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the ministers him Ashoka that told him Ashoka that told was the capital , Ashoka's newly appointed prime minister Radhagupta tricked , him Radhagupta Ashoka's newly appointed prime minister tricked him Radhagupta Ashoka's newly appointed prime minister tricked into After his father's death , Ashoka had his father's death , Ashoka his eldest brother had ninety-nine that Ashoka killed states a hundred that he killed states , the story have the Buddhist sources exaggerated the story have the Buddhist sources exaggerated , have the story which , exaggerated the story which , exaggerated attempts the welfare whose duties include supervising Ashoka's Rock Edict No. 5 mentions officers his brothers that more than one of suggests " , the throne Ashoka ascended , the throne Ashoka ascended 218 years the throne Ashoka ascended 218 years after the throne must have Ashoka ascended himself that Ashoka consecrated states a story " The "Ashokavadana contains about a reference that this story was theorised the "Ashokavadana " , Ashoka went , a pilgrimage Ashoka on went a pilgrimage Ashoka on went to Lumbini that he visited states , 268–269 BCE of the ascension date seems 268–269 BCE of the ascension date seems more a violent person that Ashoka was assert On the other hand , the Sri Lankan tradition suggests the other hand , the Sri Lankan tradition suggests that as Eggermont , Ashoka believe Eggermont , Ashoka believe converted Buddhism Ashoka converted to believe this theory of Critics argue that this theory Ashoka that if argue " the war , epigraphic evidence suggests the war , epigraphic evidence suggests that a "gradual" process that his conversion was suggests Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13 , he conquered 13 , Kalinga he conquered , Kalinga he conquered 8 years Kalinga he conquered 8 years after these sufferings that the repentance of states Ashoka's inscriptions is it in omitted non-Buddhist sects that Ashoka followed states several non-Buddhist religious leaders that Ashoka invited states what does not The text state does not what the question state not what the question state was what the question state was but |
One day , a young Buddhist monk Ashoka saw , a young Buddhist monk Ashoka saw called Nigrodha Ashoka a young Buddhist monk called saw the king's nephew He was , although the king's nephew the king , although was Ashoka was Nigrodha's tranquil and fearless appearance by impressed was Nigrodha's tranquil and fearless appearance by impressed , Nigrodha's tranquil and fearless appearance by impressed , and In response , Nigrodha offered response , him Nigrodha offered , a sermon Nigrodha him offered a sermon Nigrodha him offered on by the sermon , Ashoka offered the sermon , Nigrodha 400,000 silver coins Ashoka offered , Nigrodha 400,000 silver coins Ashoka offered and Nigrodha 400,000 silver coins Ashoka offered and 8 daily portions a Buddhist upasaka The king became , and At the temple , he met the temple , the Buddhist monk he met , the Buddhist monk he met Moggaliputta Tissa the Buddhist monk he met Moggaliputta Tissa , this story of The veracity is not this account , Samudra was imprisoned Ashoka's "Hell was Samudra in imprisoned about this , he visited this , the monk he visited , the monk he visited , the monk he visited , and Ashoka that a 7-year-old Buddhist converted states various parts Several Buddhist establishments in existed of seven that Ashoka collected states 84,000 stupas He the construction of ordered Elder Yashas He told , a monk construction that Ashoka ordered states , Ashoka's collection " the "Mahavamsa describes Ashoka's collection " the "Mahavamsa describes of the construction himself Ashoka began of his 8th–9th regnal years Ashoka's rock edicts that during suggest medical treatment facilities The welfare activities establishment of included his 12th regnal year , Ashoka had started , inscribing edicts had Ashoka started inscribing edicts had Ashoka started to Ashoka The Sri Lankan tradition a greater role for presents this tradition , Ashoka starts feeding , monks starts Ashoka feeding monks starts Ashoka feeding on the state patronage to His lavish patronage leads to the fake monks The king to eradicate attempts the elder monk then The king invites Moggaliputta-Tissa |
his Minor Rock Edict 3 , Ashoka recommends 3 , the members Ashoka recommends , the members Ashoka recommends of the Sangha Ashoka the members of recommends The 8th century another story Buddhist pilgrim Yijing records about Ashoka's involvement Buddhist pilgrim Yijing another story about records patronised Ashoka by – sends Ashoka by – sends out Ashoka does not This tradition credit five monks Each mission comprises , and To Sri Lanka , he sent Sri Lanka , his own son he sent , his own son he sent Mahinda his own son he sent Mahinda , these events The North Indian tradition no mention of makes in his 19th regnal year , he donated his 19th regnal year , the Khalatika Cave he donated , the Khalatika Cave he donated to ascetics he the Khalatika Cave to donated representatives may have the mission included a major religion that Buddhism became argue a Pundravardhana in non-Buddhist drew a picture in Pundravardhana non-Buddhist drew complaint The legend that on states the Ajivika sect of Around 18,000 followers were executed , Pataliputra in another Nirgrantha follower drew a similar picture in Pataliputra another Nirgrantha follower drew him Ashoka burnt and his entire family an award also He announced of this order , his own brother was mistaken a heretic was his own brother for mistaken - his 26th regnal year the Pillar Edict 4 from is black magic then She used to black magic the tree to make used the "Ashokavadana " , she hired " , a sorceress she hired , a sorceress she hired to a sorceress she hired to do Subsequently , Tissarakkha kingship Ashoka granted , Tissarakkha kingship Ashoka granted for seven days Ashoka Tissarakkha kingship for granted miraculously Kunala his eyesight regained the "Ashokavadana " , the emperor fell state funds He using started to his personal possessions then Ashoka donating started On his deathbed , his only possession was his deathbed , the half his only possession was , the half his only possession was of a myrobalan fruit his only possession the half of was his own inscriptions : she is mentioned |
an edict is she in mentioned the mother The inscription her as names the "Mahavamsa " , Ashoka's chief queen was " , Asandhimitta Ashoka's chief queen was , Asandhimitta Ashoka's chief queen was , Ashoka's chief queen Asandhimitta who , was Asandhimitta who , was died the "Dasavatthuppakarana These texts include " , another story These texts narrate : one day her then Ashoka challenged to At night , the guardian gods informed night , her the guardian gods informed , her the guardian gods informed about her past gift the guardian gods her about informed the offer Asandhamitta refuses , but her superiority Ashoka proves by having her superiority 16,000 identical cakes by having proves after Asandhamitta's death , Tissarakkha became Asandhamitta's death , the chief queen Tissarakkha became Asandhamitta does not The Ashokavadana mention to the Sri Lankan tradition , Ashoka fell the Sri Lankan tradition , Ashoka fell in , love Ashoka in fell love Ashoka in fell with to the throne , Devi chose the throne , Devi chose to the two women , so it is the word The Sri Lankan tradition uses "samvasa " to North Indian tradition , Ashoka had North Indian tradition , a son Ashoka had , a son Ashoka had named Kunala Ashoka a son named had the "Ashokavadana " , Ashoka had " , an elder half-brother Ashoka had , an elder half-brother Ashoka had named Susima Ashoka an elder half-brother named had the territory controlled Ashoka's predecessors by is controlled Ashoka's predecessors by is not Ashoka's predecessors by is not certain Ashoka's inscriptions of The distribution suggests that of Ashoka's inscriptions his empire that suggests Ashoka's inscriptions his empire that suggests included almost the entire Indian subcontinent that his empire included suggests In the north-west , Ashoka's kingdom extended the north-west , Ashoka's kingdom extended up Kandahar Ashoka's kingdom up to extended Ashoka's mother had he that predicted are directly Ashoka's own inscriptions by contradicted in his Rock Edict 12 , Ashoka honours his Rock Edict 12 , people Ashoka honours , people Ashoka honours of all faiths Ashoka people of honours |
In his inscriptions , Ashoka dedicates his inscriptions , caves Ashoka dedicates , caves Ashoka dedicates to non-Buddhist ascetics Ashoka caves to dedicates In fact , there is fact , no evidence there is , no evidence there is that there no evidence Buddhism that is no evidence Buddhism that is was his direct donations of Ashoka's extant edicts None record his queen One inscription donations by records his donations There some indirect references to are For example , the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription records example , his enlargement the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription records , his enlargement the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription records of the Konakamana the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription his enlargement of records Ashoka the "dhamma-mahamatta" officers whose duties , appointed the "dhamma-mahamatta" officers whose duties , appointed included the phrase Ashoka's Minor Rock Edict 1 contains "amissā devā " the word "amṛṣa " amissā from derives himself that he devoted suggest Buddhist doctrines do not Ashoka's own inscriptions mention " various connotations " Dharma has various connotations " Dharma has in this "dhamma have variously Modern scholars understood this "dhamma a Buddhist " as understood officers Ashoka a new category of instituted which because the Brahmi script in was the important sites that Ashoka's inscriptions mark suggest Ashoka's edicts These writers Buddhism-related content to attribute a similar situation may have Xuanzang encountered This theory is the fact by corroborated is the fact by corroborated that the fact by some Brahmin scholars that corroborated as war trophies , these Brahmins told war trophies , him these Brahmins told , him these Brahmins told that these Brahmins him the inscriptions that told him the inscriptions that told prophesized Ashoka's rock edicts living things that injuring declare living things that injuring declare is killing He a ban on imposed killing also He banned of the royal hunting also Ashoka abolished of "oral orders about The VIth Rock Edict " reveals cultural contact There obvious and undeniable trace of is Ashoka's past lives Buddhist legends stories about mention that life , a pratyekabuddha was looking honey was a pratyekabuddha for looking a honey shop A woman him to directed |
honey generously Ashoka donated to his queen The woman to become wished of merit : she gifted merit : the pratyekabuddha she gifted : a piece she the pratyekabuddha gifted a piece she the pratyekabuddha gifted of an "Ashokavadana" story , Ashoka was born Jaya was Ashoka as born was a little boy , he gave a little boy , the Gautama Buddha dirt he gave , the Gautama Buddha dirt he gave imagining it he the Gautama Buddha dirt imagining gave the donation The Buddha of approved , the later life , the Buddhist monk Upagupta tells , the Buddhist monk Ashoka Upagupta tells the Buddhist monk Ashoka Upagupta tells that Upagupta Ashoka his rough skin that tells Ashoka his rough skin that tells was of gifting dirt ; these texts include gifting dirt ; Kumaralata's "Kalpana-manditika these texts include ; Kumaralata's "Kalpana-manditika these texts include " Kumaralata's "Kalpana-manditika these texts include " , gifting dirt that an insignificant act like asserts the "Mahavamsa" story It a slightly different version of narrates his palace may have Ashoka rebuilt the pillars erected Ashoka by features erected a carving Ashoka by features a carving Ashoka by features of Dhamma This wheel the wheel of represents a collection of Ashoka The edicts are modern-day Pakistan are These inscriptions throughout dispersed Before Ashoka , the royal communications appear Ashoka , the royal communications appear to these materials , Ashoka also had , his messages also Ashoka had his messages also Ashoka had inscribed the idea probably Ashoka got of Ashoka's inscriptions of Several appear to every message that Ashoka dispatched appears example , the Minor Rock Edict 1 appears several versions 1 the Minor Rock Edict in appears a symbol The caduceus as appears of the symbol that this symbol was suggests Another important historian British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall who , was British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall who , was was Sanchi His main interests were and Sarnath on traditional accounts , early scholars regarded traditional accounts , Ashoka early scholars regarded , Ashoka early scholars regarded as a primarily Buddhist monarch early scholars Ashoka as regarded |
a primarily Buddhist monarch Ashoka as who regarded Ashoka Romila Thappar about writes that the Ashokan Edicts these , and are all the religions on moral themes members of focus In one edict rituals he belittles one edict rituals he belittles , rituals he belittles , and rituals he , and belittles in one , Ashoka declares one , Ashoka himself declares Buddhist holy sites He rock pillars at erected underlie moral action ; this was moral action ; an exclusively Buddhist use this was ; an exclusively Buddhist use this was of the word this an exclusively Buddhist use of was However , the word he used , the word he used more the word he used more in Dhamma of His logic was intended Especially where unequal relationships they involved where unequal relationships they involved . that from the several inscriptions he comes him All his inscriptions present as compassionate After Ashoka's death , the Maurya dynasty declined Ashoka's death , the Maurya dynasty declined rapidly Ashoka's successors The various Puranas different details about provide the "military backbone that Ashoka's pacifism undermined argued ; among native English speakers this usage is among native English speakers this usage is almost native English speakers this usage is almost universal example , " Elvis Presley was , " an American singer Elvis Presley was " an American singer Elvis Presley was " an American singer Elvis Presley was " or its noun form , the word generally means , a resident generally the word means a resident generally the word means or , this meaning can the adjective take this meaning can the adjective take without cognates may French, German, Italian, Japanese, Hebrew, Arabic, and Russian speakers use of other terms generally They have specific German-speaking countries This differentiation prevalent in is both a person has , Portuguese denoting a U.S. citizen ; ("United States person the more common term is ; ("United States person the more common term is " ("United States person the more common term is " ) however , no possibility there is , no possibility there is for |
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information a compiler directive that conveys is the first Mexico-born filmmaker Cuarón is to win 10 Academy Award nominations has Cuarón received , Mexico City was Alfonso Cuarón Orozco in born two brothers He has , Carlos the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM Cuarón philosophy at studied television Cuarón working on began In 1991 , Cuarón directed 1991 , Cuarón directed " , Sólo con tu pareja Cuarón " directed Sólo con tu pareja Cuarón " directed " Cuarón the film - co edited the film - co edited with In 1995 , Cuarón released 1995 , his first feature film Cuarón released , his first feature film Cuarón released produced his first feature film Cuarón released produced in In 2001 , Cuarón found 2001 , Cuarón himself found Mexico himself returning to found sexually obsessed teenagers It a provocative and controversial road comedy about two was sexually obsessed teenagers a provocative and controversial road comedy about two who was In 2004 , Cuarón directed 2004 , the third film Cuarón directed , the third film Cuarón directed in the successful "Harry Potter" series Cuarón the third film in directed the time Cuarón criticism at faced her personal favorite that it was said In 2010 , Cuarón began 2010 , Cuarón began to the film Cuarón to develop began He was producer David Heyman by joined was producer David Heyman by joined , producer David Heyman by joined , with George Clooney , the 70th Venice International Film Festival the film opened , the 70th Venice International Film Festival the film opened in August the film the 70th Venice International Film Festival in opened 723.2 million The film financial success earning became For the film , he received the film , the Golden Globe Award he received , the Golden Globe Award he received in the category he the Golden Globe Award in received ten Academy Award nominations The film received , including In 2013 , Cuarón created 2013 , "Believe Cuarón created , "Believe Cuarón created " "Believe Cuarón created " , The series was Cuarón by created was Cuarón by created for |
Bad Robot Productions by Cuarón for created fall 2016 Production in began for The project was Cuarón by produced was Cuarón by produced , Cuarón by produced , Gabriela Rodríguez In 2019 , Cuaron signed 2019 , an overall TV deal Cuaron signed , an overall TV deal Cuaron signed at Apple Cuaron an overall TV deal at signed notable long takes the director's use of is long takes the director's use of is and real time These tendencies the feeling of create advantage we to take wanted characters were just you following In his films , camera movement acts his films , camera movement acts as , an extension camera movement as acts an extension camera movement as acts of Mariana Elizondo Cuarón's first marriage to was with a film director Jonás Cuarón also is , his fascination has publicly He shown a Christological doctrine " ) "Areianismós is the name Arius ; it was ; what it not was it what not the followers was what not the followers was of two interpretations There a controversy between was Christianity of all mainstream branches now consider of Christianity now Arianism consider Christianity now Arianism consider to were vigorously Patriarch Athanasius by upheld vigorously Patriarch Athanasius by upheld of Alexandria by Patriarch Athanasius of upheld ensure church unity , Arianism declared church unity , Arianism declared to a heresy Arianism to be declared Arianism over Controversy arose in most church members It involved — from a pupil had Arius been of of the Christian religion ; these definitions served the Christian religion ; these definitions served to the questions these definitions to rebut served orthodoxy , they were vanquished their own weapons were they with vanquished Trier was Athanasius to exiled Alexandria eventually Athanasius to returned 589 Visigothic Spain Arian until was their conversion Many Goths Arian beliefs upon adopted , their views between the difference was their views between the difference was very Homoiousianism Arius the father of was 321 , Arius was denounced Arius was a synod by denounced was a synod by denounced at Alexandria by a synod at denounced |
325 , the controversy had become the nature of the Council of Nicaea The focus was the Arian view , God the Father is , a deity the Father God is a deity the Father God is and Jesus the Father God sent to essence Ousia is or being was directly God by begotten directly God by begotten the Father God by begotten the Father , that over the phrasing Christ was kenosis for this submission The theological term is all copies also The emperor ordered of First , Eusebius of Nicomedia he allowed , Eusebius of Nicomedia he allowed , he Eusebius of Nicomedia who , allowed Eusebius of Nicomedia who , allowed was in AD 335 , they brought AD 335 , accusations they brought , accusations they brought against Athanasius they accusations against brought After this , Constantine had this , Constantine Athanasius had the way Arius on died to the controversy did not The First Council of Nicaea end the controversy many bishops , as end in 337 , open dispute resumed 337 , open dispute resumed again his power Constantius used to exile the high point in 357 The Third Council of Sirmium was with a new formula , three camps evolved a new formula , three camps evolved among , the opponents three camps among evolved the opponents three camps among evolved of the Nicene terminology mainly The first group opposed and Arius , they were called Semi-Arians were they " called Semi-Arians " by " called the name also The second group invoking avoided the party of Salamis Epiphanius labeled these groups among The debates resulted in about the latter councils , Saint Jerome remarked the latter councils , Saint Jerome remarked that ; further increasing dissension this in resulted further increasing dissension this in resulted among During this persecution many bishops were exiled this persecution many bishops were exiled to the other ends were many bishops to exiled the co It not until was the Battle of Adrianople Valens in died in the dispute This for settling allowed 24 November 380 , the Homoiousian bishop he expelled |
, the Homoiousian bishop he expelled , the Homoiousian bishop he expelled , Demophilus of Constantinople been bishop Acholius of Thessalonica , by baptized bishop Acholius of Thessalonica , by baptized , to Theodosius's accession , he managed Theodosius's accession , he managed to unity he to achieve managed a major role in the Danubian provinces The Homoians played ; Goths of the conversion led Goths of the conversion led to the 4th century in The conflict had seen Arianism of Nicaea after The apparent resurgence the end of the 4th century it By had surrendered the 8th century , it had ceased Emperor Justinian I , the remnants were dispersed the fringes were the remnants to dispersed the defeated Vandals of 533–534 The Vandalic War dispersed embraced Arianism ( the Visigoths converted Arianism ( the Visigoths converted to ( Arian Christianity the Visigoths to converted Arian Christianity the Visigoths to converted in In the west , organized Arianism survived the west , organized Arianism survived in , North Africa organized Arianism in survived North Africa organized Arianism in survived , Nicene Christianity Visigothic Spain to converted through The first recorded English antitrinitarian John Assheton who , was John Assheton who , was was the Polish Reformation of The antitrinitarian wing separated from " In modern times some Unitarians are In modern times virtually Arians some Unitarians are modern times virtually Arians some Unitarians are in virtually Arians some Unitarians are in that virtually Arians they in that are A similar view was the ancient anti-Nicene Pneumatomachi by held was the ancient anti-Nicene Pneumatomachi by held ( the ancient anti-Nicene Pneumatomachi by held ( Greek Arianism – are by held – are the Catholic Church by held are the Catholic Church by held , the Catholic Church by held , the Eastern Orthodox Church but a body the Holy Ghost not has a body the Holy Ghost not has of creation Latter-day Saints any form of deny these premises of Both are rejected of these premises are by rejected these premises are Latter-day Saint doctrine by rejected turn , the Father is understood |
the Godhead that this view of teaches the Nicene definition does not Latter-day Saint doctrine accept of doctrine , Jehovah's Witnesses differ doctrine , Jehovah's Witnesses differ from , Arians Jehovah's Witnesses from differ Arians Jehovah's Witnesses from differ by into a senatorial family , Antoninus held a senatorial family , various offices Antoninus held , various offices Antoninus held during the reign Antoninus various offices during held Hadrian's niece Faustina He married , and Hadrian's niece Faustina Hadrian , and married his accession Antoninus the cognomen Pius after acquired the peaceful state His reign notable for is an effective administrator Antoninus was , leaving Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus was Antoninus born near Nemausus an Aurelian family settled in were a senator Titus Aurelius Fulvus the son of was a relatively new senatorial family The Aurelii Fulvi therefore were from no other children Antoninus' father had and died Antoninus was his maternal grandfather by raised was his maternal grandfather by raised Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus his maternal grandfather by raised Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus , Italy The Arrii Antonini an older senatorial family from were between 110 and 115 , Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder Antoninus married consul Marcus Annius Verus Faustina the daughter of was in 141 , Antoninus was 141 , Antoninus was greatly of her memory , he asked her memory , the Senate he asked , the Senate he asked to the Senate he asked to deify her portrait He various coins with had "DIVA FAUSTINA were These coins scripted " a charity further He founded , , Galeria Lysistrate he with lived Galeria Lysistrate he with lived , female companionship Concubinage a form of was any legitimate offspring could not Their union produce could not any legitimate offspring who produce not any legitimate offspring who produce could any legitimate offspring who produce could threaten at the same time , Antoninus avoided the same time , Antoninus avoided being with more than usual success , he obtained more than usual success , the consulship he obtained , the consulship he obtained in 120 he the consulship in obtained |
