower courts , appellate courts some systems have , appellate courts some systems have divided some systems appellate courts by divided have the type appellate courts divided by have the court before parties are allowed , trial court decisions of only a small proportion result trial court decisions of only a small proportion result in a "court Many U.S. jurisdictions their appellate court title of , their appellate court have others titled a "court have others their appellate court titled the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals of such courts Examples include such courts the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals which ( include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals which ( include existed the highest appellate courts and the New York Court of Appeals The Maryland Court of Appeals are general jurisdiction The New York Supreme Court a trial court of is a criminal charging document Arraignment a formal reading of is jurisdictions Acceptable pleas among vary , In Australia , arraignment is Australia , arraignment is the , first arraignment the is first arraignment the is of British Columbia , defendants are arraigned the day are defendants on arraigned In British Columbia , arraignment takes British Columbia , place arraignment takes , place arraignment takes in one arraignment place in takes In France , the general rule is France , the general rule is that , another 24 hours can police custody last another 24 hours can police custody last in the consent The police to have need accused , they are read , the charges are they read the charges are they read and South Africa , arraignment is defined the calling is arraignment as defined the United States Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , " arraignment shall , " [ arraignment shall " [ arraignment shall ... In federal courts , arraignment takes federal courts , place arraignment takes , place arraignment takes in two stages arraignment place in takes

The the "initial arraignment is first called the "initial arraignment is first called " this stage , the defendant is informed the pending legal charges is the defendant of informed the act Video arraignment is of conducting the problems of the video arraignment process Use addresses time of defendants The transportation requires in common law jurisdictions , the court enters common law jurisdictions , a plea the court enters , a plea the court enters of a plea the court enters of not " a patriotic American song " America the Beautiful is Its lyrics were Katharine Lee Bates by written were Katharine Lee Bates by written and Katharine Lee Bates by written and its music a poem Bates the words as wrote the song's melody had initially Ward composed , the poem of the words started the poem of the words started to the song was by in sent was Silas Pratt in by sent Silas Pratt in by sent when him The tune to came while him to he while came the old hymn He the tune for composed 1903 Ward in died , the John F. Kennedy administration , there have been , efforts have there been efforts have there been to America the Beautiful Proponents " prefer " to the latter's war-oriented imagery ; others prefer the latter's war-oriented imagery ; "The Star-Spangled Banner others prefer ; "The Star-Spangled Banner others prefer " "The Star-Spangled Banner others prefer " for Nelson Riddle Frank Sinatra the song with recorded a soulful version popularized Ray Charles by peaked popularized Ray Charles by peaked at number Ray Charles by at peaked the song of Three different renditions have entered The Charlie Rich first by was Charlie Rich first by was , Charlie Rich by which , was at some sporting events it was sung some sporting events it was sung in addition was it in sung For Super Bowl XLVIII , The Coca-Cola Company aired Super Bowl XLVIII , a multilingual version The Coca-Cola Company aired , a multilingual version The Coca-Cola Company aired of the song The Coca-Cola Company a multilingual version of aired

social media sites The commercial some criticism on received On January 20, 2017 , Jackie Evancho released January 20, 2017 , Jackie Evancho released " this phrase have used that include In 2003 , Tori Amos appropriated 2003 , the phrase Tori Amos appropriated , the phrase Tori Amos appropriated " the phrase Tori Amos appropriated " for a term (AT ) Assistive technology is disabilities with People often have ADLs self-care activities that are include toileting self-care activities that include are the effects can Assistive technology ameliorate of disabilities the effects of that ameliorate greater independence Assistive technology promotes by enabling For example , wheelchairs provide example , independent mobility wheelchairs provide , for wheelchairs independent mobility provide those wheelchairs independent mobility for provide those independent mobility for who provide , disability with people have an opportunity with disability people have " something " Assistive technology is Assistive technology " something that is " something that is is something that is is used In other words , assistive technology is other words , any object assistive technology is , any object assistive technology is or any object assistive technology is or system any object that or system is Consequently , a subset adaptive technology is , a subset adaptive technology is of assistive technology adaptive technology a subset of is OT ) a healthcare profession that is ) a healthcare profession that is specializes a healthcare profession that is specializes in ) , areas occupations include , areas occupations include related areas occupations include related to the specialized skill Occupational therapists have of employing Wheelchairs devices that are can devices that are can be mobility-related activities people to perform allow a number The devices in come of Often handles there are behind the seat there handles behind are Wheelchairs are people by used are people by used for whom by people for used transfer benches The most common devices are , stretcher or convertible chairs disabled people a tool for who is It a frame of that consists a frame of that consists is the walker of The front two legs may or

