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, Cyprus Aphrodite to returned Cyprus Aphrodite to returned , the most famous story , Zeus hastily married , Aphrodite hastily Zeus married Aphrodite hastily Zeus married to of the myth , Hephaestus gave the myth , his mother Hephaestus gave , his mother Hephaestus gave Hera a golden throne Hephaestus his mother Hera gave almost always Eros by accompanied always Eros by accompanied , Eros by accompanied , the god his "Theogony " , Hesiod describes " , Eros Hesiod describes , Eros Hesiod describes as one Hesiod Eros as describes Eros The Greek lyric poets the power of regarded Theocritus's "Idylls " the sixth-century BC poet Sappho that remarks whom Aphrodite's main attendants the three Charites , were whom the three Charites , Hesiod were the three Horae of attendants Aphrodite's other set was In another version , Hera cursed another version , Aphrodite's unborn son Hera cursed , Aphrodite's unborn son Hera cursed because Hera Aphrodite's unborn son he because cursed Aphrodite's unborn son he because cursed had gave birth , she was birth , she was horrified mortals , so he caused Anchises Aphrodite to appears in bright clothing and gleaming jewelry her dressed in sees him Aphrodite and tells lies Aphrodite Anchises she that tells Anchises she that tells is Aphrodite Anchises takes , with Aphrodite her eyes , with takes complete , her true divine form Aphrodite reveals Adonis to The earliest known Greek reference comes from Later the story references out flesh the story references out flesh with the baby Aphrodite found , and him She for returned once him for he once returned Adonis Persephone to keep wanted the dispute Zeus settled by decreeing that time Adonis to spend chose was either Ares by sent either Ares by sent , Ares by who , sent an etiology also The story provides for mourned Adonis's death , she caused Adonis's death , she anemones caused of the story , Aphrodite injured the story , herself Aphrodite injured , herself Aphrodite injured on a thorn Aphrodite herself on injured Adonis of The myth is associated

Lesbos Sappho's time by , seems Sappho's time by , seems to the festival , the women would plant , a "garden would the women plant a "garden would the women plant of ladders would then The women climb the sunlight would The plants in sprout to one myth , Aphrodite aided one myth , Hippomenes Aphrodite aided , Hippomenes Aphrodite aided , Hippomenes Aphrodite aided , a noble youth Hippomenes who , a noble youth aided Atalanta an exceedingly swift runner she and was an exceedingly swift runner she and was beheaded three golden apples Aphrodite Hippomenes gave from Aphrodite's order Hippomenes obeyed and Atalanta her aid , so she causes Pygmalion is first by mentioned is first the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus by mentioned first the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus by mentioned of Cyrene by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of mentioned to Ovid , Pygmalion was Ovid , an exceedingly handsome sculptor Pygmalion was , an exceedingly handsome sculptor Pygmalion was from the island Pygmalion an exceedingly handsome sculptor from was to Aphrodite , the goddess brought Aphrodite , the statue the goddess brought , the statue the goddess brought to life the goddess the statue to brought Pygmalion the girl the statue married became the girl the statue married became and Aphrodite generously those who rewarded generously those who rewarded honored her those who honored rewarded to Aphrodite , the goddess cursed Aphrodite , them the goddess cursed , them the goddess cursed to them the goddess cursed to stink , sex their husbands having started sex their husbands having started with , Lemnos of the women murdered the entire male population of Lemnos the women murdered on Lemnos , they mated Lemnos , they mated with , the sex-starved women they with mated the sex-starved women they with mated under 428 BC , Theseus's son Hippolytus worships , only Artemis Hippolytus Theseus's son worships only Artemis Hippolytus Theseus's son worships , Aphrodite is his prideful behavior by infuriated is his prideful behavior by infuriated and his prideful behavior by infuriated and , rejected , suicide Phaedra commits

, suicide Phaedra commits and suicide Phaedra commits and leaves Poseidon Theseus to prays to a wild bull Poseidon sends to scare Aphrodite Glaucus of Corinth angered by refusing of King Pelias , Aphrodite drove King Pelias , his horses Aphrodite drove , mad Aphrodite his horses drove mad Aphrodite his horses drove and mad his horses they and drove Polyphonte a young woman who was chose a virginal life a young woman who chose was her Aphrodite cursed , causing her her , causing cursed Oreius , wild cannibals who were , wild cannibals who were incurred the hatred wild cannibals who incurred were to Pseudo-Apollodorus , a jealous Aphrodite cursed Pseudo-Apollodorus , Eos a jealous Aphrodite cursed , Eos a jealous Aphrodite cursed , Eos a jealous Aphrodite cursed , the goddess Therefore , them Aphrodite turn , them Aphrodite turn into the world's first prostitutes Aphrodite them into turn upon their shore , the goddess cursed their shore , them the goddess cursed , them the goddess cursed with insanity the goddess them with cursed In their madness , they raped their madness , Halia they raped As punishment , Poseidon buried punishment , them Poseidon buried , them Poseidon buried in the island's sea-caverns Poseidon them in buried , love Leucippus in fell love Leucippus in fell with They a secret relationship the girl but started a secret relationship the girl but started was his daughter's chamber Xanthius straight to went him enter , she tried the country he to leave had and her he with slept her he with slept unknowingly the myrrh tree eventually she into transformed three another daughters Cinyras also has and Adonis Mousa Clio the goddess' own love for derided , love Clio in fell love Clio in fell with Adrastus Aegialeia a daughter of was against Troy , She had Troy , multiple lovers She had , multiple lovers She had , multiple lovers She had , including threaten his life , he fled his life , he fled to , Italy he to fled offerings did not Pasiphae make Ares only Her son venerated and

him Aphrodite cursed with falling up his chastity , he threw his chastity , himself he threw , himself he threw into the river Amazonius he himself into threw Zeus , Orpheus's mother the Muse Calliope judged , Orpheus's mother the dispute the Muse Calliope judged Orpheus's mother the dispute the Muse Calliope judged between the goddesses the Muse Calliope the dispute between judged the Judgement of Paris of The myth is mentioned this , so she arrived so a golden apple she with arrived a golden apple she with arrived inscribed the matter The goddesses to place chose , Paris the goddesses before appeared Paris the goddesses before appeared for them , so they resorted so bribes they to resorted Paris Hera to bribe tried This woman Helen who , was Helen who , was was Aphrodite Paris selected and awarded the entirety Aphrodite an important and active role throughout plays In Book III , she rescues Book III , Paris she rescues , Paris she rescues from Menelaus she Paris from rescues Helen then She to appears Aphrodite immediately Helen recognizes by Helen sharply Aphrodite rebukes , In Book V , Aphrodite charges Book V , Aphrodite charges into , battle Aphrodite into charges battle Aphrodite into charges to a "weakling" goddess Diomedes Aphrodite as recognizes her Zeus chides for putting Walter Burkert , this scene directly parallels , a scene directly this scene parallels a scene directly this scene parallels from during the "Dios Apate" episode , Aphrodite lends the "Dios Apate" episode , her "kestos himas Aphrodite lends , her "kestos himas Aphrodite lends " her "kestos himas Aphrodite lends " to Aphrodite's most prominent avian symbol the dove which , was the dove which , was was doves frequently Aphrodite with appears the sea , Aphrodite was associated a number was Aphrodite with associated the sea Aphrodite's other symbols included , conch shells the apple Her most important fruit emblem was , but the apple she , but was the sea rising from Aphrodite appears the sea Aphrodite rising from shows In BC , the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved

BC , the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved , the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved "Aphrodite the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles carved "Aphrodite of her pubic region a nude Aphrodite modestly covering showed the first full-sized statue " The "Aphrodite of Knidos was to The statue was the people by purchased was the people by purchased of Knidos by the people of purchased Athenaeus , Apelles was inspired these statues of many were modeled naked ; her wringing water others show ; her wringing water others show out her wringing water others show out of ; sculpture of this type shows this type of sculpture Aphrodite shows of sculpture Aphrodite shows lifting sculpture Aphrodite shows lifting her pagan iconography frequently Early Christians adapted to In the Early Middle Ages , Christians adapted the Early Middle Ages , elements Christians adapted , elements Christians adapted of Aphrodite/Venus's iconography Christians elements of adapted the sixth century AD , a female orant is shown Aphrodite's conch shell is a female orant wearing shown Venus of Numerous Roman mosaics survived in in the late fifth century AD , Fulgentius of Ruspe encountered the late fifth century AD , mosaics Fulgentius of Ruspe encountered , mosaics Fulgentius of Ruspe encountered of Aphrodite Fulgentius of Ruspe mosaics of encountered Meanwhile , Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore denigrated , Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore denigrated Eros/Cupid Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore denigrated Eros/Cupid as Sandro Botticelli's painting "Primavera Aphrodite the central figure in is inspiration also Artists drew from also partially a description by inspired partially a description by inspired by Poliziano by a description by inspired Later the same scene of Italian renditions include Titian's "Venus Anadyomene of the same scene Italian renditions include his 1824 "magnum opus Jacques-Louis David's final work was " , on the painting , David described the painting , it David described , it David described , it David described , saying the date will I put of one "Venus Anadyomene " Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's painting was a "dream Louis Geofroy it as described favorites of Venus Paintings were In 1863 , Alexandre Cabanel won

