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them only the second time all of was During the appearance , they re the appearance , they re - In an interview , the two women expressed an interview , their gratitude the two women expressed , their gratitude the two women expressed for the honorary award the two women their gratitude for expressed , Music for PRS announced Music for PRS announced that for Music the British public that announced Music the British public that announced voted ABBA that the British public voted announced On 15 November 2011 , Ubisoft released 15 November 2011 , a dancing game Ubisoft released , a dancing game Ubisoft released called a dancing game Ubisoft released called ' May 2017 ; the film was released 20 July 2018 was the film on released May 2020 , it was announced , ABBA of all four members made a public appearance of ABBA all four members made On 6 June 2016 , the quartet appeared 6 June 2016 , the quartet appeared together a private party the quartet together at appeared a statement British manager Simon Fuller in announced in , ABBA of all four original members made a joint announcement of ABBA all four original members made ABBA a joint announcement they that made a joint announcement they that made had In September 2018 , Ulvaeus stated September 2018 , Ulvaeus stated that January 2019 , it was revealed In June 2019 , Ulvaeus announced June 2019 , Ulvaeus announced that In September , he stated September , he stated in , an interview he in stated an interview he in stated that an interview in there that stated In April 2020 , Ulvaeus gave April 2020 , an interview Ulvaeus gave , an interview Ulvaeus gave saying an interview Ulvaeus gave saying that the new album had been by recorded had been the two female members by recorded been the two female members by recorded , the two female members by recorded , and in 2021 , Björn said 2021 , Björn said " 26 August 2021 , a new website was launched

the page , visitors were prompted the webpage , new "ABBA Voyage" social media accounts were launched 29 August , the band officially joined , TikTok officially the band joined TikTok officially the band joined with the new album of The announcement was accompanied of the new album was by accompanied the new album was the release by accompanied was the release by accompanied of the previously-announced new singles by the release of accompanied n't the first ABBA release " Shut Me Down became the first ABBA release " Shut Me Down became since on 11 November , Lyngstad stated 11 November , Lyngstad stated " on 5 November , Andersson stated 5 November , Andersson stated " the studio ABBA perfectionists in were a drummer The band a basic rhythm track with created ideas and Lyngstad Fältskog contributed them and Ulvaeus Andersson played the backing tracks them they and played " heavily Phil Spector's Wall by influenced heavily Phil Spector's Wall by influenced of Sound by Phil Spector's Wall of influenced widely the colourful and trend-setting costumes for its members noted the colourful and trend-setting costumes for its members noted wore : the clothes of the cost was the clothes of the cost was deductible ABBA videos their songs because made videos their songs because made were two young children and Ulvaeus Fältskog had In 1976 , ABBA participated 1976 , ABBA participated in , an advertising campaign ABBA in participated an advertising campaign ABBA in participated to the right-wing Danish People's Party and Ulvaeus band members Andersson criticised a lawsuit The band to file threatened ; these of 14 made these of 14 made the Top did they the reach their way have Ten ABBA albums made into In November 2021 , Voyage became November 2021 , ABBA's highest charting album Voyage became , ABBA's highest charting album Voyage became on the Billboard 200 peaking Voyage ABBA's highest charting album on became August 2008 the "Billboard" Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in topped 15 March 2010 , ABBA were inducted the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame were ABBA into inducted

were the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame into by inducted Bee Gees members Barry Gibb into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by inducted the Waldorf Astoria Hotel was The ceremony at held in November 2021 , ABBA received November 2021 , a Grammy nomination ABBA received , a Grammy nomination ABBA received for Record ABBA a Grammy nomination for received ABBA of The members were married the English " (the French "allegeance from comes Traditionally , the term "allegiance English legal commentators used , the term "allegiance English legal commentators used " the term "allegiance English legal commentators used " in In one sense , it referred one sense , it referred to , the deference it to referred which it to the deference referred which to the deference anyone referred the United States , allegiance that asserted Allegiance the tie which was bound the subject the tie which bound was the mutual bond It was and obligation At common law , allegiance was common law , a true and faithful obedience allegiance was , a true and faithful obedience allegiance was of the subject allegiance a true and faithful obedience of was an incident and obedience Natural allegiance is Natural-born subjects allegiance they wherever owe allegiance they wherever owe may to is Allegiance both owed affection Loyalty requires also to allegiances There four kinds of were born birthright allegiance they by owe birthright allegiance they by owe and A natural-born subject allegiance they wherever owes allegiance they wherever owes may Acquired allegiance was naturalisation by acquired was naturalisation by acquired or naturalisation by acquired or denization subjects All friendly resident aliens all the obligations of incurred the Naturalisation Act 1870 , it was made , possible was it made possible was it made for was possible British subjects for made possible British subjects for made to , the preamble U.S. Congress in declared the preamble U.S. Congress in declared of conflict , the person may be , the foreign land of those have paramount authority of the foreign land those have an oath of allegiance The oath is

ancient common law , it was required all persons was it of required was first statute by imposed first statute by imposed in the reign by statute in imposed of the revolution , the promise was the revolution , the promise was " the Pledge is the oath as known a monarch , the pledge is made the flag is the pledge to made thee their allegiance , they give their allegiance , it they give , it they give but it they give but to the oath is The word for used personal digital assistant devices The MessagePad a discontinued series of is was Japan in by undertaken the Sharp Corporation in Japan by undertaken the ARM 610 RISC processor were The devices on based Jean-Louis Gassée ; Steve Capps his team includes ; Steve Capps his team includes , Steve Capps his team includes , co There , a way they brainstormed , a way they brainstormed of a way they brainstormed of saving new features Sculley adding suggested , May 29, 1992 on The first MessagePad was unveiled on May 29, 1992 was by unveiled May 29, 1992 was Sculley by unveiled was Sculley by unveiled at the summer Consumer Electronics Show by Sculley at unveiled the contents of a setting A change rotates 1.x ) extremely mixed results the handwriting recognition gave ) extremely mixed results the handwriting recognition gave for users the handwriting recognition extremely mixed results for gave Calligrapher was The original handwriting recognition engine called , the user's natural handwriting it to learn attempted By contrast , Palm Pilot's Graffiti had contrast , a less sophisticated design Palm Pilot's Graffiti had , a less sophisticated design Palm Pilot's Graffiti had than Calligrapher Palm Pilot's Graffiti a less sophisticated design than had The stroke alphabet letter shapes which used alphabet letter shapes which used resembled standard handwriting letter shapes which resembled used two versions also Palm Computing released of the original recognizer of the Newton operating system Later releases retained a significant improvement is generally Rosetta considered the modeless error correction of the Newton handwriting recognition system A vital feature is

, situ correction in done situ correction in done without the time , the correct word will be the list will the correct word in be the bottom of the list the user allows of the list the user allows to the list the user allows to edit individual characters the user to edit allows such things could Other pen gestures do as the best match would only they see free-hand "Sketches could also Newton devices accept " the user's free-hand writing " Ink text captured the user's free-hand writing " Ink text captured but the user's free-hand writing it but allowed captured any time a user could also direct their Newton device could also a user direct into vector shapes , both were vector shapes , both were unreliable the Newton of The most reliable application was collecting Macintosh's proprietary serial ports of devices The MessagePad 100 series used a small, proprietary "Newton InterConnect" port 300 ) the eMate have addition , all Newton devices have infrared , connectivity have all Newton devices infrared connectivity have all Newton devices infrared , the Palm Pilot , all Newton devices are equipped a standard PC Card expansion slot are all Newton devices with equipped drivers have also Newton users written a phone number can also Newton dial It is 2 AA batteries by powered is 2 AA batteries by powered , 2 AA batteries by powered , and , an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format of the choice gives the user of an easily replaceable/rechargeable cell format the choice gives a Newton device 300 The eMate was in all the speed did not 300 have additional Newton devices of Many prototypes were spotted at the show , it cost the show , it cost $ , 900 it $ cost Critics also the handwriting recognition that panned also the handwriting recognition that panned was the handwriting recognition that panned was available It this problem that was was this problem that was was skewered Later Newton OS of versions offered improved handwriting recognition of Newton OS versions offered , a sale price still Newtons demand

a sale price still Newtons demand on In 2006 , CNET compared 2006 , an Apple MessagePad 2000 CNET compared , an Apple MessagePad 2000 CNET compared to a Samsung Q1 CNET an Apple MessagePad 2000 to compared New York Locations included , Los Angeles an informative educational venue The stores provided to learn no traditional computer retail counters The stores had and featured oval desktops version that this is saying projects There a number of were projects a number of that were the ARIF became The device as known the ARIF system of The development was extremely the Petronas Discovery Center project was Anyway & Company firm with involved By 1998 they had invested 1998 they had invested heavily the Newton in 1998 they had in 1998 they had to 1998 they had to acquire as many Newtons they to acquire had 1000 Newtons was It initially estimated an “Internet Call They placed ” for electronic diaries were Newtons as used its ease of use it made of use it made possible use it made possible for later science fiction writers His fragmented, bizarre narrative style influenced , notably Philip K. Dick the most popular and influential practitioners He one of was the third of six children He was born to in Winnipeg , father Henry worked Winnipeg , father Henry worked as , an agent father Henry as worked an agent father Henry as worked for During his teen years , Alfred worked his teen years , Alfred worked as , a farmhand Alfred as worked a farmhand Alfred as worked and stories He his writing career with began in Ottawa , he moved Ottawa , he moved back Winnipeg he back to moved 1937 , he also began short radio dramas also he writing began the middle name He added "Elton " By 1938 , van Vogt decided 1938 , van Vogt decided to He was the August 1938 issue by inspired was the August 1938 issue by inspired of "Astounding Science Fiction by the August 1938 issue of inspired another story Van Vogt sent , entitled fierce It a featured ,

fierce a carnivorous alien , featured , in 1939 van Vogt married in 1939 Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt married 1939 Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt married , Edna Mayne Hull van Vogt married , a fellow Manitoban to his poor eyesight , he accepted his poor eyesight , a clerking job he accepted , a clerking job he accepted with the Canadian Department of National Defence he a clerking job with accepted Scarlet in Discord " was It was interior illustrations by accompanied was interior illustrations by accompanied created interior illustrations by by created accompanied his first story Others van Vogt's talent from saw throughout this period , van Vogt wrote this period , many van Vogt wrote , many van Vogt wrote of his more famous short stories van Vogt many of wrote Hollywood ; van Vogt would spend ; the rest would van Vogt spend the rest would van Vogt spend of the name had been He using his writing method Van Vogt systematized , using his stories of Several hinge on many that he acquired stated a system in his very first story The characters used a novel subsequently He wrote merging the adventures The novel recounts of an in his fiction , van Vogt was his fiction , van Vogt was consistently the case This was , for "Enchanted Village Van Vogt published " in Hubbard had first Van Vogt met their own Dianetics center and his wife van Vogt opened the 1950s , van Vogt retrospectively patched many retrospectively van Vogt together patched the resulting books Van Vogt to referred as were new stories ; they were new stories ; they were all ; fix-ups they all were fix-ups they all were , The Weapon Shops of Isher Examples " include " it and van Vogt Hull closed any wholly new fiction had not van Vogt published was profoundly revelations by affected profoundly revelations by affected of totalitarian police states by revelations of affected Accordingly , a mainstream novel he wrote , that he a mainstream novel wrote he that a mainstream novel he wrote

that a mainstream novel he wrote set that Van Vogt explained to research Into this book his view he incorporated this book his view he incorporated of "the violent male type he his view of incorporated new material once again van Vogt published fix-ups His later novels included such as Children of Tomorrow Van Vogt's original novels " included " his classic works to many sequels were promised On January 26, 2000, A. E. van Vogt died in January 26, 2000, Los Angeles A. E. van Vogt in died Los Angeles A. E. van Vogt in died from In 1996 , van Vogt received 1996 , a Special Award van Vogt received , a Special Award van Vogt received from the World Science Fiction Convention van Vogt a Special Award from received In 1996 , van Vogt received 1996 , a Special Award van Vogt received , a Special Award van Vogt received from the World Science Fiction Convention van Vogt a Special Award from received van Vogt of The works were translated were French into by translated the surrealist Boris Vian into French by translated a Russian former professional tennis player 7 June 1981 ) born is one Her appearance and celebrity status her made of winning a singles title , she reached a singles title , No she reached , . she No reached . she No reached   greater success playing doubles She achieved , where greater success playing doubles she , where achieved as her partner , she won her partner , Grand Slam titles she won , Grand Slam titles she won in Australia she Grand Slam titles in won professional tennis Kournikova from retired in Miami Beach She in lives , season 12 She a new trainer for was Moscow was Kournikova in born of 2001 , he was 2001 , he was still , a part-time martial arts instructor he still was a part-time martial arts instructor he still was there a New Year gift Kournikova her first tennis racquet as received something me to do wanted school would I to go In 1986 , Kournikova became

1986 , a member Kournikova became , a member Kournikova became of the Spartak Tennis Club Kournikova a member of became at the age of eight , Kournikova began the age of eight , Kournikova began appearing junior tournaments Kournikova appearing in began in the United States , she became the United States , she became prominent the tennis scene she prominent on became At the age of 14 , she won the age of 14 , the European Championships she won , the European Championships she won and the European Championships she won and the Italian Open Junior tournament In December 1995 , she became December 1995 , the youngest player she became , the youngest player she became to the youngest player she became to win February–March 1996 , two ITF titles Kournikova won , two ITF titles Kournikova won , two ITF titles Kournikova won , in In 1996 , she started 1996 , she started playing a new coach she playing under started Nagel with Her six-year association was successful At 15 , she made 15 , her Grand Slam debut she made , her Grand Slam debut she made , her Grand Slam debut she made , reaching After this tournament , Kournikova's ranking jumped this tournament , Kournikova's ranking jumped from . Kournikova's ranking from No jumped the Russian delegation Kournikova a member of was world No Kournikova the 1997 Australian Open as entered At the Italian Open , Kournikova lost the Italian Open , Kournikova lost to , Amanda Coetzer Kournikova to lost Amanda Coetzer Kournikova to lost in At the French Open , Kournikova made the French Open , it Kournikova made , it Kournikova made to the third round Kournikova it to made the third round also She reached in At the Wimbledon Championships , Kournikova became the Wimbledon Championships , only the second woman Kournikova became , only the second woman Kournikova became in the open era Kournikova only the second woman in became At the US Open , she lost the US Open , she lost in , the second round she in lost

the second round she in lost to with Likhovtseva , she reached Likhovtseva , the third round she reached , the third round she reached of the women's doubles event she the third round of reached 1997 Kournikova her last WTA Tour event of played In 1998 , Kournikova broke 1998 , Kournikova broke into , the WTA's top 20 rankings Kournikova into broke the WTA's top 20 rankings Kournikova into broke for At the Australian Open , Kournikova lost the Australian Open , Kournikova lost in , the third round Kournikova in lost the third round Kournikova in lost to Larisa Savchenko-Neiland also She with partnered in singles , Kournikova reached singles , her second doubles Kournikova reached , her second doubles Kournikova reached WTA Tour final Kournikova her second doubles WTA Tour reached Sabine Appelmans They to lost and two consecutive quarterfinals then Kournikova reached , At the German Open , she reached the German Open , the semi she reached , - she the semi reached finals she the semi - reached also semi her first Grand Slam doubles reached - her first Grand Slam doubles semi reached versus Steffi Graf , Kournikova injured Steffi Graf , her thumb Kournikova injured , her thumb Kournikova injured , Kournikova her thumb which , injured her thumb which , injured would However , that match she won , that match she won , that match she won , but the Du Maurier Open Kournikova for returned and with Seles , she won Seles , her first WTA doubles title she won , her first WTA doubles title she won , her first WTA doubles title she won , in of the 1999 season , Kournikova advanced the 1999 season , Kournikova advanced to , the fourth round Kournikova to advanced the fourth round Kournikova to advanced in However , her first doubles Kournikova won , Grand Slam title Kournikova her first doubles won Grand Slam title Kournikova her first doubles won , The Lindsay Davenport two defeated and Lindsay Davenport two defeated and Natasha Zvereva At the Tier I Family Circle Cup , Kournikova reached

the Tier I Family Circle Cup , her second WTA Tour final Kournikova reached , her second WTA Tour final Kournikova reached , her second WTA Tour final Kournikova reached , but Jennifer Capriati then She defeated , At The French Open , Kournikova reached The French Open , the fourth round Kournikova reached , the fourth round Kournikova reached before the fourth round Kournikova reached before losing in England , Kournikova lost England , Kournikova lost to , Nathalie Tauziat Kournikova to lost Nathalie Tauziat Kournikova to lost in At Wimbledon, Kournikova lost to Wimbledon, Venus Williams Kournikova to lost Venus Williams Kournikova to lost in final also She the reached had a successful singles season , she was a successful singles season , she was even tournaments and Martina Hingis she won On 22 November 1999 the world she reached 22 November 1999 No she the world reached . she the world No reached her 2000 season Kournikova opened winning the Gold Coast Open semi then She the singles reached At the Australian Open , she reached the Australian Open , the fourth round she reached , the fourth round she reached in singles she the fourth round in reached That season , eight semi Kournikova reached , - Kournikova eight semi reached finals Kournikova eight semi - reached On 20 November 2000 she broke into 20 November 2000 she broke into top 10 she into top broke No was also She ranked final She the reached of Her 2001 season was injuries by plagued was injuries by plagued , injuries by plagued , including April She surgery in underwent her second career grand slam quarterfinals She reached , at several events then Kournikova from withdrew With Barbara Schett , she won Barbara Schett , the doubles title she won , the doubles title she won in Sydney she the doubles title in won the finals then She in lost 2002 Kournikova some success in regained finals She the semi - reached With Martina Hingis , she lost Martina Hingis , she lost in final she in the lost

the quarterfinals also They in lost With Chanda Rubin , Kournikova played Chanda Rubin , the semi Kournikova played , - Kournikova the semi played finals Kournikova the semi - played with Janet Lee , she won Janet Lee , the Shanghai title she won In 2003 , Anna Kournikova achieved 2003 , her first Grand Slam match victory Anna Kournikova achieved , her first Grand Slam match victory Anna Kournikova achieved in two years Anna Kournikova her first Grand Slam match victory in achieved the first round She Henrieta Nagyová in defeated Tokyo She from withdrew due of her career , Kournikova dropped her career , Kournikova dropped out the first round Kournikova out in dropped Her 67 world ranking singles was finals She the semi - reached the first round She in lost of doubles 1999 titles in came 1999 titles in came and the professional circuit Kournikova a successful doubles player on proved However , career her singles , career her singles plateaued career her singles plateaued after Her final playing years were a string by marred were a string by marred of injuries by a string of marred In late 2004 , she participated late 2004 , she participated in , three events she in participated three events she in participated organized three events in by organized participated In January 2005 , she played January 2005 , she played in , a doubles charity event she in played a doubles charity event she in played for In November 2005 , she teamed November 2005 , she teamed up Martina Hingis she up with teamed In September 2008 , Kournikova showed September 2008 , Kournikova showed up children's Hospital Los Angeles The Race funds for raised women's K-Swiss team She that race for won On 27 September 2008 , Kournikova played 27 September 2008 , exhibition mixed doubles matches Kournikova played , exhibition mixed doubles matches Kournikova played in Charlotte Kournikova exhibition mixed doubles matches in played On 12 October 2008 , Anna Kournikova played 12 October 2008 , one exhibition match Anna Kournikova played , one exhibition match Anna Kournikova played for

the annual charity event Anna Kournikova one exhibition match for played John McEnroe Kournikova alongside competed , 2008 , she was named , a spokesperson was she named a spokesperson was she named for In June 2010 , Kournikova reunited June 2010 , Kournikova reunited with , her doubles partner Martina Hingis Kournikova with reunited her doubles partner Martina Hingis Kournikova with reunited to the net She a great player at is a doubles player Her playing style the profile for fits a relationship Kournikova in was with The 1999 two in met 1999 two in met , and Kournikova any engagement both denied singer Enrique Iglesias Kournikova dating started in June 2008 , Iglesias was quoted Iglesias was the "Daily Star by quoted was the "Daily Star by quoted " the "Daily Star by quoted " as October 2013 reportedly They in split a son The couple have and daughter In 2000 , Kournikova became 2000 , the new face Kournikova became , the new face Kournikova became for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras Kournikova the new face for became that , she was cast she was the Farrelly brothers by cast was the Farrelly brothers by cast for a minor role by the Farrelly brothers for cast one was Kournikova named of 2002 , she also placed the most searched athlete She to be continued In October 2010 , Kournikova headed October 2010 , Kournikova headed to , NBC's "The Biggest Loser Kournikova to headed NBC's "The Biggest Loser Kournikova to headed " May 2011 , it was announced Aschaffenburg was He in born from Wilhelm Weygandt , he relocated Wilhelm Weygandt , he relocated to , Hamburg he to relocated Hamburg he to relocated , in 1913 , Jakob succeeded 1913 , him Jakob succeeded , him Jakob succeeded as prosector Jakob him as succeeded During World War I he served as World War I an army physician he as served an army physician he as served in In 1919 , he obtained 1919 , his habilitation he obtained , his habilitation he obtained for neurology he his habilitation for obtained

