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World War II , Japan Nazi Germany encouraged , Japan Nazi Germany encouraged to Japan Nazi Germany encouraged to adopt on Global Anti - Semitism mentioned Global Anti - a strong feeling Semitism mentioned - a strong feeling Semitism mentioned of antisemitism Semitism a strong feeling of mentioned in 1948 , violent incidents occurred 1948 , violent incidents occurred against , Pakistan's small Jewish community violent incidents against occurred Pakistan's small Jewish community violent incidents against occurred of Karachi in The Magain Shalome Synagogue was attacked Jews of The persecution resulted in in Pakistan the September 11 attacks that believe Pakistan the September 11 attacks that believe on the World Trade Center that the September 11 attacks on believe the 2008 Mumbai attacks that Indian Jews perpetrated claimed a mission house of Chabad Lubavich The Jewish religious movement had an example has reportedly the country become in 1970 , Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad wrote 1970 , Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad wrote : " an editorial daily in stated an editorial daily in stated that an editorial in Malaysians that stated any Islamic country , " the newspaper said a statement subsequently Prime Minister Najib Razak's office issued late Monday a statement Utusan's claim late Monday saying issued In one meeting he claimed that one meeting he the Zionists that claimed sponsored the semi-state-run Iranian media outlet Fars News by , was an antisemitic cartoon the semi-state-run Iranian media outlet Fars News , by was the contest in Other cartoons were antisemitic antisemitism by ADL A 2021 report found In March 2011 , the Israeli government issued March 2011 , a paper the Israeli government issued , a paper the Israeli government issued claiming a paper the Israeli government issued claiming that In August 2012 , Israeli Strategic Affairs Ministry director-general Yossi Kuperwasser stated August 2012 , Israeli Strategic Affairs Ministry director-general Yossi Kuperwasser stated that At an institutional level , he said an institutional level , he the PA said In 2004 , the official Saudi Arabia tourism website said 2004 , the official Saudi Arabia tourism website said that

Jews against the restriction was removed the website from the ban although removed June 2011 , the "Economist " suggested a "crime Prime Minister Erdogan antisemitism called against the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , antisemitism had increased , what that he warned what that called he warned with BBC Radio 4 , Sacks said BBC Radio 4 , Sacks said : synagogues 've We had desecrated the ground Jewish schools burnt to had British citizens British Jews themselves as see So that kind it 's of feeling it that kind of 's in France , the European Jewish Congress demanded France , the European Jewish Congress demanded in , July the European Jewish Congress in demanded a more proactive response the European Jewish Congress in July demanded smaller tremors All these smaller attacks me of remind Hungary in antisemitism has evolved of this antisemitic ideology institutionalized is this the popular Hungarian party Jobbik antisemitic ideology institutionalized is the popular Hungarian party Jobbik antisemitic ideology institutionalized is , antisemitic ideology the popular Hungarian party Jobbik which , is the popular Hungarian party Jobbik which , is received such phrases and motifs The traditional accusations include In February 2018 , the Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stated February 2018 , the Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stated that falsify history , that is history , one that is , one that is of the very worst forms that one of is of the centrist Yesh Atid party , Morawiecki's remark said the centrist Yesh Atid party , Morawiecki's remark said is this of the Russian Jewish Congress President attributes At the same time experts warn that the same time experts worsening that warn experts economic conditions that worsening warn economic conditions that worsening warn may a meeting Late February 2014 Yarosh during pledged with dead was Muzychko shot on In April 2014 , Donetsk Chief Rabbi Pinchas Vishedski said April 2014 , Donetsk Chief Rabbi Pinchas Vishedski said that In March 2017 , Ukrainian politician Nadiya Savchenko said March 2017 , Ukrainian politician Nadiya Savchenko said during , a television interview Ukrainian politician Nadiya Savchenko during said

a television interview Ukrainian politician Nadiya Savchenko during said that a television interview during Jews that said you 'm I telling one , it have the Ukrainian people had it have the Ukrainian people had to must be Ukrainians by governed research , antisemitism that revealed of Muslims Muslim students that revealed Muslims Muslim students that revealed often kill Jews , all true Muslims hate Jews , Jews all true Muslims hate , Jews all true Muslims hate " these students of Most were said the antisemitism Norwegian Education Minister Kristin Halvorsen to referred reported , Europe in the Organization for Security and Co-Operation issued a report in Europe the Organization for Security and Co-Operation issued Austria , the highest rate Sweden has , the highest rate Sweden has of antisemitic incidents Sweden the highest rate of has the statement : " The Jews have : " too much influence The Jews have " too much influence The Jews have in the world The Jews too much influence in have these results Göran Persson The former prime minister described as them of Some are hostile In 2009 , the Malmö police received 2009 , reports the Malmö police received , reports the Malmö police received of 79 antisemitic incidents the Malmö police reports of received the Malmö Jewish community , the already small Jewish population that estimated antisemitism he , citing said In March 2010 , Fredrik Sieradzk told March 2010 , Fredrik Sieradzk told " , Die Presse Fredrik Sieradzk " told Die Presse Fredrik Sieradzk " told " the University of Lund , members that claimed the Swedish Parliament that members of claimed In December 2010 , the Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center issued December 2010 , a travel advisory the Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center issued , a travel advisory the Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center issued concerning Sweden the Jewish human rights organization Simon Wiesenthal Center a travel advisory concerning issued Reepalu of Critics say that of Reepalu his statements that say Reepalu his statements that say , itself in Greece Antisemitism manifests

Greece have Jews in lived in 1913 , the Greek government recognized 1913 , Jews the Greek government recognized , Jews the Greek government recognized as Greek citizens the Greek government Jews as recognized , Torhout in the Belgium government-funded, Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school declared Torhout in the Belgium government-funded, Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school declared that in Torhout it that declared Torhout it that declared was the Jewish community , the cartoonist was celebrated a champion was the cartoonist as celebrated a religion , no God would give , creatures would no God give such an ugly nose would no God creatures give the Jews He accused of harbouring the basis on the op-ed that Verhulst the continent's largest Jewish community France home to is France Jewish leaders an intensifying antisemitism in decry antisemitism that the extent of suggests with "The Jerusalem Post " he says "The Jerusalem Post " he says that In March 2012 , Mohammed Merah opened March 2012 , fire Mohammed Merah opened , fire Mohammed Merah opened at a Jewish school Mohammed Merah fire at opened the head was An 8-year-old girl in shot France of All is by and a French raid , Merah jumped a French raid , Merah jumped off , a balcony Merah off jumped a balcony Merah off jumped and the standoff Merah police during told a "distinctive religious symbol wearing a French Jewish teenager " was July 2012 in Another incident dealt with the floor on windows , thrown the incidents were The authorities of alerted several million euros Germany provided to fund In late August 2012 , Berlin police investigated late August 2012 , an attack Berlin police investigated , an attack Berlin police investigated on a 53-year-old rabbi Berlin police an attack on investigated a hate crime The police the attack as classified the rabbi then The teen attacked while the attack Berlin's mayor condemned , saying all efforts will Police undertake to German parliament members Schoeps various antisemitic statements by cited antisemitic incidents The Netherlands the second highest incidence of has acts of this Some two-thirds are

the Norwegian newspaper Jews Aftenposten that told 19 Actual antisemitic incidents from increased in 1173 Verbal antisemitic incidents slightly from dropped 75%–80% This for accounts of 2017 , survey an Institute for Jewish Policy Research found , survey an Institute for Jewish Policy Research found that an Institute for Jewish Policy Research survey the levels that found survey the levels that found of antisemitism that the levels of found that , 2015 had been , the worst year had 2015 been the worst year had 2015 been on 2016 The report that in found of antisemitic crime , the report said antisemitic crime , the report there said a decrease there had been said In the report's foreword , the CAA's Chairman wrote the report's foreword , the CAA's Chairman wrote : Jewish citizens There a very real danger of is , polling has the CAA commissioned polling has the CAA commissioned by In 2017 , their polling found 2017 , their polling found that British adults that 36% of found Additionally , widespread fear the polling revealed , widespread fear the polling revealed amongst British Jews the polling widespread fear amongst revealed various indications The report gave as to this progress It a reversal of found In 2016 , the Home Affairs Select Committee held 2016 , an inquiry the Home Affairs Select Committee held , an inquiry the Home Affairs Select Committee held into the rise the Home Affairs Select Committee an inquiry into held many other countries , there have been , recent incidents have there been For example , a 2004 study identified example , 24 incidents a 2004 study identified , 24 incidents a 2004 study identified of antisemitism a 2004 study 24 incidents of identified In April 2019 , the Anti-Defamation League said April 2019 , the Anti-Defamation League antisemitic incidents said "near-historic" levels antisemitic incidents remained at said In November 2005 , the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights examined November 2005 , antisemitism the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights examined , antisemitism the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights examined on college campuses the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights antisemitism on examined

On 19 September 2006 , Yale University founded 19 September 2006 , the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Anti-Semitism (YIISA Yale University founded , the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Anti-Semitism (YIISA Yale University founded ) the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Anti-Semitism (YIISA Yale University founded ) , the increase of the Center Director Charles Small cited In June 2011 , Yale voted June 2011 , Yale voted to this initiative Yale to close voted out a routine review , the faculty review committee said a routine review , the faculty review committee said that has been figures by criticized been figures by criticized such figures by criticized such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL by A 2007 survey ) concluded the Anti-Defamation League (ADL ) 15% that concluded Americans that 15% of concluded a strong predictor that education was concluded too much power have Jews was considered , the view Jews that include the view Jews that include are Boston Review " nearly 25% that found non-Jewish Americans that nearly 25% of found In August 2012 , the California state assembly approved August 2012 , a non-binding resolution the California state assembly approved , the California state assembly a non-binding resolution that approved the California state assembly a non-binding resolution that approved " a non-binding resolution that approved " encourages In 2016 , we saw 2016 , a 34% increase we saw , a 34% increase we saw over the prior year we a 34% increase over saw of 2017 , there was 2017 , a 67% increase there was , a 67% increase there was over the same period there a 67% increase over was double the number 've We seen of 25 April 2019 , " The New York Times" international edition included , " a cartoon The New York Times" international edition included " a cartoon The New York Times" international edition included featuring U.S. President Donald Trump and Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu The New York Times" international edition a cartoon featuring included a kippah was Trump wearing shown a kippah wearing Netanyahu and shown

of the 2009 Israel-Gaza conflict , the Venezuelan government expressed the 2009 Israel-Gaza conflict , disagreement the Venezuelan government expressed , disagreement the Venezuelan government expressed with Israel's actions the Venezuelan government disagreement with expressed On 5 January , President Chávez accused 5 January , the United States President Chávez accused , the United States President Chávez accused of the United States President Chávez accused of poisoning the offensive also He described by Days later , Israel's actions the Venezuelan foreign ministry called , Israel's actions the Venezuelan foreign ministry called "state terrorism Israel's actions the Venezuelan foreign ministry called "state terrorism " , various Jewish institutions targeting incidents occurred various Jewish institutions targeting incidents occurred in Caracas Protests in occurred with Caracas in demonstrators with occurred At the Tiféret Israel Synagogue , individuals spray the Tiféret Israel Synagogue , individuals spray painted Property of Islam individuals painted " spray 15 unidentified men consisting of an armed gang broke ; the Jewish shabbat this during happened anti-Semitic and anti-Israeli graffiti They the walls with daubed anti-Semitic and anti-Israeli graffiti the walls with that daubed possession has A minority taken of , the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election Henrique Capriles for opposition candidate was the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election Henrique Capriles for opposition candidate was subject what subject to foreign journalists was Azerbaijan of The economy has completed oil production to The transition led to remarkable growth figures to projects as led Azerbaijan's economy Large oil reserves a major contributor to are regulatory reforms has The government undertaken in privatization has largely The government completed In August 2000 , the government launched August 2000 , a second-stage privatization program the government launched , a second-stage privatization program the government launched , a second-stage privatization program the government launched , in Azerbaijan's economy Oil the most prominent product of remains Azerbaijan's oil was More than $60 billion into invested was Azerbaijan's oil into by invested major international oil companies into Azerbaijan's oil by invested the former Soviet republics Azerbaijan all the problems of shares progress has Azerbaijan making begun In 1992 , Azerbaijan became

1992 , member Azerbaijan became , member Azerbaijan became of the Economic Cooperation Organization Azerbaijan member of became In 2002 , the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 2002 , 54 ships the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 21 production-sharing agreements has Azerbaijan concluded with oil of The recent high price is highly In 2010 , Azerbaijan entered 2010 , Azerbaijan entered into , the top eight biggest oil suppliers Azerbaijan into entered the top eight biggest oil suppliers Azerbaijan into entered to the non-oil sector was $15.7 billion in invested the Soviet breakup , Azerbaijan was predicted power parity comparisons , the US dollar was exchanged 1,565.88 Manats was the US dollar at exchanged , use the new Manat in is use the new Manat in is , the Azerbaijani economy of the backbone has been has petroleum which , been petroleum which , been represented poor technology , Azerbaijan is considered , one is Azerbaijan considered one is Azerbaijan considered of the region Azerbaijan the largest agricultural basin in has agricultural lands of Azerbaijan About 54.9 percent is At the beginning of 2007 there were of the beginning of 2007 utilized agricultural area there of were meadows are Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes on focused In some lands it is profitable some lands it is profitable to prepared the European Union by is aimed the European Union by is aimed to southern region Lankaran is Program for considered is southern region Lankaran for which considered southern region Lankaran for which considered has In 2007 , mining and hydrocarbon industries accounted 2007 , mining and hydrocarbon industries accounted for , well over 95 percent mining and hydrocarbon industries for accounted well over 95 percent mining and hydrocarbon industries for accounted of Azerbaijan of the defense industry has emerged the defense sectors is The ministry with cooperating Azerbaijan The GDP growth rates in observed during But Azerbaijan of the banking sector has Azerbaijan of the banking sector has yet For this reason the banking sector remains small this reason the banking sector remains small in relation the banking sector small in remains , Azerbaijan 631 bank branches in function

the banks of One was founded To the same date , 98 non-bank credit organizations operate the same date , 98 non-bank credit organizations operate in , the republic 98 non-bank credit organizations in operate the republic 98 non-bank credit organizations in operate along , population of bank deposits were population of bank deposits were equal long-term deposits of them 33,3% were , customers to bank credits is 8.5 bn AZN to customers bank credits is customers 8.5 bn AZN which , is 8.5 bn AZN which , is makes In the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped to the situation a new oil and gas boom to improve helped local calls Public payphones available for are indefinite duration Tokens a call of allow of 2009 , there were 2009 , 1,397,000 main telephone lines there were , 1,397,000 main telephone lines there were and 1,397,000 main telephone lines there were and 1,485,000 internet users the economy Tourism an important part of is the 1980s The country a well-known tourist spot in was the 2000s It not until was a popular destination has also Azerbaijan become Azerbaijan of The government has set a national strategy It is to make a national strategy tourism to make is Azerbaijani The Azerbaijani manat the currency of is The manat is the Central Bank of Azerbaijan by issued is the Central Bank of Azerbaijan by issued , the Central Bank of Azerbaijan by issued , the monetary authority a floating exchange-rate system is The manat in held Azerbaijan's balance There a complex relationship between is Azerbaijan of Two-thirds is rich the Lesser Caucasus of The region accounts for September 1994 , a 30-year contract was signed the State Oil Company was a 30-year contract between signed the Soviet exploitation , Azerbaijan is considered , one is Azerbaijan considered one is Azerbaijan considered of an important economic hub Azerbaijan also is in In 2002 , the Azerbaijani government established 2002 , the Ministry of Transport the Azerbaijani government established , the Ministry of Transport the Azerbaijani government established with

a broad range the Azerbaijani government the Ministry of Transport with established In the same year , the country became the same year , a member the country became , a member the country became of a member the country became of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 2010 in Broad gauge railways stretched for a single gateway Single window system shares information through needed the world 73 economies single window system in implement this system Azerbaijan to implement started A single-window system was a decree by established was a decree by established of the Azerbaijani President by a decree of established customs officials " A "single authority principle requires to Sweden which practice the countries of were which practice the countries of were studied US of The practice was explored a single electronic statement " An "automated system provides to a commission The Customs Committee formed to realize important agencies were State Maritime Administration as selected In the first phase , the government realized the first phase , customs clearance system the government realized , customs clearance system the government realized on the process the government customs clearance system on realized all users This system free to was Baku was it to expanded the Republic of Azerbaijan of Customs code was amended a commission Customs Committee established working on of "permit" certificates was by approved "permit" certificates was the Customs Committee by approved was the Customs Committee by approved on 22 December 2009 by the Customs Committee on approved foreigners The State Migration Service appropriate permits for issues of October 2014 , Azerbaijan holds October 2014 , the highest foreign investment Azerbaijan holds , the highest foreign investment Azerbaijan holds per capita Azerbaijan the highest foreign investment per holds its independence , companies have invested , $174 billion have companies invested $174 billion have companies invested into World Bank's Doing Business report 2019 , Azerbaijan improved 2019 , its position Azerbaijan improved , its position Azerbaijan improved in the Ease Azerbaijan its position in improved the Caucasus region Azerbaijan a country in is the Caspian Sea Three physical features Azerbaijan : dominate

of Maine , Azerbaijan has Maine , a total land area Azerbaijan has , a total land area Azerbaijan has of approximately 86,600 square kilometers Azerbaijan a total land area of has Of the three Transcaucasian states , Azerbaijan has the three Transcaucasian states , the greatest land area Azerbaijan has Special administrative subdivisions the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic which , are the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic which , are is of the southern Caucasus Mountains , Azerbaijan borders the southern Caucasus Mountains , the Caspian Sea Azerbaijan borders , the Caspian Sea Azerbaijan borders to the east Azerbaijan the Caspian Sea to borders Nakhchivan of A small part also borders ; mountainous is nearly half the country considered Azerbaijan is mountains by ringed , Armenia bordering , is the Lesser Caucasus range Armenia , bordering is To the extreme southeast , the Talysh Mountains form the extreme southeast , part the Talysh Mountains form , part the Talysh Mountains form of the border the Talysh Mountains part of form the Greater Caucasus The highest elevations in occur , the Caucasus Eight large rivers down from flow Azerbaijan , was by formed was the Kura by damming formed the Kura by damming formed in hydroelectric power of the reservoir The waters provide the country's rivers of Most are not 8 types and different atmosphere circulations Physiographic conditions admit Lenkeran The maximum annual precipitation in falls ( oil refineries of pollution Major sources include has been oil leakages by polluted been oil leakages by polluted and oil leakages by polluted and the dumping the Soviet period , Azerbaijan was pressed an egregious lapse that chemical , although was threaten coastal areas ; the average level rose coastal areas ; the average level rose 1.5 meters Like other former Soviet republics , Azerbaijan faces other former Soviet republics , a gigantic environmental cleanup Azerbaijan faces , a gigantic environmental cleanup Azerbaijan faces complicated Azerbaijan a gigantic environmental cleanup by complicated faces the economic uncertainties a gigantic environmental cleanup complicated by faces the Azerbaijani government The Committee for the Protection of the Natural Environment part of is

global players The former category includes such as senior ex-U.S. government officials Azerbaijan formal involvement with has 1988 when in the Armenian majority began anti-Armenian rioting This to led in In 1992 , a war broke 1992 , a war broke out In 1994 , a Russian-brokered ceasefire ended 1994 , the war a Russian-brokered ceasefire ended , the war a Russian-brokered ceasefire ended but a Russian-brokered ceasefire the war more than 1 million ethnic Armenians but ended the war more than 1 million ethnic Armenians but ended and In return lobbyists they become return lobbyists they become for Azerbaijan they lobbyists for become a report also ESI published on Azerbaijani government The report the ties between revealed Milan of the public prosecutor has accused ) have the Guardian they told have the Guardian they told believe the Guardian its members they believe told Azerbaijan's delegation that a member of alleged that report in ESISC asserted that on 18 April 2017 ESISC the network that asserted 18 April 2017 ESISC the network that asserted composed three branches The armed forces have : the Azerbaijani Land Forces 2009 that the defence budget in suggests the design The Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan supervises , manufacturing extensive modernization has been Azerbaijan undergoing 19,500 personnel There also are in In addition , there are addition , 300,000 former service personnel there are , there 300,000 former service personnel who are there 300,000 former service personnel who are have 300,000 former service personnel who are have had Azerbaijan of The military hardware consists of of Azerbaijan 220 main battle tanks of consists Azerbaijan 220 main battle tanks of consists , the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has Azerbaijan to acceded 2003 Azerbaijan the multi-national force in joined Iraq It 150 troops to sent , in 2017 Global Firepower ranked in 2017 Azerbaijan Global Firepower ranked 2017 Azerbaijan Global Firepower ranked 59th Azerbaijan Global Firepower ranked 59th among the modern Azerbaijan army of The history dates back formally established the minister Gen. Samedbey Mehmandarov became established the minister Gen. Samedbey Mehmandarov became , the minister Gen. Samedbey Mehmandarov became , and