or prosthetic limb a device that is prosthetic limb a device that is replaces a missing body part a device that replaces is the field It part of is Inside the body , artificial heart valves are the body , artificial heart valves are in , common use artificial heart valves in are common use artificial heart valves in are with orthoses Prostheses specifically not are instance , a C-Leg knee alone is a prosthesis alone a C-Leg knee not is the attachment system would The complete prosthesis of consist therapy in prosthetics An Occupational Therapist's role include A powered exoskeleton a wearable mobile machine that is is a wearable mobile machine that is is powered balance and motor function challenges with People often need the front Prone standers the body weight to distribute users them good for makes serious visual impairments with Many people live independently a computer These software programs on run in Apple VoiceOver of screen readers Some example are the option Apple VoiceOver includes to magnify thirty languages There are to select the assistance may screen readers on rely an electronic form , that is uploaded the digital format is that as uploaded the hard copy documents usually will people use raised dots Braille a system of is an electro-mechanical device or braille terminal A refreshable braille display is Desktop video magnifiers electronic devices that are use a camera electronic devices that use are those They printed pages for enlarge A camera a monitor to that connects a monitor to that connects displays A screen magnifier software that is interfaces software that is interfaces with the texts users to enlarge allows desktop video magnifiers , this technology assists video magnifiers , people this technology assists , people this technology assists with low vision this technology people with assists into their computer's memory , it serves their computer's memory , it serves as , a kind it as serves a kind it as serves of moves , the area it enlarges , the area it enlarges around it it the area around enlarges large letters A large-print keyboard has printed on

navigation for Assistive technology has exploded these articles of Most were published Wearable technology smart electronic devices that are can smart electronic devices that are can be assistive technology a particular sort of that are place being the systems in put of impairment , examples include impairment , web accessibility guidelines examples include The concept is the CEN EN 1332-4 by encompassed is the CEN EN 1332-4 by encompassed Identification the CEN EN 1332-4 by encompassed Identification Card visual and tactile mediums often These individuals on rely amplified sound either Most devices provide or an electro-acoustic device or deaf aid A hearing aid is or deaf aid an electro-acoustic device which is deaf aid an electro-acoustic device which is is an electro-acoustic device which is is designed people of assistive technology This type helps any They amplify and all sound waves people of technology This type allows a microphone usually The assistive listening device uses to This type of assistive technology users allows of assistive technology users allows to assistive technology users allows to amplify the volume users to amplify allows options There also are to Additionally , a wide variety there is , a wide variety there is of amplified telephones there a wide variety of is AAC ) an umbrella term that is ) an umbrella term that is encompasses methods an umbrella term that encompasses is the field of Systematic reviews have found the field have the number that found ATC that the number of found assistive technology Memory aids any type of are assistive technology any type of that are cognitive impairments are Many memory aids for used of their notes , the pen saves their notes , it the pen saves , it the pen saves , it the pen saves , and their notes can also the user download Educational software software that is assists people software that assists is items Adaptive eating devices include commonly used items by commonly used include However assistive technology they become when they assistive technology they when become assistive technology they when become are the size Common modifications increasing include of

the edge a guard on that have manual for eating More sophisticated equipment includes an area in sports Assistive technology is technology design an area of that is new devices Assistive technology the array of is " velcro gloves can Low-tech" devices include velcro gloves can Low-tech" devices include and " all-terrain wheelchairs can High-tech" devices include all-terrain wheelchairs can High-tech" devices include and In the United States two major pieces there are the United States two major pieces there are of legislation there two major pieces of are legislation two major pieces of that are The the Rehabilitation Act first Section 504 of is the Rehabilitation Act first Section 504 of is of was a repository which provided created a repository which provided created of XML format provided Files in are assistive technology IDEA defines as follows a medical device does not B) Exception.--The term include does not a medical device that include not a medical device that include is a medical device that include is surgically this area in Assistive technology is broken low cost that is often equipment writing Examples adapted paper and pencil grips for include the school setting used in Mid tech supports include tablet devices High tech supports the use of involve Software writing for supports include the use for writing supports include the use for reading Supports include high-quality evidence A 2017 Cochrane Review the current lack of highlighted the largest problems disabled people affect that is disabled people affect that is discomfort Massachusetts performed in An experiment utilized different arm exercises The subjects tried , and different arm exercises the sensors , and tried a plug The Pererro is and play those This touch screen technology to brings those touch screen technology to who brings physical disabilities switches of a large variety are switches of a large variety are available the hands Common sites include , head assistive domotics it on making focuses a viable option is Home automation becoming for the same technology This field much of uses greater independence It creates and control , assistive technology of the use created improvements of assistive technology the use created

