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the algorithm must The programmer translate into this Stone an example of gives this point It at is that can be a model by computed be a model by computed known a model by computed known to the three Böhm-Jacopini canonical structures Tausworthe augments : SEQUENCE a Minsky machine , a flowchart always starts the top always a flowchart at starts only four Its primary symbols are : the directed arrow these primitive shapes are Jacopini canonical structures of made the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid is It after named the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid after who , named the oldest algorithms It one of is A number He " defines [ this Euclid stipulated so that this he so that stipulated one another , it yields another , the number it yields , the number it yields " the number it yields " 1 Does an algorithm what its author do an algorithm what its author do wants what it its author wants do some confidence usually A few test cases give in For test cases , one source uses test cases , 3009 one source uses , 3009 one source uses and 3009 one source uses and 884 is zero , both numbers are zero , zero both numbers are then zero at the failures indicate zero at the failures indicate that at zero the algorithm that indicate zero the algorithm that indicate ( mathematical induction " : Knuth demonstrates " : the application Knuth demonstrates : the application Knuth demonstrates of mathematical induction Knuth the application of demonstrates only six core instructions , "Elegant " is , the clear winner " "Elegant is the clear winner " "Elegant is , ( HALT it at arrives HALT it at arrives in the case why this is indicates a "B is much time doing wasted can be the elimination by improved be the elimination by improved of five steps by the elimination of improved "Elegant with Comparison " provides " a hint these steps that provides a hint these steps that provides , the addition This change for calls of At all times the algorithm only needs

all times the algorithm only needs to the same task may Different algorithms complete with In this sense , algorithm analysis resembles this sense , other mathematical disciplines algorithm analysis resembles , other mathematical disciplines algorithm analysis resembles in other mathematical disciplines algorithm analysis resembles in that other mathematical disciplines it in that resembles analysis is pseudocode for used analysis for it as used , special properties speed improvements on depend special properties speed improvements on depend of its own problems of science Every field has multiple algorithms may Some problems have of mappings There also are from However algorithms of practical applications are algorithms of practical applications are sometimes algorithms of The earliest evidence is found During the Hammurabi dynasty circa algorithms 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described the Hammurabi dynasty circa algorithms 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets described for computing formulas 1800-1600 BC, Babylonian clay tablets algorithms for described deciphering encrypted code was by developed encrypted code was Al-Kindi by developed was Al-Kindi by developed , Al-Kindi by developed , a 9th-century Arab mathematician " : the invention Bolter credits : the invention Bolter credits of the weight-driven clock Bolter the invention of credits Boolean equations The technical problem to reduce was , the system have I reduced the system have I reduced to 1870 he displayed in This machine in Bell Laboratories , he observed Bell Laboratories , the "burdensome' use he observed , the "burdensome' use he observed of mechanical calculators he the "burdensome' use of observed this kudos : Frege 's is perhaps the most important single work 's Frege " is In rapid succession the following appeared : rapid succession the following appeared : Alonzo Church as a boy ; Mrs. Turing had a boy ; a typewriter Mrs. Turing had ; a typewriter Mrs. Turing had , a typewriter Mrs. Turing had , and a typewriter he , and had An annual plant a plant that is completes its life cycle a plant that completes is which place take they vary place take they vary according spring Summer annuals during germinate or seed can rapa from go

In cultivation , many food plants are cultivation , many food plants are , and parsley true biennials that are parsley true biennials that are are true biennials that are are usually impatiens as annuals are grown sometimes a pest are winter annuals considered a pest are winter annuals considered in 2008 , it was discovered only two genes that the inactivation of discovered Researchers the SOC1 and FUL genes which ( deactivated the SOC1 and FUL genes which ( deactivated control plant taxa The anthophytes a grouping of are Usually antiseptic solutions mouthwashes are intended antiseptic solutions mouthwashes are intended to , saliva substitutes some rinses as act saliva substitutes some rinses as act to - can This the anti-cavity re lower this effect may Fluoridated mouthwash mitigate or the mouth Common use rinsing involves with water Most companies not drinking suggest Japan is Gargling in practiced infusions One commonly used way with is or The most-commonly-used mouthwashes commercial antiseptics which , are commercial antiseptics which , are are ingredients Mouthwashes combine to treat concerns and recommendation its use involves mouthwash state of their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes that Some manufacturers mouthwashes of Minor and transient side effects are very dry mouth may Alcohol-containing mouthwashes make and " prescription mouthwashes " Magic mouthwashes are prescription mouthwashes " Magic mouthwashes are compounded of magic mouthwash ; it shows magic mouthwash ; no difference it shows ; no difference it shows in efficacy it no difference in shows mouth rinsing to The first known references is in , mechanical cleansing following mouth rinsing became mechanical cleansing following mouth rinsing became common Before the Americas Europeans to came the Americas Europeans to came , the Americas to Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures , came ( what we now call what dental plaque now we call dental plaque now we call ) organisms also He found in samples He with experimented by Next the mouth he rinsing tried the mouth he rinsing tried of affairs That the state of remained mouthwashes in commercial interest has been these solutions of Many aim to of microbiotas only a limited set that shows

microbiotas only a limited set that shows of microbes that only a limited set of shows new mouthwash treatments research into that led of the alcohol content , it is the alcohol content , it is possible In addition , alcohol is addition , a drying agent alcohol is , a drying agent alcohol is , alcohol a drying agent which , is a drying agent which , is encourages In addition , the authors highlight addition , side effects the authors highlight , side effects the authors highlight from several mainstream mouthwashes the authors side effects from highlight several mainstream mouthwashes side effects from that highlight media attention The review garnered and conflicting opinions the findings of Cancer Research UK Yinka Ebo disputed In a March 2009 brief , the American Dental Association said a March 2009 brief , the American Dental Association said " a chemical antiseptic Chlorhexidine digluconate is and is However , no evidence there is , no evidence there is to no evidence there is to support anti-plaque action It has , but Gram-negative rods of The proportion increase as plaque , so it is so a substitute it not is a substitute it not is for primary herpetic gingivostomatitis , chlorhexidine mouthwash is used a temporary substitute is chlorhexidine mouthwash as used chlorhexidine mouthwash with a tooth extraction before Rinsing good "substantivity Chlorhexidine has " ( , tannins chlorhexidine to binds tannins chlorhexidine to binds , taste disturbance can also Chlorhexidine mouthwash cause increase Chlorhexidine mouthwashes staining of oil mouthwashes of the use is called little study has Oil pulling received and has little study there and received little study there and received is one small study , it was found approximately one tablespoon is The mouth with rinsed Essential oils oils which are have oils which are have been sodium fluoride Anti-cavity mouthwashes use to protect anaerobic bacteria It kills , and the treatment Oral lidocaine useful for is some anti-plaque action Methyl salicylate has , but A 2005 study three times that gargling found three times that gargling found a a toxic alkaloid herbal extract Sanguinarine is , obtained

the causative substance , the lesions may persist years may the lesions for persist , malignant transformation for the potential is malignant transformation for the potential is unknown teaspoon by dissolving 0.5–1 made a mechanical cleansing action Saline has and an antiseptic action a therapeutic increase of the solution The heat produces the draining also Hot saltwater mouthwashes encourage of the mouth , it may cause , a dental abscess may it cause a dental abscess may it cause to Some oral surgeons the mainstay saltwater mouthwashes consider the mainstay saltwater mouthwashes consider of dental extractions , hot saltwater mouthbaths should start a mucosal coating agent Sucralfate is , composed in adults ( it causes adults ( red staining it causes ( red staining it causes of teeth it red staining of causes 0.5% concentrations of minocycline mouthwashes can relieve a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic Triclosan is found in ) , moderate substantivity there is , moderate substantivity there is , broad spectrum anti-bacterial action there moderate substantivity , is staining does not Triclosan cause a pleasant-tasting sensation like zinc chloride Astringents provide the Argead dynasty , he was born Pella was he in born his father He succeeded King Philip II to the age of thirty , he had created , one had he created one had he created of his youth , Alexander was tutored Alexander was Aristotle by tutored was Aristotle by tutored until the age of 16 by Aristotle until tutored Thebes , Alexander was awarded , the generalship was Alexander awarded the generalship was Alexander awarded of In 334 BC the Achaemenid Empire he invaded 334 BC the Achaemenid Empire he invaded ( the Achaemenid Empire he invaded ( Persian Empire ) , the power Alexander broke , the power Alexander broke of Persia Alexander the power of broke King Darius III subsequently He overthrew and At that point , his empire stretched that point , his empire stretched from , the Adriatic Sea his empire from stretched the Adriatic Sea his empire from stretched to the "ends Alexander to reach endeavored the cultural diffusion Alexander's legacy includes and syncretism

He more than twenty cities that founded bore his name more than twenty cities that bore founded Hellenistic civilization in which , resulted the region The Greek language the lingua franca of became central and far eastern Anatolia in Greek-speaking communities survived until a classical hero Alexander legendary as became enduring, unprecedented success in battle him made in battle him made the battle him made the measure Pella was Alexander in born the king He the son of was Alexander's birth Several legends surround and childhood to Philip , Olympias dreamed Philip , Olympias dreamed that the wedding , Philip is said interpretations Plutarch a variety of offered , a siege was Philip preparing a siege was Philip preparing on That same day , news Philip received , news Philip received that Philip news his general Parmenion that received news his general Parmenion that received had Hegesias of Magnesia This led to say his early years , Alexander was raised Alexander was a nurse by raised was a nurse by raised , a nurse by raised , Lanike, sister his childhood , Alexander was tutored Alexander was the strict Leonidas by tutored was the strict Leonidas by tutored , the strict Leonidas by tutored , a relative , Thessaly from a trader brought Philip from Thessaly a trader brought Bucephalas Alexander it named , Alexander Bucephalas carried as far was 13 , Philip began 13 , Philip began to In the end , Philip chose the end , Aristotle Philip chose , Aristotle Philip chose and Aristotle Philip chose and provided a boarding school Mieza like was for these students of Many would become Alexander Aristotle taught and his companions Among them Artabazos II were and them Artabazos II were and his daughter , Aristotle under Alexander's education ended , Maedi of the Thracian tribe revolted Maedi of the Thracian tribe revolted against Philip's return , Alexander was dispatched a small force was Alexander with dispatched Perinthus , Alexander reportedly saved , his father's life reportedly Alexander saved , Amphissa of the city began Amphissa of the city began to lands to work that began

Thrace , Alexander was ordered his son and his army Philip joined led Demosthenes by , voted Demosthenes by , voted to embassies and Philip Both Athens sent Amphissa Philip on marched ( south , him his opponents blocked , him his opponents blocked near Chaeronea his opponents him near blocked of Chaeronea , Philip commanded Chaeronea , the right wing Philip commanded , the right wing Philip commanded and the right wing Philip commanded and Alexander to the ancient sources , the two sides fought the ancient sources , the two sides fought bitterly some time the two sides bitterly for fought his troops deliberately Philip commanded to first Alexander the was to damaged the enemy's cohesion , Philip ordered the enemy's cohesion , his troops Philip ordered , his troops Philip ordered to his troops Philip ordered to press Sparta , they were refused At Corinth , Philip established Corinth , a "Hellenic Alliance Philip established , a "Hellenic Alliance Philip established " a "Hellenic Alliance Philip established " ( to Pella , he fell Pella , he fell in , love he in fell love he in fell with heir The marriage Alexander's position as made In 337 BC , Alexander fled 337 BC , Macedon Alexander fled , Macedon Alexander fled with his mother Alexander Macedon with fled Illyria He to continued , several of Alexander's friends this suggested of Alexander's friends this suggested showed Alexander's friends Philip this showed suggested an actor Alexander by sending reacted of this , he stopped this , the negotiations he stopped , the negotiations he stopped and the negotiations he stopped and scolded Epirus , Philip was assassinated Philip was the captain by assassinated was the captain by assassinated of his bodyguards by the captain of assassinated , a vine he over tripped a vine he over tripped and his reign Alexander began by eliminating his cousin He had , the former Amyntas IV two Macedonian princes also He had from about this , he was this , he was furious that time Attalus at was corresponding many states of Philip's death News roused

reached Alexander , he responded Alexander , he responded quickly use diplomacy , Alexander mustered diplomacy , 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander mustered , 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander mustered and 3,000 Macedonian cavalry Alexander mustered and rode He the pass the Thessalian army occupying found the pass the Thessalian army occupying found between the next day , Alexander they found , Alexander they found in Alexander they found in their Thermopylae Alexander at stopped , peace Athens for sued and Alexander apparently This reply delighted , apparently Alexander who , delighted Alexander who , delighted is At Corinth , Alexander took Corinth , the title Alexander took , the title Alexander took of "Hegemon Alexander the title of took to Asia , Alexander wanted Asia , Alexander wanted to his northern borders Alexander to safeguard wanted of 335 BC , he advanced 335 BC , he advanced to several revolts he to suppress advanced from Amphipolis , he travelled Amphipolis , east he travelled , east he travelled into the country he east into travelled the country The Macedonians into marched of three days then Alexander for marched Alexander then News reached that then Alexander Cleitus that reached Alexander Cleitus that reached , into Illyria , Alexander defeated Illyria , each Alexander defeated , each Alexander defeated in turn Alexander each in defeated Athens of Thebes The end cowed ) , the work Philip II began , the work Philip II began of the work Philip II began of establishing In 336 Parmenion he sent 336 Parmenion he sent , Parmenion he sent , with of Anatolia the news until revolted Anatolia the news until revolted arrived of Philip II , Alexander's army crossed Philip II , the Hellespont Alexander's army crossed , the Hellespont Alexander's army crossed in 334 BC Alexander's army the Hellespont in crossed his intent He showed to conquer Sardis ; he then proceeded the Ionian coast then he along proceeded held Achaemenid forces by , required a delicate siege operation Achaemenid forces , by required From Halicarnassus , Alexander proceeded Halicarnassus , Alexander proceeded into , mountainous Lycia Alexander into proceeded

mountainous Lycia Alexander into proceeded and At Termessos , Alexander humbled Termessos , Alexander humbled but the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot , a feat said the future "king a feat to await said 333 BC , Alexander crossed BC , the Taurus Alexander crossed , the Taurus Alexander crossed into Cilicia Alexander the Taurus into crossed to an illness , he marched an illness , he marched on Syria he on towards marched by Darius's significantly larger army , he marched Darius's significantly larger army , he marched back Cilicia he back to marched the battle Darius fled , causing the battle his army , causing fled He a peace treaty that offered included the lands a peace treaty that included offered possession Alexander to take proceeded resistance was Alexander with met impossible ... Alexander this encouraged ... Alexander this encouraged all Alexander this encouraged all the After three unsuccessful assaults , the stronghold fell three unsuccessful assaults , the stronghold fell , a large number Egypt only one of was Siwa , Alexander was crowned the temple was Alexander in crowned Alexander the temples by neglected restored the Persians the temples neglected by restored near Karnak , he built Karnak , a chapel he built , a chapel he built for the sacred barge he a chapel for built Egypt Alexander on advanced in of pharaohs , Alexander made pharaohs , sacrifices Alexander made , sacrifices Alexander made to the gods Alexander sacrifices to made son was He pronounced of Zeus-Ammon often Alexander to referred in Egypt , he founded Egypt , Alexandria he founded , Alexandria he founded , he Alexandria which , founded Alexandria which , founded would in 331 BC , Alexander marched 331 BC , Alexander marched eastward Achaemenid Assyria Alexander eastward into marched the field once more Darius fled the field Alexander , and fled the final and decisive encounter would Gaugamela be between From Babylon , Alexander went Babylon , Alexander went to , Susa Alexander to went Susa Alexander to went , his army He the bulk of sent selected troops himself Alexander took on

Darius then Alexander chased , his own destiny no longer The Persian king controlled the Great King his men fatally stab had Darius's remains Alexander buried next to a usurper Alexander Bessus as viewed new cities Alexander a series of founded by a horse nomad army , Spitamenes raised a horse nomad army , Sogdiana Spitamenes raised , Sogdiana Spitamenes raised in revolt Spitamenes Sogdiana in raised the Scythians personally Alexander defeated at During this time , Alexander adopted this time , some elements Alexander adopted , some elements Alexander adopted of Persian dress Alexander some elements of adopted Alexander's broad strategy This one aspect of was the gesture however The Greeks regarded of The many cases latter in were many cases latter in were additionally Alexander This a problem for created 334 BC awareness he demonstrated BC awareness he demonstrated of this he awareness of demonstrated 332 BC Alexander a letter in wrote of the "entire Persian people " it made the "entire Persian people " it made impracticable his life against A plot was revealed the death of the son The death necessitated his life against a second plot was revealed for Asia , he left Asia , his general Antipater he left , his general Antipater he left , his general Antipater he left , an experienced military and political leader Thebes of Alexander's sacking ensured that of Thebes Greece that ensured Thebes Greece that ensured remained arms The one exception a call to was the League of Corinth Antipater the Spartans' punishment to referred general , a period Greece enjoyed , a period Greece enjoyed of peace Greece a period of enjoyed vast sums Alexander back sent from with his new satrapies , Alexander turned his new satrapies , Alexander turned to , the Indian subcontinent Alexander to turned the former satrapy He the chieftains of invited Alexander Ambhi to relieve hastened Ambhi not only Alexander returned of the Macedonian king , Taxiles accompanied the Macedonian king , him Taxiles accompanied , him Taxiles accompanied with a force Taxiles him with accompanied After that victory he was sent

that victory he was by sent he was Alexander by sent was Alexander by sent in pursuit by Alexander in sent the two rivals were the personal mediation by reconciled were the personal mediation by reconciled of Alexander by the personal mediation of reconciled 327/326 BC , Alexander personally led , a campaign personally Alexander led a campaign personally Alexander led against Massaga of The fort was reduced only did the entire population Alexander slaughter did the entire population Alexander slaughter of Massaga Alexander the entire population of slaughter , the fortress numerous Assakenians to fled the fortress numerous Assakenians to fled of After Aornos , Alexander crossed Aornos , the Indus Alexander crossed , the Indus Alexander crossed and the Indus Alexander crossed and fought Alexander was Porus's bravery by impressed was Porus's bravery by impressed , Porus's bravery by impressed , and satrap He Porus as appointed Choosing a local him helped a local him helped control local these lands him control helped these lands him control helped so opposite sides Alexander two cities on founded The Nicaea (Victory other was ) Nicaea (Victory other was ) , of campaigning , Alexander's army mutinied campaigning , Alexander's army mutinied at , the Hyphasis River (Beas Alexander's army at mutinied the Hyphasis River (Beas Alexander's army at mutinied ) his army Alexander much of sent in his absence , Alexander executed his absence , several Alexander executed , several Alexander executed of them Alexander several of executed of thanks , he paid thanks , he paid off , the debts he off paid the debts he off paid of his intention His troops misunderstood and mutinied down , Persians command posts Alexander gave , Persians command posts Alexander gave in the army Alexander Persians command posts in gave forgiveness quickly The Macedonians begged , which forgiveness , Alexander begged to Persia , Alexander learned Persia , Alexander learned that the tomb that guards of learned Cyrus the Great Alexander admired , from , Ecbatana Alexander to travelled Ecbatana Alexander to travelled to Alexander Hephaestion's death devastated , and Alexander he , and devastated