28 April 1920 The Red Army Azerbaijan on invaded their brief independence did not the Azeris surrender the total 30,000 soldiers of As many as 20,000 died resisting of the total 30,000 soldiers what resisting died the total 30,000 soldiers what resisting died was During World War II , Azerbaijan played World War II , a crucial role Azerbaijan played , a crucial role Azerbaijan played in the strategic energy policy Azerbaijan a crucial role in played on the Eastern Front was by supplied the Eastern Front was Baku by supplied the ranks Some 800,000 Azerbaijanis within fought of the Red Army of Azeri national formations included the the Cold War , Azerbaijan had been , the deployment area had Azerbaijan been the deployment area had Azerbaijan been of Nakhchivan was The 75th Motor Rifle Division in isolated missile and air defense brigades also The 4th Army included and the new army of the first unit was formed of the parliamentary decision , Lieutenant-General Valeh Barshadli became the parliamentary decision , the first Minister Lieutenant-General Valeh Barshadli became , the first Minister Lieutenant-General Valeh Barshadli became of the first Minister Lieutenant-General Valeh Barshadli became of Defense of Azerbaijan In summer 1992 , the nascent Defense Ministry received summer 1992 , a resolution the nascent Defense Ministry received , a resolution the nascent Defense Ministry received by the Azerbaijani president the nascent Defense Ministry a resolution by received an ultimatum then It forwarded to In July 1992 , Azerbaijan ratified July 1992 , the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Azerbaijan ratified , the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Azerbaijan ratified ) the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Azerbaijan ratified ) , the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE which ) , ratified 1992 was the 49th arsenal in completed by the end of 1992 , Azerbaijan received the end of 1992 , arms Azerbaijan received , arms Azerbaijan received and arms Azerbaijan received and military hardware devastating defeats The Azeri armed forces a series of took the allegation partially Armenians deny ,

In comparison , there were comparison , 62 non-combat deaths there were , 62 non-combat deaths there were and 62 non-combat deaths there were and 71 cases questions of non-combat deaths The string raises the war , a major offensive was launched a major offensive was the ground forces by launched was the ground forces by launched , the ground forces by launched , advancing Azeri forces , a ceasefire agreement was signed Azerbaijan was a ceasefire agreement between signed Under the agreement , Armenia returned the agreement , the surrounding territories Armenia returned , Armenia the surrounding territories it returned Armenia the surrounding territories it returned occupied the surrounding territories it returned occupied in the National Guard of The 2,500 men are also In addition , there are addition , 300,000 former service personnel there are , there 300,000 former service personnel who are there 300,000 former service personnel who are have 300,000 former service personnel who are have had numerous contracts has Azerbaijan signed to 23 motor rifle brigades The Land Forces include , an artillery brigade 2007 The IISS Military Balance in reported that 2007 in the Land Forces that reported March 2011 , 94 peacekeepers were deployed the International Security Assistance Force were 94 peacekeepers with deployed Iraq deployed in The Azeri peacekeeping unit consisted the hydroelectric power station The unit secured and reservoir Reportedly in December 2014 Azerbaijan created in December 2014 the Separate Combined Arms Army Azerbaijan created December 2014 the Separate Combined Arms Army Azerbaijan created in Nakhchivan Azerbaijan the Separate Combined Arms Army in created the corps Karam Mustafayev commander of became the air force Some 8,000 men in serve and around 106 aircraft The Air and Air Defence Force has and 35 helicopters fighters (air base ) Nasosnaya has There four other airbases also which are four other airbases also which are do talks is Azerbaijan holding with Baku Kala Air Base is Azerbaijan's helicopter force at concentrated figures and the IISS Jane's Information Group give and the IISS figures which give the IISS figures which give agree figures which give agree with

advanced training aircraft The Air Force L-39 has in missile and radar systems Azerbaijan has intended to S-300PMU2 There at least 2 divisions of are Thereby one the country has of one the country has of the two S-200 also Azerbaijan operates ( The country also about 100 NATO has also about 100 NATO has designated about 100 NATO has designated SA-2 Also in Azerbaijan there was in Azerbaijan a former Soviet early warning radar there was a bistatic phased-array installation The Gabala Radar Station was , operated a bistatic phased-array installation by , operated was 2002 was The contract in signed Russia The contract costed $ 7 a range The radar station had of up In December 2012 Russia announced that December 2012 Russia negotiations that announced collapsed , the naval base Azerbaijan inherited , the naval base Azerbaijan inherited and the naval base Azerbaijan inherited and parts In 2010 , the navy had 2010 , a Petya class light frigate the navy had , a Petya class light frigate the navy had , a Petya class light frigate the navy had , "Qusar four minesweepers There are consisting of the Azeri Navy has The U.S. Navy train helped an agreement There also is to In 2006 , the US Government donated 2006 , 3 motorboats the US Government donated , 3 motorboats the US Government donated to the Azerbaijani navy the US Government 3 motorboats to donated The special forces were the U.S. Navy SEALs Unit by trained were the U.S. Navy SEALs Unit by trained 641 the U.S. Navy SEALs Unit by trained 641 has 3 reconnaissance groups is The special unit of composed the Ministry of Defence The Special Forces of Azerbaijan part of are April 1999 was It in established the formation The Turkish Special Forces Command a role in played , the Special Forces of personnel reclaimed the city of the Special Forces personnel reclaimed On November 8 , Aliyev congratulated November 8 , the commander Aliyev congratulated , the commander Aliyev congratulated of the Special Forces Aliyev the commander of congratulated domestic military supplies of Azerbaijan The Ministry of Defence Industry directs

2005 was It in established an autonomous entity has The defense industry as emerged the defense sectors is The ministry with cooperating military assistance on an agreement was signed on military assistance was by signed military assistance was Turkey by signed was Turkey by signed and Turkey by signed and Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has Turkey provided with the defence industry of the minister has said Turkey were Other arms deals with signed a protocol and Yaver Jamalov Turkish Defence Minister Vecdi Gonul signed intent of A protocol was signed force will This project into come the T-155 Firtina self-propelled howitser that an export version of told has been a German MTU power pack by powered been a German MTU power pack by powered , a German MTU power pack by which , powered any kind of the United States Freedom Support Act Section 907 bans in 2001 there has been 2001 extensive U.S. military cooperation has there been extensive U.S. military cooperation has there been with He his visit the objective of said his visit the objective of said was the progress Hobbins to pointed made Oklahoma of The U.S. state is linked Azerbaijan's main supplier Russia one of is $4.85 billion Israel Azerbaijan's largest weapon supplier with is great interest has Azerbaijan shown in cooperation has The Israeli defense company Elta Systems Ltd had from Turkey Azerbaijan an experience exchange with has the training The Turkish Air Force School a great role in has Denis Aliyev There also was ( the rear, signal troops also They in serve conscription Women exempt from are 1,000 female personnel There currently are in , the 74,000 Azerbaijani soldiers of 2,000 were women of the 74,000 Azerbaijani soldiers 2,000 were women 600 , and were a symbol for a military unit A battle flag is honor a symbol of which is the State Flag Battle flags the color of have the Ministry of Defense Azerbaijan Military History Museum a structure under is 10 December 1992 was It on established was 10 December 1992 on by established the order on 10 December 1992 by established Today , 5 tanks the museum displays

, 5 tanks the museum displays , 5 tanks the museum displays , 9 armored personnel carriers the Second World War , veterans movements were launched Azerbaijan were veterans movements in launched the committee of The activity was limited of First Secretary Heydar Aliyev , there was First Secretary Heydar Aliyev , a revival there was , a revival there was in the veteran movement there a revival in was place of the Republican Veterans Organization The establishment took , the organization of the activity was the organization of the activity was largely hot summers The climate highland continental : is the southern Caucasus is Armenia in located historical Armenia Modern Armenia part of occupies , the Earth's crust a geological upheaval up pushed the Earth's crust a geological upheaval up pushed to northern Armenia The Lesser Caucasus range through extends , situated , travel the mountains make , travel the mountains make from north the mountains travel from make the form Geological turmoil in continues of the valleys The lowest points in are of the Lesser Caucasus in Elevations vary between the range the Armenian Plateau which , is the Armenian Plateau which , is slopes The plateau is intermediate mountain ranges by masked is intermediate mountain ranges by masked and intermediate mountain ranges by masked and extinct volcanoes the chief routes of the Debed and Akstafa rivers The valleys form sea level It above lies on Armenia of Most is drained of Armenia is by drained Armenia is the Araks by drained is the Araks by drained or the Araks by drained or its tributary Armenia in Temperatures generally depend the Mediterranean Sea Mountain formations the moderating climatic influences of block On the Armenian Plateau , the mean midwinter temperature is the Armenian Plateau , the mean midwinter temperature is to year Average precipitation from per ranges as a result , the country lacks a result , water the country lacks , water the country lacks , water the country lacks , especially the main reason That is why since the main reason ancient times inhabitants why since is

According to higher rank 2016 Sustainable Society Index Armenia has to higher rank 2016 Sustainable Society Index Armenia has of Human Wellbeing 2016 Sustainable Society Index Armenia higher rank of has 1982–1992 these did not exceed 5.5 did not these exceed At regional level slightly better situation is in regional level Yerevan city slightly better situation in is Yerevan city slightly better situation in is , 1.6 at Armenia's Total Fertility Rate was lowest the former Soviet Union Armenia the most ethnically homogeneous country of is 2002 , review ethnic minorities included , review Russians ethnic minorities included review Russians ethnic minorities included , Russians ethnic minorities included , Assyrians smaller communities There also were of Christian Most Armenians are , primarily the first nation is Armenia considered to its roots can The Armenian Apostolic Church trace back the Christian faith formally The country adopted in a very ritualistic, conservative church It is , roughly households of 24.9% were involved of 2016 , 11.9% were 2016 , 11.9% were in , Armenia 11.9% in were Armenia 11.9% in were , to 2019 UN data , emigration rate averaged 2019 UN data , emigration rate averaged to 1.7 emigration rate to annually averaged less than $10,000 of adults 55% own the following years Poverty significantly in fell almost 36 % It to soared in the country average provinces higher than are place of Armenia The politics take Executive power is the President by exercised is the President by exercised and the President by exercised and the Government the Russian Empire Armenia independent from became About a month before its independence Armenia was before its independence part Armenia was its independence part Armenia was of short lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Armenia part of was the country Soviet Russia its control over reinstalled the Soviet Union Armenia of the population voted Armenia of the population voted overwhelmingly It was a presidential election by followed was a presidential election by followed in October 1991 by a presidential election in followed the Armenian Communist Party , he was elected , Chairman was he elected Chairman was he elected of

on Nagorno-Karabakh , the President resigned Nagorno-Karabakh , the President resigned in , January 1998 the President in resigned January 1998 the President in resigned and in 2003 was by followed 2003 was widespread allegations by followed was widespread allegations by followed of ballot-rigging by widespread allegations of followed a referendum were These in rejected a very powerful position Concurrent parliamentary elections Kocharyan's party in left Armenia's stated aim of The Government is to , the fairness have international observers questioned the fairness have international observers questioned of place usually Public demonstrations take without the protection Armenia a good record on boasts a result , the president was stripped his veto faculty was the president of stripped his veto faculty of the presidency and stripped In March 2018 , Armenian parliament elected March 2018 , Armen Sarksyan Armenian parliament elected , Armen Sarksyan Armenian parliament elected as the new President Armenian parliament Armen Sarksyan as elected June 2021 , early parliamentary elections were held 71 seats Nikol Pashinyan's Civil Contract party won , while 71 seats 29 , while won substantive improvement has Armenia seen in However , Armenia 60th Transparency International's 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index ranked , Armenia 60th Transparency International's 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index ranked in the world Transparency International's 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index Armenia 60th in ranked Transparency International , Armenia has improved " a gradual approach has Armenia taken a gradual approach has Armenia taken to 2020 The Armenian economy sharply in contracted copper Armenian mines produce , zinc energy of The vast majority is produced been international aid somewhat by offset international aid somewhat by offset , some improvements had The former government made in the old Soviet central planning system , Armenia had developed , a modern industrial sector had Armenia developed a modern industrial sector had Armenia developed , December 1991 , Armenia has switched small-scale agriculture has Armenia to switched more investment The agricultural sector long-term needs for has a food importer Armenia is , and a food importer its mineral deposits , and is a chance did not the Armenian Economy have

the second war The problem its peak during reached , present-day Armenia of the territory was an agricultural region of present-day Armenia the territory was 1919 About 200,000 people in died alone At that point , only American relief efforts saved that point , Armenia only American relief efforts saved , Armenia only American relief efforts saved from total collapse only American relief efforts Armenia from saved one Armenians from being went Anatolia Armenians the second richest ethnic group in were the whole Armenian population targeted towards the genocide left economic activity The first Soviet Armenian government regulated stringently , state control of This first experiment ended with the large enterprises This policy state control of continued In Armenia , the NEP years brought Armenia , partial recovery the NEP years brought , partial recovery the NEP years brought from the economic disaster the NEP years partial recovery from brought the end of the 1920s , Stalin's regime had revoked , the NEP had Stalin's regime revoked the NEP had Stalin's regime revoked and which , in market forces The Stalinist command economy of the communist economic revolution , Armenia underwent the communist economic revolution , a fundamental transformation Armenia underwent , a fundamental transformation Armenia underwent into a "proletarian" society Armenia a fundamental transformation into underwent of the communist era , the Armenian economy showed the communist era , few signs the Armenian economy showed , few signs the Armenian economy showed of self-sufficiency the Armenian economy few signs of showed In 1988 , Armenia produced 1988 , only 0.9% Armenia produced , only 0.9% Armenia produced of the net material product Armenia only 0.9% of produced 1989 began in that worsened to statistics , the GDP declined statistics , the GDP declined by , 37.5 percent the GDP by declined 37.5 percent the GDP by declined in as a Soviet republic , national income fell a Soviet republic , national income fell 12% the previous year national income 12% from fell , the early 1990s of the Armenian economy remained the early 1990s of the Armenian economy remained far

for better prices ; the inflation rates were better prices ; 10 percent the inflation rates were ; 10 percent the inflation rates were in 1990 the inflation rates 10 percent in were the free market Armenia elements of introduced supply the country's basic needs , the first decision was the country's basic needs , land reform the first decision was , land reform the first decision was and land reform the first decision was and the privatization the emergence This for allowed of in 1991 , the democratically elected government pushed 1991 , the democratically elected government pushed vigorously privatisation and market relations the democratically elected government vigorously for pushed In middle 1993 , the committee announced middle 1993 , a two-year privatisation programme the committee announced , a two-year privatisation programme the committee announced , the committee a two-year privatisation programme whose first stage , announced a two-year privatisation programme whose first stage , announced would be all citizens to by distributed means to all citizens by distributed large-scale investments living abroad A few Armenians made the International Monetary Fund was Armenia to admitted Like other former states , Armenia's economy suffers other former states , Armenia's economy suffers from , the legacy Armenia's economy from suffers the legacy Armenia's economy from suffers of 1992–93 , the GDP had fallen strong economic growth has Armenia registered since Armenia increasing support has This steady economic progress earned from , an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program had the Armenian government launched the Armenian government had an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that launched had an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that launched resulted an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that launched resulted in Armenia of The economic growth expressed in 350 GDP from $ went this result Three principal factors explain : the credibility the World Trade Organization Armenia joined ( WTO the early and mid-1990s have been by offset have been the energy by offset been the energy by offset supplied the energy by by supplied offset a net energy exporter Armenia now is , approximately $4,280 per capita GDP was

, Armenia of the economy grew Armenia of the economy grew by 2020 The Armenian economy poorly in performed a combination This downturn due to was pandemic The two biggest contributing factors the Coronavirus were was negatively the economic restrictions by impacted negatively the economic restrictions by that impacted the economic restrictions by that impacted were home order These restrictions a stay at included to the World Bank , individual consumption dropped the World Bank , individual consumption dropped by , 9% individual consumption by dropped 9% individual consumption by dropped in consumer consumption in This drop was due against Azerbaijan was by ended Azerbaijan was the November 10th Document by ended was the November 10th Document by ended , the November 10th Document by ended , signed the subsequent Azeri occupation The document for allowed of in the war , the central government mobilized the war , the country the central government mobilized public ones were Private businesses into converted extra lockdowns wo n't Specialists authorize of 2010 , the agricultural production comprises 2010 , the agricultural production comprises on , average 25 percent the agricultural production on comprises average 25 percent the agricultural production on comprises of 17.9 percent Armenia's agricultural output by dropped in bad weather was This to owing the period was a declining trend in registered the neighboring countries ( Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran) one can notice 36% Real estate transactions count by grew in the latter part Armenia a construction boom during experienced the January to September 2010 period , the sector experienced period , the sector experienced a the economy The digital economy a branch of is the prospect of the summit The main topic was banks Digital transformation a necessity for is during the January–August 2007 period , Armenia's industrial sector was the January–August 2007 period , the single largest contributor Armenia's industrial sector was , the single largest contributor Armenia's industrial sector was to the country's GDP Armenia's industrial sector the single largest contributor to was of 2018 , prudent macroeconomic policy helped 2018 , prudent macroeconomic policy helped develop , a track record prudent macroeconomic policy develop helped

a track record prudent macroeconomic policy develop helped of the RA Statistical Committee , a negative trend was recorded all service segments was a negative trend in recorded In 2010 , retail trade turnover was 2010 , retail trade turnover was largely the retail sector throughout The existing monopolies have made throughout the retail sector have the sector made the retail sector have the sector made non responsive the sector non - made , standards has Armenia improved standards has Armenia improved of Yerevan the major sector still in is this sector happened in that was Currently a new development there is , a new development there is , as of the retail the development that is the retail the development that is happened the development that is happened in of February 2019 nearly 23 thousand employees were counted February 2019 nearly 23 thousand employees were counted in ICT sector were nearly 23 thousand employees in counted With 404 thousand AMD highest pay rate they enjoyed 404 thousand AMD highest pay rate they enjoyed among surveyed sectors they highest pay rate among enjoyed Armenia in Tourism has been , international tourism from receipts amounted international tourism from receipts amounted to the state budget This a significant financial load on is In 2019 , the Armenian government planned 2019 , the Armenian government planned to about $490 million the Armenian government to obtain planned 2018 Armenia the country's fiscal rules in revised $863.5 million The debt by rose in In 2008 , transfers reached 2008 , record high transfers reached , record high transfers reached of $2.3 billion transfers record high of reached In 2015 , they reached 2015 , 10-year low they reached , 10-year low they reached at $1.6 billion they 10-year low at reached In 2018 , they run 2018 , they run at $1.8 billion they at round run first half of 2019 were $0.8 billion in transferred 2009 Net private transfers in decreased , during the first half of 2008 , cash remittances sent the first half of 2008 , cash remittances sent back Armenia cash remittances back to sent