1863 , widespread critical acclaim Alexandre Cabanel won , widespread critical acclaim Alexandre Cabanel won at the Paris Salon Alexandre Cabanel widespread critical acclaim at won the nude Venuses "Olympia " Édouard Manet's 1865 painting parodied 1867 , the English Academic painter Frederic Leighton displayed it J. B. Atkinson The art critic praised , for his "outré" subject matter , Rossetti refused his "outré" subject matter , Rossetti refused to the painting Rossetti to alter refused it of Six editions were published In 1605 , Richard Barnfield lauded 1605 , it Richard Barnfield lauded , it Richard Barnfield lauded , it Richard Barnfield lauded , declaring Richard Garnett's short story collection Aphrodite in appears " Aphrodite Another noteworthy example " is in his erotic historical novel Pierre Louÿs The French writer titled ' Aphrodite of stories were used of Aphrodite were by used Aphrodite were feminist poets by used were feminist poets by used , feminist poets by used , such these poems of Many dealt with and use also Anaïs Nin made use also Anaïs Nin made of theology The Church of Aphrodite's was laid out a drastically different light The book Aphrodite in portrayed Wicca Aphrodite a major deity in is one aspect Wiccans Aphrodite as regard the ruler Wiccans Aphrodite as regard of the twelve Olympians , Aphrodite is the twelve Olympians , a major deity Aphrodite is , a major deity Aphrodite is within Hellenismos Aphrodite a major deity within is Unlike Wiccans , Hellenists are Wiccans , Hellenists are usually Aphrodite Hellenists venerate primarily as the first day of the second quarter of the year It is , and a set formula 2 formula 1 on a binary relation is a set formula 2 there antisymmetric if is nothing of antisymmetry The definition says nothing formula 9 about whether says an important example on the natural numbers The divisibility relation is Typically their own bills some people pay , their own bills some people pay , while their own bills others , while pay Partial and total orders definition antisymmetric by are Thelema He the religion of founded

Trinity College was He at educated In 1898 , he joined 1898 , the esoteric Hermetic Order he joined , the esoteric Hermetic Order he joined of the Golden Dawn he the esoteric Hermetic Order of joined in Scotland , he went Scotland , he went mountaineering Mexico he mountaineering in went Rose Edith Kelly He married and in , Britain Crowley to returned Britain Crowley to returned , George Cecil Jones co an esoteric order - founded co an esoteric order - founded , an esoteric order - founded , the in 1912 he was initiated 1912 he was initiated into another esoteric order was he into initiated the O.T.O. , Thelemite groups were established Britain were Thelemite groups in established the United States Crowley the First World War in spent In 1920 , he established 1920 , the Abbey he established , the Abbey he established of Thelema he the Abbey of established denunciations His libertine lifestyle to led in his lifetime Crowley widespread notoriety during gained a highly influential figure has Crowley remained over Edward Alexander Crowley was Crowley as born with her son ; she described her son ; him she described ; him she described as him she described as " a Quaker had been Crowley's father born , in 1881 the Crowleys moved in 1881 the Crowleys moved to 1881 Redhill the Crowleys to moved Redhill the Crowleys to moved , was 11 , his father died 11 , his father died of , tongue cancer his father of died a turning point Crowley this as described by Champney ; Crowley's family removed Champney ; him Crowley's family removed ; him Crowley's family removed from the school Crowley's family him from removed Malvern College and Tonbridge School then He attended , in Eastbourne , he undertook Eastbourne , chemistry courses he undertook , chemistry courses he undertook at Eastbourne College he chemistry courses at undertook chess Crowley interests in developed , in October 1895 Crowley began in October 1895 a three-year course Crowley began October 1895 a three-year course Crowley began at Trinity College Crowley a three-year course at began

from his personal tutor , he changed his personal tutor , he changed to , English literature he to changed English literature he to changed , English literature to which , changed ; a professional career briefly he considered a professional career briefly he considered as his love also Crowley embraced of his own poems of Many appeared in his mountaineering He continued , going his first significant mystical experience Crowley had while on the result that this was believed At Cambridge , Crowley maintained Cambridge , a vigorous sex life Crowley maintained , a vigorous sex life Crowley maintained with women Crowley a vigorous sex life with maintained In October 1897 , Crowley met October 1897 , Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley met , Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley met , Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley met , president In October 1897 , a brief illness triggered October 1897 , considerations a brief illness triggered , considerations a brief illness triggered of mortality a brief illness considerations of triggered 1898 , Crowley privately published , 100 copies privately Crowley published 100 copies privately Crowley published of That same year , a string Crowley published , a string Crowley published of other poems Crowley a string of published In August 1898 , Crowley was August 1898 , Crowley was in , Zermatt Crowley in was Zermatt Crowley in was , in London , Baker introduced London , Crowley Baker introduced , to Baker Crowley introduced George Cecil Jones Baker Crowley to introduced the Outer Order of the Golden Dawn was Crowley into initiated his own luxury Crowley into moved flat Crowley Bennett taught more about In November 1899 , Crowley purchased November 1899 , Boleskine House Crowley purchased , Boleskine House Crowley purchased in Foyers Crowley Boleskine House in purchased Scottish culture He a love of developed the lower grades soon Crowley through progressed into the Second Order , he visited the Second Order , Mathers he visited , Mathers he visited in Paris he Mathers in visited Mathers had A schism between developed In 1900 , Crowley travelled 1900 , Crowley travelled to

, Mexico Crowley to travelled Mexico Crowley to travelled via of the country , he continued the country , he continued experimenting ceremonial magic he experimenting with continued him Eckenstein joined later in , San Francisco Crowley to headed San Francisco Crowley to headed before Hong Kong , Ceylon Crowley reached , Ceylon Crowley reached , Ceylon Crowley reached , where Ceylon he , where reached Kandy The pair some time in spent India Crowley to tour decided this time He much of spent At this time he also wrote this time poetry also he wrote he also poetry which wrote also poetry which wrote was poetry which wrote was published malaria He contracted , and 1902 , he was joined India was he in joined was India in by joined Eckenstein in India by joined Together , K2 the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition attempted , K2 the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition attempted , the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition K2 which , attempted K2 which , attempted had the journey , Crowley was afflicted influenza was Crowley with afflicted in November 1902 , he socialized November 1902 , he socialized with , friend he with socialized friend he with socialized and there , a series Crowley wrote , a series Crowley wrote of poems Crowley a series of wrote this milieu W. Somerset Maugham who , was W. Somerset Maugham who , was after Boleskine He to returned in entering an arranged marriage ; the marriage appalled an arranged marriage ; the Kelly family the marriage appalled ; the Kelly family the marriage appalled and the Kelly family the marriage appalled and damaged princess , an apartment they rented , an apartment they rented in which they an apartment in rented which an apartment in Crowley rented Crowley's later account , Rose regularly became On 18 March , she explained 18 March , she explained that as the Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu ; Crowley thought the Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu ; Crowley it thought , on 8 April he heard on 8 April a disembodied voice he heard 8 April a disembodied voice he heard claiming a disembodied voice he heard claiming to