On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC , Alexander died either 10 or 11 June 323 BC , Alexander died in , the palace Alexander in died the palace Alexander in died of Alexander's death There two different versions of are Alexander a fever which , developed a fever which , developed worsened a fever did not he develop all the theory Alexander that mentioned the theory Alexander that mentioned was of a poisoning conspiracy , Plutarch dismissed a poisoning conspiracy , it Plutarch dismissed , it Plutarch dismissed as a fabrication Plutarch it as dismissed from the New Zealand National Poisons Centre the plant that proposed the New Zealand National Poisons Centre the plant that proposed white " a prolonged course can Veratrum album" poisoning have a prolonged course can Veratrum album" poisoning have and can a prolonged course it and have a prolonged course it and have was the "New England Journal of Medicine in A 1998 article " attributed the symptoms Other illnesses fit , including a gold anthropoid sarcophagus was Alexander's body in laid was a gold anthropoid sarcophagus in that laid a gold anthropoid sarcophagus in that laid was to Macedon , Ptolemy seized Macedon , it Ptolemy seized , it Ptolemy seized and it Ptolemy seized and took the intended destination would This with fit AD 200 , Emperor Septimius Severus closed 200 , Alexander's tomb Emperor Septimius Severus closed , Alexander's tomb Emperor Septimius Severus closed to the public Emperor Septimius Severus Alexander's tomb to closed the Macedonian army Demades likened , after no obvious or legitimate heir Alexander had , his son bequeathed his kingdom ; his laconic reply was his kingdom ; his laconic reply was " ; tôi his laconic reply " was kratistôi"—"to his laconic reply " tôi was , this arrangement they since rejected this arrangement they since rejected had Instead , Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus they supported out power bases Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon by became power bases Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon by became each Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon power bases general each became

power bases general each became used in 321 BC , Macedonian unity collapsed 321 BC , Macedonian unity collapsed , these plans of The enormous scale has led a military commander ; he never lost ; a battle never he lost a battle never he lost , use This due to was Philip II and perfected by developed the potential also Alexander recognized for at Granicus , Alexander used Granicus , only a small part Alexander used , only a small part Alexander used of his forces Alexander only a small part of used the center Alexander the phalanx at placed contrast , the Persian infantry was stationed its cavalry was the Persian infantry behind stationed with Darius , he used Darius , the same deployment he used , the same deployment he used , the same deployment he used , and the charge personally Alexander led in at Gaugamela , Darius equipped Gaugamela , his chariots Darius equipped , his chariots Darius equipped with scythes Darius his chariots with equipped a double phalanx Alexander arranged , with a double phalanx the center , with arranged India , his forces Alexander adapted , his forces Alexander adapted to his opponents' style Alexander his forces to adapted , his javelin throwers successfully Alexander used his javelin throwers successfully Alexander used and conflicting accounts frequently Historical sources give of his lifetime , Alexander carefully curated , his image carefully Alexander curated his image carefully Alexander curated by Lysippos This commissioning sculptures by included Nevertheless , the fact Andrew Stewart highlights , the fact Andrew Stewart highlights that Andrew Stewart the fact artistic portraits that highlights the fact artistic portraits that highlights , Alexander and contemporary coins The Alexander Mosaic portray general , those Alexander's prominent personality traits reflected , those Alexander's prominent personality traits reflected of his parents Alexander's prominent personality traits those of reflected huge ambitions His mother had , and destiny Olympias's influence a sense of instilled Alexander's most immediate and influential role model Philip his father probably was of his personality ; he had his personality ; a need he had

; a need he had to a need he had to outdo from his father , he was his father , he was open reasoned debate he open to was a calmer side He had — perceptive knowledge He a great desire for had to Aristotle's tutelage ; Alexander was Aristotle's tutelage ; Alexander was intelligent was amply his ability by demonstrated amply his ability by demonstrated and his ability by demonstrated and success However , little interest he had , little interest he had in sports he little interest in had great charisma He had and force of Hephaestion , Alexander began Hephaestion , Alexander began to signs Alexander to exhibit began Zeus , a theory apparently confirmed him apparently a theory to confirmed himself He to identify began "proskynesis " was by disapproved " was the Macedonians by disapproved was the Macedonians by disapproved , the Macedonians by disapproved , and the sympathies This behaviour him cost of , a pragmatic ruler also Alexander was Alexander also a pragmatic ruler who was also a pragmatic ruler who was understood the difficulties a pragmatic ruler who understood was two sons apparently He had , a close relationship also Alexander had with the subject has Alexander's sexuality been of is also Plutarch by told also Plutarch by told , Plutarch by told , probably an heir did not he produce to Diodorus Siculus , Alexander accumulated Diodorus Siculus , a harem Alexander accumulated , a harem Alexander accumulated in the style Alexander a harem in accumulated his military conquests Alexander's legacy beyond extended , contacts greatly His campaigns increased and of the cities he founded became the cities major cultural centers founded he became major cultural centers founded he became , founded major cultural centers many , became major cultural centers many , became surviving Macedonian rule Alexander's most immediate legacy the introduction of was of his death , Alexander's empire covered his death , some Alexander's empire covered , some Alexander's empire covered , some Alexander's empire covered , and these areas of Many remained in Alexander's empire of The eastern borders began to

of his conquests , Alexander founded his conquests , some twenty cities Alexander founded , Alexander some twenty cities that founded Alexander some twenty cities that founded bore his name some twenty cities that bore founded trade routes The cities' locations reflected as well on the Mount Pagus , he slept the Mount Pagus , he slept under , a plane tree he under slept a plane tree he under slept at him the goddess and told appeared 334 BC Alexander the Great , In donated the few independent archaeological discoveries This inscription one of is " was the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by coined was the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by coined to the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen by coined to denote Greek elements Alexander to insert sought the Hellenistic culture promulgated the conquests by was promulgated the conquests by was essentially the conquests by was essentially Athenian the Hellenistic world Koine throughout spread , the Koine Greek language was the New Testament in written On the Silk Road trade routes , Hellenistic culture hybridized the Silk Road trade routes , Hellenistic culture hybridized with , Iranian and Buddhist cultures Hellenistic culture with hybridized Greco-Buddhism known as The resulting syncretism influenced : Boddhisatvas of the concept is Boddhisatvas of the concept is reminiscent Hellenization of The process also spurred to the 3rd century BC were found the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city were BC in found , Indian art on Hellenistic influence was Indian art on Hellenistic influence was far his exploits were many Romans by admired were many Romans by admired , many Romans by admired , especially generals his "Histories Polybius began " by Pompey the epithet "Magnus the Great adopted " the epithet "Magnus the Great adopted " and a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue Julius Caesar dedicated but replaced Alexander also The emperor Trajan admired , The Itinerarium Alexandri a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium which is describes Alexander the Great's campaigns a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium which describes is his quaestorship Julius Caesar to serve went against the Alamanni , it became

the Alamanni , it became evident Alexander He openly mimicking began of the Parthian Empire , Caracalla decided the Parthian Empire , Caracalla decided to 16,000 Caracalla to arrange decided the Roman battle line first merely to refers Alexander for Caracalla's mania went so Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour This a sign of was In 39 , Caligula performed 39 , a spectacular stunt Caligula performed , a spectacular stunt Caligula performed by a spectacular stunt Caligula performed by ordering He Alexander's only unsuccessful project this was says his own lifetime , probably by encouraged , probably Alexander by encouraged probably Alexander by encouraged himself the sea Callisthenes His court historian portrayed in after Alexander's death , Onesicritus invented Alexander's death , a tryst Onesicritus invented , a tryst Onesicritus invented between Alexander Onesicritus a tryst between invented both high and popular culture has Alexander in figured modern Greek folklore Alexander prominently in features a household name he , and is a solitary mermaid among Greek seamen One well-known fable involves among Greek seamen a solitary mermaid who involves Greek seamen a solitary mermaid who involves would a solitary mermaid who involves would grasp pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature , Alexander is referred is the epithet "gujastak to by referred the epithet "gujastak to by referred " the "Shahnameh " , Alexander's first journey is , Mecca Alexander's first journey to is Mecca Alexander's first journey to is to in the Quran is by believed the Quran is scholars by believed is scholars by believed to scholars by believed to be In this tradition , he was this tradition , a heroic figure he was , he a heroic figure who was he a heroic figure who was built a wall a heroic figure who built was the "Alexander Romance of The Syriac version " portrays an ideal Christian world conqueror him as who portrays Egypt , Alexander was portrayed the son was Alexander as portrayed Josephus , Alexander was shown , the Book of Daniel was Alexander shown the Book of Daniel was Alexander shown when was the Book of Daniel he when shown

the Book of Daniel he when shown entered a rising young talent the Delhi Sultanate ruler Aladdin Khalji , and denotes medieval Europe , Alexander the Great was revered a member was Alexander the Great as revered The these of earliest is Diodorus Siculus of these earliest is March 1, 1950 ) a Polish-American independent scholar who was ) a Polish-American independent scholar who was developed a field a Polish-American independent scholar who developed was the world that human knowledge of argued of the Russian Empire , Korzybski belonged the Russian Empire , Korzybski belonged to , an aristocratic Polish family Korzybski to belonged Korzybski an aristocratic Polish family to whose members belonged an aristocratic Polish family to whose members belonged had the Warsaw University of Technology Korzybski engineering at studied During the First World War ( 1914–1918) Korzybski served the First World War ( 1914–1918) Korzybski served as ( an intelligence officer 1914–1918) Korzybski as served an intelligence officer 1914–1918) Korzybski as served in suffering other injuries , he moved other injuries , he moved to , North America he to moved North America he to moved in Polish-American audiences also He to lectured the war he After decided to Korzybski's first book E. P. Dutton published , " In 1938 , Korzybski founded 1938 , the Institute of General Semantics Korzybski founded , the Institute of General Semantics Korzybski founded in Chicago Korzybski the Institute of General Semantics in founded the world can not Humans experience us sometimes These mislead about sometimes us what about mislead us what about mislead is our awareness He to train sought this goal He this awareness , called , Elizabeth of one's assessment belongs Elizabeth of one's assessment belongs to Elizabeth We find not in Korzybski's most famous premise , " the map is " the territory the map not is the territory the map not is " In fact , he said fact , he said explicitly , a lecture was Korzybski giving to was Korzybski a lecture giving Then the white paper he tore from the biscuits he the white paper from tore

On a big picture it was of a dog's head it a big picture of was the package The students at looked , them of Two wanted to a Korzybski workshop William Burroughs to went in a character These author Robert A. Heinlein naming include Korzybski's ideas philosopher Alan Watts who influenced used his phrase philosopher Alan Watts who used influenced " a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game " Asteroids is a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game " Asteroids is designed " a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game by designed is Lyle Rains a space-themed multidirectional shooter arcade game designed by is an asteroid field The player a single spaceship in controls an asteroid field a single spaceship in which controls the game of The object is to of arcade games ; the game sold arcade games ; over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game sold ; over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game sold and over 70,000 arcade cabinets the game sold and proved In the 1980s it was ported the 1980s it was ported to Atari's home systems was it to ported "Asteroids of The objective " is The player a triangular ship that controls can a triangular ship that controls can rotate a direction , it will continue that direction will it in continue a stop eventually The ship to comes a few large asteroids Each level with starts drifting screen edges Objects around wrap – shoots asteroids , they break asteroids , they break into , smaller asteroids they into break they smaller asteroids into that break smaller asteroids into that break move the screen Two flying saucers periodically on appear of 40,000 , only the small saucer appears , large asteroids of a new set appears large asteroids of a new set appears , 3–5 lives The player with starts upon the last ship Play to continues lost the original game design , saucers were supposed - screen ; they are screen ; they are not a "lurking" strategy These behaviors allow , in play , a player can shoot the boundary can a player across shoot " was Lyle Rains by conceived

was Lyle Rains by conceived and Lyle Rains by conceived and programmed the Atari Video Computer System was Logg with impressed Paul Mancuso the development team "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman as joined the development team "Asteroids" technician and engineer Howard Delman as joined contributed in April 1979 , Rains discussed April 1979 , "Planet Grab Rains discussed , "Planet Grab Rains discussed " "Planet Grab Rains discussed " , the name did not Logg know a giant, indestructible asteroid , so Rains asked , so Logg Rains asked so Logg Rains asked : Logg Rains asked : " In response , Logg described response , a similar concept Logg described , a similar concept Logg described where Logg a similar concept the player where described a similar concept the player where described selectively hardware on by developed implemented raster graphics the game done in wanted QuadraScan for The original design concepts came out Delman Cyan it to gave five buttons Logg Delman's modified board with received the five-button control scheme Logg the player's ship , modeled the hardware was The ship into programmed Logg's right thumb near which , placed a sound chip does not The game have was well several Atari staff by received well several Atari staff by received and several Atari staff by received and engineers the prototype , so he created , so a second prototype he created so a second prototype he created for he a second prototype staff for created a second prototype staff for created to arcades Atari the game in tested to "Space Invaders " they noted "Space Invaders " they noted get " no break they get noted no break they get noted in "Space Invaders It displaced " by sales Atari an estimated $150 million in earned the process had Atari in been "Space Invaders It replaced " at 70,000 arcade units It shipped worldwide in the top The game at remained of 30,000 arcade units It sold overseas , its US and Ireland plants Atari 76,312 units from manufactured " positive reviews " Asteroids received positive reviews " Asteroids received from

"The Space Gamer" No Richard A. Edwards the 1981 "Asteroids" home cartridge in reviewed do then the game this is then the game this is , the game this is , but " the Atari VCS version Video Games Player" magazine reviewed , the Atari VCS version Video Games Player" magazine reviewed , rating " it " Next Generation listed it " Next Generation listed as "Top 25 Arcade Games " ; the "Retro Gamer" staff cited " ; its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff cited ; its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff cited and its simplicity the "Retro Gamer" staff cited and the lack the Museum of Modern Art's was It to added " "Asteroids " The Guardian listed "Asteroids " The Guardian listed " " the first sequel " Asteroids Deluxe was the first sequel " Asteroids Deluxe was to the code Dave Shepperd edited and made blue are The onscreen objects tinted , blue hyperspace , and tinted a holographic backdrop The arcade machine's monitor vector graphics overlaying displays 1987's "Blasteroids " , Ed Rotberg added , power-ups Ed Rotberg " added power-ups Ed Rotberg " added , "Asteroids Activision an enhanced version of published "Asteroids " was by developed " was iThink by developed was iThink by developed for the Atari Jaguar by iThink for developed In 2001 , Infogrames released 2001 , "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames released , "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames released " "Atari Anniversary Edition Infogrames released " for by Digital Eclipse , it includes Digital Eclipse , emulated versions it includes , emulated versions it includes of "Asteroids it emulated versions of includes " eight "Asteroids" clones " Byte reviewed eight "Asteroids" clones " Byte reviewed for of these , the asteroids are these , the asteroids are in , the shape the asteroids in are the shape the asteroids in are of on his accomplishment , the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched his accomplishment , the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard searched for , him the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard for searched him the Twin Galaxies Intergalactic Scoreboard for searched for , Twin Galaxies of Walter Day presented

an award of Twin Galaxies Walter Day presented the type family The order its name from takes first Huber forward by put Huber forward by put in its families of many were assigned the taxa that many of indicated recent years ; future research may lead further changes may future research to lead herbaceous perennials of Asparagales Most species are herbaceous perennials some , although are many geophytes also The order contains ( telomere sequence , at least two evolutionary switch-points happened sequence , at least two evolutionary switch-points happened within , the order at least two evolutionary switch-points within happened The basal sequence is TTTAGGG by formed is TTTAGGG by formed like TTTAGGG by formed like in vertebrate-like TTAGGG was Basal motif to changed a tight rosette of almost all species The leaves form view , the order Asparagales is importance Asparagales second in is high , a number there are , a number there are of climbers there a number of are leaves Almost all species a tight cluster of have some cases , the leaves are produced the stem are the leaves along produced main The flowers in the are generally the Liliales from by distinguished the lack from the Liliales by distinguished the external epidermis characteristically The seeds have either , was Carl Linnaeus by described was Carl Linnaeus by described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in described Asparagus He " placed " taxa of The majority now considered was first Michel Adanson by described first Michel Adanson by described in 1763 by Michel Adanson in described generally Antoine Laurent de Jussieu to who credited Antoine Laurent de Jussieu to who credited formally taxonomy Jussieu the hierarchical system of established what closer to we was In creating his scheme he used creating his scheme a modified form he used his scheme a modified form he used of Linnaeus' sexual classification he a modified form of used In 1810 , Brown proposed 1810 , Brown proposed that Liliaceae that a subgroup of proposed Linnaeus' sexual classification Gray a combination of used Within the grouping families he separated the grouping families he separated by

the characteristics he families by separated Asparagales of The circumscription has been the Liliales Lindley the Liliaceae within placed separate This the Liliaceae kept from the term 'series They used ' to However the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera did they place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera did they place into series Coronariae were The Liliaceae in placed twenty tribes now The Liliaceae of consisted 1859 the way taxonomists that changed the way taxonomists that changed considered the concept The Darwinian approach to led of his system , in Engler developed of Liliiflorae the Liliineae a suborder which were Liliiflorae the Liliineae a suborder which were included both families a suborder which included were eight subfamilies The Liliaceae had and the Asparagoideae were the Asparagae as represented the three tribes and Gilliesieae Agapantheae were In the Amaryllidacea , there was the Amaryllidacea , little change there was , little change there was from the Bentham & Hooker there little change from was Huber's ideas Dahlgren developed further and a new order They created , calling five orders This one of was angiosperms , the Liliaceae were subjected more intense scrutiny were the Liliaceae to subjected plant phylogeny The 1990s considerable progress in saw a departure of major new clades The establishment necessitated plant evolution about This complicated discussion and necessitated the 21st century in Research has supported Asparagales This cladogram the placement of shows These a paraphyletic assemblage that , constitute a paraphyletic assemblage that , constitute is crown group Numbers indicate ( most recent common ancestor simultaneous microsporogenesis ' typically The 'lower Asparagales have typically simultaneous microsporogenesis i.e. cell walls ( have simultaneous microsporogenesis i.e. cell walls ( have develop an inferior ovary ' typically The 'lower Asparagales have an inferior ovary the 'core Asparagales , whereas have Rudall by A 2002 morphological study treated possessing the largest family Orchidaceae possibly is of orchids The Dahlgren system three families of recognized high bootstrap support Several studies ( with suggest the orchids have Other studies placed differently simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries Orchids have , two characters simultaneous microsporogenesis and inferior ovaries that , two characters have

the septa their nectaries rarely in are of species , Orchidaceae diversification is species , Orchidaceae diversification is remarkable a well-supported clade excluding Boryaceae The four families form All relatively few species four contain , relatively few species four contain , and relatively few species it , and contain mycorrhizal The Boryaceae are , but a close relationship have Morphological studies suggested between of these two families , others have these two families , others have not Iridaceae from The clade upwards appears some genetic characteristics All have in common strong support ' ) the 'core Asparagales has these broadly defined families within Relationships appear less its subfamilies that most of notes the monocotyledons of The taxonomic diversity is described is detail in by described Kubitzki in detail by described 'bracketed' families which , i.e. families allowed the families These are given under otherwise the Asparagales of the circumscription is the Asparagales of the circumscription is unchanged the order which use Asparagales Two older systems the circumscriptions The families in included of many important crop plants The Asparagales include and ornamental plants this order assigned to Plants are often aquatic and marshy habitats The Alismatales herbaceous flowering plants of comprise the only marine angiosperms also They include growing staminate flowers Both marine and freshwater forms those with include staminate flowers those with that include There carpellate flowers can they pollinate carpellate flowers can they pollinate floating In others , pollination occurs others , pollination occurs underwater a totally submerged juvenile phase Most aquatic species have , and a totally submerged juvenile phase flowers , and have 13 families The Alismatales about 165 genera in contain Phylogenetically , basal monocots they are , basal monocots they are , basal monocots they are , diverging , the order only the Alismataceae Alismatales contains the order only the Alismataceae Alismatales contains and only the Alismataceae Alismatales contains and Limnocharitaceae 10 additional orders among all , distributed its inclusion , the order has grown about a hundred genera alone Araceae for accounts flowering plants The Apiales an order of are those The families are recognized in

the asterid group is Apiales within placed Within the asterids , Apiales belongs the asterids , Apiales belongs to , an unranked group Apiales to belongs an unranked group Apiales to belongs called the Rosales were The Pittosporaceae within placed the family " Pennantia in was the Apiales of The present understanding is fairly four vertical zones Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit , determined four vertical zones by , determined exhibit of the Pittosporaceae , the symplicate is the Pittosporaceae , the symplicate is much dicotyledonous flowering plants Asterales an order of is dicotyledonous flowering plants an order of that is Asterales organisms that are seem organisms that are seem to morphological and biochemical levels Asterales characteristics on share of flowering plants , Asteraceae was flowering plants , the only family Asteraceae was , the only family Asteraceae was in the group Asteraceae the only family in was The order 11 families currently Asterales includes 11 families currently Asterales includes , 11 families largest , the includes less than 1500 species The remaining families together for count Stylidiaceae The core Asterales are ( six genera in the family the common ancestor that suggests the family the common ancestor that suggests of the family that the common ancestor of suggests in the northern hemisphere , it is the northern hemisphere , it is natural conjecture it natural to is angiosperms Asterales are , flowering plants angiosperms that , flowering plants are eudicot diversity Asterales about 14% of contain the Asterales of Fossil evidence is rare common plants Asterales are and have the inner Solar System An asteroid a minor planet of is to comets , these came comets , these came to asteroids exist : many are exist : shattered remnants many are : shattered remnants many are of planetesimals many shattered remnants of are , significant populations other orbital families with exist significant populations other orbital families with exist , Individual asteroids are their characteristic spectra by classified are their characteristic spectra by classified , their characteristic spectra by classified , with the sun asteroids closer to formed of size : meteoroids have

size : a diameter meteoroids have : a diameter meteoroids have of one meter meteoroids a diameter of have a relatively reflective surface has which , is International Asteroid Day The United Nations 30 June as declared In April 2018 , the B612 Foundation reported April 2018 , the B612 Foundation reported " the Big Questions " , an asteroid collision considered the biggest threat an asteroid collision to be considered In June 2018 , the US National Science and Technology Council warned June 2018 , the US National Science and Technology Council warned that This was the discovery by followed was the discovery by followed of other similar bodies by the discovery of followed the astronomer Sir William Herschel This prompted to propose In the last years of the 18th century , Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized the last years of the 18th century , a group Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized , a group Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized of 24 astronomers Baron Franz Xaver von Zach a group of organized was not a member by discovered not a member by discovered of the group by a member of discovered Taurus He a new star-like object in discovered Later that year , these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss used , these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss used to these observations Carl Friedrich Gauss used to calculate Fifteen years later , 5 Astraea he found , 5 Astraea he found , 5 Astraea he found , the first new asteroid 6 Hebe also He found less than two years later After this , other astronomers joined this , other astronomers joined in , the search other astronomers in joined the search other astronomers in joined and the search in at least one new asteroid and joined J.R. Hind of this early era Notable asteroid hunters were In 1891 , Max Wolf pioneered 1891 , the use Max Wolf pioneered , the use Max Wolf pioneered of astrophotography Max Wolf the use of pioneered earlier visual methods : Wolf alone discovered : 248 asteroids alone Wolf discovered 248 asteroids alone Wolf discovered ,