, cash remittances only the latter figures represent cash remittances only the latter figures represent processed , bank transfers through cash remittances rose bank transfers through cash remittances rose by additional capital buffers has The central bank set in since April 2019 , the regulator set April 2019 , three buffers the regulator set , three buffers the regulator set exceeding the current capital adequacy requirement compliant the regulator three buffers exceeding set to the National Statistical Service , Armenia's government debt stood the National Statistical Service , Armenia's government debt stood at , AMD 3.1 trillion Armenia's government debt at stood AMD 3.1 trillion Armenia's government debt at stood ( international commerce , a year 2020 was , a year 2020 was of decline 2020 a year of was 2020 goods $2.544 billion in worth items Armenia imported worth 4.559 billion dollars January 1, 2020 , Armenia will switch a flat income taxation system will Armenia to switch a flat income taxation system to which , switch January 1, 2020 , the republic will abandon , two alternative tax systems - self-employed and family entrepreneurship will the republic abandon will be micro by replaced be - by micro replaced entrepreneurship by micro - replaced By comparison , corporate profit tax generated comparison , less than 16 percent corporate profit tax generated , less than 16 percent corporate profit tax generated of the revenues corporate profit tax less than 16 percent of generated In Armenia , VAT-paying individuals subtract Armenia , VAT-paying individuals the VAT subtract their inputs the VAT paid on subtract in 2018 , exports amounted 2018 , exports amounted to , $2.411.9 billion exports to amounted $2.411.9 billion exports to amounted , OF ARMENIA : PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIALS authors investigated ARMENIA : the trade potential PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIALS authors investigated : the trade potential PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIALS authors investigated of Armenia PERSPECTIVES AND POTENTIALS authors the trade potential of investigated flows The study Armenia's trade explored to of the paper , the authors concluded the paper , the authors concluded that In addition , the authors concluded addition , the authors concluded that

Armenian export that the most perspective product groups of concluded export quantities in biggest growth was measured In 2017 , Armenia imported 2017 , Armenia imported $ , 3.96B Armenia $ imported 3.96B Armenia $ imported , Armenia of the imports have decreased The most recent imports are Petroleum Gas by led are Petroleum Gas by which led Petroleum Gas by which led represent oil Armenia's main imports are , natural gas the most important import partner The Russian Federation is ( 26.2% 2018 , the country's structural trade imbalance was predicted to World Trade Organization data , Armenia exported World Trade Organization data , commodities Armenia exported , worth Armenia commodities exported worth Armenia commodities exported US$2.4 billion less impact has The global economic crisis had on GDP The current account deficit 2.4 percent of represented 11.6 percent Armenia's foreign trade turnover by increased in As a consequence , Armenia's foreign trade turnover reached a consequence , 1.5 trillion drams Armenia's foreign trade turnover reached , 1.5 trillion drams Armenia's foreign trade turnover reached ( 1.5 trillion drams Armenia's foreign trade turnover reached ( $2.9 billion 3.9 percent Foreign trade turnover by climbed in , May 2021 in Armenia's international trade deficit was 83.4 billion drams in May 2021 Armenia's international trade deficit was In 2017 , EU countries accounted 2017 , EU countries accounted for , 24.3 percent EU countries for accounted 24.3 percent EU countries for accounted of In 2010 , EU countries accounted 2010 , EU countries accounted for , 32.1 percent EU countries for accounted 32.1 percent EU countries for accounted of of trade ; this is trade ; this is due EU countries to Armenian exports have skyrocketed , the European Union with Armenia's trade totaled $200 million with the European Union Armenia's trade totaled 30 percent 2017 CIS countries for accounted of China with trade is dominated with China is by dominated China is imports by dominated is imports by dominated of Chinese goods by imports of dominated Chinese-Armenian trade of The volume soared by Iran with Armenia's trade grew significantly Iran have domestic firms to looked

, the countries between trade exceeded $300 million between the countries trade exceeded Iranian tourists of The number has risen , the United States with bilateral trade measured approximately $150 million with the United States bilateral trade measured Georgian-Armenian trade of The volume remains modest to official Armenian statistics , it rose official Armenian statistics , it rose by , 11 percent it by rose 11 percent it by rose to about $200 million trade , with was FDI Jersey the main source of was , all other sources from combined net FDI was all other sources from combined net FDI was negative an Anglo-American company The tax haven Jersey home to is On March 27, 2006 , the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed March 27, 2006 , the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a the "Armenian Compact of The single stated goal " is $67 million The compact a includes to road construction would not the MCC complete , International Development for United States Agency signed an extension for International Development United States Agency signed on the same day , USAID increased the same day , the aid USAID increased , the aid USAID increased by the aid USAID increased by additional the MCC funding , the European Union may replace , the US may the European Union replace the US may the European Union replace as , Armenia of the Government established the State Commission of Armenia the Government established August 2013 was The “Alliance” FEZ in opened “Alliance” FEZ of The focus is on “Alliance” FEZ high-tech industries on which is high-tech industries on which is include 2015 , another “Meridian” FEZ , focused jewelry production , another “Meridian” FEZ on focused , 2008 in Armenia's economic system was 2008 in Armenia's economic system was anticompetitive The result us the prices with is us the prices with is do a sweeping reform also She for called 2000 , the Russian state has acquired , several key assets has the Russian state acquired several key assets has the Russian state acquired in On November 1, 2006 , the Armenian government handed

November 1, 2006 , de facto control the Armenian government handed , de facto control the Armenian government handed of the Iran-Armenia gas pipeline the Armenian government de facto control of handed a 32% stake This the Armenian government with left In December 2017 natural gas distribution networks government transferred December 2017 natural gas distribution networks government transferred in cities government natural gas distribution networks in transferred 2008 ) the Armenian administration that say them could have Armenia repaid Russia that Armenia's economic cooperation with say over the past decades , it is the past decades , the only state it is , the only state it is to the only state it is to have Armenia into The only operational rail link is from Batumi and Poti more than 90 percent process Poti freight more than 90 percent of process freight more than 90 percent of process shipped controversially the Russian authorities down by shut the Russian authorities down by shut in Upper Lars the only land border crossing that is does the only land border crossing that is does not October 2008 , the Armenian government was considering an ambitious project was the Armenian government implementing considering Armenia's mountainous southern province would The 400 kilometer railway through pass non roads functioning - are roads functioning - are with wage workers of about 30% were organized 2020 that in there reported Armenia of The Statistical Committee reported that The Central Bank of Armenia Armenia the expected unemployment rate in reported Armenia the expected unemployment rate in reported to the direct effect will This be of in January 2019 562,043 payroll jobs were recorded January 2019 562,043 payroll jobs were recorded , not survey data by published match the Statistical Committee of Armenia survey data published by match The mismatch was former PM Hrant Bagratyan by highlighted to 2017 in World Bank data unemployment ratio reached 18.19% in 2017 World Bank data unemployment ratio reached In 2018 , the ratio increased 2018 , the ratio increased to , 18.97% the ratio to increased 18.97% the ratio to increased and the unemployment rate 2020 dramatic increase inn reported

men women's unemployment rate higher than is to International Labor Organization , Armenia has International Labor Organization , the highest women's unemployment rate Armenia has , the highest women's unemployment rate Armenia has in post-Soviet countries Armenia the highest women's unemployment rate in has In 2017 , the National Statistical Service of Armenia stated 2017 , the National Statistical Service of Armenia stated that officially registered unemployed people that more than 60% of stated the fact of those issues Some are those issues the fact potential employers that are the fact potential employers that are consider this phenomenon that the most crucial problem affecting mentions , men of the average monthly salary is men of the average monthly salary is much is the discrimination that eliminating stated the discrimination that eliminating stated between a crucial problem that this is mentions Armenia's residents of hundreds of thousands have gone the major cause has Unemployment been of Armenia that between 116,000 and 147,000 people left estimate , migration of another feature was an increase of migration another feature was a risk was the whole family's future at put were also many emigrants failure by heightened Armenia ce="preserve">This article transport in considers However , daily inbound and outbound trains there are , daily inbound and outbound trains there are connecting Tbilisi there daily inbound and outbound trains connecting are Yerevan railway station trains from Departing connect to From neighboring Georgia , trains depart neighboring Georgia , trains depart to , Yerevan trains to depart Yerevan trains to depart from Within Armenia , new electric trains connect Armenia , passengers new electric trains connect , passengers new electric trains connect from Yerevan new electric trains passengers from connect discussion There also is to funding is Armenia pursuing from the project of The completion could establish , is the Yerevan Metro by serviced 1981 was The system in launched a 13.4 kilometres The metro on runs ( 6:30 a.m. Trains every five minutes from run , the metro of the annual ridership is 16.2 million passengers of the metro the annual ridership is both Georgia Land borders open with are

Yerevan There daily bus connections between are , Yerevan Central Bus Station buses from depart Yerevan Central Bus Station buses from depart to Yerevan which connect There are also scheduled bus routes with In addition , there is addition , a once a week bus service there is , a once a week bus service there is to Istanbul there a once a week bus service to is all major cities The Armenian bus network connects and towns a waiting room are bus stations with equipped 15 passengers , some routes are operated some routes are soviet bus producer LiAZ by operated are soviet bus producer LiAZ by operated ( soviet bus producer LiAZ by operated ( Russia a large integrated bus network itself Yerevan has , most city buses Wi-Fi available on is this , buses often have , difficulty often buses have difficulty often buses have meeting in the country , passengers pay the country , passengers pay in , cash passengers in pay cash passengers in pay to the national bus network on Passengers pay before boarding before passengers , pay its internal highway network has been Armenia developing The "North-South Road Corridor Investment Program " a major infrastructure project which is " a major infrastructure project which is aims a major infrastructure project which is aims at It a major US$1.5 billion infrastructure project by funded is the Asian Development Bank a major US$1.5 billion infrastructure project funded by is , access will the highway provide access will the highway provide to European road networks Armenia to connects via the most convenient and comfortable means in Armenia Air transportation is There large international airports that are accept both external and domestic flights large international airports that accept are three additional civil airports There are currently under air connections There plenty of are both military and civilian heliports Armenia a number of maintains the premises is The main military heliport on located the US-made Robinson R66 are Helicopter services with delivered personnel branches It of consists under charge The Ministry of Defence in is of the Ministry of Defence Border guards to subject until

2002 , Armenia has been , a member has Armenia been a member has Armenia been of the Treaty of Batum of 4 June 1918 the Ottoman Empire demobilized of 4 June 1918 most the Ottoman Empire demobilized 4 June 1918 most the Ottoman Empire demobilized of the Armenian army the Ottoman Empire most of demobilized On 1 June 1992 , ITAR-TASS reported 1 June 1992 , ITAR-TASS reported that the beginning The modern Armenian military its first stage at entered 20 September 1990 , the first military unit was created 28 January 1992 Armenia a Ministry of Defence on established the 1st Airborne Regiment the first Armenian soldier , where was in Europe was by ratified Europe was the Armenian parliament by ratified was the Armenian parliament by ratified in July 1992 by the Armenian parliament in ratified key categories The treaty comprehensive limits on establishes determination have consistently Armenian officials expressed Despite this , Azerbaijan accuses this , Armenia Azerbaijan accuses , Armenia Azerbaijan accuses of Armenia Azerbaijan accuses of diverting In March 1993 , Armenia signed March 1993 , the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention Armenia signed , the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention Armenia signed , Armenia the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention which , signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention which , signed calls above , its own Internal Troops Armenia established , its own Internal Troops Armenia established from the former Soviet Interior Troops Armenia its own Internal Troops from established until December 2002 , Armenia maintained December 2002 , a Ministry of Internal Affairs Armenia maintained , a Ministry of Internal Affairs Armenia maintained , a Ministry of Internal Affairs Armenia maintained , but great demands are These older systems placing on an effort is The ground force in engaged the need The army sees to maintain the Soviet Union , Armenia has followed , a policy has Armenia followed a policy has Armenia followed of In 2000 , the Centre for International Studies and Research reported 2000 , the Centre for International Studies and Research reported that that time the Centre for International Studies and Research that at reported

that time that at the Armenian Army reported peacekeeping and defensive duties mainly The Active Forces have , Enhancement Forces The Reserve Forces of consists , During peacetime permanent combat and mobilization readiness the Army maintains the Armenian Army The AK-74 the standard issue rifle of is 15 Su-25 ground attack planes The Armenian Air Force of consists , an anti-aircraft missile brigade It of consists and Armenian teams Russian specialist to train started the first time was The S-300 for paraded The S-300 the main Air Defensive system that is protects Armenia's air security the main Air Defensive system that protects is part These systems not were of above , around 20,000 active soldiers there are , around 20,000 active soldiers there are defending Nagorno-Karabakh there around 20,000 active soldiers defending are 316 tanks The Karabakh army's heavy military hardware : includes , a conscript force The Armed Forces of Armenia constitutionally is , roughly 19,000 conscripts There were and 23,000 professionals , is military commissariats by handled 2003 , conscientious objectors can apply alternative service can conscientious objectors for apply Higher military education is the National Defense Research University by provided is the National Defense Research University by provided in Yerevan by the National Defense Research University in provided a service A contractual military service is last for not service for fit are service for fit are ineligible contract servicemen for sergeant training courses have operated Armenia in Military service is obligatory 27 to 50 aged Citizens are registered The enlistment process is the military commissariats by handled is the military commissariats by handled in January by the military commissariats in handled the early 90s , at least 115 Armenian women were known the diaspora from Many women arrived to the army currently More than 2,000 women in serve approved the National Assembly by , committed the military the National Assembly , by committed the MPs at the time Defense Minister Vigen Sargsyan told the MPs It that " told the Armenian Armed Forces The Erato Detachment the first all-women military unit in was , Yazidi reservists of a group formed

a reserve military unit of Yazidi reservists a group formed of Yazidi reservists a reserve military unit that formed Yazidi reservists a reserve military unit that formed joined the frontline a reserve military unit that joined formed older equipment The Armenian Army a wide variety of operates some newer equipment There also is from 2015 , a US$200m loan was ratified a US$200m loan was Russia by ratified was Russia by ratified for the purchase by Russia for ratified its own combat helmets Armenia produces and body armors Following the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes , the Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly released the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes , a report the Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly released , a report the Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly released , the Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly a report which , released a report which , released detailed all types Russia an estimated 5,000 soldiers of stations In 1997 , the two countries signed 1997 , a far-reaching friendship treaty the two countries signed , a far-reaching friendship treaty the two countries signed , the two countries a far-reaching friendship treaty which , signed a far-reaching friendship treaty which , signed calls In early 2005 , the 102nd Military Base had early 2005 , 74 tanks the 102nd Military Base had , 74 tanks the 102nd Military Base had , 74 tanks the 102nd Military Base had , 17 battle infantry vehicles the Azeri media , Russia has supplied , $1 billion worth has Russia supplied $1 billion worth has Russia supplied of Russian-Armenian military cooperation Officer training another sphere of is its army of officers were trained its own territory , the Armenian officer corps honors , the Armenian officer the tradition corps honors the Armenian officer the tradition corps honors and the tradition corps honors and is during autumn 2005 , Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov reported autumn 2005 , Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov reported that The export agreement was Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan by signed was Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan by signed and Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan by signed and a visiting senior Russian official At the beginning of 2009 , Azerbaijani media published

the beginning of 2009 , allegations Azerbaijani media published , allegations Azerbaijani media published that Azerbaijani media allegations Russia that published allegations Russia that published had 12 January 2009 , the Russian ambassador was invited the Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the Russian ambassador to invited foreign relations of Russian ministry officially denied secretary general was Nikolai Bordyuzha appointed of On 23 June 2006 , Uzbekistan became 23 June 2006 , a full participant Uzbekistan became , a full participant Uzbekistan became in the CSTO Uzbekistan a full participant in became all participating states The charter the desire of reaffirmed To this end , the CSTO holds this end , yearly military command exercises the CSTO holds , yearly military command exercises the CSTO holds for the CSTO yearly military command exercises the CSTO nations for holds yearly military command exercises the CSTO nations for holds to ) was five by reached was five by reached of the seven CSTO members by five of reached the five member states Armenia one of is (PiP) program Armenia in NATO's Partnership for Peace participates the process Armenia in is of NATO Greece Armenia's closest ally in is Armenian officers of A number are trained In February 2003 , Armenia sent February 2003 , 34 peacekeepers Armenia sent , to Armenia 34 peacekeepers sent Kosovo Armenia 34 peacekeepers to sent Yerevan in Officials have said in Yerevan have the Armenian military said Yerevan have the Armenian military said plans experience has been Lithuania sharing In early 2003 , United States Department of Defense announced early 2003 , several major military programs United States Department of Defense announced , several major military programs United States Department of Defense announced in the Caucasus United States Department of Defense several major military programs in announced In late 2004 , Armenia deployed late 2004 , a unit Armenia deployed , a unit Armenia deployed of 46 soldiers Armenia a unit of deployed Kosovo Armenia the Kosovo Force in joined the Greek Army battalion " Armenian "blue helmets within serve 3 September 2003 was The relevant memorandum on signed