improvements These included in " However , that care time studies show , that care time studies show for a professional caregiver increases studies that care time for show rows It of consists of beads of the rows could be of positional notation , abacuses were positional notation , a practical calculating tool abacuses were multiple methods Any particular abacus design supports to perform of abacuses , abacuses remain abacuses , abacuses remain in , everyday use abacuses in remain everyday use abacuses in remain in at least AD 1387 to a Middle English work when dates ancient Greek is The Latin word from derived that conclusion evidence insufficient for is a character Some scholars to point in Greek historian the abacus Herodotus mentioned in Ancient Egypt Herodotus the abacus in mentioned the pebbles that the Egyptians manipulated wrote ancient disks have Archaeologists found of various sizes ancient disks of that found around 600 BC , Persians first began Alexis from the 4th century BC mentions from the 4th century an abacus BC mentions the 4th century an abacus BC mentions and an abacus BC mentions and pebbles wood The Greek abacus a table of was white marble It a slab of is this time frame , the Darius Vase was unearthed 1851 was the Darius Vase in unearthed each rod There two beads on are 5 of the top beads One is 5 one , while is it Each rod a number under has the Chinese abacus of The prototype appeared during In the early Ming Dynasty , the abacus began the early Ming Dynasty , the abacus began to The upper deck one bead the bottom and had one bead the bottom and had had In the late Ming Dynasty , the abacus styles appeared the late Ming Dynasty , the abacus styles appeared in , a 2:5 ratio the abacus styles in appeared "Suanpan" enabling efficient calculations were Various calculation techniques for devised to the Chinese one one that suggests the Chinese one one that suggests could decimal place , the standard "suanpan " has , 5 " the standard "suanpan has

5 " the standard "suanpan has plus Incidentally , use this allows , use this allows with a hexadecimal numeral system this use with allows the "suanpan of Another possible source " is " Chinese counting rods which , is Chinese counting rods which , is operated medieval Europe , jetons were manufactured units Marked lines indicated , fives up to five beads It eight long grooves containing has The groove units I indicates marked units I indicates marked , Buddhist philosophy , the second-century CE philosopher that says It exactly what unclear this arrangement is exactly what unclear this arrangement is may new ways were already Indian clerks finding Japan , the abacus is called , "soroban is the abacus called "soroban is the abacus called " China was It from imported use It probably in was a 1:4 type Today's Japanese abacus is , four-bead abacus the upper deck It the form of adopts the shape The beads always in are Later , a 3:5 abacus Japan had , a 3:5 abacus Japan had called 天三算盤 Japan a 3:5 abacus called had the Japanese abacus to Improvements arose in In China an aluminium frame plastic bead abacus was used China The Chinese abacus from migrated to "jupan Koreans it call " an abacus Some sources the use of mention Nahuatl Nepōhualtzintzin comes from The word two main parts was The Nepōhualtzintzin into divided two main parts into by separated divided unitary values in the first row Beads have 7 beads The device 13 rows with featured this culture This a basic number for was natural phenomena It a close relation to had the Nepōhualtzintzin of The rediscovery was due Arithmetic Sanchez in " wrote a finger abacus This was , on a system of the Incas The quipu was ; figure which ) see figure which ) see was a yupana of The working principle is unknown of several yupanas , researchers found several yupanas , researchers found that quarter-kopeks Older models another 4-bead wire for have manipulation , beads are moved the left are beads to moved use The Russian abacus in was in

calculators Some businessmen to import attempting France was The Russian abacus to brought France to by around 1820 brought To Poncelet's French contemporaries , it was Poncelet's French contemporaries , something it was , something it was new it Poncelet used , not abacuses and the Armenian people The Turks used contemporary primary schools is The red-and-white abacus in used facility was Physicist Richard Feynman for noted an encounter He about wrote in It a high-level cognitive skill that is runs calculations a high-level cognitive skill that runs is AMC both visuospatial and visuomotor processing that involves generate the visual abacus both visuospatial and visuomotor processing that generate involves a series The device of consists of a Cranmer abacus is commonly by used is commonly visually impaired users by used mathematical assignments can also Blind students complete a tool The abacus these students gives to the proton donors of acids The first category are of aqueous solutions , proton donors form aqueous solutions , the hydronium ion proton donors form , the hydronium ion proton donors form H3O+ the hydronium ion proton donors form H3O+ and the Arrhenius theory and Lowry generalized Brønsted Aqueous Arrhenius acids characteristic properties which have provide a practical description characteristic properties which provide have a sour taste Acids aqueous solutions with form a pH of an acid An aqueous solution has a higher acidity A lower pH means , and hydrochloric acid Common aqueous acids include ( a solution Lewis acids of acids The second category are acids Lewis acids which , are Lewis acids which , are form boron trifluoride An example is ( BF3 a generalization Lewis this as considered , Arrhenius many Lewis acids not are Arrhenius many Lewis acids not are or acids Hydronium ions are according to In 1884 , Svante Arrhenius attributed 1884 , the properties Svante Arrhenius attributed , the properties Svante Arrhenius attributed of acidity Svante Arrhenius the properties of attributed An Arrhenius acid a substance that is , a substance that is , when in water , it exists water , it exists as , the hydronium ion it as exists