was next the Emperor Hadrian by appointed next the Emperor Hadrian by appointed as one by the Emperor Hadrian as appointed Hadrian He much favor with acquired Antoninus few initial changes he when made few initial changes he when made became any military related acts There no records of are peaceful His reign the most was Mauretania Such disturbances in happened , Judea Similar disturbances place in took from the emperor , Lollius undertook the emperor , an invasion Lollius undertook , an invasion Lollius undertook of southern Scotland Lollius an invasion of undertook just one literary source is Antonine's Wall in mentioned a war Pausanias a brief and confused mention of makes principle Antonine's Wall , in was the wall that supply lines to meant Lowland Scotland that the invasion of speculated Britannia in the campaign was followed in Britannia was by followed Britannia was an Imperial salutation by followed was an Imperial salutation by followed , an Imperial salutation by followed , that Lollius Urbicus' successor had also Priscianus been Both attempts are the Fasti Ostienses by confirmed are the Fasti Ostienses by confirmed as the Fasti Ostienses by confirmed as well some troubles There also were in Olbia of the Greek city was held Upper Germany , probably Caius Popillius Carus Pedo , built , new fortifications , probably Caius Popillius Carus Pedo built new fortifications , probably Caius Popillius Carus Pedo built in Antoninus the last Roman Emperor by recognised was the Indian Kingdoms the last Roman Emperor recognised by was Aurelius Victor Raoul McLaughlin quotes as saying a skilled administrator was Antoninus as regarded the collection also famously The Emperor suspended rebuilding He hefty financial grants for offered praise Antoninus' financial help him earned by the usual honorific accolades These cities from Antoninus received with Greek-speaking cities , Antoninus followed Greek-speaking cities , the policy Antoninus followed , the policy Antoninus followed adopted Antoninus the policy by adopted followed Hadrian the policy adopted by followed an avid observer was Antoninus as known to also Antoninus patronage offered himself Antoninus to portray tried the splitting is He with credited |
, the "Crown the properties of meaning the "Crown the properties of meaning " , his personal fortune had Antoninus increased his personal fortune had Antoninus increased greatly a way It was of pretending , a great interest did Antoninus take a great interest did Antoninus take in in Asia Minor , Antoninus ordered Asia Minor , Antoninus ordered that this , the emperor was assisted the emperor was five chief lawyers by assisted was five chief lawyers by assisted : five chief lawyers by assisted : Lucius Fulvius Aburnius Valens the author He also was of measures Antoninus passed to facilitate Mostly , the principle he favoured , the principle he favoured of "favor libertatis he the principle of favoured Also , the killing he punished , the killing he punished of a slave he the killing of punished contracts Antoninus the enforcement of upheld In criminal law , Antoninus introduced criminal law , the important principle Antoninus introduced , Antoninus the important principle that introduced Antoninus the important principle that introduced accused persons the important principle that accused introduced Antonius It to was that Antonius to the Christian apologist Justin Martyr that was the principle also He asserted that also the principle the trial that asserted the principle the trial that asserted was torture He the use of mitigated Thus the application he prohibited of torture he the application of prohibited his reign during One highlight occurred in days It a number of lasted increased Antoninus's popularity , the frugal emperor had Antoninus's popularity , the frugal emperor had to the Roman currency the frugal emperor to debase had the leading candidate Scholars Antoninus Pius as name In 156 , Antoninus Pius turned 156 , 70 Antoninus Pius turned Antoninus aged , Marcus took , more administrative duties Marcus on took twenty years , Gavius Maximus had been , praetorian prefect had Gavius Maximus been praetorian prefect had Gavius Maximus been , praetorian prefect that , an office been ) and lasting grudges some fellow equestrian procurators held and lasting grudges some fellow equestrian procurators held against him some fellow equestrian procurators lasting grudges against held |
Gaius Censorius Niger named A procurator died while named Gaius Censorius Niger Gavius Maximus while died Gaius Censorius Niger Gavius Maximus while died was the ruling team Gavius Maximus' death a change in initiated the legal adviser that it was speculated Praefect Maecianus briefly was of , his ancestral estate Antoninus at was his ancestral estate Antoninus at was at dinner He Alpine Gruyere cheese at ate vomited ; a fever he had ; a fever he had the next day after that , he summoned that , the imperial council he summoned , the imperial council he summoned , the imperial council he summoned , and the longest reign His death out closed since the words Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies , in were their father and Lucius Marcus nominated the emperors' wishes did not the senate oppose Antoninus was A column to dedicated was 166 AD in by recorded the "Hou Hanshu in 166 AD by recorded Emperor Huan The group to came of in 166 , confusion remains 166 , confusion remains about the mission about who sent remains the south The Roman mission from came ( rhinoceros horns It presents of brought the port city may have This been us down to handed is down to us that is to us that is of us the "Augustan History that of is the "Augustan History that of is " , information still it contains it still information that contains still information that contains is information that contains is considered it has German historian Ernst Kornemann had in that Antoninus of the reign comprised Antoninus of the reign comprised " this argument There more to is deserved Antoninus , and seems military inability that the claims of argues to adulthood , Antoninus came adulthood , Antoninus came to ancestor Antoninus to be came the Rijndael block cipher AES a variant of is ciphers Rijndael a family of is has been the U.S. government by adopted the Data Encryption Standard It supersedes ( DES the United States , AES was announced AES was the NIST by announced was the NIST by announced as |
U.S. FIPS by the NIST as announced the ISO/IEC 18033-3 standard is AES in included a U.S. federal government standard AES effective as became a design principle is AES on based a Feistel network does not AES use Rijndael AES a variant of is several processing steps Each round of consists , the "state" array in each byte formula 3 is replaced - This operation the non provides simple algebraic properties , the S-box is constructed the state ; it cyclically shifts ; the bytes cyclically it shifts the bytes cyclically it shifts in AES , the first row is left , unchanged is the first row left the second row of Each byte is shifted the third and fourth rows are offsets by shifted are offsets by shifted of two by offsets of shifted input The function four bytes as takes multiplication is Matrix multiplication of composed bytes Entries are treated as must be subtraction by corrected be subtraction by corrected of generating polynomial by subtraction of corrected more general sense , each column is treated a polynomial is each column as treated their hexadecimal equivalent are The coefficients in displayed be a multiplication as by viewed the shown particular MDS matrix as a multiplication by viewed the step , the subkey is combined the state is the subkey with combined using Rijndael's key schedule ; each subkey is Rijndael's key schedule ; the same size each subkey is ; the same size each subkey is as the state each subkey the same size as is with 32-bit or larger words , it is 32-bit or larger words , it is possible four 256-entry 32-bit tables This requires ( together use will TOP SECRET information require of cryptographers , a cryptographic "break " is , anything " a cryptographic "break is anything " a cryptographic "break is faster results can thus A break include can thus results that include thus results that include are results that include are infeasible insight can sometimes theoretical breaks provide , a doubling this into translates a doubling this into translates of , was Nicolas Courtois by announced |
was Nicolas Courtois by announced and Nicolas Courtois by announced and Josef Pieprzyk , competing algorithms of developers wrote competing algorithms of developers wrote of Rijndael's algorithm of we " wrote , the full AES against the only successful published attacks were side-channel attacks against the full AES the only successful published attacks were 2009 , a new related-key attack was discovered was the simplicity that exploits discovered the simplicity that exploits discovered of In December 2009 it was improved December 2009 it was improved to 299.5 was it to improved an attack This a follow-up to is , AES-256 against that is AES-256 against that is uses the rebound This known-key distinguishing attack an improvement of is the 8-round version It on works of full AES on The first key-recovery attacks were by a biclique attack The attack is and is 2126.2 operations It requires to recover a very small gain This is , as Also , the best attack the authors calculate , the best attack the authors calculate using their technique the authors the best attack using calculate about 38 trillion terabytes That out to works such , no practical implications there are , no practical implications there are on AES security there no practical implications on are the cipher do not Side-channel attacks attack the cipher They implementations of attack In April 2005 , D. J. Bernstein announced April 2005 , a cache-timing attack D. J. Bernstein announced , that D. J. Bernstein a cache-timing attack announced D. J. Bernstein that a cache-timing attack he announced that a cache-timing attack he announced used ( the number the server back reports the number the server back reports of and Stephan Krenn a paper which published Stephan Krenn a paper which published described a practical approach a paper which described published AES-128 implementations also The approach on works also AES-128 implementations on that works AES-128 implementations on that works use AES implementations a side-channel attack on that presented is the United States Government's National Institute of Standards and Technology jointly by operated the United States Government's National Institute of Standards and Technology jointly by operated ( |
cryptographic modules of The use validated to cryptographic modules NIST FIPS to 140 validated NIST FIPS to 140 validated - the AES algorithm , vendors typically approach , the CMVP typically vendors approach the CMVP typically vendors approach under pre This testing a is - , no way in successful CAVP validation implies no way in successful CAVP validation implies that in no way the cryptographic module that implies no way the cryptographic module that implies implementing the algorithm that the cryptographic module implementing implies tests There a standardized battery of is known ciphers Test vectors a set of are criteria and low RAM requirements High speed were the property ( ) Anisotropy is a material the property of which is light of anisotropy An example is a method (AF ) Anisotropic filtering is the angle into account a surface take In this context , anisotropic systems refer this context , anisotropic systems refer to , the electron distribution anisotropic systems to refer the electron distribution anisotropic systems to refer of from University of California , Berkeley reported University of California , Berkeley reported about , their detection Berkeley about reported their detection Berkeley about reported of Their experiment the Doppler shift by caused demonstrated the movement the Doppler shift caused by demonstrated the term Physicists use anisotropy to the fluidity " An "anisotropic liquid has of spatial orientation that independent of is Heat conduction more commonly anisotropic which , is more commonly anisotropic which , is implies light Many crystals anisotropic to are these media Crystal optics light propagation in describes seismic wavespeed Seismic anisotropy the variation of is a directional variation This alignment to leads of the gas and oil exploration industry is This property in used high resistivity Sand-bearing hydrocarbon assets have ( low conductivity Formation evaluation instruments this conductivity/resistivity the results and measure this conductivity/resistivity the results and measure are aquifers of The hydraulic conductivity is often anisotropic Most common rock-forming minerals are , including a well-known property Anisotropy also is in bright Tendon fibers hyperechoic ( appear materials selection This a critical consideration for is a monocrystalline material , anisotropy is associated |
the crystal symmetry is anisotropy with associated often the processing techniques to it related the processing techniques to it related has randomly oriented grains with A material will be In metals , anisotropic elasticity behavior is metals , anisotropic elasticity behavior is present all single crystals anisotropic elasticity behavior present in is the <111> direction the stiffness highest along is the Zener ratio is The latter expression as known anisotropic mechanical properties Fiber-reinforced or layered composite materials exhibit , due general are in polymers described composite materials have Researchers built with the fact This due to is Diffusion tensor imaging an MRI technique that is involves an MRI technique that is involves measuring in their movement ( they move their movement ( they move more the dimension they more in move the total energy This calculations of makes For example , the BRDF let example , the BRDF let be , formula 9 the BRDF be let formula 9 the BRDF be let where α - a type decay is - a type decay is of radioactive decay decay a type of is the nucleus An alpha particle identical to is a charge It has of and the heaviest nuclides typically Alpha decay in occurs the most common form Alpha decay by far is the most common form It is because of Like other cluster decays , alpha decay is other cluster decays , alpha decay is fundamentally , a quantum tunneling process alpha decay fundamentally is 5 MeV Alpha particles a typical kinetic energy of have this energy There surprisingly small variation around is 1928 , George Gamow had solved , the theory had George Gamow solved the theory had George Gamow solved of the nucleus is The alpha particle inside trapped is the nucleus inside by trapped an atomic nucleus holding The nuclear force together is , short-range the nuclear force also is short-range the nuclear force also is , 210 or more nucleons with A nucleus is so the high binding energy of the reason Part is the nucleus of the initial mass , is uranium-232 shows that alpha particle emission gives |
shows that 5.4 MeV alpha particle emission gives that 5.4 MeV alpha particle emission gives of energy alpha particle emission 5.4 MeV of gives the kinetic energy of the disintegration energy Most becomes an alpha particle The energy to bring needed of the electromagnetic force , there is the electromagnetic force , a small non-zero probability there is , a small non-zero probability there is that there a small non-zero probability it that is a small non-zero probability it that is will the radioisotope of the half-life will be an open ion chamber The alpha particles air in ionize a safe power source can Alpha decay provide for heavy , their several MeV alpha particles lose , their several MeV alpha particles lose of energy alpha particles their several MeV of lose double-strand breaks This the chance of increases the weight This energy roughly is of of ionization ; the atom is ionization ; the atom is typically ; a heavy metal the atom typically is a heavy metal the atom typically is , a heavy metal typically which , is radon to public radiation dose The largest natural contributor is the radon particles of some may attach aplastic anemia was probably by caused was probably prolonged exposure by caused probably prolonged exposure by caused to high doses by prolonged exposure to caused radium Curie extensively with worked 2018 , extreme poverty mainly refers an income mainly extreme poverty to refers In October 2017 , the World Bank updated October 2017 , the international poverty line the World Bank updated , the international poverty line the World Bank updated , the international poverty line the World Bank updated , a global absolute minimum the equivalent This is of $ the extreme poverty rate the target to reduce was succeeded the MDGs , the goal is the MDGs , the goal is to extreme poverty the goal to end is " basic security of The lack connotes the absence of basic security The lack connotes basic security of The lack leads to chronic poverty to it when leads Extreme poverty is the international community by defined |
is the international community by defined as the international community by defined as living a monetary income , the poverty measurement is based the monetary value is the poverty measurement on based most international organizations , it has come scrutiny has it under come a measure It therefore is of , the poverty line of the calculation relies the poverty line of the calculation relies on extreme poverty have been which suggested been other factors which incorporate suggested other factors which incorporate suggested such OPHI ): deprivation it measures ): deprivation it measures in basic needs it deprivation in measures the Alkire-Foster method the M0 measure of using reveals of the Alkire-Foster method poverty that reveals the Alkire-Foster method poverty that reveals in the region that poverty in reveals of Bhutan income that reveals Bhutan income that reveals is a much larger contributor that income is reveals of $1.90/day , roughly 710 million people remained $1.90/day , roughly 710 million people remained in , extreme poverty roughly 710 million people in remained extreme poverty roughly 710 million people in remained ( them of Nearly half live in the mid-1990s , there has been , a steady decline has there been a steady decline has there been in place in extreme poverty This reduction took the alleviation These five countries for accounted of can be the fact by explained be the fact by explained that the fact by the number that explained , many positive signs have there been many positive signs have there been for extreme poor has by declined poor has an average by declined has an average by declined of 50 million by an average of declined on our current trajectory , many economists predict our current trajectory , many economists we predict which Global zero a world in entails which a world in fewer than 3% entails 3% is This zero figure at set poverty that any projection about notes some poverty reduction the rate of believe poverty reduction the rate of believe will factors There a variety of are factors a variety of that are countries place in that taken |
of a state , these countries are a state , these countries are much a prime cause also Civil conflict remains for severe effects can Armed conflict have on , a country will each civil conflict cost roughly 30 years will each civil conflict a country cost by the World Bank extreme poverty that was the World Bank extreme poverty that was is In September 2000 , world leaders gathered September 2000 , world leaders gathered at , the Millennium Summit world leaders at gathered the Millennium Summit world leaders at gathered held , Secretary-General Annan of the office released a report of Secretary-General Annan the office released as the Millennium Report , Kofi Annan called the Millennium Report , Kofi Annan called on , the international community Kofi Annan on called the international community Kofi Annan on called to in poor countries , Annan urged poor countries , international leaders Annan urged , international leaders Annan urged to international leaders Annan urged to indiscriminately of managing the project Jeffrey Sachs was managing the project Jeffrey Sachs was , the project Jeffrey Sachs was , a noted development economist , significant progress has there been significant progress has there been towards , more than 170 Heads the conference together brought more than 170 Heads the conference together brought of some nations , they were concerned they were the uneven decline by concerned were the uneven decline by concerned of poverty by the uneven decline of concerned in 2015 , the UN convened 2015 , a panel the UN convened , a panel the UN convened to a panel the UN convened to advise just the beginning extreme poverty Ending is , the Post-Millennium Development agenda that a central goal of determined , synergy now there exists synergy now there exists between other organizations , the commission also proposed the commission's environmental focus of the report A unique vision was decent jobs should Growth create , the Post-2015 Development Agenda , likewise the international community encouraged adopted the conference attendees by , argued the conference attendees by , argued for , despite many the major economic and policy reforms initiated |
despite many the major economic and policy reforms initiated of these LDCs the major economic and policy reforms many of initiated over the past decade , the conference formulated the past decade , a new set the conference formulated , a new set the conference formulated of national and international policies the conference a new set of formulated May 2011 was It in held increasingly become foreign direct investment by dominated become foreign direct investment by dominated and foreign direct investment by dominated and remittances the 1980s , significant structural changes have taken , place have significant structural changes taken place have significant structural changes taken on the midst the conference that in recognized Additionally , an interim target the WBG set , an interim target the WBG set of an interim target the WBG set of reducing enable equitable prosperity , its developments programs are equitable prosperity , its developments programs are primarily employment training initiatives the WBG to support seeks , a variety the World Bank in engages a variety the World Bank in engages of GDP that as much as 3% of estimates combat undernutrition , the WBG has partnered UNICEF has the WBG with partnered conditional cash transfers also The WBG offers to poor households conditional cash transfers to who offers ) was the UN by created was the UN by created to the UN by created to provide 1953 , it actively worked the rights Its primary purpose to safeguard is average , food assistance the WFP brings , food assistance the WFP brings to more than 90 million people the WFP food assistance to brings International Development The US Agency for (USAID ) is in the world , the United States channels the world , the majority the United States channels , the majority the United States channels of its development assistance the United States the majority of channels of the Union address , he declared the Union address , he declared , action , USAID has made extreme poverty has USAID ending made Power Africa of the Obama Administration A major initiative is the Obama Administration Power Africa which , is |
Power Africa which , is aims $14 billion has the US over leveraged 's poorest , the initiative engages poorest , the initiative engages in , a transaction based approach the initiative in engages a transaction based approach the initiative in engages to poverty FtF to reduce aims general health assistance , USAID has worked the gamut also USAID supports of these goals , USAID has increased , global political participation has USAID increased bFy has USAID global political participation increased 2012 , the Agency has begun critical gender perspectives has the Agency integrating begun the capability USAID to increase seeks governance assistance of DfID projects Some specific examples include have primary school 9 million children attend helped primary school 9 million children attend helped , the Research4Development (R4D) project , DfID has funded , over 35,000 projects has DfID funded over 35,000 projects has DfID funded in vaccines These technologies : include for non-governmental organizations of A multitude operate in the leading international organization the Children Save is dedicated In 2013 , Save the Children reached 2013 , over 143 million children Save the Children reached , over 143 million children Save the Children reached through their work Save the Children over 143 million children through reached a UK based think tank (ODI ) The Overseas Development Institute is a paper also recently ODI released Concern Worldwide an international humanitarian organization whose mission is is an international humanitarian organization whose mission is is to a report has also Concern produced cofounded Bono by , is a non-profit organization Bono , by is public awareness ONE's goals raising include and in Africa ; their mission is Africa ; their mission is to local community organizations their mission to improve is poverty families suffering from helps The Analytical Engine a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer by designed was English mathematician a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by was an arithmetic logic unit The Analytical Engine incorporated , control flow , the Analytical Engine of the logical structure was the Analytical Engine of the logical structure was essentially During this project , Babbage realised |