Under Jakob's guidance the department grew rapidly five monographs Jakob the author of was the delineation His neuropathological research greatly to contributed neurosyphilis He experience in gained chronic osteomyelitis He from suffered for Agnosticism the view the existence that is the view the existence that is of the view provided Another definition is that the view human reason that " is the word Thomas Henry Huxley The English biologist coined " all else , Huxley presented else , agnosticism Huxley presented , agnosticism Huxley presented as a form Huxley agnosticism as presented no supporting, objective, testable evidence with A hypothesis is not , no way would there be no way would there be to would no way test to be no way test to be said himself would also Karl Popper describe the Greek word "gnosis Early Christian church leaders used " ( the universe that meaningful statements about contended Huxley's favourite philosopher Hume was , calling of his faith , Darwin continued his faith , Darwin continued to , in 1879 he wrote in 1879 he wrote that 1879 he wrote that " Victorian Freethinkers was He with associated 1882 ; it was renamed ; "Agnostic Journal was it renamed "Agnostic Journal was it renamed and which Agnosticism a temporary mindset in was which a temporary mindset in one was the misunderstanding of Part stemmed from homage ; the practice religion was ; the practice religion was of it religion the practice of was , " the Enlightenment's complete faith he criticized " the Enlightenment's complete faith he criticized in human sensory perception he the Enlightenment's complete faith in criticized and the scientific community Thomas Aquinas among revived two other ways that there were believed meaning how one expressed was In summary , man was summary , a scientist man was , a scientist man was , a scientist man was , artist all three , a person became three , a person became " a variety is Agnosticism from criticized itself in particular strong agnosticism contradicts merit The Catholic Church sees in examining About himself , Dawkins continues himself , Dawkins continues ,

two categories also Dawkins identifies of the existence that "agnosticism about states the view A related concept ignosticism , is coherent , the noncognitivist view the ignostic holds , the noncognitivist view the ignostic holds that the ignostic the noncognitivist view the existence that holds the noncognitivist view the existence that holds of the symbol Ar Argon a chemical element with is group It in is 18 the Earth's atmosphere Argon the third-most abundant gas in is ) in the outer atomic shell argon makes in the outer atomic shell argon makes stable the outer atomic shell argon makes stable and is the fractional distillation industrially by extracted the fractional distillation industrially by extracted of example , an argon atmosphere is used graphite electric furnaces is an argon atmosphere in used water Argon approximately the same solubility in has a noble gas , it can form , some compounds can it form some compounds can it form under HArF , argon can form , clathrates can argon form clathrates can argon form with this first They accomplished by atmospheric air They a mixture of trapped The arc was a battery by powered was a battery by powered of five Grove cells by a battery of powered nitrogen The alkali the oxides of absorbed They the arc no more reduction until operated the arc no more reduction until operated of the gas , they had determined another gas that there was concluded volume Argon 0.934% by constitutes purified argon products Air the primary industrial source of is air is Argon from isolated is air from by isolated fractionation from air by isolated the Earth's atmosphere , is by made , is cosmic ray activity by made is cosmic ray activity by made , cosmic ray activity by made , primarily , argon of the isotopic composition varies argon of the isotopic composition varies greatly the dominant isotope it , as be Argon stellar nucleosynthesis directly by produced stellar nucleosynthesis directly by produced is Correspondingly , 84.6% solar argon contains , 84.6% solar argon contains ( 84.6% solar argon contains ( according the reason of radiogenic The predominance is

of radiogenic the reason the standard atomic weight is radiogenic the reason the standard atomic weight is of terrestrial argon the reason the standard atomic weight of is his periodic table Mendeleev the elements on positioned full s and p subshells of electrons Argon's complete octet indicates , was researchers by formed was researchers by formed at the University of Helsinki by researchers at formed This discovery the recognition argon that caused the recognition argon that caused could 17 kelvins It stable up to is argon , is by produced , is the decay by produced is the decay by produced of 40K by the decay of produced air of the primary constituents are used some high-temperature industrial processes is Argon in used some high-temperature industrial processes in ordinarily non-reactive substances where used nitrogen or oxygen gases of the presence might cause some types is Argon in used the poultry industry is Argon in used air Argon denser than is the target is Liquid argon as used and an argon nucleus scintillation light that produces an argon nucleus scintillation light that produces is scintillation light that produces is detected argon gas containing Two-phase detectors are used to xenon , argon is xenon , argon is cheaper On the other hand , its intrinsic beta-ray background is the other hand , its intrinsic beta-ray background is larger in the Earth's atmosphere was by produced the Earth's atmosphere was electron capture by produced was electron capture by produced of long-lived (+ e− by electron capture of produced the atmosphere in The activity is maintained in the atmosphere is by maintained the atmosphere is cosmogenic production by maintained is cosmogenic production by maintained through the knockout reaction by cosmogenic production through maintained a film This process in results usable of the contents ( argon has the contents ( the European food additive code E938 argon has ( the European food additive code E938 argon has ) the products degrade that are retarded Since 2002 , the American National Archives stores 2002 , important national documents the American National Archives stores , important national documents the American National Archives stores such

important national documents the American National Archives stores such as the sputter coating is Argon for preferred a procedure is It in used argon are Incandescent lights with filled the specific way is It for used is the specific way for it used the specific way for it used ionizes pure argon filled with Gas-discharge lamps provide thermal insulation is Argon for used a propellant is Argon as used has been athletes by used been athletes by used as a doping agent by athletes as used the symbol Arsenic a chemical element with is many minerals Arsenic in occurs , arsenic of The primary use is in semiconductor electronic devices Arsenic a common n-type dopant in is a component It also is of bacteria of A few species are able an essential dietary element of arsenic Trace quantities are , multicellular life arsenic poisoning in occurs multicellular life arsenic poisoning in occurs if multicellular life in quantities if occurs arsenic that all forms of states Toxic Substances and Disease Registry for The United States' Agency ranked arsenic between the layers , gray arsenic is the layers , gray arsenic is brittle a distorted octahedral complex Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form , with semimetal Gray arsenic a is , four atoms Both have arranged in Solid yellow arsenic is rapid cooling by produced is rapid cooling by produced of arsenic vapor by rapid cooling of produced rapidly gray arsenic into by transformed light into gray arsenic by transformed 1.97 g The yellow form a density of has glassy It is and brittle nature Arsenic in occurs as most these of stable is 73As of these stable is half-lives All other isotopes have of under one day its lighter congener phosphorus Arsenic a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to has ; this reaction from the fumes have an odor from this reaction the fumes have oxygen It in burns to concentrated nitric acid Arsenic arsenic acid with makes arsenic for The most common oxidation states are : the trihydride of the simplest arsenic compound One is Arsenic(V) acid a weak acid the salts and is

a weak acid the salts and is are Scheele's Green Synthetic arsenates include (cupric hydrogen arsenate , the arsenate and arsenic acid between The protonation steps are similar In As4S10 , arsenic has As4S10 , a formal oxidation state arsenic has , a formal oxidation state arsenic has of +2 arsenic a formal oxidation state of has the astatide except which , known so , a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent it is the group 5 element is Arsenic as used GaAs of The valence electron count is the organoarsenic compounds of A large variety are known chemical warfare agents were Several as developed about 1.5 ppm Arsenic comprises   ( In 2014 , China was 2014 , the top producer China was , the top producer China was of white arsenic China the top producer of was in air , arsenic sublimes air , arsenic sublimes as ) oxide arsenic as arsenic(III sublimes its origin "arsenic " The word has Latin was The Greek word in adopted ( the Reinsch test Another less sensitive but more general test is . arsenic of The isolation was described of arsenic was by described arsenic was Jabir ibn Hayyan by described was Jabir ibn Hayyan by described before 815 AD by Jabir ibn Hayyan before described In 1649 , Johann Schröder published 1649 , two ways Johann Schröder published , two ways Johann Schröder published of two ways Johann Schröder published of preparing arsenic trioxide This a solid mixture of was the toxicology mechanism , two other compounds were used and its use fungi to led its use fungi to led as For example , lead hydrogen arsenate was example , a common insecticide lead hydrogen arsenate was , a common insecticide lead hydrogen arsenate was on fruit trees lead hydrogen arsenate a common insecticide on was arsenic of monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA) and disodium methyl arsenate (DSMA) – less toxic organic forms – replaced arsenic of The biogeochemistry is complex at a lower pH , arsenate becomes a lower pH , arsenate becomes more a feed is Arsenic as used An example roxarsone which , is

roxarsone which , is had the famous champion that the 1932 death of determined arsenic compounds of a number were used the previous radioactive agent This isotope clearer PET scan images than produces arsenic of The main use is in car batteries in Lead components are strengthened in car batteries are by strengthened car batteries are the presence by strengthened are the presence by strengthened of a very small percentage by the presence of strengthened is greatly the addition by reduced greatly the addition by reduced of arsenic by the addition of reduced an important semiconductor material arsenide Gallium is , GaAs made from Circuits are After World War I , the United States built World War I , a stockpile the United States built , a stockpile the United States built of 20,000 tons the United States a stockpile of built bleach was The stockpile with neutralized their energy of bacteria Some species obtain Under oxidative environmental conditions arsenite some bacteria use oxidative environmental conditions arsenite some bacteria use as fuel some bacteria arsenite as use 2008 , bacteria were discovered were a version that employ discovered a version that employ discovered of 2011 , it was postulated "Halomonadaceae that a strain of postulated an essential trace mineral that arsenic is indicates DNA methylation These include , histone modification arsenic cause tumor suppressor genes of significant DNA hypermethylation p16 tumor suppressor genes of significant DNA hypermethylation p16 and example , the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis " produces , trimethylarsine " the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces trimethylarsine " the mold "Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces if " trimethylarsine inorganic arsenic if produces trimethylarsine inorganic arsenic if produces is some marine foods is The organic compound arsenobetaine in found Naturally human exposure of occurring sources include volcanic ash of human exposure occurring sources include Arsenic is all plants by absorbed is all plants by absorbed , all plants by absorbed , but groundwater of Extensive arsenic contamination has led the Bengal basin that approximately 57 million people in estimated in Taiwan significant increases that suggested Taiwan significant increases that suggested in cancer mortality that significant increases in suggested

the groundwater in The arsenic is of local and western NGOs was This groundwater after used Cambodia , geological environments that have , geological environments that have produce groundwater geological environments that produce have Nakhon Si Thammarat was Arsenicosis in reported Pakistan , more than 60 million people are exposed arsenic polluted drinking water are more than 60 million people to exposed arsenic polluted drinking water to by indicated exposed skin lesions A 2009 research study an elevated presence of observed Some Canadians are water that drinking are water that drinking contains inorganic arsenic water that contains drinking risk Private-dug–well waters most at are the Geological Survey of Canada at Researchers have modeled a dose-dependent connection from Chile Epidemiological evidence shows inorganic arsenic exposure multiple epidemiological studies on Analyzing suggests the University of Cambridge , roughly 80 million people worldwide consume their drinking water , the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis would predict , an additional 2,000 cases would the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis predict an additional 2,000 cases would the previously cited multiple epidemiological study analysis predict of the overall impact This a clear underestimate of represents a coagulant as iron was found any chemicals does not This technology use arsenic contamination to avoid Another effective and inexpensive method is funded Superfund Research Program the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' by shows Superfund Research Program the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' by shows that the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Superfund Research Program deep sediments that shows Superfund Research Program deep sediments that shows can a correlation have Epidemiological studies suggested between water of the world's population Around one-third drinks the trace metalloids Arsenic unique among is mobilization It sensitive to is the environment can Arsenic in occur arsenic of Organic forms are produced of arsenic are by produced arsenic are biological activity by produced are biological activity by produced , biological activity by produced , mostly may be various processes by solubilized be surface binding sites from that released surface binding sites from that released lose arsenic of The aquatic transformations are affected

of arsenic are by affected arsenic are pH, reduction-oxidation potential by affected are pH, reduction-oxidation potential by affected , pH, reduction-oxidation potential by affected , organic matter concentration the migration and reduction Oxidation affects arsenic of the adsorption is reduced another factor of sulfur The presence is of sulfur another factor that is sulfur another factor that is affects the transformation another factor that affects is form when metal sulfides precipitate this way , arsenic is removed the water is arsenic from removed the water from its mobility and removed Fe involving Redox reactions also appear a key role of iron oxyhydroxides The reduction plays can be reductive desorption by mobilized be reductive desorption by mobilized or reductive desorption by mobilized or dissolution redox transformations of bacteria Some species catalyze the reduction ) DARP up speed As(III CAO the oxidation of combine energy They obtained use to energy can not HAO obtain , arsenic of abiotic redox reactions are arsenic of abiotic redox reactions are slow , As(V)/As(III ) ratios were As(V)/As(III ) ratios were stable periods ratios stable over were experimental studies Cherry from found that experimental studies from the As(V)/As(III) ratios that found of 2002 , US-based industries consumed 2002 , 19,600 metric tons US-based industries consumed , 19,600 metric tons US-based industries consumed of arsenic US-based industries 19,600 metric tons of consumed this of Ninety percent was used , one this application also is one this application also is of older pressure-treated wood of The vast majority was treated widespread use CCA lumber still in is is also the burning by presented also the burning by presented of older CCA timber by the burning of presented in humans ; the lethal human dose is humans ; approximately 20 grams the lethal human dose is ; approximately 20 grams the lethal human dose is of ash the lethal human dose approximately 20 grams of is construction and demolition sites Scrap CCA from lumber may a Geographic Information System TOXMAP is ( GIS of the United States , TOXMAP enables the United States , users TOXMAP enables , users TOXMAP enables to

users TOXMAP enables to visually ground water of Bioremediation contaminated with the dominant form (+5 oxidation state ) Arsenate is bacteria of Many species can transform ground water remediation This a useful method in is careful evaluation Bioremediation requires and design the addition may Some sites require of ) 10 ppb the FDA and is 10 ppb the FDA and is set a drinking water limit for New Jersey The Department of Environmental Protection set the permissible exposure limit has The Occupational Safety and Health Administration set ( a TWA for organic arsenic compounds The PEL is this level ; it also required ; recalls also it required recalls also it required for In 2011 , the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast 2011 , a program highlighting tests the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast , a program highlighting tests the national "Dr. Oz" television show broadcast performed the national "Dr. Oz" television show a program highlighting tests by performed broadcast an independent lab a program highlighting tests performed by broadcast between organic and inorganic arsenic ) the tests showed organic and inorganic arsenic ) levels the tests showed ) levels the tests showed of arsenic the tests levels of showed In response , FDA tested response , the worst brand FDA tested , the worst brand FDA tested from the "Dr." "Oz" show FDA the worst brand from tested Ongoing testing the apple juice samples 95% of found the apple juice samples 95% of found were inorganic arsenic by Consumer Reports Later testing showed people was Concern about raised was people about who raised people about who raised were September 2012 The FDA some testing results in released many organisms Arsenic bioaccumulative in is may be root uptake by affected be root uptake by affected of arsenate by root uptake of affected the affinity Arsenic's toxicity from comes of arsenic lipoic acid which , inhibits lipoic acid which , inhibits is death These metabolic lead to interferences chronic arsenic poisoning of Treatment is possible arsenic exposure that the long-term effects of states possible health outcomes can not these tests foresee

the symbol Sb Antimony a chemical element with is nature is it in found antimony China the largest producer of is metallic antimony for The largest applications are in lead-alloy plates It the rigidity of improves halogen-containing flame retardants Antimony trioxide a prominent additive for is group Antimony a member of is with periodic trends , it is periodic trends , it is more a Mohs scale hardness Antimony a silvery, lustrous gray metalloid with is in 1931 ; durability was 1931 ; durability was poor antimony of Four allotropes are known , a trigonal cell molten antimony into crystallizes a trigonal cell molten antimony into crystallizes , rapid cooling is Black antimony upon formed ; air it in oxidizes air it in oxidizes and 100 °C , it gradually transforms the stable form gradually it into transforms been oxidation only by generated oxidation only by generated of a layered structure Elemental antimony adopts ( space group Rm No an irregular octahedral complex The nearest and next-nearest neighbors form , with two stable isotopes Antimony has : 121Sb 35 radioisotopes also It has , most these of stable is 120m1Sb of these stable is more than 100 mineral species is it in found , the compound of the molecule is the compound of the molecule is , the compound it , but is be oxidation only by formed oxidation only by formed with a mixed-valence oxide also Antimony forms , the hydrate, forming salts Antimonic acid only as exists sulfides Many antimony ores are , including halides Antimony two series of forms pentafluoride The pentahalides antimony and antimony room temperature Stibine spontaneously at decomposes are typically alkylation by prepared typically alkylation by prepared of antimony by alkylation of prepared compounds of A large variety are known Sb(C6H5)3 Examples include ( triphenylstibine a vase the artifact was indeed unconvinced a lost art This the evidence for weakens several ways Pliny the Elder The Roman scholar described antimony of The intentional isolation is described of antimony is by described antimony is Jabir ibn Hayyan by described is Jabir ibn Hayyan by described before

815 AD by Jabir ibn Hayyan before described German chemist Andreas Libavius was The metal antimony to known uncertain ; some difficulty all suggestions have ; some difficulty all suggestions have either some difficulty all suggestions have either of adherents ; this would mean ; "monk-killer would this mean "monk-killer would this mean " the hypothetical Greek word Another popular etymology is ἀντίμόνος "antimonos "antimonium of The early uses " include in hieroglyphs , the vowels are hieroglyphs , the vowels are uncertain Later στἰβι "stibi also Greeks used στἰβι "stibi also Greeks used " "stimi also Pliny the names gives Later the word Latin authors adapted to Latin Latin authors the word to adapted 2005 that in China reported antimony of Chinese production is expected , economic production for hurdles are economic production for hurdles are higher from China , Chinese production is China , Chinese production is critical highest is antimony second ranked one was antimony as identified in Figure xxx antimony maintains Figure xxx high supply risk antimony maintains xxx high supply risk antimony maintains relative high supply risk antimony maintains relative to the U.S. , the metal is imported , America's antimony of 68% came America's antimony of 68% came from minerals that a small subset of found antimony trioxide of The flame retarding effect is produced of antimony trioxide is by produced antimony trioxide is the formation by produced is the formation by produced of halogenated antimony compounds by the formation of produced children's clothing for these flame-retardants Markets include lead Antimony a highly useful alloy with forms antimony of varying amounts are used In lead–acid batteries , this addition improves lead–acid batteries , plate strength this addition improves , plate strength this addition improves and plate strength this addition improves and charging sailboats , lead keels are used the world's supply Three other applications nearly all the rest of consume a fining agent Another as is to few uses and medicine Biology have antiprotozoan drugs are Antimony compounds as used was subsequently praziquantel by replaced having low therapeutic indices , the drugs have low therapeutic indices , minimal penetration the drugs have