that it espoused , became the cornerstone espoused , it became the time Crowley that at said the time that at he said resenting it , he said it , he said that the instructions that he ignored said On 28 July 1905 , Rose gave 28 July 1905 , birth Rose gave , birth Rose gave to Crowley's first child Rose birth to gave a publishing company also He founded through Among its first publications Crowley's "Collected Works were " its first publications Crowley's "Collected Works were " , strong reviews often His poetry received ( gain more publicity , he issued more publicity , a reward he issued , a reward he issued of a reward he issued of £ Kanchenjunga Crowley to climb decided the expedition was much argument by marred was much argument by marred between Crowley by much argument between marred Crowley's control eventually They against mutinied Rose Crowley up with met the journey Crowley opium throughout smoked ; together rituals they performed together rituals they performed in an attempt they rituals in performed Japan then Crowley to sailed in Britain , Crowley learned Britain , Crowley learned that Under emotional distress , his health began emotional distress , his health began to his old mentor George Cecil Jones , Crowley continued , the Abramelin rituals Crowley performing continued the Abramelin rituals Crowley performing continued at during these rituals , he wrote these rituals , an essay he wrote , an essay he wrote on "The Psychology of Hashish he an essay on wrote more Thelemic Holy Books Crowley down wrote during in his cocaine addiction , Crowley took his cocaine addiction , him Crowley took , him Crowley took on holiday Crowley him on took 1907 , he also began ; in 1908 the pair toured in 1908 northern Spain the pair toured 1908 northern Spain the pair toured before northern Spain the pair toured before heading year Boleskine Neuburg at stayed Boleskine Neuburg at stayed , of short horror stories , Crowley wrote short horror stories , Crowley wrote his , own Crowley his wrote

own Crowley his wrote , own his some , wrote solicitor Richard Noel Warren Its earliest members included , artist Austin Osman Spare In March 1909 , Crowley began March 1909 , production Crowley began , production Crowley began of a biannual periodical Crowley production of began to Rose's care ; the couple remained Rose's care ; friends the couple remained ; friends the couple remained and friends the couple remained and Rose During the trip the thirty aethyrs he invoked the trip the thirty aethyrs he invoked of Enochian magic he the thirty aethyrs of invoked a mountaintop sex magic ritual ; Crowley also performed ; an evocation also Crowley performed an evocation also Crowley performed to The Equinox " ; the court found ; favour the court in found favour the court in found of the A∴A∴ The publicity new members to attracted to a wider audience , Crowley developed a wider audience , the Rites Crowley developed , the Rites Crowley developed of Artemis Crowley the Rites of developed the press of Various members attended , particular criticism Crowley under came from in St. Moritz ; Crowley believed St. Moritz ; Crowley believed that the Secret Chiefs that one of believed In early 1912 , Crowley published early 1912 , Crowley published " , The Book of Lies Crowley " published The Book of Lies Crowley " published " The German occultist him later Theodor Reuss accused him later Theodor Reuss accused of Crowley Reuss the similarities that convinced Reuss the similarities that convinced were head Reuss Crowley as appointed ; Thelemite elements of his incorporation proved controversial of Thelemite elements his incorporation proved In March 1913 , Crowley acted March 1913 , Crowley acted as , producer Crowley as acted producer Crowley as acted for Moscow subsequently They in performed In Moscow , Crowley continued Moscow , Crowley continued to plays Crowley to write continued the six-week "Paris Working and Neuburg Crowley performed the ritual , the couple performed ritual , acts the couple performed , acts the couple performed of sex magic the couple acts of performed

by the results of the Working, Crowley wrote the results of the Working, Crowley wrote " of Liber Agapé the Working, Crowley " wrote Liber Agapé the Working, Crowley " wrote " In May , he transferred May , ownership he transferred , ownership he transferred of Boleskine House he ownership of transferred of phlebitis , Crowley set phlebitis , sail Crowley set , sail Crowley set for the United States Crowley sail for set in New York City , he moved New York City , he moved into , a hotel he into moved a hotel he into moved and from Great Britain , Crowley began Great Britain , Crowley began to support Crowley to espouse began New York's pro-German movement He involved in became In later years , detractors denounced later years , Crowley detractors denounced , Crowley detractors denounced as a traitor detractors Crowley as denounced In reality , Crowley was reality , a double agent Crowley was , a double agent Crowley was , a double agent Crowley was , working of the Statue of Liberty ; the real intention was the Statue of Liberty ; the real intention was to a relationship Crowley into entered with of the North American O.T.O. , he met the North American O.T.O. , he met with , Charles Stansfeld Jones he with met Charles Stansfeld Jones he with met and In Detroit he experimented with Detroit Peyote he with experimented Peyote he with experimented at sex magic and Richardson Crowley performed Later that year a "magical retirement he took " a "magical retirement he took " to There , heavy use he made , heavy use he made of drugs he heavy use of made In December , he moved December , he moved to , New Orleans he to moved New Orleans he to moved , to New York City , he moved New York City , he moved in artist and A∴A∴ member Leon Engers Kennedy he in with moved The Fatherland " , Crowley continued " , his association Crowley continued , his association Crowley continued with

Viereck Crowley his association with continued it Crowley used to promote the studio apartment then He to moved "The Amalantrah Workings " , he believed In 1918 , Crowley went 1918 , Crowley went on , a magical retreat Crowley on went a magical retreat Crowley on went in in New York City , he moved New York City , he moved to , Greenwich Village he to moved Greenwich Village he to moved , painting He up took as of sympathetic Freemasons , Crowley revived sympathetic Freemasons , Crowley revived " , The Equinox Crowley " revived The Equinox Crowley " revived " his intelligence work aware of several friends urged from asthma , a doctor prescribed asthma , him a doctor prescribed , him a doctor prescribed heroin him a doctor prescribed heroin , a "ménage à trois in by " joined ideas Crowley had of forming robes They wore , and Undertaking widespread correspondences , Crowley continued widespread correspondences , Crowley continued to the children He a libertine education for offered including drugs ; his heroin addiction came drugs ; his heroin addiction came to his life his heroin addiction to dominate came no cleaning rota There was , and no cleaning rota wild dogs , and was Among them film star Jane Wolfe was , them who film star Jane Wolfe , was Another Cecil Frederick Russell who , was Cecil Frederick Russell who , was often In February 1922 , Crowley returned February 1922 , Crowley returned to , Paris Crowley to returned Paris Crowley to returned for London then He to went a local polluted stream Loveday from drank , to London , May told London , her story May told , to May her story told the press May her story to told " Crowley " John Bull proclaimed Crowley " John Bull proclaimed " " its attack " John Bull continued its attack " John Bull continued , its attack its stories , with continued continuing poor health , he unsuccessfully tried Tunis were They in joined were Tunis in by joined the Thelemite Norman Mudd in Tunis by joined

as his servant , Crowley went his servant , Crowley went with , him Crowley with went him Crowley with went on In January 1924 , Crowley travelled January 1924 , Crowley travelled to , Nice Crowley to travelled Nice Crowley to travelled , , a wealthy student he on took a wealthy student he on took , Olsen Crowley took back to of her ; she miscarried her ; she miscarried , which she , following miscarried which , following Crowley miscarried Crowley , Reuss had named , him had Reuss named head had Reuss him named Thuringia Tränker the Hohenleuben Conference in called in 1926 , Crowley went 1926 , Crowley went through , a large number Crowley through went a large number Crowley through went of he was poor health by dogged was poor health by dogged , poor health by dogged , largely 1928 , Crowley was introduced young Englishman Israel Regardie was Crowley to introduced young Englishman Israel Regardie to who , introduced , Gerald Yorke also Crowley met Gerald Yorke also Crowley met , also Gerald Yorke who , met Gerald Yorke who , met began Thelema did not Driberg accept In December 1928 the Nicaraguan Maria Teresa Sanchez Crowley met France was Crowley from deported was France from by deported the authorities from France by deported in Britain , Crowley married Britain , Sanchez Crowley married , Sanchez Crowley married in August 1929 Crowley Sanchez in married in London , Mandrake Press agreed London , Mandrake Press agreed to his autobiography Mandrake Press to publish agreed liquidation Mandrake into went in as his magical partner ; the relationship was his magical partner ; the relationship was troubled In September he went to September Lisbon he to went Lisbon he to went in his own death he to fake decided Berlin then He to returned the fashion Crowley's paintings with fitted for as his new lover ; they had his new lover ; a violent relationship they had ; a violent relationship they had , a violent relationship they had , and affairs He to have continued