the hydronium ion it as exists ( be a substance as that described a substance as that described increases of hydronium is by accompanied hydronium is a decrease by accompanied is a decrease by accompanied in the concentration by a decrease in accompanied , hydronium ions of the concentration is hydronium ions of the concentration is greater the first reaction easily Both theories describe : In the second example the same transformation CH3COOH undergoes the second example the same transformation CH3COOH undergoes , the same transformation CH3COOH undergoes , in the solvent and hydronium ion is the HCl solute by formed the formation do not The next two reactions involve a pair " Fluoride " loses BF3 a Lewis acid it because is a Lewis acid it because is accepts , a Lewis base ammonia as acts a Lewis base ammonia as acts and , H3O+ in the oxygen atom gains a pair in H3O+ the oxygen atom gains water They in dissociate to conjugate one proton pairs by differ one proton pairs by differ , In solution an equilibrium there exists solution an equilibrium there exists between the acid there an equilibrium between exists an expression " The equilibrium constant "K is of concentration Brackets indicate , such weaker acids Stronger acids a smaller p"K"a than have the classical naming system , the ionic suffix is dropped an acid of The strength refers to A strong acid one that is completely one that is completely dissociates hydrochloric acid of strong acids Examples are these of each essentially ionizes organic oxyacids are which , are toluenesulfonic acid A common example is (tosylic acid ) , solids can sulfonic acids be fluoroantimonic acid of superacids Examples are water can permanently Superacids protonate an aqueous acid solution of the strength is measured of an aqueous acid solution is by measured an aqueous acid solution is pH by measured is pH by measured , pH by which , measured the ECW model in it and classified can be C-B plots by illustrated for organic acids the term mainly indicates organic acids the presence mainly the term indicates

the presence mainly the term indicates of more specific names of polyprotic acids Specific types have then a second proton can it donate a second proton can it donate to the first dissociation for The large "K"a1 makes sulfuric a similar manner , the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose , one proton can the weak unstable carbonic acid lose one proton can the weak unstable carbonic acid lose to orthophosphoric acid of a triprotic acid An inorganic example is titration Neutralization the basis of is An example the weakly acidic ammonium chloride which , is the weakly acidic ammonium chloride which , is is the system of the pH must rise an acid titrated a base by has titrated two axes a base by has two axes a base by has , to the successive dissociation processes , there are the successive dissociation processes , two equivalence points there are , two equivalence points there are in the titration curve there two equivalence points in are the first ionization when all first hydrogen ions from occurs the amount of OH− added equals of OH− the original amount added equals OH− the original amount added equals of H2A added the original amount of equals the amount of OH− added equals of OH− twice the amount added equals OH− twice the amount added equals of H2A added twice the amount of equals a strong base , the second equivalence point must occur pH must the second equivalence point at occur two midpoints for a diprotic acid A titration curve contains two midpoints = where pH contains are two different Ka values , the first midpoint occurs two different Ka values , the first midpoint occurs at , pH the first midpoint at occurs = the first midpoint at pH occurs our lives Acids universally in exist fundamental reagents Acids are in treating , sulfuric acid of the annual production was around 200 million tonnes of sulfuric acid the annual production was In the chemical industry , acids react the chemical industry , acids react in , neutralization reactions acids in react neutralization reactions acids in react to

ammonia with nitric acid reacts to produce some commonly used foods Tartaric acid an important component of is oranges Citric acid present in is day-to-day life is Acetic acid in used the most common acid additives Carbonic acid one of is the most common acid additives one of that is drugs are Certain acids as used the human body Acids important roles in play synthesis are Amino acids for required the manufacturing Nucleic acids important for are organic and inorganic compounds Human bodies a variety of contain amino acids of those acids Many are of those acids amino acids which are those acids amino acids which are mainly amino acids which are mainly serve buffers Other weak acids as serve with example , sulfuric acid is used very large quantities is sulfuric acid in used acidic phosphate groups contain which , include Nucleic acids the genetic code that contain determines many the genetic code that determines contain the synthesis DNA the chemical blueprint for contains a carboxyl group ( thus they are ( thus carboxylic acids they are thus carboxylic acids they are ) carboxylic acids they are ) , the R group , also The variable group called the simplest amino acid , a hydrogen atom the R group is , a hydrogen atom the R group is , a hydrogen atom the R group is , but of glycine , naturally occurring amino acids are glycine , naturally occurring amino acids are chiral around 7 , free amino acids exist 7 , free amino acids exist in , a charged form free amino acids in exist a charged form free amino acids in exist , a net neutral charge The entire molecule has and is another group and fatty acid derivatives Fatty acids are carboxylic acids another group of that are long hydrocarbon chains These contain and a carboxylic acid group many other animals , a part hydrochloric acid is , a part hydrochloric acid is of the gastric acid hydrochloric acid a part of is a critical role Acid–base equilibrium plays in regulating Oxygen gas cellular respiration ) (O2 drives