this project , Babbage realised that output , the machine would have , a printer would the machine have a printer would the machine have , a store There to be was a difference engine was it as conceived be employed users by was employed users by was akin users by was akin to punch cards of Three different types were used the three types There three separate readers for were the Analytical Engine Babbage some two dozen programs for developed 1842 , the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published , a description Luigi Federico Menabrea the Italian mathematician published a description Luigi Federico Menabrea the Italian mathematician published of 1843 , the description was translated English was the description into translated the Analytical Engine of the British Association for the Advancement of Science a committee described 1880 to 1910 , Babbage's son Henry Prevost Babbage was constructing , a part was Babbage's son Henry Prevost Babbage constructing a part was Babbage's son Henry Prevost Babbage constructing of In 1910 , it was 1910 , it was able of the whole engine ; it was the whole engine ; it was not display " Henry Babbage's "Analytical Engine Mill on is a demonstration version also Henry building proposed 20 numbers could Such a version manipulate of In 1991 , the London Science Museum built 1991 , a complete and working specimen the London Science Museum built , a complete and working specimen the London Science Museum built of Babbage's Difference Engine No the London Science Museum a complete and working specimen of built In October 2010 , John Graham-Cumming started October 2010 , a "Plan 28" campaign John Graham-Cumming started , a "Plan 28" campaign John Graham-Cumming started to a "Plan 28" campaign John Graham-Cumming started to raise There no indication the direction how is no indication the direction how is of other evidence the absence of I In an automatic computer that the existence of understood the engine Percy Ludgate about wrote in Despite this groundwork , Babbage's work fell this groundwork , Babbage's work fell into , historical obscurity Babbage's work into fell |
historical obscurity Babbage's work into fell , no influence I showed The Mark from comparison the Harvard Mark I could perform the Harvard Mark the same task could I perform the same task could I perform in an era of Augustus The reign initiated an old and wealthy equestrian branch was he into born as a result , he inherited a result , Caesar's name he inherited , Caesar's name he inherited , Caesar's name he inherited , estate ) , the Roman Republic the Triumvirate divided , the Roman Republic the Triumvirate divided among themselves the Triumvirate the Roman Republic among divided autocratic authority the Senate by having maintained the Empire dramatically Augustus enlarged , Beyond the frontiers , he secured the frontiers , the Empire he secured , the Empire he secured with a buffer region he the Empire with secured taxation He the Roman system of reformed AD 14 Augustus in died at , have his wife Livia claimed have his wife Livia claimed poisoned him his wife Livia poisoned claimed Rome , Augustus was born the city was Augustus in born Ox Head was He at born the name was He given Gaius Octavius the time , Octavius was taken his father's home village was Octavius to taken his father's equestrian family Octavius mentions only briefly Sicily His paternal great-grandfather Gaius Octavius a military tribune in was several local political offices had His grandfather in served Syria His mother a former governor of married Alexander the Great Philippus descent from claimed much never Philippus had of this , Octavius was raised Octavius was his grandmother by raised was his grandmother by raised , his grandmother by raised , Julia a more active role and stepfather his mother took to Nicolaus of Damascus , Octavius wished Nicolaus of Damascus , Octavius wished to Caesar's staff Octavius to join wished In 46 BC , she consented 46 BC , she consented for , the front he to sailed the front he to sailed , of companions , he crossed companions , hostile territory he crossed , hostile territory he crossed to |
Caesar's camp he hostile territory to crossed that time Velleius Paterculus that after reports some army officers He the advice of rejected Roman law Caesar no living legitimate children under had slander of This form was popular Upon his adoption , Octavius assumed his adoption , his great-uncle's name Octavius assumed , his great-uncle's name Octavius assumed Gaius Julius Caesar a new family Roman citizens into adopted usually his contemporaries did , there is did , no evidence there is , no evidence there is that there no evidence Octavius that is no evidence Octavius that is ever himself at Brundisium , Octavian demanded Brundisium , a portion Octavian demanded , a portion Octavian demanded of the funds Octavian a portion of demanded the funds a portion of that demanded his personal forces Octavian to bolster began many and newly acquired funds Octavian's presence attracted on 6 May 44 BC , Octavian found 6 May 44 BC , consul Mark Antony Octavian found , consul Mark Antony Octavian found , consul Mark Antony Octavian found , Caesar's former colleague political support was Mark Antony amassing , political support Octavian , but amassing the support had Mark Antony lost of Antony Octavian to persuade failed During the summer , he managed the summer , he managed to support he to win managed nearing its end , Antony attempted its end , Antony attempted to laws Antony to pass attempted laws to pass that attempted of Octavian's large and capable force , Antony saw Octavian's large and capable force , the danger Antony saw , the danger Antony saw of the danger Antony saw of staying Mutina Antony him at besieged no army The Senate had to enforce Octavian This an opportunity for provided Octavian also Cicero defended against of Cicero , the Senate inducted Cicero , Octavian the Senate inducted , Octavian the Senate inducted as senator the Senate Octavian as inducted addition , Octavian was granted , "propraetor" "imperium was Octavian granted "propraetor" "imperium was Octavian granted " the "fasces He assumed " on the battles were Antony's forces at defeated |
Decimus Brutus The senate many more rewards on heaped In response , Octavian stayed response , Octavian stayed in , the Po Valley Octavian in stayed the Po Valley Octavian in stayed and centurions sent Octavian by entered sent Rome Octavian by entered Rome Octavian by entered and Rome the consulship and demanded entered , the city he on marched the city he on marched with Rome He no military opposition in encountered , and the Second Triumvirate Lepidus formed Their powers were the Senate by officialized were the Senate by officialized on 27 November by the Senate on officialized five years was then by legalised was then law by legalised then law by legalised passed law by by passed legalised motion proscriptions then The triumvirs in set motion proscriptions in in , set issued the triumvirate by was motivated the triumvirate by was motivated in was part in by motivated a need in part by motivated conflicting reports Contemporary Roman historians provide as to the sources the proscriptions that enacting agree the proscriptions that enacting agree was This claim was Appian by rejected was Appian by rejected , Appian by who , rejected a ruthless and cutthroat swapping Plutarch the proscriptions as described 1 January 42 BC , the Senate posthumously recognized , Julius Caesar posthumously the Senate recognized Julius Caesar posthumously the Senate recognized as in October 42 , the Caesarian army was October 42 , the Caesarian army was victorious the examples later Mark Antony used of Egypt Antony east to traveled their soldiers , so Octavian had one Octavian to choose had Octavian There widespread dissatisfaction with was , a divorce Octavian for asked a divorce Octavian for asked from her mother He Claudia to returned action Fulvia to take decided with Lucius Antonius , she raised Lucius Antonius , an army she raised , an army she raised in Italy she an army in raised a political and martial gamble and Fulvia Lucius took of Julius Caesar's assassination , he had Julius Caesar's assassination , 300 Roman senators he had , 300 Roman senators he had and |
300 Roman senators he had and equestrians a temporary alliance Octavian in succeeded in left Cleopatra ; he sailed Cleopatra ; he sailed to ; Italy he to sailed Italy he to sailed in both Octavian This new conflict untenable for proved Sicyon , Antony's wife Fulvia died Antony's wife a sudden illness Fulvia of died a sudden illness Fulvia of died while a sudden illness of Antony while died the Treaty of Brundisium and Antony Octavian approved open was The Italian Peninsula left to Italy Sextus Pompeius Octavian in threatened charge was Pompeius's own son in put him over the sea Pompeius's control prompted between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to him of Pompeius's naval commanders One betrayed supporting Octavian , Antony expected Octavian , Antony expected to support Antony to gain expected at Tarentum , Antony provided Tarentum , 120 ships Antony provided , 120 ships Antony provided for Antony 120 ships Octavian for provided 120 ships Octavian for provided to a joint operation and Lepidus Octavian launched entirely 3 September on by destroyed General Agrippa on 3 September by destroyed the east Sextus to fled with of Pompeius's troops , Lepidus attempted Pompeius's troops , Lepidus attempted to Sicily Lepidus to claim attempted Octavian Lepidus to surrendered and their rights Octavian Rome's citizens of ensured time , his discharged soldiers he settled , his discharged soldiers he settled outside his discharged soldiers he settled outside of Parthia Antony's campaign disastrous against turned her , so he decided Octavia he to send decided this Octavian used to spread In 36 BC , Octavian used 36 BC , a political ploy Octavian used , a political ploy Octavian used to a political ploy Octavian used to make a political ploy himself to make used 34 BC Roman troops the Kingdom of Armenia in captured the title also He awarded " However , two key deserters Octavian received , two key deserters Octavian received from Antony Octavian two key deserters from received the temple forcibly Octavian entered of a preliminary victory : the navy successfully ferried |
: troops successfully the navy ferried troops successfully the navy ferried across Antony and Cleopatra's Agrippa off cut main force the bay Antony's fleet through sailed of them Octavian pursued and defeated his own sword Antony on fell and his position had Octavian exploited as the advice therefore He followed of of Antony and Cleopatra , Octavian was Antony and Cleopatra , Octavian was in , a position Octavian in was a position Octavian in was to civil war of Years had left To a large extent , the public were a large extent , the public were aware the vast financial resources the public aware of were enough senators He to encourage failed the exercise was Octavian's power on based Octavian The Senate to proposed , Octavian's extra-constitutional power The Senate's proposal a ratification of was Through the Senate , Octavian was the Senate , Octavian was able Augustus The provinces to ceded for in Rome , he dispatched Rome , senators he dispatched , senators he dispatched to the provinces he senators to dispatched under Octavian's control were by overseen Octavian's control were governors by overseen were governors by overseen chosen governors by by chosen overseen North Africa still The Senate controlled , However , control the Senate had , control the Senate had of only five or six legions the Senate control of had On 16 January 27 BC Octavian the Senate gave 16 January 27 BC the new titles the Senate Octavian gave the new titles the Senate Octavian gave of the Latin word " Augustus from is religious authority It a title of was Augustus of His new title was also senatus " The title princeps " a result , modern historians usually regard , this event usually modern historians regard this event usually modern historians regard as himself also Augustus styled as With this title , he boasted this title , his familial link he boasted , his familial link he boasted to his familial link he boasted to deified However , flaunting insignia he renounced , flaunting insignia he renounced of power he flaunting insignia of renounced |
his person , the Senate nonetheless awarded , him nonetheless the Senate awarded him nonetheless the Senate awarded with the un-Republican implications of some were becoming attention of an annual consulate Augustus's retention drew , political problems was he causing political problems was he causing by In the late spring a severe illness Augustus suffered the late spring a severe illness Augustus suffered , a severe illness Augustus suffered , and his co-consul Piso Augustus over to handed only properties Augustus bestowed and possessions illness subsided , Augustus gave , his consulship Augustus up gave Augustus This a clever ploy by was as consul , he desired consul , he desired to his consular "imperium he to retain desired the Second Settlement for The primary reasons were as relinquished the annual consulship , he was the annual consulship , he was no the need later A second problem showing arose late 24 or early 23 BC , charges were brought Marcus Primus were charges against brought He was Lucius Lucinius Varro Murena by defended was Lucius Lucinius Varro Murena by defended , Lucius Lucinius Varro Murena by who , defended Under oath , Augustus declared oath , Augustus declared that no such order that he gave declared Augustus's testimony Murena disbelieved and resented part was The Second Constitutional Settlement in completed a form The Senate Augustus granted of Moreover , Augustus's proconsular imperium the Senate augmented , Augustus's proconsular imperium the Senate augmented into Augustus's proconsular imperium the Senate augmented into " Augustus's proconsular imperium imperium into " augmented Augustus in effect This gave the power was also Augustus granted "tribunicia sacrosanctitas had been Augustus awarded the full powers he to assume decided the Senate him to convene allowed of a censor , Augustus appealed a censor , Augustus appealed to , virtues Augustus to appealed virtues Augustus to appealed of the Roman system There no precedent within was similar powers had been Julius Caesar granted similar powers he , wherein granted sole "imperium was Augustus granted " their proconsular "imperium they " when lost these situations , Augustus would have |
, power would Augustus have power would Augustus have as fill this power vacuum , the Senate voted this power vacuum , the Senate voted that maius that Augustus's imperium proconsulare voted addition , the credit was given , to was the credit given Augustus was the credit to given in a Senatorial province , Augustus's proconsular imperium maius allowed a Senatorial province , Augustus's proconsular imperium maius him allowed command him to take allowed the only individual that Augustus was meant Augustus's family Lucius Cornelius Balbus the last man outside was republican times , the Augustus powers Likewise , a food shortage there was , a food shortage there was in Rome there a food shortage in was the Senate , Augustus finally accepted , authority finally Augustus accepted authority finally Augustus accepted over There some who were were some who were were concerned as prosecutor ; the jury found prosecutor ; the jury them found death were accused to sentenced In 19 BC , the Senate granted 19 BC , Augustus the Senate granted , a form the Senate Augustus granted a form the Senate Augustus granted of Like his tribune authority , the consular powers were his tribune authority , another instance the consular powers were , another instance the consular powers were of another instance the consular powers were of gaining addition , Augustus was allowed was a consul , the importance was a consul , the importance was that Lepidus , he additionally took the position additionally he up took the Second Settlement for A final reason was to Agrippa was Proconsular imperium upon conferred the grant of The exact nature is uncertain the grant it uncertain but is Imperator Augustus " chose " By the year 13 , Augustus boasted the year 13 , 21 occasions Augustus boasted , 21 occasions Augustus boasted where Augustus 21 occasions his troops where boasted 21 occasions his troops where boasted proclaimed Augustus of the armies had conquered the province was Judea to added 25 BC was no military effort in needed 25 BC in Galatia when needed the victory Horace an ode to dedicated |
the Alpine region of The capture also served from the Parthian Empire , Augustus relied the Parthian Empire , Augustus relied on , the client states Augustus on relied the client states Augustus on relied of of the Empire's eastern flank , Augustus stationed the Empire's eastern flank , a Roman army Augustus stationed , a Roman army Augustus stationed in Syria Augustus a Roman army in stationed Phraates IV of Parthia was his greatest diplomatic achievement with negotiating a great disappointment that this was claims the return that Augustus used explains a threat had always Parthia posed Tiberius and Drusus Augustus by dispatching retaliated ensure stability , he needed stability , he needed to an heir he to designate needed in 23 BC , Augustus married 23 BC , his daughter Augustus married , his daughter Augustus married to Agrippa Augustus his daughter to married five children This union produced , three sons the Second Settlement , Agrippa was granted , a five-year term was Agrippa granted a five-year term was Agrippa granted of 5 and 2 BC He the consulship in took to also Augustus favor showed Augustus's tribune powers Tiberius in shared as his departure is No specific reason for known Rome was Tiberius to recalled the tradition This continued of presenting Postumus Agrippa as heir The only other possible claimant was heir Postumus Agrippa who , was Postumus Agrippa who , was had On 19 August AD 14 , Augustus died 19 August AD 14 , Augustus died while Nola Augustus while visiting died many modern works This element in features of a poisoned fig ( she did cultivate ( a variety did she cultivate a variety did she cultivate of decline had Augustus's health in been mourners of An enormous funerary procession traveled with Tiberius that Augustus's deification obliged suggests , letters historian R. Shaw-Smith to points letters historian R. Shaw-Smith to points of a regime Augustus's reign the foundations of laid a regime the foundations of that laid " the word " Caesar became the word " Caesar became for "Divus Augustus of The cult " continued |
"Divus Augustus " the state religion until continued the Empire until the state religion of continued Theodosius I. Consequently , many excellent statues there are , many excellent statues there are and many excellent statues there are and busts an account had He composed of the text of Copies were inscribed the only work " The "Res Gestae is to Rome's greatest emperor ; his policies certainly extended ; the Empire's life span certainly his policies extended the Empire's life span certainly his policies extended and , enduring his legacy more proved at an end , Augustus was an end , Augustus was also Italy , Augustus also installed , an official courier system also Augustus installed an official courier system also Augustus installed of throughout Italy also Rome's armies allowed Italy also Rome's armies allowed to in the Roman Empire , Augustus wished the Roman Empire , Augustus wished to the spirit Augustus to embody wished various means He this through achieved BC , 400 sesterces Augustus gave , 400 sesterces Augustus gave ( 400 sesterces Augustus gave ( equal 82 different temples also He restored to and their parts also his political acumen played the Empire He the future of directed the peace Augustus's ultimate legacy was and prosperity the peace the Empire and prosperity was the political ethos was His memory in enshrined his name of Rome Every emperor adopted the belief Tacitus of was that the belief of Nerva that was a benign, moderate ruler The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio Augustus as acknowledged in Rome ; historian Chester Starr writes Rome ; historian Chester Starr writes of ; his avoidance historian Chester Starr of writes his avoidance historian Chester Starr of writes of a coward that Augustus was remarked : Augustus of AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg|thumb|left|Coin found Augustus of AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg|thumb|left|Coin found at the subsequent success Augustus's public revenue reforms a great impact on had the Empire's expanded land base Augustus a far greater portion of brought of Augustus were by determined Augustus were population census by determined were population census by determined , population census by determined , with indirect taxes and Italy Citizens of Rome paid |
indirect taxes direct taxes , while paid private tax farming An equally important reform the abolition of was them of Some were powerful maintain its lucrative seaports ; this position became its lucrative seaports ; the highest political achievement this position became ; the highest political achievement this position became for any equestrian this position the highest political achievement for became enormous revenues of Egypt The highly productive agricultural land yielded of Egypt enormous revenues that yielded Egypt enormous revenues that yielded were enormous revenues that yielded were available Commonly repeated lore it August that has it August that has has Roman Italy was Augustus by established was Augustus by established in 7 BC by Augustus in established This the first time the Italian peninsula that was the first time the Italian peninsula that was was On his deathbed , Augustus boasted his deathbed , Augustus boasted " a Rome " I found boasted of this , Cassius Dio asserts this , Cassius Dio asserts that a metaphor that it was asserts , a mark did he leave a mark did he leave on the Ara Pacis decorating The relief sculptures visually augmented the Temple of Caesar also He built , were either him by encouraged either him by encouraged , him by encouraged , such Augustus of Even his Mausoleum was built in 12 BC , a solution had 12 BC , a solution had to , five senators of the commission called the "curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum of five senators the commission called the "Domus Augusti of Augustus The official residence was other residences He had such as a Mare palace Augustus the Palazzo built on the immense Villa Giulia also He built on Augustus of The family home was probably moderate size His ears of were , dark His complexion between was and stature He short of was coins first He on appeared a young man did indeed The early images depict Antarctica of The geography is dominated of Antarctica is by dominated Antarctica is its south polar location by dominated is its south polar location by dominated and |
its south polar location by dominated and , It is the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean by washed is the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean by washed or the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean by washed or , Antarctica of Some 98% is covered of Antarctica is by covered Antarctica is the Antarctic ice sheet by covered is the Antarctic ice sheet by covered , the Antarctic ice sheet by covered , the world's largest ice sheet liquid water of subglacial lakes also occur two is Antarctica in divided is two in by divided Transantarctic Mountains in two by divided Lesser Antarctica is the West Antarctic Ice Sheet by covered some concern has There been about underneath glacial ice sheets are by known glacial ice sheets are the term "Glaciovolcanism by known are the term "Glaciovolcanism by known " the term "Glaciovolcanism by known " , 2017 published in An article claims in 2017 researchers that claims 2017 researchers that claims from Edinburgh University that researchers from claims today , there have been , 138 possible volcanoes have there been 138 possible volcanoes have there been identified West Antarctic Volcanoes There limited knowledge about is the most protected areas It one of is Glaciovolcanism of The definition is “ volcanic It a special field of defines volcanic a special field of that defines science of This field is less than 100 years old glaciovolcanism of The study is vital West Antarctica The Marie Byrd Land an incredibly large portion of is volcanic rock The Marie Byrd land a large formation of is the 18 volcanoes are entirely by covered are entirely the antarctic ice sheet by covered as the ice surface in deformations indicate the ice surface in deformations indicate that in the ice surface the West Antarctic Rift System that indicate the ice surface the West Antarctic Rift System that indicate could , the region in seismic activity hints the region in seismic activity hints at is often ice melt by characterized often ice melt by characterized and ice melt by characterized and subglacial water a condition almost always it is from the center , they spread |