Busch Crowley left and returned Undergoing further nasal surgery , it was further nasal surgery , it was here 1932 it here in was of money , he launched money , a series he launched , a series he launched of court cases he a series of launched his lawsuit He much publicity for gained Crowley's financial problems The court case to added , with Deidre Patricia Doherty ; she offered Deidre Patricia Doherty ; she offered to his child she to bear offered Named Randall Gair , Crowley nicknamed Randall Gair , him Crowley nicknamed , Aleister Atatürk Crowley him nicknamed a car accident He in died in In 1936 , he published 1936 , his first book he published , his first book he published in six years he his first book in published In 1937 , he gave 1937 , a series he gave , a series he gave of public lectures he a series of gave , the Naval Intelligence Division Crowley to wrote the Naval Intelligence Division Crowley to wrote offering In 1940 , his asthma worsened 1940 , his asthma worsened , hit London , Crowley relocated London , Crowley relocated to , Torquay Crowley to relocated Torquay Crowley to relocated , of Torquay , he returned Torquay , he returned to , London he to returned London he to returned , initiate Lady Frieda Harris , Crowley developed Lady Frieda Harris , plans Crowley developed , plans Crowley developed to plans Crowley developed to produce Accompanying a book this was , a book this was , published aid the war effort , he wrote the war effort , a proclamation he wrote , a proclamation he wrote on the rights he a proclamation on wrote a book during his lifetime Crowley's final publication was In April 1944 Crowley briefly moved to April 1944 Aston Clinton Crowley briefly to moved Aston Clinton Crowley briefly to moved in Kenneth Grant He a young man named took with the illusionist Arnold Crowther , it was the illusionist Arnold Crowther , it was through , him it through was

him it through was that him through Crowley that was friends They became , with friends Crowley , with became On 1 December 1947 , Crowley died 1 December 1947 , Crowley died at , Netherwood Crowley at died Netherwood Crowley at died of on 5 December ; about a dozen people attended 5 December ; about a dozen people attended , and was a Black Mass by labelled was the tabloids a Black Mass by labelled has been scholars by described been scholars by described as a religion by scholars as described the esoteric teachings was He in steeped was the esoteric teachings in he steeped the esoteric teachings in he steeped had humanity's entry that the twentieth century marked believed the proper religion that Thelema was believed the idea Thelema around revolves that the idea around human beings that revolves this process Crowley to referred of the objective existence Crowley in believed of this term He various different definitions of provided " , Magick Crowley defined , Magick Crowley defined as Magick Crowley defined as " his disciple also He told Karl Germer oneself Mysticism the raising of is a third way Crowley Magick as saw Within that journal positive sentiments he expressed that journal positive sentiments he expressed toward science he positive sentiments toward expressed magic was also by influenced was also the work by influenced also the work by influenced of the anthropologist by the work of influenced magic did not Crowley see Crowley's ideas Sexuality an important role in played sex magick He three forms of outlined Crowley , sex was treated a sacrament was sex as treated Crowley's writings that some of noted The Book of the Law " , Crowley described " , a pantheon Crowley described , a pantheon Crowley described of three deities Crowley a pantheon of described In 1928 , he made 1928 , the claim he made , the claim he made that he the claim all "true" deities that made the claim all "true" deities that made were Satanic imagery nevertheless He used , his writings , Crowley occasionally identified

, Aiwass occasionally Crowley identified Aiwass occasionally Crowley identified as religion Gordan Djurdjevic of The scholar stated that of religion Gordan Djurdjevic Crowley that stated religion Gordan Djurdjevic Crowley that stated " strong anti-Christian sentiment nevertheless Crowley expressed , one himself to be considered Crowley also Hutton described as Crowley's political thought was academic Marco Pasi by studied was academic Marco Pasi by studied , academic Marco Pasi by who , studied the political left He neither on was In their subversive powers , he saw their subversive powers , the possibility he saw , the possibility he saw of an annihilation he the possibility of saw an "imbecile and nauseating cult Crowley democracy as described In this attitude he was influenced this attitude he was by influenced he was the work by influenced was the work by influenced of Friedrich Nietzsche by the work of influenced on multiple occasions ; Kaczynski stated multiple occasions ; Kaczynski stated that in later life , Crowley was later life , Crowley was able the term "Scarlet Woman He applied " to homosexual acts , he usually played , the passive role usually he played the passive role usually he played , usually the passive role which , played the passive role Booth , which played both men Crowley complete sexual freedom for advocated a spoiled scion Sutin Crowley " thought persecution that centuries of thought Crowley Booth described as exhibiting religion Manon Hedenborg White of The scholar noted that of religion Manon Hedenborg White some that noted religion Manon Hedenborg White some that noted of Crowley's statements that some of noted women's role on Crowley's comments varied dramatically a spy that Crowley was suggested Mathers that the conflict between suggested Crowley's trip that the purpose of suggested China that this trip to suggested an influential figure has Crowley remained , In 2002 , a BBC poll placed 2002 , Crowley a BBC poll placed , Crowley a BBC poll placed seventy Crowley a BBC poll placed seventy - him has Richard Cavendish of written esotericism of The scholar Egil Asprem described esotericism of The scholar Wouter Hanegraaff asserted

esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff Crowley that asserted an extreme representation that Crowley was asserted Crowley Biographer Tobias Churton considered " a pioneer the filmmaker Another American Thelemite is Kenneth Anger , the filmmaker who Kenneth Anger , is has been academic investigation by refuted were also Crowley by influenced also Crowley by influenced , Crowley by influenced , with , a dominant figure Crowley " became a dominant figure Crowley " became " a wider influence also Crowley had in Britain , various "literary Crowleys " appeared earliest of the One was , Crowley Dennis Wheatley the writer used Crowley Dennis Wheatley the writer used as The occultist Crowley Dion Fortune used as a basis Dion Fortune Crowley as used one was He as included Led Zeppelin co - founder Jimmy Page bought co - Boleskine founder Jimmy Page bought - Boleskine founder Jimmy Page bought in 1971 founder Jimmy Page Boleskine in bought 1992 He it in sold Bowie's No that the lyrics of suggested which a purported existence in the essential part is In some views , this continued existence takes some views , place this continued existence takes , place this continued existence takes in a spiritual realm this continued existence place in takes generally people some afterlife awaits believe people some afterlife awaits believe when some generally non-theistic religions of Members tend to Reincarnation the philosophical or religious concept an aspect that is the philosophical or religious concept an aspect that is of rebirth is also It called all major Indian religions It a central tenet of is reincarnation of The idea is found a common belief It also is of to reincarnation ; these groups include reincarnation ; the mainstream historical and contemporary followers these groups include ; the mainstream historical and contemporary followers these groups include of Kabbalah these groups the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of include , a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place beings where is a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place beings where is such Hinduism , heaven is considered There seven positive regions the soul are can seven positive regions the soul are can go

the respective region , the soul is subjected rebirth is the soul to subjected a linear divine history with Religions often depict Typically , hell these traditions locate , hell these traditions locate in another dimension these traditions hell in locate Ancient Egyptian religion The afterlife an important role in played of Aaru , Osiris demanded Aaru , work Osiris demanded , work Osiris demanded as restitution Osiris work as demanded Two Truths , the deceased's heart was weighed the "Shu" feather was the deceased's heart against weighed the Pyramid Texts The Coffin texts more or less a duplication of are the Fields dead again in live the tomb was the Book of the Dead in placed a temporary interruption Death simply was , the physical body Each human of consisted , , the Egyptian Culture Ministry for a spokesman claimed a spokesman for the Egyptian Culture Ministry it claimed for the Egyptian Culture Ministry it claimed had the Egyptian Culture Ministry it claimed had unearthed a large red granite door it had unearthed claimed It a 'door the false door is believes a 'door the false door is believes to Greek mythology is The Greek god Hades in known the dead soul of the family would put would be Aeacus by judged be Aeacus by judged , Aeacus by judged , Rhadamanthus to would be The soul sent The Elysian Fields the ones for that were the ones for that were lived their goodness equalled whose sins , were Greek legend of Some heroes are allowed the afterlife The Romans a similar belief system about had By the River Styx , he sees the River Styx , the souls he sees , the souls he sees of those he the souls of sees dead , he is shown , the place is he shown the place is he shown where forgetfulness He the river of sees the nature can not an unborn fetus understand The Baháʼí state the soul that writings state the soul that writings is The Baháʼí scriptures also state there are scriptures also state distinctions there are

also state distinctions there are between souls there distinctions between are the Nicene Creed Mainstream Christianity belief in professes the story of Luke The author recounts the Book of Revelation of The author writes about was already Christians by used already Christians by used such Christians by used such as A notable example Emanuel Swedenborg who is wrote some 18 theological works Emanuel Swedenborg who wrote is Lorenzo Scupoli , four assaults that states the afterlife of The Catholic conception teaches that the afterlife the body that after teaches unrepented mortal sin die in who go In the 1990s , the Catechism of the Catholic Church defined the 1990s , hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church defined , hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church defined not hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church defined not as times , it has been , a very popular theological theory has it been a very popular theological theory has it been within Limbo a theory that is unbaptized a theory that is unbaptized but purgatory of The notion is associated " eschatological encounter of The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object is eschatological encounter of The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object is therefore instance , St. Isaac the Syrian observes in two ways : it torments two ways : sinners it torments But the souls love inebriates of the sons love the souls of inebriates the description therefore Orthodoxy uses of the judgment : the light has come the world has the light into come things does wicked who hates In a word , God has a word , mercy God has , mercy God has on all God mercy on has not , hell it is the Lord will Every knee before bend God's gift will not all in rejoice Moreover , a prevalent tradition Orthodoxy includes , a prevalent tradition Orthodoxy includes of "apokatastasis Orthodoxy a prevalent tradition of includes Origen most notably by taught the orthodoxy (553 CE ) The Second Council of Constantinople affirmed a teaching It also is of a teaching it no less is the scene is It as revealed