cellular respiration ) (O2 drives , the lungs are Oxygen and carbon dioxide in exchanged of exertion the body rapidly breaks exertion the body rapidly breaks down stored carbohydrates rapidly the body down breaks pharmaceutical agents , organic weak acids which are , organic weak acids which are can organic weak acids which are can cross the use or inhibited by enhanced the cell , certain acids will exist their neutral form will certain acids in exist the general formula R-C(O)OH A carboxylic acid has , where the general formula R-C(O)OH R , where has a carbonyl group Normal carboxylic acids the direct union of are the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος is The word from derived the term "bitumen geologists to favor tend asphalt occurring is sometimes specified asphalt is sometimes by specified is sometimes the term "crude bitumen by specified sometimes the term "crude bitumen by specified " that Its viscosity similar to is temperature Asphalt properties with change , temperature with which , change aggregate particles Low temperature prevents from moving From the Greek , the word passed the Greek , the word passed into , late Latin the word into passed late Latin the word into passed , the word "bitumen " is by claimed " is some by claimed is some by claimed to some by claimed to be American English , "asphalt " is the preferred geological term " Bitumen still is " a form " Bituminous rock is a form " Bituminous rock is of the dry distillation Tar the thick liquid product of is organosulfur compounds also Most natural bitumens contain , carbon disulfide The substance soluble in is coal tar with which , confused produced , a readily available byproduct coal tar was , a readily available byproduct coal tar was and a readily available byproduct coal tar was and extensively the use has completely asphalt overtaken the La Brea Tar Pits of this confusion Other examples include Of particular note the use is of particular note re-refined engine oil bottoms the use of is re-refined engine oil bottoms the use of is –

various elements REOB contains and compounds , asphalt of large amounts occur asphalt of large amounts occur in the mud were They in deposited lakes of bitumen Natural deposits include most of Alberta The Canadian province has commercially established oil reserves These bituminous sands of contain , the early Cretaceous This formation from is , the Peace River oil sands Two smaller but still very large formations in occur and , the Athabasca oil sands of only parts are the Athabasca oil sands of only parts are shallow the Uinta Basin also Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits in occur hydrothermal veins may Bitumen in occur this of An example is within the organic matter Bitumen similar to is They were mud by covered were mud by covered , mud by covered , buried In the ancient Middle East , the Sumerians used the ancient Middle East , natural bitumen deposits the Sumerians used , natural bitumen deposits the Sumerians used for mortar the Sumerians natural bitumen deposits for used Bitumen was ancient Egyptians by used was ancient Egyptians by used to embalm mummies by ancient Egyptians to used asphalt for The Persian word is " In approximately 40 AD , Dioscorides described approximately 40 AD , the Dead Sea material Dioscorides described , the Dead Sea material Dioscorides described as the Dead Sea material Dioscorides described as " bitumen also Pliny to refers objects to cover that used North America , archaeological recovery has indicated "Mechanics Magazine of An 1838 edition " cites a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys , he that states In the 1830s a surge there was the 1830s a surge there was of interest there a surge of was Europe in Its rise was " on 25 November 1837 , Richard Tappin Claridge patented 25 November 1837 , the use Richard Tappin Claridge patented , the use Richard Tappin Claridge patented of Seyssel asphalt Richard Tappin Claridge the use of patented Scotland Claridge a patent in obtained both 1838 patents were the trustees by sought were the trustees by sought of a company by the trustees of sought

" 1838 Claridge's Patent Asphalte in Company"formed 1838 Claridge's Patent Asphalte in Company"formed for the pavement were Trials of made In 1838 , there was 1838 , a flurry there was , a flurry there was of entrepreneurial activity there a flurry of was On the London stockmarket , there were the London stockmarket , various claims there were , various claims there were as various claims there were as to France were numerous patents in granted In 1914 , Claridge's Company entered 1914 , Claridge's Company entered into , a joint venture Claridge's Company into entered a joint venture Claridge's Company into entered to However , the Clarmac Company the First World War ruined , the Clarmac Company the First World War ruined , the First World War the Clarmac Company which , ruined the Clarmac Company which , ruined entered 19th century was Bitumen in thought was 19th century in Britain thought 19th century in Britain thought to as the 13th century , the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the 13th century , the naturally occurring bitumen the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected , the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples the naturally occurring bitumen that collected the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples the naturally occurring bitumen that collected seeped the naturally occurring bitumen that collected seeped to an adhesive All three groups the substance as used many different artifacts is It on found example , it was used rattles was it on used a sealant was It as used In the horse-drawn era , US streets were the horse-drawn era , US streets were mostly uneven wear Unpaved roads produced and hazards of the popular bicycle , bicycle clubs were the popular bicycle , bicycle clubs were important pavement for Advocacy increased in an ever more common method gradually Asphalt became of 1900 , Manhattan alone had , 130,000 horses alone Manhattan had 130,000 horses alone Manhattan had , wood They to looked or a good compromise Brick surfacing was , but by 1882 ; it became 1882 ; the model it became ; the model it became for