Armenian peacekeepers of The sixth deployment departed for its peacekeepers temporarily Armenia withdrew from of Iraq , Armenia deployed Iraq , a unit Armenia deployed , a unit Armenia deployed of 46 peacekeepers Armenia a unit of deployed Al-Kut were Armenian peacekeepers in based , Armenian peacekeepers of the fourth shift departed Armenian peacekeepers of the fourth shift departed for 3 staff commanders The shift included , 2 medical officers of the deployment , there was the deployment , there was one Iraq The Armenian government the small troop presence in extended On 7 October 2008 , Armenia withdrew 7 October 2008 , its contingent Armenia withdrew , its contingent Armenia withdrew of 46 peacekeepers Armenia its contingent of withdrew Afghanistan Armenia 130 soldiers in deployed In 2014 , Armenia deployed 2014 , 33 peacekeepers Armenia deployed , 33 peacekeepers Armenia deployed to Lebanon Armenia 33 peacekeepers to deployed 2022 , Armenia has sent , around 100 servicemen has Armenia sent to has Armenia around 100 servicemen sent its independence , Armenia has maintained , a policy has Armenia maintained a policy has Armenia maintained of a number It full membership status in has the Government The Ministry of Foreign Affairs the foreign policy agenda of implements the historical events have officially 33 states recognized countries the Armenian genocide recognize that include Argentina recognize the Armenian genocide that include , countries of some regional governments recognize the Armenian genocide of countries some regional governments recognize 30 January 2007 was US House Resolution 106 on introduced sponsors The bill 225 co - has his desire President Barack Obama His successor expressed the Armenian genocide formally The US House of Representatives recognized with the genocide unanimously The United States Senate recognized with Nagorno-Karabakh over The current conflict began in 1988 in Armenian demonstrations when began Armenians violence out against broke Kirovabad , a state Moscow declared , a state Moscow declared of emergency Moscow a state of declared Armenian populations and Soviet forces Azerbaijani militia targeted troops also Moscow deployed to the fighting were More than 30,000 people in killed In May 1992 , Armenian forces seized

May 1992 , Shusha Armenian forces seized , Shusha Armenian forces seized and Shusha Armenian forces seized and Lachin By October 1993 , Armenian forces succeeded October 1993 , Armenian forces succeeded in almost all Armenian forces in taking succeeded In 1993 , the UN Security Council adopted 1993 , four resolutions the UN Security Council adopted , four resolutions the UN Security Council adopted calling four resolutions the UN Security Council adopted calling for Russia chaired by - , - three proposals have chairs presented three proposals have chairs presented to negotiations The OSCE a round of sponsored Secretary of State Colin Powell launched of State the talks Colin Powell launched State the talks Colin Powell launched 3 April 2001 the talks Colin Powell launched 3 April 2001 , war The two countries still at are 178 separate entities Armenia diplomatic relations with has the demographics This article about is of from 1900 to 1950 and every decennial census are 1900 to 1950 and every decennial census are from and the U.S. Census Bureau every decennial census from are no census There was taken in the Congregational Christian Church on the island Major Christian denominations include his book in J. Gordon Elton claims that in his book the Methodists that claims his book the Methodists that claims , American Samoa The World Factbook 2010 estimate the religious affiliations of shows place of American Samoa Politics takes the United States American Samoa an unincorporated and unorganized territory of is Executive power is the governor by discharged is the governor by discharged and the governor by discharged and the lieutenant governor the two chambers is Legislative power in vested the traditional village politics There also is of the language The Fa'asamoa is and customs place and the Fono The Fa'amatai take ) are consensus by elected are consensus by elected within the fono by consensus within elected ( itself is which made itself is which made of American Samoa of The government is defined , 1929 of the Ratification Act vested all civil, judicial, and military powers of 1929 the Ratification Act vested

the American Samoa Fono is The legislative power in vested the American Samoa Fono in which , vested two-year terms The House of Representatives 21 members serving has American Samoa of The judiciary is composed The High Court is a Chief Justice by led is a Chief Justice by led and a Chief Justice by led and an Associate Justice a traditional Polynesian economy of American Samoa The economy is which a traditional Polynesian economy in more than 90% is the private sector Tuna fishing and processing plants the backbone of are the U.S. federal government from Transfers add substantially ) , a Persian polymath who was , a Persian polymath who was is a Persian polymath who was is regarded "arguably the most influential philosopher has Sajjad H. Rizvi Avicenna called He a Muslim Peripatetic philosopher by influenced was Greek Aristotelian philosophy a Muslim Peripatetic philosopher influenced by was , the son Avicenna not was the son Avicenna not was but works Avicenna an extensive corpus of created translated the Kindi school by were commented the Kindi school by were commented , Under the Samanids , Bukhara rivaled the Samanids , Baghdad Bukhara rivaled , Baghdad Bukhara rivaled as a cultural capital Bukhara Baghdad as rivaled the great libraries Avicenna access to had Bahmanyar ) he that show philosophical points that he debated show the Samanid capital The village near was of a native Abd Allah His father was of the Samanid bureaucracy , he had served the governor had he as served , Bukhara the family in settled Bukhara the family in settled , was later his father by sent later his father by sent to an Indian greengrocer by his father to sent Jurisprudence was he in schooled was Jurisprudence in by schooled the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid in Jurisprudence by schooled later , the physician Avicenna's father invited , the physician Avicenna's father invited and philosopher Abu Abdallah al-Natili Avicenna's father the physician and invited Together , the "Isagoge they studied , the "Isagoge they studied " the "Isagoge they studied " of " , him Natili told

, him Natili told to him Natili told to continue other teachers most likely he had seventeen , Avicenna was made , a physician was Avicenna made a physician was Avicenna made of an administrative post was subsequently He given Gurganj later Avicenna to moved the place went to he is 997 The latter from ruled to himself may have Avicenna found the minister It through was of There the Khurasani cities he through travelled the Khurasani cities he through travelled of Gurgan then Avicenna left for There Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani he met ( Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani he met ( died , the city Avicenna to went the city Avicenna to went of There the physician he as served the physician he as served at During his period , Avicenna finished his period , his "Canon of Medicine Avicenna finished , his "Canon of Medicine Avicenna finished " his "Canon of Medicine Avicenna finished " , in Hamadan , he participated Hamadan , he participated in , a public debate he in participated a public debate he in participated , the debate of The purpose was to After the debate , Avicenna sent the debate , a letter Avicenna sent , to Avicenna a letter sent the Baghdad Peripatetics Avicenna a letter to sent Avicenna The accusation towards made may afterwards , his allegiance Avicenna shifted , his allegiance Avicenna shifted to the rising Buyid Avicenna his allegiance to shifted been Shams al-Dawla upon by called Shams al-Dawla upon by called to with Shams al-Dawla's troops , he remained Shams al-Dawla's troops , vizier he remained , vizier he remained until he vizier the latter until remained vizier the latter until remained died Avicenna was Shams al-Dawla's son by asked was Shams al-Dawla's son by asked and Shams al-Dawla's son by asked and successor at Attar's home that Avicenna completed Attar's home that his "Book of Healing Avicenna completed that his "Book of Healing Avicenna completed " his "Book of Healing Avicenna completed " , and as result the house had as result the house had of result Attar the house of had

Attar the house of had ransacked Avicenna's informers Juzjani one of blames of Juzjani , the Kakuyid ruler gave Juzjani , Avicenna the Kakuyid ruler gave , Avicenna the Kakuyid ruler gave " the respect the Kakuyid ruler Avicenna " gave Ala al-Dawla that Avicenna's service under says the advisor Avicenna as served , Isfahan , he was hit he was a severe colic by hit was a severe colic by hit , which by a severe colic , hit early Islamic philosophy Avicenna extensively on wrote his works of Most were written this day that a few books he are that a few books he are wrote Following al-Farabi's lead , Avicenna initiated al-Farabi's lead , a full-fledged inquiry Avicenna initiated , a full-fledged inquiry Avicenna initiated into the question Avicenna a full-fledged inquiry into initiated existence that the fact of argued an agent-cause due to that be that that the impossible being is argued actualized , a 'necessary existent the contingent becomes , a 'necessary existent the contingent becomes due a 'necessary existent the contingent becomes due to a 'necessary existent what due to becomes - itself potential beingness that is itself potential beingness that is could potential beingness that is could eventually The the source necessary is of its own being necessary the source of is , One' ("wahid ahad It ' is One' ("wahid ahad It ' is " , to differentia require entails to differentia require entails that require differentia they that entails differentia they that entails exist other , then there is , then no sense there is then no sense there is in which there no sense in is which no sense in these 'Existents is has been some Islamic scholars by criticized been some Islamic scholars by criticized , some Islamic scholars by criticized , among the existence Avicenna an argument for made which has Al-Biruni in survived has which in they survived which in they survived debated a devout Muslim Avicenna was and sought the existence His aim to prove was short treatises Avicenna a number of wrote the prophets These treatises on included

occasional brief hints There are and allusions Avicenna's philosophy of Later interpretations split into the age of ten Avicenna the Quran by memorized the "Proof of Prophecies of these texts One included However , the brain Avicenna posited , the brain Avicenna posited as the place Avicenna the brain as posited the soul Sensation prepares to receive the flying person of The first knowledge would be the flying person would I " be would am " I be am " I be , the body could not That essence be of a human being : the soul exists a human being : the soul exists and the self that the idea of concluded to it , the soul is it , its perfection the soul is a five-volume medical encyclopedia Avicenna authored : " the standard medical textbook was It as used rare diseases whether events like considered polydactyly He the example of used The Book of Healing " , Avicenna discussed " , the philosophy Avicenna discussed , the philosophy Avicenna discussed of science Avicenna the philosophy of discussed Aristotle's "Posterior Analytics He discussed " and a proper methodology Avicenna the issue of discussed two further methods then Avicenna added for Aristotelian induction Avicenna criticized , arguing In its place , he developed its place , a "method he developed , a "method he developed of experimentation he a "method of developed temporal logic of An early formal system was studied of temporal logic was by studied temporal logic was Avicenna by studied temporal propositions , he did study , the relationship did he study the relationship did he study between was further Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī by developed further Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī by developed and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī by developed and became several early European logicians also Avicennian logic influenced such non Avicenna the law of endorsed Avicenna by was probably influenced Avicenna was probably by influenced was probably the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar by influenced probably the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar by influenced John Philoponus a less sophisticated variant 's Avicenna is of Latin were These in known

the body that connection between requires physiology Avicenna his psychology on grounds in this way , bodily perception interrelates this way , bodily perception interrelates with , the immaterial human intellect bodily perception with interrelates In sense perception , the perceiver senses sense perception , the form the perceiver senses , the form the perceiver senses of the object the perceiver the form of senses the internal senses is This sensory information to supplied the internal senses to which , supplied intellection The soul the action of completes a concrete particular (material This process requires ) to the Active Intellect through which , The material and immaterial interact astrology Avicenna an attack on wrote later writers Avicenna's astronomical writings some influence on had his writing of One important feature is that of his writing he that is his writing he that is considers mathematical astronomy that he considers is the stars He Aristotle's view of criticized the "Summary of the Almagest also He wrote " Ruska Anawati ( following argues stones Avicenna minerals into classified the 14th century as Dante Alighieri when early , an important compiler is Avicenna considered an important compiler is Avicenna considered of the Western history is He in remembered anatomy ) , he preferred medieval European scholars among Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence meant that among medieval European scholars Avicenna's linking that meant medieval European scholars Avicenna's linking that meant of Galen's medical writings that Avicenna's linking of meant , a national icon is he considered a national icon is he considered , the Bukhara museum was A monument outside erected Hamadan in The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum was built the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine His portrait in hangs in is UNESCO every two years by awarded UNESCO every two years by awarded and ; universities ) now the World Directory of Medical Schools list universities ) now the World Directory of Medical Schools list and a lasting influence has He had on the worldwide partnership of Avicenna's name The use symbolises of Avicenna's name the worldwide partnership that symbolises Avicenna's name the worldwide partnership that symbolises is

the worldwide partnership that symbolises is needed In June 2009 , Iran donated June 2009 , a "Persian Scholars Pavilion Iran donated , a "Persian Scholars Pavilion Iran donated " a "Persian Scholars Pavilion Iran donated " to Vienna , Austria is featuring , the statues is Austria featuring the statues is Austria featuring of 1988 ) the story Noah Gordon tells ) the story Noah Gordon tells of a young English medical apprentice Noah Gordon the story of tells a young English medical apprentice the story of who tells a feature film was The novel into adapted later Muslim thinkers of Avicenna The treatises influenced a wide range His works almost 450 volumes on numbered alchemy Avicenna at least one treatise on wrote , a poetical form the poem ( take a poetical form the poem ( take on the work of A shorter form is known these works have been by modified have been the corrections by modified been which by the corrections modified which by the corrections the monastic editors modified the "Danishnama-i 'Alai Avicenna's most important Persian work is " ( Avicenna new scientific vocabulary that created had new scientific vocabulary that created had not logic The Danishnama such topics as covers been English into by translated Parwiz Morewedge into English by translated a Test cricket series The Ashes is played between a satirical obituary The term in originated published the tour , a small urn was presented Bligh was a small urn to presented was Bligh to by presented a group to Bligh by presented the urn of The contents are reputed the official trophy has never The urn been often victorious teams aloft by held victorious teams aloft by held as five Tests traditionally An Ashes series of consists of England that year the Australians played England that year just one Test the Australians played that year just one Test the Australians played , just one Test the Australians played , at a difficult wicket It a low-scoring affair on was their first innings Australia a mere 63 runs in made their second innings , Australia , boosted

55 by a spectacular boosted were greatly the manner by demoralised greatly the manner by demoralised of their second-innings collapse by the manner of demoralised to the crease , his side needed the crease , just ten runs his side needed , just ten runs his side needed to just ten runs his side needed to win 1882–83 tour Ivo Bligh that on promised them He of spoke several There no indication this that is no indication this that is was fulfilled his promise , Warner published his promise , a book Warner published , a book Warner published entitled a book Warner published entitled " in the text , the title served the text , the title served ( one Examples include presented to 1894 , it was believed Victorian ladies that a group of believed , the urn accompanying the MCC official said the MCC official accompanying the urn the veil legend said accompanying the urn the veil legend said had the urn the veil legend said had been on 25 November 2006 , he said 25 November 2006 , he said x During Darnley's lifetime little public knowledge there was Darnley's lifetime little public knowledge there was of the urn there little public knowledge of was " this photo " The Illustrated London News published this photo " The Illustrated London News published in died in 1927 his widow presented in 1927 the urn his widow presented 1927 the urn his widow presented to the Marylebone Cricket Club his widow the urn to presented the urn first MCC displayed in the Australian Bicentenary celebrations ; the second was the the 2006/7 Ashes series second for was 17 October 2006 The urn on arrived , As a compromise , the MCC commissioned a compromise , a larger replica the MCC commissioned , a larger replica the MCC commissioned of the urn the MCC a larger replica of commissioned following the famous Australian victory at The Oval, Bligh led the famous Australian victory at an England team The Oval, Bligh led at an England team The Oval, Bligh led to

Australia The Oval, Bligh an England team to led the series surrounding Publicity was intense nine wickets Australia the First Test by won After Bligh's victory , there was Bligh's victory , an extended period there was , an extended period there was of English dominance there an extended period of was fewer Tests generally The tours had in in 1887–88 , two separate English teams were 1887–88 , two separate English teams were on , tour two separate English teams on were tour two separate English teams on were in sensational fashion The 1894–95 series in began when sensational fashion in England when began But 437 England with responded 437 England with responded and the second last day's play , Australia were 113–2 the 1897–98 series resoundingly Australia won by 1902 were Five matches in played scoring Australia 376 England out bowled Australia 376 England out bowled for Bramall Lane Australia the Third and Fourth Tests at won At Old Trafford , Australia won Old Trafford , Australia won by , just 3 runs Australia by won just 3 runs Australia by won after just 3 runs by Victor Trumper after won The Oval England the last Test at won , 48–5 they to slumped 48–5 they to slumped before hundred He his reached in him , Hirst reportedly said what the MCC After saw as the odds England it against won victory Monty Noble Australia to led Then 1911–12 England in won 1911–12 England in won by England the Ashes it when retained the Ashes it when retained won After the war , Australia took the war , firm control Australia took , firm control Australia took of both the Ashes Australia firm control of took overwhelming victories Australia recorded both in in 1926 , England managed 1926 , England managed to at stake , the match was stake , the match was to 22 Australia a narrow first innings lead of had the score and Herbert Sutcliffe Jack Hobbs took doomed England seemed to be their partnership and Sutcliffe Hobbs took the 1930 series Bradman his promise in fulfilled

In the Headingley Test , he made the Headingley Test , 334 he made , 334 he made , 334 he made , reaching the strongest batting line-ups Australia one of had his fast bowlers Jardine instructed , most notably Harold Larwood the Australians of Some wanted to England manager Pelham Warner famously He told , England manager Pelham Warner There , " told the notable absence The 1934 Ashes series with began of Larwood was the MCC by forced was the MCC by forced to the MCC by forced to either 1930 , the 1934 series was decided the final Test was the 1934 series in decided a massive 707-run target eventually England faced for In 1936–37 Woodfull Bradman succeeded 1936–37 Woodfull Bradman succeeded as Australian captain Bradman Woodfull as succeeded two high-scoring draws The 1938 series a high-scoring affair with was rain , Australia then scraped at The Oval , the highlight was The Oval , Len Hutton's then world-record score the highlight was , Len Hutton's then world-record score the highlight was of 364 the highlight Len Hutton's then world-record score of was the war The Ashes after resumed when the war after England when resumed the war , Bradman had been to Jack Ikin ; England believed Jack Ikin ; England it believed England a catch it was believed a catch it was believed , the Australian captain's favour The umpire in ruled and the Australian captain's favour in he and ruled the initiative promptly Australia seized , In 1948 , Australia set 1948 , new standards Australia set , new standards Australia set , new standards Australia set , completely Bradman's men were packed crowds by greeted were packed crowds by greeted across the country by packed crowds across greeted one The 1948 series with ended of Australian captain was Bradman as succeeded was Australian captain as by succeeded Lindsay Hassett as Australian captain by succeeded 1953 finally The tide in turned 1953 in England when turned In 1954–55 , Australia's batsmen had 1954–55 , no answer Australia's batsmen had , no answer Australia's batsmen had to

the pace Australia's batsmen no answer to had a record in 1956 A dramatic series saw in 1956 a record that saw 1956 a record that saw will a record that saw will probably a wet summer It Australia's second consecutive innings defeat in was 1958–59 Australia 4–0 in won In 1961 , Australia won 1961 , a hard-fought series 2–1 Australia won , a hard-fought series 2–1 Australia won , their first Ashes series win Australia a hard-fought series 2–1 , won the play of The tempo changed over the preceding decade boasted in both countries moved any series England to win failed during the four series , Australia won the four series , four Australia won , four Australia won and four Australia won and England the 1960s It in was that the 1960s in the bipolar dominance that was England West Indies defeated twice in In 1970–71 , Ray Illingworth led 1970–71 , England Ray Illingworth led , England Ray Illingworth led to a 2–0 win Ray Illingworth England to led the last session It not until was the Sixth Test was Lawry after sacked the Sixth Test after the selectors after sacked Jeff Thomson bowlers and Dennis Lillee wreaked A 4–1 result a fair reflection England as was a fair reflection England as was were Australia the 1977 Centenary Test which won was the 1977 Centenary Test which won was not WSC all Test-playing nations it but affected all Test-playing nations it but affected weakened a cricket world championship as the rise but seen joined WSC , England appointed WSC , Mike Brearley England appointed , Mike Brearley England appointed as its captain England Mike Brearley as appointed of Boycott , Brearley's men won Boycott , the 1977 series Brearley's men won , the 1977 series Brearley's men won 3–0 the 1977 series Brearley's men won 3–0 and Test cricket Brearley from retired in the first two Tests , Botham was forced which This a remarkable match in was which a remarkable match in Australia was 1894–95 It the first time since was In 1982–83 Australia had Greg Chappell