, minimal penetration the drugs have of the bone marrow the drugs minimal penetration of have the heads is Antimony(III) sulfide in used help Antimony sulfides to stabilize bullets is Antimony in used the gamma rays emitted antimony-124 by initiate emitted the photodisintegration antimony-124 by initiate the photodisintegration antimony-124 by initiate of 24 The emitted neutrons an average energy of have human and environmental health does not Elemental antimony metal affect skin Antimony chlorides corrosive to are metals for Dermal absorption is estimated antimony dust with Prolonged skin contact may cause the European Union level was it at agreed the European Union level at the skin rashes that agreed is 0.5 mg/m3 at by set the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists at 0.5 mg/m3 by set antimony of Certain compounds appear to respiratory irritation may Occupational exposure cause , the symbol Ac Actinium a chemical element with is the name "emanium " ; the element got " ; its name the element got ; its name the element got by its name the element got by being the actinide series Actinium the name to gave many actinides , oxidation state +3 actinium assumes , oxidation state +3 actinium assumes in nearly all its chemical compounds actinium oxidation state +3 in assumes radioactivity , no significant industrial use actinium has pitchblende residues He it from separated In 1899 , Debierne described 1899 , the substance Debierne described , the substance Debierne described as the substance Debierne described as similar a substance Friedrich Oskar Giesel in 1902 found some authors has This led to scientific discovery of A less confrontational vision is proposed of scientific discovery is by proposed scientific discovery is Adloff by proposed in the original papers , he notes the original papers , he notes that the Ancient Greek "aktis The name actinium from originates , that Its estimated shear modulus similar to is similar chemical properties Actinium has to lanthanum of the actinides , actinium gave the actinides , the group actinium gave , its name actinium the group gave its name actinium the group gave , , the oxidation state +3 actinium in exists

the oxidation state +3 actinium in exists , the [Rn]6d17s2 electronic configuration The oxidation state +3 from originates of reality may in even this be actinium compounds of only a limited number are known AcF3 These : include , for AcPO4 , they are AcPO4 , they are all actinium all They contain in " formula units the number of is formula units the number of is per the latter method , actinium metal is treated hydrogen fluoride vapors is actinium metal with treated is actinium by reacting obtained actinium by reacting obtained hydroxide be actinium trichloride by hydrolyzing prepared actinium trichloride by hydrolyzing prepared with Actinium hydride was reduction by obtained was reduction by obtained of actinium trichloride by reduction of obtained two radioactive isotopes is occurring actinium of composed All remaining radioactive isotopes half-lives that have are less than 10 hours half-lives that are have actinium of The shortest-lived known isotope is ( equilibrium Purified into comes with its 21.772-year half-life It according to decays The actinium a transient member 227Ac isotope is a transient member 227Ac isotope is of a transient member 228Ac The isotope is of the radium weight The reaction yield about 2% of is neutrons can further 227Ac capture the synthesis , actinium is separated radium is actinium from separated an appropriate resin An alternative procedure anion exchange with is radiation therapy This rare isotope potential applications in has has been the reduction by prepared been the reduction by prepared of actinium fluoride by the reduction of prepared evaporation Higher temperatures in resulted of medicine is 225Ac in applied 10 days This isotope a half-life of has its daughters , alpha particles which emit , alpha particles which emit kill cancer cells alpha particles which kill emit of 225Ac intravenous injection that was 225Ac intravenous injection that was of simple actinium complexes that intravenous injection of was this problem , 225Ac was bound a chelating agent was 225Ac to bound but the body from the excretion remained the body from the excretion remained slow such chelating agents were Much better results with obtained be the required accuracy with by studied

direct measurements with the required accuracy by studied the mixing processes This because of occurs the mixing processes because of which occurs actinium of about 33% is deposited the symbol Am Americium a synthetic radioactive chemical element with is first 1944 in by produced the group in 1944 by produced the transuranic series , it was discovered secret was The discovery kept and Most americium is uranium by produced is uranium by produced or uranium by produced or plutonium silvery appearance Americium a relatively soft radioactive metal with is 241Am Its most common isotopes are and 243Am chemical compounds , americium usually assumes , the oxidation state +3 usually americium assumes the oxidation state +3 usually americium assumes , the University of California, Berkeley They a 60-inch cyclotron at used heavier curium , the fourth transuranium element americium was , the fourth transuranium element americium was to the fourth transuranium element americium was to be had been Seaborg by restructured been Seaborg by restructured to its present layout by Seaborg to restructured below its twin lanthanide element europium ; it was its twin lanthanide element europium ; it was thus analogy it thus by was its oxides was The new element from isolated about 0.5 cm2 area , the solution was evaporated cyclotron irradiation , the coating was dissolved nitric acid was the coating with dissolved perchloric acid was The residue in dissolved was ion exchange out by carried ion exchange out by carried , four americium isotopes Initial experiments yielded : 241Am to the Manhattan Project ; the results were the Manhattan Project ; the results were confidential the elements Seaborg the synthesis of leaked weighed a few micrograms ; they were a few micrograms ; they were barely the areas is Existing americium in concentrated about 100 grams of spent nuclear fuel A tonne contains the disposal Their prolonged radioactivity undesirable for is several steps may The associated procedure involve , several steps americium , where involve spent nuclear fuel present in The plutonium contains different actinide isotopes Most synthesis routines a mixture of yield For example , a 2003 EU-funded project codenamed

example , a 2003 EU-funded project codenamed " 2009 was A "bis"-triazinyl bipyridine complex in proposed 2009 in such a reagent as proposed Metallic americium is reduction by obtained is reduction by obtained from its compounds by reduction from obtained the periodic table , americium is located the right is americium to located prepared , a silvery-white metallic lustre it has , a silvery-white metallic lustre it has , a silvery-white metallic lustre it has , but / cm3 , americium is cm3 , americium is less At ambient conditions , americium is ambient conditions , americium is present its most stable α form americium present in is its most stable α form present in which is a double-hexagonal close packing The crystal of consists with to 5 GPa , α-Am transforms 5 GPa , α-Am transforms to , the β modification α-Am to transforms the β modification α-Am to transforms , the β modification to which , transforms the closest packing This "fcc" structure equivalent to is to 23 GPa , americium transforms 23 GPa , americium transforms to , an orthorhombic γ-Am structure americium to transforms an orthorhombic γ-Am structure americium to transforms similar up to 52 GPa There no further transitions observed are the status There no consistency on is the α-β transition of The pressure decreases with the temperature This effect somewhat uncertain makes at room temperature ; this behavior is room temperature ; this behavior is similar that this behavior similar to is a wide temperature range Americium paramagnetic in is americium of The thermal expansion coefficient is slightly which , from the standard enthalpy change is oxygen readily Americium metal with reacts +3 for americium The most stable oxidation state is americium(III of The chemistry ) has For example , trivalent americium forms example , insoluble fluoride, oxalate, iodate, hydroxide, phosphate and other salts trivalent americium forms This the widest range that is has the widest range that is has been americium aqueous solution in compounds is aqueous solution in compounds is as sharp peaks The absorption spectra have , due , absorption maxima ) Am(III has

absorption maxima ) Am(III has at oxidation state +4 Americium with compounds and In acidic aqueous solution the ion is unstable acidic aqueous solution the ion is unstable with respect the ion unstable with is can be oxidation by prepared be oxidation by prepared of Am(III by oxidation of prepared minute amounts was Americium(II) oxide in prepared a melting point Americium(III) oxide a red-brown solid with is solid americium oxide the main form of is solid americium the main form of which is at 300 °C , the decomposition completes 300 °C , the decomposition completes at , about 470 °C the decomposition at completes KAmF5 of solid tetravalent americium fluoride Another known form is this purpose , black Am(OH)4 was dissolved 15 was black Am(OH)4 in dissolved M. The resulting reddish solution a characteristic optical absorption spectrum which had is a characteristic optical absorption spectrum which had is similar hexagonal crystals ) halides americium(III form LaF3 The fluoride isotypic to is be americium dioxide by dissolving prepared americium dioxide by dissolving prepared in the sulfide AmS2 of americium The known chalcogenides include ) were reduction by obtained were reduction by obtained of americium(III by reduction of obtained with LaSi , it has LaSi , an orthorhombic crystal symmetry it has a bright silvery lustre AmSix has and a tetragonal crystal lattice (space group AmB4 of americium Borides include to uranocene , americium forms uranocene , the organometallic compound amerocene americium forms , the organometallic compound amerocene americium forms with two cyclooctatetraene ligands americium the organometallic compound amerocene with forms has been EXAFS by confirmed recent origin Americium an artificial element of is life It harmful to is a bare 242mAm sphere for The critical mass is about 9–14 kg about the uncertainty ( is portable nuclear weapons Such small critical mass favorable for is very compact 10-kW high-flux reactors There proposals of are americium are 8 nuclear isomers for known are two long-lived alpha-emitters ; 243Am has two long-lived alpha-emitters ; a half-life 243Am has ; a half-life 243Am has of 7,370 years 243Am a half-life of has 242m1Am ; a long half-life it has

; a long half-life it has of 141 years it a long half-life of has Americium-241 237Np to decays emitting alpha particles to 237Np decays emitting the most common type is Americium in used the americium decays This amount slowly as declines , a smoke detector in the americium includes about 3% neptunium in a smoke detector the americium includes an ionization chamber The radiation through passes , Any smoke the chamber enters that absorbs the alpha particles enters the chamber that absorbs the chamber the alpha particles which , absorbs the alpha particles which , absorbs reduces electricity – 114.7 mW/g the power yield is – 114.7 mW/g the power yield is for 241Am the power yield 114.7 mW/g for is a fuel of americium Another proposed space-related application is the very high rate It on relies of self-absorption Small thickness the problem of avoids uranium or plutonium rods This problem pertinent to is directly the spaceship they or propel the spaceship they or propel can the energy Its design not on relies such battery of A single 3.2 kg 242mAm charge could provide a neutron probe of 241AmBe neutron sources The most widespread use is the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was nobelium at produced the americium of most is excreted the liver to The uptake depends on landfills often Americium enters from In 1994 , 17-year-old David Hahn extracted 1994 , the americium 17-year-old David Hahn extracted , the americium 17-year-old David Hahn extracted from about 100 smoke detectors 17-year-old David Hahn the americium from extracted a few cases have There been of the symbol Astatine a chemical element with is the Earth's crust It the rarest naturally occurring element in is the element of The first synthesis was in is an extremely radioactive element ; all its isotopes have an extremely radioactive element ; half-lives all its isotopes have ; half-lives all its isotopes have of 8.1 hours all its isotopes half-lives of have its isotopes of Most are very Research is its short half-life by limited is its short half-life by limited , its short half-life by which , limited

been interpolation ( by estimated interpolation ( by estimated or yellow green , bromine is green , red brown bromine is , red brown bromine is , red brown bromine is , and red brown iodine , and is solid astatine of The structure is unknown of iodine it may have iodine an orthorhombic crystalline structure may it have an orthorhombic crystalline structure may it have composed this structure it may well be a superconductor may well it be example , its bond length would be dissociation energy would its bond length , be astatine is " by clouded is " the extremely low concentrations by clouded " the extremely low concentrations by clouded at which by the extremely low concentrations at clouded some metallic characteristics Astatine has as well 2.2 Astatine an electronegativity of has an idealized convention is official IUPAC stoichiometric nomenclature on based this convention , astatine is handled At for The marked reduction was predicted than iodine , astatine is iodine , the least reactive astatine is , the least reactive astatine is of the halogens astatine the least reactive of is as a carrier , the iodine ensures a carrier , the iodine there ensures the iodine sufficient material there is ensures sufficient material there is ensures for – was the pioneers by noted was the pioneers by noted of astatine chemistry by the pioneers of noted mentioned , grounds there are , grounds there are for grounds there are for instead ; dilute nitric acid by acidification gives the At0 or At+ forms by dilute nitric acid acidification gives the At0 or At+ forms the subsequent addition , and gives [ ionic compounds , At(C5H5N)2]+ forms ionic compounds , At(C5H5N)2]+ forms with example by , for obtained yields the perastatate ion ; this is the perastatate ion ; this is only in the vapor state ; these reactions produce the vapor state ; these reactions produce diatomic compounds these reactions diatomic interhalogen produce nitric acid solution ) adding chloride that showed the astatine that adding chloride turned showed chemical elements , it was suggested its officially recognized discovery , it was called

, "eka-iodine was it called "eka-iodine was it called " eka-iodine of The first claimed discovery was made of eka-iodine was by made eka-iodine was Fred Allison by made was Fred Allison by made and Fred Allison by made and his associates 85 "alabamine The discoverers element named " of University of California , Berkeley disproved University of California , Allison's method Berkeley disproved , Allison's method Berkeley disproved and Allison's method Berkeley disproved and the validity 1937 There another claim in was Bangladesh ) , he chose ) , the name "dakin he chose , the name "dakin he chose " the name "dakin he chose " for In 1939 , they published 1939 , another paper they published , they another paper which published they another paper which published supported another paper which published supported and In 1944 , Hulubei published 1944 , a summary Hulubei published , a summary Hulubei published of data Hulubei a summary of published data a summary of he published the name "dor He chose " , was effectively the Austrian chemist by rejected effectively the Austrian chemist by rejected Friedrich Paneth the Austrian chemist by rejected Friedrich Paneth , it to detect means were In 1940 , the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced 1940 , the discovery the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced , the discovery the Swiss chemist Walter Minder announced of element the Swiss chemist Walter Minder the discovery of announced of his radon stream ( radon-222 is his radon stream ( the parent isotope radon-222 is ( the parent isotope radon-222 is of polonium-218 radon-222 the parent isotope of is , and the element Emilio Segrè isolated and the element Emilio Segrè isolated at the University of California, Berkeley Emilio Segrè the element at isolated in nature , the scientists created nature , it the scientists created , it the scientists created by it the scientists created by bombarding in addition , chemists were addition , chemists were reluctant 1943 , astatine was found a product was astatine as found 1946 in Friedrich Paneth called to astatine and his colleagues Corson classified

like Subsequent investigators iodine - reported astatine There 39 known isotopes of are the same trend Astatine's alpha decay energies follow as for alpha decay Lighter astatine isotopes quite high energies of have the previous isotope Astatine-211 a significantly higher energy than has astatine-211 ) , the alpha decay probability is The isotopes following two release even more energy following isotopes two release For this reason , it is this reason , the shortest-lived astatine isotope it is the element that all isotopes of postulated The most stable isotope astatine-210 which , is astatine-210 which , is has plus The primary decay mode beta is , In total , only five isotopes have total , half-lives only five isotopes have , half-lives only five isotopes have exceeding one hour only five isotopes half-lives exceeding have astatine-213 The least stable ground state isotope is , with Astatine 24 known nuclear isomers which , has 24 known nuclear isomers which , has are more than one isomer may There be for most these nuclear isomers of stable is stable of these nuclear isomers astatine-202m1 is of these nuclear isomers astatine-202m1 is , these nuclear isomers which astatine-202m1 , is mass 2.36 × 1025 grams ) is by estimated ) is some by estimated is some by estimated to some by estimated to be a product trace amounts naturally as occur the first astatine isotope Astatine-218 was discovered in first bismuth-209 by bombarding produced bismuth-209 by bombarding produced with using this method is by constrained this method is the limited availability by constrained is the limited availability by constrained of suitable cyclotrons by the limited availability of constrained astatine of microgram quantities might be astatine-211 The most important isotope is , the the bismuth target , the metal is sputtered a gold is the metal onto sputtered a chemically neutral nitrogen atmosphere is The target under kept a cyclotron , alpha particles are collided the bismuth are alpha particles with collided three possible ways may the reaction in occur modern adaptations The methods below are summarized a temperature is The astatine-containing cyclotron target to heated

the condensate Redistilling may be required the trap is The astatine from recovered this acid is Astatine from extracted multiple radioactivity Wet methods " involve handling ongoing research Newly formed astatine-211 the subject of is of 7.2 hours ; this is 7.2 hours ; this is long targeted alpha-particle therapy Astatine-211 potential for has - a result rays as emitted a result rays as emitted of medicine ) iodine-131 that is high-energy beta particles that iodine-131 emits is tissues Beta particles much greater penetrating power through have emitted iodine-131 by can travel nearly 30 iodine-131 can by travel close to a decade World War II research for delayed early experiments of Results indicated that of early experiments a cancer-selective carrier that indicated early experiments a cancer-selective carrier that indicated would Unlike iodine , astatine shows iodine , a tendency astatine shows , a tendency astatine shows to a tendency astatine shows to dehalogenate in the body , this emphasized the body , the need this emphasized , the need this emphasized to the need this emphasized to ensure the need it to ensure emphasized for their efficacy , more rapidly metabolized carriers remain their efficacy , a significant obstacle more rapidly metabolized carriers remain , a significant obstacle more rapidly metabolized carriers remain to the evaluation more rapidly metabolized carriers a significant obstacle to remain iodine , astatine also shows , a tendency also astatine shows a tendency also astatine shows to the form of a radiocolloid it tends of a radiocolloid it tends to a radiocolloid it tends to concentrate much greater damage that astatine-211 causes suggest in breast tissue ; this conclusion remained breast tissue ; this conclusion remained controversial many years this conclusion controversial for remained ordinary matter An atom the smallest unit of is ordinary matter the smallest unit of that is a nucleus is Every atom of composed one or more protons is The nucleus of made no neutrons of hydrogen Only the most common variety has an atom's mass of More than 99.94% is in have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a positive electric charge , a negative electric charge the electrons have

, a negative electric charge the electrons have , a negative electric charge the electrons have , and a negative electric charge the neutrons , and have an atom of The electrons are attracted other to each by attracted Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger the nuclear force the repelling electromagnetic force stronger than becomes the "atomic number it " and is any atom 29 protons contains that is copper contains 29 protons that is the isotope of neutrons The number defines one or more other atoms can Atoms to attach was the ages throughout by used thinkers throughout the ages by used the early 1800s , the English chemist John Dalton compiled , experimental data John Dalton the English chemist compiled experimental data John Dalton the English chemist compiled gathered John Dalton experimental data by gathered compiled himself experimental data gathered by compiled chemical compounds He that in noticed chemical compounds that in which noticed of tin oxide : one is tin oxide : a black powder one is : one a black powder that is one a black powder that is is 88.1% tin a black powder that is is , in the black oxide there is in the black oxide about 13.5 g there is the black oxide about 13.5 g there is of oxygen there about 13.5 g of is As a second example , Dalton considered a second example , two iron oxides Dalton considered , two iron oxides Dalton considered : two iron oxides Dalton considered : a black powder two iron oxides which : a black powder considered , in the black oxide there is in the black oxide about 28 g there is the black oxide about 28 g there is of oxygen there about 28 g of is 36.7% oxygen , 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide is , 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide is and 44.05% nitrogen nitric oxide is and 55.95% oxygen , in nitric oxide there is in nitric oxide about 160 g there is nitric oxide about 160 g there is of

oxygen there about 160 g of is , and a ratio 320 form and a ratio 320 form of 1:2:4 320 a ratio of form , scientists of a number found scientists of a number found that of scientists they that found scientists they that found could In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used 1827 , a microscope botanist Robert Brown used , a microscope botanist Robert Brown used to a microscope botanist Robert Brown used to look In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved 1905 , the reality Albert Einstein proved , the reality Albert Einstein proved of these molecules Albert Einstein the reality of proved In 1897 , J. J. Thomson discovered 1897 , J. J. Thomson discovered that within the cathode — they were the cathode — "subatomic" particles they were these new particles He called "corpuscles " the particles that electrons are recognized of alpha particles ( these are alpha particles ( positively-charged particles these are ( positively-charged particles these are emitted these positively-charged particles by emitted are certain radioactive substances positively-charged particles emitted by are were being the air by scattered being the air by scattered in the detection chamber by the air in scattered a similar problem had Thomson encountered in a series and his colleagues Rutheford performed explain this , Rutherford proposed this , Rutherford proposed that the atom that the positive charge of proposed , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy there that discovered The term isotope was Margaret Todd by coined was Margaret Todd by coined as a suitable name by Margaret Todd as coined In 1913 , the physicist Niels Bohr proposed 1913 , a model the physicist Niels Bohr proposed , a model the physicist Niels Bohr proposed in which the physicist Niels Bohr a model in proposed which a model in the electrons proposed Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided in the same year additional experimental evidence Henry Moseley provided the same year additional experimental evidence Henry Moseley provided in favor Henry Moseley additional experimental evidence in provided