1998 , asteroids were discovered asteroids were a four-step process by discovered the sky of a region was photographed of the sky was by photographed the sky was a wide-field telescope by photographed was a wide-field telescope by photographed , a wide-field telescope by photographed , or photographs of Pairs were taken the body of the image would seem discovery of The last step is to interest is There increasing in the Apollos, Amors of near-Earth asteroids The three most important groups are of discovery , these were discovery , these were : , 1221 Amor these : were 1221 Amor these : were , the alarm in later decades Two events increased 147,132 asteroids alone has the LINEAR system discovered the Sun orbiting small bodies were classified size limits Beech and Steel's 1995 paper a meteoroid definition including proposed the previous definition and Grossman's 2010 paper Rubin revised "planetoid Other languages prefer " ( a similar meaning "planetesimal " The word has " was the geologist by coined was the geologist by coined William Daniel Conybeare the geologist by coined William Daniel Conybeare to a class were asteroids as seen a coma that a comet shows is in 1977 , all known asteroids spent 1977 , most all known asteroids spent , most all known asteroids spent of their time all known asteroids most of spent called centaurs , they numbered centaurs , them they numbered , them they numbered among the traditional asteroids they them among numbered the Kuiper-belt objects of these The innermost are the highly eccentric orbits do not most have comets , the class they created , the class they created of dwarf planets they the class of created the asteroid belt that planetesimals in thought the Nice model , many Kuiper-belt objects are captured the outer asteroid belt are many Kuiper-belt objects in captured known asteroids of The majority orbit within the Jupiter trojans of trojans The most significant population are NEAs , asteroids that are , asteroids that are have orbits asteroids that have are size Asteroids greatly in vary like miniature planets : they are

miniature planets : they are roughly the largest asteroid The dwarf planet Ceres by far is The next 4 Vesta largest are next 4 Vesta largest are and 4 Vesta largest are and 2 Pallas Vesta the only main-belt asteroid that is can the only main-belt asteroid that is can , Of this , Ceres comprises this , Ceres comprises , , about a third Ceres , comprises about a third Ceres , comprises of asteroids of The number decreases markedly Pallas , intact protoplanets that are , intact protoplanets that are share many characteristics intact protoplanets that share are spherical nearly it although appears Ceres the only asteroid that is appears the only asteroid that is appears to the other asteroids It a much higher absolute magnitude than has differentiated : a crust it has : a crust it has , a crust it has , a mantle of water ; its composition is water ; its composition is mainly basaltic rock its composition mainly of is like Uranus , it rotates Uranus , it rotates on , its side it on rotates its side it on rotates , that Its composition similar to is the largest carbonaceous asteroid Hygiea is and , the largest member It is and presumed parent body Vesta , it is thought in the asteroid belt there that show the asteroid belt there that show is an upper limit that there is show a rotation period with a diameter larger than 100 meters Very few asteroids have , the surface at the inertial force is the surface at the inertial force is greater the remnant cores Other asteroids to be appear In the main asteroid belt , there appear the main asteroid belt , there appear to two primary populations there to be appear Within these populations , larger asteroids are these populations , denser larger asteroids are , denser larger asteroids are , denser larger asteroids are , presumably due to compression amino acids Asteroids traces of contain three primary sources is Composition from calculated moons with every asteroid has turned 87 Sylvia Only half a dozen asteroids larger than are

collisions involving solid bodies them show involving solid bodies them show destroying solid bodies them show destroying each other them destroying each show water ice of the presence was confirmed the asteroid of The surface appears completely be getting a reservoir by replenished getting a reservoir by replenished of ice by a reservoir of replenished the first water that some of hypothesize October 2013 , water was detected an extrasolar body was water on detected ESA ) the detection scientists reported ) the detection scientists reported , the detection scientists reported , for was the far-infrared abilities by using made the far-infrared abilities by using made of 31 mi ) a rubble pile 253 Mathilde is ) a rubble pile 253 Mathilde is saturated a rubble pile 253 Mathilde is saturated with a radius-size crater Vesta compression fractures encircling has from the broadest divisions , it is the broadest divisions , it is customary relatively loose dynamical associations Groups are , whereas relatively loose dynamical associations families , whereas are the asteroid belt dynamical families to each belong dynamical families to each belong thought Some asteroids unusual horseshoe orbits that have are unusual horseshoe orbits that have are co Cruithne Examples 3753 are and these horseshoe quasi temporarily objects become - temporarily objects quasi become spectral shape was Chapman by developed was Chapman by developed , Chapman by developed , Morrison three categories The original classification system had : C-types the Tholen classification and SMASS classification now used The two most widely used taxonomies are 1984 was former in proposed was 1984 in by proposed David J. Tholen in 1984 by proposed In 2002 , the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted 2002 , the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted in , a modified version the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey in resulted a modified version the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey in resulted of C Both systems three broad categories of have inferences were spectral designations on based significant confusion has This to led a provisional designation is A newly discovered asteroid given ( , a number is it given

a number is it given , the number The formal naming convention parentheses around uses discovered , a major change Johann Franz Encke made , a major change Johann Franz Encke made in the upcoming 1854 edition Johann Franz Encke a major change in made a disk (circle He introduced ) , was quickly astronomers by adopted quickly astronomers by adopted , astronomers by adopted , and , an iconic symbol was Psyche given an iconic symbol was Psyche given as 20 Massalia the first asteroid that was was the first asteroid that was was not ⑤ was Astraea's number to increased , the asteroid belt in objects were the asteroid belt in objects were merely good information can Radar imaging yield about asteroid-like objects of The first close-up photographs were taken In September 2007 , NASA launched September 2007 , the "Dawn" spacecraft NASA launched , the "Dawn" spacecraft NASA launched , NASA the "Dawn" spacecraft which , launched the "Dawn" spacecraft which , launched orbited In September 2016 , NASA launched September 2016 , the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA launched , the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA launched to the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission NASA launched to asteroid In early 2013 , NASA announced early 2013 , the planning stages NASA announced , the planning stages NASA announced of a mission NASA the planning stages of announced a staple and the asteroid belt Asteroids are " is the Clerk by used is the Clerk by used of Arraigns by the Clerk of used Guilty have been you found have been Guilty by found been a jury Guilty by found a jury Guilty by found of Do anything you have to anything you have to say the United States , defendants are allowed , the opportunity are defendants allowed the opportunity are defendants allowed to an absolute right Some jurisdictions that as hold Procedure Federal Rules of Criminal 32(i)(4 ) provides oath has he under declared an affidavit There no general defined form for is therein , no jurisdiction the courts have , no jurisdiction the courts have to

no jurisdiction the courts have to admit it was the Supreme Court by held was the Supreme Court by held that the Supreme Court by an affidavit that held a similar way are Affidavits in made the affidavit making The person is known , filing affidavits of a new method came filing affidavits of a new method came into of an unsupported affidavit as evidence is an unsupported affidavit as evidence is unusual may be the court by accepted be the court by accepted , the court by accepted , but recollection Materials to refresh used signs an affidavit , that person is an affidavit , that person is eligible not be the court by accepted be the court by accepted unless the court by accepted unless accompanied the court The lawyer an officer of is This matter is the use by addressed is the use by addressed of the apostille by the use of addressed the constellations Aries one of is the Northern celestial hemisphere is It in located Latin Aries The name is for ︎ Its old astronomical symbol ( ♈ is the 48 constellations It one of is a ram has Aries represented since , Aries of the stars formed a farmhand of Aries the stars formed the stars have Different cultures incorporated of a relatively dim constellation Aries is , possessing the constellation within The few deep-sky objects are quite an official constellation is Aries as recognized ancient times ; it now includes ; the ancient pattern now it includes the ancient pattern now it includes as the risings The MUL.APIN a comprehensive table of was in the 12th or 11th century BC , the MUL.APIN reflects the 12th or 11th century BC , a tradition the MUL.APIN reflects , the MUL.APIN a tradition which reflects the MUL.APIN a tradition which reflects marks the Pleiades a tradition which marks reflects a distinct constellation the boundary stones from that comes the boundary stones from that comes date On several boundary stones , a zodiacal ram figure is several boundary stones , a zodiacal ram figure is distinct the other characters a zodiacal ram figure distinct from is

1000 BC — modern Aries was identified both Dumuzi's ram was modern Aries with identified ancient Egyptian astronomy , Aries was associated the god Amon-Ra was Aries with associated the god Amon-Ra with who , associated the vernal equinox , it was called , the "Indicator was it called the "Indicator was it called of , statues would priests process statues would priests process of Aries of the constellation is associated the son and Helle Phrixos were accomplish this , she induced this , a famine she induced , a famine she induced in Boeotia she a famine in induced his "Almagest Ptolemy in asserted " an "unformed star was it as listed maps Flamsteed the general convention of followed the celestial equator because the Sun crossed is 130 BC Hipparchus it in defined various ways Medieval Muslim astronomers Aries in depicted the constellation like al-Sufi Astronomers saw However , Aries some Islamic celestial globes depicted , Aries some Islamic celestial globes depicted as a nondescript four-legged animal some Islamic celestial globes Aries as depicted in the sky ; this constellation featured the sky ; the Pleiades this constellation featured ; the Pleiades this constellation featured as the ram's tail this constellation the Pleiades as featured Aries of The generally accepted Arabic formation consisted of ) the same the northern stars all on centred In 1612 , Petrus Plancius introduced 1612 , Apes Petrus Plancius introduced , Apes Petrus Plancius introduced , Apes Petrus Plancius introduced , a constellation 1624 , the same stars were used the same stars were Jakob Bartsch by used were Jakob Bartsch by used as Jakob Bartsch by used as for In 1679 , Augustin Royer used 1679 , these stars Augustin Royer used , these stars Augustin Royer used for his constellation Lilium Augustin Royer these stars for used the constellation Johann Hevelius renamed "Musca " acceptance did not it gain not acceptance its stars and gain acceptance its stars and gain were In 1922 , the International Astronomical Union defined 1922 , its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union defined , its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union defined ,

its recommended three-letter abbreviation the International Astronomical Union defined , " Aries of The official boundaries were defined were 1930 in by defined Eugène Delporte in 1930 by defined Aries from stars were used This name was the 16th lunar mansion by shared was the 16th lunar mansion by shared , the 16th lunar mansion by the location , shared harvest-time with it as associated , and part 41 Arietis were and part 41 Arietis were of a constellation 41 Arietis part of were a part and Zeta Arietis Delta were Hindu astronomy in the first lunar mansion was called with the vernal equinox , the Rig Veda contains the vernal equinox , the Rig Veda contains over , 50 new-year's related hymns the Rig Veda over contains 50 new-year's related hymns the Rig Veda over contains to "Taleh " ; it signified " ; either Simeon it signified ; either Simeon it signified or either Simeon it signified or Gad the constellation The neighboring Syrians named "Amru " Aries from several stars were incorporated a constellation Other Polynesian peoples Aries as recognized an asterism Aries three prominent stars forming has one other star There also is above the Arabic word is Its traditional name from derived of III , it is III , an orange giant it is , an orange giant it is with an apparent visual magnitude it an orange giant with is "sharatayn is Its traditional name from derived the Bedouin were The two stars to known Earth It 59 light-years from is a luminosity It has of and a luminosity its absolute magnitude of and has a spectroscopic binary star It is , one A5 of the primary The spectral class is 1903 ; its orbit was determined its orbit was Hans Ludendorff by determined was Hans Ludendorff by determined in 1907 by Hans Ludendorff in determined Beta Arietis , it was known the Bedouin was it to known magnitude The primary of is 4.59 Earth The system 164 light-years from is The two components are 7.8 arcseconds by separated are 7.8 arcseconds by separated ,

7.8 arcseconds by separated , and a luminosity of ; the primary is of ; an A-type star the primary is ; an A-type star the primary is with an absolute magnitude the primary an A-type star with is the two components between The angle is 1 an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star , γ1 Arietis , primary is , γ1 Arietis , an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star that is , an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star that is has a range an Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable star that has is several double stars The constellation home to is two white components ε Arietis a binary star with is magnitude The primary of is 5.2 Earth The system 290 light-years from is 4.63 Its overall magnitude is , and 4.63 the primary , and is The two components are 1.5 arcseconds by separated λ a wide double star Arietis is with a white-hued primary Arietis a wide double star with is magnitude The primary of is 4.8 Earth The primary 129 light-years from is 1.7 It an absolute magnitude of has ° ; the two stars are located a blue-white primary π Arietis a close binary star with is magnitude The primary of is 5.3 Earth The primary 776 light-years from is of 25.2 arcseconds ; the tertiary has 25.2 arcseconds ; a magnitude the tertiary has ; a magnitude the tertiary has of 10.8 the tertiary a magnitude of has −0.1 It an absolute magnitude of has magnitude ζ Arietis a star of is magnitude 14 Arietis a star of is magnitude 35 Arietis a dim star of is Its spectral class B8 it and is B8 it and is has magnitude 53 Arietis a runaway star of is Finally , the closest star Teegarden's Star is , the closest star Teegarden's Star is to Earth Teegarden's Star the closest star to is variable stars Aries its share of has R Arietis a Mira variable star that is ranges a Mira variable star that is ranges in U Arietis another Mira variable star that is ranges another Mira variable star that is ranges in

T Arietis a semiregular variable star that is ranges a semiregular variable star that is ranges in SX Arietis in Aries One particularly interesting variable is Helium I SX Arietis stars very prominent emission lines of have main-sequence B0p They normally are — to the periodic rotation ; they differ the periodic rotation ; they differ from ; the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables they from differ the Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variables they from differ in an integrated magnitude NGC 772 a spiral galaxy with is a relatively bright galaxy It is and shows 4.2 arcminutes It 7.2 by is NGC a class SA(s)b galaxy 772 is , 772 a class SA(s)b galaxy which , is a class SA(s)b galaxy which , is means to many star forming regions ; this is many star forming regions ; this is due previous gravitational interactions this due to is NGC a diameter 772 has of 240,000 light-years 772 a diameter of has NGC in Aries Another spiral galaxy is loosely wound arms It a weakly barred spiral galaxy with is no ring It has and a faint bulge fragments It two primary arms with has of galaxies , both are galaxies , both are at , a distance both at are a distance both at are of NGC 678 an edge-on spiral galaxy that is 678 an edge-on spiral galaxy that is is 4.5 an edge-on spiral galaxy that is is ; a magnitude 678 NGC has a magnitude 678 NGC has of bright cores Both galaxies have , but bright cores NGC , but have is further its prominent dust lane by distinguished a spiral galaxy 691 itself NGC is slightly multiple spiral arms It has and a bright core diffuse , a low surface brightness it has 126,000 light-years It a diameter of has NGC the brightest member 877 is of an 8-galaxy group 877 the brightest member of is an 8-galaxy group the brightest member of that is 1.8 arcminutes It 2.4 by is NGC Its companion is 876 , NGC which 876 , is NGC 2.6 821 is by 2.0 arcminutes 821 2.6 by is

Its diameter 61,000 light-years it and is 61,000 light-years it and is is several meteor showers Aries home to is the strongest meteor showers The Daytime Arietid meteor shower one of is the strongest meteor showers one of that is an annual shower It is associated with Icarus may Its parent body the asteroid be a rate usually They at appear the naked eye , they are observed the radio spectrum are they in observed during the day ; these include the day ; the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these include ; the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these include and the Daytime Epsilon Arietids these include and the Northern and Southern Daytime another meteor shower The Delta Arietids are radiating from with a low peak rate , the shower lasts a low peak rate , the shower lasts from , 8 December to 14 January the shower from lasts 8 December to 14 January the shower from lasts , , bright fireballs sometimes this shower produces Aries also The Autumn Arietids from radiate 7 September to 27 October The shower from lasts and Aries radiating from Other meteor showers include extrasolar planets Aries several stars with contains , is three giant planets by orbited is three giant planets by orbited ( three giant planets by orbited ( those more than ten times the mass Jupiter One planet 2.3 times the mass of is a G0 type star 20367 HD is , the zodiac Aquarius a constellation of is Latin Its name is for " one Aquarius is of the the 48 constellations It one of was entitlement stones The Babylonian star-figure on appears and the Early Bronze Age It the winter solstice in contained In Old Babylonian astronomy , Ea was Old Babylonian astronomy , the ruler Ea was , the ruler Ea was of the southernmost quarter Ea the ruler of was that with the destructive floods the Babylonians associated In the Greek tradition , the constellation came the Greek tradition , the constellation came to nine days They for sailed before ; the myth of some versions indicate the myth of some versions indicate that

of the myth the eagle that indicate the myth the eagle that indicate was young men ; Zeus then stole ; him then Zeus stole him then Zeus stole from the first century , Ptolemy's "Almagest " established , the common Western depiction " Ptolemy's "Almagest established the common Western depiction " Ptolemy's "Almagest established of Zeta Aquarii ; water it pours ; water it pours in a stream it water in pours numerous The constellation's stars the most were The celestial army was the wall "Leibizhen by protected was the wall "Leibizhen by protected " the wall "Leibizhen by protected " ( and Fou-youe 98 Aquarii " represent Fou-youe 98 Aquarii " represent " three stars ; its position is disputed the ancient Chinese was The Water Jar asterism to seen Kappa Aquarii , demarcated by stood their name of the Chinese lunar mansions Three shared the 10th lunar mansion for , also the name , was , a handmaiden by represented was Epsilon a handmaiden represented by was Alpha Equulei ; a bleak place it represented ; a bleak place it represented associated a bleak place it represented associated with its large size , no particularly bright stars Aquarius has , no particularly bright stars Aquarius has , Aquarius no particularly bright stars its four brightest stars , has no particularly bright stars its four brightest stars , has being shading Alpha , Beta Aquarii is Alpha , the brightest star Beta Aquarii is , the brightest star Beta Aquarii is in Aquarius Beta Aquarii the brightest star in is the proper name also It has of to around 50 times the Sun's diameter , it is around 50 times the Sun's diameter , it is around 540 ± Sadalsuud is 20 light-years from 520 ± It is 20 light-years distant 3.85 , 164 ± it is , 164 ± it is 9 light years 164 ± it is 9 light years away is an F2 spectral type double star ; both stars are an F2 spectral type double star ; both stars are white 4.53 The primary a magnitude of has

It is four planets by orbited is four planets by orbited , four planets by orbited , including orbital period The planets in vary from 91 Aquarii an orange giant star by orbited is one planet an orange giant star orbited by is Jupiter The planet's mass 2.9 times the mass of is Gliese a red dwarf star 849 is orbited 849 a red dwarf star by orbited is the first known long-period Jupiter-like planet a red dwarf star orbited by is less-prominent systems There also are in Earth The star 307 parsecs from is 2008 was WASP-6 b in discovered was 2008 in by discovered the transit method in 2008 by discovered its parent star It orbits every 3.36 days at 0.503 Jupiter masses It is but has 206610 , 194 parsecs a K0 star located , 194 parsecs a K0 star located from Earth a K0 star 194 parsecs from located the Sun The host star larger than is The planet was the radial velocity method by discovered was the radial velocity method by discovered in 2010 by the radial velocity method in discovered a distance It every 610 days at orbits b WASP-47 which , is size WASP-47 close in is 2011 was WASP-47 b in discovered was 2011 in by discovered the transit method in 2011 by discovered Aquarius There several more single-planet systems in are , 21.29 parsecs a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located from Earth a magnitude 6.63 yellow star 21.29 parsecs from located nearly the same distance at Earth as orbits beyond their similar spectral class ; it has their similar spectral class ; a radius it has ; a radius it has of 1.1 solar radii it a radius of has magnitude 7.6 , a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star is , 131 parsecs a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star located is 131 parsecs a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star located is from of 2013 , there were 2013 , only two known multiple-planet systems there were , only two known multiple-planet systems there were within the bounds there only two known multiple-planet systems within were