1982–83 Australia had Greg Chappell back 1985 , David Gower's England team was strengthened David Gower's England team was the return by strengthened was the return by strengthened of Gooch by the return of strengthened itself been a rebel South African tour by weakened been a rebel South African tour by weakened , a rebel South African tour by weakened , the loss during the 1980s , England continued the 1980s , England continued to 1986–87 Mike Gatting the captain in was 1989 of The Australian team was comparable by Allan Border , the team included Allan Border , the young cricketers the team included , the young cricketers the team included Mark Taylor the young cricketers the team included Mark Taylor , David Gower once again by led the 1990s Australia a cricketing peak in reached batsmen Border, Boon in the early years Great Australian players included Border The captaincy from passed to The wicketkeeper-batsman position was Ian Healy by held was Ian Healy by held for most by Ian Healy for held a significant impact between 1989 and 2005 Australia's record had on By the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased the 2005 series Australia's test wins had increased to 115 had Australia's test wins to increased 115 to England whereas increased series , the two sides had played a match had Only a single England victory in come Test matches were England in undefeated them This elevated to second the series including Richie Benaud Experienced journalists rated was convincingly Australia by won convincingly Australia by won , Australia by won , but the last two Australian batsmen The rain-affected Third Test with ended holding had been that margin by won a tense draw The 2009 series with began in its first Ashes win then England achieved at Headingley was convincingly by won was convincingly Australia by won convincingly Australia by by won an innings by Australia by won Finally , the Fifth Test England won , the Fifth Test England won at The Oval England the Fifth Test at won Australia was The 2010–11 series in played

Brisbane at The First Test ended in a victory Australia back with came an unbeatable 2–1 lead This England gave in first England's series victory its was on the 2013 Ashes series to Australia's build-up was far coach Darren Lehmann over as took opener David Warner of who , shorn 14 runs England a closely fought First Test by won a very one-sided Second Test then England won by 74 runs England the Fourth Test by won by Australia , the home team won Australia , the series the home team won , five test matches the home team the series won five test matches the home team the series won to This the third time Australia was has the third time Australia was has completed any Englishman All six Australian specialist batsmen more runs than scored 13.97 Mitchell Johnson 37 English wickets at took the 2015 Ashes series Australia into came in in Cardiff , Australia won Cardiff , Australia won comfortably the second Test Australia comfortably in won In the next two Tests , the Australian batsmen struggled the next two Tests , the Australian batsmen struggled , the buildup , the 2017–18 Ashes series was regarded a turning point was the 2017–18 Ashes series as regarded Brisbane Australia the first Test match in won the 2019 Ashes series , both teams were considered its top-order batsmen Australia had David Warner , opener Alastair Cook in August 2018 potential top-order batsmen Rory Burns ensured in August 2018 potential top-order batsmen Rory Burns ensured , August 2018 potential top-order batsmen Rory Burns ensured , Joe Denly a series must A team win to over five Test matches there , although played 264 centuries have Australians made in the Brisbane Exhibition Ground was A single Test at held the series of the final Test is played the rugby league rivalry of these events The best-known and longest-running is the name "Ashes " was suggested " was the Australian team by suggested was the Australian team by suggested when the Australian team by suggested when rugby a casket were the two countries' captains into put

the film The Ashes in featured " Basil Radford by and Naunton Wayne are and Naunton Wayne two cricket fans who are Naunton Wayne two cricket fans who are are two cricket fans who are are desperate the process Analysis is of breaking the Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις The word from comes ("analysis analysis of chemistry The field uses so neutron activation will nuclear scientists analyze neutron activation will nuclear scientists analyze to a considerable effect can A matrix have on the way a considerable effect on a chemical analysis have analysis can Chemists isotope use The field of intelligence analysts employs of intelligence analysts employs to intelligence analysts employs to break heuristics may Intelligence agencies use , issues may Military intelligence explore through cryptanalysis Signals intelligence applies and frequency competitive intelligence analysis Business intelligence theories of applies individual languages Linguistics explores and language language It breaks down and context It language in analyses literature Literary criticism the analysis of is infinite processes Modern mathematical analysis the study of is mathematics It the branch of is mathematics the branch of that is In ancient mathematics a different meaning they had ancient mathematics a different meaning they had from what they a different meaning from had what a different meaning from they had to an admitted truth ; synthesis is an admitted truth ; the obtaining synthesis is ; the obtaining synthesis is of the thing synthesis the obtaining of is an assumption An analytic proof by begins , "theoretic The Greeks distinguished " from E , therefore A is , therefore E. A is therefore E. A is If A E. this If is E. this If is be is D , D is D , D is C all cases is Problematic analysis in applied all cases in it where applied defense He the first shot in fired his finest hour Gettysburg was , but his finest hour his relief , but was after the war , he obtained the war , a patent he obtained , a patent he obtained on the cable car railway he a patent on obtained

the cable car railway a patent on that obtained his death , Doubleday was declared Doubleday was the Mills Commission by declared was the Mills Commission by declared to the Mills Commission by declared to have As a child , Abner was a child , Abner was very the attic loft all The family in slept Abner , also His paternal grandfather named His maternal grandfather the army had Thomas Donnelly joined the army had Thomas Donnelly joined at Auburn Abner his childhood in spent a surveyor and civil engineer He as practiced for 1842 He in graduated , coastal garrisons initially Doubleday in served 1858 , he was transferred Fort Moultrie was he to transferred of the Civil War , he was the Civil War , a captain he was , a captain he was and a captain he was and second He the cannon that aimed fired the first return the cannon that fired aimed major was Doubleday to promoted brigadier general was He appointed of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division His first combat assignment to lead was before the Second Battle of Bull Run , he took the Second Battle of Bull Run , the initiative he took , the initiative he took to the initiative he took to send his division commander was Personal initiative since required , was an epileptic seizure by incapacitated was an epileptic seizure by incapacitated at the time by an epileptic seizure at incapacitated He was Brigadier General John P. Hatch by replaced was Brigadier General John P. Hatch by replaced . At Antietam , he led Antietam , his men he led , his men he led into the deadly fighting he his men into led lieutenant colonel He a brevet promotion to received December 1862 , his division mostly sat the winter , the I Corps was reorganized command and Doubleday assumed reorganized July 1, 1863 , the second infantry division Doubleday's division was , the second infantry division Doubleday's division was on the field Doubleday's division the second infantry division on was in the fighting , Doubleday found the fighting , himself Doubleday found

, himself Doubleday found in command Doubleday himself in found the morning His men well in fought the war It Doubleday's finest performance during was casualties of those brigades Seven sustained of those brigades casualties that sustained those brigades casualties that sustained ranged casualties that sustained ranged from . Gen. Doubleday George G. Meade replaced Gen. Doubleday George G. Meade replaced with Major General John Newton George G. Meade Doubleday with replaced XI Corps commander Major General Oliver O. Howard The ostensible reason a false report by was Doubleday was this snub by humiliated was this snub by humiliated and this snub by humiliated and held the neck was He in wounded "Forty-Eight Hours Doubleday's staff him nicknamed " the defenses Doubleday administrative duties in assumed combat to His only return was directing in Washington , Doubleday testified Washington , Doubleday testified against , George Meade Doubleday against testified George Meade Doubleday against testified at in Washington , Doubleday remained Washington , Doubleday remained a Republican Doubleday a loyal remained San Francisco was He in stationed In 1871 , he commanded 1871 , the 24th U.S. Infantry he commanded , the 24th U.S. Infantry he commanded , the 24th U.S. Infantry he commanded , an all African-American regiment his time writing Doubleday much of spent In the summer of 1878 , Doubleday lived the summer of 1878 , Doubleday lived in , Mendham Township Doubleday in lived Mendham Township Doubleday in lived , heart disease Doubleday of died in state was Doubleday's body in laid However , considerable evidence there is , considerable evidence there is to considerable evidence there is to dispute the results has Baseball historian George B. Kirsch described of At his death , Doubleday left his death , many letters Doubleday left , many letters Doubleday left and many letters Doubleday left and papers West Point Doubleday a cadet at was a few years later , his wife he shot , his wife he shot to death he his wife to shot some relationship may have There been during the 1840s , it was the 1840s , the scattering it was

, the scattering it was of New Yorkers it the scattering of was Doubleday a high-ranking officer whose duties , was a high-ranking officer whose duties , was included Doubleday There a monument to is a 9,791-seat baseball stadium Doubleday Field is named for the annual Hall of Fame Game It hosted , an exhibition game Doubleday is John Turturro by portrayed " a book " America's National Game is a book " America's National Game is by the story of Much is told to his personal recollections , he had his personal recollections , access he had , access he had to the records he access to had the carrier wave ) of the amplitude (signal strength is the earliest modulation method AM was used for the first quarter of the 20th century was It during developed , some aspect modulation varying means some aspect modulation varying means of ) its amplitude by modulated has an audio waveform its amplitude modulated by has The audio the amplitude waveform modifies of the carrier wave waveform the amplitude of modifies In the frequency domain , amplitude modulation produces the frequency domain , a signal amplitude modulation produces , a signal amplitude modulation produces with power amplitude modulation a signal with produces not only standard AM , the receiver amplifies that is , the receiver amplifies that is and the receiver amplifies that is and detects noise contrast This in is to the power of at least two-thirds is concentrated the original information The carrier signal none of contains However a simple means its presence provides of demodulation its presence a simple means of provides however these signals for receivers are these signals for receivers are more in double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission , carrier regeneration is double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission , carrier regeneration is possible a Costas phase-locked loop carrier regeneration possible using is , the full carrier with standard AM allows the full carrier with standard AM allows for either single or double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission , it that is an amplitude reference that it provides is the carrier ) AGC to responds peaks must the AGC to respond

a so-called "fast attack typically This involves , a so-called "fast attack which , slow decay" circuit involves the transmission of amplitude modulation A simple form is The direct current provided the central office battery by is provided a carrier the central office battery by is a carrier the central office battery by is with is likewise radio amateurs by used likewise radio amateurs by used to radio amateurs by used to transmit , amplitude modulation of the practical development is amplitude modulation of the practical development is synonymous audio could n't They transmit n't audio the carrier because transmit audio the carrier because transmit consisted The first AM transmission was Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden by made was Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden by made on 23 December 1900 by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on made Hello His first transmitted words , " were the development Fessenden a significant figure in was the first researchers He one of was the time This a radical idea at was the principle also He discovered on which the principle on AM discovered , were the lack by hampered were the lack by hampered of a technology by the lack of hampered either the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator were The first practical continuous wave AM transmitters on based ground wire ; the current its varying resistance varied ; the current its varying resistance varied to the antenna its varying resistance the current to varied 1906 Lee de Forest by , solved these problems Lee de Forest , by solved the art greatly Wartime research advanced of the rise The vacuum tube responsible for was the first mathematical analysis in 1915 John Renshaw Carson did amplitude modulation of This more advanced variant was adopted of amplitude modulation was by adopted amplitude modulation was AT&T by adopted was AT&T by adopted for longwave transatlantic telephone service by AT&T for adopted , a sum the result of consists a sum the result of consists of an AM transmission of The RF bandwidth ( refer standard AM over Another improvement is obtained , the carrier component in the power is

twice that in the carrier component the power is Thus a great advantage there is in efficiency there a great advantage in is of transmitter power , they require transmitter power , more sophisticated receivers they require , more sophisticated receivers they require employing synchronous detection they more sophisticated receivers employing require For that reason , standard AM continues that reason , standard AM continues to low modulation the carrier power would be reduced the effect This has of reducing respectively ; the peak the modulation amplitude is ; the peak the modulation amplitude is ( the peak the modulation amplitude is ( positive For formula 9 , it varies formula 9 , it varies by , 100% it by varies 100% it by varies as With 100% modulation the wave amplitude sometimes reaches 100% modulation zero sometimes the wave amplitude reaches zero sometimes the wave amplitude reaches , zero this , and reaches a limiter circuit typically Transmitters incorporate to Rather , such a waveform a special modulator produces , such a waveform a special modulator produces at a low level a special modulator such a waveform at produces , an envelope detector using a standard AM receiver is an envelope detector using a standard AM receiver is incapable a radical reduction more often Such systems attempt modern radio systems , modulated signals are generated digital signal processing are modulated signals via generated DSP AM of many types are AM of many types are possible voltages are Calculated digital samples to converted AM demodulator of The simplest form consists of AM demodulator a diode of which consists a diode of which consists is of sinusoidal waves , Fresnel gave sinusoidal waves , the first satisfactory explanation Fresnel gave , the first satisfactory explanation Fresnel gave of diffraction Fresnel the first satisfactory explanation of gave a proof of his argument Part was his argument a proof the addition that was a proof the addition that was of purely transverse , Fresnel explained transverse , the nature Fresnel explained , the nature Fresnel explained of polarization Fresnel the nature of explained for calcite , he accounted

calcite , he accounted for , the directions he for accounted the directions he for accounted and Later , the terms "linear polarization he coined , the terms "linear polarization he coined " the terms "linear polarization he coined " , tuberculosis Fresnel a lifelong battle with had in his lifetime , he lived his lifetime , he lived just the 1860s , some attention was diverted the magnitude was some attention from diverted following the Revolution , Broglie became the Revolution , part Broglie became , part Broglie became of the département Broglie part of became Bagdad Fulgence in died in ) , a paint artist who was , a paint artist who was turned his attention a paint artist who turned was the slow one was The sickly Augustin considered , 1801 , Augustin was sent , to was Augustin sent the "École Centrale was Augustin to sent in late 1804 he was accepted late 1804 he was accepted into the École Polytechnique was he into accepted : in his first year he took in his first year a prize he took his first year a prize he took for his solution he a prize for took 1806 , he then enrolled his intellectual talents indeed He regarded as thwarted him , he shunned him , pleasures he shunned , pleasures he shunned and pleasures he shunned and worked through his final illness , Fresnel saw his final illness , the study Fresnel saw , the study Fresnel saw of nature Fresnel the study of saw science He virtue above placed Yet in his last days he needed in his last days "strength he needed his last days "strength he needed of soul he "strength of needed Jansenism is heretical by considered is the Roman Catholic Church heretical by considered the Roman Catholic Church heretical by considered , in 1811 , he anticipated 1811 , he what anticipated 28 December he was still waiting civilization " , Fresnel departed , leave Fresnel without departed leave Fresnel without departed , defeat , he was threatened During the Hundred Days he was placed

the Hundred Days he was placed on suspension was he on placed physical optics might be by assisted might be an overview by assisted be an overview by assisted of the fragmented state by an overview of assisted rectilinear propagation : the corpuscles obviously moved to Huygens ) the common tangent surface was Huygens ) the common tangent surface was ( the law neatly Huygens's theory explained of his explanation of Huygens's theory The outstanding strength was rejected the wave theory , he noticed the wave theory , its potential he noticed , its potential he noticed to its potential he noticed to explain In   1672 he published   1672 a heavy hint he published 1672 a heavy hint he published to that effect he a heavy hint to published still , thin plates this theory required , thin plates this theory required to thin plates this theory required to reflect 1801 It not until was the colors similarly Young explained of light that rays of supposed between two rays : one reflected two rays : one reflected off : the edge one off reflected the edge one off reflected , These the earliest suggestions the degree that were the earliest suggestions the degree that were of , that something he noticed that something he noticed could light of rays evidently had sides could Corpuscles have ( for Newton an alternative "Rule " offered calcite of the extraordinary refraction was investigated Pierre-Simon Laplace by , then sought such a velocity law of the existence was guaranteed of such a velocity law was by guaranteed such a velocity law was Huygens's spheroid by guaranteed was Huygens's spheroid by guaranteed , Huygens's spheroid by guaranteed , because a "force" law had not The corpuscularists found had not a "force" law that found not a "force" law that found would a "force" law that found would yield at the appropriate angle , it behaves the appropriate angle , it behaves like one it like " behaves It Malus who was coined the term polarization Malus who coined was the term "plane also Malus introduced of

in modern terms , this is modern terms , the plane this is , the plane this is " the plane this is " normal 1809 , Malus further discovered light that the intensity of discovered of light , the wave-theorists had light , "no working hypothesis the wave-theorists had , "no working hypothesis the wave-theorists had " "no working hypothesis the wave-theorists had " on In August 1811 , François Arago reported August 1811 , François Arago reported that the colors they , though changed the "saturation the mica Rotating changed " chromatic polarization became This phenomenon as known other commitments , the same ground Jean-Baptiste Biot reworked , the same ground Jean-Baptiste Biot reworked using a gypsum lamina Jean-Baptiste Biot the same ground using reworked the observations Biot to explain tried with a sinusoidal oscillation , Biot had a sinusoidal oscillation , Biot had to on chromatic polarization , Young noted chromatic polarization , Young noted that the color that the periodicity of noted rectilinear propagation Both theories to explain claimed on gratings ; the wave theory was gratings ; the wave theory was strong both the wave theory strong on was quantitative predictions did not the corpuscular theory yield quantitative predictions the wave theory , while yield Brewster's angle Only the corpuscular theory even a vague insight into gave Concerning chromatic polarization , the wave theory explained chromatic polarization , the periodicity the wave theory explained , the periodicity the wave theory explained far the periodicity the wave theory explained far better And the study had Arago founded the study had Arago founded of Eventually he what he compiled he what he compiled called his "rêveries what he called compiled serve his suspension , Fresnel met his suspension , Arago Fresnel met , Arago Fresnel met in Paris Fresnel Arago in met ready access would not Fresnel have by a local locksmith – he began a local locksmith – his own experiments he began Napoleon's final defeat , Fresnel was reinstated the advantage was Fresnel with reinstated On 23 September he wrote to 23 September Arago he to wrote