These results Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model which , refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model which , refined proposed atoms between Chemical bonds were explained between atoms were by explained atoms were Gilbert Newton Lewis by explained were Gilbert Newton Lewis by explained in 1916 by Gilbert Newton Lewis in explained in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that the first complete physical model of the atom The Bohr model was the atom It the overall structure of described further evidence of 1922 The Stern–Gerlach experiment provided a specially shaped magnetic field , the beam was split a way was the beam in split In 1925 , Werner Heisenberg published 1925 , the first consistent mathematical formulation Werner Heisenberg published , the first consistent mathematical formulation Werner Heisenberg published of quantum mechanics Werner Heisenberg the first consistent mathematical formulation of published time ; this became known the uncertainty principle became this as known The development of the mass spectrometer the mass allowed of the mass spectrometer the mass allowed of the mass spectrometer atoms the mass of allowed atoms the mass of allowed to a magnet The device uses to bend this instrument Francis William Aston The chemist used to varied integer amounts by , called the whole number rule integer amounts , by called the discovery for these different isotopes The explanation awaited Instead , barium his chemical experiments showed , barium his chemical experiments showed as a product his chemical experiments barium as showed the first experimental "nuclear fission that Hahn's result were verified In 1944 , Hahn received 1944 , the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Hahn received improved particle accelerators and particle detectors scientists allowed the impacts scientists to study allowed in modern scientific usage the atom is composed modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles is the atom of composed a positive rest mass It the lightest particle with was ordinary conditions , electrons are bound the positively charged nucleus are electrons to bound are the positively charged nucleus to by bound

the attraction to the positively charged nucleus by bound a whole ; a charged atom is called ; an ion is a charged atom called a positive charge Protons have and a mass 1,836 times that alpha-particle bombardment that nitrogen under observed no electrical charge Neutrons have and have heaviest Neutrons the are of of physics , electrons are physics , truly elementary particles electrons are , truly elementary particles electrons are with no internal structure electrons truly elementary particles with are quarks There two types of are two up quarks are Protons of composed one up quark Neutrons of consist and are the strong interaction together by held the strong interaction together by held ( a nucleus of The radius is approximately are a short-ranged attractive potential together by bound a short-ranged attractive potential together by bound called the same number of the same element Atoms have neutrons of the number may vary fermions are the neutron as classified Fermions the Pauli exclusion principle which obey prohibits "identical" fermions the Pauli exclusion principle which prohibits obey the opposite process Nuclear fission is , causing the opposite process a nucleus , causing is be bombardment through by modified high energy subatomic particles through bombardment by modified — an exothermic process usually that is an exothermic process usually that is releases It this energy-releasing process that is makes nuclear fusion this energy-releasing process that makes is an atom in The electrons are attracted an electrostatic potential This force the electrons inside binds closer the nucleus an electron to is the nucleus an electron to is , the potential well The electron cloud a region inside is This behavior is an atomic orbital by defined is an atomic orbital by defined , an atomic orbital by defined , a mathematical function ) these orbitals of set exist these orbitals of set exist around its state can The electron change to a higher energy state in an electron can drop For example , it requires example , it requires only 13.6 eV it only 13.6   requires For example , all hydrogen atoms admit example , exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms admit

, exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms admit , exactly one proton all hydrogen atoms admit , but exactly one proton isotopes , but admit atomic numbers The known elements a set of form Earth About 339 nuclides naturally on occur than 100 million years An additional 34 radioactive nuclides half-lives longer have 286 nuclides of This collection are known of the chemical elements , at least one stable isotope exists As a rule , there is a rule , only a handful there is , only a handful there is of stable isotopes there only a handful of is only a single stable isotope Twenty-six elements have , while only a single stable isotope the largest number , while have isotopes of Stability is affected of isotopes is by affected isotopes is the ratio by affected is the ratio by affected of protons by the ratio of affected Of the 252 known stable nuclides , only four have the 252 known stable nuclides , both an odd number only four have , both an odd number only four have of protons only four both an odd number of have an atom's mass of The large majority comes from a positive integer It is and dimensionless a twelfth is This unit as defined this number of The value is called an atomic mass A given atom has approximately equal , the unit instead chemists use the unit instead chemists use of a well-defined outer boundary Atoms lack , so a well-defined outer boundary their dimensions , so lack the distance This a measure of is a spherical shape the atom to exhibit assumes the location The radius with varies of of the elements , atom size tends the elements , atom size tends to an atom of the shape may deviate the field magnitude The deformation on depends and times Atomic dimensions thousands of are the atom , a typical human hair that consider about 1 million carbon atoms that a typical human hair is consider about 2 sextillion of water A single drop contains Every element one or more isotopes that has have

unstable nuclei one or more isotopes that have has ejection of radioactive decay Other more rare types include internal conversion that — a process is a characteristic decay time period Each radioactive isotope has — the half-life This an exponential decay process that is steadily an exponential decay process that is steadily decreases an intrinsic quantum mechanical property Elementary particles possess known as the angular momentum This analogous to is units is Spin in measured — is these various forms by determined is these various forms by determined of angular momentum by these various forms of determined in the same quantum state , electrons bound the same quantum state , electrons bound pair unpaired electrons when the spins of achieved , a measurable macroscopic field can the material produce an atom of The nucleus will have will no spin it when have no spin it when have has spin with nuclei are aligned ; the electron's position on its dependence reaches the minimum on the electron's position its dependence reaches the quantum-mechanical model , a bound electron can occupy , only a set can a bound electron occupy only a set can a bound electron occupy of can be the amount by measured be the amount by measured of energy by the amount of measured a bound electron of The lowest energy state is called orbitals Electrons between jump in its frequency , so these specific energy levels appear so distinct bands these specific energy levels as appear distinct bands these specific energy levels as appear in the photons of some are absorbed of the photons are by absorbed the photons are atoms by absorbed are atoms by absorbed , atoms by absorbed , causing Thus a filter the atoms like behave the atoms a filter like that behave a filter like that behave forms the spectral lines of Close examination reveals that of the spectral lines some that reveals the spectral lines some that reveals display a fine structure splitting that some display reveals spin-orbit coupling This because of occurs into three or more components ; a phenomenon called three or more components ; the Zeeman effect a phenomenon called

This is the interaction by caused is the interaction by caused of the magnetic field by the interaction of caused multiple electron configurations can Some atoms have with the proper energy with an interacting photon can cause a lower energy state must the electron to drop must a lower energy state to that drop a lower energy state to that drop has the two photons of the wave patterns are synchronized an element Valency the combining power of is It is the number by determined is the number by determined of bonds by the number of determined bonds a useful approximation for that is multiple valences Many elements display , or , these elements between chemical bonding takes many forms between these elements chemical bonding takes electron-sharing many forms of that takes often a periodic table in that displayed a periodic table in that displayed is ( the filling The horizontal rows to correspond the filling The horizontal rows to correspond of atoms of Quantities are found the conditions , materials can transition solids can materials between transition solid carbon of this An example is this solid carbon which , is solid carbon which , is can zero , atoms can form , a Bose–Einstein condensate can atoms form a Bose–Einstein condensate can atoms form , a Bose–Einstein condensate which , at form The microscope the quantum tunneling phenomenon which , uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon which , uses allows the vacuum Electrons through tunnel between a sharp tip One electrode is ideally ending of the surface the tip's height is adjusted the surface the tip's height is adjusted so For low bias , the microscope images low bias , the averaged electron orbitals the microscope images , the averaged electron orbitals the microscope images across closely packed energy levels the microscope the averaged electron orbitals across images individual atoms that correspond to observed be easily their mass by identified turned the magnetic field by is determined by the magnetic field is by determined the magnetic field is the mass by determined is the mass by determined of the atom by the mass of determined

this principle The mass spectrometer uses to measure multiple isotopes , the mass spectrometer can determine , the proportion can the mass spectrometer determine the proportion can the mass spectrometer determine of proper focusing both can be made the total energy density Baryonic matter about 4% of forms as the Milky Way , particles have the Milky Way , a much higher concentration particles have , a much higher concentration particles have , a much higher concentration particles have , with the Milky Way's baryonic matter of Up to 95% are concentrated ; the mass of the remainder is an unknown dark matter of the mass the remainder is High temperature inside stars most "atoms makes inside stars most "atoms makes " stars most "atoms makes " fully their binding energy on which , relies than ionization potential , the matter exists ionization potential , the matter exists in , the form the matter in exists the form the matter in exists of below the ionization potential , atoms become the ionization potential , atoms become statistically , which of both involve the capture of which both involve up the Earth and its inhabitants were the Earth and its inhabitants were present their current form its inhabitants present in were radioactive decay The rest the result of are Earth There a few trace atoms on are Earth a few trace atoms on that are is continuously cosmic rays by generated continuously cosmic rays by generated in the atmosphere by cosmic rays in generated radioactive lifetimes Transuranic elements have shorter than the atmosphere of 99% is bound , atoms of an overwhelming majority combine atoms of an overwhelming majority combine to materials to create that combine a corresponding antimatter particle of matter Each particle has Thus , a positively charged antielectron the positron is , a positively charged antielectron the positron is and the positron a positively charged antielectron the antiproton and is a positively charged antielectron the antiproton and is is , other they each annihilate matter and antimatter particles , the latter are the universe latter rare in are can be a more massive muon by replaced

be a more massive muon by replaced , a more massive muon by replaced , forming Other non-arable land land that includes is land that includes is not For example , United States NRCS statistics indicate example , United States NRCS statistics indicate that US non-federal pasture that about 59 percent of indicate , the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area of 41 percent is the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve area of 41 percent is unsuitable more food New arable land makes and can non-arable land Making arable often involves An alternative the seawater greenhouse which , is the seawater greenhouse which , is desalinates artifices does not the land make rock still Rock remains , artifice of The use is an perspective The below described circumstances not in are a density Aluminium has lower than oxygen It a great affinity towards has silver visually Aluminium resembles , for the group , aluminium forms compounds the group , aluminium forms compounds primarily the +3 oxidation state aluminium forms primarily in compounds aluminium of The discovery was announced was 1825 in by announced Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted in 1825 by announced aluminium of The first industrial production was initiated of aluminium was by initiated aluminium was French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville by initiated was French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville by initiated in 1856 by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in initiated II , a crucial strategic resource aluminium was , a crucial strategic resource aluminium was for aviation aluminium a crucial strategic resource for was In 1954 , aluminium became 1954 , the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium became , the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium became , the most produced non-ferrous metal aluminium became , surpassing the environment , no living organism is known elements This situation common for is the only primordial aluminium isotope It is , i.e. Earth on Nearly all aluminium is present aluminium of All other isotopes are radioactive well , only 717,000 years its half-life is , only 717,000 years its half-life is and only 717,000 years its half-life is and therefore only 717,000 years a detectable amount and therefore is

26Al of minute traces are produced 13 electrons An aluminium atom has , arranged , aluminium of the combined first three ionization energies are aluminium of the combined first three ionization energies are far 143 pm A free aluminium atom a radius of has , 39 pm the radius to shrinks 39 pm the radius to shrinks for allow metallization , thallium has metallization , a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium has , a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium has , a hexagonal close-packed structure thallium has , and a hexagonal close-packed structure gallium , and has an appearance Aluminium metal has ranging from aluminium of A fresh film serves as reflective Aluminium mirrors the most are 2.70 g of aluminium The density is most other metals compared to Aluminium's low density arises the fact from its nuclei that arises groups The only lighter metals the metals of are In most applications various aluminium alloys are used most applications various aluminium alloys are used instead 7–11 MPa of pure aluminium The yield strength is 7–11 MPa aluminium alloys , while is ductile Aluminium is , with an excellent thermal and electrical conductor Aluminium is , having superconductivity Aluminium capable of is pre- and post-transition metals Aluminium characteristics of combines like its heavier group 13 congeners , it has its heavier group 13 congeners , the characteristic physical properties it has , the characteristic physical properties it has of a post-transition metal it the characteristic physical properties of has that under aluminium's valence shell The underlying core is , aluminium of the inner electrons shield the valence electrons of aluminium the inner electrons shield such , the most electropositive metal aluminium is , the most electropositive metal aluminium is in its group aluminium the most electropositive metal in is to BX3 compounds ( they have BX3 compounds ( the same valence electronic structure they have ( the same valence electronic structure they have ) the same valence electronic structure they have ) , oxygen Aluminium a high chemical affinity to has however , a thin oxide layer aluminium forms , a thin oxide layer aluminium forms (

a thin oxide layer aluminium forms ( ~5 nm to corrosion , aluminium is corrosion , one aluminium is , one aluminium is of the few metals aluminium one of is the few metals one of that is — these conditions under protective passivation is these conditions under protective passivation is negligible Aluminium is dissolved chlorides by corroded is dissolved chlorides by corroded , dissolved chlorides by corroded , such aluminium is also by destroyed is also contact by destroyed also contact by destroyed with mercury by contact with destroyed such compounds of The coordination number varies , aqueous solution , Al3 + exists clarification This useful for is six-coordinate aluminium (AlF3 ) aluminium fluoride features ) six-coordinate aluminium which , features six-coordinate aluminium which , features explains Each aluminium atom is six fluorine atoms by surrounded is six fluorine atoms by surrounded in a distorted octahedral arrangement by six fluorine atoms in surrounded complex fluorides also Such units in exist With heavier halides , the coordination numbers are heavier halides , the coordination numbers are lower At higher temperatures those increasingly dissociate higher temperatures those increasingly dissociate into trigonal planar increasingly those into dissociate are aluminium metal by treating prepared aluminium metal by treating prepared with catalysts them useful as makes the chemical formula Al2O3 Aluminium one stable oxide with forms ; a γ-alumina phase there also is are trace amounts impure corundum with contaminated trace amounts impure corundum with contaminated of three main trihydroxides There are : bayerite ores are Most from produced are ores from by produced a variety from ores by produced formation the hydroxides Heating to leads central importance These materials of are to aluminium sulfide under normal conditions The only stable chalcogenides are three are direct reaction by prepared are direct reaction by prepared of their elements by direct reaction of prepared III-V semiconductors They all are isoelectronic fixed metals Preparation heating involves together lower oxidation states There few compounds with are the gaseous phase in the respective trihalide when exist the cyclic adduct of aluminium monoiodide A stable derivative is fire They catch spontaneously in

dimers often They form , usually tetrahedral Al centers by formed feature dimerization tetrahedral Al centers formed by feature hard acids They are and react lithium aluminium hydride The industrially most important aluminium hydride is ( LiAlH4 particle the Solar System in abundance is 3.15 ppm in the Solar System abundance is become Type II supernovas : this fusion creates Type II supernovas : 26Mg this fusion creates : 26Mg this fusion creates , this fusion 26Mg which , creates 26Mg which , creates , 27Al of Some smaller quantities are created existence now in Essentially all aluminium is for 27Al , hydrogen burning is 27Al , the primary source hydrogen burning is , the primary source hydrogen burning is of 26Al hydrogen burning the primary source of is Overall , about 1.59% aluminium the Earth is , about 1.59% aluminium the Earth is by mass the Earth about 1.59% aluminium by is greater proportion Aluminium in occurs in In the Earth's crust , aluminium is the Earth's crust , the most abundant metallic element aluminium is , the most abundant metallic element aluminium is ( the most abundant metallic element aluminium is ( 8.23% In contrast , the Earth's mantle is contrast , only 2.38% aluminium the Earth's mantle is , only 2.38% aluminium the Earth's mantle is by mass the Earth's mantle only 2.38% aluminium by is oxides is it in found the minerals beryl also Aluminium in occurs is a common and widespread element , not all aluminium minerals are a common and widespread element , economically viable sources not all aluminium minerals are , economically viable sources not all aluminium minerals are of the metal not all aluminium minerals economically viable sources of are the ore bauxite is Almost all metallic aluminium from produced a weathering product Bauxite as occurs of aluminium has been by shaped has been usage by shaped been usage by shaped of alum by usage of shaped made Greek historian Herodotus by , dates Greek historian Herodotus by , dates back alum of The nature remained unknown Around 1530 , Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested

1530 , alum Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested , alum Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested was a salt Swiss physician Paracelsus alum was suggested In 1722 , German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced 1722 , his belief German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced , his belief German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced that German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann his belief the base that announced his belief the base that announced of was 1824 in by completed Danish physicist in 1824 by completed potassium amalgam He anhydrous aluminium chloride with reacted his results He presented and demonstrated In 1827 , German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated 1827 , Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated , Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated but Ørsted's experiments German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated but did the same year He a similar experiment in conducted In 1845 , he was 1845 , he was able rare ; that its cost exceeded ; that its cost exceeded of gold its cost that of exceeded aluminium of The first industrial production was established was 1856 in by established French chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856 by established metal The Hall–Héroult process alumina into converts a way Austrian chemist Carl Joseph Bayer discovered of purifying aluminium of Prices dropped and of aluminium aluminium and dropped aluminium aluminium and dropped became the mid-20th century , aluminium had become , a part had aluminium become a part had aluminium become of , aluminium of production surpassed that of aluminium production surpassed During the mid-20th century , aluminium emerged the mid-20th century , aluminium emerged as , a civil engineering material aluminium as emerged a civil engineering material aluminium as emerged , - of two separate aluminium semi spheres consisted 6,800 metric tons , the annual production first exceeded , 100,000 metric tons first the annual production exceeded 100,000 metric tons first the annual production exceeded in commodity ; the London Metal Exchange it entered ; the London Metal Exchange it entered , the London Metal Exchange it entered , the oldest industrial metal exchange aluminium for The real price declined from technological progress were Extraction and processing costs over lowered

of aluminium ; the real price began aluminium ; the real price began to the industrialized countries Production from moved to ; its consumption share also it increased its consumption share also it increased from transportation was most aluminium in consumed French from which , borrowed is the person as who credited the person as who credited named the time it customary at was This name was contemporary chemists by criticized was contemporary chemists by criticized from France by contemporary chemists from criticized French One example a writing in was among other things , Berzelius used other things , the name "aluminium Berzelius used , the name "aluminium Berzelius used " the name "aluminium Berzelius used " for the same journal issue in Another article also refers also the metal to whose oxide refers the metal to whose oxide refers forms The following year , a chemistry textbook Davy published , a chemistry textbook Davy published in which Davy a chemistry textbook in published which a chemistry textbook in he published In 1812 , British scientist Thomas Young wrote 1812 , an anonymous review British scientist Thomas Young wrote , an anonymous review British scientist Thomas Young wrote of Davy's book British scientist Thomas Young an anonymous review of wrote the world Most scientists ' throughout used In 1828 , American lexicographer Noah Webster used 1828 , exclusively the "aluminum" spelling American lexicographer Noah Webster used , exclusively the "aluminum" spelling American lexicographer Noah Webster used in his "American Dictionary of the English American lexicographer Noah Webster exclusively the "aluminum" spelling in used the 1860s , it had become , the more common spelling had it become the more common spelling had it become there In 1892 , Hall used 1892 , the ' spelling Hall used , the ' spelling Hall used in his advertising handbill Hall the ' spelling in used however , "aluminum Hall preferred , "aluminum Hall preferred " "aluminum Hall preferred " since during the following decade , the ' spelling dominated the following decade , American usage the ' spelling dominated aluminium of The production starts with