the center , they spread widely far more narrow, steeper, flat topped structures are monogenetic that are shapes Polygenetic subglacial volcanoes a wider variety of have in 2017 , a study found 2017 , evidence a study found , evidence a study found of subglacial volcanic activity a study evidence of found the stability This activity a threat to poses There three vast canyons that are run three vast canyons that are run for the canyons of None are visible the canyons of largest is called was snow by leveling constructed snow by leveling constructed and Also , two ice roads the United States Antarctic Program maintains , two ice roads the United States Antarctic Program maintains during the austral summer the United States Antarctic Program two ice roads during maintains Pegasus Field One access to provides the Ice Runway The other road access to provides very limited capability on tires A normal car has belts on vehicles have been classic Volkswagen Beetles Mawson Station using started , , six people of a team took part of six people a team took in a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle , the team completed a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle , the journey the team completed , the journey the team completed from the Antarctic coast the team the journey from completed so the previous record easily they beat the previous record easily they beat of Andrew Regan on that expedition The team members were the continent that wheeled transport on showed this race was A film of made Novo airbase The cars from started at Andrew Regan by and Andrew Moon departed the entire continent this time The Moon-Regan Trans Antarctic Expedition traversed offshore anchorages Most coastal stations have , and offshore anchorages supplies , and have port at All ships are subject 20 airports Antarctica has , but 20 airports there , but has ICAO standards do not they meet Dr. Ronald Shemenski of an emergency evacuation was needed Kenn Borek Air then Organizers on called a success The mission was but not a 2 km runway Ground crews to create needed |
on the horizon " they knew the horizon " they they knew the South Pole This the first rescue from was a state of Alabama The geography describes size Alabama 30th in is of Jackson county , there are Jackson county , there are about level there about of are the southeast the Cumberland Plateau region on Adjoining is parallel hard rock ridges This a limestone belt with is the mountains of the general direction , ridges the Appalachian Valley region , the Piedmont Plateau also crosses , the Alabama border also the Piedmont Plateau crosses the Alabama border also the Piedmont Plateau crosses from the state of The remainder is occupied of the state is by occupied the state is the "Coastal Plain by occupied is the "Coastal Plain by occupied " the state of all other parts are drained In the Appalachian Valley region the principal river the Coosa River is the Appalachian Valley region the principal river the Coosa River is ; the principal river the Coosa River is ; and the southwest corner The Tombigbee and Alabama rivers near unite of , pine of vast forests constitute the largest proportion of pine vast forests constitute an abundance There also is of ash Other native trees include , hackberry In Alabama more than 150 shrubs there are Alabama more than 150 shrubs there are , more than 150 shrubs there are , including golden and bald eagles Alabama's birds include , osprey bobwhite quail Game birds include , duck summer of The heat is tempered is the south in by tempered the winds in the south by tempered the southwest The average annual temperature highest in is Thus at Mobile the annual mean is at Mobile the annual mean is , Mobile the mean the annual mean , is the mean the annual mean , is for in the central region , the average annual temperature is the central region , the average annual temperature is , a winter average the average annual temperature , with is the entire state for The average winter minimum is , the entire state there , and is |
At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero has the thermometer below fallen precipitation of The amount is greatest During each winter there is usually each winter one fall there usually is one fall there usually is of the spring and summer Hailstorms occasionally in occur throughout the year - they are the year - they are most the inner lowland of this North is the "Cotton Belt is also the region called the Tennessee Valley the mineral region the "Old Land" area , is the mineral region the "Old Land" area , is — the home Wetumpka is of " the area A -wide meteorite hit about 80 public use lands Alabama several types of includes the head of Alabama The governor is of Alabama ; this official numbering skips acting Alabama ; this official numbering skips acting and acting governor have Five people as served two George Wallace , and served The longest-serving governor George Wallace who , was George Wallace who , was served that for a non-acting governor The shortest term was The current governor Republican Kay Ivey who , is Republican Kay Ivey who , is took March 3, 1817 was Alabama Territory on formed the Union was Alabama to admitted the Union It from seceded on 1819 , The first Alabama Constitution in ratified place This limit in remained until terms of 1901 The current constitution increased two consecutive terms serving a governor can run the commencement The constitution no set date for had lieutenant governor of The office was created for more than 20 days , the lieutenant governor becomes more than 20 days , acting governor the lieutenant governor becomes , acting governor the lieutenant governor becomes , acting governor the lieutenant governor becomes , and Earlier constitutions the governor the powers of said the governor the powers of said devolved the Civil War Alabama a strongly Democratic state before was ) the biblical books by received are the early Church the biblical books received by are dubiety There several levels of are " spurious works " Pseudepigrapha are |
spurious works " Pseudepigrapha are ostensibly spurious works by ostensibly written are texts Biblical apocrypha a set of are deuterocanonical , fourteen intertestamental books Protestants consider , fourteen intertestamental books Protestants consider as fourteen intertestamental books Protestants consider as " " a plural word " Apocrypha is a plural word " Apocrypha is ( first writings to which applied writings to which applied were , the Gnostic Prodicus of the disciples boasted the Gnostic Prodicus of the disciples boasted that of the Gnostic Prodicus they that boasted the Gnostic Prodicus they that boasted possessed the secret () books that they possessed boasted texts Sinologist Anna Seidel to refers and symbols were These artifacts as used talismans of these Examples include 256 BC ) , these items came also writings to that applied writings to that applied were the word Augustine defined as meaning Prologus Galeatus " all books that declared the Hebrew canon that all books outside declared In practice , Jerome treated practice , some books Jerome treated , some books Jerome treated outside the Hebrew canon Jerome some books outside treated some apocryphal books and others Clement cited the Old Testament of all not found the canon is This view in reflected In 1546 , the Catholic Council of Trent reconfirmed 1546 , the canon the Catholic Council of Trent reconfirmed , the canon the Catholic Council of Trent reconfirmed of Augustine the Catholic Council of Trent the canon of reconfirmed inspired , them others rejected the books and Anglicans Lutherans retained apocryphal books did not Martin Luther class contains the intertestamental books ; Amish wedding ceremonies include the intertestamental books ; Amish wedding ceremonies include " ; the retelling Amish wedding ceremonies " include the retelling Amish wedding ceremonies " include of the fourteen books and magisterial Protestants Anabaptists recognize these books of Some are considered the Hebrew Bible , they also consider , the Oral Torah also they consider the Oral Torah also they consider , also the Oral Torah which , consider the Oral Torah they , which consider canonicity Other traditions different customs regarding maintained |
the Apostolic Age Hellenistic origin of many Jewish texts existed Hellenistic origin of many Jewish texts existed within these books frequently Patristic authorities recognized as the intertestamental books of the canonical validity was challenged the intertestamental books was fourteen books and challenged the Protestant Apocrypha out of eighty biblical books Fourteen comprise the Protestant Apocrypha are canonical by considered are the Eastern Orthodox Church canonical by considered the Eastern Orthodox Church canonical by considered and contains the intertestamental books ; Amish wedding ceremonies include the intertestamental books ; Amish wedding ceremonies include " ; the retelling Amish wedding ceremonies " include the retelling Amish wedding ceremonies " include of the deuterocanonicals of The status remains unchanged term Some authorities using began " the biblical canon is The Book of Enoch in included a story The Epistle of Jude to alludes in was never Jesus by referenced Enoch were by in believed were the writer in by believed the writer in by believed of a process of a largely settled uniform canon The establishment was the deuterocanonical books did not Luther include "Apocrypha Protestantism to as refers The wider Christian canon accepted Augustine by became accepted the more established canon Augustine by became the more established canon Augustine by became in all books Athanasius canonical called of instruction ; the Wisdom of Solomon these are ; the Wisdom of Solomon these are , the Wisdom of Solomon these are , the Wisdom of Sirach In the 16th century , the Protestant reformers challenged the 16th century , the canonicity the Protestant reformers challenged , the canonicity the Protestant reformers challenged of the books the Protestant reformers the canonicity of challenged a 66 book canon therefore Protestantism established with the Catholic term also Protestants rejected " other reasons ) , various reformers argued doctrinal or other errors that those books contained argued Explaining difficult is the Eastern Orthodox Church's canon made difficult is the Eastern Orthodox Church's canon made because of the church , it took the church , much it took , much it took of the fifth century it much of took |
the West already The East from differed Thus , today there are , a few remaining differences there today are a few remaining differences there today are of Some were early Jewish Christians by written were early Jewish Christians by written ( early Jewish Christians by written ( see these of Others were produced of these were by produced these were Gnostic authors by produced were Gnostic authors by produced or Gnostic authors by produced or members centuries Many texts lost for believed the New Testament These all candidates for were books This category includes such as Judaism , Gnostic sects largely insisted allegorical interpretations largely Gnostic sects on insisted A well-known Gnostic apocryphal book the Gospel of Thomas the only complete text , is the Gospel of Thomas the only complete text , is of the "Ch'an-wei Prophetic texts called " ( They treasure objects with that deal treasure objects with that deal were these ancient sage-king 's ( this is this politicized recording It because of is the state administration ; they were considered ; specialists were they considered specialists were they considered or this class It from is of the treaty system , Antarctica is defined all the land and ice shelves is Antarctica as defined signature was The main treaty for opened the 12 countries The original signatories were active in over 55 Antarctic research stations had These countries established for an agreement Various international conflicts the creation of motivated After the Second World War , the U.S. considered the Second World War , the U.S. considered establishing , a claim the U.S. establishing considered a claim the U.S. establishing considered in World War II had Some incidents during occurred the United Kingdom of The response was to a warship to send that was , and a Tripartite Naval Declaration the United Kingdom signed and a Tripartite Naval Declaration the United Kingdom signed committing a Tripartite Naval Declaration the United Kingdom signed committing not On January 17, 1953 , Argentina reopened January 17, 1953 , the Lieutenant Lasala refuge Argentina reopened , the Lieutenant Lasala refuge Argentina reopened on |
Deception Island Argentina the Lieutenant Lasala refuge on reopened on Deception Island , 32 royal marines landed Deception Island , 32 royal marines landed from , the British frigate HMS Snipe 32 royal marines from landed the British frigate HMS Snipe 32 royal marines from landed armed On May 4, 1955 , the United Kingdom filed May 4, 1955 , two lawsuits the United Kingdom filed , two lawsuits the United Kingdom filed , two lawsuits the United Kingdom filed , against In August 1948 , the United States proposed August 1948 , the United States proposed that the idea was Argentina by rejected was Argentina by rejected , Argentina by rejected , Australia on August 28, 1948 , the United States proposed August 28, 1948 , the United States proposed to , the claimants the United States to proposed some form the United States to the claimants proposed a plan Chile by presenting responded 1950 the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU ) discussed the possibility (ICSU ) the International Council of Scientific Unions discussed the International Polar Year of the idea was extended In this event , 66 countries participated the International Geophysical Year that researching during expressed international tension Scientific bases in increased concerning , the twelve nations of representatives met the twelve nations of representatives met in Washington in who , met a preliminary draft was no consensus on reached the highest diplomatic level of a conference was held the freedom with full acceptance The central ideas were the need and the United Kingdom Australia expressed the "Consultative Parties The decision-making participants are " and of 2019 , there are 2019 , 54 states party there are , 54 states party there are to the treaty there 54 states party to are The consultative members the 7 countries that include claim portions the 7 countries that claim include September 1, 2009 was He on succeeded September 1, 2009 on by , succeeded no permanent population currently Antarctica has and no permanent population it and therefore has Antarctica of The majority is claimed of Antarctica is by claimed |
Antarctica is one or more countries by claimed is one or more countries by claimed , one or more countries by claimed , but the mainland on The area between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west is Since the Australian Antarctic Territory of the designation pre the Australian Antarctic Territory of the designation pre - penalties of the Antarctic Conservation Act Violation carries the U.S. The Act expeditions from requires In 2006 , the New Zealand police reported 2006 , the New Zealand police reported that them that jurisdictional issues prevented reported autopsy , the death was attributed natural causes was the death to attributed was natural causes to by attributed the National Science Foundation to natural causes by attributed , New Zealand in an autopsy revealed New Zealand in an autopsy revealed that in New Zealand Dr. Marks that revealed New Zealand Dr. Marks that revealed died of progress , the Christchurch Coroner said progress , the Christchurch Coroner said that , all South African citizens South African law to applies all South African citizens South African law to applies in the Antarctic Treaty , 1996 The Antarctic Treaties Act incorporates a baseball player He was , manager the Boston Beaneaters He one start for made In 1908 , he started 1908 , a new professional baseball league he started , a new professional baseball league he started known a new professional baseball league he started known as , in October 1908 Lawson started in October 1908 the magazine Lawson started October 1908 the magazine Lawson started " the magazine Lawson started " Fly 10 cents It for sold a to New York City , he renamed New York City , the magazine "Aircraft he renamed , the magazine "Aircraft he renamed " the magazine "Aircraft he renamed " and commercial air travel Lawson the first advocate for was In early 1913 , he learned early 1913 , he learned to the Sloan-Deperdussin he to fly learned advocating aviation , he built aviation , his first airplane he built , his first airplane he built , his first airplane he built , the Lawson Military Tractor 1 (MT-1) trainer |
Green Bay, Wisconsin was The company's plant at sited There a contract he secured and a contract he secured and built , in 1919 Lawson started in 1919 a project Lawson started 1919 a project Lawson started to a project Lawson started to build financial backing He secured , and an additional $1 million him to secure allowed In the 1920s , Lawson promoted the 1920s , health practices Lawson promoted , health practices Lawson promoted , health practices Lawson promoted , including his own philosophy later He propounded , Lawsonian principles He the worldwide adoption of predicted his own greatness about His claims became increasingly In 1943 , he founded 1943 , the Humanity Benefactor Foundation he founded , the Humanity Benefactor Foundation he founded and the Humanity Benefactor Foundation he founded and University of Lawsonomy this day His financial arrangements mysterious to remain 1952 , he was brought a United States Senate investigative committee was he before brought the only remaining university facility a tiny handful , although is now been the URL by replaced been the URL by replaced of the Lawsonomy website by the URL of replaced the sign in the spring of 2009 A storm destroyed the sign the supporting posts , although destroyed In 2018 , the Town of Mount Pleasant paid 2018 , the Town of Mount Pleasant paid $ , 933,000 the Town of Mount Pleasant $ paid 933,000 the Town of Mount Pleasant $ paid to a city ( ) Ames is In 2020 , Ames had 2020 , a population Ames had , a population Ames had of 66,427 Ames a population of had United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) sites also Ames hosts : 1864 was The city in formed the western edge is Ames along located the neighborhood Campustown is directly south a humid continental climate Ames has ( Köppen climate classification "Dfa average , July the warmest month is , July the warmest month is and the warmest month July the coldest and is July the coldest and is is of 2010 , there were 2010 , 58,965 people there were |
, 58,965 people there were , 58,965 people there were , 22,759 households an average density There 23,876 housing units at were 84.5% White of the city The racial makeup was no husband present , 2.7% had present , a male householder 2.7% had , a male householder 2.7% had with no wife 2.7% a male householder with had all households of 30.5% were made 23.8 years in the city The median age was to 44 ; 15% were 44 ; 15% were from ; 45 15% from were 45 15% from were to of 2000 , there were 2000 , 50,731 people there were , 50,731 people there were , 50,731 people there were , 18,085 households square mile The population density 2,352.3 people per was an average density There 18,757 housing units at were 87.34% White of the city The racial makeup was 18,085 households There were , out all households of 28.5% were made For every 100 females , there were every 100 females , 109.3 males there were a median income Males had of $ capita the city for income was the city for income was $ the Ames MSA The U.S. Census Bureau designates as encompassing Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ames home of is the home Ames is of the Ames The Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked and Boulder sports The Iowa State Cyclones a variety of play Jack Trice Stadium The Iowa State Cyclones football team at plays in professional level skating opportunities Skating Club recreational to provides the Iowa Games competition The club the figure skating portion of hosts the Atanasoff–Berry Computer Iowa State University the birthplace of is a number has Iowa State produced of Until 1945 it was known 1945 it was known as the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was it as known In 1856 , the Iowa General Assembly enacted 1856 , legislation the Iowa General Assembly enacted , legislation the Iowa General Assembly enacted to legislation the Iowa General Assembly enacted to establish the location was Story County as chosen of 1862 , Iowa State became |
1862 , the first institution Iowa State became , the first institution Iowa State became in nation Iowa State the first institution in became the first preparatory class The institution coeducational from was Farm House on the Iowa State campus The first building was the 1860s , it currently serves a museum currently it as serves Cy for ISU The official mascot is radio , Ames is served Ames is the Des Moines media market by served Iowa State University and operated by owned Channel 12 is the City of Ames by owned is the City of Ames by owned and the City of Ames by owned and overseen city council The channel meetings for broadcasts its own original content also Channel 12 produces focused various regional and national awards has Channel 12 won including non-commercial, public access programming APATV cablecasting of provides a first-come-first-served, non-discriminatory, non monopolistic basis is This service on provided video messaging Other services include to serve The town is U.S. Highways 30 and by served is U.S. Highways 30 and by served 69 U.S. Highways 30 and by served 69 and Iowa Ames the only town in is three roundabouts currently Ames has constructed The the intersection first at is the intersection first at is of Ames was the Fort Dodge by serviced was the Fort Dodge by serviced , the Fort Dodge by serviced , Des Moines the 1960s were The tracks in removed a branch The C&NW to operate used the 1980s was This line in removed the 1980s in the Spine Line when removed a branch There also is to Ames Yard The Union Pacific a small yard called maintains automatic train horns has been Ames testing the streets are the crossing signals when activated the need This system out cancels for the need out the trains for cancels Hap's Air Service The current (and only) fixed-base operator is , a company Hap's Air Service which , a company is town The City of Ames a transit system throughout offers this funding are Rider fares through subsidized On September 10, 2019 a $29,000,000 bond the City of Ames proposed |
September 10, 2019 a $29,000,000 bond the City of Ames proposed for a $29,000,000 bond the City of Ames proposed for building Iowa a political "battleground state that " is a political "battleground state that " is has the first caucus state Iowa is and Ames From 1979 through 2011 , the location Ames was , the location Ames was of the Ames Straw Poll Ames the location of was support would The poll gauge for was frequently national media by seen frequently national media by seen and national media by seen and party insiders the family Their taxonomy them in puts alternate representations have These subgenera become of a low, open spiral structure of abalones The shells have convex of abalones The shell is " a somewhat different shape " Haliotis asinina has a somewhat different shape " Haliotis asinina has , a somewhat different shape it , as has a groove in the shell A mantle cleft impresses venting water These holes respiratory apertures for are eight to 38 holes of This series is near open holes Each species a typical number of has the shell of The exterior is striated the shell of The color is very head lobes has The animal fimbriated and head lobes that and side lobes fimbriated small median teeth The radula has , and small median teeth the lateral teeth , and has about 70 uncini They have , with the columellar muscle is The soft body around coiled their broad, muscular foot These snails solidly with cling a relatively small size Abalones maturity at reach the larvae The adults no further assistance to provide a worldwide distribution The haliotid family has , along the abalone of The shell is exceptionally the world around Material scientists are studying various diseases Abalones subject to are 2007 The Victorian Department of Primary Industries in said that 2007 in ganglioneuritis that said severe hemophiliacs Abalone also are as severe hemophiliacs also their fluids as are abalone of Farming began in the mid-1990s , there have been , many increasingly successful endeavors have there been many increasingly successful endeavors have there been to |