Arago he to wrote , improve his measurements , he wanted his measurements , he wanted to on 15 October 1815 , Fresnel mapped 15 October 1815 , the external and internal fringes Fresnel mapped , the external and internal fringes Fresnel mapped in the shadow Fresnel the external and internal fringes in mapped Young He , like noticed of interference , Fresnel reported interference , Fresnel reported that the internal fringes that it was reported explain the diffraction pattern , Fresnel constructed the diffraction pattern , the internal fringes Fresnel constructed , the internal fringes Fresnel constructed by the internal fringes Fresnel constructed by considering with observation , he had observation , he had to clearly surpassed the ordinary laws Young, Fresnel explained surpassed the ordinary laws Young, Fresnel explained of reflection Young, Fresnel the ordinary laws of explained , the hyperbolic paths had Young noted the hyperbolic paths had Young noted of the curved paths had not He mentioned caustics the fringes were " thought At this point Arago interceded with this point Gaspard de Prony Arago with interceded Gaspard de Prony Arago with interceded , on 26 February 1816 , Arago verified 26 February 1816 , Fresnel's prediction Arago verified , Fresnel's prediction Arago verified that Arago Fresnel's prediction the internal fringes that verified Fresnel's prediction the internal fringes that verified were this phenomenon correctly Fresnel attributed to had competition : Biot read competition : a memoir Biot read : a memoir Biot read on diffraction Biot a memoir on read On 24 May 1816 , Fresnel wrote 24 May 1816 , Fresnel wrote to , Young Fresnel to wrote Young Fresnel to wrote ( explain this , he divided this , the incident he divided , the incident he divided wavefront the incident he divided wavefront at In the same supplement , Fresnel described the same supplement , his well-known double mirror Fresnel described , his well-known double mirror Fresnel described , his well-known double mirror Fresnel described , comprising a preliminary "single" slit A conventional double-slit experiment required to ensure Fresnel's version , the preliminary single slit was retained

of Rennes ; the central government organized Rennes ; "charity workhouses the central government organized ; "charity workhouses the central government organized " "charity workhouses the central government organized " for his consequent anxiety from December 1816 Fresnel's letters reveal To Arago he complained of Arago he complained of being And to Mérimée he wrote to Mérimée he wrote : Mérimée he wrote : " On 17 March 1817 , the Académie des Sciences announced 17 March 1817 , the Académie des Sciences announced that entries for The deadline was set supported de Prony by , obtained a leave de Prony , by obtained sinusoidal functions that the addition of showed For completeness , he repeated completeness , his solution he repeated , his solution he repeated to his solution he repeated to " the secondary sources He the directionality of acknowledged to the secondary waves , he expressed the secondary waves , the intensity he expressed , the intensity he expressed of light he the intensity of expressed to the integrals , he explained the integrals , the calculation he explained , the calculation he explained of the maxima he the calculation of explained of his calculations , Fresnel used his calculations , red light Fresnel used , red light Fresnel used with a wavelength Fresnel red light with used to the field point , he compared the field point , the calculated and observed positions he compared , the calculated and observed positions he compared of the fringes he the calculated and observed positions of compared of dimensions , the intensity had dimensions , the intensity had to Laplace The judging committee comprised , Biot only one other entry There was , of easy integrals gave Fresnel's theory , predicted the committee of The unanimous report , read , the Académie of the president opened a sealed note of the Académie the president opened Poisson's counter-intuitive prediction of Arago's verification passed into is not the judges' report by supported not the judges' report by supported , the judges' report by which , supported did Laplace immediately Fresnel's triumph convert

Laplace immediately Fresnel's triumph convert , established common standards , it was common standards , one thing it was , one thing it was to one thing it was to acknowledge that interpretation even Arago encouraged , the Huygens-Fresnel principle Even Biot teaching began without any significant angular spread ; this issue particularly bothered ; Poisson particularly this issue bothered one of light An "emission" theory was of light one that was light one that was regarded the propagation one that regarded was principle , one could be , an emissionist could one be an emissionist could one be without suggested Arago by , found Arago by , found that on 6 October , Fresnel reported 6 October , an experiment Fresnel reported , an experiment Fresnel reported in which Fresnel an experiment in reported which an experiment in he reported in the same memoir , Fresnel offered the same memoir , his first attempt Fresnel offered , his first attempt Fresnel offered at a wave theory Fresnel his first attempt at offered a crystal lamina , it was split ordinary and extraordinary waves was it into split alignment were their polarizations into brought , complementary colors they of are correct the prediction , Fresnel proposed the prediction , a phase-inversion rule Fresnel proposed , a phase-inversion rule Fresnel proposed whereby a phase-inversion rule Fresnel proposed whereby " a phase-inversion rule one whereby " proposed the theory This inversion a weakness in was that problem He solved in a In the same document , he accommodated the same document , Malus's law he accommodated , Malus's law he accommodated by Malus's law he accommodated by proposing Hence the phase-inversion rule still he needed the standard case Fresnel the same principles to applied of the lamina , formula 6 is the lamina , the angle formula 6 is , the angle formula 6 is from the initial plane formula 6 the angle from is these equations it is easily verified all formula 11 that formula 10 for verified an undated note were These equations in included an undated note in Fresnel that included

none which are other than Fresnel's works Arago reporting on delayed In his written response , Biot protested his written response , Biot protested that formula 17 that the substitutions for claimed Fresnel That claim a written reply from drew On the latter question , Fresnel pointed the latter question , Fresnel pointed out colors can only a single observer compare only colors by side compare side colors side by compare allow a separate theory – Biot left a separate theory – unanswered Biot left – unanswered Biot left . of 30 August 1816 , Fresnel mentioned 30 August 1816 , two hypotheses Fresnel mentioned , two hypotheses Fresnel mentioned – two hypotheses Fresnel mentioned – one either could not Fresnel develop to his later account , he realized his later account , he realized that on 12 January 1817 , Young wrote 12 January 1817 , Young wrote to , Arago Young to wrote Arago Young to wrote ( And Young, not Fresnel it was , it Young, not Fresnel who , was Young, not Fresnel who , was first in the summer of 1818 , Fresnel entertained the summer of 1818 , the idea Fresnel entertained , the idea Fresnel entertained that Fresnel the idea unpolarized waves that entertained the idea unpolarized waves that entertained could , the apparent implication the aether that was the apparent implication the aether that was was assumptions The wave theory cheap on was Fresnel analogy , by supposed analogy , by supposed with For the "s" component , Fresnel supposed the "s" component , Fresnel supposed that the two media that the interaction between supposed the "mechanical solution Fresnel details of gave energy of Conservation was combined James MacCullagh This success inspired and Augustin-Louis Cauchy non-metallic opaque media The same technique applicable to is 9 December 1822 , the terms Fresnel coined , "linear polarization Fresnel the terms coined "linear polarization Fresnel the terms coined " a redefinition These concepts for called of Fresnel , it was thought polarization that the degree of thought of polarized light the perpendicular components that was polarized light the perpendicular components that was of

vibration that the perpendicular components of was was partly total internal reflection by depolarized partly total internal reflection by depolarized if total internal reflection by depolarized if initially this effect Fresnel rediscovered and investigated of chromatic polarization , he found chromatic polarization , he found that a mixture that the apparently depolarized light was found a memoir were These findings in contained the memoir This was whose " the memoir supplement whose " was In the same supplement , Fresnel reported the same supplement , his discovery Fresnel reported , his discovery Fresnel reported that Fresnel his discovery optical rotation that reported his discovery optical rotation that reported could This was the memoir by followed was the memoir by followed on reflection by the memoir on followed of light , that dependence becomes light , that dependence becomes significant In 1813 , Brewster observed 1813 , the simple concentric pattern Brewster observed , the simple concentric pattern Brewster observed in "beryl Brewster the simple concentric pattern in observed later calcite in by observed Wollaston in calcite by observed the general case was the concentric pattern , tried unit time ray-velocity surface"—that the " is In calcite , this surface is calcite , this surface is two the ordinary and extraordinary ray velocities and formula 29 formula 28 were , vibration of the direction was vibration of the direction was normal On 29 March 1819 , Biot presented 29 March 1819 , a memoir Biot presented , a memoir Biot presented in which Biot a memoir in presented which a memoir in he presented the velocity law , the squared sine was replaced the squared sine was the "product by replaced was the "product by replaced " the "product by replaced " of the axis was the plane by replaced was the plane by replaced bisecting the dihedral angle by the plane bisecting replaced biaxial birefringence , it was assumed the two refractions that one of assumed the biaxial velocity law The same memoir Fresnel's first attempt at contained preserving the polar direction , we obtain the polar direction , we obtain a

the optic axis of The direction is the the biaxial case , Fresnel simply replaced , the prolate spheroid simply Fresnel replaced the prolate spheroid simply Fresnel replaced with general "two" planes would there be "two" planes would there be passing the correct ray velocities indeed The ellipsoid gave ( the correct ray velocities the initial experimental verification ( although gave the correct directions did not it give with Huygens's spheroid , Fresnel obtained Huygens's spheroid , a 4th-degree surface Fresnel obtained , Fresnel a 4th-degree surface which obtained Fresnel a 4th-degree surface which obtained , a 4th-degree surface which obtained , when this the "surface subsequently he called the "surface subsequently he called of In the same supplement , Fresnel considered the same supplement , Fresnel considered how , two related facts eventually Fresnel exploited two related facts eventually Fresnel exploited : the propagation speeds and formula 33 formula 32 are the "second supplement " , Fresnel modeled " , the medium Fresnel modeled , the medium Fresnel modeled as an array Fresnel the medium as modeled in the document , he noted the document , he noted that a biaxial crystal he that in noted of discovery , Fresnel needed discovery , Fresnel needed to the material Fresnel to rearrange needed as 1822 , Fresnel discussed 1822 , his perpendicular axes Fresnel discussed , his perpendicular axes Fresnel discussed with Cauchy Fresnel his perpendicular axes with discussed Acknowledging Fresnel's influence , Cauchy went Fresnel's influence , Cauchy went on a long competitive effort The ensuing difficulties drove to find for example , it deduced example , the reaction it deduced , the reaction it deduced to a shear strain it the reaction to deduced In 1815 , Brewster reported 1815 , Brewster reported that in September 1822 , Fresnel announced September 1822 , Fresnel announced that In his experiment , Fresnel lined his experiment , Fresnel lined up , seven 45°-90°-45° prisms Fresnel up lined seven 45°-90°-45° prisms Fresnel up lined , the ends were Two half-prisms at added The prisms were thin films by separated were thin films by separated of

turpentine by thin films of separated of that memoir , Fresnel predicted that memoir , Fresnel predicted that the term "circular polarization " , he reported But a wider separation he obtained of the images he a wider separation of obtained of a fluid medium , he noted a fluid medium , he noted that In reply Fresnel noted , reply "inter alia Fresnel , noted "inter alia Fresnel , noted " rather , the responsibility it was , the responsibility it was of the aether modelers it the responsibility of was Among the French , Poisson's reluctance was the French , an exception Poisson's reluctance was Paris the issue on no debate seems the issue on no debate seems to 1834 , he famously calculated , the diffraction pattern famously he calculated the diffraction pattern famously he calculated of under the wave theory was by emphasized the wave theory was William Whewell by emphasized was William Whewell by emphasized in his "History of the Inductive Sciences by William Whewell in emphasized " facts of every new class requires a new supposition of facts every new class requires In the corpuscular system there is " the corpuscular system no unexpected success there " is no unexpected success there " is , the first person Fresnel not was to the London glass-cutter Thomas Rogers apparently That distinction to belongs about half a dozen other locations were Further samples in installed Nor first Fresnel the was first Fresnel the was to   1748 , Count Buffon proposed 1748 , Count Buffon proposed grinding , such prisms Count Buffon grinding proposed such prisms Count Buffon grinding proposed as In 1790 , the Marquis de Condorcet suggested 1790 , the Marquis de Condorcet suggested that on 21 June 1819 , Fresnel was 21 June 1819 , Fresnel was " of the Buffon-Condorcet-Brewster proposal , Fresnel made the Buffon-Condorcet-Brewster proposal , his first presentation Fresnel made , his first presentation Fresnel made to the commission Fresnel his first presentation to made of 500 francs , Fresnel approached 500 francs , three manufacturers Fresnel approached in March 1820 , it had

March 1820 , a square lens panel it had , 55cm it a square lens panel had 55cm it a square lens panel had on eight "bull's-eye" panels Fresnel's next lens a rotating apparatus with was a sloping plane mirror This the light to refracted Below the main panels 128 small mirrors were arranged the main panels 128 small mirrors were arranged in four rings 128 small mirrors arranged in were 20 August 1822 , was by witnessed , was the commission by witnessed was the commission by witnessed – the commission by witnessed – and Bordeaux was The apparatus at stored 25 July 1823 , the world's first lighthouse Fresnel lens was lit May 1824 , Fresnel was promoted secretary was Fresnel to promoted In the same year the first "fixed" lens he designed the same year the first "fixed" lens he designed – the first "fixed" lens he designed – for Ideally segments would the curved refracting surfaces be segments would the curved refracting surfaces be of the refracting (dioptric) parts , the entire apparatus would look a beehive would the entire apparatus like look service to enter The second Fresnel lens was In 1825 , Fresnel extended 1825 , his fixed-lens design Fresnel extended , his fixed-lens design Fresnel extended by his fixed-lens design Fresnel extended by adding in the reflecting elements , Fresnel proposed the reflecting elements , Fresnel proposed to each mirror Fresnel to replace proposed The result the lighthouse lens we as was the lighthouse lens we as was now from French glass ; it entered French glass ; service it entered ; service it entered at the Isle of May it service at entered third-order lenses were The first large catadioptric lenses fixed made , eight rotating beams by assisted gave eight catadioptric panels eight rotating beams assisted by gave dioptric lenses of one-piece Production stepped plastic for glass it made for glass it made economic glass it made economic to the "Société Philomathique de Paris was Fresnel to elected at Arago's suggestion , Fresnel applied Arago's suggestion , Fresnel applied for , membership Fresnel for applied

membership Fresnel for applied of Joseph Fourier on that occasion The successful candidate was of Jacques Charles , Fresnel's election was Jacques Charles , Fresnel's election was unanimous 9 June 1825 , Fresnel was made , a Foreign Member was Fresnel made a Foreign Member was Fresnel made of acquired a Fresnel lens , every one acquired a Fresnel lens , a bust every one acquired , a bust every one acquired of Fresnel every one a bust of acquired In the spring he recovered enough the spring he recovered enough , 1824 , he was advised be his most important duty , he resigned his most important duty , he resigned as , an examiner he as resigned an examiner he as resigned at the Académie to His last note , read September 1826 , the time he found , the time he found to the time he found to answer 1826–1827 Fresnel's cough in the winter of worsened 30 April 1827 of The Académie meeting was the that the last he was In early June he was carried early June he was carried to Ville-d'Avray was he to carried On 6 July , Arago arrived 6 July , Arago arrived to the Rumford Medal Arago to deliver arrived the strength did not Fresnel have Père Lachaise Cemetery is He at buried of Fresnel's collected works was itself delayed Fresnel's collected works was itself by delayed was itself the deaths by delayed itself the deaths by delayed of successive editors by the deaths of delayed Félix Savary to who , entrusted was the Ministry of Public Instruction twenty years later by restarted the "Oeuvres " , Sénarmont died , 1862 Sénarmont in died 1862 Sénarmont in died , the project of the completion is described 1820 , Ampère initially supposed a permanent magnet that the field of supposed In his first note , he argued his first note , he argued that the counterfactual implication that a macroscopic current had argued disturbing the late article the fate of is the late article the fate of is " The manuscript was the publisher's agent by received

was the publisher's agent by received in Paris by the publisher's agent in received In 1810 , Arago found 1810 , Arago found experimentally that hypothesis He supported by supposing of double refraction , Fresnel supposed double refraction , Fresnel supposed that different directions that the different refractive indices in supposed of partial reflection , he supposed partial reflection , he supposed that "different media that the different refractive indices of supposed double refraction , dispersion that suggested , the demonstration Fresnel to referred the demonstration Fresnel to referred of the 1830s , Fresnel's suggestion was taken was Cauchy up by taken Cauchy up by taken , had been mathematics by predicted been mathematics by predicted as consequences by mathematics as predicted Maxwell , the physical fields whose variations specified , the physical fields whose variations specified constitute the waves the physical fields whose variations constitute specified of this knowledge , Fresnel managed this knowledge , Fresnel managed to the world's first coherent theory Fresnel to construct managed the photoelectric effect , the energy that supposed light waves that the energy of supposed , ordinary refraction of Newton's explanation required the corpuscles of ordinary refraction Newton's explanation required , the paradox they to led the paradox they to led of lighthouse lenses , this article heavily cites , Levitt 2013 heavily this article cites Levitt 2013 heavily this article cites , , Fresnel on biographical information is Fresnel on biographical information is remarkably him There no book-length critical biography of is by political expediency , the letters appear political expediency , the letters appear in , fragmentary form the letters in appear fragmentary form the letters in appear , "father meaning " ) is the monasteries The title its origin in had the Septuagint , it was written a respectful title was it as employed At times it was applied times it was applied to various priests was it to applied Sometimes only one community he over ruled only one community he over ruled , an abbot Saint John Cassian of speaks of in the West , the abbot has the West , jurisdiction the abbot has

, jurisdiction the abbot has over only one community the abbot jurisdiction over has This rule inconvenient a monastery when proved inconvenient a monastery when proved was a struggle , ecclesiastical dignity being regarded despite their frequent lay status is by proved their frequent lay status is their attendance by proved is their attendance by proved and their attendance by proved and votes , Fulda of the abbots claimed precedence of Fulda the abbots claimed which The first undoubted instance the bull by is which the bull by Alexander II is those in England The mitred abbots were Of these the precedence was yielded these the precedence was yielded to the abbot was the precedence to yielded after St Alban's of the abbot ranked the abbot of St Alban's the abbot ranked by abbots was by followed abbots was an encroachment by followed was an encroachment by followed on episcopal functions by an encroachment on followed the abbot of The power was paternal sacred duty It was to execute , the diocese of the bishop chose the abbot of the diocese the bishop chose In some exceptional cases an abbot was allowed some exceptional cases an abbot was allowed to medieval times is thus by prescribed is thus the consuetudinary by prescribed thus the consuetudinary by prescribed of Abingdon by the consuetudinary of prescribed up the nave , he was the nave , he was to the late modern era , the abbot was treated the utmost reverence was the abbot with treated was the utmost reverence with by treated the brethren with the utmost reverence by treated kneeling were His letters received , his presence might No monk in sit him was The highest place to assigned In the East he was commanded the East he was commanded to the West St Benedict of the Rule appointed him of St Benedict the Rule appointed in the refectory , his chaplains waited the refectory , his chaplains waited upon , him his chaplains upon waited him his chaplains upon waited with the abbot of The ordinary attire was according the 10th century the rule was commonly set

the monastic habit even Some aside laid , much had abbots lost much had abbots lost of Thus abbots we of hear abbots we of hear going mules They on rode with the churches of The bells were rung the churches were they as rung equal terms They on associated with For instance , we read instance , we read of , Richard Whiting we of read Richard Whiting we of read , as many as 500 persons would He entertain of his country houses He had and fisheries time , the title abbot was extended clerics was the title abbot to extended was clerics to who extended clerics to who extended had During the Carolingian epoch , the custom grew the Carolingian epoch , the custom grew up St Denis of Even the abbey was held was commendam in by held Hugh Capet in commendam by held the kings of The example was followed of the kings was by followed the kings was the feudal nobles by followed was the feudal nobles by followed , the feudal nobles by followed , sometimes In England the abuse was rife England the abuse was rife in the 8th century the abuse rife in was a question These lay abbacies not merely were the feudal hierarchy The lay abbot his recognized rank in took abbeys of The enfeoffment differed in , abbot of the honorary title continued abbot of the honorary title continued to In the Roman Catholic Church , abbots continue the Roman Catholic Church , abbots continue to an abbey the status of by granted The abbot is the monks by chosen is the monks by chosen from the monks by chosen from among an abbot of the blessing is celebrated of an abbot is by celebrated an abbot is the bishop by celebrated is the bishop by celebrated in whose diocese by the bishop in celebrated such a blessing of The ceremony is similar father not only the abbot becomes In some monastic families , there is some monastic families , a hierarchy there is , a hierarchy there is of

precedence there a hierarchy of is In some cases , this is some cases , the result this is , the result this is of an abbey this the result of is other cases , abbeys have affiliated networks have abbeys in affiliated the title of This use is said these sinecures of obtaining The expectation drew , the class of many found admission of the class many found the Western Church the title "abbot " is given only abbots " is the title "abbot given the Eastern Orthodox Church , only monastics are permitted the parallel rank are Married priests to elevated Normally there no celibate priests who are there no celibate priests who are are no celibate priests who are are not Henry VIII by , also holds the Anglican Communion There several Benedictine abbeys throughout are Redwall of the creatures are led of Redwall are by led Redwall are an abbot by led are an abbot by led or an abbot by led or abbess " a genus " Ardipithecus is a genus " Ardipithecus is of an extinct hominine a genus of that is whether a hominin is it is a hominin is it is now the literature are Two fossil species in described unlike all previously recognized hominins , it had all previously recognized hominins , a grasping hallux it had , a grasping hallux it had or a grasping hallux it had or big toe not its skeleton how many other features of confirmed its skeleton how many other features of confirmed reflect a research team headed Tim White by discovered headed the first "A. ramidus Tim White by discovered the first "A. ramidus Tim White by discovered " fossils 1994 were More fragments in recovered a multidisciplinary team led Sileshi Semaw by discovered led bones Sileshi Semaw by discovered bones Sileshi Semaw by discovered and " a small brain " Ardipithecus ramidus had a small brain " Ardipithecus ramidus had , "A. ramidus of The teeth " lacked a 2009 study in Researchers said that in a 2009 study this condition that said a 2009 study this condition that said "