After this reaction , the slurry is this reaction , the slurry is at , a temperature the slurry at is a temperature the slurry at is above the solution is The bauxite residue from separated aluminium hydroxide ; this causes hydroxide ; decomposition this causes ; decomposition this causes of the [Al(OH)4]− ions this decomposition of causes , to is the mixture sent classifiers is the mixture to sent to aluminium metal is by achieved aluminium metal is the Hall–Héroult process by achieved the electrolysis cell of Anodes are made Söderberg anodes , also former called anodes for Carbon should be a rate is The cathode at consumed a purity The Hall–Heroult process aluminium with produces can be the Hoopes process by done molten aluminium This process the electrolysis of involves the cost Electric power about 20 to 40% of represents electricity Aluminium production roughly 5% of consumes the late 1960s Recycling a low-profile activity until was the scrap Recycling melting involves , aluminium useful quantities of that contains aluminium billets The process produces , together water It with reacts , alloys and beverage cans the common aluminium foils are copper The main alloying agents are , zinc highly reactive environments it useful in is industrial processes ; e.g. the Claus process to convert ; hydrogen sulfide to e.g. the Claus process convert hydrogen sulfide to e.g. the Claus process convert to Many industrial catalysts are alumina by supported are alumina by supported , alumina by supported , meaning industrial and commercial application of aluminium Several sulfates have water treatment is About two-thirds in consumed the manufacture The next major application in is of a catalyst is Anhydrous aluminium chloride as used purifying water are Aluminium hydroxychlorides in used in the Earth's crust , aluminium has the Earth's crust , no known function aluminium has , no known function aluminium has in biology aluminium no known function in has 6207 Aluminium sulfate an LD50 of has al "significantly higher Aluminum" content . discovered in some brain regions . "significantly higher Aluminum" content in discovered 1988 published in A review said

in 1988 there that said 1988 there that said was little evidence that there was said nevertheless the blood-brain barrier does some aluminium pass the blood-brain barrier does some aluminium pass and kidney insufficiency with People are especially the 1988 Camelford water pollution incident people in Camelford their drinking water had in Camelford their drinking water had contaminated Camelford their drinking water had contaminated with aluminium sulfate their drinking water contaminated with had human breast cancer cells Aluminium estrogen-related gene expression in increases very high doses , aluminium is associated altered function is aluminium with associated powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes to Exposure can cause aluminium Food the main source of is of aluminium , the only treatment is aluminium , deferoxamine mesylate the only treatment is , the only treatment deferoxamine mesylate which is the only treatment deferoxamine mesylate which is may deferoxamine mesylate which is may be aluminium of small amounts are released In water , aluminium acts water , aluminium acts as , a toxiс agent aluminium as acts a toxiс agent aluminium as acts on the factors Aluminium primary among is the factors primary among that is a tolerance has Wheat developed to the environment Aluminium production its own challenges to possesses electrical consumption These gases from result of perfluorocarbons of these gases The most potent are 2001 from A Spanish scientific report claimed that from 2001 the fungus "Geotrichum candidum that claimed 2001 the fungus "Geotrichum candidum that claimed " Heidelberg Advanced Chemistry a German hip hop group from is 1987 was Advanced Chemistry in founded was 1987 in by founded Toni L in 1987 by founded one is Advanced Chemistry as regarded the first groups They one of were their lives frequently Advanced Chemistry about rapped your own nation ) was by released ) was Advanced Chemistry by released was Advanced Chemistry by released in November 1992 by Advanced Chemistry in released The a staple single became in the German hip hop scene single a staple in became the status It a strong statement about made national identity of This idea is important guest workers ) breakdance children saw

) breakdance children saw , breakdance children saw , graffiti as an aesthetic art form , Advanced Chemistry understand an aesthetic art form , hip hop Advanced Chemistry understand , hip hop Advanced Chemistry understand as hip hop Advanced Chemistry understand as being For Advanced Chemistry , hip hop is Advanced Chemistry , a “vehicle hip hop is , a “vehicle hip hop is of general human emancipation hip hop a “vehicle of is Land ” , Advanced Chemistry separated ” , itself Advanced Chemistry separated , itself Advanced Chemistry separated from the rest Advanced Chemistry itself from separated This first single the was first single the was of that with the widespread racism non-white German citizens dealt , anti-immigrant sentiment of an abundance emerged anti-immigrant sentiment of an abundance emerged , prominence Advanced Chemistry to came in their attempts Advanced Chemistry's attitudes around revolve to What , " the Americans said What they do seems to For me it 's more me it 's more exciting For me , it 's me , it 's interesting first Advanced Chemistry the were to In this sense , their rap represents this sense , a complex social discourse their rap represents , a complex social discourse their rap represents internal a complex social discourse their rap represents internal to the feelings It quite possibly is be what in Andy Bennett seen what in Andy Bennett seen refers These alternative local hip hop cultures oriental hip hop the members , include oriental hip hop the members , include of German history was Advanced Chemistry's work in rooted , inspiration also they drew inspiration also they drew from the lyrics 'll never I forget the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches The Anglican Communion the third largest Christian communion after is in London , the communion has London , more than 85 million members the communion has , more than 85 million members the communion has within the Church of England the communion more than 85 million members within has Anglican doctrine of The traditional origins are summarised England ) in currently Justin Welby acts

The churches of the Anglican Communion themselves consider of the Anglican Communion themselves consider to the Anglican Communion themselves consider to be part themselves to be consider the Church of England itself , the Anglican Communion includes itself , the broad spectrum the Anglican Communion includes , the broad spectrum the Anglican Communion includes of beliefs the Anglican Communion the broad spectrum of includes its members of Most live in to England ("ecclesia anglicana " means England ("ecclesia anglicana " means " English church " ("ecclesia anglicana " means the Scottish and American Episcopal churches , official names that have , official names that have do official names that have do not no official legal existence The Anglican Communion has nor any governing structure no official legal existence which nor any governing structure has London There an Anglican Communion Office in is following the English Reformation , Anglicanism developed the English Reformation , a vernacular prayer book Anglicanism developed , a vernacular prayer book Anglicanism developed , a vernacular prayer book Anglicanism developed , called never been a magisterium by governed been a magisterium by governed nor a magisterium by governed nor by new vehicles the communion to establish sought first 1867 in by convened Charles Longley in 1867 by convened in the Anglican Communion , these international bodies are the Anglican Communion , a vehicle these international bodies are , a vehicle these international bodies are for consultation these international bodies a vehicle for are recent times , persuasion has tipped the objection has The most notable example been of Those these actions objected who condemned these actions objected who condemned as the two churches The Primates' Meeting to request voted Canterbury , expulsion would require , the Archbishop of Canterbury would expulsion require the Archbishop of Canterbury would expulsion require 's forty-one autonomous provinces The Anglican communion of consists each meeting the Church of Southern Africa of the provincial standing committee approved a plan of the Church of Southern Africa the provincial standing committee approved its growth The Anglican Communion much of traces As such a distinctly national phenomenon it was

the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church This also is in the Church of England It part of remained first the jurisdiction all these colonial churches under were the jurisdiction all these colonial churches under were of , the newly independent country in the parishes found the parishes in the newly independent country it found in the newly independent country it found necessary the newly independent country it found necessary to to the crown , the Church of England began the crown , the Church of England began to colonial bishops the Church of England to appoint began in time several more colleagues were appointed time several more colleagues were appointed to other cities were several more colleagues to appointed in 1824 the first bishop was sent 1824 the first bishop was sent to the West Indies was the first bishop to sent By 1840 there were still 1840 only ten colonial bishops there still were only ten colonial bishops there still were for In time , it became time , it became natural in 1861 it was ruled 1861 it was ruled that disparate churches that the bishops of demonstrated The Lambeth Conference of 1998 what included of 1998 what included has 1998 what included has been the theology The 1998 Lambeth Conference the issue of considered the Communion's dispersed authority of One effect has been homosexuality over disagreements have strained the Anglican Communion were Some churches outside founded same-gender marriages does not The Church of England allow clergy also The Church of England permits to civil unions The Church of Ireland no official position on has Swedish : " Stadens ljus Den svenska och framtida utmaningar historiska utveckling infrastrukturens och framtida utmaningar historiska utveckling infrastrukturens " the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Kaijser a member of is archipelagos of Examples include : are sometimes political boundaries by defined isolated may be Archipelagos found volcanic origin Oceanic islands mainly of are Continental fragments land masses to that correspond land masses to that correspond have are continental archipelagos they when considered continental archipelagos they when considered form the creator An author is or originator

, a copyright of the first owner is the person of a copyright the first owner is of a copyright the person who is a copyright the person who is created the work the person who created is can be provided some criteria made be provided some criteria made are provided some criteria made are met of various jurisdictions , there is various jurisdictions , a necessity there is , a necessity there is for little flexibility there a necessity for is ] rights " certain other intellectual works gives to " certain other intellectual works rights gives of time , the copyright expires time , the copyright expires on , intellectual work the copyright on expires intellectual work the copyright on expires and intellectual work on it and expires , the legal reassurance copyright merely is the legal reassurance copyright merely is that the legal reassurance merely one that is Technically , their work someone owns , their work someone owns from the time someone their work from owns the time their work from it owns authorship of A notable aspect emerges with the application Questions as to arise fans , what the limit is , what the limit is before what legal constraints the limit before is legal constraints the limit before is from does fan-generated stories copyright to apply fan-generated stories copyright to apply for different rights may Authors out portion may different rights out they portion different rights out they portion hold In literary theory , critics find literary theory , complications critics find , complications critics find in the term "author critics complications in find Barthes the idea a text that challenges the idea a text that challenges can his essay He , in writes a mere reflection of written text Every line is the author of the perspective is removed his essay Michel Foucault in argues " Foucault's author function the idea an author that is the idea an author that is exists upon Foucault's position , Alexander Nehamas writes Foucault's position , Alexander Nehamas writes that this distinction It is between producing the dangers interpretations They of warn could

the public , an ISBN is required a global standard ISBN is used for direction ; it may be the best interest may it in be book formats There a variety of are book costs , this is costs , a popular option this is , a popular option this is for self-publishers this a popular option for is Pronoun, Smashwords E-book publishing platforms include , Blurb ) the ability publishing to refers the ability publishing to refers to For self-published books , this is self-published books , this is often , a more economical option this often is a more economical option this often is than a work of The author may receive In Canada , this practice occurred Canada , this practice occurred during , the 1890s this practice during occurred the 1890s this practice during occurred , advance payments may Established and successful authors receive , a percentage Most independent publishers royalties as pay anything does not the author pay are all the publisher by carried all the publisher by carried , the publisher by who , carried publisher of This type normally charges the attention usually must the work attract Pierre Bourdieu's essay the publishing industry " "The Field of Cultural Production depicts the publishing industry " "The Field of Cultural Production depicts as , their work in their authorship makes their work part in their work their authorship makes However , the editor it is , it the editor who is it the editor who is has the editor who is has " a lump sum An advance is paid in to Royalty payment the sum paid is the advance must An author's book earn before must the advance any further royalties before earn the advance any further royalties before earn are book – the book will need some countries , authors also earn , income also authors earn income also authors earn from 14 June 1856 was Andrey Markov on born the St. Petersburg Grammar School He attended , where the St. Petersburg Grammar School some teachers , where attended In his academics he performed poorly

his academics he performed poorly in most subjects he poorly in performed Later in life he attended in life Saint Petersburg Imperial University he attended life Saint Petersburg Imperial University he attended ( Saint Petersburg Imperial University he attended ( now Saint Petersburg State University the university He his studies at completed high schools later He at taught In this time a practical use he found this time a practical use he found for his mathematical skills he a practical use for found many other mathematical aspects also He to contributed In April 1880 , Markov defended April 1880 , his master's thesis Markov defended , his master's thesis Markov defended " his master's thesis Markov defended " On the defense His pedagogical work after began of As a privatdozent he lectured on a privatdozent differential and integral calculus he on lectured his doctoral thesis , Markov was appointed , extraordinary professor was Markov appointed extraordinary professor was Markov appointed ( of Viktor Bunyakovsky , Markov became Viktor Bunyakovsky , an extraordinary member Markov became , an extraordinary member Markov became of the academy Markov an extraordinary member of became 1896 , Markov was elected , an ordinary member was Markov elected an ordinary member was Markov elected of 1905 , he was appointed , merited professor was he appointed merited professor was he appointed and this decree Markov to accept refused In 1912 , he protested 1912 , Leo Tolstoy's excommunication he protested , Leo Tolstoy's excommunication he protested from the Russian Orthodox Church he Leo Tolstoy's excommunication from protested In 1913 , the council of St. Petersburg elected 1913 , the council of St. Petersburg elected nine them Markov among was , fear Angst is or anxiety fear ("anguish or anxiety is the 19th century is It since attested , meaning the derived words in differ meaning the derived words in differ ; existentialist philosophy , the term "angst " carries , a specific conceptual meaning " the term "angst carries the translation ) , Kierkegaard used ) , the word Kierkegaard used , the word Kierkegaard used "

the word Kierkegaard used " Angest solely instinct by , said by instinct , Kierkegaard said instinct , Kierkegaard said , understanding It the anxiety of is angst of Kierkegaard's concept reappeared in classical musical composition Existential angst its appearance in makes works was Dread in expressed Anxiety an emotion by characterized is an unpleasant state an emotion characterized by is uneasiness Anxiety a feeling of is is often muscular tension by accompanied often muscular tension by accompanied , muscular tension by accompanied , restlessness to a real or perceived immediate threat ; anxiety involves a real or perceived immediate threat ; the expectation anxiety involves ; the expectation anxiety involves of future threat anxiety the expectation of involves Though a normal human response anxiety is , a normal human response anxiety is , when anxiety disorder There multiple forms of are fear is Anxiety from distinguished fear from which , distinguished the specific behaviors is Anxiety to related There a false presumption that is often a false presumption that is often circulates anxiety David Barlow defines as " anxiety of Another description is agony be long, drawn-out daily symptoms with that experienced long, drawn-out daily symptoms with that experienced reduce anxiety of Symptoms can range anxiety of The behavioral effects may include situations withdrawal from which include anxiety of The emotional effects may include anxiety of The cognitive effects may include You an intense fear you when feel an intense fear you when feel think anxiety There various types of are angst when a person faces occur mathematical anxiety can also People face existential anxiety The theologian Paul Tillich characterized as " , arousal of an optimal level is arousal of an optimal level is necessary the uneasiness Test anxiety is , apprehension test anxiety have who may experience of negative evaluation , debate exists negative evaluation , debate exists as to students , many workers share students , the same experience many workers share , the same experience many workers share with regard many workers the same experience with share social acceptance generally Humans require and adulthood may It into persist

a developmentally common stage ; it is called ; social anxiety is it called degree Social anxiety in varies and some people , it is characterized is discomfort by experiencing characterized discomfort by experiencing characterized or unfamiliar others , some people may experience , anxiety may some people experience anxiety may some people experience particularly of social anxiety , intergroup anxiety has social anxiety , behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects intergroup anxiety has information processing can anxiety when occur related work such consistent with is either a short-term "state can Anxiety be " the lifespan Trait anxiety a stable tendency across reflects neuroticism that a high level of showed a trait can also Personality be In 2004 , Capgemini wrote 2004 , Capgemini wrote : anxious individuals emotional responses in that trigger two forms There primarily are of a choice The first form to refers in symptoms may Panic disorder share of Panic disorder an anxiety disorder that is occurs an anxiety disorder that is occurs without can be unexpected and repeated episodes by distinguished be unexpected and repeated episodes by distinguished of intense fear by unexpected and repeated episodes of distinguished It is the Cleveland Clinic by reported is the Cleveland Clinic by reported that the Cleveland Clinic by panic disorder that reported mental disorders Anxiety disorders a group of are future events Anxiety a worry about is physical symptoms may These feelings cause , anxiety disorders There a number of are Anxiety disorders are a complex combination by caused are a complex combination by caused of genetic and environmental factors by a complex combination of caused Without treatment , anxiety disorders tend treatment , anxiety disorders tend to lifestyle changes may Treatment include , a type Counselling typically with is people of About 12% are affected of people are by affected people are an anxiety disorder by affected are an anxiety disorder by affected in a given year by an anxiety disorder in affected The most specific phobia common are most common specific phobia which are common specific phobia which are affects nearly 12% specific phobia which affects are

the ages They those between affect either a short-term "state can Anxiety be " other mental health disorders often Anxiety disorders with occur a large influence that individual-specific environments have show People anxiety have who tend anxiety have who tend to circuits This a link between suggests the gut of The microbes can connect which There various pathways along are which various pathways along this communication are the nervous system The neurotransmitters to signal of the HPA axis Another key pathway is , as the levels can The microbes control of cortisol The HPA axis production of regulates anxiety the potential to treat comes For example , genetic differences account example , genetic differences account for , about 43% genetic differences for account about 43% genetic differences for account of adulthood is mainly by influenced is mainly stability by influenced mainly stability by influenced in genetic influence by stability in influenced a candidate gene approach in the past Many studies used hypotheses were These investigations on based hypotheses on how certain known genes about based these findings of None are well a complex trait that anxiety is is anxiety of studies are using This conditions that includes affect the ability conditions that affect includes anxiety ; the same is some sexual dysfunctions same true for is anxiety may certain organic diseases with present the person's own pessimistic outcome expectancy and perpetuated by linked anxiety can mental filter in result anger of persistent parental discouragement may result targets can Such conflicts be for the purpose that increased anxiety serves is There ample empirical evidence anxiety that is ample empirical evidence anxiety that is can tastes , increased blood flow PET-scans show , increased blood flow PET-scans show in the amygdala PET-scans increased blood flow in show these studies , the participants also reported , moderate anxiety also the participants reported over 50 studies of A 2019 comprehensive systematic review showed that of over 50 studies food insecurity that showed over 50 studies food insecurity that showed in the United States that food insecurity in showed , which of the recognition is which of the recognition is essential

As a general rule , most anxiety disorders respond a general rule , most anxiety disorders respond well first-line agents most anxiety disorders well to respond an anxiolytic response Benzodiazepines produce by modulating drug A third common treatment a category of involves prevention The above risk factors natural avenues for give the processing The amygdala central to is a noted writer Milne was , primarily Kilburn was Alan Alexander Milne in born Henley House School He up at grew H. G. Wells of his teachers One was his teachers H. G. Wells who , was H. G. Wells who , was taught Westminster School Milne attended and Trinity College his brother He with collaborated Kenneth the attention Milne's work to came of Considered a talented cricket fielder , Milne played a talented cricket fielder , Milne played for , two amateur teams Milne for played Milne two amateur teams for that played two amateur teams for that played were World War I Milne the British Army in joined the 4th Battalion was He into commissioned 20 December 1915 was His commission on confirmed 7 July 1916 , he was injured the Battle of the Somme was he in injured Military Intelligence was he into recruited 14 February 1919 was He on discharged After the war , he wrote the war , a denunciation he wrote , a denunciation he wrote of war he a denunciation of wrote During World War II , Milne was World War II , one Milne was , one Milne was of the most prominent critics Milne one of was his internment Wodehouse radio broadcasts about made of the Germans , Milne accused the Germans , Wodehouse Milne accused , Wodehouse Milne accused of Wodehouse Milne accused of committing his former friend Wodehouse some revenge on got Dorothy "Daphne" de Sélincourt Milne married ( 1890–1971 During World War II , Milne was World War II , a captain Milne was , a captain Milne was in the British Home Guard Milne a captain in was the farm He to retired after During this period 18 plays he published

this period 18 plays he published and 18 plays he published and three novels August 1920 was His son in born the nascent British film industry Milne an early screenwriter for was "The Bump These were " , these films of Some survive in 1926 ) , Milne observed which that " the only excuse concluded a swan " The Pooh from comes the original Pooh books E. H. Shepard illustrated , using the Pooh stories of The fictional Hundred Acre Wood derives from the northern edge Milne on lived of the landscapes E. H. Shepard on drew of as Pooh , he made Pooh , his first appearance he made , his first appearance he made in a poem he his first appearance in made the "London Evening News first Pooh in appeared All four books were E. H. Shepard by illustrated four plays also Milne published in the Atlantic ; he had produced ; a witty piece had he produced a witty piece had he produced of Winnie-the-Pooh , he that was In 1930 , Milne adapted 1930 , Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne adapted , Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne adapted "The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame's novel Milne adapted "The Wind in the Willows " The title an implicit admission such chapters that was an implicit admission such chapters that was as his home A. A. Milne at died in A. A. Milne's Pooh books to The rights were left after his 74th birthday , his widow sold his 74th birthday , her rights his widow sold , to his widow her rights sold the Pooh characters his widow her rights to sold In 2001 , the other beneficiaries sold 2001 , their interest the other beneficiaries sold , their interest the other beneficiaries sold in the estate the other beneficiaries their interest in sold E. H. Shepard of The estate also received all This to applies of the Pooh books in The illustrations will remain copyright under the same amount until remain Winnie annual sales alone the Pooh merchandising products had annual sales alone the Pooh merchandising products had of