; the only two planets latter has the only two planets latter has and only two planets latter has and has the planets The HD 215152 system of consists HD Both 2011 in by discovered the radial velocity method in 2011 by discovered 0.00315 Jupiter masses ) ; its smaller sibling is On 23 February 2017 , NASA announced 23 February 2017 , that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 NASA announced , that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 NASA announced in Aquarius NASA that ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 in announced Of these , three are these , three are in , the system's habitable zone three in are the system's habitable zone three in are , Aquarius three deep sky objects that contains are three deep sky objects that contains are in as a sparsely populated open cluster , modern analysis indicates a sparsely populated open cluster , modern analysis the 6 main stars indicates magnitude 6.5 , it is small-aperture instruments it viewable in is in a telescope ; it has a telescope ; faint protrusions it has ; faint protrusions it has on either side it faint protrusions on has either side faint protrusions on that has green It blue - appears in Aquarius , it is Aquarius , it is quite 0.25 square degrees It covers , making 0.25 square degrees it , making covers ) , an integrated magnitude it has , an integrated magnitude it has of 10.7 it an integrated magnitude of has the strongest meteor shower The Eta Aquariids are radiating from a rate It between 5 and 6 May with peaks Halley's Comet of the shower The parent body is The Delta Aquariids a double radiant meteor shower that is peaks a double radiant meteor shower that is peaks first the south is The first radiant in located , the constellation Aquarius the Sun in appears the constellation Aquarius the Sun in appears from English , "anime " is the 1960s A characteristic art style in emerged with to original works , anime are original works , anime are often , adaptations anime often are

adaptations anime often are of distinctive production methods Anime a diverse medium with is distinctive production methods a diverse medium with that is graphic art It combines , characterization Western animation , anime production generally focuses over 430 production companies The anime industry of consists , international success has also the medium seen "anime typically English-language dictionaries define " " Do anime you watch Do anime you watch ? " How much anime have you collected How much anime have you collected ? , "anime sometimes English texts spell "anime sometimes English texts spell " legends Traveling storytellers narrated and anecdotes the Netherlands from Magic lanterns were also "Kamishibai called The paper play " surged the "bunraku" theater and "ukiyo-e" prints are considered and ancestors are "ukiyo-e" prints considered ancestors are "ukiyo-e" prints considered of Finally , a heavy inspiration mangas were , a heavy inspiration mangas were for Japanese anime mangas a heavy inspiration for were Japan in Animation began in "Katsudō Shashin for the earliest Japanese animation A claim is , which of the oldest surviving is the oldest surviving of which Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana is of which Kōuchi's "Namakura Gatana is " By the mid-1930s , animation was the mid-1930s , animation was well foreign producers It competition from suffered In 1940 , the government dissolved 1940 , several artists' organizations the government dissolved , several artists' organizations the government dissolved to several artists' organizations the government dissolved to form , his limited animation practices of many came his limited animation practices of many came to on television ; the first anime television series was television ; "Instant History the first anime television series was ; "Instant History the first anime television series was " "Instant History the first anime television series was " ( Astro Boy An early and influential success " was " the popularity The 1970s growth in saw directed Hideaki Anno by , began another era Hideaki Anno , by began in Western countries ; major international successes include Western countries ; major international successes include " ; Sailor Moon major international successes " include

Sailor Moon major international successes " include " directed Hayao Miyazaki by , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Hayao Miyazaki , by won the highest-grossing anime film later It became , other forms Anime greatly from differs Visually , a wide variety anime works exhibit , a wide variety anime works exhibit of art styles anime works a wide variety of exhibit a typical animation production process Modern anime follows , involving computer animation have increasingly animators used popularity Cel animation in grew until popularity in it until grew the animation process were Computers into integrated the digital era , anime was produced traditional animation methods was anime with produced many limited animation techniques Japanese animation studios pioneers of were on the movement , anime emphasizes the movement , the art quality anime emphasizes , the art quality anime emphasizes and the art quality anime emphasizes and let the art quality limited animation techniques and let emphasizes emphasis Anime scenes place on achieving camera as if by shot human anime characters of The body proportions tend to the head of The height is considered of the head is by considered the head is the artist by considered is the artist by considered as the base unit by the artist as considered to the head ; many super deformed characters are the head ; many super deformed characters are two to four anime and manga history Tezuka a central figure in is not all anime large eyes characters have anime in Hair is often hairstyle color Poitras traces to cover a common canon often Anime and manga artists from draw example , a male character may develop , a nosebleed may a male character develop a nosebleed may a male character develop when visual symbols of A variety are employed are often target demographic by classified often target demographic by classified , target demographic by classified , including a slower pace may Adult anime feature or such elements of the inclusion is considered homosexual romances Some genres explore , such other types Anime's genre classification from differs of the labeling "Gundam Gilles Poitras compared 0080 "

a major anime genre Science fiction is and includes mecha of science fiction A major subgenre is mecha the "Gundam" metaseries , with is folklore ; the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples include ; the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples include " the Japanese feudal fairytale "InuYasha examples include " , Genre anime in crossing is anime in crossing is also theatrical viewing were Early anime works for made In 1958 , Nippon Television aired 1958 , Nippon Television aired " , Mogura no Abanchūru Nippon Television " aired Mogura no Abanchūru Nippon Television " aired " the 1960s It not until was video format to direct are called anime releases of The home distribution were popularized VHS formats were the DVD format by transcended were the DVD format by which transcended the DVD format by which transcended offered its drawbacks also The DVD format has in serialization of many anime television shows A key characteristic is serialization a continuous story arc , where is an episodic format Traditional American television had , with an episodic format each episode , with had more than 430 production companies The animation industry of consists with the studios of Many are organized a labor union There also is for between US$100,000 can An anime episode cost and In 2001 , animation accounted 2001 , animation accounted for , 7% animation for accounted 7% animation for accounted of Nikkei Asian Review , Japanese television stations have bought worth have Japanese television stations over bought a rise has There been in anime of This type is less the highest-grossing anime film It also was worldwide since at least the 1960s , the practice became at least the 1960s , the practice became well In the early 1990s , several companies began the early 1990s , several companies began to dollars Licenses expensive, often hundreds of thousands of are the United States for The anime market was worth the United States Dubbed animation airing in began In 2005 , this resulted 2005 , this resulted in , five this in resulted five this in resulted of cultural references of some editing may occur

distributed on cassettes VHS bootlegged on cassettes VHS bootlegged in the 1980s VHS cassettes in bootlegged for copyright and piracy issues , fansubbers tend copyright and piracy issues , fansubbers tend to , the Japanese animation industry of the laid back regulations tend the Japanese animation industry of the laid back regulations tend to overseas anime exports JETRO sales of reported the United States JETRO the anime market in valued 2005 JETRO in projected that 2005 in the worldwide anime market that projected The anime industry several annual awards that has honor the year's best works several annual awards that honor has the Ōfuji Noburō Award in Japan Major annual awards include In the United States , anime films compete the United States , anime films compete in , the Crunchyroll Anime Awards anime films in compete the American Anime Awards There also were , the American Anime Awards also which , were recent years the anime industry has been accused has been both Japanese and foreign media by accused been both Japanese and foreign media by accused for both Japanese and foreign media by accused for underpaying Early American adaptions in the 1960s Japan made in the 1960s Japan made expand the 1960s Japan made expand into the continental European market Japan expand into made In fact , Italy imported fact , the most anime Italy imported , the most anime Italy imported outside the most anime Italy imported outside of Japanese anime series The beginning of 1980 the introduction of saw the 1990s , Japanese animation slowly gained , popularity slowly Japanese animation gained popularity slowly Japanese animation gained in By 1997 , Japanese anime was 1997 , the fastest-growing genre Japanese anime was , the fastest-growing genre Japanese anime was in the American video industry Japanese anime the fastest-growing genre in was the Internet of The growth later provided on , a major role online piracy played , a major role online piracy played in this online piracy a major role in played the case This especially is with a role Anime plays in driving rise Anime clubs gave to anime

violence that themes involving realize the subject has its styling inevitably been anime have been only Japanese works considered anime some works , but considered anime of these works Some creators cite Texas-based company Rooster Teeth by , is produced I a narrow way that 's think a narrow way that 's think of an art form Anime is , and the first time " This is commented the other way definitely usually It works entertainment , a strategy media mix is , a strategy media mix is to a strategy media mix is to disperse a transmedia franchise It the Japanese term for is anime media franchises of A number have gained the capital The Ottomans the city made first a rocky hill of Ankara The historical center is The hill remains the ruins by crowned remains the ruins by crowned of Ankara Castle by the ruins of crowned 23 April 1920 , the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established Ankara was the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in established Ankara in which , established the establishment Ankara the new Turkish capital upon became a prominent employer The government is , but a prominent employer Ankara , but is the Angora wool The city its name to gave the name of Ankara The orthography has the medieval period , the city was known Ankara the Hattic civilization to which belonged the Hattic civilization to which belonged existed size The city significantly in grew was Lydian first by succeeded Lydian first by succeeded and the Persians' defeat Persian sovereignty until lasted at Gordion Alexander from came to the Greeks of Pontos Another important expansion place under took the Greeks of Pontos place under who took central Anatolia , was by occupied , was a Celtic group by occupied was a Celtic group by occupied , a Celtic group by occupied , the Galatians Pessinus Other centers were , today's Ballıhisar In 25 BC , Emperor Augustus raised 25 BC , it Emperor Augustus raised , it Emperor Augustus raised to the status Emperor Augustus it to raised the "Monumentum Ancyranum Ankara famous for is

Ancyra of The ruins still furnish Ancyra An estimated 200,000 people in lived in the center The small Ankara River through ran of To the west , the Roman city extended the west , the Roman city extended until , the area the Roman city until extended the area the Roman city until extended of the fact Ancyra's importance on rested that the fact on it that rested east running The great imperial road passed through Ankara through a succession and passed the only ones They not were to the second half of the 3rd century , Ancyra was invaded rapid succession was Ancyra in invaded was rapid succession in by invaded the Goths in rapid succession by invaded the Roman Empire was The town into reincorporated In its heyday , Roman Ankara was its heyday , a large market and trading center Roman Ankara was , a large market and trading center Roman Ankara was but Roman Ankara a large market and trading center it but was a large market and trading center it but was also in winter 363/364 ( he entered winter 363/364 ( his consulship he entered ( his consulship he entered while his consulship he entered while in in 396/99 , Ancyra remained 396/99 , the civil capital Ancyra remained , the civil capital Ancyra remained of Galatia I Ancyra the civil capital of remained In 479 , the rebel Marcian attacked 479 , the city the rebel Marcian attacked , the city the rebel Marcian attacked , the city the rebel Marcian attacked , without 622 , it was captured it was the Sassanid Persians by captured was the Sassanid Persians by captured during the Byzantine by the Sassanid Persians during captured 654 , the city was captured the first time was the city for captured about the same time , the themes were established Anatolia were the themes in established success was Ancyra without attacked its fortifications which , a fact strengthened its inhabitants , Ancara was razed the ground was Ancara to razed 872 , the city was menaced Proklos who and Hilarios included

, Diocletian of the reign marked the culmination of Diocletian the reign marked In 303 , Ancyra was 303 , one Ancyra was , one Ancyra was of the towns Ancyra one of was In Ancyra , their first target was Ancyra , the 38-year-old Bishop their first target was , the 38-year-old Bishop their first target was of the town their first target the 38-year-old Bishop of was Quite possibly this the site Clement where marks the site Clement where marks was of the early church ; its 25 disciplinary canons constitute the early church ; one its 25 disciplinary canons constitute ; one its 25 disciplinary canons constitute of the most important documents its 25 disciplinary canons one of constitute a Christian city quickly Ancyra into turned way or senate The town council gave In 362–363 , Emperor Julian passed 362–363 , Emperor Julian passed through , Ancyra Emperor Julian through passed Ancyra Emperor Julian through passed on In the late 4th century , Ancyra became the late 4th century , something Ancyra became , something Ancyra became of an imperial holiday resort Ancyra something of became the 4th and 5th centuries in emperors would retire a residential see The Metropolis of Ancyra to be continued the residential eparchy The earlier Armenian genocide an end to put in 1071 , the Seljuk Turks overran 1071 , much the Seljuk Turks overran , much the Seljuk Turks overran of Anatolia the Seljuk Turks much of overran 1073 , the Turkish settlers had reached , the vicinity had the Turkish settlers reached the vicinity had the Turkish settlers reached of Danishmend control had the city under been the city The Crusaders captured , and , Anatolia of most became part of Anatolia most became the town The Levant Company a factory in maintained the 19th century , its population was estimated of Anatolia was by occupied Anatolia was the Allies by occupied was the Allies by occupied , the Allies by who , occupied ) , the Ottoman Empire the Turkish nationalists replaced , the Ottoman Empire the Turkish nationalists replaced with

the Republic of Turkey the Turkish nationalists the Ottoman Empire with replaced of the newly founded Republic of Turkey , new development divided the newly founded Republic of Turkey , the city new development divided , the city new development divided into an old section new development the city into divided a phenomenal growth has Ankara experienced since has a phenomenal growth it since experienced a phenomenal growth it since experienced was there , about 35,000 residents Ankara had By 1927 44,553 residents there were 1927 44,553 residents there were and 44,553 residents there were and by 1930 , it became known mohair has The city exported ( the 19th century , the city also exported , substantial amounts also the city exported substantial amounts also the city exported of the primary locations The Central Anatolia Region one of is its indigenous type of Ankara Another renowned natural product is the state-owned and private Turkish defence and aerospace companies Ankara the center of is one in Ankara The IDEF is the global automotive companies of A number also have in Ankara is by provided Ankara is the state institutions by provided is the state institutions by provided ; the state institutions by provided ; such the city center The Çubuk Brook through flows of a cold semi-arid climate Ankara has ( Köppen climate classification Under the Trewartha climate classification , Ankara has the Trewartha climate classification , a temperate continental climate Ankara has , a temperate continental climate Ankara has ( a temperate continental climate Ankara has ( " inland location , cold and snowy winters Ankara has , cold and snowy winters Ankara has , cold and snowy winters Ankara has , and the spring and autumn Rainfall mostly during occurs 75,000 Ankara a population of had 1923 , it was designated a planned city was it as designated , a planned and orderly pace the city in grew the 1950s onward , the city grew gecekondu called many illegal houses were built these gecekondus have been by replaced have been huge public housing projects by replaced been huge public housing projects by replaced in

the form by huge public housing projects in replaced a higher education level of Ankara The population has Ankara a higher education level the country than has a higher education level the country than has average to 2008 data , 15-years-higher literacy rate creates 2008 data , 88% 15-years-higher literacy rate creates , 88% 15-years-higher literacy rate creates of the total provincial population 15-years-higher literacy rate 88% of creates Turkey This ratio 83% for was Ankara is a suburban rail by served is a suburban rail by served named Ankaray by a suburban rail named served Turkey The Ankara Central Station a major rail hub in is Ankara The Turkish State Railways passenger train service from operates the stations also Commuter rail between runs On 13 March 2009 , the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began 13 March 2009 , operation the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began , operation the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service began between Ankara the new Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT) high-speed rail service operation between began 23 August 2011 , another YHT high-speed line commercially started , its service commercially another YHT high-speed line started its service commercially another YHT high-speed line started between public transit passengers of 17% , ride sixteen minutes 28% , while is a triple battleground Ankara politically is between Ankara of The province is divided and Ankara in almost only political stronghold lies Ankara in almost only political stronghold lies within Ankara elsewhere throughout political support is an extent , has the CHP allowed overall second place the CHP to take allowed Overall , the most support the AKP enjoys , the most support the AKP enjoys throughout the city the AKP the most support throughout enjoys Ankara of The electorate thus tend , the AKP government against the 2013–14 protests were the AKP government against the 2013–14 protests were particularly a series The city from suffered of Ankara Melih Gökçek the Metropolitan Mayor of was the 1994 local elections , he was re In the 2014 local elections , Gökçek stood

the 2014 local elections , Gökçek stood for , a fifth term Gökçek for stood a heavily controversial election , Gökçek was declared , the winner was Gökçek declared Gökçek was the winner by declared was the winner by declared just 1% the winner by declared just 1% ahead rejecting his appeals , Yavaş declared his appeals , his intention Yavaş declared , his intention Yavaş declared to his intention Yavaş declared to take for a fifth term , most election observers believe a fifth term , most election observers believe that the winner that Yavaş was believe citadel were the Galatians by laid were the Galatians by laid on a prominent lava outcrop by the Galatians on laid recreational areas There also are to the capital then Ancyra formed of the Ulus quarter is It in located all the typical features of Ankara The Roman Baths have the reign were The baths during built was 1995 in by found Turkish archeologist Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu in 1995 by found the city Kocatepe Mosque the largest mosque in is the Kocatepe quarter , it was constructed the Presidency is Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque near located in the Turkish neoclassical style , it is the Turkish neoclassical style , one it is , one it is of the largest new mosques it one of is 6 thousand people can It accommodate during Ankara It the largest Ottoman mosque in is was subsequently architect by restored subsequently Mimar Sinan by architect restored Mimar Sinan by architect restored in honor was The mosque in built the Ulus quarter was It in founded Ankara The Alâeddin Mosque the oldest mosque in is ) was Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel by crafted was Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel by crafted in 1925 by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in crafted at Sıhhiye Square , this impressive monument symbolizes Sıhhiye Square , the Hatti Sun Disc this impressive monument symbolizes , the Hatti Sun Disc this impressive monument symbolizes ( this impressive monument the Hatti Sun Disc which ( symbolizes the Hatti Sun Disc which ( symbolizes was Ankara Suluhan a historical Inn in is

the "Hasanpaşa Han is also It called Ulus Square It about southeast of is 102 rooms There are ( now shops industrial technology Çengelhan Rahmi Koç Museum a museum of is the 1850s The exhibits industrial/technological artifacts from include Ankara to Foreign visitors usually like an anchor of the Armada Shopping Mall The symbol is an anchor there , and is the newly expanded "ANKAmall There also is " largest This mall the is throughout In 2014 , a few more shopping malls were 2014 , a few more shopping malls were open Ankara a few more shopping malls open in were an imposing hill is Anıtkabir on located an imposing hill on which , located in 1953 , it is 1953 , an impressive fusion it is , an impressive fusion it is of ancient and modern architectural styles it an impressive fusion of is Atatürk An adjacent museum a wax statue of houses folkloric items There a fine collection of is Ankara Cer Modern the modern-arts museum of is the renovated building is It in situated Turkey The museum the largest exhibition hall in incorporates the first Parliament building It originally was ( the public The museum to opened in various missiles It home to is 1972 They the Turkish Cup winners in were 1987 They the Turkish Cup winners in were 2014 was The club in reconstituted the TFF First League currently Ankaraspor in play minor teams Ankara a large number of has many popular spots There are for skateboarding many popular spots which for skateboarding are many parks Ankara has and open spaces most these parks of important are these parks of important are : " ) an expansive recreational farming area which is ) an expansive recreational farming area which is houses a zoo an expansive recreational farming area which houses is a pleasant place It is to spend an exact replica There also is of a world-famous domestic cat Ankara home to is a white, silky, medium to long length coat mostly They have , a connection There to be seems for their shimmery white coat , there are

their shimmery white coat , more than twenty varieties there are , more than twenty varieties there are including black, blue and reddish fur there more than twenty varieties including are Europe were The first Angora goats to brought were Europe to by brought Charles V to Europe by brought hair A single goat between of produces high nutritional requirements Angoras have due to time , Angora goats were bred their white coat were Angora goats for bred 1998 , the Colored Angora Goat Breeders Association was set a variety ( ) The Angora rabbit is the oldest types The Angora one of is French royalty The rabbits popular pets with were the United States first They in appeared a humorous appearance They have , as a humorous appearance they , as have "wool block called A condition " is or ) a Semitic language that is ) a Semitic language that is first a Semitic language that is first emerged the lingua franca It now is of the Arabs is It after named the Arabs after a term , named 32 varieties The ISO language codes to assigns During the early Middle Ages , Arabic was the early Middle Ages , a major vehicle Arabic was , a major vehicle Arabic was of culture Arabic a major vehicle of was many words have also many European languages borrowed a Semitic language The Maltese language is developed from many other languages has Arabic influenced around the most influenced languages of Some are Persian 1.9 billion Muslims Arabic the liturgical language of is 2011 , "Bloomberg Businessweek " ranked , Arabic " "Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the fourth most useful language " "Bloomberg Businessweek Arabic ranked languages It related to is Semitic languages Arabia a wide variety of boasted the Modern South Arabian languages that the ancestors of believed Old Arabic of the earliest attestation was thought the towns Scholars its variant dialects after named a single ANA language or language family for most arguments were based an archaism that the h- is argued This is the Namara inscription by followed is the Namara inscription by followed ,

the Namara inscription by followed , an epitaph an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script There inscriptions in are , Arabic of a transdialectal and transcommunal variety emerged Arabic of a transdialectal and transcommunal variety emerged in Arabic the Hejaz in which emerged the Hejaz in which emerged continued Middle Arabic have been both its classicizing and "lay" iterations termed completion of Arabic The standardization reached the spread Arabic with spread of Following the early Muslim conquests , Arabic gained the early Muslim conquests , vocabulary Arabic gained , vocabulary Arabic gained from Middle Persian Arabic vocabulary from gained Classical Arabic of knowledge had become at least two considerably distinct types that there were proposes a new contact situation The modern dialects from emerged produced of a single or multiple koines , the dialects contain a single or multiple koines , several sedimentary layers the dialects contain , several sedimentary layers the dialects contain of borrowed and areal features the dialects several sedimentary layers of contain , pidginized Arabic colloquial Arabic dialects from arose pidginized Arabic colloquial Arabic dialects from arose formed a cultural and especially literary renaissance " The "Nahda was of James L. Gelvin to "Nahda" writers , According Arabization standardization of a bureau was added the language Classical Arabic is found in , some grammatical constructions has it discarded some grammatical constructions has it discarded and the new vocabulary of Much is used concepts to denote that used Classical Arabic , Modern Standard Arabic is removed a millennium is Modern Standard Arabic over removed Modern Standard Arabic are some scholars by described are some scholars by described as some scholars by described as not , studies have there been studies have there been reporting the variety MSA is used in much Classical vocabulary MSA uses ( e.g. addition , MSA has borrowed direct borrowings the current preference to avoid is " the many national or regional varieties Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic to refers Colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic the many national or regional varieties to which refers the many national or regional varieties to which refers constitute many regional variants ; geographically distant varieties usually differ