, some ways it in is some ways it in is unlike diverged , substantial evolutionary change both underwent "A. ramidus of The canine teeth " are October 1, 2009 , paleontologists formally announced , the discovery formally paleontologists announced the discovery formally paleontologists announced of a small-brained 50-kilogram The fossil the remains of is Ethiopia's harsh Afar desert was It in discovered encasing the deposits Ardi that suggest the deposits Ardi that suggest lived has been others by questioned which that the region in suggest " a more primitive walking ability " A. ramidus had a more primitive walking ability " A. ramidus had than similar body size ) some dimensions that noted short upper limbs that some dimensions including noted its classification still some later studies for argue 2014 , it was reported "Ardipithecus that the hand bones of reported function The "Ardipithecus" length measures good indicators of are a facial anatomy that "Ardipithecus" adults have said humans , so they argued the skull that the base of noted the orangutan Ardi closer to is the forest canopy The orangutan virtually its entire life in spends maximum reach Its anatomy for allows by the knuckle walking apes , this would indicate a territory There one dominant male in is one The female offspring raises at any This the longest maturation period of is During this period , the offspring learns this period , the intricate task the offspring learns , the intricate task the offspring learns of the intricate task the offspring learns of weaving young orangutans are now Rescue centers raising are now young orangutans that raising now young orangutans that raising have young orangutans that raising have lost age cohorts are They in raised are age cohorts in by raised these centers in age cohorts by raised in these cohorts , they show these cohorts , social behavior they show , social behavior they show reminiscent social behavior they show reminiscent of a manufacturing process An assembly line is ( often the sequential organization are Assembly lines for designed workers of The motion is minimized are conveyors either by handled

conveyors either by handled or Heavy lifting is machines by done is machines by done such machines by done such as a well-established mathematical challenge Designing assembly lines is , referred the simple assembly line balancing problem the aim is balancing problem the aim is to problem the aim is to assign a set the aim to assign is completion Each task a given task duration for requires stations is typically by limited is typically two constraints by limited typically two constraints by limited : two constraints by limited : (1) a precedence graph an assembly line , car assembly is split several stations is car assembly between split several stations between all , split with a car , it passes a car , it it passes , it it passes on it it passes on to the first car , the engine installation crew can begin At the same time , the third car moves the same time , the third car moves to , the engine assembly the third car to moves the Industrial Revolution , most manufactured products were made were hand individually by made their skills would They use and labor of Division was practiced a canal Ships down moved and in the early 16th century , the Arsenal employed the early 16th century , some 16,000 people the Arsenal employed , the Arsenal some 16,000 people who employed the Arsenal some 16,000 people who employed could some 16,000 people who employed could apparently a proliferation The Industrial Revolution to led of a leather belt bucket elevator Evans's mill used , screw conveyors the Portsmouth Block Mills of a linear and continuous assembly process Probably the earliest industrial example is The factory grounds were the Bridgewater Canal by bordered were the Bridgewater Canal by bordered and the Bridgewater Canal by bordered and the Liverpool a line were The buildings in arranged 'The Long Shop' was The assembly line area called on Chicago of The meatpacking industry is believed fixed stations would Workers at stand Ransom Olds to who , credited Ford Motor Company , the assembly line was introduced

the assembly line was William "Pa" Klann by introduced was William "Pa" Klann by introduced upon his return by William "Pa" Klann upon introduced Peter E. Martin He the idea to reported Ford at Others have claimed At Ford , the process was Ford , an evolution the process was , an evolution the process was by trial the process an evolution by was the Ford Model T was The moving assembly line for developed conveyor belts , driven by The assembly line in method , Ford's cars came method , Ford's cars came off , the line Ford's cars off came the line Ford's cars off came in successful , a bottleneck paint became the diffusion The assembly line technique an integral part of was Decreased costs of production the cost allowed of production the cost allowed of production the Model T the cost of allowed the Model T the cost of allowed to , a Model T of the price was around $825 of a Model T the price was a reduction This price reduction comparable to is the assembly line from gains also coincided the automotive industry , its success was dominating Liberty ships of Thousands were built in 1939 , American aircraft manufacturers built 1939 , over 300,000 planes American aircraft manufacturers built , over 300,000 planes American aircraft manufacturers built in World War II American aircraft manufacturers over 300,000 planes in built the powered assembly line Vultee the use of pioneered The gains in productivity Ford allowed in productivity Ford allowed to productivity Ford allowed to increase worker pay Ford to increase allowed that "mirrors should products be "mirrors should products be in which "mirrors in workers be a chance Marx labour as viewed specialized tasks of The repetitive nature causes , of specialized tasks they , causes specialized tasks they , causes say times per day repetitive stress injuries are per day a possible pathology repetitive stress injuries are day a possible pathology repetitive stress injuries are of occupational safety repetitive stress injuries a possible pathology of are the capital city ( ) Adelaide is

the Adelaide Plains is Adelaide on situated Queen Adelaide , the city was founded 1836 was the city in founded Adelaide was the diversity by shaped was the diversity by shaped and the diversity by shaped and wealth Until the post-war era , it was the post-war era , Australia's third most populated city it was events by and sporting known As South Australia's government and commercial centre , Adelaide is South Australia's government and commercial centre , the site Adelaide is , the site Adelaide is of many governmental and financial institutions Adelaide the site of is Adelaide around the area was inhabited around Adelaide was by inhabited Adelaide was the Indigenous Kaurna people by inhabited was the Indigenous Kaurna people by inhabited , the Indigenous Kaurna people by inhabited , one Tarntanya was The city and parklands area as known an open grassy The surrounding area was plain with Kaurna country the plains which encompassed stretched the plains which encompassed stretched north the Karrawirra Pari was The River Torrens as known ; Kaurna language of the last speaker died Kaurna language of the last speaker died in South Australia is The event in commemorated a planned colony was Adelaide as established accounts had Wakefield read of the sale Funds from raised of little crime , no provision was made a gaol was no provision for made mid-1837 the "South Australian Register " was warning New South Wales of escaped convicts from warning during March 1838 , Governor Hindmarsh created March 1838 , the South Australian Police Force Governor Hindmarsh created , the South Australian Police Force Governor Hindmarsh created (now the South Australia Police the South Australian Police Force Governor Hindmarsh created (now the South Australia Police ) governor was William Baker Ashton appointed of Adelaide's early history was economic uncertainty by marked was economic uncertainty by marked and economic uncertainty by marked and questionable leadership Adelaide surrounding The rural area was surveyed surrounding Adelaide was by surveyed Adelaide was Light by surveyed was Light by surveyed in preparation by Light in surveyed the South Australian economy Wool production an early basis for provided

Hindmarsh George Gawler over from took George Edward Grey and replaced by recalled Glen Osmond that year , agriculture was the Australian states were the Murray River after established 1856 South Australia a self-governing colony in became 1860 , the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened in 1874 , the South Australian Art Gallery opened 1874 , the South Australian Art Gallery opened in , 1881 the South Australian Art Gallery in opened 1881 the South Australian Art Gallery in opened and 1881 in the Happy Valley Reservoir and opened In the 1890s Australia was affected the 1890s Australia was by affected Australia was a severe economic depression by affected was a severe economic depression by affected , a severe economic depression by affected , ending South Australia's exports of The value nearly halved the problems some families , with compounded deficit of Only one year was recorded most Adelaide Australia's third largest city for was 1900 was Electric street lighting in introduced 1900 in electric trams and introduced a postwar boom Adelaide enjoyed , entering fortune later It to returned the state's dependence Secondary industries reduce helped on industrial stimulus World War II brought and diversification Adelaide The Mannum–Adelaide pipeline River Murray water to brought Today , one Flinders Medical Centre is , one Flinders Medical Centre is of the largest teaching hospitals Flinders Medical Centre one of is an Adelaide 'cultural revival The Dunstan Governments of the 1970s something of saw its progressivism became The city for noted its progressivism for South Australia as noted a centre also It became for in the city's east parklands ; it moved the city's east parklands ; it moved to ; Melbourne it to moved Melbourne it to moved in during an economic recession ; the effects lasted an economic recession ; the effects lasted until ; 2004 the effects until lasted 2004 the effects until lasted , 2020 , the Adelaide 500 Supercars race has made , use has the Adelaide 500 Supercars race made use has the Adelaide 500 Supercars race made of a major upgrade The Rann government A$535 million in invested

the 1990s and 2000s , Adelaide began 2000s , several major developments Adelaide began , several major developments Adelaide began and several major developments Adelaide began and redevelopments modern use were Three historic buildings for adapted more than A$2 billion also The government invested to the Fleurieu Peninsula Adelaide north of is the coast The city from stretches to an average elevation The city at sits of bushland of Adelaide Much was , programs has the government implemented programs has the government implemented to one and its surrounding area Adelaide is On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced 1 March 1954 at its largest recorded earthquake 3:40 am Adelaide experienced at its largest recorded earthquake 3:40 am Adelaide experienced to date 3:40 am Adelaide its largest recorded earthquake to experienced the Adelaide metropolitan area of Most lies in Tertiary marine These basins deposits of contain a planned city Adelaide is , designed a planned city by , designed is his choice successfully Light with persisted : wide multi-lane roads has Adelaide had wide multi-lane roads has Adelaide had from ring roads There two sets of are some extent Suburban expansion to has outgrown have been its suburban sprawl by enveloped the Adelaide Hills region developments in Expanding led the only transport infrastructure New roads not are developed a unique solution The O-Bahn Busway an example of is the 1960s , a Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study Plan was proposed freeways The plan the construction of involved The then many parts premier Steele Hall approved then many parts premier Steele Hall approved of the plan premier Steele Hall many parts of approved Don Dunstan elected under The later Labor government shelved In 1980 , the Liberal party won 1980 , government the Liberal party won , government the Liberal party won and the Liberal party government premier David Tonkin and won government premier David Tonkin and won committed In 2008 , the SA Government announced 2008 , plans the SA Government announced , plans the SA Government announced for a network the SA Government plans for announced have been single-storey detached houses by characterised

been single-storey detached houses by characterised built single-storey detached houses by characterised built on the styles There a wide variety in is the more substantial houses of most were built Until the 1970s , roofs tended the 1970s , roofs tended to to the 1970s , most houses were the 1970s , most houses were of , "double brick" construction most houses of were "double brick" construction most houses of were on a Mediterranean climate Adelaide has ( Köppen climate classification hot, dry summers The city has and cool winters the winter months Most precipitation in falls , In contrast , the winter has contrast , fairly reliable rainfall the winter has , fairly reliable rainfall the winter has with June the winter fairly reliable rainfall with has significant wind chill Adelaide a windy city with is the metropolitan area in Snowfall is extremely the summer in Dewpoints typically range 2006 , the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created as Australia's most centralised state , Adelaide elects Australia's most centralised state , a substantial majority Adelaide elects , a substantial majority Adelaide elects of the South Australian House of Assembly Adelaide a substantial majority of elects local government areas is The Adelaide metropolitan area between nineteen divided At its centre , the City of Adelaide administers its centre , the Adelaide city centre the City of Adelaide administers , the Adelaide city centre the City of Adelaide administers , the Adelaide city centre the City of Adelaide administers , North Adelaide Australia It the oldest municipal authority in is Australia's other state capitals , Adelaide is growing a rate is Adelaide at growing In 2020 , it had 2020 , a metropolitan population it had , a metropolitan population it had ( a metropolitan population it had ( including the population ) of About one sixth (17.1% had the total population Overseas-born Adelaideans 31.8% of composed the eastern suburb is The Italian consulate in located the north-western suburbs are Large Vietnamese populations in settled the eastern and north eastern suburbs Chinese migrants settling in favour , the population of 75.4% spoke

English of the population 75.4% spoke a vision was Adelaide on founded But the population of approximately 28% expressed no religious affiliation of the population approximately 28% expressed the city of The Jewish community dates back , the city 58 Jews in lived 1871 was A synagogue in built the city councils Many part in took to the Australian census , 979 persons declared the Australian census , 979 persons themselves declared the 1860s in camels when established motor vehicles , an invaluable economic and social role camels played , an invaluable economic and social role camels played in an invaluable economic and social role camels played in transporting This is the name by acknowledged is the name by acknowledged of The Ghan by the name of acknowledged health care South Australia's largest employment sectors are and social assistance , SA in manufacturing had average annual employment in SA manufacturing had nearly 13% and social assistance Health care represented both the state The Adelaide Hills wine region an iconic and viable economic region for is lean budgets that successive governments enacted meant South Australia , Adelaide was chosen the headquarters was Adelaide for chosen 2020 The agency its in opened a large proportion Adelaide home to is 1,137 The median family income $ was per Sydney The median Adelaide house price half that of is 6.2% to March 2007 The three-month trend unemployment rate was , approx prices by increased this was REISA by done the city's economy Education an increasingly important part of forms of primary and secondary education , there are primary and secondary education , two systems there are , two systems there are of school education there two systems of are There a public system by operated is the South Australian Government a public system operated by is three public universities There are local to the top 150 universities was The University of Adelaide in ranked an international network Torrens University Australia part of is the state It five campuses throughout has of its culture , Adelaide attracted its culture , immigrants Adelaide attracted , immigrants Adelaide attracted from

other parts Adelaide immigrants from attracted the 1960s Adelaide's arts scene in flourished and 1960 was The renowned Adelaide Festival of Arts in established Over time , the Adelaide Festival expanded time , the Adelaide Festival expanded to Adelaide Writers' Week the Adelaide Festival to include expanded many international cultural fairs There are , most notably the German Schützenfest As the state capital , Adelaide has the state capital , a great number Adelaide has , a great number Adelaide has of cultural institutions Adelaide a great number of has the South Australian Museum Adjacent are and State Library of South Australia ACE Open the Lion Arts Centre home to is musical groups has Adelaide produced and musical groups who and individuals produced the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra These include , the Adelaide Youth Orchestra vocalist ( formerly Noted rocker Jimmy Barnes lead Adelaide Paul Kelly up in grew both high-definition digital and standard-definition digital television services of the five Australian national television networks All broadcast the ridge They three transmission towers on share 25 Grenfell Street There two other transmission sites at are The two government-funded stations are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by run are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by run ( the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by run ( ABC South Australia the Nine Network Adelaide's NWS-9 part of is Adelaide The main sports professionally in played two Australian Football League teams Adelaide the home of is operation has The SANFL in been a strong culture has Adelaide developed of of the Adelaide Oval , most large sporting events took the Adelaide Oval , place most large sporting events took , place most large sporting events took at either AAMI Stadium most large sporting events place at took an international cricket test has also Adelaide Oval hosted in 2003 , their home ground is 2003 , Hindmarsh Stadium their home ground is , Hindmarsh Stadium their home ground is , their home ground Hindmarsh Stadium which , is Hindmarsh Stadium which , is has the city and West Adelaide Adelaide City represented Australia's top level was Adelaide in represented at the Adelaide Oval , the club moved

the Adelaide Oval , the club moved to , the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium the club to moved the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium the club to moved late Adelaide two professional basketball teams the men's team , has two professional basketball teams the men's team , has being the Titanium Security Arena Both teams their home games at play a professional netball team Adelaide has , the Adelaide Thunderbirds games occasionally The Thunderbirds play or Australia Turtur an Olympic gold medal for won the Australian Baseball League Adelaide a franchise in maintains From 2016 the team moved to 2016 the Diamond Sports Stadium the team to moved the Diamond Sports Stadium the team to moved located the local Great Australian Bight Its name from stems , an ice hockey team also Adelaide has , The Australian Grand Prix for World Championship Formula One racing was Adelaide by hosted was Adelaide by hosted from 1985 to 1995 by Adelaide from hosted pride The Grand Prix a source of became which of most are fielded of which are by fielded which are universities by fielded are universities by fielded or universities by fielded or corporations nine races The race a 20-years' history spanning has the Great Southern Slam Adelaide home to is , and 2016 the tournament featured and 2016 45 teams the tournament featured 2016 45 teams the tournament featured playing 45 teams the tournament featured playing in on the Australian mainland , Adelaide forms the Australian mainland , a strategic transport hub Adelaide forms , a strategic transport hub Adelaide forms for east Adelaide a strategic transport hub for forms a metropolitan public transport system itself The city has managed a contracted bus system The Adelaide Metro of consists including a "twenty-minute city was Adelaide as known two commercial airports The Adelaide metropolitan area has , Adelaide Airport Adelaide's main aerodrome Parafield Airport as served until home Adelaide also is to the Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide's two largest hospitals are (RAH ) additional campuses also The RAH operates for the Women's Other major public hospitals are and Children's Hospital 2017 , the RAH was relocated

the city's East End was the RAH from relocated a $300 million second facility is SAHMRI building due were originally the Adelaide Electric Supply Company by met originally the Adelaide Electric Supply Company by met , the Adelaide Electric Supply Company by which , met competition was The electricity retail market to opened 2004 , the privatisation was deemed In 2012 , the industry came 2012 , the industry came under , scrutiny the industry under came scrutiny the industry under came for 2009 that in the state government revealed competition Privatisation to led from a range Electricity generation from comes of electricity SA Power Networks distributes to end The largest fossil fuel power stations the Torrens Island Power Station gas-fired plant by operated are AGL Energy the Torrens Island Power Station gas-fired plant operated by are wind also South Australia has and water services of The provision is by its seven reservoirs is Adelaide's water from supplied these reservoir catchments from The yield can be , about 8% it at operated about 8% it at operated of most WiFi a citywide free WiFi network covering is in Congleton , Garner grew Congleton , Garner grew up the nearby town Garner up around grew on the Edge , it incorporated the Edge , elements it incorporated , elements it incorporated of local folklore it elements of incorporated a sequel Garner wrote , " as a genre , Garner produced a genre , "The Stone Book Quartet Garner produced , "The Stone Book Quartet Garner produced " "The Stone Book Quartet Garner produced " ( a series also He published of the front room was Garner in born nearby Alderley Edge was He in raised Instead the folk tales he his grandson taught he the folk tales his grandson he taught the folk tales his grandson he taught knew a result that as he remarked Garner several life-threatening childhood illnesses which , faced several life-threatening childhood illnesses which , faced left he was his mouth six his primary school teacher washed was his mouth six his primary school teacher washed out his mouth six his primary school teacher washed out with

on creative writing , it was creative writing , it was here , that it here was it that here he was that here he was excelled school , Garner had developed , a keen interest had Garner developed a keen interest had Garner developed in the study he to pursue decided his family He the first member of was In 1955 , he joined 1955 , the university theatrical society he joined , the university theatrical society he joined , the university theatrical society he joined , playing taking a degree ; he left a degree ; Oxford he left ; Oxford he left in late 1956 he Oxford in left it , he was lent , the money was he lent he was the money by lent was the local Oddfellow lodge the money by lent the local Oddfellow lodge the money by lent , his first novel had Garner writing begun Toad Hall it while at was in Alderley Edge , it revolves Alderley Edge , it revolves around , two children it around revolves two children it around revolves , exploring the Edge , they encounter the Edge , a race they encounter , a race they encounter of malevolent creatures they a race of encounter novel Garner his debut sent to his first book published , Garner abandoned published , his work Garner abandoned , his work Garner abandoned as a labourer Garner his work as abandoned a sequel also He began to the wizard Cadellin , the Brollachan is exorcised it Critic Neil Philip characterised as " In a 1989 interview , Garner stated a 1989 interview , Garner stated that In 1962 , Garner began 1962 , work Garner began , work Garner began on a radio play Garner work on began contemporary Manchester , "Elidor " tells , the story " "Elidor tells the story " "Elidor tells of four children the story of who tells Elidor , they are entrusted they are King Malebron by entrusted are King Malebron by entrusted to King Malebron by entrusted to help , a dinner service set had Garner seen