Buffalo it the model for became By the end of the century , American cities boasted the end of the century , 30 million square yards American cities boasted , 30 million square yards American cities boasted of asphalt paving American cities 30 million square yards of boasted natural bitumen Canada the world's largest deposit of has a sample named Wa-Pa-Su a Cree brought 1787 it n't until was the deposit of The value was obvious , a small fur trading post other markets , was a small fur trading post other markets , was were , the Federal Mines Branch of Sidney Ells experimented the Federal Mines Branch of Sidney Ells experimented with Alberta in Other roads were paved the 1920s the Alberta Research Council of Dr. Karl A. Clark patented a hot water oil separation process of the Alberta Research Council Dr. Karl A. Clark patented the Alberta Research Council a hot water oil separation process entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons and patented a hot water oil separation process entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons and patented built the bitumen of Most was used early photographic technology was Bitumen in used 1827 , it was used it was French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce by used was French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce by used to French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce by used to make thinly a pewter plate onto which coated a pewter plate onto which coated was the bitumen to light Exposure hardened the bitumen it and made hardened many artists Bitumen the nemesis of was a time , it ultimately proved , unstable ultimately it proved unstable ultimately it proved for refined asphalt of The vast majority is used the end use , asphalt is produced specification is asphalt to produced is refining either by achieved refining either by achieved or asphalt that the current world use of estimated , asphalt concrete of the production involves asphalt concrete of the production involves mixing for road surfaces ; this accounts road surfaces ; this accounts for ; approximately 85% this for accounts approximately 85% this for accounts of an asphalt pavement of The weight depends upon

asphalt pavement material of a substantial amount is reclaimed asphalt Mastic asphalt a type of is asphalt a type of that is A number of technologies asphalt allow of technologies asphalt allow to technologies asphalt allow to be these emulsifying agents 2–25% the content of is a wide variety are Asphalt emulsions in used the road surface Chipseal spraying involves with asphalt emulsion Slurry seal a mixture of is both their maturation time , to Warm emulsion based mixtures improve which , in aggregates 3. Half-warm technology enormous (100-ton capacity) power shovels are Bituminous sands using mined the bitumen The process to extract used the sand , the bitumen is fed a bitumen upgrader is the bitumen into fed is a bitumen upgrader into which fed a bitumen upgrader into which fed converts synthetic crude oil the Shell Scotford Upgrader ; and produce the choice , such heavy oil refineries usually prefer the swelling of the main problems One is is first radiation by induced first radiation by induced because radiation by induced because of the direction The water in moves of , fractures can this high pressure cause fractures can this high pressure cause in are easily the contact by leached easily the contact by leached of ground water by the contact of leached the concentrated saline solution of The high ionic strength also favours cattle sprays Other uses include , fence-post treatments 1984 were About 40,000,000 tons in produced the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction is It as obtained than asphalt is around 500 °C considered the other components Vacuum distillation it from separates a de-asphalting unit , the crude asphalt is treated either propane is the crude asphalt with treated delivery , these lighter materials are separated "bitumen feedstock is often This mixture called Some the hot engine exhaust trucks route dump the hot engine exhaust trucks route dump through the world's supply Canada most of has Canada The Athabasca oil sands the largest bitumen deposit in are after 2003 , producing bitumen became 2003 , producing bitumen became highly By 2014 , Canadian crude bitumen production averaged

2014 , Canadian crude bitumen production averaged about per day be waste material from by made fractional distillation from waste material by made solar radiation Lighter-colored roads less heat from absorb a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen Selenizza is found in the form is The bitumen in found 83% to 92% The bitumen content from varies ( a long history Albanian bitumen extraction has and was , Albanian bitumen of the first mentions appeared Albanian bitumen of the first mentions appeared only 1875 , the exploitation rights were granted , to were the exploitation rights granted the Ottoman government were the exploitation rights to granted an open pit quarry in several but exploited traditional asphalt It mixed with is mastic asphalts Other typical applications the production of include the construction industry Asphalt a commonly recycled material in is asphalt contain that are reclaimed a greater rate is RAP at recycled 2006 this would have increased Asphalt an inert material basically that is an inert material basically that is must the application parameters that it is determined ANSI ) a private non-profit organization that is ) a private non-profit organization that is oversees the development a private non-profit organization that oversees is Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office The organization's headquarters in are is In 1928 , the AESC became 1928 , the American Standards Association the AESC became , the American Standards Association the AESC became ( the American Standards Association the AESC became ( ASA 1966 , the ASA was reorganized in 1919 , AESC started 1919 , AESC started as , an ambitious program AESC as started an ambitious program AESC as started and the first year for Staff consisted of government agencies ANSI's members are , organizations develop standards , the Institute oversees standards , the development the Institute oversees , the development the Institute oversees and the development the Institute oversees and use products Voluntary consensus standards the market acceptance of quicken the two major international standards organizations The institute the official U.S. representative to is almost the entire technical program ANSI in participates of July 16–24, 1969 ) the spaceflight that was