two parts is It into divided spirit prison that Christ visited believe the Harrowing This similar to is the resurrection , spirits are assigned , " the place The celestial kingdom is " the place The celestial kingdom is prepared the place The celestial kingdom is prepared for this gift , we must receive , the ordinances must we receive the ordinances must we receive of terms occasionally Jehovah's Witnesses use such Armageddon they that after believe Armageddon that after there believe the afterlife regarding The Seventh-day Adventist Church's beliefs differ from to Hell , Adventists believe Hell , Adventists believe the an unconscious state that death is believe Matt is This on based At death , all consciousness ends anything does not The dead person know creation that death is believe , dust the body to turns dust the body to turns again every person of who The spirit dies proper and firm "iʾmān " one must have " a righteous conduct must one have a righteous conduct must one have , a righteous conduct his level , lest have Man's creation that the purpose of teaches the reader repeatedly The Quran reminds that repeatedly the reader the worldly life that reminds the reader the worldly life that reminds ( both male and female servants : the females are referred the Last Day of Islamic faith A central doctrine is Until the Last Day , deceased souls remain the Last Day , deceased souls remain in , their graves deceased souls in remain their graves deceased souls in remain awaiting " eight gates " Jannah has eight gates " Jannah has and " 7 deep terrible layers " Jahannam possess The lower the layer the worse it is both everlasting places will Individuals at arrive the soul Islam the continued existence of teaches will be God by judged be God by judged according God by judged according to balance One's eternal destination on depends of admission are either They granted judgment of The day is described In Islam , believers are Islam , those believers are , believers those who are

believers those who are believed those who are believed in an established belief It is that if an established belief a believer that if is the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community , the soul will give , birth will the soul give birth will the soul give to of God , his or her tastes become God , his or her tastes become attuned this , an "embryonic soul " begins Barzakh Ibn 'Arabi The Sufi Muslim scholar defined as the world It between is of it , there would be , no contact would there be no contact would there be between it He described as simple , " anything that is " anything that is separates two things anything that separates is the "shades of Sheol The inhabitants are Sheol the Hebrew Bible to describe appears others , it was considered , a place was it considered a place was it considered of thoughts The Talmud a number of offers death , the soul is brought judgment is the soul for brought pristine lives have led who enter the world do not Most enter this period Others view to include , its place then the soul takes its place then the soul takes in , eternal damnation of the concept is eternal damnation of the concept is not the soul of extinction is reserved the "Olam Haba Maimonides describes " in Avraham Arieh Trugman , reincarnation is recognized reincarnation of the idea is mentioned the Bible Shraga Simmons that within commented an "ancient, mainstream belief that reincarnation is wrote reincarnation The Zohar frequent and lengthy references to makes a few kabbalists , it was posited a number were These ideas in found the idea of reincarnation Saadia Gaon are of reincarnation Saadia Gaon are , reincarnation Saadia Gaon are , David Kimhi ) a refutation Section VI with concludes a refutation Section VI with concludes of reincarnation , Saadia Gaon further states Other well-known rabbis reincarnationists are who include Yonassan Gershom are reincarnationists who include The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute of Rabbi Naftali Silberberg notes that The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute Many ideas that " notes

place that rebirth takes maintain rebirth will be by conditioned will be the moral tone by conditioned be the moral tone by conditioned of the person's actions by the moral tone of conditioned would a lower realm his/her rebirth in have a lower realm his/her rebirth in have , various levels It on depends of that moment , heavy kamma would ripen Mahayana of Pure Land Buddhism believes in their own pure land that each Buddha has believed In Tibetan Buddhism Dead the Tibetan Book of the explains Tibetan Buddhism the intermediate state Dead the Tibetan Book of the explains the intermediate state Dead the Tibetan Book of the explains of The the bright light will deceased find the bright light will deceased find of various reasons There are why the various reasons deceased why the are the intermediate state Some no briefing about had And fear some have , some fear which , have fear which , have results In the intermediate state the awareness is very the intermediate state the awareness is very flexible In this situation they have to this situation they have to understand them can really No one hurt them they , because hurt The help deceased get from different Buddhas deceased help from get different Buddhas help from who get the things They to release have " cosmic energy Life is of the universe Life cosmic energy of is any life There 10 life states of are life condition The life in which dies life condition in which it dies afterlife There two major views of are consciousness The individual a stream of is the physical body at death he appears at death he appears in death the court he in appears the court he in appears of Yama The panel of consists and his life is He about counseled ( Philosophically projections these three men are Philosophically projections these three men are of one's mind these three men projections of are Justice of the Lord then sends time is his period in limited is time in by limited the weight in time by limited

place can Rebirth take as of traumatic death a person can take traumatic death the form can a person take the form can a person take of In Hinduism , the belief is Hinduism , the belief is that nothing that the body is is the afterlife also Jainism in believes Sikhism of The essential doctrine is to the belief also Sikhism has of afterlife of Accounts are considered also the life that living acknowledged the life that living acknowledged of to the Sikh scriptures , the human form is the Sikh scriptures , the closet form the human form is , the closet form the human form is to God the human form the closet form to is of a wardrobe , you pick a wardrobe , you pick up , a dress you up pick a dress you up pick and and then it you discard their beliefs Traditional African religions diverse in are the Hadza such as Hunter-gatherer societies have the personal names concrete expression in that given reincarnated the dominant characteristics some of are the dominant characteristics some of are of each soul each birth distinct and remains however , notions later myths include , notions later myths include of resurrection later myths notions of include negative views Shinto to hold tends universalism Some Unitarian Universalists in believe : their theology Unitarian Universalists widely in differ to Edgar Cayce , the afterlife consisted Edgar Cayce , the afterlife consisted of , nine realms the afterlife of consisted nine realms the afterlife of consisted equated symbolized Saturn by , was a level Saturn , by was the nine soul realms of The third is ruled of the nine soul realms is by ruled the nine soul realms is Earth by ruled is Earth by ruled and Earth by ruled and is our limitations where we meet is The sixth realm is Neptune by ruled is Neptune by ruled , Neptune by ruled , and The seventh realm is Jupiter by symbolized is Jupiter by symbolized , Jupiter by which , symbolized The eighth afterlife realm is Uranus by ruled

is Uranus by ruled and Uranus by ruled and develops The ninth afterlife realm is Pluto by symbolized is Pluto by symbolized , Pluto by symbolized , the astrological realm seven realms Mainstream Spiritualists a series of postulate seven realms a series of that postulate , the place troubled souls where is the place troubled souls where is spend The third level those for who is those for who is have which The fourth level that from is human consciousness where the soul leaves is life , souls rest from recuperate rest , the souls are reincarnated a place Many Wiccans The Summerland as see on Earth , righteous souls sit Earth , righteous souls sit at , the head righteous souls at sit the head righteous souls at sit of the righteous souls Zoroastrianism that for states For a wicked person , a very old, ugly, naked hag appears of Yima's realm , the spirits live Yima's realm , a shadowy existence the spirits live , a shadowy existence the spirits live , a shadowy existence the spirits live , and After three days , the soul crosses three days , Chinvat bridge the soul crosses , the soul Chinvat bridge which crosses the soul Chinvat bridge which crosses is the Final Judgment of the soul Chinvat bridge which is crosses Rashnu the yazata who is holds the scales the yazata who holds is the bad , the soul is bad , the soul is worthy paradise the soul worthy of is the mixed ones Misvan Gatu the "place of is 1882 was The Society for Psychical Research in founded scientific research Its members to conduct continue to an afterlife were by conducted an afterlife were this organization by conducted in 1901 physician Duncan MacDougall by sought 1901 physician Duncan MacDougall by sought to physician Duncan MacDougall by sought to measure patients MacDougall dying weighed in for some people this figure has become some people this figure has become synonymous the 2003 movie "21 Grams of The title " is a vessel purportedly Mediums as act , mediumship of evidence dates