Garner had a dinner service set which seen had a dinner service set which seen could a dinner service set which seen could be by this design , he produced this design , his fourth novel he produced , his fourth novel he produced , his fourth novel he produced , " influenced the Medieval Welsh tale by of Math fab Mathonwy the Medieval Welsh tale by of Math fab Mathonwy from Garner It took six years to three intertwined love stories The book on centres , "Red Shift in children's literature Maria Nikolajeva Academic specialist characterised she re that repeated thought - that repeated re thought From 1976 to 1978 , Garner published 1976 to 1978 , a series Garner published , a series Garner published of four novellas Garner a series of published In a 1989 interview , Garner noted a 1989 interview , Garner noted that "The Stone Book Quartet that although writing noted language Garner particular attention to pays 1981 , the literary critic Neil Philip published , the literary critic an analysis Neil Philip published the literary critic an analysis Neil Philip published of Garner's novels Neil Philip an analysis of published In this study he noted that this study he noted that " " The Voice That Thunders " he reveals The Voice That Thunders " the commercial pressure he reveals " the commercial pressure he reveals placed the commercial pressure he reveals placed upon With his first wife Ann Cook he had his first wife Ann Cook three children he had In 1972 , he married 1972 , he married for , a second time he for married a second time he for married , for "British Archaeology" magazine , Garner stated "British Archaeology" magazine , Garner stated that them do n't I like professional archaeologists of my close personal friends Most are , such a description himself Garner rejects such a description himself Garner rejects , Philip the opinion the "essence that offered the opinion the "essence that offered of of mythological and folkloric sources , Philip stated mythological and folkloric sources , Philip stated that

"the disjointed and troubled psychological and emotional landscape that his work explores stated the great originator Garner indisputably is , But the way that 's with us that the way with 's Nick Lake also Praise from came the highest recognition by the International Board on Books for Young People is conferred Officer was Garner appointed of 2003 He the British Fantasy Society's occasional Karl Edward Wagner Award in received In January 2011 , the University of Warwick awarded January 2011 , the degree the University of Warwick awarded , the degree the University of Warwick awarded of Doctor of Letters the University of Warwick the degree of awarded On that occasion a half-hour interview he gave that occasion a half-hour interview he gave about his work he a half-hour interview about gave An algebraic number a number that is is a root a number that is is an algebraic number it , because is is , a value it is , a value it is for x it a value for is algebraic numbers of The set is countably "algebraic numbers are whose coefficients " is Algebraic numbers numbers all that are numbers all that are can this may One generalize to and "elementary numbers are logarithms called "elementary numbers are logarithms called " An "algebraic integer " an algebraic number that is " an algebraic number that is is a root an algebraic number that is is algebraic integers again which , are the fact " The name "algebraic integer from comes the fact from the only rational numbers that comes , integers of its ring is the subring of integers its ring is In mathematics , an automorphism is mathematics , an isomorphism an automorphism is , an isomorphism an automorphism is from a mathematical object an automorphism an isomorphism from is some sense It , in is of abstract algebra , a mathematical object is abstract algebra , an algebraic structure a mathematical object is , an algebraic structure a mathematical object is such an algebraic structure a mathematical object is such as a bijective homomorphism An automorphism simply is of

an automorphism of The exact definition depends on which meaning have these words is an abstract branch have meaning these words is , then a group they form then a group they form under composition they a group under form of groups , the inner automorphisms are groups , the conjugations the inner automorphisms are , the conjugations the inner automorphisms are by the elements the inner automorphisms the conjugations by are " a " the operation is a " the operation is given that conjugation can easily One check any unital ring The same definition in holds or the accordion plays who is called , use also some popular music acts make use also some popular music acts make of cajun is the accordion in used San Francisco The piano accordion the official city instrument of is classical accordion departments in Europe Many conservatories have many configurations Accordions have and types their right-hand manuals between accordions The most obvious difference is a piano-style musical keyboard Piano accordions use , while a piano-style musical keyboard button accordions , while use example , piano accordions may have , as few as 8 bass buttons may piano accordions have as few as 8 bass buttons may piano accordions have ( the instrument The bellows the most recognizable part of is the right- and left-hand manuals is The bellows between located two wooden boxes The accordion's body of consists joined two wooden boxes of by joined consists the right- and left-hand manuals These boxes reed chambers for house order has Each side in grilles the right-hand manual for The grille is usually The term a wide range " "accordion covers a wide range " "accordion covers of some format All instruments reed ranks of have switches Not all have to change The most typical accordion the piano accordion which , is the piano accordion which , is is the button accordion of accordion Another type is accordion the button accordion which , is the button accordion which , is is multiple flared horns The Helikon-style accordion has projecting out Inside the accordion that the reeds are

the accordion that the reeds are generate the instrument tones the reeds that generate are are switches with that equipped switches with that equipped control which of many also differ but treble switches usually the smaller accordions have pricing an accordion , the first factor is an accordion , size the first factor is , size the first factor is , size the first factor is , expressed one example could for this be the width of size A second aspect is is also the use by affected also the use by affected of costly woods by the use of affected a range Some accordion makers the same model in sell "Reeds are the register switches as described the left-hand manual All accordions a (mostly adjustable) leather strap on have electronic and digital accordions of a range were introduced They an electronic sound module which have creates the accordion sound an electronic sound module which creates have hundreds can A digital accordion have of the buttons are Sensors on used accordions of these types are plugged electronic accordions of One benefit is that of electronic accordions they that is electronic accordions they that is can acoustic accordions They are ( with Russian researchers , the earliest known simple accordions were made Tula were the earliest known simple accordions in made the two masters of the factories were producing being Tula yearly by produced Tula yearly by produced and several European inventions The accordion one of is first 1829 in by patented Cyrill Demian in 1829 by patented a left hand buttonboard only It had , a left hand buttonboard the right hand , with had which the patent sought Demian was the sounding sought the patent Demian was two different chords also could His instrument sound an accompanying instrument thus Demian's patent covered : Germany was The accordion from introduced After Demian's invention , other accordions appeared Demian's invention , other accordions appeared , only the right-handed keyboard , some featuring appeared English inventor Charles Wheatstone It took to bring The Austrian musician a great variety Adolf Müller described of instruments Adolf Müller a great variety of described

Wheatstone's concertina " Jeune's "flutina resembles in The flutina a one-sided bisonoric melody-only instrument whose keys is are a one-sided bisonoric melody-only instrument whose keys is are operated electronics may Modern accordions incorporate such was also the Kikuyu tribe by used also the Kikuyu tribe by used in Kenya by the Kikuyu tribe in used Early jazz accordionists Charles Melrose who , include Charles Melrose who , include recorded jazz the United States from accordionists include Steve Bach from the United States accordionists include Richard Galliano French jazz accordionists include , Bernard Lubat ) , the range jazz accordionists expand , the range jazz accordionists expand of chord possibilities jazz accordionists the range of expand the former technique of An example is used the latter technique of An example is used popular music The accordion in appeared from the "golden age is often This half-century called the Great Depression Most vaudeville theaters during closed , During the 1950s through the 1980s significant exposure the accordion received the 1950s through the 1980s significant exposure the accordion received on television the accordion significant exposure on received , popularity the accordion in declined popularity the accordion in declined due Richard Galliano an internationally known accordionist whose repertoire is covers jazz an internationally known accordionist whose repertoire covers is the instrument Some popular bands use to create A notable example Grammy Award-winning parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic who , is Grammy Award-winning parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic who , is plays Accordionists in heavy metal music their most extensive appearances make in heavy metal music their most extensive appearances make in heavy metal music the folk metal their most extensive appearances in make the folk metal their most extensive appearances in make subgenre folk metal in Full-time accordionists seem even a full-time accordionist The Finnish symphonic folk-metal band Turisas to have used a folk instrument , it has grown popularity has it in grown In 1922 , the Austrian Alban Berg included 1922 , an accordion the Austrian Alban Berg included , an accordion the Austrian Alban Berg included in an accordion the Austrian Alban Berg included in "

1937 , the first accordion concerto was composed Russia was the first accordion concerto in composed the accordion have Other notable composers for written addition , the American accordionist Robert Davine composed , his "Divertimento for Flute Robert Davine the American accordionist composed his "Divertimento for Flute Robert Davine the American accordionist composed , his orchestral suite American composer William P. Perry the accordion in featured his musical career Howard Skempton The experimental composer began as ) , the expressive possibilities British composer pushed , the expressive possibilities British composer pushed of the expressive possibilities British composer pushed of the Sequenza XIII Luciano Berio " wrote " both his late song French composer Henri Dutilleux an accordion in used solos has Russian-born composer Sofia Gubaidulina composed , Bosnia and Herzegovina The accordion a traditional instrument in is the dominant instrument It is used in in the south ( Rio Grande do the south ( Sul Rio Grande do ( Sul Rio Grande do , Sul Rio Grande do , Santa Catarina The first instrument a "Concertina brought was " a "Concertina brought was " ( the 1950s The instrument popular in was the boom of accordions there were of accordions around 65 factories there were accordions around 65 factories there were in Brazil there around 65 factories in were Acordeões Todeschini of the most famous and genuinely Brazilian brands One was to many other countries , the instrument is many other countries , the instrument is very such as the northeast it is as the northeast the most popular melodic instrument it is popularity has This style gained recently Moreover , the principal instrument the accordion is , the principal instrument the accordion is in Junina music the accordion the principal instrument in is a traditional instrument The accordion also is in has been tropipop musicians by used been tropipop musicians by used such tropipop musicians by used such as in April , Colombia holds April , one Colombia holds , one Colombia holds of the most important musical festivals Colombia one of holds best accordion player The festival contests for holds

the "King of Kings " place accordion competition takes " place accordion competition takes , place accordion competition takes , where place winners , where takes on the accordion ; it is the accordion ; a genre it is ; a genre it is related a genre it is related to the accordion features which , is the instrument Mexican musician Julieta Venegas the sound of incorporates particularly the reeds ; a better tonal quality completely hand-made reeds have ; a better tonal quality completely hand-made reeds have than even the best automatically manufactured ones completely hand-made reeds a better tonal quality than have only a partly automated process of an accordion The manufacture is In a sense , all accordions are a sense , all accordions are handmade the Italian cities of production Famous centres are Paolo Soprani Castelfidardo the memory of honours Paolo Soprani the memory of who honours accordions has Maugein Freres built in an academic discipline was Artificial intelligence as founded AI research of fields are centered reasoning of AI research The traditional goals include these problems , AI researchers have adapted the mind This philosophical arguments about raises mechanical or "formal" reasoning of The study began with mathematical logic of The study led directly in the mid-1950s , AI research began the mid-1950s , AI research began to the possibility AI research to explore began the difficulty They to recognize failed fund more productive projects , both the U.S. and British governments cut more productive projects , both the U.S. and British governments cut off , exploratory research both the U.S. and British governments off cut exploratory research both the U.S. and British governments off cut in AI program of that a form simulated AI for the market had reached researchers of A number began to its reputation gradually AI restored in an increase He this to attributes In a 2017 survey , one in five companies reported a 2017 survey , one in five companies they reported statistical AI of current research Much involves current research statistical AI which , involves statistical AI which , involves is

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machines that are have been the potential with intelligence Machines have national AI strategies had Most EU member states released , June 2020 was The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence in launched these works in A common trope began with Arthur C. Clarke's This such works as includes many books Isaac Asimov the Three Laws of Robotics in introduced AI Several works use to force Karel Čapek's "R.U.R. This in appears " Afro Celt Sound System a British musical group who is fuse electronic music a British musical group who fuse is 1995 was Afro Celt Sound System in formed was 1995 in by formed producer-guitarist Simon Emmerson in 1995 by formed the label on Their sales are exceeded the label are by only exceeded are Gabriel only by exceeded Gabriel only by exceeded himself in 2007 , the band went 2007 , the band went on , hiatus the band on went On 20 May 2014 , Afro Celt Sound System announced 20 May 2014 , the release Afro Celt Sound System announced , the release Afro Celt Sound System announced of the album Afro Celt Sound System the release of announced , that website to a posting revealed that website to a posting revealed that the album of the band Emmerson's version released the project behind The inspiration dates back Senegal , Emmerson was struck Emmerson was the similarity by struck was the similarity by struck between one African melody by the similarity between struck in London , Irish musician Davy Spillane told London , Emmerson Irish musician Davy Spillane told , Emmerson Irish musician Davy Spillane told about a belief Irish musician Davy Spillane Emmerson about told prove successful , Emmerson brought successful , two members Emmerson brought , two members Emmerson brought of Baaba Maal's band Emmerson two members of brought modern sound , Emmerson also brought English dance mixers also Emmerson in brought the idea , " Emmerson told , " Jim Carroll Emmerson told " Jim Carroll Emmerson told of "The Irish Times Emmerson Jim Carroll of told At the time , I was the time , I was out

favour I out of was , musicians of the group recorded the basis of musicians the group recorded , " Larry Katz musician James McNally told " Larry Katz musician James McNally told of the Boston Herald musician James McNally Larry Katz of told " We strangers who were We strangers who were did strangers who were did n't were this communication over by bowled this communication over by that bowled the band then Sinéad O'Connor with collaborated , " Katz McNally told " We this track we had We this track we had did this track we had did n't a few lyrics Sinéad scribbled and bang choked She us completely left O'Connor's song The band the name of used 2000 , the group was nominated a Grammy Award was the group for nominated home , " McNally told , " Patrick MacDonald McNally told " Patrick MacDonald McNally told of "The Seattle Times McNally Patrick MacDonald of told categories 're We down breaking a door We leave open to In 2001 , the group released 2001 , ' the group released , ' the group released , the group ' which , released ' which , released climbed , a heightened African sound also the album incorporated the equation , " Emmerson told " The Irish Times" Carroll Emmerson " told For this one , we wanted this one , we wanted to more African vocals we to have wanted Again success the Afro Celt Sound System with met "Billboard of Chuck Taylor " praised for the "Seed" album , they changed the "Seed" album , their name they changed , their name they changed to Afrocelts they their name to changed shows They a number of played in the summer of 2010 , the band performed the summer of 2010 , a series the band performed , a series the band performed of live shows the band a series of performed the present day Further performances to continue , 2015 , the band had split two formations had the band into split the band's website was The split on announced

Emmerson " only Anatomic lists a promoter also He was of the "Xuanxue The 3rd and 4th centuries the rise of saw Wang Bi of this movement The most important philosophers were this school of The main question was whether China Buddhism in arrived around the 1st century AD the beginning , it was considered , a sort was it considered a sort was it considered of Sengzhao Two chiefly important monk philosophers were and Daosheng the Vedic view , creation is ascribed the self-consciousness is creation to ascribed the inquiry This to leads into "rta is Cosmic order termed " continuation and Buddhism Jainism are the samsara The Sramanas a pessimistic worldview of cultivated philosophical concepts They stress on laid as Lokāyata , it is Lokāyata , a system it is , a system it is of Hindu philosophy it a system of is Hindu philosophy a system of that is the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions of the two main families were characterized of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were by characterized the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were fundamental differences by characterized were fundamental differences by characterized in their implications by fundamental differences in characterized "Anaximandros Anaximander (; " ;) the Milesian school He to belonged and to available historical documents , he is available historical documents , the first philosopher he is , the first philosopher he is known the first philosopher he is known to science Anaximander an early proponent of was of his time , Anaximander's philosophy included his time , contributions Anaximander's philosophy included , contributions Anaximander's philosophy included to many disciplines Anaximander's philosophy contributions to included In astronomy , he attempted astronomy , he attempted to the mechanics he to describe attempted His knowledge of geometry him allowed of geometry him allowed to geometry him allowed to introduce the gnomon him to introduce allowed the world He a map of created the world a map of that created his work a timeline of Establishing is , Aristotle we from know Aristotle we from know that Aristotle from Thales that know leader 3rd-century Roman rhetorician Aelian Anaximander as depicts

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Ares This epithet Aphrodite's connections to stresses prostitutes Aphrodite the patron goddess of was Corinth of The city was renowned a major temple also Corinth had to made successful courtesans by have survived successful courtesans by have survived in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Scholars believed that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the cult that believed the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the cult that believed of Aphrodite that the cult of believed During the Hellenistic period , the Greeks identified the Hellenistic period , Aphrodite the Greeks identified , Aphrodite the Greeks identified with the ancient Egyptian goddesses the Greeks Aphrodite with identified Aphrodite the Lagid queens the patron goddess of was the Lagid queens the patron goddess of was and Alexandria was Aphrodite in worshipped Adonis Arsinoe II the cult of introduced their goddess Venus The ancient Romans Aphrodite with identified the third century BC in the cult when identified After this point , Romans adopted this point , Aphrodite's iconography Romans adopted , Aphrodite's iconography Romans adopted and Aphrodite's iconography Romans adopted and myths Greek worship greatly This syncretism impacted of a divine guardian was She as claimed was a divine guardian as by claimed many political magistrates as a divine guardian by claimed Other versions of her myth her have of her myth her have born her myth her have born near the island her born near have his "Theogony " , Cronus severed " , Uranus' genitals Cronus severed , Uranus' genitals Cronus severed and Uranus' genitals Cronus severed and threw rise from his genitals The foam gave the daughter is Aphrodite as described a feminine cognate Dione's name to be appears a cult and Dione Zeus shared nude is often She depicted the "Iliad " , Aphrodite is " , the apparently unmarried consort Aphrodite is , the apparently unmarried consort Aphrodite is of Ares Aphrodite the apparently unmarried consort of is , Aphrodite Demodocus the blind singer describes Aphrodite Demodocus the blind singer describes as sex and Aphrodite Ares had sex the net together , had the bedchamber Hephaestus all the gods into brought