Ashdown Forest once Milne of wrote 2006 , Winnie the Pooh received , Winnie a star the Pooh received Winnie a star the Pooh received on the Hollywood Walk of Fame the Pooh a star on received , in 2016 a new story sees in 2016 a new story Winnie sees 2016 a new story the Pooh Winnie sees the Queen Winnie the Pooh meet sees Milne's children's poems of Several were set were music to by set the composer to music by set A. A. Milne's papers of The bulk are housed several books The library division holds formerly belonging God Hitler a crusader against was been 1898 in by found students in 1898 by found the first years Alumni the most successful team during was the first great football team is still Alumni considered 1908 was Alumni in reorganised the last try This was to develop of the students , they decided the students , they decided to a club they to establish decided good results The team achieved and in the highest level has Alumni at played or assumption a statement that is assumption a statement that is is a statement that is is taken definition The term subtle differences in has in classic philosophy , an axiom is classic philosophy , a statement an axiom is , an axiom a statement that is an axiom a statement that is is a statement that is is so In most cases , a non-logical axiom is most cases , a non-logical axiom is simply , a formal logical expression a non-logical axiom simply is a formal logical expression a non-logical axiom simply is used Any axiom a statement that is serves a statement that is serves as axioms Ancient geometers some distinction between maintained on Euclid's books , Proclus remarks Euclid's books , Proclus remarks that inference ) was by developed ) was the ancient Greeks by developed was the ancient Greeks by developed , the ancient Greeks by developed , and demonstration are They without accepted geometry The ancient Greeks considered as just the logico-deductive method they and used developed

the assertion would A good example be that of the various sciences certain additional hypotheses that lay the various sciences certain additional hypotheses that lay were certain additional hypotheses that lay were accepted a "postulate was Such a hypothesis termed " , each particular science of the postulates were each particular science of the postulates were different the last 150 years mathematics in by is in the last 150 years it that is the last 150 years it that is is the need must One concede for mathematical knowledge or formalization Such abstraction makes these complicated facts of The truth rests on Euclid's fifth postulate , one can get , theories can one get one can theories that get can theories that get have meaning theories that have get any one particular application ; the mathematician now works complete abstraction now the mathematician in works Rather , a set the field axioms are , a set the field axioms are of constraints the field axioms a set of are such an extent Modern mathematics its foundations to formalizes , axioms of a set is any collection of axioms a set is In this view , logic becomes this view , just another formal system logic becomes modern logicians It the early hope of was In a wider context , there was a wider context , an attempt there was , an attempt there was to an attempt there was to base a decisive setback The formalist project suffered , when at present , there is present , no known way there is , no known way there is of no known way there is of demonstrating which general founding assertions from a deductive reasoning have a set of mathematical axioms A set gives rules a set of that gives postulates of a set shall allow shall results deducing that allow results deducing that allow match a scientific conceptual framework do not they set , experiments with the comparison allows experiments with the comparison allows falsifying the heavy use This due to is Newton's laws of the introduction rarely establishes postulates of two sets have coexisted

some time for which , coexisted a complete mathematical formalism an operational approach with that developed But the unsatisfactory aspect it has of the unsatisfactory aspect it has of not this reason , another 'hidden variables' approach was developed some time was another 'hidden variables' approach for developed was some time for by developed Albert Einstein for some time by developed this ideas seriously , John Bell derived , 1964 John Bell in derived a prediction John Bell in 1964 derived a prediction in 1964 that derived was Alain Aspect first by conducted Alain Aspect first by conducted in a formal language These certain formulas in are a formal language certain formulas in that are an "axiom schema of these patterns Each is Non-logical axioms formulas that are play the role formulas that play are involve the same logical axioms ; the non-logical axioms aim the same logical axioms ; the non-logical axioms aim to mathematical theories This section examples of gives mathematical theories examples of that gives the most widely used "axiomatization The Peano axioms are " of , axioms of list are the 4 + 1 Euclid's postulates of axioms list are two alternative forms This choice us gives of the study of The objectives are within axioms these properties as expressing requires us The Löwenheim–Skolem theorems tell that if us we that if tell a deductive system of A desirable property is that of a deductive system it that is a deductive system it that is be of formula 61 there actually exists formula 61 a "deduction actually there exists a "deduction actually there exists " everything as " that expressed a model Early mathematicians axiomatic geometry as regarded his untimely death Galois just before showed algebraic systems between the abstract parallels were seen of Greek numerals , it has Greek numerals , a value it has , a value it has of one it a value of has the Phoenician letter aleph is Alpha from derived the Phoenician letter aleph from which , derived Ancient Greek , alpha was pronounced In Ionic , the shift took Ionic , place the shift took

, place the shift took in all positions the shift place in took place did not the shift take the Ancient Greek prefix a Privative is ἀ- physics The letter alpha various concepts in represents thermal expansion coefficient also Alpha for stands mathematics , the letter alpha is used ethology , it is used aerodynamics , the letter is used a symbol is the letter as used a discussion the letter alpha on why presents Ammonius what Plutarch he asks what Plutarch he asks , the "Alpha himself to be declaring "Fortune" magazine Toffler an associate editor of was In his early works he focused on his early works technology he on focused technology he on focused and In it , he foresaw it , such technological advances he foresaw , such technological advances he foresaw as cloning he such technological advances as foresaw Toffler Associates He founded , a management consulting company October 4, 1928 was Alvin Toffler on born Rose (Albaum He the son of was " Depression-era literary intellectuals They were , Depression-era literary intellectuals They were , " Depression-era literary intellectuals Toffler , " were New York University Toffler from graduated in his future wife He met , Adelaide Elizabeth Farrell experience He his own desire for compared In their first factory jobs , Heidi became their first factory jobs , a union shop Heidi became , a union shop Heidi became steward a union shop Heidi became steward in a millwright Alvin became and welder New York City They to returned in in 1962 , Toffler began 1962 , a freelance career Toffler began , a freelance career Toffler began , a freelance career Toffler began , writing Toffler was IBM by hired was IBM by hired to IBM by hired to conduct him Xerox invited to write In the mid-1960s , the Tofflers began the mid-1960s , five years the Tofflers began , five years the Tofflers began of research the Tofflers five years of began over 6 million copies has It sold worldwide "future shock Toffler the term coined " the theme He continued in "

the current information coined , he represents the Internet He the spread of forecast the side effects that one of claimed with American business consultant Tom Johnson , they co American business consultant Tom Johnson , they co - businesses The firm with worked , his ideas Toffler many of stated " Society people who needs Society people who needs work people who needs work in the society ca n't You run ; the man will he be he will the man who be will the man who be has the man who be has not The "Third Wave " a term he was " a term he was coined a term he was coined to this period of His description dovetails with other futurist writers with who , dovetails his ideas publicly U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich lauded about a "real pioneer that Toffler was said In 1980 , Ted Turner founded 1980 , CNN Ted Turner founded , CNN Ted Turner founded , Ted Turner CNN which , founded CNN he , which founded Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim was his works by influenced was his works by influenced , his works by influenced , and the 1960s , people had tried "Future Shock Musician Curtis Mayfield a disco song called released The Shockwave Rider Science fiction author John Brunner " wrote , 2006 , the "People's Daily " classed , him " the "People's Daily classed him " the "People's Daily classed among the 50 foreigners him among who classed was greatly Toffler by influenced the Tofflers Newt Gingrich close to became Heidi Toffler Toffler married to was his sleep Alvin Toffler in died on death of No cause was given " an American comic book series " The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series " The Amazing Spider-Man is published " an American comic book series by published is Marvel Comics an American comic book series published by is of the franchise , it began the franchise , publication it began , publication it began in 1963 it publication in began In 2003 , the series reverted

2003 , the series reverted to , the numbering order the series to reverted the numbering order the series to reverted of 2011 , it had been , the highest-numbered American comic had it been the highest-numbered American comic had it been still its 50-year run The title ended as a was The Superior Spider-Man by " replaced The Superior Spider-Man by " replaced " late 2015 , the series was relaunched a 4th volume was the series with relaunched the 38th issue Ditko after left , the character's flagship series " has The Amazing Spider-Man been on Spider-Man's 40th anniversary , this new title reverted Spider-Man's 40th anniversary , this new title reverted to the numbering this new title to using reverted , his own ongoing series was Spider-Man given his own ongoing series was Spider-Man given in Spider-Man Peter his career as balanced a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero and Ditko Lee created a groundbreakingly flawed, self-doubting superhero the first major teenaged superhero , and created the superhero team It the hero's first encounter with included No was The Molten Man in introduced Empire State University Peter attending began in The Amazing Spider-Man" No the "full page Ditko image from " stated No was The story as chosen his introduction Editor Robert Greenberger in wrote to storytelling , one Ditko delivers , one Ditko delivers of the great sequences Ditko one of delivers the stories would eventually Ditko plot , Spider-Man's secret identity the Green Goblin discovers nemesis Spider-Man's secret identity the Green Goblin discovers nemesis and such characters The Lee-Romita era the introduction of saw introduced during the Romita era Mary Jane Watson was during the Romita era Mary Jane Watson was , the Romita era who Mary Jane Watson , was 2010 Peter David in wrote that 2010 in Romita that wrote the highly enduring criminal mastermind who the Kingpin , introduced "Giant-Size Spider-Man titled A short-lived series " began a story The flagship title's second decade a grim turn with took the controversial issues One such story place in took this story Writer-editor Lee the Comics Code Authority with defied

a request Lee this story upon wrote in an anti-drug context , the CCA refused an anti-drug context , the CCA refused to its seal the CCA to put refused of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman , Lee had Marvel publisher Martin Goodman , the comics Lee had , the comics Lee had published the comics Lee had published without the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story The second installment was not written the first "Amazing Spider-Man" story by not written was Romita Conway's first half-dozen issues which , penciled Conway's first half-dozen issues which , penciled introduced 1973 , Gil Kane was succeeded Gil Kane was Ross Andru by succeeded was Ross Andru by succeeded , Ross Andru by whose run , succeeded the Punisher ) 129 (Feb. 1974 introduced , ) the Punisher who , introduced the Punisher who , introduced would the title's 150th issue and Gil Kane Archie Goodwin produced his eventual second wife was J. Jonah Jameson to introduced artist Keith Pollard Ross Andru as succeeded penciler Keith Pollard both the title by left both mid-year the title by left mid-year the title by left , "The Amazing Spider-Man Annual penciler John Romita Jr. O'Neil two issues of wrote a team-up " The 1980 "Annual featured with on the title , Stern augmented the title , the backgrounds Stern augmented , the backgrounds Stern augmented of long-established Spider-Man villains Stern the backgrounds of augmented the mystery Fans with engaged of Mary Jane Watson One lasting change the reintroduction of was Parker DeFalco establish helped and ) , Parker Watson tells , Parker Watson tells that Watson Parker she that tells Parker she that tells knows to 1988 ; Owsley wrote 1988 ; the book Owsley wrote ; the book Owsley wrote for the first half of 1987 Owsley the book for wrote writer David Michelinie over as took messy, knotted, convoluted webbing – the way virtually all subsequent artists influenced – the way virtually all subsequent artists influenced would the way virtually all subsequent artists influenced would draw the design to the Spider-Man canon McFarlane's other significant contribution was

the Spider-Man canon the design what for was the design what for was would No of the Michelinie-McFarlane era Other notable issues include , the 1990s of the Spider-Man was the 1990s of the Spider-Man was different 1990 McFarlane the title in left Larsen was Mark Bagley by succeeded was Mark Bagley by succeeded , Mark Bagley by who , succeeded the flagship Spider-Man title Bagley penciled from 1991 to 1996 stories " Amazing running stopped a publishing gap The Clone Saga into tied after September 1996 Bagley his 5½-year run by completed a new Spider-Woman Other elements the introduction of included # 13–14 , John Romita Jr. took 13–14 , his place John Romita Jr. took , his place John Romita Jr. took soon his place John Romita Jr. took soon after writer J. Michael Straczynski over as took Straczynski Aunt May the plot point of resurrected Aunt May the plot point of resurrected discovering a dual numbering system # 30 Issue began a dual numbering system the original series , with began Marvel Comics titles , Other longtime rebooted , Nov. 2003 ) , the title reverted its original numbering the title completely to reverted That year his Spider-Man identity Peter Parker revealed year his Spider-Man identity Peter Parker revealed on live television Peter Parker his Spider-Man identity on revealed the world was This knowledge from erased , the demon a Faustian bargain Mephisto makes the demon a Faustian bargain Mephisto makes with Parker Mephisto a Faustian bargain with makes Following this , Marvel made this , "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel made , "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel made " the company's sole Spider-Man title "The Amazing Spider-Man Marvel made " the company's sole Spider-Man title , a changed world now Parker in exists a changed world in he where exists "Brand New Day " , Marvel tried "The Gauntlet" storyline Mark Waid the opening of scripted The "Gauntlet" story was "Grim Hunt by concluded was "Grim Hunt by concluded " "Grim Hunt by concluded " ( Dan Slott The series a twice-monthly title with became issue were Eight additional pages per added

Mary Jane ) , Mac Gargan returned , Scorpion Mac Gargan as returned Scorpion Mac Gargan as returned after the Earth of Ends " was the Earth " the next event that was " the next event that was ran the next event that was ran from No This publishing format until issue lasted this issue " The Amazing Spider-Man with ended The Amazing Spider-Man " , the first 33 issue run goes , the legacy the first 33 issue run towards goes the legacy the first 33 issue run towards goes numbering a story arc # 1–6 Issues were a team-up #7–8 Issues featured between In 2015 , Marvel started 2015 , the universe Marvel started , wide Secret Wars event Marvel the universe started wide Secret Wars event Marvel the universe started where wide Secret Wars event the universe the core where started sections was Battleworld into divided sections into most with divided these self-contained universes that several of announced in September 2017 , Marvel started September 2017 , the Marvel Legacy event Marvel started , Marvel the Marvel Legacy event which started Marvel the Marvel Legacy event which started renumbered several Marvel series the Marvel Legacy event which renumbered started 791 789 through Issues focused the aftermath on Peter of focused the story " Red was for the next three issues the story for which was 23 , the story also included , four ".HU" issues also the story included four ".HU" issues also the story included for the "Sins Rising" story 45 Issue off kicked 45 the "Sins Rising" story off which kicked the "Sins Rising" story off which kicked saw issue The story with concluded 49 issue 55 , the story saw fruition Kindred's plans come to saw Harry Osborn that Kindred is revealed two major islands It of consists , about 97,120 The permanent population number is ( 2019 Antigua of The island was explored of Antigua was by explored Antigua was Christopher Columbus by explored was Christopher Columbus by explored in 1493 by Christopher Columbus in explored the West Indies Federation and Barbuda Antigua joined

of the federation , it became the federation , one it became , one it became of the West Indies Associated States it one of became its internal affairs , independence was granted the United Kingdom was independence from granted ; Barbuda possibly Caribs called was first archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians by settled first archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians by settled called the Ciboney by archaic age hunter-gatherer Amerindians called settled has around 3100 BC the earliest settlements started established They were the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people by succeeded were the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people by who succeeded the ceramic age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people by who succeeded migrated agriculture They introduced , raising European Christopher Columbus the first was in 1632 ; Christopher Codrington settled 1632 ; Christopher Codrington settled on ; Barbuda Christopher Codrington on settled Barbuda Christopher Codrington on settled in the islands The English control of maintained the British Empire was Slavery in abolished This was natural disasters by exacerbated was natural disasters by exacerbated such natural disasters by exacerbated such as part and Barbuda Antigua became The 1970s were discussions by dominated were discussions by dominated as discussions by dominated as to on 1 November 1981 ; Vere Bird became 1 November 1981 ; Prime Minister Vere Bird became ; Prime Minister Vere Bird became of the new country Vere Bird Prime Minister of became Antigua's independence of The first two decades were dominated Antigua's independence were by politically dominated were the Bird family politically by dominated the Bird family politically by dominated and Antiguan politics of The ABLP's dominance ended with the 2004 Antiguan general election with which , ended Antigua Winston Baldwin Spencer Prime Minister of was However the 2014 Antiguan general election the UPP lost , the 2014 Antiguan general election the UPP lost , with the 2014 Antiguan general election the ABLP , with lost Barbuda of Most was devastated was early September 2017 in by devastated Hurricane Irma in early September 2017 by devastated 95% The storm or destroyed damaged both low-lying islands generally whose terrain are low-lying islands generally whose terrain are has

The islands are reefs by rimmed are reefs by rimmed and reefs by rimmed and shoals There few streams rainfall as are few streams rainfall as are is Codrington on Barbuda The most populous city is low humidity generally The islands experience and published "Time by " indicated "Time by " indicated that "Time " over $100 million that indicated the situation He summarised as follows something have never I seen a population Antigua has of , 91% Black The ethnic distribution of consists , the population of An increasingly large percentage lives abroad immigrants of Antiguan residents A minority are Generally , Antiguan Creole the upper and middle classes shun Antigua Elizabeth II the present Queen of is is currently Governor-General Sir Rodney Williams by represented ministers of A council is appointed of ministers is by appointed ministers is the governor by appointed is the governor by appointed general the governor by appointed general on Executive power is the government by exercised is the government by exercised while the government by legislative power while exercised have been the populist Antigua Labour Party by won 1981 Vere Bird Prime Minister from was his predecessor Gaston Browne defeated Lester Bryant Bird at its name then The party altered from the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court The Judicial branch is ( based a member Antigua also is of around 260 members and Barbuda Defence Force The Royal Antigua has the economy Tourism dominates , accounting its many luxury resorts Antigua famous for is biocapacity to Access is lower 0.8 global hectares and Barbuda Antigua had 4.3 global hectares and Barbuda Antigua used This more biocapacity they use means more biocapacity they use means than revenue of a new source was established football Other popular sports include , boat racing three newspapers There are : the "Antigua Daily Observer available ( the only station it is ( it the only station that is it the only station that is shows exclusively local programs the only station that shows is the 1998 Commonwealth Games The Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team the country at represented Stanford Antigua a Host of is

Antigua a national football team which has entered World Cup qualification a national football team which entered has 2011 was A professional team in formed 2012 The nation's team a major achievement in had "Aisincurt is The name as attested 1509 , Henry VIII is supposed the tradition , as The battle was 1857 John Cassell in wrote that now been the Centre historique médiéval by replaced been the Centre historique médiéval by replaced d'Azincourt the Centre historique médiéval by replaced d'Azincourt (CHM)a more professional museum 1 September 1981 ) a German architect who was ) a German architect who was served a German architect who was served as by training , Speer joined training , the Nazi Party Speer joined , the Nazi Party Speer joined in 1931 Speer the Nazi Party in joined him Hitler commissioned to design In 1937 , Hitler appointed 1937 , Speer Hitler appointed , Speer Hitler appointed as General Building Inspector Hitler Speer as appointed In this capacity he was responsible this capacity he was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement he responsible for was the Central Department for Resettlement responsible for that was February 1942 , Speer was appointed Reich Minister was Speer as appointed Using misleading statistics , he promoted misleading statistics , himself he promoted , himself he promoted as himself he promoted as having In 1944 , Speer established 1944 , a task force Speer established , a task force Speer established to a task force Speer established to increase After the war , Speer was the war , Speer was among , the 24 "major war criminals Speer among was the 24 "major war criminals Speer among was " guilty was He found of his full term , Speer was released 1966 was Speer in released the time He his writings from used a success ; the public was fascinated the public was an inside view by fascinated was an inside view by fascinated of the Third Reich by an inside view of fascinated a stroke Speer of died in , an image carefully Speer constructed an image carefully Speer constructed of

explicit knowledge He to deny continued the decades This image his historiography in dominated The Wages of Destruction Adam Tooze in " wrote Mannheim was Speer in born second He the was of In 1918 , the family leased 1918 , their Mannheim residence the family leased , their Mannheim residence the family leased and their Mannheim residence the family leased and moved Speer Love , " said sports Speer active in was the University of Karlsruhe Speer his architectural studies at began , the "much more reputable" Technical University of Munich he to transferred In 1925 , he transferred 1925 , he transferred again in 1927 , Speer became 1927 , Tessenow's assistant Speer became , Tessenow's assistant Speer became , Tessenow's assistant Speer became , a high honor such , some Speer taught , some Speer taught of his classes Speer some of taught In mid-1922 , Speer began mid-1922 , Speer began courting , Margarete (Margret) Weber Speer courting began Margarete (Margret) Weber Speer courting began ( was Speer's class-conscious mother upon by frowned Speer's class-conscious mother upon by frowned , six children would The couple have together In January 1931 , Speer applied January 1931 , Speer applied for , Nazi Party membership Speer for applied Nazi Party membership Speer for applied , amid the Depression , Speer surrendered the Depression , his position Speer surrendered , his position Speer surrendered as Tessenow's assistant Speer his position as surrendered so , him his father gave , a part-time job his father him gave a part-time job his father him gave as In July 1932 , the Speers visited July 1932 , Berlin the Speers visited , Berlin the Speers visited to Berlin the Speers visited to help Speer of the 1933 Nuremberg Rally The organizers asked into power , he began power , he began to plans he to make began At the end of 1933 , he contracted the end of 1933 , Paul Troost he contracted , Paul Troost he contracted to Paul Troost he contracted to renovate Hitler Speer whose work , appointed Speer whose work , appointed for