; enough usually geographically distant varieties differ enough usually geographically distant varieties differ to official language status Maltese which , is Maltese which , is is Classical Arabic is It from descended during Muhammad's lifetime , there were Muhammad's lifetime , dialects there were , dialects there were of spoken Arabic there dialects of were the dialect Muhammad in spoke of the eastern Arabian peninsula of the dialects were considered It this phonology that is underlies the modern pronunciation this phonology that underlies is " the process " Tawleed is the process " Tawleed is of lexicographically , the one whose sound means , the one whose sound means is the one whose sound means is heard separate languages to constitute which considered different dialects of When educated Arabs engage in the same way , in it charged for example , Levantine and Gulf speakers understand example , Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each , other Levantine and Gulf speakers each understand other Levantine and Gulf speakers each understand much Arabic that the various spoken varieties of said a number This an apt comparison in is Arabic of The influence has been an important source Arabic also is of In addition , English has addition , many Arabic loanwords English has , many Arabic loanwords English has , many Arabic loanwords English has , some admiral of such words Examples include religious terminology Terms range from borrowed Arabic Most Islamic religious terms direct borrowings from are Hausa in Older Arabic loanwords were borrowed their way also Arabic words made into were Arabic roots from by coined non-native Arabic speakers from Arabic roots by coined many instances have There been of Louis Massignon of this movement The major head was Romanization at Massignon's attempt failed as at Romanization the Academy as failed Romanization the Academy as failed and Egypt , Egyptians were looking a way were Egyptians for looking the idea There also was of , the idea Salama Musa with agreed the idea Salama Musa with agreed of Musa , two Egyptian intellectuals with agreed the Writing and Grammar Committee He the chairman for was

a strong cultural tie as the Egyptian people felt failed writing The Quran a new way of introduced poetry The Quran musicality in inspired of words , how certain sounds create words , harmony how certain sounds create , harmony how certain sounds create , harmony how certain sounds create , and harmony the agreement , and create The repetition in the Quran the true power introduced in the Quran the true power introduced and the Quran the true power introduced and impact repetition certain words and phrases them made firm them appear more made blindness The Quran constant metaphors of uses however extended metaphors of the strength was many poets in the Quran The explicit imagery inspired The poet a book ibn al-Mu'tazz wrote regarding the figures ibn al-Mu'tazz a book regarding wrote order The Quran figurative devices in uses other segments can segments into transition only their structure in constant is their structure in constant is that their structure longest that the is the idea The Quran to poetry introduces a language is The Quran in written is a language in that written a language in that written is later poets of the writing The simplicity inspired a required element how culture is explains seen , the main source Hadith were , the main source Hadith were of chronological order Hadith the main source of were the verses of memorizing the tradition became the Quran that the greater the amount of believed Al-Baqillani such as some writers believe as Al-Baqillani poetry that believe Al-Baqillani poetry that believe and news ) ; it is the language it also mainly is most often the original text by accompanied languages Some Muslims a monogenesis of present " a collective term " Colloquial Arabic is a collective term " Colloquial Arabic is for the varieties The main dialectal division between is within researchers has This led to varying degrees These features present to are Within the non-peninsula varieties , the largest difference is the non-peninsula varieties , the largest difference is between , the non-Egyptian North African dialects the largest difference between is

the non-Egyptian North African dialects the largest difference between is ( , most dialects for a much more significant factor is most dialects for a much more significant factor is , a broad IPA transcription , so minor differences were ignored easier comparison were so minor differences for ignored their sound have Various other consonants changed too most modern dialects , it has become , an emphatic stop has it become an emphatic stop has it become with the sound system not thoroughly recorded and different reconstructions of is a poetic koine as recorded The Classical Arabic language was as recorded a poetic koine that was recorded a poetic koine that was reflected a consciously archaizing dialect a poetic koine that reflected was Classical Arabic ) it that is certain features that it contains is the Classical language final as in became in Quran , its pronunciation varies Quran , its pronunciation varies somewhat country its pronunciation somewhat from varies Arabic of The "colloquial" spoken dialects are learned of the language , it is the language , it is technically the native language it technically not is people ) , speakers tend In fact , there is fact , a continuous range there is , a continuous range there is of a continuous range there is of " ) the social class and education level used on depends the social class and education level used on depends of a single encounter will it within vary is a unitary language , its pronunciation varies a unitary language , its pronunciation varies somewhat country its pronunciation somewhat from varies descriptions It important in is same they not the are Classical Arabic derives from that has influence of different pronunciations Another reason is , the entire word the "emphatic" allophones throughout spread the entire word the "emphatic" allophones throughout spread , six pure vowels Modern Standard Arabic has ( while six pure vowels most modern dialects ( while has the vowels of The pronunciation differs from Nonetheless , some common trends there are only three short vowel phonemes , Arabic has is " ways in that vary

ways in that vary reflect , "emphatic" allophones triggering the consonants are the pharyngealized consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones the consonants are , emphatic allophones also the fricatives trigger emphatic allophones also the fricatives trigger ; each vowel Many dialects multiple emphatic allophones of have , the diphthong in the vowel tends the diphthong in the vowel tends to The phoneme is the Arabic letter by represented is the Arabic letter by represented ' the Arabic letter by represented ' ( some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects , it may be , either may it be either may it be or their language actually The medieval Arabs termed ' "Retracted Tongue Root is This simultaneous articulation as described "Retracted Tongue Root as by " described actual pronunciation , doubled consonants are held syllables Arabic two kinds of has Classical Arabic in Superheavy syllables occur in ) ' it they wrote ' it they wrote ' it they wrote ' = a heavy syllable dialect may not carry the way also This affects that also the way Modern Standard Arabic that affects the way Modern Standard Arabic that affects is above , a process many spoken dialects have , a process many spoken dialects have of a process many spoken dialects have of " in many Levantine dialects , it spreads many Levantine dialects , it spreads indefinitely short vowel change of Many sporadic examples have occurred original have Most spoken dialects monophthongized to most dialects , there may be , more or fewer phonemes may there be more or fewer phonemes may there be than the emphatic consonants of Pharyngealization tends to addition , the "emphatic" allophone automatically triggers , pharyngealization automatically the "emphatic" allophone triggers pharyngealization automatically the "emphatic" allophone triggers of a result , it may difficult in other Semitic languages , Arabic has other Semitic languages , a complex and unusual morphology Arabic has , a complex and unusual morphology Arabic has ( a complex and unusual morphology Arabic has ( i.e. method has a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology : A root consists a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology : A root consists of

: a set A root of consists a set A root of consists of three grammatical cases in Literary Arabic Nouns have often /-at/ by ـَة marked /-at/ by ـَة marked , all proper nouns Definite nouns include , all nouns Literary Arabic in Adjectives are marked Literary Arabic in Pronouns are marked two varieties There are , independent pronouns the end are Enclitic pronouns to attached a different enclitic form The first-person singular pronoun has used for a verb-initial sentence in a verb is marked Literary Arabic in Verbs are marked The a paradigm following shows of a regular Arabic verb following a paradigm of shows verbs , a given root can occur many different derived verb can a given root in occur are Western scholars to by referred Western scholars to by referred as encode grammatical functions These stems such as separate verbs sharing the same root consonants Stems represent the process This similar to is the case distinctions have The spoken dialects lost and the mood distinctions have They lost other the Aramaic The Arabic alphabet from derives through a major art form ; calligraphers are held great esteem are calligraphers in held the Latin script , Arabic script is used different standards There a number of are various conflicting motivations There are involved , various conflicting motivations which involved , are transliteration Some interested in are example , the same letter is used readers to help who intended diacritics These less "scientific" systems to avoid tend the 1990s , Western-invented text communication technologies have become these technologies of Most originally had this type There no universal name for is transliteration of Other systems exist , Arabic , the lowest-valued position is placed the right is the lowest-valued position on placed the name of the Arabic Language Academy is most Damascus active in are Damascus active in are and language development They review , monitor classes around the world Universities have around the world classes that have the world classes that have teach Arabic classes that teach have the Arab world There many Arabic language schools in are

the Arab world in the educated upper classes have taken 2011 Yasir Suleiman in wrote that 29 April 1980 ) an English filmmaker who was ) an English filmmaker who was was one an English filmmaker who was was spanning six decades , he directed six decades , over 50 feature films he directed , over 50 feature films he directed , he over 50 feature films many , directed over 50 feature films many , directed of Suspense " , he became a technical clerk initially Hitchcock as trained the British-German silent film His directorial debut was "The Pleasure Garden " By 1939 , he had 1939 , international recognition he had , international recognition he had and international recognition he had and producer David O. Selznick successful films of A string followed , " the Academy Award for Best Picture " Rebecca won the Academy Award for Best Picture " Rebecca won , the Academy Award for Best Picture Hitchcock , with won camera movement The "Hitchcockian" style the use of includes a Hitchcock film that the meaning of wrote an organism A Hitchcock film is , with an organism the whole , with is some Hitchcock multiple films with made starring Stewart , Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane displaced Stewart , Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane displaced " 13 August 1899 was Hitchcock on born a large extended family There was , including Every summer , a seaside house his uncle rented , for his uncle a seaside house rented the family his uncle a seaside house for rented as a well-behaved boy — his father called a well-behaved boy — him his father called — his "little lamb his father him called his "little lamb his father him called without ; the note the policeman at looked the note the policeman at looked and former they above the lived the Howrah House Convent in Poplar Hitchcock his first school , attended to biographer Patrick McGilligan , he stayed biographer Patrick McGilligan , he stayed at , Howrah House he at stayed Howrah House he at stayed for a convent school also He attended ,

the boys The priests a hard rubber cane on used Peter Bogdanovich He told : " Peter Bogdanovich The Jesuits : " told geography His favourite subject was , and geography he , and was a particular interest also He had in rail or tram scenes of his films An overwhelming majority include the scene A clapperboard the number of shows Hitchcock his parents he that told his parents he that told wanted in 1962 , he told 1962 , François Truffaut he told , François Truffaut he told that he François Truffaut he that told François Truffaut he that told had then — a job Hitchcock took — a job Hitchcock took , a job Hitchcock took , for night classes He continued , this the Royal Engineers He a cadet regiment of joined After the war , Hitchcock took the war , an interest Hitchcock took , an interest Hitchcock took in creative writing Hitchcock an interest in took In June 1919 , he became June 1919 , a founding editor he became , a founding editor he became and a founding editor he became and business manager him 's Henley promoted to examine the proofs ; he told the proofs ; Truffaut he told ; Truffaut he told that he Truffaut this that told Truffaut this that told was Henley 's , he read , a trade paper he in read a trade paper he in read that a trade paper in Famous Players-Lasky that read Marie Corelli , so he produced , so some drawings he produced so some drawings he produced for the title cards he some drawings for produced the staff that most of wrote February 1922 " The Times in wrote financial problems — the few finished scenes are lost 1922 , Hitchcock was hired an assistant director was Hitchcock as hired was an assistant director as by hired a new firm run as an assistant director by hired Woman to Woman Hitchcock on " worked an assistant also He as worked In the summer of 1925 , Balcon asked the summer of 1925 , Hitchcock Balcon asked

, Hitchcock Balcon asked to Hitchcock Balcon asked to direct liked Hitchcock's work ; a "Daily Express" headline called Hitchcock's work ; him a "Daily Express" headline called ; the "Young man a "Daily Express" headline him called the "Young man a "Daily Express" headline him called with on her period ; budget overruns meant her period ; budget overruns meant that In Germany , Hitchcock observed Germany , the nuances Hitchcock observed , the nuances Hitchcock observed of German cinema Hitchcock the nuances of observed , Berlin's art galleries would he visit Berlin's art galleries would he visit , him Balcon asked to direct to his name , Elliot Stannard assisted his name , him Elliot Stannard assisted , him Elliot Stannard assisted with the writing Elliot Stannard him with assisted to England , Hitchcock was England , one Hitchcock was , one Hitchcock was of the early members Hitchcock one of was Through the Society , he became the Society , he became fascinated the work he fascinated by became his first thriller Hitchcock's luck with came , the killer that her lodger is suspects from an upper floor , Hitchcock had an upper floor , Hitchcock a glass floor had Truffaut Hitchcock told : " Truffaut You : " told ( the same problem He had years the same problem He had years later " a commercial and critical success " The Lodger was a commercial and critical success " The Lodger was in Hitchcock Truffaut the film that told Truffaut the film that told was On 2 December 1926 , Hitchcock married 2 December 1926 , the English screenwriter Alma Reville Hitchcock married , the English screenwriter Alma Reville Hitchcock married at the Brompton Oratory Hitchcock the English screenwriter Alma Reville at married pregnant , "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks purchased , "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks purchased " "Winter's Grace the Hitchcocks purchased " , 1982 : " The Hitchcock touch had : " four hands The Hitchcock touch had " four hands The Hitchcock touch had , four hands The Hitchcock touch had , and four hands two , and had

in 1979 , he said 1979 , he said that a scriptwriter , the third is , the the mother third is the the mother third is of my daughter third the mother of is And Alma Reville their names are . his tenth film Hitchcock work on began the first British "talkie " ; this followed " ; the rapid development this followed ; the rapid development this followed of sound films this the rapid development of followed " the Hitchcock tradition " Blackmail began the Hitchcock tradition " Blackmail began of one also It features of early sound recording how he used explained During this period , Hitchcock directed this period , segments Hitchcock directed , segments Hitchcock directed for a BIP revue Hitchcock segments for directed In 1933 , Hitchcock signed 1933 , a multi-film contract Hitchcock signed , a multi-film contract Hitchcock signed with Gaumont-British Hitchcock a multi-film contract with signed one This film was of the 1936 Hitchcock two spy thrillers in released this time , Hitchcock also became simple These jokes from ranged and For instance , he hosted instance , a dinner party he hosted , a dinner party he hosted where he a dinner party he where hosted a dinner party he where hosted dyed The film the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award Hitchcock receive saw the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award Hitchcock receive saw for the "New York Times of Benjamin Crisler " wrote By 1938 Hitchcock was aware 1938 Hitchcock was aware that numerous offers had He received from However , him producer David O. Selznick offered , a concrete proposal producer David O. Selznick him offered a concrete proposal producer David O. Selznick him offered to a celebrity ; he was featured magazines was he in featured In Hollywood , Hitchcock met Hollywood , Selznick Hitchcock met , Selznick Hitchcock met for the first time Hitchcock Selznick for met a seven-year contract Selznick Hitchcock to signed a spacious flat The Hitchcocks in lived on fine food Hitchcock his taste for discovered Hollywood's filmmaking culture He impressed with was

each other , their working arrangements were other , their working arrangements were sometimes constant financial problems Selznick from suffered , , Hitchcock generously Selznick lent to generously Selznick Hitchcock lent always projects Hitchcock for have projects Hitchcock for have to In a later interview , Hitchcock said a later interview , Hitchcock said : of control — he said control — he I said he the 'only director I was said the 'only director I was said ' England was his first American film in set a faithful adaptation Selznick on insisted of Joan Fontaine , an unnamed naïve young woman who concerns , an unnamed naïve young woman who concerns marries a widowed aristocrat an unnamed naïve young woman who marries concerns his large English country house She in lives , the 13th Academy Awards ; the statuette was given the thriller "Foreign Correspondent Hitchcock's second American film was " ( Best Picture was It for nominated at war ; his concern resulted war ; his concern resulted in ; a film his concern in resulted his concern a film in that resulted a film in that resulted overtly 1939 , it was inspired it was the rapidly changing events by inspired was the rapidly changing events by inspired in Europe by the rapidly changing events in inspired In September 1940 the Cornwall Ranch the Hitchcocks bought September 1940 the Cornwall Ranch the Hitchcocks bought near Scotts Valley the Hitchcocks the Cornwall Ranch near bought Bel Air Their primary residence an English-style home in was in England ; Hitchcock used England ; the north coast Hitchcock used ; the north coast Hitchcock used of Santa Cruz Hitchcock the north coast of used first The film the is of Johnnie Aysgarth Grant plays , an English conman Johnnie Aysgarth whose actions , an English conman plays to his wife ; the light ensures his wife ; the light ensures that a killer Grant's character actually is , an ambiguous finale therefore Hitchcock for settled Hitchcock was Universal by forced was Universal by forced to Universal by forced to use a suspected saboteur The story a confrontation between depicts

New York City Hitchcock a three-day tour of took ; 26 September 1942 she on died 26 September 1942 she on died at 4 January 1943 , his brother William died an overdose William his brother of died 1943 in His New Year's resolution was to was which , Hitchcock released which , Hitchcock released had the film , Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright ) suspects , her beloved uncle ) Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright suspects her beloved uncle ) Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright suspects Charlie Oakley before a roast chicken had his weight loss been a roast chicken had his weight loss been , the UK Hitchcock to returned for In June and July 1945 , Hitchcock served June and July 1945 , Hitchcock served as , "treatment advisor Hitchcock as served "treatment advisor Hitchcock as served " London was The film in assembled 1952 was it in transferred David Selznick Hitchcock for worked again envisioned ; it Selznick edited ; it Selznick edited to it Selznick edited to make it it to make edited Dr. Anthony Edwardes Gregory Peck amnesiac plays under - view shots were achieved view shots were by achieved were a large wooden hand by building achieved a large wooden hand by building achieved ( impact , hand-coloured red the climactic gunshot was , hand-coloured red the climactic gunshot was on some copies the climactic gunshot hand-coloured red on was Hitchcock François Truffaut Selznick that told François Truffaut Selznick that told sold Robert Millikan and Hecht Hitchcock consulted an independent production company Hitchcock formed , Transatlantic Pictures Transatlantic He two films with made , marshalling suspense Hitchcock with experimented marshalling suspense Hitchcock with experimented in a very limited number The film as appears of reels between Some transitions were hidden those points Hitchcock used to hide the leading role The film James Stewart in features It was the Leopold and Loeb case by inspired was the Leopold and Loeb case by inspired of the 1920s by the Leopold and Loeb case of inspired Technicolor again He used in the last two films Transatlantic Pictures inactive after became