) the spaceflight that was first the spaceflight that was first landed the American crew and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin Commander Neil Armstrong formed and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin the American crew that formed lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin the American crew that formed landed the Apollo Lunar Module "Eagle the American crew that landed formed at 02:56 UTC ; Aldrin joined 02:56 UTC ; him Aldrin joined ; him Aldrin joined 19 minutes later the Command Module "Columbia Command module pilot Michael Collins flew " alone Apollo 11 was a Saturn V rocket by launched was a Saturn V rocket by launched from Kennedy Space Center by a Saturn V rocket from launched by the Saturn V's third stage , the astronauts separated the Saturn V's third stage , the spacecraft the astronauts separated , the spacecraft the astronauts separated from it the astronauts the spacecraft from separated "Eagle They jettisoned " before "Eagle they " before jettisoned the lunar surface onto Armstrong's first step was broadcast US victory 11 effectively Apollo proved the Cold War was the United States in engaged On October 4, 1957 , the Soviet Union launched October 4, 1957 , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union launched , the first artificial satellite fears This surprise success fired and imaginations the capability that the Soviet Union had demonstrated the Sputnik crisis This precipitated , and the Sputnik challenge President Dwight D. Eisenhower to responded by on April 12, 1961 , Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became April 12, 1961 , the first person Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became , the first person Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became in space Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin the first person in became on May 5, 1961 , Alan Shepard became May 5, 1961 , the first American Alan Shepard became , the first American Alan Shepard became in space Alan Shepard the first American in became had higher lift capacity launch vehicles , Kennedy chose higher lift capacity launch vehicles , Kennedy chose , of that , the proposed program faced

that , the opposition the proposed program faced , the opposition the proposed program faced of many Americans the proposed program the opposition of faced in June 1961 , he proposed June 1961 , he proposed making a joint project making the Moon landing proposed a joint expedition again Kennedy proposed to which A space rendezvous an orbital maneuver in is which an orbital maneuver in two spacecraft is In July 1962 James Webb NASA head July 1962 James Webb NASA head announced James Webb NASA head announced that James Webb lunar orbit rendezvous announced that head for Apollo were by developed Apollo were Project Gemini by developed was abruptly the Apollo 1 fire by halted abruptly the Apollo 1 fire by halted on January 27, 1967 by the Apollo 1 fire on halted October 1968 , Apollo 7 evaluated , the command module 7 Apollo evaluated the command module 7 Apollo evaluated in March 1969 , Apollo 9 put , the lunar module 9 Apollo put the lunar module 9 Apollo put through before Apollo 11's launch , the Soviet Union launched Apollo 11's launch , Luna 15 the Soviet Union launched , Luna 15 the Soviet Union launched , the Soviet Union Luna 15 which , launched Luna 15 which , launched reached During descent , a malfunction caused descent , a malfunction Luna 15 caused prime and backup crews Armstrong's crew , and swapped a bony growth Doctors the problem as diagnosed the Apollo8 crew Lovell his place on took In the meantime , Fred Haise filled the meantime , Fred Haise filled in backup LMP Fred Haise in as filled the second American mission 11 Apollo was where 11 the second American mission all the crew members where was the second American mission all the crew members where was had the option Deke Slayton Armstrong gave to no issues Armstrong had working with the close cheerful camaraderie The Apollo 11 prime crew none of had Instead , an amiable working relationship they forged the crew and Collins Aldrin described Lovell The backup crew of consisted as Lovell had Anders with flown

In early 1969 , he accepted early 1969 , a job he accepted , a job he accepted with the National Aeronautics and Space Council he a job with accepted Gemini , a prime each mission had , a prime each mission had and a prime each mission had and a backup crew astronauts of a third crew was added the flight plan The support crew maintained , checklists emergency situations , so these were The Apollo 11 mission emblem was Collins by designed was Collins by designed , Collins by who , designed At Lovell's suggestion , he chose Lovell's suggestion , the bald eagle he chose , the bald eagle he chose , the bald eagle he chose , the national bird the Earth Collins a lunar background with added ) the artwork which , did the artwork which , did was the director of the MSC the talons felt of the MSC the talons felt of the MSC the eagle the talons of felt the eagle the talons of felt looked some discussion , the olive branch was moved the talons was the olive branch to moved in 1971 , the patch design provided 1971 , the eagle the patch design provided , for the patch design the eagle provided its reverse side the patch design the eagle for provided assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to public affairs George Low Julian Scheer to wrote George Low Julian Scheer to wrote , "Eagle was The LM named " Scheer's suggestion , the CM was named , "Columbia was the CM named "Columbia was the CM named " Columbia also It to referred personal preference kits The astronauts had ( PPKs wood Neil Armstrong's LM PPK a piece of contained February 8, 1968 NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board five potential landing sites on announced two years' worth These the result of were features with the resolution Project Apollo required the Sun angle for The requirement was particularly the temperature extremes to limit the astronauts chosen Site2 The Apollo Site Selection Board selected , with