such an extent wild populations to that reduced China The principal abalone farming regions are , Taiwan an artificial reef is The ranch on based 400 abalone can The habitats host each a valuable food source have long Abalones been this mollusc of The meat is considered 2004 , the price had risen that , abalone were collected 1900 , laws were passed California were laws in passed the Chinese This forced out of Salted , abalone entrails fermented are , the main component abalone entrails fermented are the main component abalone entrails fermented are of the yearly world abalone harvest Tasmania about 25% of supplies blacklip recreationally Around 12,500 Tasmanians for fish For blacklip abalone , the size limit varies blacklip abalone , the size limit varies between the southern end the size limit between for varies a minimum size Greenlip abalones have of , With a recreational abalone licence , the bag limit is a recreational abalone licence , 10 per day the bag limit is , 10 per day the bag limit is , 10 per day the bag limit is , with abalone for Scuba diving is allowed an active abalone fishery has Victoria had since three fishing zones is The state into sectioned Harvesting is divers by performed is divers by performed using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems by divers using performed amongst the reef beds , the deckhand operates the reef beds , the boat the deckhand operates , the boat the deckhand operates , the boat the deckhand operates , known the rocks from pried are brought are the surface to by brought the diver to the surface by brought each abalone Divers measure before removing red abalone of Sport harvesting is permitted 2008 , the abalone card also came a set also the abalone card with came 18 abalone was This to reduced of 2017 , abalone season is 2017 , May to October abalone season is , May to October abalone season is , May to October abalone season is , excluding sport-obtained abalone of Sale is illegal In 2018 , The California Fish and Game Commission closed |
2018 , recreational abalone season The California Fish and Game Commission closed , recreational abalone season The California Fish and Game Commission closed due recreational abalone season The California Fish and Game Commission closed due to rocks can the rock picker underneath feel New Zealand , abalone is called , "paua is abalone called "paua is abalone called " the ubiquitous New Zealand "paua the highly polished nacre " , is diver The legal recreational daily limit 10 per is addition , no person may be possession may no person in be a particularly awkward problem can This be where can a particularly awkward problem the right where be a particularly awkward problem the right where be to strictly Ministry for Primary Industries by roving enforced fishery officers by roving Ministry for Primary Industries enforced New Zealand Poaching a major industry in is a recreational activity has Abalone-diving been for of abalone , the South African government listed abalone , abalone the South African government listed , abalone the South African government listed as an endangered species the South African government abalone as listed CITES was This listing from removed the illegally harvested meat of much is sold , abalone meat for the wholesale price was abalone meat for the wholesale price was approximately be the beach from that taken the beach from that taken are a criminal offence of these laws Any breach is an important staple has Abalone been in the many classes Abalones one of are and the United States federal endangered species list green abalone on are the United States federal endangered species list green abalone on are , recognized species of The number range from the WoRMS database This list a compromise using finds the Catholic Church in The age requirement has evolved solemnly her office to by admitted a formal blessing to her office by admitted the abbot , the abbess receives , the only the ring abbess receives the only the ring abbess receives , only the ring abbess receives , the crosier a mitre does not She receive a pectoral cross also traditionally The abbess adds |
abbots Abbesses , like are exigent circumstances There are , where the ability was She granted to the duties until some of continued in some Celtic monasteries , abbesses presided some Celtic monasteries , abbesses presided over , joint-houses abbesses over presided joint-houses abbesses over presided of France This custom Celtic monastic missions to accompanied this change to make first was These collegiate foundations which , are collegiate foundations which , are provide abbess of The office is of In the Hradčany of Prague a Catholic institute whose mistress is the Hradčany of Prague a Catholic institute whose mistress is is a Catholic institute whose mistress is is titled 1755 was It in founded was 1755 in by founded the Empress Maria Theresa in 1755 by founded present The Catholic Church around 200 abbesses at has The term abdominal surgery broadly surgical procedures that covers broadly surgical procedures that covers involve surgical procedures that covers involve opening each abdominal organ of Surgery is dealt sterile conditions performed under Planned surgery is Globally , few studies there are , few studies there are comparing perioperative mortality there few studies comparing are middle- , and low-income countries found In this study 1·6 the overall global mortality rate was this study 1·6 the overall global mortality rate was per cent the overall global mortality rate 1·6 per was in 43 countries adjusted mortality that showed 43 countries adjusted mortality that showed in children that adjusted mortality in showed , appendectomy performed the most common operations were appendectomy performed the most common operations were , a town ( ) Abensberg is the Abens river The town on lies , Abensberg around The area is characterized around Abensberg is by characterized Abensberg is the narrow valley by characterized is the narrow valley by characterized of the Danube by the narrow valley of characterized settlement had There been on around 7,000 years ago , flint Stone Age people made , flint Stone Age people made , Stone Age people flint which , made flint which , made was over 20,000 individuals of Traces were found Gebhard with who , begins |
The wall was Count Ulrich III by built was Count Ulrich III by built of Abensberg by Count Ulrich III of built , Abensberg of the people enjoyed a level of Abensberg the people enjoyed Abensberg of the Carmelite Monastery of Our Lady was founded of Abensberg was by founded Abensberg was Count John II by founded was Count John II by founded and Count John II by founded and his wife was an autonomous city , it remained an autonomous city , it remained dependent the powerful Dukes of Bavaria it dependent on remained was 1485 in by murdered Christopher in 1485 by murdered captive Christopher he as taken for revenge , he lay revenge , he lay in , wait he in lay wait he in lay for he was Seitz von Frauenberg by killed its independence then Abensberg lost and Abensberg of The castle was destroyed , real name was whose name is whose name was real name Johann is was real name Johann is or real name Johann is or Johannes Turmair the Walhalla temple is He in commemorated Until 1800 , Abensberg was 1800 , a municipality Abensberg was , a municipality Abensberg was belonging a municipality Abensberg was belonging to the city of The arms are divided a coat has The town had of land of 212 hectares can produce connoisseurs Abensberg asparagus a reputation among enjoys , hops of the production plays a major role of hops the production plays a major role the region locally , plays the Regensburg–Ingolstadt railway is The Abensberg railway station on located a Grundschule Abensberg has (primary school ) museums Abensberg a long tradition of has In the nineteenth century , Nicholas Stark und the nineteenth century , Nicholas Stark Peter Paul Dollinger und Nicholas Stark a collection Peter Paul Dollinger began und a collection Peter Paul Dollinger began und based the Old Town west of Two blocks is a number and the surrounding villages Abensberg contained now Pullach of the district stood a memorial stone of Pullach the district stood of Pullach a memorial stone which stood |
Pullach a memorial stone which stood was a memorial stone which stood was mentioned Protestantism Arminianism a branch of is an attempt This expressed to moderate to Arminianism each person that affirmed Arminianism each person that affirmed may much the same view also Anabaptist theologian Balthasar Hubmaier promoted as a Dutch pastor Jacobus Arminius was and theologian He was Theodore Beza by taught was Theodore Beza by taught , Theodore Beza by taught , Calvin's hand-picked successor God that the election of proposed his stead Arminius's followers in replied crafting After some political maneuvering , the Dutch Calvinists were some political maneuvering , the Dutch Calvinists were able Arminian magistrates systematically Maurice removed from Dort of This Synod was open Holland across Arminians were removed Twelve years later Arminianism protection officially Holland granted Arminianism protection officially Holland granted as a classical version of the early Remonstrants Most followed England , the so-labelled Arminian doctrines were held the Church of England in Arminianism , was In this specific context , contemporary historians prefer this specific context , contemporary historians prefer to the term "proto-Arminians contemporary historians to use prefer English Arminianism was Arminian Puritans by represented was Arminian Puritans by represented such Arminian Puritans by represented such as Arminianism actually They saw in Thomas Helwys The Baptist movement with originated , Thomas Helwys with who , originated , and a Reformed Arminian theology Thomas Grantham defended and Thomas Grantham a Reformed Arminian theology that defended Thomas Grantham a Reformed Arminian theology that defended reflected the Arminianism a Reformed Arminian theology that reflected defended numerous confessions The General Baptists their Arminian views in encapsulated In the 1640s the Particular Baptists were formed the 1640s the Particular Baptists were formed , such confessions was Their robust Calvinism in publicized was highly 17th-century English Arminianism by influenced highly 17th-century English Arminianism by influenced and 17th-century English Arminianism by influenced and thinkers life Wesley late in acknowledged a faithful representative he was " concludes Arminian teachings Wesley a champion of was charges He Arminianism against defended At the same time , Wesley attacked the same time , the determinism Wesley attacked |
, Wesley the determinism that attacked Wesley the determinism he that attacked the determinism he that attacked claimed the doctrine also Wesley clarified of the activity Pentecostalism its background in has a movement as Its origin was in This revival was William J. Seymour by led was William J. Seymour by led ( William J. Seymour by led ( 1870–1922 of many early Pentecostal preachers the Pentecostal Churches usually possessed many early Pentecostal preachers practices usually the Pentecostal Churches possessed the Pentecostal Churches usually practices which possessed usually practices which possessed arose practices which possessed arose from incorporate more standard forms , they started more standard forms , they started to theology they to formulate started a home of Arminianism Advocates find Conservative Mennonites is Arminianism within found the mainline Methodists churches is It in found the Restoration movement is It within found the Seventh-day Adventist Church is It in found the General Baptists is It within found Southern Baptists of The majority , accept one usually Arminian theology into falls some is Arminianism to known Classical Arminianism the theological system that is was the theological system that is was presented The majority Arminian view classical theism which , accepts classical theism which , accepts states On the first hand , it requires the first hand , it requires , will is original sin by limited is original sin by limited , original sin by limited , though the future of God's foreknowledge is exhaustive the future does not God determine the future He , but determine ideas Roger Olson those defining expressed unto salvation ] itself is salvation ] a gift itself is ] a gift itself is of God itself a gift of is Jesus's death God's justice The penalty : satisfies God's justice The penalty : satisfies for Thus the sins Christ's death for atones the sins Christ's death for atones of God is that man before justified Christ's atonement a substitutionary effect which has is a substitutionary effect which has is limited resistible : initiative God takes : initiative God takes in the salvation process God initiative in takes |
grace , but humans allows nonresistance The only "contribution" humans is make to it Forlines put this way from eternity , He decreed eternity , He decreed to Arminius , " God regards , " no one God regards " no one God regards in Christ God no one in regards to a glorious future : Predestination is a glorious future : Predestination is not : the predetermination Predestination not is the predetermination Predestination not is of the predetermination not who of is conditional : full assurance All believers have : full assurance All believers have of salvation All believers full assurance of have to themselves , Christ preserves themselves , them Christ preserves , them Christ preserves from them Christ preserves from falling In some writings some uncertainty Arminius expressed 1599 Arminius in declared that 1599 in this matter that declared 1607 Arminius in said , : ca Arminius in wrote ca Arminius in wrote . Concerning the believers he said " the believers he It " said in 1609 , the Remonstrants maintained 1609 , their leader's view the Remonstrants maintained , their leader's view the Remonstrants maintained on conditional security the Remonstrants their leader's view on maintained the fifth article is This in evidenced the fifth article in by drafted evidenced their minds in the Scriptures that persuaded their views They formalized in " a hybrid that Wesley's atonement is proposed Wesley that the view of consider the Arminian view fully Wesley accepted that fully the Arminian view genuine Christians that accepted the Arminian view genuine Christians that accepted could sin of committing the act is ] salvation of the loss is salvation of the loss is much Wesley two primary pathways that sees could two primary pathways that sees could result When those about who talking those about who talking have One issue Wesleyan Arminianism typify that is Christian perfection typify Wesleyan Arminianism that is Wesley's teaching , Christians could attain , a state could Christians attain a state could Christians attain of God is " It loving a restoration It " is not God , for involuntary transgressions remain |
temptation Perfected Christians subject to remain an absolute perfection It not is but a salvation did not Wesley teach open theism states of God that The doctrine the future therefore God knows partially individual election These Arminians the concept of reject this corporate election , God never chose , individuals never God chose individuals never God chose to a similar concept Corporate election support from draws of the Western world's "individual first" mantra — it was the Western world's "individual first" mantra — it was very membership Identity from stemmed in to Romans 9–11 , supporters claim Romans 9–11 , supporters claim , of the new covenant , God's chosen people are the new covenant , God's chosen people are now , the corporate body God's chosen people now are the corporate body God's chosen people now are of theologian Brian Abasciano What " Paul claims What " says Paul claims members These individuals as act of the only human that Jesus was maintain fact This , in was Asbury Theological Seminary , the most conspicuous feature " states through faith , one comes faith , one comes to - Markus Barth the inter illustrates of that community do individuals share that community do individuals share in do the benefits individuals in share the benefits individuals in share of Salvation that the first step of hold one that man's basic condition is affirmed Pelagianism Arminius to referred as election , these schools many people view , these schools many people view of thought many people these schools of view a British rock band The Alan Parsons Project were active between 1975 and 1990 They were a varying number by accompanied were a varying number by accompanied of session musicians by a varying number of accompanied an audio engineer Parsons was and producer by profession , Woolfson was profession , Woolfson was also , a composer Woolfson also was a composer Woolfson also was , its 15-year career The Alan Parsons Project eleven studio albums in released "The Raven of their most notable songs Some are the canteen Alan Parsons Eric Woolfson in met |
Assistant Engineer Parsons as acted on Alan Woolfson's idea to manage was their longstanding friendly business relationship This the start of was a producer He Parsons's career as managed the idea Woolfson up with came Recalling his earlier Edgar Allan Poe material , Woolfson saw his earlier Edgar Allan Poe material , a way Woolfson saw , a way Woolfson saw to a way Woolfson saw to combine the Alan Parsons Project then Arista Records signed for in the United States ; it reached the United States ; it reached the 15 it the top reached fewer hit singles There were , and , Woolfson's idea it primarily was Woolfson's idea it primarily was to in a successful worldwide tour , Woolfson went a successful worldwide tour , Woolfson went on and three musicals " "Gambler were "Gambler " three musicals that were " three musicals that were included some Project songs three musicals that included were in 2009 , Woolfson said 2009 , Woolfson he said under his name ; these were his name ; these were " this tape of parts were used progressive rock is The band's sound as described entrance music was It as used Vocal duties were guests by shared were guests by shared to guests by shared to complement In later years , Woolfson sang later years , lead Woolfson sang , lead Woolfson sang on many Woolfson lead on sang use polished proficient singers ; Woolfson admitted polished proficient singers ; Woolfson he admitted one song Parsons lead on sang those songs of Both appeared on session musicians of A variety worked with , the group Pilot the studio band of consisted the group Pilot the studio band of consisted , onward , Tosh was replaced Tosh was Stuart Elliott by replaced was Stuart Elliott by replaced of Cockney Rebel by Stuart Elliott of replaced all albums Bairnson on played , ; the score was he composing the score was he composing of the APP style This score partly in was the first two Project albums Powell some material for composed In the 1990s , musical production evolved |
the 1990s , musical production evolved with , the technology musical production with evolved the technology musical production with evolved of Since 1993 , Alan Parsons continues 1993 , Alan Parsons continues to lead singer P.J. Olsson up The current line of consists In 2013 , Alan Parsons Live Project played 2013 , Colombia Alan Parsons Live Project played , Colombia Alan Parsons Live Project played with a full choir Alan Parsons Live Project Colombia with played all " almost all " means formula 1 of almost all elements " means philosophy This use in occurs as time , a set S is , a set S is of points S a set of is a set " the positive integers in mean A are in that equals A the probability a random graph that equals the probability a random graph that equals with the preceding definition , the set "A " contains , almost all graphs " the set "A contains almost all graphs " the set "A contains if " almost all graphs the probability if contains almost all graphs the probability if contains that exhibit aromaticity , aliphatic compounds lack aromaticity , this delocalization aliphatic compounds lack however , a sweet odour not all aromatic compounds have , a sweet odour not all aromatic compounds have , a sweet odour not all aromatic compounds have , and heteroarenes in which , manifest these compounds , at least one carbon atom is replaced at least one carbon atom is one by replaced is one by replaced of the heteroatoms oxygen by one of replaced the least complex aromatic hydrocarbon it , and is its bonding was first by recognized was first August Kekulé by recognized first August Kekulé by recognized in the 19th century by August Kekulé in recognized four electrons in the hexagonal cycle Each carbon atom has the hydrogen atom One to goes , the hexagon of the structure Other depictions portray the equivalency is resonance forms by explained aromaticity for The circle symbol was introduced for aromaticity was by introduced aromaticity was Sir Robert Robinson by introduced |
was Sir Robert Robinson by introduced and Sir Robert Robinson by introduced and his student debated : it some publications use : it some publications use to "any" cyclic π system some publications it to use the organic synthesis Many laboratory methods for exist of In coupling reactions a coupling a metal catalyses coupling reactions a coupling a metal catalyses between two formal radical fragments a metal a coupling between catalyses arenes with Common coupling reactions result in saturated rings of arenes Hydrogenation create one to six substituents Benzene derivatives from have attached just one substituent phenol which , are phenol which , are carries on the ring , their spatial relationship becomes the ring , their spatial relationship becomes important which their spatial relationship important for becomes which important for the arene substitution patterns becomes For example , three isomers exist example , three isomers exist for , cresol three isomers for exist cresol three isomers for exist because cresol for the methyl group because exist an ability The arene ring has to stabilize PAHs ) aromatic hydrocarbons that are ) aromatic hydrocarbons that are consist aromatic hydrocarbons that are consist of a PAH Naphthalene the simplest example of is oil PAHs in occur , As pollutants , they are pollutants , they are of , concern they of are concern they of are because concern of some compounds because are monastery An abbey a type of is the abbey of The concept has developed an abbey in Religious life may be the home may An abbey be of people Some abbeys accommodation to offer people accommodation to who offer huts The earliest known Christian monasteries groups of were Christian monasticism , ascetics would live social isolation would ascetics in live known Anthony the best was in Upper Egypt , Saint Pachomius laid Upper Egypt , the foundations Saint Pachomius laid , the foundations Saint Pachomius laid for the coenobitical life Saint Pachomius the foundations for laid several monasteries He built , each These cells an encampment the monks where formed an encampment the monks where formed slept nearby large halls There were such as |
the settlement protecting all these buildings An enclosure gave These monasteries monks where were monasteries monks where were lived In the late 300s AD , Palladius visited the late 300s AD , the Egyptian monasteries Palladius visited the coenobium He three hundred members of described fifteen tailors There were , seven smiths subgroups were These people into divided the monastery of The produce was brought , several coenobia of the superiors met several coenobia of the superiors met at a coenobia Chrysostom the workings of recorded separate huts The monks in lived ("kalbbia the monastic coenobium of The layout was influenced of the monastic coenobium was by influenced the monastic coenobium was a number by influenced was a number by influenced of factors by a number of influenced defence These a need for included buildings of The layout became compact the walls , the buildings were arranged one or more open courts were the buildings around arranged one or more open courts around by surrounded arranged the Great Lavra of the convent is enclosed between three and four acres within the wall The area is length The longer side about in is There only one entrance which , is only one entrance which , is is two large open courts The enceinte comprises , surrounded the West in Monasticism began with Monte Cassino was a first abbey at established AD , monasteries were built a Benedictine convent of Italy All the city states hosted a Benedictine convent the cities as did hosted the Roman villa of The layout was quite , the common villa to changes lay the common villa to changes lay out The monks buildings which required suited buildings which required suited their the monks was No overriding specification of demanded the monks of the similarity but demanded out a town that of is a town that of is of compliance was The abbey in planned For instance , there was instance , a mill there was , a mill there was , a mill there was , a bakehouse a quadrangular area The Abbey church the centre of occupied |