"Stage Fright Hitchcock filmed " ( Warner Bros.' most popular stars He one of paired his preceding films Hitchcock many elements from combined Dashiell Hammett He approached to write to murder ; he suggests murder ; he suggests that the innocent victim Farley Granger's role as was of " was three colour films by followed was three colour films by followed starring Grace Kelly by three colour films starring followed " , the villain Ray Milland plays , Ray Milland the villain who plays Ray Milland the villain who plays tries the villain who plays tries to self-defence , so Milland manipulates , so the evidence Milland manipulates so the evidence Milland manipulates to the evidence Milland manipulates to make the evidence it to make manipulates Paramount Pictures Hitchcock to moved and Jeff Stewart's character a photographer called is of boredom , he begins boredom , he begins observing , his neighbours he observing begins his neighbours he observing begins across confined or cramped quarters are the principal characters in depicted From 1955 to 1965 , Hitchcock was 1955 to 1965 , the host Hitchcock was , the host Hitchcock was of the television series Hitchcock the host of was only nine strokes is it of composed some sort always His introductions included of the series He 18 episodes of directed The Alfred Hitchcock Hour It " became " in his name ; these included his name ; these included " ; Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology these " included Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology these " included " 1956 , HSD Publications also licensed , the director's name also HSD Publications licensed the director's name also HSD Publications licensed to In 1955 , Hitchcock became 1955 , a United States citizen Hitchcock became the French Riviera is it in set Grant retired thief John Robie who , plays retired thief John Robie who , plays becomes A thrill-seeking American heiress played Kelly by surmises played his true identity Kelly by surmises his true identity Kelly by surmises and double entendres ) and the good-natured acting proved ) and a commercial success the good-natured acting proved

and a commercial success the good-natured acting proved . with Kelly ; she married Kelly ; Prince Rainier she married ; Prince Rainier she married of Monaco she Prince Rainier of married his own 1934 film then Hitchcock remade " time , James Stewart the film starred , James Stewart the film starred and James Stewart the film starred and Doris Day They a couple whose son play is a couple whose son play is kidnapped Hitchcock This the only film of was the summer of 1957 , Hitchcock was admitted hospital was Hitchcock to admitted a successful surgery , he immediately returned work immediately he to returned the lead Vera Miles to play wanted Oriana Fallaci He told : " Oriana Fallaci I : " told a heap 'd have We spent pregnant women I hate , because "Vertigo " , Stewart plays " , Scottie Stewart plays , Scottie Stewart plays , Scottie Stewart plays , a former police investigator tragedy Scottie's obsession to leads , " a camera technique " Vertigo contains a camera technique " Vertigo contains developed " a camera technique by developed contains Irmin Roberts a camera technique developed by contains the San Sebastián International Film Festival The film at premiered , ; "Variety" magazine from the critic opined "Variety" magazine from the critic opined that from "Variety" magazine the film that opined "Variety" magazine the film that opined was the "New York Times of Bosley Crowther " thought of the "New York Times " it thought the "New York Times " it thought was the last collaboration The picture also was between , 1958 of the rest was a difficult year of 1958 the rest was in hospital , Hitchcock kept hospital , himself Hitchcock kept , occupied Hitchcock himself kept occupied Hitchcock himself kept with three more successful films Hitchcock up with followed Northwest " , Cary Grant portrays " , Roger Thornhill Cary Grant portrays , Roger Thornhill Cary Grant portrays , Roger Thornhill Cary Grant portrays , a Madison Avenue advertising executive Roger Thornhill who , a Madison Avenue advertising executive portrays

the United States is He across pursued is the United States across by pursued enemy agents across the United States by pursued an enemy agent ; he later learns at Radio City Music Hall , the film grossed Radio City Music Hall , the film grossed $ , 404,056 the film $ grossed 404,056 the film $ grossed ( Ed Gein , the film was produced a tight budget was the film on produced the innocent lives extinguished a disturbed murderer by became extinguished the hallmarks a disturbed murderer by became the hallmarks a disturbed murderer by became of audiences The film popular with proved his rights subsequently He swapped to , a 50-hour interview François Truffaut the French director began a 50-hour interview François Truffaut the French director began of the images ; it was published a book was it as published the basis were The audio tapes as used Truffaut the interview it because sought the interview it because sought was his films It obvious from was 1964 , Evan Hunter he recruited , Evan Hunter he recruited , Evan Hunter he recruited , author Tippi Hedren He hired to play : " her I signed " her I signed because I her she because signed her she because signed is them do n't Movies have last Grace Kelly the was . in a bird shop ; Jessica Tandy plays a bird shop ; his possessive mother Jessica Tandy plays Bodega Bay Hedren him in visits Suddenly birds of waves start birds of waves start gathering equipment Hitchcock the film with made He his most technically challenging film it was said his most technically challenging film it was said , on set ; she said set ; she said that her reportedly He isolated from a caged room was she in placed a caged room in two men while placed each bird of one leg was attached of each bird was by attached each bird was nylon thread by attached was nylon thread by attached to elastic bands by nylon thread to attached In June 1962 , Grace Kelly announced

June 1962 , Grace Kelly announced that an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract had Hedren signed with Hedren : " The film is furious sexual desire He all his life from suffered a job She for applies at a panic attack is she having shown her Mark tracks down and Hitchcock cinematographer Robert Burks the camera that told cinematographer Robert Burks the camera that told had the last two decades Failing health Hitchcock's output during reduced Biographer Stephen Rebello two films Universal imposed claimed two films Universal imposed claimed on Cold War-related themes Both spy thrillers with were Herrmann's score Hitchcock unhappy with was Britain Hitchcock to returned to After two espionage films , the plot marked two espionage films , a return the plot marked , a return the plot marked to the murder-thriller genre the plot a return to marked "Frenzy " , Hitchcock allowed " , nudity Hitchcock allowed , nudity Hitchcock allowed for the first time Hitchcock nudity for allowed subtle hints would Hitchcock add of "Madam" Blanche Tyler It the escapades of relates ) , more sinister the novel's tone is his life , Hitchcock was working the script was Hitchcock on working 1962 , Hitchcock was appointed , a Knight Commander was Hitchcock appointed a Knight Commander was Hitchcock appointed of so on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented on 3 January 1980 him the British consul general presented 3 January 1980 him the British consul general presented with the papers the British consul general him with presented 16 March 1980 His last public appearance on was , kidney failure He of died the following month Hitchcock's biographers , Hitchcock that wrote Hitchcock was his wife by survived was his wife by survived and his wife by survived and daughter Good Shepherd Catholic Church was His funeral at held small-scale silent films Hitchcock's film production career from evolved to the crime and suspense genres between 1925 and 1929 His silent films in were in cinema ; Hitchcock referred cinema ; Hitchcock referred to ; this emphasis Hitchcock to referred this emphasis Hitchcock to referred on

In Britain , he honed Britain , his craft he honed , his craft he honed so his craft he honed so that the "sensation that his British work was said Afterward , Soviet cinema he discovered , Soviet cinema he discovered , Soviet cinema he discovered , and " was both German and Soviet aesthetics by inspired was both German and Soviet aesthetics by inspired , both German and Soviet aesthetics by inspired , styles found some success , several British reviewers criticised some success , Hitchcock's films several British reviewers criticised , Hitchcock's films several British reviewers criticised for Hitchcock's films several British reviewers criticised for being have a nightmare , it 's a nightmare , it 's awfully Northwest " , Hitchcock explained " , his reasons Hitchcock explained , his reasons Hitchcock explained for his reasons Hitchcock explained for recreating photography it to get is a voyeur His films audience as explored voyeuristic activities that human beings enjoy understood Of his fifty-three films , eleven revolved his fifty-three films , eleven revolved around , stories eleven around revolved stories eleven around revolved of In most cases , it is most cases , an ordinary, everyday person it is , it an ordinary, everyday person who is it an ordinary, everyday person who is finds themselves an ordinary, everyday person who finds is Truffaut Hitchcock told : " Truffaut That : " told to Robin Wood , Hitchcock had Robin Wood , mixed feelings Hitchcock had , mixed feelings Hitchcock had towards homosexuality Hitchcock mixed feelings towards had During the 1950s , the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited the 1950s , direct references the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited , direct references the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited to homosexuality the Motion Picture Production Code direct references to prohibited a Doubt of "Shadow " has Also , the "MacGuffin"—the use he used , the "MacGuffin"—the use he used of an object he the "MacGuffin"—the use of used most Hitchcock briefly in appears women of Hitchcock's portrayal has been The Guardian" Bidisha in " wrote , the heterosexual male protagonist that of is

, 1996 Roger Ebert in wrote 1996 Roger Ebert in wrote : costumes were They in imprisoned They the men who , mesmerised the men who , mesmerised often handcuffs is Madeleine Carroll in put a man to help she offers the blonde heroines and Eva Marie Saint Kim Novak play "Psycho " , Janet Leigh's character steals , 40,000 Janet Leigh's character $ steals 40,000 Janet Leigh's character $ steals and played Hedren by , is a thief Hedren , by is blonde heroines , the mistress was played the mistress was brunette Karin Dor by played a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth Hitchcock's last blonde heroine Barbara Harris as was characters often His films feature struggling ) an innocent man by ridiculed is his mother an innocent man ridiculed by is 1941 ) , Carole Lombard brought ) , three cows Carole Lombard brought , three cows Carole Lombard brought onto the set Carole Lombard three cows onto brought on 8 June 1972 , Dick Cavett stated 8 June 1972 , Dick Cavett stated as , fact Dick Cavett as stated fact Dick Cavett as stated that fact as Hitchcock that stated 1967 He Bryan Forbes in told an idea are We given and an idea we and then given actors that Hitchcock regarded said For Hitchcock , the actors were Hitchcock , part the actors were , part the actors were of the film's setting the actors part of were François Truffaut He told : " François Truffaut The chief requisite : " told the proper emphasis the camera to determine allow this also He used as has been Bill Krohn by challenged been Bill Krohn by challenged , Bill Krohn by challenged , the American correspondent storyboards that the myth of noted differed that were shot scenes Another example Krohn the American remake notes is Krohn the American remake notes is of the American remake notes is of " light also Krohn's work sheds on alternative takes Hitchcock's tendency to shoot is coverage This from differed in the Hollywood Walk of Fame was Hitchcock into inducted In 1978 , John Russell Taylor described

1978 , him John Russell Taylor described , him John Russell Taylor described as him John Russell Taylor described as " 2007 " him The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll ranked " Britain's greatest director The Daily Telegraph" critics' poll him ranked narrative His flair for was , In 1992 , the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked 1992 , Hitchcock the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked , Hitchcock the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll ranked at No the "Sight & Sound" Critics' Poll Hitchcock at ranked 2002 , Hitchcock was ranked , 2nd was Hitchcock ranked 2nd was Hitchcock ranked in the "Greatest Director was Hitchcock voted of " Hitchcock " Entertainment Weekly ranked Hitchcock " Entertainment Weekly ranked at No was Hitchcock at ranked two Golden Globes He won , eight Laurel Awards 2012 , Hitchcock was selected Hitchcock was artist Sir Peter Blake by selected was artist Sir Peter Blake by selected , artist Sir Peter Blake by selected , author the Academy Film Archive is The Alfred Hitchcock Collection at housed includes home movies , 16mm film shot home movies , 16mm film shot on , the set 16mm film on shot the set 16mm film on shot of many has The Academy Film Archive preserved of the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library are The Alfred Hitchcock Papers at housed a group or water boas Anacondas are tropical South America are They in found snakes Ray a catalogue of used his Hobson-Jobson in Henry Yule notes that in his Hobson-Jobson the word that notes his Hobson-Jobson the word that notes became a 'tiger Edwin described ' being Transeurasian also Altaic (; called ) the 1950s , many comparative linguists have rejected , the proposal have many comparative linguists rejected the proposal have many comparative linguists rejected , the proposal supposed cognates , after rejected the theory of Opponents proposed that of the theory the similarities that proposed the theory the similarities that proposed are "Micro-Altaic was sometimes The original proposal called sometimes "Micro-Altaic by " called retronymy "Micro-Altaic " by called Altaic of Most proponents continue to been tentatively Sergei Starostin by reconstructed

tentatively Sergei Starostin by reconstructed and Sergei Starostin by reconstructed and others about 66 living languages Micro-Altaic includes , to the Orkhon inscriptions in a Turkic language The earliest known texts are 1893 were They in deciphered were 1893 in by deciphered the Danish linguist in 1893 by deciphered Middle Mongol is evidence as known is first an inscription by attested first an inscription by attested dated an inscription by attested dated to Yelü Yanning The earliest Para-Mongolic text the Memorial for is the "Kojiki which " , is 1730 was Tungusic languages in published was 1730 in by published Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in 1730 by published 1844 , the Finnish philologist Matthias Castrén proposed , a broader grouping Matthias Castrén the Finnish philologist proposed a broader grouping Matthias Castrén the Finnish philologist proposed , Matthias Castrén a broader grouping that , proposed a broader grouping that , proposed later the Altai Mountains " The name "Altaic to referred the inclusion and E.D. Polivanov G.J. Ramstedt advocated in his 1952 book , Ramstedt rejected his 1952 book , the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt rejected , the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt rejected but the Ural–Altaic hypothesis Ramstedt rejected but again In 1960 , Nicholas Poppe published 1960 , Nicholas Poppe what published effect what was in published Poppe the relationship the issue of considered the relationship the issue of considered of " that most Altaicists Japanese convinced that most Altaicists Japanese convinced also However , the alleged affinities many linguists dispute , the alleged affinities many linguists dispute of Korean many linguists the alleged affinities of dispute In 2017 , Martine Robbeets proposed 2017 , Martine Robbeets proposed that the Turkic that the ancestral home of proposed the Altaic typology , our results indirectly speak favour indirectly our results in speak In 1962 , John C. Street proposed 1962 , an alternative classification John C. Street proposed , an alternative classification John C. Street proposed , an alternative classification John C. Street proposed , with also 2000–2002 in by posited Joseph Greenberg in 2000–2002 by posited not widely Altaicists by accepted Among the earlier critics Gerard Clauson were (

the earlier critics Gerard Clauson were ( 1956 the Altaic hypothesis of A major continuing supporter has been has Sergei Starostin who , been Sergei Starostin who , been published The list below linguists who comprises below linguists who comprises have linguists who comprises have worked those given The dates are of most are Tungusic languages across distributed a consequence Some Tungusic languages extinct or endangered languages as are three geographic areas are Mongolic languages in spoken Linguisitically the Common Mongolic two branches , emerge the Common Mongolic two branches , emerge and sound change laws a set of that proposes 1991 Starostin in claimed that 1991 in the members that claimed a list " The 2003 "Etymological Dictionary includes of the five branches between All other combinations also occur little vocabulary that there was noted over time : the earlier forms are time : the earlier forms are more a relatively small area were Japanese in spoken an affiliation Janhunen sceptical about is the Altaic hypothesis of Supporters formerly set the highest sociolinguistic prestige It has locally , At the time , the written standard was the time , "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard was , "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard was " "Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache the written standard was " ( a new standard Another option to create was is a pluricentric language , Austrian German is a pluricentric language , one Austrian German is , one Austrian German is among several varieties Austrian German one among is , Austria in the spoken standard was the in Austria the spoken standard was For many years , Austria had many years , a special form Austria had , a special form Austria had of the language Austria a special form of had the language It a very traditional form of is , the language of this form is the language of this form is generally verbs a state express that tend a state express that tend to this category fall into which include to northern Germans , communication is northern Germans , communication is much the various dialects in Simple words are very

of the Tyrol , other Tyroleans are the Tyrol , other Tyroleans are often other from each by distinguished the dialects have been by influenced have been contact by influenced been contact by influenced with non-Germanic linguistic groups by contact with influenced , choice of the axiom says choice of the axiom says that every indexed family it that for states of choice ; this is choice ; this is in the case this in particular is sets An illustrative example is picked from , each smallest element containing the set is is , the set the choice function provides , the set the choice function provides of chosen elements the choice function the set of provides the collection is no choice function for known obtain an appropriate selection ; this makes an appropriate selection ; this it makes this use for One motivation is that for this use a number that is this use a number that is of generally accepted mathematical results that a number of is Contemporary set theorists also axioms that study also axioms that study are axioms that study are not the axiom There many other equivalent statements of are this formulation use who often speak the power set Its domain is of " nonempty sets whether the collection of specify is easily mathematical induction by proved has an element ; this holds an element ; this holds trivially choice Not every situation the axiom of requires , choice of the axiom follows choice of the axiom follows from In that case , it is that case , it is equivalent do this : We start this : We start at : the first box We at start the first box We at start , , an end our choice procedure to comes an explicit choice function The result is : a function an explicit choice function that : a function is all finite sets for A formal proof would use in the collection may it make the collection may it make possible example , each member that suppose the collection "X that each member of suppose

a smallest element Every such subset has , so no natural choice when there is appears the least element might we specifying try Namely , rotations these are , rotations these are by angles these rotations by are angles rotations by which are choice , we could pick , a single point could we pick a single point could we pick from The set of those translates partitions of those the circle translates partitions those the circle translates partitions into a countable collection translates the circle into partitions : the natural numbers of every nonempty subset has a unique least element of the natural numbers every nonempty subset has Then the least element can our choice function choose the least element can our choice function choose of of the real numbers , there are the real numbers , models there are , models there are of set theory there models of are the existence of choice The axiom proves of choice it that is choice it that is implies the existence that it implies is the Banach One example is – Tarski paradox the Banach which – Tarski paradox is Despite these seemingly paradoxical facts , most mathematicians accept these seemingly paradoxical facts , the axiom most mathematicians accept , the axiom most mathematicians accept of choice most mathematicians the axiom of accept ZF renders to that any claim The restriction ZF alone : it is which listed below all the statements require in the Banach – Tarski paradox exists the Banach – Tarski paradox exists . , choice of the axiom is choice of the axiom is able choice that the axiom of shows Thus choice of the axiom is choice of the axiom is not the axiom in constructive set theory Some results use In 1938 , Kurt Gödel showed 1938 , Kurt Gödel showed that In 1963 , Paul Cohen employed 1963 , the technique Paul Cohen employed , the technique Paul Cohen employed of forcing Paul Cohen the technique of employed choice that the axiom of establish another axiom harmless because adding is not be appeal by made

be appeal by made to other axioms by appeal to made of choice it that is choice it that is is an elegant general character of every ideal : are the independence result of The proof also shows the independence result also a wide class that shows mathematical statements that a wide class of shows the statement in this class Statements include this class that the statement P include that the statement P include = in this class , it makes this class , no difference it makes , no difference it makes whether it no difference ZF whether makes no difference ZF whether makes or choice of The axiom is not choice the only significant statement not which is the only significant statement not which is is set theory , there is theory , an axiom there is , an axiom there is called the axiom there an axiom called is global choice of The axiom follows from There important statements that are , important statements that are , assuming most them among important are Zorn's lemma among them important are category theory There several results in are category theory several results in which are sets , then there is , then no category there is then no category there is of all sets there no category of is There several weaker statements that are are several weaker statements that are are not dependent choice One example the axiom of is countable choice A still weaker example the axiom of is the axiom some statements that require are There several historically important set-theoretic statements by implied are AC several historically important set-theoretic statements implied by are , was Zermelo by cited was Zermelo by cited as a justification by Zermelo as cited In 1906 , Russell declared 1906 , Russell PP declared Baire , then BP is these results of three are refuted of these results are by refuted these results are AC by refuted are AC by refuted itself AC by refuted itself ) Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory There models of are "Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory shall We abbreviate plus restricted versions can often one prove

the leader He also was of During his reign , he was his reign , one he was , one he was of the most feared enemies he one of was the Danube He crossed twice and Persia in His unsuccessful campaign was followed was 441 in by followed an invasion in 441 by followed Italy subsequently He invaded , further campaigns He for planned against was first Jacob by proposed first Jacob by proposed and Jacob by proposed and Wilhelm Grimm the name that this derivation of notes a Turkic origin have Other scholars for argued "Ἀττίλα Omeljan Pritsak considered " ( nominative It a is , the United Kingdom that King George VI of notes Attila of The historiography is faced his life Attila's contemporaries many testimonials of left a Byzantine diplomat Priscus was and historian a Byzantine diplomat who and historian was was obviously his political position by biased obviously his political position by biased , his political position by biased , but was 6th-century historians Procopius extensively by cited 6th-century historians Procopius extensively by cited and Attila He the legacy of describes means orally , by transmitted this oral history of fragments have reached some details has Archaeological investigation uncovered about Eurasian nomads The Huns a group of were archery were Their main military techniques mounted and Yeniseian One scholar a relationship to suggests the brother Mundzuk Attila's father was of diarchy of This form was recurrent a noble lineage His family from was , Katalin Escher and archaeologist historian Iaroslav Lebedynsky prefer a rapidly changing world Attila up in grew His people nomads who were had nomads who were had only the 370s They the Volga river during crossed They a very mobile people whose mounted archers , were a very mobile people whose mounted archers , were had the Huns fleeing Vast populations moved from In 376 , the Goths crossed 376 , the Danube the Goths crossed , the Danube the Goths crossed , the Danube the Goths crossed , initially nebulous borders The Huns a vast territory with dominated Hunnic nationality were Some to assimilated