mediumship of evidence dates back the study also Research includes of a view There is based on the idea Certain problems with arise of resurrection , the materialist that notes questions also John Hick raises regarding the idea and Charles Hartshorne Alfred North Whitehead rejected Charles Hartshorne the idea the universe that rejected the idea the universe that rejected was subjective (or personal) immortality do not Hartshorne people experience during REsuscitation ) study examined REsuscitation ) the broad range study examined ) the broad range study examined of mental experiences study the broad range of examined a large study , researchers also tested , the validity also researchers tested the validity also researchers tested of those that 40% of revealed the interview in Dr. Parnia stated , the interview The evidence , " stated astronomy Astrometry a branch of is astronomy a branch of that is astrometry of The history is linked , the brightness scale also he developed the brightness scale also he developed still at least 850 stars Hipparchus a catalogue with compiled furthermore , drawings he provided , drawings he provided for each constellation he drawings for provided the Sun's position Ibn Yunus more than 10,000 entries for observed the 15th century , the Timurid astronomer Ulugh Beg compiled , the "Zij-i-Sultani Ulugh Beg the Timurid astronomer compiled the "Zij-i-Sultani Ulugh Beg the Timurid astronomer compiled " In the 16th century , Tycho Brahe used the 16th century , improved instruments Tycho Brahe used , improved instruments Tycho Brahe used , improved instruments Tycho Brahe used , including using the "observational clock " he invented insignificant The stellar movement too proved for 3222 stars of His cataloguing was refined was 1807 in by refined Friedrich Bessel in 1807 by refined had been the end of the 19th century by obtained been the end of the 19th century by obtained , the end of the 19th century by obtained , mostly the process using astronomical photographic plates Astrographs sped In 1989 , the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took 1989 , astrometry the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took

, astrometry the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took into orbit the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite astrometry into took from 1989 to 1993 , Hipparcos measured 1989 to 1993 , large and small angles Hipparcos measured , large and small angles Hipparcos measured on the sky Hipparcos large and small angles on measured a database " A new "Tycho catalog together drew USNO-B1.0 that , an all-sky catalogue is their observations in , astrometry is In observational astronomy , astrometric techniques help identify observational astronomy , stellar objects astrometric techniques help identify , stellar objects astrometric techniques help identify by their unique motions astrometric techniques help stellar objects by identify Astrometric measurements are astrophysicists by used are astrophysicists by used to astrophysicists by used to constrain of pulsars , it is pulsars , it is possible the tracking Astronomers astrometric techniques for use the detection Astrometry responsible for is such objects astrometrically , astronomers use astrometrically , telescopes astronomers use , telescopes astronomers use to telescopes astronomers use to survey these images , they can detect , Solar System objects can they detect Solar System objects can they detect by two Solar System objects and 90377 Sedna 50000 Quaoar are error correction of astrometry A fundamental aspect is the measurement Various factors errors into introduce these errors can be by reduced can be various techniques by reduced be various techniques by reduced , various techniques by reduced , such the patron was Athena as regarded owls Her major symbols include , olive trees "Polias was She as known the Athenian Acropolis on The Parthenon is dedicated a warrior goddess She also was , Greek mythology , Athena was believed of the story , Athena has the story , no mother Athena has , no mother Athena has and no mother Athena has and is Hesiod's "Theogony " , Zeus swallows " , his consort Zeus swallows , his consort Zeus swallows Metis his consort Zeus swallows Metis , his consort who Metis , swallows of Athens , Athena bested Athens , Poseidon Athena bested , Poseidon Athena bested in a competition Athena Poseidon in bested

"Athena Parthenos was She as known heroic endeavor ; she was believed the "Iliad She an active role in plays the first spider ; Ovid also describes Medusa how she transformed describes the Renaissance , Athena has become , an international symbol has Athena become an international symbol has Athena become of the city is Athena with associated In ancient times , scholars argued ancient times , scholars argued whether ancient Greece attest that similar city goddesses were worshipped other cities were similar city goddesses in worshipped , in Mycenae there was in Mycenae a goddess there was Mycenae a goddess there was called Mykene there a goddess called was the Aegean goddess Athena originally was of Room of the Chariot Tablets " ; these comprise " ; the earliest Linear B archive these comprise ; the earliest Linear B archive these comprise anywhere the still undeciphered corpus A sign series in appears of an enormous figure-eight shield ; this may depict ; the warrior-goddess may this depict the warrior-goddess may this depict with the "Odyssey " , she takes " , the form she takes , the form she takes of a sea-eagle she the form of takes this view of Proponents argue that of this view she that argue this view she that argue dropped her prophylactic owl-mask that she dropped argue Athena that the cult of agreed also been those by influenced been those by influenced of Near Eastern warrior goddesses by those of influenced Inanna that Athena resembles notes Sais that the citizens of notes with weaving ; her worship began weaving ; her worship began during ; the Egyptian Pre-Dynastic period her worship during began Greek mythology , Athena was reported on these similarities , the Sinologist Martin Bernal created these similarities , the "Black Athena" hypothesis the Sinologist Martin Bernal created , the "Black Athena" hypothesis the Sinologist Martin Bernal created , the Sinologist Martin Bernal the "Black Athena" hypothesis which , created the "Black Athena" hypothesis which , created claimed the goddess was Athena as venerated festivals was Athena at worshipped the patron She also was of

war Athena the disciplined, strategic side of represented much higher esteem The Greeks Athena with regarded a warrior maiden , Athena was known Greek mythology , the name "Parthenos " is beyond recognition , the Athenians allotted recognition , the goddess value the Athenians allotted , the goddess value the Athenians allotted based the goddess value the Athenians allotted based on a number is This role in expressed Athens Athena not only the patron goddess of was Athena of The various cults were all a uniform socialization These cults portals of were Arcadia , she was assimilated the ancient goddess Alea was she with assimilated the Spartan Acropolis Athena a major temple on had the fact may This epithet to refer the fact to cult statue that refer Athena Polias to An Ionic-style temple was built It was Pytheos of Priene by designed was Pytheos of Priene by designed , Pytheos of Priene by designed , the same architect "Atrytone was Athena as known his mother Clytemnestra , Athena won Clytemnestra , the epithet "Areia Athena won , the epithet "Areia Athena won " the epithet "Areia Athena won " ( the epithet "Hippia was sometimes Athena given The Greek geographer his "Guide Pausanias in mentions his "Guide Pausanias in mentions to Ageleia Other epithets include , Itonia Clymenus , she was known In Homer's epic works , Athena's most common epithet is Homer's epic works , "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet is , "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet is " "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet is " ( "glaukós The word a combination of is the curious epithet "Tritogeneia is also Athena given various things could It mean , this Triton One myth the foster father relationship of relates herself ; her various legends list ; her various legends list as her various legends list as being a connection have Several scholars suggested to the myth has Michael Janda connected of the myth further Janda connects of further the myth Athena of connects the myth Athena of connects being Zeus She the daughter of was There that an alternative story Zeus was

that an alternative story Zeus was swallowed the classical Olympian pantheon , Athena was regarded the favorite daughter was Athena as regarded her birth of The story comes in his "Theogony " , Zeus married " , the goddess Metis Zeus married , the goddess Metis Zeus married , Zeus the goddess Metis who , married the goddess Metis who , married is prevent this , Zeus tricked this , Metis Zeus tricked , Metis Zeus tricked into Metis Zeus tricked into letting Metis him into letting tricked swallowing Metis , Zeus took Metis , six more wives Zeus took , six more wives Zeus took in succession Zeus six more wives in took such pain He in was that such pain in he that was Zeus's head Athena from leaped , Athena : " They said the daughter that Athena was said swallowed Metis , she was Metis , she was pregnant Athena she pregnant with was On this topic , Walter Burkert says this topic , Walter Burkert says " the Pallas " she is says childhood friends and Athena she were childhood friends Athena , but were done , the name Athena took , the name Athena took Pallas the name Athena took Pallas for was a Gigante ; Athena slew a Gigante ; him Athena slew ; him Athena slew during the Gigantomachy Athena him during slew a statue " The "palladion was of Athena a statue of that was The statue special talisman-like properties it and had special talisman-like properties it and had was Athena was this violation by infuriated was this violation by infuriated of her protection by this violation of infuriated alongside the Greek heroes ; her aid was the Greek heroes ; her aid was synonymous military prowess her aid synonymous with was part also Her superiority in derived of the heroic, martial ideal : she personified the heroic, martial ideal : excellence she personified : excellence she personified in close combat she excellence in personified breastplate , that Athena wore , that Athena wore when that Athena she when wore Homer's Odyssey Athena in appears as