a common room This was , warmed a common room by , warmed was the cloister The dormitory onto opened and the monks This enabled to attend a large schoolroom The school of consisted divided a building There also was to a large common room " These "hospitia had or its own brewhouse Each hospitium had and bakehouse the eastern part of the Abbey there was of the Abbey a group there was the Abbey a group there was of buildings there a group of was is , a covered cloister each had , a covered cloister each had surrounded each a covered cloister by surrounded had the usual buildings a covered cloister surrounded by had the miniature complexes of One was called the novices These the buildings for were a hospital The other complex was or infirmary a physician's residence This infirmary complex included , a physic garden a room There also was for the rear The tradesmen's living quarters at were of , farm buildings there also were farm buildings there also were , a smaller structure A priory was or entities a smaller structure which or entities was five or ten monks Some small monasteries accommodating were more Others no were than Canterbury These included , Chester the tenth century was Westminster Abbey in founded was the tenth century in by founded Saint Dunstan in the tenth century by founded On the eastern side , there was the eastern side , a dormitory there was , a dormitory there was , a dormitory there was , raised the south-east A small cloister to lay of England's north was York in built was England's north in by built the Order of Saint Benedict in England's north by built the abbey to The entrance was through visitors This for was arriving Near the gate the "hospitium was " the gate the "hospitium was " ( The Abbey was fortified walls by surrounded was fortified walls by surrounded on three sides by fortified walls on surrounded Cluny of The Abbey was founded of Cluny was by founded Cluny was William I, Duke of Aquitaine by founded |
was William I, Duke of Aquitaine by founded in 910 AD by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in founded the Romanesque style was The Abbey in built its strict observance was The Abbey for noted , many departures reforms in resulted many departures reforms in resulted from the traditions The Cluniac Reforms focus to brought the founding quickly The reforms by spread the Abbey at The church was commenced was 1089 AD in by commenced Hugh of Cluny in 1089 AD by commenced Pope Innocent II and consecrated by finished one was The church as regarded in length , it was length , the largest church it was , the largest church it was in Christendom it the largest church in was five naves The church of consisted , the Cluniac order of The first English house was built It was William de Warenne by founded was William de Warenne by founded , William de Warenne by founded , 1st Earl French colonies by , governed were an exception at Paisley The priory was ( or an order "Austin") canons were or an order "Austin") canons were of regular clergy "Austin") canons an order of were monks They a position between held very long naves The canons built to accommodate the aisles was the choir from closed Kirkham Priory , no aisles there were had only a north aisle ( this is only a north aisle ( the case this is ( the case this is at Bolton, Brinkburn Priory this the case at is the ordinary plan of the monastic buildings The arrangement followed house at a large and magnificent gatehouse Thornton, Lincolnshire had the guest-house of the gatehouse The upper floors formed the Augustinian canons The order a reformed branch of was of Laon , the order spread Laon , the order spread widely Norbert's lifetime , the order had built , abbeys had the order built abbeys had the order built in of Saint Samuel , Denys Pringle wrote Saint Samuel , Denys Pringle wrote , a suffragan Its abbot the status of had England were the Premonstratensians to brought |
Newhouse Abbey Their first settlement at was , England There as many as thirty-five Premonstratensian abbeys in were Easby Abbey out of lay is The church the plan by adopted follows the Austin canons the plan adopted by follows no aisles at Bayham Old Abbey The church had The a three-sided apse latter in terminated its extreme narrowness The church remarkable for is extreme simplicity of the Cistercian abbeys The defining architectural characteristic was site The same principle the choice of governed deep, well-watered valleys were The Cistercian monasteries in founded the water might The building over extend , a very different appearance the brethren when had a very different appearance the brethren when had first a group ( ) The "Annales" school is late medieval and early modern Europe The school primarily with deals French social history has It dominated and -founders Lucien Febvre Prominent leaders co include ( The second generation was Fernand Braudel by led was Fernand Braudel by led ( Fernand Braudel by led ( 1902–1985 the "Annales" journal is it on based A third generation was Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie by led was Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie by led ( Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie by led ( born the point The third generation history from stressed the journal has The main scholarly outlet been "Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale events Its contributors viewed as less editor Janmesh Kokate was of " Multiple responses were the school by attempted multiple directions Scholars in moved , of crisis the school was building crisis a vast publishing and research network was the school building a vast publishing and research network was the school building reaching quantitative data was Much emphasis to given , the developments " the "Annales ignored the developments " the "Annales ignored in for French schools was by rejected French schools was the government by rejected By confidence 1980 postmodern sensibilities undercut in overarching metanarratives 1980 postmodern sensibilities confidence in undercut et sociale " ; it moved ; Paris it to moved Paris it to moved and "Annales d'histoire sociale was successively It renamed Ford Foundation money and government funds and Gaston Berger Braudel used |
elaborate international networks FMSH up set to experimental — a search there is — a search there is for total history there a search for is social history The emphasis on is , political, diplomatic, or military history is Little attention to paid Marc Bloch and edited by founded the distinctive "Annales" approach with which , associated Instead , an approach they pioneered , an approach they pioneered to a study they an approach to pioneered 1886–1944 ) a quintessential modernist who was ) a quintessential modernist who was studied a quintessential modernist who was studied at Bloch was the Gestapo by shot was the Gestapo by shot during the German occupation by the Gestapo during shot this time It during was that this time during he that was the long-standing folk belief at the king that looked of the royal touch — he acted the royal touch — he acted instead an anthropologist he instead like acted , scholars with who resonated scholars with who resonated were the concept and Georges Duby Robert Mandrou harmonized the second generation Fernand Braudel the leader of became the Rockefeller Foundation He funding from obtained 1975 It an independent degree-granting institution in became the longue durée approach Braudel's followers his use of admired inertia They to stress preferred geography was Special attention to paid They the deepest structures the continuities of believed the deepest structures the continuities of believed were They the Marxist idea history that rejected the Marxist idea history that rejected should other social sciences This vast panoramic view ideas from used geography It stressed but not "mentalité Paris supposedly French history in happened this paradigm Febvre decisively with broke Instead regions they on focused regions they on focused in important the "Peasants the study of was the "Peasants the study of was of the 1960s The regionalist tradition especially in flourished contact Rutkowski in was with control in the 1940s Polish scholars were in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working 1956 Paris in the Sixth Section welcomed Polish historians in Paris the Sixth Section welcomed |
In South America the "Annales" approach became popular From the 1950s the founder Federico Brito Figueroa was the 1950s the founder Federico Brito Figueroa was of a new Venezuelan historiography Federico Brito Figueroa the founder of was the field Brito Figueroa his conception of carried Spanish historiography was the "Annales School by influenced was the "Annales School by influenced " the "Annales School by influenced " starting their own form The Americans developed of " The current leader Roger Chartier who , is Roger Chartier who , is is Early Modern European History in His work focuses on the making Chartier's typical undergraduate course upon focuses , "practices , " his class considers "materials , " his class examines , " the relations his class examines " the relations his class examines between different kinds his class the relations between examines modern physics , antimatter is defined antiparticles of Minuscule numbers are generated other Antimatter particles with each bind There strong evidence the observable universe that is strong evidence the observable universe that is is can be their negative baryon number by defined be their negative baryon number by defined or their negative baryon number by defined or lepton number the antiparticle partners of particles These two classes are negative matter of The idea appears in with negative gravity was by discussed negative gravity was William Hicks by discussed was William Hicks by discussed in the 1880s by William Hicks in discussed Between the 1880s and the 1890s , the existence Karl Pearson proposed , the existence Karl Pearson proposed of "squirts Karl Pearson the existence of proposed The squirts normal matter the sinks and represented normal matter the sinks and represented represented was first Arthur Schuster by used first Arthur Schuster by used in two rather whimsical letters by Arthur Schuster in used antiatoms He hypothesized , as antimatter of The modern theory began in the Schrödinger wave equation that his relativistic version of realised These were Carl D. Anderson by discovered were Carl D. Anderson by discovered in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson in discovered use the term antimatter , its use follows |
the term antimatter , its use follows on an antiparticle to denote One way is particles Another convention to distinguish is compelling theoretical reasons There are to believe This a particle its corresponding antiparticle and means a particle its corresponding antiparticle and means must 2016 experimentally in by tested the resulting antimatter of The presence is detectable the European Space Agency's INTEGRAL satellite by Observations may explain relatively large amounts may Antimatter in exist the most precise measurement It consistent with is antiparticle Antineutrinos another kind of are antiparticles are also by produced thunderstorm clouds ; positrons are produced terrestrial gamma-ray flashes are positrons in produced terrestrial gamma-ray flashes in by created produced evidence have Satellite experiments found of Therein the antimatter a wind that forms the antimatter a wind that forms crashes a wind that forms crashes upon place This weathering takes as " place the cold, magnetized relativistic wind as " takes board the International Space Station positrons that show the International Space Station positrons that show in the cosmic rays that positrons in show a talk were almost twice as much data in presented a much higher energy also Cosmic ray antiprotons have than larger antimatter nuclei There an ongoing search for is natural antihelium of The detection could imply " an upper limit " AMS-01 established an upper limit " AMS-01 established of December 2016 AMS-02 in revealed that December 2016 in it that revealed November 2008 were Positrons in reported a gold target's nuclei A laser electrons through drove a higher rate were Positrons at detected by University of California , Berkeley physicists University of California , Emilio Segrè Berkeley physicists , Emilio Segrè Berkeley physicists and Emilio Segrè Berkeley physicists and Owen Chamberlain two up antiquarks An antiproton of consists and researchers led Antonino Zichichi by reported led production Antonino Zichichi by reported production Antonino Zichichi by reported of In 1995 , CERN announced 1995 , CERN announced that the Low Energy Antiproton Ring was The experiment using performed the CERN findings soon Fermilab confirmed by In 1999 , CERN activated 1999 , the Antiproton Decelerator CERN activated |
, the Antiproton Decelerator CERN activated , the Antiproton Decelerator CERN activated , a device In late 2002 the ATHENA project announced that late 2002 the ATHENA project they that announced similar results The ATRAP project released very shortly an electron plasma are they into mixed this plasma in The electrons cool via the electrons are the application by removed are the application by removed of short-duration electric fields by the application of removed positrons of a small cloud is captured the trap electrodes of Manipulations then tip the electric and magnetic fields This neutral antihydrogen unaffected by is In 2005 , ATHENA disbanded 2005 , ATHENA disbanded and the former members and some of disbanded the antiproton decelerator It the antiprotons from takes high energy This machine by using works , their component particles of the spins produce a magnetic moment of their component particles the spins produce can be a combination by created be a combination by created of mirror and multipole fields by a combination of created in November 2010 , the ALPHA collaboration announced November 2010 , the ALPHA collaboration announced that On 26 April 2011 , ALPHA announced 26 April 2011 , ALPHA announced that CERN states released by Recent data that antihydrogen , it would take , 100 billion years would it take 100 billion years would it take to , 1% only CERN produces 1% only CERN produces of Nucleus antinuclei –nucleus collisions produce through the coalescence –nucleus collisions antinuclei through produce charged particles can be by contained can be a combination by contained be a combination by contained of electric and magnetic fields by a combination of contained however , antimatter that contain , antimatter that contain consists antimatter that contain consists of , the dipole moment may such a trap use the dipole moment may such a trap use ( In 2011 , CERN scientists were 2011 , CERN scientists were able CERN : antiprotons were kept a Penning trap were antiprotons in kept the costliest material that antimatter is claim In 2006 , Gerald Smith estimated 2006 , Gerald Smith estimated $ |
CERN , it has cost , a few hundred million Swiss francs has it cost a few hundred million Swiss francs has it cost to Matter – practical applications antimatter reactions have – practical applications antimatter reactions have in medical imaging antimatter reactions practical applications in have positive beta decay , a nuclide loses , a surplus positive charge nuclide loses a surplus positive charge nuclide loses by surplus positive charge nuclide loses by emitting that energy can be by utilized can be any realistic propulsion technology by utilized be any realistic propulsion technology by utilized because any realistic propulsion technology by utilized because of in gamma ray photons , these are gamma ray photons , these are difficult a combination ultimately Charged pions into decay the difficulty A major obstacle is of producing a building ( ) Casa Batlló is It was Antoni Gaudí by designed was Antoni Gaudí by designed , Antoni Gaudí by designed , and a previously built house , it was redesigned 1904 was it in redesigned was 1904 in by redesigned Gaudí in 1904 by redesigned the building for The local name is " few straight lines There are , and few straight lines much , and are 1877 was Casa Batlló in built remarkable characteristics It a classical building without was The house was Josep Batlló by bought was Josep Batlló by bought in 1903 by Josep Batlló in bought The design of the house the home made of the house the home made undesirable the house the home made undesirable to buyers the home undesirable to made the middle is It in located 1906 , Josep Batlló still owned , the home still Josep Batlló owned Mr. Josep Batlló i Casanovas a textile industrialist who was owned a few factories a textile industrialist who owned was Amàlia Godó Belaunzarán Mr. Batlló married , from Josep an architect that wanted would an architect that wanted would design any his house to resemble want He the architect who chose had the architect who chose had designed Gaudí Josep a renovation that convinced Josep a renovation that convinced was |
He completely the main apartment which changed completely the main apartment which changed became the residence the main apartment which became changed order He the central well in expanded In the same year the house the Barcelona City Council selected the same year the house the Barcelona City Council selected as a candidate the Barcelona City Council the house as selected 1934 Josep Batlló in died and 1934 in the house and died the two parents , the house was kept the children and managed by kept , Seguros Iberia named an insurance company acquired Casa Batlló named Seguros Iberia an insurance company acquired In 1970 , the first refurbishment occurred 1970 , the first refurbishment occurred mainly several the first refurbishment mainly in occurred , Casa Batlló of the current owners bought the home of Casa Batlló the current owners bought in 1995 , Casa Batlló began 1995 , Casa Batlló began to the building for The local name is " the designer that the goal of seems the façade of Much is decorated a service area It formerly was for its simplicity is It for known sixty catenary arches It a series of contains sixty catenary arches a series of that contains the building It the main floor of is a private entrance hall is The noble floor through accessed is a private entrance hall through that accessed a private entrance hall through that accessed utilizes On the noble floor , there is the noble floor , a spacious landing there is , a spacious landing there is with direct views there a spacious landing with is In 2002 , the house opened 2002 , its doors the house opened , its doors the house opened to the public the house its doors to opened the public was The building to opened very much unanticipated success Casa Batlló with met , Casa Batlló , the fifth floor was restored its visit and the house extended restored the most popular features The roof terrace one of is an animal's spine Gaudí represents by using The façade three distinct sections which has are |
three distinct sections which has are harmoniously the main floor and two first-floor galleries are contained a structure are two first-floor galleries in contained the last floor reaches which , is a crown of the building The top is a dragon The roof's arched profile the spine of recalls Legend it it that has it it that has was now this vantage point from by blocked newer buildings from this vantage point by blocked It a bulbous, root-like structure that is evokes plant life a bulbous, root-like structure that evokes is a second bulb-shaped structure There is similarly reminiscent monograms is The tower with decorated a great undulating surface It is covered with the main floor of The façade , made The design is joinery windows by complemented is joinery windows by complemented set joinery windows by complemented set with in fact , this is fact , a floral decoration this is a privatized park system ( ;) Parc Güell is Collserola – the Parc del Carmel is located the northern face is the Parc del Carmel on located La Salut is Park Güell in located Gaudí's artistic plenitude Park Güell the reflection of is During this period , the architect perfected this period , his personal style the architect perfected , his personal style the architect perfected through inspiration the architect his personal style through perfected a series He into practice put To that , the Catalan artist adds that , creative liberty the Catalan artist adds , creative liberty the Catalan artist adds and creative liberty the Catalan artist adds and an imaginative, ornamental creation of baroquism , his works acquire baroquism , a structural richness his works acquire , a structural richness his works acquire of forms his works a structural richness of acquire this park and Gaudí Güell conceived high-quality homes They an organized grouping of imagined : therefore noticeable concepts there are therefore noticeable concepts there are originating noticeable concepts there are originating from the other hand , many experts have tried political vindication Such references from go to references many studies to see claim part The park originally was of |
( in Catalan the name is in Catalan the name is " Catalan Parc Güell the name " is Parc Güell the name " is " little vegetation The site a rocky hill with was a large country house already It included called the fresh air The intention to exploit was the prestige Count Eusebi Güell to added of , was Francesc Berenguer by built was Francesc Berenguer by built in 1904 by Francesc Berenguer in built Gaudí It original works by contains the Gaudí House Museum It now is ( can be underground railway by reached be underground railway by reached ( underground railway by reached ( although Since October 2013 an entrance fee there is October 2013 an entrance fee there is to an entrance fee there is to visit a small room of these buildings One contains the main terrace of the park The focal point is the main terrace by , surrounded is a number of the serpent bench The curves form Catalan nationalism Gaudí many motifs of incorporated service the intended houses were by designed the intended houses were Gaudí by designed were Gaudí by designed as Gaudí by structures as designed the roads This the intrusion of minimized At the park's high-point , there is the park's high-point , a stone hill there is , a stone hill there is composed a stone hill there is composed of it many tourists to call choose Barcelona This lookout the most complete view of offers wildlife The park a wide variety of supports 1906 was The building in commissioned was 1906 in by commissioned 1906 in by commissioned and At the time , it was the time , it was controversial 1984 , it was declared , a World Heritage Site was it declared a World Heritage Site was it declared by June 25, 1852 was Antoni Gaudí i Cornet on born As a child , Gaudí's health was a child , Gaudí's health was poor this , he was afforded , lengthy periods was he afforded lengthy periods was he afforded of Here a large portion he spent of |
his time he a large portion of spent a very practical man Gaudí was and a craftsman In his work impulses he followed his work impulses he followed and impulses he followed and turned In 1870 , Gaudí moved 1870 , Gaudí moved to , Barcelona Gaudí to moved Barcelona Gaudí to moved to He an inconsistent student who was showed flashes an inconsistent student who showed was completion of his education he became of his education a prolific architect he became his education a prolific architect he became as a prolific architect he became as well several buildings Gaudí's most famous works of consisted : a tragic end Gaudí's life to came when a tragic end to he when came A few weeks later the hospital he in died the hospital he in died due Roser Segimón was Casa Milà for built Josep Guardiola Roser Segimón the wealthy widow of was In September , they commissioned September , Gaudí they commissioned , Gaudí they commissioned for Gaudí they commissioned for building December 1910 was The building in completed December 1910 in the owner and completed any rules did not The building respect elements The local government the demolition of ordered elements the demolition of that ordered the city , Milà prudently decided In 1940 , Milà died 1946 Segimon the property in sold the first floor The new owners divided facing into In 1953 , they commissioned 1953 , they commissioned to 13 rubbish-filled attic laundry rooms they to convert commissioned a loft of these two or three room apartments Some had the main floor Northern The insurance company over took , a bingo hall had Casa Milà housed a bingo hall had Casa Milà housed , a historic and artistic monument was Gaudí's work designated on poor condition Casa Milà in was in In 1984 , the building became 1984 , part the building became , part the building became of a World Heritage Site the building part of became the main floor The Barcelonan city council to rent tried the day before Christmas 1986 , La Pedrera Caixa Catalunya bought |
, La Pedrera Caixa Catalunya bought for 900 million pesetas Caixa Catalunya La Pedrera for bought On February 19, 1987 , urgently needed work began February 19, 1987 , urgently needed work began on , the restoration urgently needed work on began the restoration urgently needed work on began and The work was the architects by done was the architects by done Joseph Emilio Hernández-Cros the architects by done Joseph Emilio Hernández-Cros and 1990 The renovated main floor in opened as floor The building 1,323 m2 per is his workshop Gaudí the first sketches in made two buildings Casa Milà of consists , two buildings of which , consists , and over 20 apartments the rest distributed service entries were The stairways as intended Casa Milà is its self-supporting stone facade by characterized is its self-supporting stone facade by characterized , its self-supporting stone facade by characterized , meaning the internal structure The facade to connects of one hand This construction system , on allows large blocks is The facade of composed Gaudí's original facade its lower-level ironwork some of had its lower-level ironwork some of had removed In 1928 , the tailor Mosella opened 1928 , the first store the tailor Mosella opened , the first store the tailor Mosella opened in La Pedrera the tailor Mosella the first store in opened anyone did not This concern 1987 , the facade was rejoined some pieces was the facade to rejoined a completely original solution The building uses to solve transit Its open and airy courtyards a place of provide the courtyard of The floor is supported of the courtyard is by supported the courtyard is pillars by supported is pillars by supported of cast iron by pillars of supported In the courtyard , there are the courtyard , traditional elliptical beams there are , traditional elliptical beams there are and traditional elliptical beams there are and girders a point They form outside of diameter This supported structure twelve feet in is Access is a massive iron gate by protected is a massive iron gate by protected with a design by a massive iron gate with protected |