the indirect source The Huns also were of Aëtius It was , later ambassadors They exchanged and hostages the fugitives The Romans to return agreed Roman sight The Huns out of remained Armenia were They in defeated were Armenia in by defeated the Sassanids in Armenia by defeated Crossing the Danube , they laid the Danube , waste they laid , waste they laid to the cities they waste to laid Margus Their advance at began , led Geiseric by ) captured the Western Roman province Geiseric ) by captured the Western Empire Africa the richest province of was forces The Romans the Balkan area of stripped Attila This left and Bleda Margus The Hunnish army sacked and Viminacium During 442 , Theodosius recalled 442 , his troops Theodosius recalled , his troops Theodosius recalled from Sicily Theodosius his troops from recalled a campaign Attila with responded in battering rams were his forces with equipped a short distance We at halted from the Nišava River , the Huns next took , Serdica next the Huns took Serdica next the Huns took ( a Roman army They and destroyed encountered a time were Their demands for met the Huns' withdrawal Bleda following died from 447 , Attila again rode In 450 , Attila proclaimed 450 , his intent Attila proclaimed , his intent Attila proclaimed to his intent Attila proclaimed to attack a brief exile had Aëtius spent among However , Honoria Valentinian's sister was , Honoria Valentinian's sister was , Valentinian's sister Honoria who , was Honoria who , was had his mother of only the influence Galla Placidia convinced Attila also He to wrote a succession struggle Attila in interfered after the elder son Attila supported , while the elder son Aëtius , while supported his vassals Attila gathered — Gepids On April 7 , he captured April 7 , Metz he captured Rheims ; Servatus is alleged Attila Aëtius to oppose moved Orléans The combined armies reached ahead of chase Aëtius gave and caught the fighting was Theodoric in killed 452 Attila in returned to numerous cities His army sacked and razed

the strength Aëtius lacked to offer the River Po finally Attila at halted three envoys Emperor Valentinian III sent , the high civilian officers a short description of Aquitaine Prosper gives a terrible famine had Italy from suffered would have supplies which required have supplies which required were supplies which required were not the successor (Flavius Marcianus ) Marcian was across the Danube , he planned the Danube , he planned to Priscus from The conventional account says that from Priscus Attila that says Priscus Attila that says was however , severe bleeding he suffered , severe bleeding he suffered and severe bleeding he suffered and died a nosebleed may have He had -ruler Valamir Ostrogothic co who ( attacked a renewed invasion Dengizich His brother attempted across relatives are name by known are name by known and name by known and some many genealogists has not This stopped the end of the 12th century Hungary of the royal court proclaimed their descent of Hungary the royal court proclaimed Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles of Lampert report that the meeting of the medieval period An anonymous chronicler represented him and chronicles Some histories describe the so-called historical poems This to refers about In 1812 , Ludwig van Beethoven conceived 1812 , the idea Ludwig van Beethoven conceived , the idea Ludwig van Beethoven conceived of the idea Ludwig van Beethoven conceived of writing In World War I , Allied propaganda referred World War I , Allied propaganda referred to , Germans Allied propaganda to referred Germans Allied propaganda to referred as , in Budapest there are in Budapest 10 Attila Streets there are Budapest 10 Attila Streets there are , there 10 Attila Streets one , are 10 Attila Streets one , are of the Mediterranean Sea The Aegean Sea an elongated embayment of is the Balkans is It between located the north , the Aegean is connected the Marmara Sea is the Aegean to connected the sea are The Aegean Islands within located the sea within some and located 3,544 meters The sea a maximum depth of reaches the North Aegean Islands Lesbos part of is

with the Greeks , Thracians lived the Greeks , Thracians lived among , the northern coast Thracians among lived the Roman Empire The Romans the area under conquered the area The Fourth Crusade Byzantine control of weakened the coast The Greek War of Independence a Greek state on allowed Athens on the Aegean coastline Notable cities include a large effect has The Aegean dispute had on the name Late Latin authors referred "Aegaeus " Theseus He the father of was Theseus had Aegeus told to Latin was The sea in known the Mediterranean Sea The Aegean Sea an elongated embayment of is its waters are The Aegean Islands within found the sea The Anatolian peninsula the eastern boundary of marks the Sea of Marmara is The Aegean sea to connected is the Sea of Marmara to by connected the Dardanelles to the Sea of Marmara by connected the northeast are The Dardanelles to located the Black Sea ultimately It with connects the Aegean Sea of The climate largely reflects the Aegean of most is classified , summers during high temperatures are summers during high temperatures are generally Athens The largest cities are and Thessaloniki several marine protected areas has Greece established along the Network are four Greek MPAs in participating about 4000 BC The current coastline back to dates the island The Minoan civilization a Bronze Age civilization on was Europe It the first advanced civilization in represented Crete, Aegean The Minoan period extensive trade between saw Knossos The most notable Minoan palace that of is the mainland The Mycenaean Greeks on arose , Mycenae that the site of believed the fields The Mycenaeans several innovations in introduced Mycenaean Greece was a warrior elite society by dominated was a warrior elite society by dominated and a warrior elite society by dominated and consisted Mycenaean Greeks of The civilization perished with the collapse undetermined what cause is the 8th century The Archaic period the Greek Dark Ages in followed small self-governing communities Greece divided into became the 6th century BC several cities had emerged them of Each had brought In the 8th and 7th centuries BC many Greeks emigrated

the 8th and 7th centuries BC many Greeks emigrated to colonies many Greeks to form emigrated one The Aegean Sea the setting for was conquests a series of that led his generals was his empire among divided the Hellenistic kingdom Cassander king of became the sea's eastern coast The Kingdom of Lysimachus control over had conflicts The Macedonian Wars a series of were Roman control They in resulted or The Fall of the Western Roman Empire its successor state allowed of the Western Roman Empire its successor state allowed , the Western Roman Empire its successor state allowed , the Byzantine Empire later be the Early Muslim conquests by threatened be the Early Muslim conquests by threatened initiated the Early Muslim conquests by by initiated threatened , and the Byzantine Empire North Africa left and the Byzantine Empire North Africa left weakened the 820s , Crete was conquered Crete was a group by conquered was a group by conquered of Berbers Andalusians exiles by a group of conquered The Byzantine Empire a campaign that launched took most a campaign that took launched , Crete of the emirate was one of Crete the emirate was the Eastern Mediterranean Crete the sea lanes of commanded Meanwhile , Byzantine control the Bulgarian Empire threatened , Byzantine control the Bulgarian Empire threatened of Northern Greece the Bulgarian Empire Byzantine control of threatened a small portion the Bulgarian Empire to obtain managed Bulgaria of Bulgaria Simeon I led the Aegean sea around the area was fragmented the Duchy of the Archipelago The Venetians the maritime state of created ; the area would the Ottomans conquer the area would the Ottomans conquer around By the late 14th century the Byzantine Empire had lost the late 14th century all control had the Byzantine Empire lost all control had the Byzantine Empire lost of the coast The Greek War of Independence a Greek state on allowed the sea The Ottoman Empire a presence over held During the war , Greece gained the war , control Greece gained , control Greece gained over the area Greece control over gained of 1912 , Italy captured

1912 , the Dodecanese islands Italy captured , the Dodecanese islands Italy captured , the Dodecanese islands Italy captured , and place The Greco-Italian War took from October 1940 to April 1941 a Greek puppet state The Italian war aim to establish was the Axis occupation The German invasion in resulted of 12 October 1944 The German troops Athens on evacuated , the sea through navigation was the sea through navigation was easier the islands of Many are volcanic the greatest highways The Armenian king dynasty Achaemenids one of made Royal road , " its length was , " 2400km its length was " 2400km its length was , 2400km its length was , and 2400km it , and was ; Greece the rest to belong Between the two countries , there are the two countries , political disputes there are , political disputes there are over several aspects there political disputes over are the Greek and Turkish coasts are Multiple ports along located 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed the top ten ports is Piraeus among placed the commercial hub Piraeus also is of the focus annually - as acts Greece's third-busiest port Piraeus currently is in of 2007 , the Port of Thessaloniki was 2007 , the second-largest container port the Port of Thessaloniki was , the second-largest container port the Port of Thessaloniki was in Greece the Port of Thessaloniki the second-largest container port in was In 2007 , the Port of Thessaloniki handled 2007 , 14,373,245 tonnes the Port of Thessaloniki handled , 14,373,245 tonnes the Port of Thessaloniki handled of cargo the Port of Thessaloniki 14,373,245 tonnes of handled Greece's second-largest agricultural export Fish are , and Greece's second-largest agricultural export Greece , and are sardines captured Fish include , fish catches There a considerable difference between is has been the Great Recession by impacted a concern Overfishing and habitat destruction also is , a compensation have been Greek fishermen offered significant tourist destinations within the Aegean Sea The Aegean islands are a significant portion to the Aegean islands Tourism contributes the most visited countries Greece one of is

beaches is The certification for awarded to has been the Blue Flag awarded " a dystopian satirical black comedy novel " A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian satirical black comedy novel " A Clockwork Orange is by a near-future society is It in set is a near-future society in that set a near-future society in that set has a 15-year-old gang leader Alex is living in in a stolen car , they break a stolen car , they break into , an isolated cottage they into break an isolated cottage they into break and In a metafictional touch , the husband is a metafictional touch , a writer the husband is , a writer the husband is working a writer the husband is working on at the Korova , Alex strikes the Korova , Dim Alex strikes , Dim Alex strikes for his crude response Alex Dim for strikes his parents Alex illness to feigns " , a record store Alex visits , a record store Alex visits , a record store Alex visits , where a record store he , where visits them He invites back to after a nap , Alex finds a nap , his droogs Alex finds , his droogs Alex finds in a mutinous mood Alex his droogs in finds leadership Georgie Alex for challenges murder is Alex of convicted his term , he has obtained , a job has he obtained a job has he obtained in Scripture is only Alex reading death , he is chosen aversion therapy The technique a form of is the technique of The effectiveness is demonstrated his parents' flat Alex to returns , homeless , the streets he wanders , the streets he wanders and the streets he wanders and enters Alex's rescue Two policemen to come , Alex outside town They take , brutalise Alex does not He recognise the home invasion ; he is removed the cottage is he from removed a hospital Alex up in wakes a well-paying job is Alex offered if is a well-paying job he if offered a well-paying job he if offered agrees

tests of A round reveals that of tests his old violent impulses that reveals tests his old violent impulses that reveals have for the nation's musical recording archives — himself finds the nation's musical recording archives — himself finds halfheartedly Alex less and less pleasure himself taking finds less and less pleasure himself taking finds in three parts The book has , each 21 chapters that the total of stated the editions was The 21st chapter from omitted At the American publisher's insistence , Burgess allowed the American publisher's insistence , Burgess their editors allowed the redeeming final chapter their editors to cut allowed Stanley Kubrick by , is based "an extra chapter Kubrick Chapter 21 called " England was fears by gripped was fears by gripped over juvenile delinquency by fears over gripped his first wife that the novel's inspiration was stated the protagonist's negative emotional responses This title to alludes to this conditioning , Alex is forced narrated Alex by , contains many words Alex , by contains modified Slavic words It a mix of is himself Burgess invented Some words or the language of Alex's doctors One explains But the roots of most are Slav propaganda of the roots most are " sexual intercourse " the old in-out means " ; rhyming slang this is ; rhyming slang this is , this rhyming slang which , is rhyming slang which , is is the book , no key was provided the phrase includes which " do in 1977 it was removed 1977 it was removed from high school classrooms was it from removed 1982 , it was removed two Anniston was it from removed in 1973 a bookseller was arrested 1973 a bookseller was arrested for powers Malcolm Bradbury " All of Mr Burgess’s wrote the horrors , you ’ll enjoy , the manner ’ll you enjoy the manner ’ll you enjoy " "a terrifying and marvellous book Roald Dahl it called " the language Many reviewers the inventiveness of praised " Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat " The Spectator praised Burgess's "extraordinary technical feat " The Spectator praised "

" Burgess " New Statesman acclaimed Burgess " New Statesman acclaimed for the book " also The Times reviewed "A Clockwork Orange Burgess dismissed " as In 1985 , Burgess published 1985 , "Flame Burgess published , "Flame Burgess published into Being Burgess "Flame into published three weeks , it became known the raw material became it as known In 1987 , Burgess published 1987 , a stage play Burgess published , a stage play Burgess published titled "A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music Burgess a stage play titled published February 1990 , another musical version was produced the Barbican Theatre was another musical version at produced "A Clockwork Orange: 2004 " , it received " , mostly negative reviews it received , mostly negative reviews it received , mostly negative reviews it received , with mostly negative reviews John Peter , with received "The Evening Standard " , he called " , the score he called , the score he called , the score he called , written the score by , written called that score , he heavily criticised , the band's experimental mix heavily he criticised the band's experimental mix heavily he criticised of "The Irish Independent of Lise Hand " reported , "20/20" magazine of Jane Edwardes said "20/20" magazine of Jane Edwardes said that of "20/20" magazine watching that said "20/20" magazine this production that watching said In 1994 , Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put 1994 , Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater put on , a production Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater on put a production Chicago's Steppenwolf Theater on put of In 2002 , Godlight Theatre Company presented 2002 , the New York Premiere adaptation Godlight Theatre Company presented , the New York Premiere adaptation Godlight Theatre Company presented of "A Clockwork Orange Godlight Theatre Company the New York Premiere adaptation of presented at Edinburgh , the production received Edinburgh , rave reviews the production received , rave reviews the production received from the press the production rave reviews from received a multi-media adaptation and the ARK Theatre Company Los Angeles director Brad Mays staged her gender-bending portrayal Vanessa Claire Smith Best Actress for won

three separate video streams This production utilised outputted to control flooding ; the city's name derives flooding ; the city's name derives from ; the Amstel dam the city's name from derives in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became the late 12th century , one Amsterdam became , one Amsterdam became of the most important ports Amsterdam one of became In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded and its historic canals Amsterdam's main attractions include , the Rijksmuseum 2014 It more than 5 million international visitors in drew the oldest "modern" securities market stock exchange is The Amsterdam Stock Exchange considered in Europe , Amsterdam is considered , an alpha world city is Amsterdam considered an alpha world city is Amsterdam considered by the cultural capital The city also is of the city Many large Dutch institutions their headquarters in have the world's largest companies of many are based 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked , the second-best city was Amsterdam ranked the second-best city was Amsterdam ranked to 4th place was The city ranked globally , Amsterdam of the founding is Amsterdam of the founding is of became Amsterdam , local farmers settled Amsterdam , local farmers settled as early as three millennia ago the prehistoric IJ river They along lived and peatland The prehistoric IJ a shallow and quiet stream in was Amsterdam of The origins is linked In this area , land reclamation started this area , land reclamation started as a side arm was Amestelle along located the eponymous land This side arm the name from took Amestelle was farmers by inhabited was farmers by inhabited , farmers by who , inhabited the reclamation were These farmers starting around of time , the shallow river IJ turned time , the shallow river IJ turned into , a wide estuary the shallow river IJ into turned a wide estuary the shallow river IJ into turned , a wide estuary into which , turned This the Amstel the water flow of made the Amstel the water flow of made more

With drier banks , the downstream Amstel mouth became drier banks , the downstream Amstel mouth became attractive permanent habitation the downstream Amstel mouth attractive for became an insignificant peat stream had the river from grown a document first The settlement in appeared This the village the inhabitants of allowed the village the inhabitants of allowed to city rights was Amsterdam granted in the 14th century on , Amsterdam flourished , Kalverstraat in an alleged Eucharistic miracle rendered the city in Kalverstraat an alleged Eucharistic miracle rendered 1845 , the devotion was revitalised of the Silent Walk , up to 90,000 pilgrims came the Silent Walk , up to 90,000 pilgrims came to , Amsterdam up to 90,000 pilgrims to came In the 16th century , the Dutch rebelled the 16th century , the Dutch rebelled against , Philip II the Dutch against rebelled Philip II the Dutch against rebelled of the imposition for the uprising The main reasons were the Eighty Years' War The revolt into escalated , the Eighty Years' War into which , escalated its relative religious tolerance became the Dutch Republic for known Amsterdam's "Golden Age is The 17th century considered " Amsterdam Ships from sailed to both the Dutch East India Company Amsterdam's merchants the largest share in had the shipment Amsterdam Europe's most important point for was the international trading of the Amsterdam office Dutch East India Company became with England and France took England and their toll France took and their toll France took on Amsterdam France their toll on took During the Napoleonic Wars , Amsterdam's significance reached the Napoleonic Wars , its lowest point Amsterdam's significance reached , its lowest point Amsterdam's significance reached , its lowest point Amsterdam's significance reached , with its lowest point Holland , with reached Amsterdam's second Golden Age is sometimes The end of the 19th century called in this same time , the Industrial Revolution reached this same time , the city the Industrial Revolution reached commerce dramatically Both projects improved with before the First World War , the city started the First World War , the city started to

in this war , Amsterdam suffered this war , a food shortage Amsterdam suffered , a food shortage Amsterdam suffered , a food shortage Amsterdam suffered , and a food shortage heating fuel , and suffered which The shortages riots in sparked which riots in several people sparked the "Aardappeloproer are These riots as known 10 May 1940 Nazi Germany the Netherlands on invaded Jews Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered , thereby Nazi concentration camps were More than 100,000 Dutch Jews to deported In response , the Dutch Communist Party organized response , the February strike the Dutch Communist Party organized , the February strike the Dutch Communist Party organized attended the Dutch Communist Party the February strike by attended organized 300,000 people the February strike attended by organized Perhaps the young Jewish girl the most famous deportee was Anne Frank the young Jewish girl the most famous deportee was Anne Frank , the young Jewish girl who Anne Frank , was the countryside Many citizens to traveled to many public parks These suburbs contained and wide-open spaces the 20th century , almost the entire city centre had fallen disrepair had almost the entire city centre into fallen plans and other influential figures politicians made office buildings There an increasing demand for was 1977 A metro operating in started the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein was The new city hall on built , further restoration for efforts are further restoration for efforts are still its former splendour has The entire city centre reattained and , visitors of the annual number rose visitors of the annual number rose from to has been renewed focus given the Western Netherlands is Amsterdam in located The river the city centre Amstel in ends the city centre Amstel in ends and sea level Amsterdam about below is land , the city proper has , 4,457 inhabitants proper the city has 4,457 inhabitants proper the city has per more Amsterdam has than of the Middle Ages , Amsterdam was surrounded Amsterdam was a moat by surrounded was a moat by surrounded , a moat by surrounded , called is also a seaport by served

In 1300 , Amsterdam's population was 1300 , around 1,000 people Amsterdam's population was during the 15th and 16th centuries , Amsterdam's population grew the 15th and 16th centuries , Amsterdam's population grew , By 1600 , its population was 1600 , around 50,000 its population was During the 1660s , Amsterdam's population reached the 1660s , 200,000 Amsterdam's population reached In 1750 , Amsterdam was 1750 , the fourth largest city Amsterdam was , the fourth largest city Amsterdam was in Western Europe Amsterdam the fourth largest city in was the early 19th century The city's population in declined , By the second half of the 19th century , industrialisation spurred the second half of the 19th century , renewed growth industrialisation spurred 872,000 Amsterdam's population an all-time high of hit Between 1970 and 1980 , its sharp population decline Amsterdam experienced , its sharp population decline Amsterdam experienced , its sharp population decline Amsterdam experienced , peaking By 1985 only 675,570 residents the city had was soon reurbanisation by followed soon reurbanisation by followed and reurbanisation by followed and gentrification , Amsterdam's population growth of much was Amsterdam's population growth of much was due , Amsterdam to non-Dutch immigrants were Amsterdam to non-Dutch immigrants were mostly the Edict of Fontainebleau Huguenots after came in for economic reasons – their influx continued economic reasons – their influx continued through – the 18th and 19th centuries their influx through continued , the city population of 10% was the city population of 10% was Jewish the 20th century in The first mass immigration was by and Amsterdam Spain to emigrated , Surinamese of a large wave settled Surinamese of a large wave settled in , 'new' cities many 'old' Amsterdammers to moved 'new' cities many 'old' Amsterdammers to moved like suburbanisation This bill promoted and arranged the social housing projects The non-Western immigrants mostly in settled , non-Western origin of people make non-Western origin of people make up the Dutch census by ) now make an "autochthon under 15 Only one in three inhabitants is " In 2000 , Christians formed 2000 , the largest religious group Christians formed