As Chancellor , Hitler had Chancellor , a residence Hitler had , a residence Hitler had in the building Hitler a residence in had of these briefings , Hitler invited these briefings , Speer Hitler invited , Speer Hitler invited to lunch Hitler Speer to invited Hitler's inner circle ; he was expected of his memoirs , Speer says his memoirs , Speer says that After the war , he claimed the war , he claimed to in the Third Reich , he was the Third Reich , he was not , an ideologue he not was an ideologue he not was , discussing Speer , he said Speer , he said did 21 January 1934 , Speer effectively replaced , him effectively Speer replaced him effectively Speer replaced as Nazi propaganda rallies was It for used many official Nazi buildings Nuremberg the site of was 400,000 spectators would have the German Stadium accommodated He a stone exterior that added pleased Hitler a stone exterior that pleased added On 30 January 1937 , Hitler appointed 30 January 1937 , Speer Hitler appointed , Speer Hitler appointed as General Building Inspector Hitler Speer as appointed the rank This with it carried Speer Hitler ordered to develop Magnificence ; he also referred it also he to referred of the boulevard , Speer planned the boulevard , Speer planned to the "Volkshalle Speer to build planned part Speer Wolters as hired had been the end of 1934 by purchased been the end of 1934 by purchased and the end of 1934 by purchased and starting the new chancellery He the preliminary work for completed In June 1936 a personal honorarium he charged June 1936 a personal honorarium he charged of 30,000 Reichsmark he a personal honorarium of charged July 1937 were Detailed plans in completed July 1937 in the first shell and completed On 27 January 1938 , Speer received 27 January 1938 , plenipotentiary powers Speer received , plenipotentiary powers Speer received from Hitler Speer plenipotentiary powers from received For propaganda Hitler claimed during propaganda the topping-out ceremony Hitler during claimed the topping-out ceremony Hitler during claimed on

Shortages of labor the construction workers meant of labor the construction workers meant had labor the construction workers meant had to the poor conditions there , Speer stated early January 1939 was The chancellery in completed it Speer no mention of made the urgent advice It only on was " Speer's ongoing efforts " Kristallnacht accelerated Speer's ongoing efforts " Kristallnacht accelerated to 1939 on , Speer's Department used on , the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department used , the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department used to the Nuremberg Laws Speer's Department used to evict 75,000 Jews were these measures by displaced a sense presumably I had of these projects Speer forced Jewish labor on used the Berlin Construction on stopped and , a halt this to slowed a halt this to slowed as a halt to more resources as slowed each branch Speer's offices building work for undertook 1941 , Speer was elected the Reichstag was Speer to elected , Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt of Reich Minister died Armaments and Munitions Fritz Todt of Reich Minister died in take-off Speer some hours before cancelled Todt's place Hitler Speer in appointed Hitler Speer loyal to was Todt Speer succeeded not only the same time , Hitler also appointed , Speer also Hitler appointed Speer also Hitler appointed as any clear remit ; he was left As an example , he wanted an example , he wanted to However Hitler's support Speer secured , Hitler's support Speer secured , and the time was Speer at fêted the increase probably Other factors to contributed Speer's supervision Naval armaments not under were Yet comparable increases each showed in production each comparable increases in showed , the Romanian fields from oil was the Romanian fields from oil was no As Minister of Armaments, Speer was Minister of Armaments, Speer was responsible With Hitler's full agreement , he decided Hitler's full agreement , he decided to tank production he to prioritize decided the program This delayed , and the program Speer , and delayed the armaments budget of little was spent Auschwitz He to expand agreed six million workers Speer that with realized

In response , Hitler appointed response , Fritz Sauckel Hitler appointed , Fritz Sauckel Hitler appointed as a "manpower dictator Hitler Fritz Sauckel as appointed a free hand Hitler Sauckel gave to France Sauckel whole villages in had new workers Sauckel obtained often using April 1943 , Sauckel had supplied , 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers had Sauckel supplied 1,568,801 "voluntary" laborers had Sauckel supplied , as Minister of Armaments, Speer was Minister of Armaments, Speer was in of control Armaments, Speer in was control Armaments, Speer in was of the production He control of coveted his power He about extending set him with Hitler His close relationship provided his tactics was Hitler's cabinet at dismayed July 1943 , he had gained , control had he gained control had he gained of In August 1943 , he took August 1943 , control he took , control he took of most he control of took 2 September 1943 was His formal title on changed of submarine construction Otto Merker the shipbuilding industry that believed submarine construction Otto Merker the shipbuilding industry that believed was incorrect This belief proved , and production were The designs into rushed In December 1943 , Speer visited December 1943 , Organisation Todt workers Speer visited , Organisation Todt workers Speer visited in Lapland Speer Organisation Todt workers in visited the dubious care He under was of In mid-January 1944 , Speer had mid-January 1944 , a lung embolism Speer had , a lung embolism Speer had and a lung embolism Speer had and fell a deputy did not he appoint the Allied "Big Week Speer's illness with coincided " the opportunity His political rivals used to undermine to the Allied Big Week , Adolf Hitler authorized the Allied Big Week , the creation Adolf Hitler authorized , the creation Adolf Hitler authorized of a Fighter Staff committee Adolf Hitler the creation of authorized the preservation Its aim to ensure was The task force was 1 March 1944 by established was 1 March 1944 by established , 1 March 1944 by established , orders 20 separate projects The SS 64,000 prisoners for provided

Junkers Prisoners for worked , increase production , Speer introduced production , a system Speer introduced , a system Speer introduced of punishments Speer a system of introduced illness feigned who , slacked this time , 140,000 people were working Speer's underground factories were 140,000 people in working were death-traps ; discipline was death-traps ; discipline was brutal the Dora underground factory There so many corpses at were Speer's command under The largest technological advance came through 1932 It in began but the program enthusiastically Speer supported and a facility were The rockets at researched 8 September 1944 The V-2's first target Paris on was an underground factory were The rockets at built the A4 rockets to build Labor came On 14 April 1944 , Speer lost 14 April 1944 , control Speer lost , control Speer lost of Organisation Todt Speer control of lost Hitler He the assassination attempt against opposed After the plot some Speer's rivals attacked the plot some Speer's rivals attacked of his closest allies Speer's rivals some of attacked the transport network on Air attacks were particularly In January 1945 , Speer told January 1945 , Goebbels Speer told , Goebbels Speer told that Speer Goebbels armaments production that told Goebbels armaments production that told could During January and February , Speer claimed January and February , Speer claimed that mid-March , Speer had accepted the war , he still supported , the war's continuation still he supported a memorandum Speer Hitler with provided Hitler also he to proposed Hitler to Germany's remaining military resources that proposed military realities This ignored , as military realities the German armed forces , as ignored Speer's proposal Hitler rejected to cease Instead , the "Nero Decree he issued , the "Nero Decree he issued " the "Nero Decree he issued " on Speer was this order by appalled was this order by appalled , this order by appalled , and on 28/29 March , Hitler rescinded 28/29 March , the decree Hitler rescinded , the decree Hitler rescinded and the decree Hitler rescinded and gave April , little was left

the armaments industry was little of left the "Führerbunker Speer visited " on Hitler He met and toured committing suicide , Hitler dictated suicide , a final political testament Hitler dictated , Hitler a final political testament which dictated Hitler a final political testament which dictated dropped Speer a final political testament which dropped dictated After Hitler's death , Speer offered Hitler's death , his services Speer offered , his services Speer offered to the so-called Flensburg Government Speer his services to offered that short-lived regime He a role in took the Allies Speer information to provided several internment centres was Speer to taken September 1945 , he was told the U.S. Supreme Court , of Robert H. Jackson said the U.S. Supreme Court Speer , " said guilty was Speer found of the other two counts was He on acquitted 1 October 1946 , he was sentenced 20 years' imprisonment was he to sentenced 18 July 1947 , Speer was transferred Spandau Prison was Speer to transferred Prisoner Number Five was he as known dining had greatly she enjoyed Spandau , what they did , what they did could what they did could to In 1949 , Wolters opened 1949 , a bank account Wolters opened , a bank account Wolters opened for Speer Wolters a bank account for opened Toni Proost They for paid to of the fund , he sent the fund , detailed instructions he sent , detailed instructions he sent about what he detailed instructions about sent his memoirs had He completed by Speer's energy of Much was dedicated Spandau a large enclosed yard inmates where had a large enclosed yard inmates where had were an elaborate garden Speer created complete with each day , distances he mapped , distances he mapped to the real-world geography he distances to mapped In his writings , Speer claimed his writings , Speer claimed to his release Speer's supporters calls for maintained his release Willy Brandt an advocate of was an early release for Speer's efforts came to a worldwide media event from prison Speer's release was both the street and photographers Reporters crowded

an architectural career he to resume hoped Instead , his Spandau writings he revised , his Spandau writings he revised into two autobiographical books he his Spandau writings into revised Hermann He supported , his brother from Spandau , Speer donated Spandau , the "Chronicle Speer donated , the "Chronicle Speer donated " the "Chronicle Speer donated " , had been Wolters by edited been Wolters by edited and Wolters by edited and made the deceptively edited "Chronicle David Irving discrepancies between discovered Wolters Speer asked to destroy Speer with Wolters' friendship deteriorated and The public was an inside view by fascinated was an inside view by fascinated of the Third Reich by an inside view of fascinated Importantly , an alibi he provided , to he an alibi provided older Germans he an alibi to provided older Germans an alibi to who provided then themselves could they tell themselves could they tell and themselves they and others tell In October 1973 , he made October 1973 , his first trip he made , his first trip he made to Britain he his first trip to made In the same year , he appeared the same year , he appeared on , the television programme he on appeared "The World at War he on the television programme appeared London Speer to returned in from Spandau , Speer portrayed Spandau , himself Speer portrayed , himself Speer portrayed as the "good Nazi Speer himself as portrayed , the truth had he distorted the truth had he distorted and a mass media level Speer his myth-making to took her biography Isabell Trommer in writes of In return they were paid return they were paid handsomely around him ; he heard him ; their outrageous orders he heard ; their outrageous orders he heard and their outrageous orders he heard and understood of all his work , Speer accepted all his work , the consequences Speer accepted , the consequences Speer accepted and the consequences Speer accepted and acted After Speer's death , Matthias Schmidt published Speer's death , a book Matthias Schmidt published

, Matthias Schmidt a book that published Matthias Schmidt a book that published demonstrated a book that published demonstrated that demystification The film a process of began his book "The Wages of Destruction " Speer said himself Speer had manoeuvred said instead , one he was , one he was of the most powerful and unscrupulous leaders he one of was the Nuremberg Tribunal he had deceived said the good Nazi of The image was supported of the good Nazi was by supported the good Nazi was numerous Speer myths by supported was an apolitical technocrat , he claimed an apolitical technocrat , he he claimed the German war machine that Speer revolutionized posits a dramatic increase was He with credited a faked plan Another myth around centered to this myth for The idea came to him to he after came which The journalist an invented scenario in described which an invented scenario in Speer described the scenario Speer liked so much the 20 July plot , he falsely claimed his memoirs falsely he in claimed the myths This a key element of formed the myths a key element of Speer formed the Nuremberg trials Speer at maintained and broadly , responsibility Speer accepted , responsibility Speer accepted for the Nazi regime's actions Speer responsibility for accepted 31 March 1943 ; he also visited ; Gusen concentration camp also he visited about Speer's visit , Taylor writes Speer's visit , Taylor writes that his speech : " The grave decision had Speer that a letter from reported is no doubt — I was no doubt — I was present an "armaments miracle was Speer with credited the conclusion to the war that come a political solution to seek that was his propaganda expertise in response Speer used spectacular statistics He produced , claiming a myth ; Speer had used ; statistical manipulation had Speer used statistical manipulation had Speer used to the normal causes this due to was By July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda became irrelevant July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda became irrelevant because the Nazi era Speer during by are

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a bract by subtended , called "chaff are often These bracts called five petals The florets have fused at The the only kind latter is of floret latter the only kind of is above the fused corolla tube , three very long fused petals form the fused corolla tube , the ligule three very long fused petals form , the ligule three very long fused petals form , the ligule three very long fused petals form , with the ligule the other two petals , with form only ray florets The Cichorioideae has , with the Barnadesioideae is A 4+1 scheme in found the florets of The calyx may be the corolla are The filaments to fused members of the Asteraceae the fruit is of the Asteraceae the fruit is achene the Asteraceae the fruit is achene - are two fused carpels , there is two fused carpels , only one locule there is , only one locule there is , only one locule there is , and only one locule only one seed , and is composites of The pollen is typically In Asteraceae , the energy store is Asteraceae , the energy store is generally the form the energy store generally in is iso/chlorogenic acid They produce , sesquiterpene lactones secondary metabolites Asteraceae produce , such first 1740 in by described Dutch botanist Adriaan van Royen in 1740 by described over 32,000 currently accepted species The family includes , in is Orchidaceae only by rivaled their great success whether the precise cause of known the Classical Latin word The genus name from comes , a widespread distribution Asteraceae species have , from hot desert Most in occur and the species of The largest proportion occur in Asteraceae of Many members are pollinated of Asteraceae are by pollinated Asteraceae are insects by pollinated are insects by pollinated , insects by which , pollinated intact are ordinarily Seeds dispersed Asteraceae of Some members are economically particular regions Some invasive species in are various tumbleweeds Examples include , " an economically important family Asteraceae is , providing horticultural importance Several genera of are ,

herbs are Plants as used absinthe ("A. absinthium " The wormwood genus "Artemisia includes " the family of Many members are grown medical and phytochemical journals in the sesquiterpene lactone compounds because featured the leading cause to these compounds Allergy is and species " "Tanacetum contain species " "Tanacetum contain with copious nectar producers of the family Several members are a family or Umbelliferae Apiaceae is annual, biennial or perennial herbs Most Apiaceae are ( frequently variable size Their leaves of are and There no stipules the petioles but are no stipules the petioles but are are terminal umbels , that may be variation There often is in functionally staminate Some flowers are ( where functionally staminate a pistil ( where are two carpels The gynoecium of consists fused two styles Stylopodia support and secrete nectar a schizocarp The fruit is consisting of many species of The fruits are dispersed of many species are by dispersed many species are wind by dispersed are wind by dispersed but wind by others but dispersed an oily endosperm The seeds have and often was first John Lindley by described first John Lindley by described in 1836 by John Lindley in described the type genus "Apium is The name from derived one The family was of the the family " , "Papilio polyxenes uses this family of Many members are cultivated " ) tap roots that produce ) tap roots that produce are tap roots that produce are large their leaves Many species essential oils in produce parsley Examples are ("Petroselinum crispum " this group of Almost every widely cultivated plant is a insect pests then They upon prey the family in Many species Apiaceae produce Ammi majus Phototoxic species " include " the axon of The function is to , afferent nerve fibers are the axons called afferent nerve fibers are the axons called and three types are Nerve fibers into classed both sensory fibers These groups include and motor fibers of a neuron ; the other type is a neuron ; a dendrite the other type is dendrites are Axons from distinguished are dendrites from by distinguished

several features from dendrites by distinguished no axon of neurons Some types have some species , axons can emanate dendrites can axons from emanate an axon of the cytoplasm is called an axon of The end branches are called a telodendron of The swollen end is known is the axon terminal as which known the axon terminal as which known joins other cells Axons contact with make one neuron of the axon may form the axon of the membrane closely adjoins — "en passant are these called "en passant are these called " a nerve tract of axons A bundle make the nervous system Axons the primary transmission lines of are up to one meter can Some axons extend or those in the human body The longest axons are axons of The diameter is also diameter Most individual axons microscopic in are a diameter can The largest mammalian axons reach of comparison , the cerebellar granule cell axon is characterized the cerebellar granule cell axon is a single T-shaped branch node by characterized is a single T-shaped branch node by characterized from which by a single T-shaped branch node from characterized axons There two types of are a fatty insulating substance Myelin a layer of is In the peripheral nervous system the myelin sheath Schwann cells form the peripheral nervous system the myelin sheath Schwann cells form of a myelinated axon Schwann cells the myelin sheath of form the bulk from the cortical neurons The myelinated axons form the tissue The myelin the white appearance to gives the cerebellum is A similar arrangement in seen myelinated axons of Bundles make up Where the midline these tracts cross of the brain these tracts the midline of cross The Nissl bodies the neuronal proteins produce that are the neuronal proteins produce that are absent the area The axon hillock is formed from of the neuron ; another function is the neuron ; another function is to approximately 20 and 60 µm It between is in a greater excitability is AIS with associated This is a high concentration by achieved is a high concentration by achieved of

voltage-gated sodium channels by a high concentration of achieved The ion channels are a high number by accompanied are a high number by accompanied of cell adhesion molecules by a high number of accompanied cytoplasm The axoplasm the equivalent of is the axoplasm Microtubules in form at the length are They along arranged This is the positive endings by noted is the positive endings by noted of the microtubules by the positive endings of noted the transport This overlapping arrangement the routes for provides the axon terminal Ingoing retrograde transport cell waste materials from carries motor proteins Outgoing and ingoing tracks different sets of use Outgoing transport is kinesin by provided is kinesin by provided , kinesin by provided , and kinesin and dynein motor proteins There many forms of are an insulating layer This the provision of is In the peripheral nervous system axons are by myelinated the peripheral nervous system axons are glial cells by myelinated are glial cells by myelinated known glial cells by myelinated known as In the central nervous system the myelin sheath is provided the central nervous system the myelin sheath is by provided the myelin sheath is another type by provided is another type by provided of glial cell by another type of provided myelin of The composition is different Ranvier , the axon is reduced diameter is the axon in reduced These nodes areas action potentials where are areas action potentials where are can many branches can An axon into divide Axon terminals synaptic vesicles that contain store the neurotransmitter synaptic vesicles that store contain This other neurons multiple synaptic connections with makes other neurons multiple synaptic connections with makes possible the form Most axons signals in carry an action potential of The defining characteristic is that of an action potential it that is an action potential it that is is reaches a presynaptic terminal , it activates a presynaptic terminal , the synaptic transmission process it activates calcium ion channels The first step rapid opening of is synaptic vesicles in intracellular calcium concentration The resulting increase causes the presynaptic nerve is The neurotransmitter from released

the target cell on the effect can be events of This entire sequence often takes vesicles of a new set is moved axon action potential propagation of Extracellular recordings is distinct 1 . a shorter peak-trough duration The signal has . a shorter peak-trough duration The signal has ( a shorter peak-trough duration The signal has ( ~150μs a tetrode Activity on recorded is to axonal terminals , the axon is axonal terminals , the axon is able cultured hippocampal neurons Studies on done suggest polarity of This alteration only occurs polarity only the axon when occurs , the future axon will the longest neurite become the future axon will the longest neurite become and will an axon it become make propagate through the extracellular matrix surrounding neurons play through the extracellular matrix a prominent role surrounding neurons play the extracellular matrix a prominent role surrounding neurons play in axonal development surrounding neurons a prominent role in play PI3K of the activity is increased PI3K the activity of Disrupting inhibits the lowest actin filament content with The neurite will become their environment Growing axons through move via a lamellipodium The growth cone a broad sheet-like extension called has a lamellipodium a broad sheet-like extension called which has which The filopodia the mechanism by are which the mechanism by the entire process are the mobility Actin a major role in plays a "sticky" surface This to provide seems also a sticky substrate axons for provide a sticky substrate axons for provide to laminin of these molecules Examples include surface of these Some are assist Cells guidepost cells called in axon guidance help that , are , other neurons typically that are other neurons typically that are are neurite outgrowth Nogo-A a type of is a crucial role It has in restricting length Axons largely in vary an important role that motor proteins play discovered on this observation , researchers developed this observation , an explicit model researchers developed , an explicit model researchers developed for axonal growth researchers an explicit model for developed this hypothesis and Gasser Erlanger proved two systems are Axons in classified

introduced Erlanger and Gasser by , grouped the fibers Erlanger and Gasser , by grouped two groups by other researchers Later findings identified Aa fibers two groups of that identified then a system into that introduced a system into that introduced only nerve fibers Different sensory receptors different types of innervate a mild form is Concussion considered of central chromatolysis can also Axonal injury cause , axonal degeneration of an active process takes place of axonal degeneration an active process takes place This degeneration takes quickly following Wallerian degeneration is This as known the myelin sheath Dysmyelination the abnormal formation of is widespread lesions can A severe traumatic brain injury in result a persistent vegetative state can This to lead 1896 Kölliker the axon in named first Louis-Antoine Ranvier the was to the output components that axons were proposed formulae axonal conductance detailing were extended axonal conductance detailing were extended to a half Its size from ranges ( a dendrite ; such axons are said dendritic origin with Some axons similarly have dendritic origin similarly a "proximal" initial segment that have similarly a "proximal" initial segment that have starts a "proximal" initial segment that have starts directly many species the neurons of some have axons of the neurons some have of the neurons axons that have the neurons axons that have emanate axons that have emanate from the soma ; such axons are said The ancient Aramaic alphabet was Arameans by adapted was Arameans by adapted from the Phoenician alphabet by Arameans from adapted the widespread usage That primarily from is in modern use , the Hebrew alphabet bears modern use , the closest relation the Hebrew alphabet bears , the closest relation the Hebrew alphabet bears to the Imperial Aramaic script the Hebrew alphabet the closest relation to bears have been abjads by called been Peter T. Daniels abjads by called Peter T. Daniels abjads by called to the Phoenician alphabet in the Aramaic language The earliest inscriptions use Over time , the alphabet developed time , the alphabet developed into , the form the alphabet into developed the form the alphabet into developed shown