During construction a problem there was construction a problem there was including a basement there a problem including was , a change his Rolls Royce because requested a change his Rolls Royce because requested could of Casa Milà , Gaudí used Casa Milà , a model Gaudí used , a model Gaudí used of floor forms Gaudí a model of used in Casa Batlló , Gaudí shows Casa Batlló , the application Gaudí shows , the application Gaudí shows of the catenary arch Gaudí the application of shows a huge animal The roof both the ribs of resembles its construction The builder Bayó explained : " its construction First the face : " explained Canaleta each arch the opening of indicated each arch the opening of indicated and a chain the lowest point so that dangled the wall the chain by was drawn the chain by was drawn and this profile and on the carpenter drawn On the rooftop six skylights/staircase exits there are the rooftop six skylights/staircase exits there are ( there six skylights/staircase exits four ( are six skylights/staircase exits four ( are of La Pedrera of The stepped roof , called the splendor The restoration back brought to that that Gaudí did said the bases was It with restored the restoration has The repair work enabled of friction This another point of was these disagreements of The result has been the first floor on which , held entrance There a charge for is Gaudí's La Pedrera was a mountain by inspired was a mountain by inspired , a mountain by inspired , but Joan Bergós the rocks it was thought the rocks it was thought of La Pedrera that the interior layout of say This image is the seeming appearance by reinforced is the seeming appearance by reinforced of the rooftop chimneys by the seeming appearance of reinforced the nickname was It given " a traditional "Easter cake Joan Junceda it as presented the difficulty Joaquim Garcia a joke about made In December 1907 work the City Hall stopped December 1907 work the City Hall stopped on the building the City Hall work on stopped |
on August 17, 1908 , more problems occurred August 17, 1908 , more problems occurred when the predicted height when the building surpassed occurred a fine The Council for called of La Pedrera The owner entered in the two works in the competition Other entries included was Casa Milà , the jury opined Casa Milà , the jury opined that Segimon with Gaudí's relations deteriorated during between them , one example was them , the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario one example was , the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario one example was , which one example the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario , was which the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario , Gaudí was i sculpt Roig to was Gaudí Continuing disagreements led to take The lawsuit was Gaudí by won was Gaudí by won in 1916 by Gaudí in won 1926 , Segimon got rid most got Segimon of rid in July 1936 , the Milàs were July 1936 , the Milàs were on , vacation the Milàs on were particle of every type is associated , the electron of the antiparticle is the antielectron of the electron the antiparticle is the electron the antielectron which ( is the antielectron which ( is is has a negative electric charge , the positron has a negative electric charge , a positive electric charge the positron has , a positive electric charge the positron has , a positive electric charge the positron has , and antiparticle partners , one is designated the normal particle is one as designated the normal particle as the one ( designated nature of The laws are very can an antihydrogen atom which , form an antihydrogen atom which , form is the question This to leads of antiquarks , and they are one they distinguishable from are by Paul Dirac , Carl D. Anderson found Paul Dirac , Carl D. Anderson found that these particles that cosmic-ray collisions produced found that their paths curled , were the same helical path Positron in a cloud-chamber trace paths antineutron were Emilio Segrè by found were Emilio Segrè by found and |
Emilio Segrè by found and Owen Chamberlain negative energy quantum states of the Dirac equation Solutions contain energy could always an electron radiate infinite amounts could it radiating keep a "hole would it behind leave "negative-energy electrons were These holes as interpreted the universe This picture an infinite negative charge for implied masses Another difficulty the difference in was a reaction also Dirac predicted in 1931 , Dirac modified 1931 , his theory Dirac modified , his theory Dirac modified and his theory Dirac modified and postulated antiparticles also Some bosons have , other can they each annihilate an electron-positron pair of the two-photon annihilation ) are free space in it because occur quantum field theory , this process is allowed virtual pair production This the way for opens the vacuum state These processes important in are where the charge conjugate state formula 14 denotes , the charge conjugate state formula 14 denotes , that where "k we the symbol use "k we the symbol use " with fermions , we have fermions , we have to " the same "p " k has the same "p " k has " where positive energy states the first sum over is positive energy states the first sum over is and " an infinite negative constant " E0 is the state is The vacuum state as defined Then the vacuum of the energy is the vacuum of the energy is exactly to the vacuum , H is the vacuum , H is positive the annihilation operator that one is shows Vladimir Fock This approach due to is therefore , neutral bosons real scalar fields describe in time , Ernst Stueckelberg reached time , a pictorial understanding Ernst Stueckelberg reached , a pictorial understanding Ernst Stueckelberg reached of the fact Ernst Stueckelberg a pictorial understanding of reached perturbation theory him to rewrite allowed an independent systematic derivation later Richard Feynman gave of a particle of a diagram Each line represents Compton was Nazel in born his mother His musical background from came , best His family its tried to his talk show on ; Nazel used |
on ; the radio station's equipment Nazel used ; the radio station's equipment Nazel used to the radio station's equipment Nazel used to put DJ Prince Nazel the stage name of took the Del Amo Mall , its owner Sam Nassif asked , him Sam Nassif its owner asked him Sam Nassif its owner asked to Bobby Jimmy Arabian Prince working with started In 1986 , he was 1986 , a founding member he was , a founding member he was of N.W.A he a founding member of was a solo artist " , he said it , you can see leaving N.W.A , Arabian Prince began N.W.A , a solo career Arabian Prince began In the mid-2000s , he started the mid-2000s , he started releasing , music he releasing started music he releasing started again Arabian Prince " , he said In 2007 , he performed 2007 , he performed as , a DJ he as performed a DJ he as performed on In 2008 , Stones Throw released 2008 , a compilation Stones Throw released , a compilation Stones Throw released of his electro-rap material Stones Throw a compilation of released In 2018 , Arabian Prince appeared 2018 , Arabian Prince appeared on , the "AmeriKKKant" album Arabian Prince on appeared the "AmeriKKKant" album Arabian Prince on appeared of in 2015 , Arabian Prince said 2015 , Arabian Prince said to , VladTV Arabian Prince to said VladTV Arabian Prince to said : n't scenes I where write scenes I where write was In mathematics , the associative property is mathematics , a property the associative property is , a property the associative property is of some binary operations the associative property a property of is same Associativity not the is real numbers that the multiplication of say associative ; subtraction some examples include ; subtraction some examples include , subtraction some examples include , exponentiation " a property " Associativity is a property " Associativity is of a property that associativity is demonstrate satisfy non is the associative law called - is the associative law non called |
for finite sums , it is finite sums , it is not mathematics Some non-associative operations fundamental in are the multiplication They often as appear the octonions Examples are and Lie algebras of mantissa , this is mantissa , an important source this is , an important source this is of an important source this is of rounding , a particular order mathematicians on agree a particular order mathematicians on agree of an American nonprofit corporation (ASF ) The Apache Software Foundation is a group was The ASF from formed developers The Apache Software Foundation a decentralized open source community of is The Apache projects are a collaborative, consensus-based development process by characterized are a collaborative, consensus-based development process by characterized and a collaborative, consensus-based development process by characterized and an open and pragmatic software license Each project is a self-selected team by managed is a self-selected team by managed of technical experts by a self-selected team of managed a meritocracy The ASF is , implying the Apache Software Foundation of The history is linked eight developers of A group started working March 25, 1999 , the Apache Software Foundation was formed the Apache Software Foundation of The first official meeting was held the Apache Software Foundation of The initial members consisted of separate semi-autonomous areas Apache its software development activities into divides hosted at Apache it has at Apache it has to Apache it has to be the corporate assets This management of includes ( ) a civil rights law that is ) a civil rights law that is prohibits discrimination a civil rights law that prohibits is discrimination It similar protections against affords 1986 , the National Council on Disability had recommended , the enactment had the National Council on Disability recommended the enactment had the National Council on Disability recommended of the bill of The final version was signed conditions Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations a list of provide conditions a list of that provide job application procedures This to applies , " employers " Covered entities include employers " Covered entities include with the way A reasonable accommodation a change in is |
the way a change in things is an accommodation to provide that required many ways There are to discriminate more than 15 employees with Employers must take of Title I was found Title unconstitutional was I found I was unconstitutional by found was the United States Supreme Court unconstitutional by found the United States Supreme Court unconstitutional by found as all public entities Title II disability discrimination by prohibits Title II regulations must Public entities with comply all programs These regulations access to cover public transportation Title II to applies provided public transportation to by provided applies the National Railroad Passenger Corporation It includes ( Amtrak paratransit services This section the provision of requires all state and local public housing also Title II to applies applications also Title III has to not be Title III by bound and an accessible means must spas have an accessible means must spas have of access on whether providing conditioned service animals The ADA explicit coverage for provides what can not They ask can not what the person's disabilities ask not what the person's disabilities ask are , or a direct threat the animal is or a direct threat the animal is to people's health the animal a direct threat to is a valid reason would not it be one type are Captions considered of captioning of the use has expanded 1990 of The Television Decoder Circuitry Act requires that of 1990 all televisions that requires 1990 all televisions that requires larger than 13 inches that all televisions larger than 13 requires the Federal Communications Commission of 1996 The Telecommunications Act directs the landmark Communications Act of the ADA Title IV amended the U.S. that all telecommunications companies in requires in the early 1990s , it led the early 1990s , it led to , the installation it to led the installation it to led of the creation also Title IV to led the Internet are many TRS-mediated calls over made are the Internet over by made consumers over the Internet by made Video Relay Service Some are ( VRS In either variation , communication assistants translate |
either variation , communication assistants translate between , the signed or typed words communication assistants between translate the signed or typed words communication assistants between translate of to independence the Council identified was independence the Council the existence identified was the Council the existence identified was of large remaining gaps identified the existence of was some religious groups over the Americans with Disabilities Act The debate led its original form The Association of Christian Schools International the ADA in opposed the National Association of Evangelicals such as Church groups testified The NAE the internal employment the regulation of believed the internal employment the regulation of believed of the Americans with Disabilities Act of the business community Many members opposed before Congress , Greyhound Bus Lines stated Congress , Greyhound Bus Lines stated that the potential that the act had stated Commerce of The US Chamber argued that of Commerce the costs that argued Commerce the costs that argued of the ADA that the costs of argued , them of many chanted them of many chanted " the bottom who remained at Some activists herself as she pulled videotaped ) the final bill what became authored the final bill what became authored and a physical or mental impairment The ADA a covered disability as defines a physical or mental impairment a covered disability as that defines an individual's impairment The EEOC regulations limiting developed On September 25, 2008 , President George W. Bush signed September 25, 2008 , the ADA Amendments Act President George W. Bush signed , the ADA Amendments Act President George W. Bush signed of 2008 President George W. Bush the ADA Amendments Act of signed "disability The amendment the definition of broadened the ADA examples also The ADAAA to added measures ; it specifically provides 2008 , the United States House Committee on Education and Labor stated access had the ADA improved to On July 20, 2015 , the White House held July 20, 2015 , a reception the White House held , a reception the White House held to a reception the White House held to celebrate |
The introductory remarks were Haben Girma by given were Haben Girma by given , Haben Girma by given , a deafblind disability rights lawyer In October 2019 , the Supreme Court declined October 2019 , the Supreme Court declined to a circuit the Supreme Court to resolve declined the grounds on it that criticized under 40 , a sharp drop Current Population Survey data showed , a sharp drop Current Population Survey data showed in the employment Current Population Survey data a sharp drop in showed , 2003 in a study found 2003 in a study found that 2003 the Act that while found a major component has quickly it become only injunctive relief private plaintiffs to receive allows a result , most ADA suits are brought most ADA suits are a small number by brought are a small number by brought of private plaintiffs by a small number of brought of 2008 , these include 2008 , California these include , California these include , California these include , Florida California has been by barred has been courts by barred been courts by barred from courts by barred from filing some notable cases have There been regarding the Internet were its customers because sued disabilities because its customers with sued which a case in the majority was the employee the burden was on ruled considerations Plaintiff attorney David Greenberg forth brought of the University of Alabama v. Garrett of Board of Trustees " was March 1999 , the City of Sacramento that claimed its sidewalks did not it bring Federal Court were Certain issues in resolved the ADA by , was appealed the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals to which , appealed It legal precedence d/Deaf/HoH Employees for established legal precedence d/Deaf/HoH Employees for established and " a case " Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd. was Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd. " a case that was " a case that was was a case that was was decided a vessel The defendant that as argued This argument was a federal court by accepted was a federal court by accepted in |
Florida by a federal court in accepted " a case " Olmstead v. L.C. was a case " Olmstead v. L.C. was before the state by Clinical assessments determined that by the state the plaintiffs that determined the state the plaintiffs that determined could Title II The Supreme Court under decided of a case This was filed before , the accessible seating of the distribution was the accessible seating of the distribution was at the suit The U.S. Department of Justice in assisted filed the suit in by filed assisted the stadium The settlement required to add sight , no specific reference is made Ellerbe Becket Architects & Engineers by , was designed which a case in the Supreme Court was a Sixth Court of Appeals decision It reversed to grant applied this standard , it found this standard , it found that have account into the evidence taken account into the evidence taken presented performing normal daily tasks , it ruled normal daily tasks , it ruled that no longer good law — it was invalidated it was the ADAAA by invalidated in 2002 , this case held 2002 , this case held that accommodation that even requests for held In this case , Barnett was this case , a US Airways employee Barnett was , Barnett a US Airways employee who was Barnett a US Airways employee who was injured his back a US Airways employee who injured was , a less-demanding mailroom job he to transferred a less-demanding mailroom job he to transferred , the accommodation Barnett requested of being the district court The Supreme Court decision both the approach of invalidated " a 2002 case " Access Now v. Southwest Airlines was a 2002 case " Access Now v. Southwest Airlines was where " a 2002 case the District Court where was a 2002 case the District Court where was decided Viacom International Inc. v. Ouellette " followed the crash was A woman in killed , a desktop computer by released is the Apple Computer Company a desktop computer released by is It was Steve Wozniak by designed |
the computer of selling The idea came a few hundred dollars ( Wozniak later said On March 5, 1975 , Steve Wozniak attended March 5, 1975 , the first meeting Steve Wozniak attended , the first meeting Steve Wozniak attended of the Homebrew Computer Club Steve Wozniak the first meeting of attended per board ; he hoped board ; he hoped to his costs he to recoup hoped their first company — his van Jobs sold — his van Jobs sold and his van Jobs sold and Wozniak a keyboard needed All one was and April 1977 , the price was dropped about the computer , the company offered the computer , Apple I owners discounts the company offered , Apple I owners discounts the company offered and Apple I owners discounts the company offered and trade-ins the back ; these usually appear are all hobbyists by created all hobbyists by created and hobbyists by created and marketed "deceptive lizard " Apatosaurus meaning (; the first-known species Othniel Charles Marsh and named described " an average length " Apatosaurus had an average length " Apatosaurus had of "Apatosaurus of The cervical vertebrae " are the ground was The tail above held " a single claw " Apatosaurus had a single claw " Apatosaurus had on " a generalized browser " Apatosaurus was Apatosaurus " a generalized browser that was " a generalized browser that was likely a generalized browser that was likely held " air sacs " Apatosaurus had Apatosaurus " air sacs that had " air sacs that had made air sacs the bones that made had this association Henry Fairfield Osborn with disagreed , " a genus " Apatosaurus is a genus " Apatosaurus is in the more basal genera It one of is " a large, long-necked, quadrupedal animal " Apatosaurus was a large, long-necked, quadrupedal animal " Apatosaurus was with specimen CM3018 are Most size estimates on based 1936 , this was measured and CM3018 " "Giraffatitan estimates CM3018 " "Giraffatitan estimates at the creature's mass have Past estimates put as relation The skull small in is |
spatulate (chisel-like) teeth are The jaws with lined a morphology that the braincase had found bifurcated ; neural spines they carried ; neural spines they carried with a large trough they neural spines with carried In addition , they support addition , cervical ribs they support , they cervical ribs that support they cervical ribs that support extend cervical ribs that support extend farther , the first cervicals of the atlas-axis complex is the first cervicals of the atlas-axis complex is nearly " ten dorsal ribs " Apatosaurus has ten dorsal ribs " Apatosaurus has on an extensive system was The large neck with filled , tall neural spines which , has tall neural spines which , has make for a diplodocid ; it is a diplodocid ; it is comparatively very long ribs " also Apatosaurus had "Apatosaurus louisae of the scapula " is life they would have remained " a single large claw " Apatosaurus had a single large claw " Apatosaurus had on each hindlimb The first three toes claws on had 2 The phalangeal formula is - 1 the robust ilia The pelvic girdle includes , and "Apatosaurus of The femora " are on the innermost digits ; the digit formula is the innermost digits ; 3 the digit formula is ; 3 the digit formula is - 3 the digit formula is - 4 The first "Apatosaurus" bones were Edward Drinker Cope by discovered were Edward Drinker Cope by discovered and Edward Drinker Cope by the name and discovered the Greek words " "Apatosaurus from comes "Apatosaurus of the chevron bones " showed the new genus "Apatosaurus Marsh distinguished " from Two years later , the discovery Marsh announced , the discovery Marsh announced of a larger and more complete specimen Marsh the discovery of announced a new name He this specimen gave based To the mount, sauropod feet that complete were the mount, sauropod feet that complete were discovered a delicate skull This not was like those These skulls likely were of The mount construction was Adam Hermann by overseen was Adam Hermann by overseen , |
Adam Hermann by who , overseen In 1903 , Elmer Riggs published 1903 , a study Elmer Riggs published , Elmer Riggs a study that published Elmer Riggs a study that published described a well-preserved skeleton a study that described published the skeleton of Most was found of this , Riggs recombined this , Riggs recombined " , Brontosaurus excelsus Riggs " recombined Brontosaurus excelsus Riggs " recombined " 1909 It not until was a short distance was The skull found from designated CM11162 ; it was CM11162 ; it was very 1914 Holland his view in defended with Osborn , others suspected Osborn , others Holland suspected on "Apatosaurus" mounts , the Yale Peabody Museum decided "Apatosaurus" mounts , the Yale Peabody Museum decided to a skull the Yale Peabody Museum to sculpt decided literature was No "Apatosaurus" skull in mentioned "Apatosaurus They multiple skulls to reassigned Holland , it was noted 1998 , it was suggested Brigham Young University specimen Another well-preserved skull is 17096 , Riggs Almost all modern paleontologists with agreed that Riggs with the two dinosaurs that agreed a junior synonym " was Brontosaurus considered , and a paper Roger Benson released and a paper Roger Benson released on diplodocoid systematics Roger Benson a paper on released generic separation for The minimum number was chosen specific separation for The six differing features were chosen a comparison was The conclusion on based Among the many notable differences the widerand are presumably the many notable differences the widerand are presumably strongerneck Marsh as many species he as named as many species he as named could a study and colleagues Paul Upchurch published and colleagues a study that published colleagues a study that published analyzed the species and specimen relationships a study that analyzed published the result below The cladogram is of " a member " Apatosaurus is a member " Apatosaurus is of the longest creatures The family some of includes the subfamily Apatosaurinae in which , classified Apatosaurus Othniel Charles Marsh " described " In 1878 , Marsh raised 1878 , his family Marsh raised , his family Marsh raised to |