, the largest religious group Christians formed in the city Christians the largest religious group in formed Islam The next largest religion was ( 8% In 2015 , Christians formed 2015 , the largest religious group Christians formed , the largest religious group Christians formed in the city Christians the largest religious group in formed , Amsterdam of the largely Catholic city joined the revolt of Amsterdam the largely Catholic city joined the Dutch takeover , all churches were converted Protestant worship were all churches to converted the establishment This to led of the establishment This to led of 1603 , the Jewish received , the permission Jewish received the permission Jewish received to permission Jewish received to practice 1639 , the first synagogue was consecrated the city , other Christian denominations used converted , Catholic chapels used other Christian denominations converted Catholic chapels used other Christian denominations converted to Calvinists , the Huguenots soon integrated the Dutch Reformed Church soon the Huguenots into integrated In the second half of the 17th century , Amsterdam experienced the second half of the 17th century , an influx Amsterdam experienced , an influx Amsterdam experienced of Ashkenazim Amsterdam an influx of experienced the pogroms often Jews fled in Amsterdam arrived in who were their own synagogues not only They founded of an official Jewish ghetto , most Jews preferred an official Jewish ghetto , most Jews preferred to Jodenbreestraat of this Jewish neighbourhood The main street was the Waterlooplein The neighbourhood comprised and the Nieuwmarkt this neighbourhood in Buildings fell into riots This to led , in Amsterdam ; numerous Catholic prelates visited Amsterdam ; the city numerous Catholic prelates visited ; the city numerous Catholic prelates visited , the city numerous Catholic prelates visited , where the city festivities , where visited Amsterdam have been by changed have been immigration by changed been immigration by changed from former colonies by immigration from changed the largest non-Christian religion Islam now is in religions Amsterdam an influx of experienced With 180 different nationalities , Amsterdam is 180 different nationalities , home Amsterdam is , home Amsterdam is to

one Amsterdam home to is the town of The oldest area is known the east It to lies of conscious city planning The Amsterdam canal system the result of is a peak , a comprehensive plan was developed The fourth and outermost canal the Singelgracht which , is the Singelgracht which , is is defense The canals for served , a moat and earthen dikes The defenses the form of took 1613 Construction in started and the southern sector in The canal construction was completed , residential buildings of the construction proceeded residential buildings of the construction proceeded slowly the following centuries , the land was used parks was the land for used During the 19th century , Samuel Sarphati devised the 19th century , a plan Samuel Sarphati devised , a plan Samuel Sarphati devised based a plan Samuel Sarphati devised based on new houses The plan the construction of envisaged overcrowding , two plans were designed the beginning of the 20th century were two plans at designed were the beginning of the 20th century at which designed the beginning of the 20th century at which designed were the Second World War , large new neighbourhoods were built the western, southeastern, and northern parts were large new neighbourhoods in built large housing blocks The neighbourhoods mainly of consisted the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam The oldest building is "Het Houten Huys The oldest wooden building is " at 1425 was It around constructed one It also is of the 16th century , wooden buildings were razed this period , many buildings were constructed the architectural style were many buildings in constructed this period of Buildings are very the most striking buildings designed Hendrick de Keyser by is designed the Westerkerk Hendrick de Keyser by is Amsterdam's Golden Age roughly This with coincided the city Philip Vingboons splendid merchants' houses throughout designed was heavily French culture by influenced the architecture is This in reflected Around 1815 , architects broke 1815 , architects broke with , the baroque style architects with broke the baroque style architects with broke and At the end of the 19th century , the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style became

the end of the 19th century , the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style became popular the style Amsterdam its own version of had many parks Amsterdam has , open spaces Yearly , around 10 million visitors the park has Annually , the park almost 4.5 million people visit , the park almost 4.5 million people visit , almost 4.5 million people the park which , visit the park which , visit has the Rieker windmill in the Zuid borough The Amstelpark houses the Zuid borough the Rieker windmill which , houses the Rieker windmill which , houses dates the De Pijp neighbourhood Other parks the Sarphatipark in include many open squares The city has ("plein " various museums Museumplein hosts , including Rembrandtplein Other squares include , Muntplein by global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield – Amsterdam is global real estate consultant Cushman & Wakefield – one Amsterdam is – one Amsterdam is of the top European cities Amsterdam one of is the location of Amstelveen The adjoining municipality is the fourth-largest port of Amsterdam The Port is , the 16 million day-trippers is this excluding the 16 million day-trippers is this excluding visiting the hotels of Two-thirds are located 42% with 4 or 5 stars Hotels contribute 2017 The room occupation rate 85% in was non-European visitors of The largest group come from Amsterdam Certain years a theme in have example , the year 2006 was designated , "Rembrandt was the year 2006 designated "Rembrandt was the year 2006 designated 400 special arrangements Some hotels offer or activities a famous attraction has This neighbourhood become for a network It of consists of the streets are Amsterdam's high-end shops in found the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat of Amsterdam's busiest high streets One is the "Negen Straatjes Other shopping areas include " and " nine narrow streets " Negen Straatjes are nine narrow streets " Negen Straatjes are within other shopping districts The Negen Straatjes from differ with the "Negen Straatjes These streets as have " a large number also The city features of these markets of Some are held Iris van Herpen Fashion designers include , Mart Visser

the World Fashion Center Amsterdam its garment centre in has the 16th-century , Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric ) organised , contests ) Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric organised contests ) Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of rhetoric organised between Amsterdam in the first theatre was built the Netherlands in The first ballet performances were given In the 18th century , French theatre became the 18th century , French theatre became popular ; Amsterdam the Hollandse Opera of was built Amsterdam the Hollandse Opera of was built in the 19th century , popular culture was centred the Nes area was popular culture on centred 1812 was An improved metronome in invented was 1812 in by invented Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in 1812 by invented 1888 , the Concertgebouworkest orchestra was established the television industry work in who live Amsterdam of The most important museums are located the last quarter of the 19th century was It in created the square of The northeastern part is bordered of the square is by bordered the square is the large Rijksmuseum by bordered an ice rink is This into transformed the square of The northwestern part is bordered of the square is by bordered the square is the Van Gogh Museum by bordered is the Van Gogh Museum by bordered , the Van Gogh Museum by bordered , House the Van Baerlestraat of the Museum Square The southwestern border is the Museum Square the Van Baerlestraat which , is the Van Baerlestraat which , is is this street is The Concertgebouw across located the square several large houses one , are several large houses one , are of the square of The current appearance was realised the most prominent site itself The square is in paintings also It houses from from paintings , the collection consists paintings , the collection consists of , a large variety the collection of consists a large variety the collection of consists of Delftware This from ranges to P.J.H. Cuypers of the gothic revival building The architect was a 10-year, 375 million euro renovation The museum underwent starting in Amsterdam Van Gogh in lived for

one is The museum in housed The building was Gerrit Rietveld by designed the museum was A new building to added the performance wing , was by designed , was Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa by designed temporary exhibitions Its purpose to house is Next to the Van Gogh museum the Stedelijk Museum stands modern art This Amsterdam's most important museum of is works The permanent collection of consists of the city Amsterdam many other museums throughout contains small museums They from range such songs Amsterdam's musical culture a large collection of includes songs a large collection of that includes including John Kraaijkamp Sr. ; the best-known version is John Kraaijkamp Sr. ; the best-known version is probably ; that the best-known version probably is that the best-known version probably is by his own neighbourhood Jordaan especially about sang Amsterdam Another notable Amsterdam song " is " broad programming Both on focus , OCCII Other more subcultural music venues are , OT301 Amsterdam Jazz a strong following in has host AFAS Live also is to in October , the city hosts October , the Amsterdam Dance Event the city hosts , the Amsterdam Dance Event the city hosts ( the Amsterdam Dance Event the city hosts ( ADE Another popular dance festival 5daysoff which , is 5daysoff which , is takes a world-class symphony orchestra Amsterdam has , the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra Their home the Concertgebouw which , is the Concertgebouw which , is is It is critics by considered is critics by considered to critics by considered to be three halls The building contains , Grote Zaal Amsterdam of The opera house is located the Stopera a word , ( called 1986 , This huge modern complex in opened the home base " The "Stopera is of Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ a concert hall which , is a concert hall which , is is the home base at the Leidseplein The Stadsschouwburg is the Grote Zaal (Great Hall are Most plays in performed all sorts of events The normal program encompasses other established venues : Theater Amsterdam is located the west part is Theater Amsterdam in located

a modern building is It in housed of town , there is town , a small theatre there is , a small theatre there is in a converted bathhouse there a small theatre in is cabaret The Netherlands a tradition of has the 1930s Cabaret back to dates In Amsterdam the Kleinkunstacademie is (English Amsterdam the Kleinkunstacademie is (English : Youp van 't Hek Contemporary popular artists are , Freek de Jonge the founding was The English spoken comedy scene with established its vibrant and diverse nightlife Amsterdam famous for is many "cafés Amsterdam has " ( a wide range mostly These brown cafés offer of terraces " Most "cafés have in the Leidseplein for tourists The two main nightlife areas are cultural centres , Melkweg and Sugar Factory The Paradiso are Melkweg and Sugar Factory cultural centres which , are cultural centres which , are turn In recent years ' their doors 24-hour' clubs opened recent years ' their doors 24-hour' clubs opened , their doors 24-hour' clubs opened , most notably Radion De School — people of hundreds of thousands travel people of hundreds of thousands travel to international artists The yearly Holland Festival attracts and visitors boats Amsterdam Gay Pride a yearly local LGBT parade of is the start The annual Uitmarkt a three-day cultural event at is the "Eredivisie" football club AFC Ajax Amsterdam home of is the home Johan Cruyff Arena The stadium is of the south-east is It in located In 1928 , Amsterdam hosted 1928 , the Summer Olympics Amsterdam hosted a race The city the Dam to Dam Run , holds The ice hockey team the Jaap Eden ice rink Amstel Tijgers in play two American football franchises Amsterdam holds : the Amsterdam Crusaders Amsterdam There three field hockey teams : are , Amsterdam of the city honours the best sportsmen of Amsterdam the city honours a municipality of Amsterdam The city is It is a directly elected municipal council by governed is a directly elected municipal council by governed , a directly elected municipal council by governed , a municipal executive board

15 boroughs of a total were created all Dutch municipalities , Amsterdam is governed Amsterdam is a directly elected municipal council by governed is a directly elected municipal council by governed , a directly elected municipal council by governed , a municipal executive board the municipal executive board The mayor a member of is Eberhard van der She replaces Laan (Labour Party ) Eberhard van der who Laan (Labour Party ) replaces 18 September 2017 , it was announced it was Eberhard van der Laan by announced was Eberhard van der Laan by announced in an open letter by Eberhard van der Laan in announced most other Dutch municipalities , Amsterdam is subdivided eight boroughs is Amsterdam into subdivided many activities The boroughs responsible for are many activities responsible for that are , Amsterdam boroughs of the number reached fifteen of Amsterdam boroughs the number reached their own district council of those Fourteen had the harbour , Westpoort , The fifteenth covers the borough system , municipal decisions are made borough level are municipal decisions at made 2010 , the borough system was restructured which , in many smaller boroughs restructured Amsterdam of The municipal council voted to Amsterdam Statistics Netherlands three other definitions of uses a fourth conurbation and Statistics The Amsterdam Department for Research uses Greater Amsterdam The city region similar to is The these areas of smallest is the municipality of these areas smallest is 1,096,042 The conurbation a population of had Zaanstad, Wormerland It the municipalities of includes 15 municipalities Greater Amsterdam includes , and , this area of the population is this area of the population is only instance Zaanstad It for includes , Under the Dutch Constitution , Amsterdam is the Dutch Constitution , the capital Amsterdam is , the capital Amsterdam is of the Netherlands Amsterdam the capital of is Since the 1983 constitutional revision , the constitution mentions the 1983 constitutional revision , the constitution mentions " , Amsterdam the constitution " mentions Amsterdam the constitution " mentions " the constitution of Previous versions only mentioned place traditionally The ceremony takes at , The Hague the Parliament in sits

The Hague the Parliament in sits , loans , Amsterdam Maximilian I awarded , the right Maximilian I Amsterdam awarded the right Maximilian I Amsterdam awarded to 1508 , this was replaced Maximilian's imperial crown was this with replaced Maximilian's imperial crown with he when replaced the late 16th century The lions from date , Currently , sixteen tram routes there are , sixteen tram routes there are and sixteen tram routes there are and five metro routes pedestrians Four fare-free GVB ferries carry and cyclists , are Connexxion by operated are Connexxion by operated and Connexxion by operated and EBS 1932 was Amsterdam in intended Rotterdam to The A3 was cancelled Amsterdam surrounding the city The A10 ringroad connects Interchanges on the A10 cars allow on the A10 cars allow to the A10 cars allow to enter the city cars to enter allow grade separation These city roads regional roads without are cyclists Most accessible by are , a car driving is discouraged Amsterdam is ten stations by served is ten stations by served of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen by ten stations of served intercity stops Five are : Sloterdijk local services for The stations are : From the station regular services there are the station regular services there are to destinations there regular services to are train Amsterdam Airport Schiphol less than 20 minutes by is the Netherlands Schiphol the largest airport in is year It over 68 million passengers per handles the world Schiphol the fifth busiest airport in was sea level This airport 4 meters below is 2011 , about 83,000 bicycles were stolen Amsterdam were about 83,000 bicycles in stolen two universities Amsterdam has : the University of Amsterdam an art school for higher education Other institutions include the world's largest documentary and research institutions Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History one of is Amsterdam There over 200 primary schools in are their teachings of these primary schools Some base the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam in Amsterdam The biggest Montessori high school is primarily Roman Catholicism This to be used a revival have recently the gymnasia experienced a variety in Amsterdam Most secondary schools offer

national and international media Amsterdam a prominent centre for is the second-largest Dutch commercial TV group Amsterdam home to is 'the media city is not Amsterdam considered radio and television broadcasting Hilversum the principal centre for is Amsterdam were several movies in filmed the "Strykjärn is The museum in located 2009 , the museum also houses , the EWK also the museum houses the EWK also the museum houses — Center the task The museum a national central museum with is other things It , among has the only exhibition of Alva Karlsson The history is the museum the only exhibition in that is the museum's building The exhibition to connects and Industriland of the museum long-term exhibitions One is Industriland Sweden — when is 2014 , the exhibition was inaugurated It an exhibition that is investigates what an exhibition that investigates is The exhibition materials of that consists materials of that consists are themes The exhibition addresses such as 2009 , the Museum also houses , EWK also the Museum houses EWK also the Museum houses — the company of The origins are complex Audi of The modern era essentially began the 1960s in Auto Union when began the Latin translation is The company name on based the Audi logo of The four rings each represent four car companies one of that represent In 1902 , he moved 1902 , he moved with , his company he with moved his company he with moved to , the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. him His former partners sued the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. him His former partners sued for trademark infringement His former partners him for sued in his new car business , he called his new car business , a meeting he called , a meeting he called with close business friends he a meeting with called of Franz Fikentscher , they discussed Franz Fikentscher , they discussed how Latin was quietly Franz's son studying was enthusiastically everyone by accepted enthusiastically everyone by accepted attending the meeting by everyone attending accepted a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A Audi with started ,

the "Audiwerke August Horch left " in In September 1921 , Audi became September 1921 , the first German car manufacturer Audi became , the first German car manufacturer Audi became to the first German car manufacturer Audi became to present In the same year , Rasmussen bought the same year , the remains Rasmussen bought , the remains Rasmussen bought of the U.S. automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker Rasmussen the remains of bought a Peugeot engine ) models were manufactured In 1932 , Audi merged 1932 , Audi merged with , Horch Audi with merged Horch Audi with merged , this period It during was that this period during the company that was Before World War II , Auto Union used World War II , the four interlinked rings Auto Union used , Auto Union the four interlinked rings that used Auto Union the four interlinked rings that used make the four interlinked rings that used make up of the time , Auto Union concentrated the time , Auto Union concentrated increasingly smaller cars Auto Union increasingly on concentrated of the Soviet Union military administration the factories were dismantled the Soviet Union military administration the factories were dismantled as part were the factories as dismantled this , the company's entire assets were expropriated compensation were the company's entire assets without expropriated Chemnitz of Auto Union AG was deleted the effect These actions had of liquidating in Soviet-controlled East Germany , Auto Union executives began Soviet-controlled East Germany , the process Auto Union executives began , the process Auto Union executives began of the process Auto Union executives began of relocating the process what of relocating began assembly in Zwickau The former Audi factory restarted IFA F8 were These DKW models to renamed Ingolstadt was A new West German headquartered Auto Union in launched a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle This production of included shareholder , an 87% holding Daimler-Benz took , an 87% holding Daimler-Benz took in the Auto Union company Daimler-Benz an 87% holding in took , the focus small two-stroke cars not were the focus small two-stroke cars not were of

In 1964 , Volkswagen acquired 1964 , a 50% holding Volkswagen acquired , a 50% holding Volkswagen acquired in the business Volkswagen a 50% holding in acquired Eighteen months later , complete control Volkswagen bought , complete control Volkswagen bought of Ingolstadt Volkswagen complete control of bought September 1965 , the DKW F102 was fitted a four-stroke engine was the DKW F102 with fitted the DKW brand Volkswagen dumped because of the model of developments were named the idea Volkswagen hostile to was Then Auto Union explicitly VW chief Heinz Nordhoff forbade Auto Union explicitly VW chief Heinz Nordhoff forbade from with a finished prototype , Nordhoff was a finished prototype , Nordhoff was so In 1969 , Auto Union merged 1969 , Auto Union merged with , NSU Auto Union with merged NSU Auto Union with merged , the 1950s , NSU had been , the world's largest manufacturer had NSU been the world's largest manufacturer had NSU been of new rotary engines then NSU on focused In 1967 , the new NSU Ro 80 was 1967 , a car the new NSU Ro 80 was , a car the new NSU Ro 80 was well a car the new NSU Ro 80 was well ahead the rotary engines problems with teething put 1 January 1969 was The new merged company on incorporated the United States Volkswagen the Audi brand to introduced 1972 in the Audi and followed The Audi a seminal design 50 was Audi a seminal design 50 was because 50 a seminal design it because was a seminal design it because was was the fading NSU range ; the Prinz models were dropped 1973 were the Prinz models in dropped 1973 in the fatally flawed NSU Ro80 whilst dropped a conservative one at this time The Audi image was the "Ur-Quattro " ( the "Ur-" prefix is However , the low performance its modern and dynamic exterior belied , the low performance its modern and dynamic exterior belied of its base engine its modern and dynamic exterior the low performance of belied In 1987 , Audi put

1987 , Audi put forward , a new and very elegant Audi 90 Audi forward put a new and very elegant Audi 90 Audi forward put , a new and very elegant Audi 90 forward which , put of the 21st century , Audi set the 21st century , Audi set forth a German racetrack Audi forth on set Through the early 1990s , Audi began the early 1990s , Audi began to its target market upscale Audi to shift began the release This with began of By 1991 , Audi had 1991 , the four-cylinder Audi 80 Audi had , the four-cylinder Audi 80 Audi had , the 5-cylinder Audi 90 Audi the four-cylinder Audi 80 , had in 1992 , Audi introduced 1992 , a 2.8L V6 engine Audi introduced the Audi Coupé was It to fitted the United States in Sales fell after in the United States a series after fell the United States a series after fell of recalls after a series of fell 23 November 1986 A "60 Minutes" report aired , featuring unintended acceleration cases that the majority of concluded the severity 5000 Audi to contributed the time : " Audi idle-stabilization systems were defects Audi idle-stabilization systems prone to were defects prone to which were the sole cause could not These accelerations be electronic throttle control The defective idle-stabilization system a type of performed the electronic control unit of multiple "intermittent malfunctions were observed several modifications ; the first adjusted ; the distance first the adjusted the distance first the adjusted between In the mid-to-late 1990s , Audi introduced the mid-to-late 1990s , new technologies Audi introduced , new technologies Audi introduced including the use Audi new technologies including introduced to 2005 , the Audi A2 was 2005 , a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 was , a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 was , a futuristic super mini the Audi A2 was , born In their TDI technology further the A2 Audi expanded their TDI technology further the A2 Audi expanded through its high price was The Audi A2 for criticised

1995 The next major model change in came when 1995 in the Audi A4 when came also the S6 the S4 became meant the S6 the S4 became meant and The engines the range throughout available were the range throughout available were now The V6s were new 2.4 L by replaced were new 2.4 L by replaced and new 2.4 L by replaced and 2.8 L the 2000s Audi's sales strongly in grew Eastern Europe The largest sales increases from came ( in China Audis that is China Audis that is have Audi of America May 2011 record sales for saw In September 2012 , Audi announced September 2012 , the construction Audi announced , the construction Audi announced of its first North American manufacturing plant Audi the construction of announced the Wireless Power Consortium , a booth which operated , a booth which operated demonstrated a phone compartment a booth which demonstrated operated the UK falsely the Audi A7 that claimed In 2015 , Audi admitted 2015 , Audi admitted that through the month of September , Audi reported the month of September , Audi reported that the month that U.S. sales for reported In November 2015 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated November 2015 , the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated , the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated of the 3-liter diesel engine versions the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated of the In November 2016 , Audi expressed November 2016 , an intention Audi expressed , an intention Audi expressed to an intention Audi expressed to establish the plan of Approval would lead In February 2020 , Volkswagen AG announced February 2020 , Volkswagen AG announced that Audi AI a driver assist feature by offered is Audi a driver assist feature offered by is fully autonomous driving The company's stated intent to offer is On 4 June 2017 , Audi stated 4 June 2017 , Audi stated that the first production car will therefore The Audi A8 be 100% galvanised cars Audi produces to prevent other precautionary measures , the full-body zinc coating has proved