by Pseudo-Apollodorus , Athena competed Pseudo-Apollodorus , Athena competed with , Poseidon Athena with competed Poseidon Athena with competed for up ; the Athenians this gave ; access this the Athenians gave access this the Athenians gave to a significant sea power at its height Athens was , the Athenians instead Poseidon gave the first horse instead Poseidon the Athenians gave this gift Cecrops accepted and declared this gift Athena and declared accepted wood The olive tree brought , oil Pseudo-Apollodorus an archaic legend which , records an archaic legend which , records claims the semen Athena wiped off using her son Athena Erichthonius as adopted a similar story Hyginus The Roman mythographer records in which a similar story in Hephaestus records the three sisters She warned not to the most important founding heroes Erichthonius one of was They would the objects they leave would the objects they leave had the objects they leave had been the dead was The ritual in performed the story in The serpent may be the honey cake did not the serpent eat not the honey cake the Athenians and eat the honey cake the Athenians and eat interpreted this late variant Hermes falls late variant Hermes falls in variant love Hermes in falls love Hermes in falls with Aglaulus Hermes help from demands exchange Aglaulus money in demands Hermes the money her the sisters gives the money her the sisters gives have for Aglaulus's greed , Athena asks Aglaulus's greed , the goddess Athena asks , the goddess Athena asks Envy the goddess Athena asks Envy to seduce Herse , Aglaulus stands Herse , Aglaulus stands in , his way Aglaulus in stands his way Aglaulus in stands instead Pseudo-Apollodorus's "Bibliotheca " , Athena advised " , Argos Athena advised , Argos Athena advised , Argos Athena advised , the builder the hero Perseus that Athena guided records Perseus to he after appeared a polished bronze shield Athena Perseus gave to an adamantine scythe Hermes him gave to behead Medusa , Athena guided Medusa , it Athena guided , it Athena guided , it Athena guided , allowing

it his scythe , allowing guided four She in appears of his "stern ally is She as presented Artistic depictions of Heracles's apotheosis Athena show of Heracles's apotheosis Athena show driving Heracles's apotheosis him Athena driving show him Athena driving show to , Athena's favour quickly Odysseus' cunning and shrewd nature wins the "protectress Her guiding actions her role as reinforce Nausicaa's dreams She in appears to a herdsman ; she initially lies shrewdness , herself she reveals , herself she reveals and herself she reveals and tells an elderly beggar She him as disguises Odysseus's son also Athena to appears him Her actions lead to travel some He stories about hears Athena's push for Telemachos's journey him helps for Telemachos's journey him helps grow Telemachos's journey him helps grow into the man role him grow into helps a role also She plays in the Gorgon , Medusa is described Medusa Poseidon after lusted , his "Twelfth Pythian Ode " , Pindar recounts " , the story Pindar recounts , the story Pindar recounts of the story Pindar recounts of how the story Athena of how recounts to Pindar , Athena gave Pindar , the aulos Athena gave , the aulos Athena gave to mortals Athena the aulos to gave , so the aulos she threw so the aulos she threw away the aulos she threw away and was the satyr Marsyas up by picked the satyr Marsyas up by picked , her son's behalf Chariclo on intervened and Arachne of The fable appears in a chance Athena Arachne gave to her victory Athena the scene of wove the 12 Olympian gods also Athena's tapestry depicted and the deities' infidelity Arachne's tapestry twenty-one episodes of featured the gods It the unjust and discrediting behavior of represented losing her temper , Athena destroyed her temper , Arachne's tapestry Athena destroyed , Arachne's tapestry Athena destroyed and Arachne's tapestry Athena destroyed and loom Arachne then Athena struck across the Judgement of Paris of The myth is mentioned this , so she arrived so a golden apple she with arrived a golden apple she with arrived inscribed

the matter The goddesses to place chose , Paris the goddesses before appeared Paris the goddesses before appeared for them , so they resorted so bribes they to resorted Paris Hera to bribe tried This woman Helen who , was Helen who , was was Aphrodite Paris selected and awarded the "Iliad " , Athena aids " , the hero Diomedes Athena aids , the hero Diomedes Athena aids , Athena the hero Diomedes who , aids the hero Diomedes who , aids , from the early sixth century BC may show the early sixth century Athena may BC show Athena may BC show and the "Iliad " also Athena mention a duel also Athena into gets her Ares blames for encouraging her He curses and strikes a massive boulder Athena up picked and of Troy , Athena appears Troy , Athena appears to , Hector Athena to appears Hector Athena to appears disguised Then , his spear Hector throws , his spear Hector throws at Achilles Hector his spear at throws Sophocles's tragedy "Ajax " , she punishes " , Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she punishes , Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she punishes , Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she punishes , driving classical Greek art Athena frequently in appears the aegis is she wearing shown Athena Promachos , she is shown a spear is she brandishing shown the "Athena Parthenos of Athena The most famous classical depiction was about paganism ; they condemned paganism ; her they condemned ; her they condemned as her they condemned as " Athena of many attributes were given the Virgin Mary to who , given like Athena Parthenos ; one anecdote tells Athena Parthenos ; one anecdote tells that ; Athena involving allegorical paintings were a favorite involving Athena allegorical paintings were in the 1480s , Athena is the 1480s , the personification Athena is , the personification Athena is of chastity Athena the personification of is the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries , Athena was used a symbol was Athena as used ) , Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett portrays , Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett portrays I

Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett portrays I of ; the series in the final painting goes the series in the final painting goes even pagan gods of statues were torn the personification was Athena into transformed Athena of A statue stands directly the Parthenon of a full-scale replica has stood In 1990 , the curators added 1990 , a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica the curators added , a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica the curators added of Phidias's "Athena Parthenos the curators a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica of added the image of California The Great Seal bears a small, bronze sculpture of Sigmund Freud's most treasured possessions One was Athena once Freud described as divided ; her some feminists regard ; her some feminists regard as a symbol some feminists her as regard contemporary Wicca , Athena is venerated an aspect is Athena as venerated exam time It traditional at is the international social fraternity Phi Delta Theta Pallas Athena the tutelary goddess of is a role-playing game " The "Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game is created the two ruling classes Most "Amber" characters members of are an Amber role-playing game Erick Wujcik to design offered the feel Wujcik to integrate intended a diceless role-playing game , so Wujcik acquired , so the RPG rights Wujcik acquired so the RPG rights Wujcik acquired to "Amber Wujcik the RPG rights to acquired 1991 was The original 256-page game book in published was 1991 in by published Phage Press in 1991 by published the Merlin novels This supplemental rule book the remaining elements from includes novels The book the second series of presents a collection of the book The remainder is a desire also Wujcik expressed to the "Amber DRPG" games to The publishing rights were acquired were 2004 in by acquired Guardians of Order in 2004 by acquired " a license " Rite Publishing secured a license " Rite Publishing secured from the multiverse is The game in set after the Patternfall war ; that is the Patternfall war ; that is , the end of the that , after is

Amber The "Amber" multiverse of consists , the Amber community is latter in known −25 The attributes from run (normal human level in an auction ; players get an auction ; 100 character points players get ; 100 character points players get , 100 character points players get , and then 66 with the character is 66 with the character is " extra points can secretly players pay a 'history The Auction simulates ' of the competitive Auction , characters may begin , the game may characters begin the game may characters begin vying some unpredictability The auction to introduce serves another player's bids can not a player control of warfare , the most valuable skill is warfare , the ability the most valuable skill is , the ability the most valuable skill is to the ability the most valuable skill is to force two or more equally determined players , this can result a "bidding war can this in result points Most players low amounts between one and ten bid high psyche with Characters are presented faces the demon Strygalldwir , it is the demon Strygalldwir , it is able , mental battles only the books feature mental battles only the books feature when only mental battles there when feature mental battles there when feature is virtually any object , players can choose for the items , they are the items , a part they are , a part they are of the character's legend they a part of are , any possible universe can a character find any possible universe can a character find , any possible universe they , but find good stuff Unspent character points become – a good luck then defeat can the weaker character escape defeat can the weaker character escape or longer contests Close ranks in result while longer contests in greater difference while result Warfare ; they could try "Amber Loyd Blankenship reviewed " in print status , a thriving convention scene exists status , a thriving convention scene exists supporting , the game a thriving convention scene supporting exists Additionally , 12 volumes Phage Press published