the rank Marsh his family to raised Sauropoda He this group within classified of earlier names ; he grouped earlier names ; he grouped " ; Apatosaurus he " grouped Apatosaurus he " grouped " the 19th and early 20th centuries was It throughout believed was the 19th and early 20th centuries throughout that believed the 19th and early 20th centuries throughout that believed sauropods diplodocid snouts of A study showed that of diplodocid snouts the square snout that showed diplodocid snouts the square snout that showed , ferns may have It eaten sauropods of The slow locomotion may be in a normal, alert posture ; they argue a normal, alert posture ; they argue the a great feeding range ; its neck could bend a U-shape could its neck into bend ranges They the feeding state more time might have they spent " are Taylor by disputed are Taylor by disputed , Taylor by who , disputed , problems have physiologists encountered problems have physiologists encountered determining problems these animals determining how encountered a lung volume would An avian respiratory system need of sauropods that the large body size of concludes They a reptilian respiratory system sauropods had assumed an avian respiratory system "Apatosaurus " had Assuming A 1999 microscopic study of "Apatosaurus" and "Brontosaurus" bones the animals concluded of "Apatosaurus" and "Brontosaurus" bones the animals concluded grew "Apatosaurus" and "Brontosaurus" bones the animals concluded grew rapidly of sauropods was by published sauropods was Thomas Lehman by published was Thomas Lehman by published and Thomas Lehman by published and Holly Woodward have been bone remodelling by obliterated the age researchers to estimate enables long-bone histological data the "Apatosaurus" sp.SMA0014 and concluded examined juvenile material of a relatively large amount is known Apatosaurus " ; this material includes " ; partial shoulder this material includes ; partial shoulder this material includes and partial shoulder this material includes and pelvic girdles at least two different age groups OMNH juvenile material from is and The specimens features that exhibit distinguish "Apatosaurus features that distinguish exhibit 1997 published in An article reported a computer simulation Myhrvold out carried of |
have been the lack by caused been the lack by caused or the lack by caused or inhibition shallow marine and alluvial sediments The Morrison Formation a sequence of is shallow marine and alluvial sediments a sequence of which is the Front Range when the precursors to formed their east-facing drainage basins from The deposits were carried from their east-facing drainage basins were by carried their east-facing drainage basins were streams by carried were streams by carried and streams by carried and rivers " the second most common sauropod " Apatosaurus was the second most common sauropod " Apatosaurus was in in the upper Brushy Basin Member ; they date the upper Brushy Basin Member ; they date to ; the late Kimmeridgian stage they to date the late Kimmeridgian stage they to date , The Morrison Formation a time the local environment when records a time the local environment when records was the Morrison Formation known from Dinosaurs include 70–75% " Allosaurus for accounted the Greek is It from derived 1877 were this genus in described were 1877 in by described paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877 by described " a large bipedal predator " Allosaurus was length It in averaged for to the large and powerful hindlimbs , its three-fingered forelimbs were the large and powerful hindlimbs , its three-fingered forelimbs were small a complicated taxonomy The genus has , and Allosaurus " remains have come North America's Morrison Formation have remains from come the top " Allosaurus at was ornithopods Potential prey included , stegosaurids " a typical large theropod " Allosaurus was a typical large theropod " Allosaurus was , Allosaurus " , James H. Madsen mentioned " , a range James H. Madsen mentioned , a range James H. Madsen mentioned of bone sizes James H. Madsen a range of mentioned on the Morrison Formation , that suggests the Morrison Formation , that suggests is quarry , the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry that found on skeletal variation ; skull variation was skeletal variation ; skull variation was most size-related variation on work again found no consistent differences the Dry Mesa material , although found |
for Paleontologist Gregory S. Paul a length of gives saw-like edges of the teeth All had horns The skull a pair of had extensions were These horns of composed lower paired ridges There also were running Inside the lacrimal bones depressions that were the lacrimal bones depressions that were may depressions that were may have the braincase of The roof was thin joints and lower jaws The skull had and lower jaws joints that had lower jaws joints that had permitted motion joints that permitted had " nine vertebrae " Allosaurus had nine vertebrae " Allosaurus had in with individual size ; James Madsen estimated individual size ; about 50 James Madsen estimated ; about 50 James Madsen estimated , about 50 James Madsen estimated , while about 50 Gregory S. Paul , while estimated the neck and anterior back vertebrae There hollow spaces in were " gastralia " Allosaurus had gastralia " Allosaurus had ( In one published case , the gastralia show one published case , evidence the gastralia show , evidence the gastralia show of injury the gastralia evidence of show in some cases furculae were confused some cases furculae were confused with gastralia were furculae with confused about half Madsen that in noted a sexual characteristic that this was suggested The wrist the semilunate carpal a version of had the semilunate carpal a version of had also 2 The phalangeal formula is - 3 three weight-bearing toes Each foot had and an inner dewclaw Allosaurus " is by complicated " is the multiplicity by complicated is the multiplicity by complicated of names by the multiplicity of complicated a bone secondhand by obtained bone Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden secondhand by obtained Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden secondhand by obtained in Middle Park It from came , such bones had The locals identified as Joseph Leidy Hayden his specimen to sent the formal name Othniel Charles Marsh these remains gave the Greek " Allosaurus from comes 'different lizard was It named ' 'different lizard its vertebrae ' because named the Morrison Formation of Garden Park were The bones from collected in 1883 , M. P. Felch found |
1883 , an almost complete "Allosaurus M. P. Felch found , an almost complete "Allosaurus M. P. Felch found " an almost complete "Allosaurus M. P. Felch found " and the well-known mount This is poised over later research of early names The multiplicity complicated Samuel Wendell Williston such as authors suggested as Samuel Wendell Williston too many names that suggested Samuel Wendell Williston too many names that suggested had For example , Williston pointed example , Williston pointed out 1901 Williston out in pointed out the convoluted situation was by produced the convoluted situation was Charles W. Gilmore by produced was Charles W. Gilmore by produced in 1920 by Charles W. Gilmore in produced the conclusion He to came that the conclusion to the tail vertebra that came " the accepted name " Antrodemus became the accepted name " Antrodemus became for bones of thousands were recovered at least 46 "A. fragilis that the remains of estimated animals have Suggestions from ranged topics have Such studies covered including about 8 meters It measured ( about 26 ft Shell was MOR 693 near excavated This skeleton was a Swiss team by discovered was a Swiss team by discovered , a Swiss team by discovered , led In 1996 , the same team discovered 1996 , a second "Allosaurus the same team discovered , a second "Allosaurus the same team discovered " a second "Allosaurus the same team discovered " , The specimen was Breithaupt by described was Breithaupt by described in 1996 by Breithaupt in described its bones of Nineteen were broken of the feet ; several damaged bones showed the feet ; osteomyelitis several damaged bones showed ; osteomyelitis several damaged bones showed , osteomyelitis several damaged bones showed , a bone infection infection for the living animal A particular problem was the first phalanx Al an infection on had the type species " "A. fragilis is and the remains is It from known "A. fragilis This species from differs " "A. fragilis was This specimen to assigned the Jurassic The species earlier in appeared potential synonyms is the type specimen by complicated |
is the type specimen by complicated of "Allosaurus fragilis by the type specimen of complicated this , several scientists have interpreted , the type specimen have several scientists interpreted the type specimen have several scientists interpreted as Labrosaurus ferox One exception " is " was originally Marsh by named originally Marsh by named in 1878 by Marsh in named " a typographical error " Allosaurus ferox is a typographical error " Allosaurus ferox is by , a typographical error " "Labrosaurus fragilis is a typographical error " "Labrosaurus fragilis is by " was David Lambert by coined was David Lambert by coined in 1990 by David Lambert in coined was informally Bakker by coined informally Bakker by coined for allosaurid by Bakker for coined " was Marsh by named was Marsh by named in 1888 by Marsh in named later its own genus it warranted decided its own genus it warranted decided , this species that the type specimen of stated was 1914 in by described A. N. Riabinin in 1914 by described " a new combination " Allosaurus meriani was a new combination " Allosaurus meriani was by " was Gregory S. Paul by named was Gregory S. Paul by named for giant Morrison allosaur by Gregory S. Paul for named was originally Cope by coined originally Cope by coined in 1878 by Cope in coined several species There also are left " was Lull by named was Lull by named in 1911 by Lull in named was 1925 in by named Werner Janensch in 1925 by named of the Dinosauria , subsequent studies place the Dinosauria , it subsequent studies place , it subsequent studies place as it subsequent studies place as indeterminate in Shanxi , China go Shanxi , China go back at least 1982 China back to go This identification was Samuel Welles by challenged was Samuel Welles by challenged , Samuel Welles by who , challenged at , the bone Daniel Chure reexamined , the bone Daniel Chure reexamined and the bone Daniel Chure reexamined and found " an allosaurid " Allosaurus was an allosaurid " Allosaurus was , |
the same period , a point that is , a point that is needs a point that is needs to of Madsen's influential monograph , Allosauridae became Madsen's influential monograph , the preferred family assignment Allosauridae became , the preferred family assignment Allosauridae became , the preferred family assignment Allosauridae became , but the preferred family assignment it , but became a variety Semi-technical works Allosauridae for used the other Neovenatoridae three are other Neovenatoridae three are , Neovenatoridae three are , Carcharodontosauridae smallest Allosauridae the is of a potential valid member it , but is of individuals , scientists allows individuals , scientists allows to of limb bones , bone deposition appears limb bones , bone deposition appears to only female birds in that formed female birds in that formed are question have other studies into called extant birds from Data suggested that from extant birds the medullary bone that suggested extant birds the medullary bone that suggested in this "Allosaurus" individual that the medullary bone in suggested with a nearly complete hindlimb the legs that shows a nearly complete hindlimb the legs that shows were less predictable stresses that juvenile legs has imply "Allosaurus Many paleontologists accept " as allosaur attacks There dramatic evidence for is likely candidates Sauropods to be seem : effect in the short teeth became small serrations in effect the short teeth became Similar conclusions were another study by drawn were another study by drawn using finite element analysis by another study using drawn to their biomechanical analysis , the skull was their biomechanical analysis , the skull was very , a bite force could it produce a bite force could it produce of against different prey ; the skull was different prey ; the skull was light Their interpretations were other researchers by challenged were other researchers by challenged , other researchers by who , challenged large prey for handling Another possibility is handling large prey theropods that is large prey theropods that is like the most common available dinosaurian prey that ornithopods were notes other evidence This compatible with is Stephen Lautenschager done by Studies " |
the University of Bristol also Allosaurus " indicate Eric Snively by and colleagues found rapid and forceful vertical movements the animal to make allowed prey could have the animal gripped the prey-handling This from differs envisioned the eyes of feeding Other aspects include semitechnical and popular dinosaur literature Such a depiction common in is social behavior has Robert T. Bakker extended to , little evidence there actually is little evidence there actually is of question in The study noted that the high proportion could This explain of the vestibular apparatus of The structure indicates that of the vestibular apparatus the skull that indicates the vestibular apparatus the skull that indicates was the inner ear of The structure was like a study and others Bruce Rothschild published stress fractures are repeated trauma by caused are repeated trauma by caused rather repeated trauma by caused rather than migration , the most probable source resistant prey items are , the most probable source resistant prey items are of injuries resistant prey items the most probable source of are " one " Allosaurus was one " Allosaurus was of for stress fractures , they found stress fractures , they found that the feet , 281 bones were studied the most stress would have it borne several pathological gastralia USNM 8367 The specimen preserved USNM 8367 several pathological gastralia which preserved 8367 several pathological gastralia which preserved preserve evidence several pathological gastralia which preserve preserved a fractured rib with A specimen was recovered fractured ribs Another specimen had and fused vertebrae pathologies MOR 693 The specimen had on a large hole The ilium " had ... " the most common large theropod " Allosaurus was the most common large theropod " Allosaurus was in a semiarid environment is The Morrison Formation as interpreted the period has been by revealed has been fossils by revealed been fossils by revealed of green algae by fossils of revealed bivalves Animal fossils include discovered , the Morrison known from Dinosaurs include fellow large theropods " Allosaurus with coexisted Allosaurus " a potential food item itself was " a potential food item itself was to |
other carnivores itself a potential food item to was ) , a gas-operated assault rifle that is , a gas-operated assault rifle that is is a gas-operated assault rifle that is is chambered by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov , it is Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov , the originating firearm it is , the originating firearm it is of the Kalashnikov it the originating firearm of is " the year to the rifle refers the year to the rifle refers was the AK-47 on Design work began in official military trials was It for presented their global popularity and its variants The model owe the Kalashnikov family to three-quarters , belong the Sturmgewehr 44 rifle used German forces by made used a deep impression German forces by made a deep impression German forces by made on a new intermediate cartridge was The select-fire rifle for chambered the Sturmgewehr of an earlier model was demonstrated the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge soon The Soviets developed , soon the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge which , developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge which , developed is after World War II , the Soviets developed World War II , the AK-47 rifle the Soviets developed , the AK-47 rifle the Soviets developed , the Soviets the AK-47 rifle which , developed the AK-47 rifle which , developed quickly in 1959 , the AKM is 1959 , a lighter stamped steel version the AKM is , a lighter stamped steel version the AKM is and a lighter stamped steel version the AKM is and the most ubiquitous variant a weapon designer Mikhail Kalashnikov his career as began a soldier I was , and a soldier I , and was an Avtomat Kalashnikova was It called , an automatic rifle Kalashnikov to design decided these weapons Kalashnikov's team access to had his own paths Each designer to have seems many experiences myself have I had a submachine gun design Kalashnikov work on started 1944 , Kalashnikov was given , some 7.62×39mm M43 cartridges was Kalashnikov given some 7.62×39mm M43 cartridges was Kalashnikov given and work then He undertook on In 1944 , he entered |
1944 , a design competition he entered , a design competition he entered with this new 7.62×39mm, semi-automatic, gas-operated, long stroke piston carbine he a design competition with entered the same class This new rifle in was as 1946 , a new design competition was initiated a short-stroke gas piston It gas-operated rifle with was the StG 44 This design many similarities to had the barrel It a long-stroke gas piston above used a single receiver were The upper and lower receivers into combined the design This simplified and production the initial phase There many difficulties during were sheet metal receivers had The first production models stamped with halting production , a heavy machined receiver was substituted the sheet metal receiver was a heavy machined receiver for substituted of these problems , the Soviets were these problems , the Soviets were not a stamped sheet metal receiver This new model used and featured addition , a hammer retarder was added the Kalashnikov weapons of Both licensed and unlicensed production abroad were most former Eastern Bloc countries , the weapon is known In 1974 , the Soviets began 1974 , the Soviets began replacing , their AK-47 and AKM rifles the Soviets replacing began their AK-47 and AKM rifles the Soviets replacing began with a simple, reliable fully automatic rifle to be that designed The AK-47 a long stroke gas system that uses is a long stroke gas system that uses is generally a copper-plated steel jacket The original Soviet M43 bullets 123 grain boat-tail bullets with are excellent penetration The AK has when shooting cases The 7.62×39mm round significant wounding in produces the steel insert This variety deleted , shifting penetration also This change reduces in To fire , the operator inserts fire , a loaded magazine the operator inserts , a loaded magazine the operator inserts , a loaded magazine the operator inserts , pulls fully automatic , the rifle continues automatic , the rifle continues to free travel The moving assembly about of has a gas valve ; excess gases are ventilated a series are excess gases through ventilated |
a chrome-lined bore The rifle a barrel with received The gas block a gas channel that contains is a gas channel that contains is installed a cleaning rod capture of the AK-47 The gas block features of the rifle , it acts the rifle , it acts as , a dust-cover it as acts a dust-cover it as acts and It is the shooter's right fore-fingers by operated is the shooter's right fore-fingers by operated and the shooter's right fore-fingers by operated and has this for The reason is that stress that under a soldier is full-auto the AK-47 to set requires operate the fire selector lever , right handed shooters have the fire selector lever , right handed shooters have to a more traditional selector lever also Some AK-type rifles have on a notched rear tangent iron sight The AK-47 uses calibrated in a post The front sight is adjustable for a special drift tool Horizontal adjustment requires and is the bore axis The sight line elements approximately over are standing " П " setting which These settings the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles , mirror which the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles , the AK-47 mirror with service cartridges , the 300 m battle zero setting limits service cartridges , the apparent "bullet rise the 300 m battle zero setting limits , the apparent "bullet rise the 300 m battle zero setting limits " the apparent "bullet rise the 300 m battle zero setting limits " within range estimation in Any errors are tactically birch plywood laminates were heatguard from manufactured the Russian amber shellac finishing process was The wooden furniture with finished a downward-folding metal butt-stock and AKMS models AKS featured The AK-47's standard 30-round magazines a pronounced curve that have allows a pronounced curve them that allows have machined from a single steel billet them makes from a single steel billet them makes highly a single steel billet them makes highly resistant sheet-metal bodies The early slab-sided steel AK-47 30-round detachable box magazines had and weighed prominent reinforcing ribs The later steel AKM 30-round magazines lighter sheet-metal bodies with had |
was the AKM for that developed the AKM for that developed proved the rifle's camouflage did however these magazines compromise the early 1980s was 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine in introduced the second generation The third generation steel-reinforced 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine similar to is the rifle Accessories with supplied include under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers can All current model AKM rifles mount such the VOG-25 The main grenade is ( VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade the VOG-25 which ( VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade is a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher can also The AK-47 mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher that , the Kalashnikov grenade launcher mount the removal The side rails for allow and As a result , the AK-47 has a result , a service/system life the AK-47 has , a service/system life the AK-47 has of approximately 6,000 the AK-47 a service/system life of has small parts The AK-47 has and springs small parts that and springs has their fit , some parts may tend the AK-47 line of Some parts are riveted quite a hassle these can Repairing be quite a hassle the end , since be the Russian method The following table represents for determining In the West , one fires the West , a group one fires , a group one fires of shots one a group of fires two circles then They draw on the hits then They disregard on the overall diameter dramatically This reduces of both the vertical and horizontal measurements then They use of are commonly governments by used commonly governments by used , governments by used , revolutionaries , Black Market AKs for the prices are between $30 and $125 for Black Market AKs the prices are Kenya , " an AK-47 fetches , " five head an AK-47 fetches " five head an AK-47 fetches of cattle an AK-47 five head of fetches AK-type weapons of The estimated numbers vary greatly During this time relatively expensive automatic rifles the Western countries used this time relatively expensive automatic rifles the Western countries used , relatively expensive automatic rifles the Western countries used , such |
In the pro-communist states , the AK-47 became the pro-communist states , a symbol the AK-47 became , a symbol the AK-47 became of the Third World revolution the AK-47 a symbol of became the Cambodian Civil War were They in utilized During the 1980s , the Soviet Union became the 1980s , the principal arms dealer the Soviet Union became , the principal arms dealer the Soviet Union became to countries the Soviet Union the principal arms dealer to became In Russia , the Kalashnikov is Russia , a tremendous source the Kalashnikov is , a tremendous source the Kalashnikov is of national pride the Kalashnikov a tremendous source of is the AK-47 museum ( also The Kalashnikov Museum called General Kalashnikov The museum the biography of chronicles Kalashnikov of a monument was unveiled this weapon of The proliferation is reflected of this weapon is by reflected this weapon is more by reflected is more by reflected than just numbers by more than reflected the flag is The AK-47 on included the AK-47 frequently U.S. and Western Europe countries associate with In Ireland the AK-47 is associated Ireland the AK-47 is associated with The Troubles is the AK-47 with associated U.S. popular culture The AK-47 an appearance in made the "escopetarra an AK " , devised Mexico , the AK-47 is known the weapons It one of is historians is The ABC's priority among debated computing Its unique contribution to make was this , slower electro-mechanical methods were used slower electro-mechanical methods were the Harvard Mark I by used were the Harvard Mark I by used and the Harvard Mark I by used and Konrad Zuse's machines 1937 , the machine was built the machine was Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff by built was Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff by built with the help by Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with built modern computing The ABC important elements of pioneered the Atanasoff–Berry computer of several key principles were conceived electronic computation The ABC innovations included , binary arithmetic, parallel processing |