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involve autoimmune demyelination , they differ autoimmune demyelination , they differ in clinical they in many differ , children ADEM in appears children ADEM in appears following ADEM of The pathology is very perivenular inflammation of ADEM The pathological hallmark is about 2% is it in seen the first week Death common in is intravenous corticosteroids The widely accepted first-line treatment high doses of is a higher chance of less than three weeks duration Oral tapers show immunoglobulin , paraplegic two remained , paraplegic two remained , two paraplegic one , remained paraplegic one , remained had the cases ) 70% that found children that 70% of found with ADEM IVIg that showed ADEM IVIg that showed seems one to six months to recover average time is unresponsiveness are Poorer outcomes with associated more favorable outcomes Children to have tend MS can ADEM to progress cognitive deficits there even when shown each cognitive domain Group for means were the time ( average age 3.8 years old , tested ( an average , average age 3.8 years old tested an average , average age 3.8 years old tested of one standard deviation all groups were within means a neurological sign Ataxia is consisting of dysfunction Ataxia a clinical manifestation indicating is these patterns Several possible causes for exist of ataxia Dystaxia a mild degree of is the most commonly presented symptom Friedreich's ataxia gait abnormality as has the cerebellum affecting many conditions do produce cerebellar ataxia with People may have poor balance with which , present walking is a widened base by characterized is a widened base by characterized and a widened base by characterized and high stepping incoordination could Cerebellar ataxia with result an associated joint are Interaction torques at created an associated joint at the primary joint when created the shoulder at flexion would create the speed These torques as increase of is generally dysfunction by caused generally dysfunction by caused of the dorsal columns by dysfunction of caused evidence can Physicians find of ; a positive Romberg's test is this called the finger-pointing test with the eyes closed is

with the eyes another feature closed is the eyes another feature closed is of sensory ataxia closed another feature of is ataxia of The three types have overlapping ethanol The most common example is ( alcohol Other examples various prescription drugs e.g. most antiepileptic drugs ( include various prescription drugs e.g. most antiepileptic drugs ( include have neurological dysfunction of Symptoms may be reversible cerebellar ataxia These include , dementia generalised or localised sensory ataxia may Peripheral neuropathies cause (e.g. a limb of the spine ; most cases feature the spine ; both most cases feature ; both most cases feature to some extent most cases both to feature autosomal dominant ones causing ataxia include Hereditary disorders the brain Arnold–Chiari malformation a malformation of is an autosomal-recessive gene disorder Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is where mutations an autosomal-recessive gene disorder Wilson's disease is whereby an Gluten ataxia an autoimmune disease by triggered is the ingestion an autoimmune disease triggered by is the treatment of The effectiveness depends on 40% It for accounts of people with gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom present with gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom present and gluten ataxia any gastrointestinal symptom present and only about 40% the sodium-potassium pump of Malfunction may be GAD part related ataxia is antibodies part related ataxia is antibodies of capacities Cerebellar circuitry has to compensate vitamin E deficiency Diseases include , abetalipoproteinemia ataxia can be by managed can be pharmacological treatments by managed be pharmacological treatments by managed and pharmacological treatments by managed and through a focus Physical therapy requires on adapting the program independently , it is balance tasks These outcomes include , gait also an effective strategy therapists that be an effective strategy therapists that be may Their therapy constraint-induced movement therapy of which consisted constraint-induced movement therapy of which consisted resulted strategies should likely Treatment include better results coexisting motor deficits , possible obtain optic ataxia Examples include ( lack may be lesions by caused be lesions by caused to the posterior parietal cortex by lesions to caused the spinal cord of the posterior parietal cortex Outputs include the posterior parietal cortex in Some neurons are modulated

in the posterior parietal cortex are by modulated the posterior parietal cortex are intention by modulated first She the was to poet Ada Byron the only child of was Byron's other children of All were born his wife Byron from separated a month Four months later , the parting he commemorated , the parting he commemorated in a poem he the parting in commemorated a poem the parting in that commemorated Greece He in died when Greece in Ada when died Despite this , Ada remained this , Ada remained interested him Ada interested in remained her death , she was buried in her childhood , Ada pursued her childhood , her studies Ada pursued , her studies Ada pursued assiduously 1835 She William King in married contact Her educational and social exploits her into brought ) , her her mathematical talents led , her her mathematical talents led to a long working relationship her mathematical talents her to led Between 1842 and 1843 , an article Ada translated , Ada an article by translated Ada Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea an article by translated Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea an article by translated about the early history Lovelace's notes important in are this perspective Other historians reject and point a vision also She developed of a "glorious boy his child to be expected Byron's half-sister was The child after named at Lord Byron's command , Lady Byron left Lord Byron's command , Lady Byron left for , her parents' home Lady Byron for left her parents' home Lady Byron for left at On 21 April , Lord Byron signed 21 April , the deed Lord Byron signed , the deed Lord Byron signed of separation Lord Byron the deed of signed from an acrimonious separation , Lady Byron continued an acrimonious separation , Lady Byron continued throughout , her life Lady Byron throughout continued her life Lady Byron throughout continued to This set of events Lovelace made of events Lovelace made infamous events Lovelace made infamous in Victorian society Lovelace infamous in made a relationship did not Ada have 1824 He in died when

1824 in she when died her life Her mother the only significant parental figure in was a close relationship did not Lovelace have as mitigation — Lady Byron had mitigation — Lady Byron had to herself Lady Byron to present had to This writing anxious letters included to Lady Milbanke , she referred Lady Milbanke , she referred to , her daughter she to referred her daughter she to referred as close friends her teenage daughter watched by had At the age of eight , she experienced the age of eight , headaches she experienced , she headaches that experienced she headaches that experienced obscured her vision headaches that obscured experienced June 1829 , she was paralyzed a bout was she after paralyzed continuous bed rest was She to subjected By 1831 , she was 1831 , she was able a tutor Ada Byron an affair with had the incident and her friends Lady Byron covered her younger half-sister never Lovelace met , 1822 Allegra in died at her tutor Lovelace close friends with became a strong respect She had and affection the scientists Other acquaintances included Andrew Crosse , Court was She at presented By 1834 Ada was a 1834 regular Ada a was regular Ada a was at 24 February 1834 This description their meeting on followed On 8 July 1835 , she married 8 July 1835 , William she married , William she married , William she married , 8th Baron King three homes They had : Ockham Park Worthy Manor They their honeymoon at spent their summer retreat later It became and three children They had : Byron of Annabella , Lady King experienced Annabella , Lady King experienced " , a tedious and suffering illness Lady King " experienced a tedious and suffering illness Lady King " experienced , a tedious and suffering illness " which , experienced the extinct Barons Lovelace Ada a descendant of was In 1843–44 , Ada's mother assigned 1843–44 , William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother assigned , William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother assigned to William Benjamin Carpenter Ada's mother assigned to teach

her quickly He for fell Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh ) were by told ) were Ada's mother by told were Ada's mother by told that Ada's mother by Ada's father that told On 27 February 1841 , Ada wrote 27 February 1841 , Ada wrote to , her mother Ada to wrote her mother Ada to wrote : the incestuous relationship did not She blame In the 1840s , Ada flirted the 1840s , Ada flirted with , scandals Ada with flirted scandals Ada with flirted : more than £3,000 apparently She lost on a syndicate to her forming led Andrew Crosse's son She a shadowy relationship with had their correspondence John Crosse most of destroyed She the only heirlooms him her father bequeathed the only heirlooms him her father bequeathed had which Byron accused she was one accused Byron she was In the 1840s , the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended the 1840s , her the mathematician Augustus De Morgan extended , "much help the mathematician Augustus De Morgan her extended "much help the mathematician Augustus De Morgan her extended in to Lady Byron , De Morgan suggested Lady Byron , De Morgan suggested that mathematics that Ada's skill in suggested at first sight , I is first sight , I is think , one I think is one I think is of metaphysics She valued as much the age of 36 Lovelace at died on Under her mother's influence , Ada had her mother's influence , a religious transformation Ada had , a religious transformation Ada had and a religious transformation Ada had and was her husband She contact with lost what is not It known is not what she known not what she known told him what she told known Throughout her life , Lovelace was her life , Lovelace was strongly with Babbage , Lovelace continued Babbage , Lovelace continued to In 1844 , she commented 1844 , she commented to , a friend she to commented a friend she to commented Woronzow Greig this never She achieved , , the brain in her interest came

the brain in her interest came from into this project , she visited this project , the electrical engineer she visited , the electrical engineer she visited Andrew Crosse the electrical engineer she visited Andrew Crosse in in 1842–43 , Lovelace translated 1842–43 , the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article Lovelace translated , the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article Lovelace translated on Babbage's newest proposed machine Lovelace the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article on translated With the article , she appended the article , a set she appended , a set she appended of notes she a set of appended a difficult task the Analytical Engine's function Explaining was , a difficult task many other scientists , as was is now many by considered now many by considered to many by considered to be whatever can It " do can whatever " we do whatever " we do know analysis can It follow ; analysis it ; but follow , Lovelace Babbage to wrote Lovelace Babbage to wrote asking that This the first was that the first she was of cancer , Lovelace wrote cancer , Lovelace wrote to , him Lovelace to wrote him Lovelace to wrote asking 1840 , Babbage was invited Ada Lovelace Charles Wheatstone Babbage's friend commissioned to the paper then She augmented with a year Ada Lovelace the better part of spent note G , she describes G , an algorithm she describes , an algorithm she describes for she an algorithm the Analytical Engine for describes an algorithm the Analytical Engine for describes to Babbage's Analytical Engine on Ada Lovelace's notes were republished previous ideas This analysis an important development from was the application Walter Isaacson Ada's insight regarding ascribes Babbage specialist Doron Swade : something Ada saw : that Ada something saw Ada that something Babbage saw that something Babbage saw in In Babbage's world his engines were bound Babbage's world his engines were by bound his engines were number by bound was entities could that number represent entities could that number represent other then symbols could the machine manipulate symbols could the machine manipulate of

Bromley several dozen sample programs by prepared notes Babbage several dozen sample programs prepared by notes "more a reflection Dorothy K. Stein Lovelace's notes as regards only a "promising beginner that Ada was explained " , Lovelace's contributions Stephen Wolfram defends to Lovelace's notes , Wolfram argues Lovelace's notes , Wolfram argues that the main characters and Babbage Lovelace are Ada Augusta Byron , is by portrayed , is Lily Lesser by portrayed is Lily Lesser by portrayed in the second season by Lily Lesser in portrayed an "analyst is She as employed the machine of The brass workings are reminiscent the episode Emerald Fennell Lovelace in portrays the 2019 Big Finish Doctor Lovelace a primary character in is the 2019 Big Finish Doctor a primary character in Who audio is a character Lovelace as features in The character was Sylvie Briggs by portrayed was Sylvie Briggs by portrayed , Sylvie Briggs by portrayed , alongside In 1981 , the Association for Women in Computing inaugurated 1981 , its Ada Lovelace Award the Association for Women in Computing inaugurated the Lovelace Colloquium BCSWomen sponsors , an annual conference an annual event Ada Lovelace Day is celebrated on Wikipedia edit-a-thons have Events included with 2013 , Ada Developers Academy was founded On 27 July 2018 , Senator Ron Wyden submitted 27 July 2018 , Senator Ron Wyden submitted , the United States Senate Senator Ron Wyden , in submitted Harvard University are Three at held 20 July 2018 , the sixth copy was sold auction was the sixth copy at sold A 1938 Guggenheim Fellow , his most serious work Derleth considered , his most serious work Derleth considered to his most serious work Derleth considered to be Sauk City Derleth up in grew local parochial and public high school was He in educated age 13 Derleth his first fiction at wrote his money would He save to to anthologist Jim Stephens , he sold anthologist Jim Stephens , his first story he sold , his first story he sold , his first story he sold , " his four years Derleth throughout wrote at

in the summer of 1931 , Derleth worked the summer of 1931 , Derleth worked in , a local canning factory Derleth in worked a local canning factory Derleth in worked and In the mid-1930s , Derleth organized the mid-1930s , a Ranger's Club Derleth organized , a Ranger's Club Derleth organized for young people Derleth a Ranger's Club for organized , 1939 in Derleth founded Arkham House in 1939 Derleth founded the works Its initial objective to publish was In 1941 , he became 1941 , literary editor he became , literary editor he became of literary editor he became of " fencing, swimming, chess, philately and comic-strips ( Derleth reportedly used ( the funding reportedly Derleth used the funding reportedly Derleth used from his writing methods , " I write the couple's two children Derleth custody of retained English April a Bachelor of Arts degree in earned majority stockholder She became , President that capacity She in remained until the community was She in known a heart attack Derleth of died on the Wisconsin River over The U.S. 12 bridge is named novels Derleth an expansive series of wrote a land He of writes and In his fictional world , there is his fictional world , a unity there is , a unity there is much a unity there is much deeper what : " Derleth argues the "Sac Prairie Saga The author inaugurated " with the "Sac Prairie Saga four novellas " with inaugurated instant sensitive responsiveness of "A book ... recreates Spring " was by published " was Charles Scribners & Sons by published " it " The New Yorker considered The New Yorker " it a story considered " it a story considered told it a story considered told " 1943 were These in followed Derleth's work was his one-time admirer by attacked was his one-time admirer by attacked and his one-time admirer by attacked and mentor Esquire " , Lewis observed a champion He is and a justification Yet a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man he also is a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man he also is with

a blue pencil , he might become the "Sac Prairie Saga to A lighter side " is 1961 , is by considered , is many Derleth's finest work by considered Derleth's work Detective fiction another substantial body of represented one published novel These included as well Solar Pons The series a (Sherlock Holmes-styled) British detective named features , Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle Ellery Queen of wrote Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle Ellery Queen of wrote " to Doyle's creation , Pons lived Doyle's creation , Pons lived in , the post-World War I era Pons in lived the post-World War I era Pons in lived , The Hound of the Baskervilles " , editor Peter Ruber wrote many and varied children's works Derleth wrote , including the "Sac Prairie Saga " was by noted " was the "Chicago Tribune by noted was the "Chicago Tribune by noted " the "Chicago Tribune by noted " : a correspondent Derleth was and friend a collection and Donald Wandrei Derleth assembled Arkham House and Wandrei Derleth founded In 1939 , Arkham House published 1939 , Arkham House published " , The Outsider and Others Arkham House " published The Outsider and Others Arkham House " published " Following Lovecraft's death , Derleth wrote Lovecraft's death , a number Derleth wrote , a number Derleth wrote of stories Derleth a number of wrote tales There indeed are wherein tales indeed Derleth's protagonists wherein are literary oblivion are widely by acknowledged are widely practitioners by acknowledged widely practitioners by acknowledged in the horror field by practitioners in acknowledged instance , Ramsey Campbell has acknowledged , Derleth's encouragement has Ramsey Campbell acknowledged Derleth's encouragement has Ramsey Campbell acknowledged and "Dark Carnival and Derleth Arkham House published Derleth Brian Lumley the importance of cites many historical novels also Derleth wrote , a series The work one in was Additionally , a number Derleth wrote , a number Derleth wrote of volumes Derleth a number of wrote introductions also He wrote to Nice generally The Alpine arch from extends tens of millions were The mountains over formed the French–Italian border Mont Blanc spans , and

in the mountains , precipitation levels vary the mountains , precipitation levels vary greatly the Alps famously Hannibal crossed with In 1800 , Napoleon crossed 1800 , one Napoleon crossed , one Napoleon crossed of the mountain Napoleon one of crossed " a related derivation " Albania is a high mountain pasture " An "alp to refers central Europe The Alps a crescent shaped geographic feature of are central Europe a crescent shaped geographic feature of that are the Mediterranean Sea north The range from stretches above the range of The highest portion is divided of the range is by divided the range is the glacial trough by divided is the glacial trough by divided of the Rhône valley by the glacial trough of divided lower mountain ranges of Series run parallel the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs to Col de Tende westwards it runs Col de Tende westwards it runs , westwards it runs , before In the medieval period hospices were by established the medieval period hospices were religious orders by established were religious orders by established at the summits by religious orders at established Crossing the Italian-Austrian border , the Brenner Pass separates the Italian-Austrian border , the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass separates , the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass separates and the Ötztal Alps the Brenner Pass separates and Zillertal Alps , continuous use has it seen a summit of , the Great St. Bernard Pass is of , one the Great St. Bernard Pass is , one the Great St. Bernard Pass is of one the Great St. Bernard Pass is of the a major commercial and military road has The Mont Cenis pass been between The pass was many troops by crossed was many troops by crossed on their way by many troops on crossed in 1882 the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened 1882 the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne was the Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel connecting opened not only mountains The list includes , but the Alpine four-thousanders of most were climbed ascents He his series of completed

1788 The first British Mont Blanc ascent in was ; By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended the mid-1850s most had Swiss mountaineers ascended most had Swiss mountaineers ascended of the Alpine orogeny ) an episodic process that was ) an episodic process that was began an episodic process that was began about 300 million of a single tectonic plate ; it broke a single tectonic plate ; it broke into ; separate plates it into broke separate plates it into broke during marine flysch sediments of a layer was deposited ongoing cycles The Alpine orogeny in occurred through The Alps are different lithology by subdivided are different lithology by subdivided ( different lithology by subdivided ( rock composition in the Cretaceous Period , the two areas show the Cretaceous Period , distinct differences the two areas show , distinct differences the two areas show in nappe formations the two areas distinct differences in show external sedimentary cover " with High "massifs are , the Alps of the structure consists the Alps of the structure consists of continental European origin The bottom nappe structure of is , the ongoing orogeny The Matterhorn an example of is to the ever-present geologic instability , earthquakes continue the ever-present geologic instability , earthquakes continue in , the Alps earthquakes in continue the Alps earthquakes in continue to minerals The Alps a source of are minerals a source of that are copper ; later the Romans mined ; later gold the Romans mined later gold the Romans mined for coins the Romans gold for mined high-quality iron ore in Styria Erzberg furnishes crystals Leonhard Euler the shapes of studied 8000 crystals David Friedrich Wiser a collection of amassed In the Miocene Epoch severe erosion the mountains underwent the Miocene Epoch severe erosion the mountains underwent because severe erosion the mountains underwent because of the 1840s Agassiz glacier movement in studied rocks Glaciers up pick and erosion This causes and the formation a valley The Inn valley an example of is straight rivers can Alpine glaciers be of The stress of the movement the ice causes