the first versions of the egress checklist the lunar module pilot had of the egress checklist the lunar module pilot had exit the egress checklist the spacecraft the lunar module pilot exit had the spacecraft the lunar module pilot exit had before early 1969 Reporters in wrote that early 1969 in Aldrin that wrote other lunar module pilots Aldrin to persuade attempted other lunar module pilots to persuade he attempted stem interdepartmental conflict , Slayton told interdepartmental conflict , Aldrin Slayton told , Aldrin Slayton told that Slayton Aldrin Armstrong that told Aldrin Armstrong that told would For decades , Aldrin believed decades , Aldrin the final decision believed Because their spacesuits the astronauts had on their spacesuits the astronauts had on and their spacesuits the spacecraft on and had which The crew a simulation in tried which a simulation in Aldrin tried Slayton Armstrong the plan told was Armstrong the plan told was to Armstrong The media accused of exercising his 2001 autobiography Chris Kraft in revealed that his 2001 autobiography in a meeting that revealed ; a VHF radio antenna " "Eagle had a VHF radio antenna " "Eagle had to Saturn V AS-506 of The S-IVB third stage had arrived on May 20 , the assembly departed May 20 , the Vehicle Assembly Building the assembly departed , the Vehicle Assembly Building the assembly departed atop the crawler-transporter the assembly the Vehicle Assembly Building atop departed the night of July 15 was The launch complex on floodlit the S-II and S-IVB stages of the fuel tanks were filled Fueling was three hours by completed was three hours by completed before launch by three hours before completed the crew Slayton roused shortly after their space suits then They donned and At 06:30 , they headed 06:30 , they headed out Launch Complex they out to headed about three hours and ten minutes Haise "Columbia " entered with a technician , he helped a technician , Armstrong he helped , Armstrong he helped into the left-hand couch he Armstrong into helped Five minutes later , him Collins joined , him Collins joined ,

him Collins joined , taking the center couch Aldrin , taking entered launch Haise around two hours and ten minutes before left the hatch The closeout crew sealed , and the hatch the cabin , and sealed the launch complex then The closeout crew left about an hour three minutes and twenty seconds became The countdown at automated Apollo 11 An estimated one million spectators the launch of watched Staff Dignitaries the Chief of included former president Lyndon B. Johnson Vice President Spiro Agnew the launch with viewed from the United States ; the rest came the United States ; the rest came from ; 55 other countries the rest from came the world more around Millions listened July 16, 1969 Saturn V AS-506 Apollo 11 on launched into the flight , the launch vehicle began the flight , the launch vehicle began to the first-stage engines of Full shutdown occurred about 2minutes and a near-circular Earth orbit 11 Apollo entered at , the S-IVB engine of a second ignition pushed the spacecraft of the S-IVB engine a second ignition pushed "Columbia This separating involved " UTC , Apollo 11 passed the Moon 11 Apollo behind passed , views the crew passing saw views the crew passing saw of part was The site in selected part in it because selected "Eagle and Armstrong Aldrin entered "Eagle it " as inspected mascons could have The problem been the mission , the cause was diagnosed a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper Software engineer Don Eyles in concluded that a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper in the problem that concluded , so semi-automatic control he took Throughout the descent , Aldrin called the descent , Aldrin called out , navigation data Aldrin out called navigation data Aldrin out called to ground Armstrong a clear patch of found above the surface , he discovered the surface , he his new landing site discovered he a crater his new landing site had discovered a crater his new landing site had discovered in the crater He cleared and found the surface They now from were

Lunar dust the LM's engine up by kicked the LM's engine up by kicked began before the landing and he said the landing and he said : the engine and Armstrong shut landed the Attitude Control Assembly ACA was — the LM's control stick the LGC Output to went to from its centered position ; it was its centered position ; it was spring 20:17:40 UTC " Eagle at landed mission controllers during the landing the LM showed during the landing the LM showed had the landing enough fuel the LM had showed enough fuel the LM had showed for less fuel 11 Apollo with landed Armstrong the post-landing checklist Aldrin's completion of acknowledged the post-landing checklist Aldrin's completion of acknowledged with listeners to landing that emphasized Duke his reply he as mispronounced his reply he as mispronounced expressed guys You a bunch of got communion then He took privately this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit was still NASA fighting still a lawsuit by brought fighting atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair a lawsuit brought by fighting For this reason , Aldrin chose this reason , Aldrin chose to the Webster Presbyterian Church Aldrin an elder at was the chalice Webster Presbyterian possesses used on 02:39:33 was Eagle"s hatch at opened some difficulties initially Armstrong had squeezing At his descent 02:51 Armstrong began to the lunar surface 02:51 Armstrong his descent to began him on his chest The remote control unit kept a special monitor was it on displayed Goldstone was The signal at received the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope was the feed to switched the first lunar EVA of ghostly black and white images were received after landing , Armstrong stepped landing , Armstrong stepped off , "Eagle" footpad Armstrong off stepped "Eagle" footpad Armstrong off stepped and about his quote , Armstrong said his quote , Armstrong he said together ; the intermittent nature another is ; the intermittent nature another is of the audio and video links another the intermittent nature of is the tape of A more recent digital analysis claims to onto the Moon's surface , Armstrong collected