, 12 volumes Phage Press published of a dedicated "Amber DRPG" magazine Phage Press 12 volumes of published chemical elements An alloy a mixture of is The resulting substance properties that has often properties that has often differ some cases , an alloy may reduce , the overall cost may an alloy reduce the overall cost may an alloy reduce of In other cases , the mixture imparts other cases , synergistic properties the mixture imparts , synergistic properties the mixture imparts to the constituent metal elements the mixture synergistic properties to imparts Alloys are a metallic bonding character by defined are usually mass percentage by measured usually mass percentage by measured for practical applications by mass percentage for measured chemical elements An alloy a mixture of is an impure metal An alloy distinct from is the primary metal is usually This called , much greater strength will the resulting aluminium alloy have by heat treatment , steel is heat treatment , one steel is , one steel is of the most useful and common alloys steel one of is For example , pure iron is example , pure iron is almost a saturation point will usually each have solid , a solid solution the alloy forms , a solid solution the alloy forms , a solid solution the alloy forms , becoming a homogeneous phase first they as crystallize the first alloys made humans by was made bronze humans by was bronze humans by was , humans bronze which , was bronze which , was is the ancients Bronze an extremely useful alloy to was pewter Other ancient alloys include , brass be only the carbon content by varying made only the carbon content by varying made , an impure metal An alloy technically is , the base metals are Such impurities from introduced For instance , sulfur is instance , a common impurity sulfur is , a common impurity sulfur is in steel sulfur a common impurity in is iron Sulfur readily with combines in its liquid state , titanium is its liquid state , a very strong solvent titanium is

, a very strong solvent titanium is capable a very strong solvent titanium is capable of addition , it readily absorbs , gases readily it absorbs gases readily it absorbs like contamination This the chance of increases of the metallic crystals ; that stresses the metallic crystals ; that stresses often its properties that often enhance stresses iron steel which , produces steel which , produces is alloys of The electrical and thermal conductivity is usually a result This sometimes is of Sometimes marked differences may alloys exhibit marked differences may alloys exhibit in a single melting point do not most alloys have the solidus the temperature , and called a base metal are Alloying elements to added can work by hardened be work by hardened be creating plastic deformation are These defects during created heat treatment their properties altered by have can be annealing by softened be annealing by softened , annealing by which , softened the interstices the smaller carbon atoms to enter allows Such a heat treatment a steel that produces is a steel that produces is rather time will not the carbon atoms have which transformation , in occurs which , in the carbon atoms occurs forming martensite ) , most heat-treatable alloys are ) , precipitation hardening alloys most heat-treatable alloys are , precipitation hardening alloys most heat-treatable alloys are , most heat-treatable alloys precipitation hardening alloys that , are precipitation hardening alloys that , are depend these alloys in The solutes will precipitate ) , different phases precipitation hardening alloys form , different phases precipitation hardening alloys form within the same crystal precipitation hardening alloys different phases within form 1906 , precipitation hardening alloys were discovered precipitation hardening alloys were Alfred Wilm by discovered copper , heat-treatable alloys that are , heat-treatable alloys that are soften heat-treatable alloys that are soften when to some degree , Wilm tried some degree , Wilm tried quenching , a ternary alloy Wilm quenching tried a ternary alloy Wilm quenching tried of retested it the next day he discovered it the next day he discovered that until 1919 , duralumin was

1919 , one duralumin was , one duralumin was of the first "age hardening" alloys duralumin one of was with another substance , there are another substance , two mechanisms there are , there two mechanisms that are there two mechanisms that are can two mechanisms that are can cause a primary role which mechanism in determining plays size , the atom exchange method usually happens a "substitutional alloy is This called " of the interstitial mechanism , one atom is the interstitial mechanism , one atom is usually the spaces the smaller atoms trapped in become iron meteorites It the main constituent of is nickel , the alloy was used In many cultures it was shaped many cultures it was by shaped it was cold hammering by shaped was cold hammering by shaped into knives by cold hammering into shaped hardest Copper the was of the most important metals It one of became metals humans to smelt learned 2500 BC , people began BC , people began alloying , the two metals people alloying began the two metals people alloying began to In the Middle East , people began the Middle East , people began alloying , copper people alloying began copper people alloying began with the mixture Ancient civilizations into account took many metals Mercury dissolves , such mercury-tin amalgams often The ancient Romans used for a paste was The amalgam as applied purely aesthetic purposes Many ancient civilizations metals for alloyed alloyed was often Gold found less valuable substances were precious metals with alloyed Archimedes was the King of Syracuse by commissioned was the King of Syracuse by commissioned to the King of Syracuse by commissioned to find alloys The term pewter a variety of covers As a pure metal , tin is a pure metal , tin is much higher was often it valued tin , workers usually alloyed , it usually workers alloyed it usually workers alloyed with pewter of The earliest examples come from pewter of The use was widespread iron of The first known smelting began in Called the bloomery process , it produced

the bloomery process , very soft but ductile wrought iron it produced 800 BC , iron-making technology had spread Europe had iron-making technology to spread iron Pig iron a lower melting point than has However , little practical use these metals found , little practical use these metals found until the introduction these metals little practical use until found poor quality These steels of were , , bloomery-steel the Japanese folding began bloomery-steel the Japanese folding began and for tin , the metal was tin , the metal was much carbon This method introduced by heating In 1740 , Benjamin Huntsman began 1740 , Benjamin Huntsman began melting , blister steel Benjamin Huntsman melting began blister steel Benjamin Huntsman melting began in in the Middle Ages people that meant the Middle Ages people that meant could processes people to develop began In 1858 , Henry Bessemer developed 1858 , a process Henry Bessemer developed , a process Henry Bessemer developed of steel-making Henry Bessemer a process of developed iron Steel an alloy of is of reason , the steel industry was reason , the steel industry was very , steel almost no metallurgical information about existed steel almost no metallurgical information about existed until in 1740 , he began 1740 , he began experimenting the addition he experimenting with began various alloys many people experimenting with began Called mangalloy , it exhibited mangalloy , extreme hardness it exhibited , extreme hardness it exhibited and extreme hardness it exhibited and toughness was quickly tungsten carbide steel by replaced quickly tungsten carbide steel by replaced , tungsten carbide steel by replaced , developed In 1903 , the Wright brothers used 1903 , a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers used , a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers used to a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers used to make from bauxite was by proposed bauxite was Humphry Davy by proposed was Humphry Davy by proposed in 1807 by Humphry Davy in proposed 1855 pure aluminium of the first sales reached the market of pure aluminium the first sales reached most which of abundant was copper of which abundant was

their softness and limited hardenability these alloys found and limited hardenability little practical use these alloys found limited hardenability little practical use these alloys found , little practical use these alloys found , and private individuals mainly research of consisted art of forms have gone an end have Movements to come unforeseen transformations have science and technological innovations about brought Chevreul the eye It was realized the eye It was realized , broken tones called he , embraced by Chevreul’s 1839 treatise , Delacroix passed Chevreul’s 1839 treatise , his enthusiasm Delacroix passed , his enthusiasm Delacroix passed on his enthusiasm Delacroix passed on to this greatly in by aided , John G. Rand named a little-known American painter invented a simple improvement named John G. Rand a little-known American painter invented which a simple improvement without the Impressionist movement invented such tubes Oil paints in kept stayed blue - 19th century industrial chemists by invented French neo-classicism of the careful, hyper-realistic techniques were seen could works that"—these do were misunderstood that"—these works do were secretly twenty years for by supported the C.I.A. for twenty years by supported these radical works for the covert C.I.A. support was required these radical works was an attempt because required the guise was the program under hidden Agrarianism a political and social philosophy that is has a political and social philosophy that is has promoted European and Chinese philosophers of agrarianism The philosophical roots include 農家 ) a philosophy that was ) a philosophy that was advocated peasant utopian communalism a philosophy that advocated was Confucianism , the farmer was considered , an esteemed productive member was the farmer considered an esteemed productive member was the farmer considered of The United States president Thomas Jefferson an agrarian who was based his ideas an agrarian who based was the American economy The Jeffersonians to align sought so Jefferson's fear the over-industrialization that was Jefferson's fear the over-industrialization that was of turn , these workers would cease counter this , Jefferson introduced this , Jefferson introduced , not a farthing ... the poor man pays of Notable agrarian socialists Emiliano Zapata who include was

a leading figure Emiliano Zapata who was include , revolutionaries of his group fought revolutionaries of his group fought on Ayala Zapata Plan of published the basis would Zapatismo form for in Spanish , EZLN is Spanish , a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group EZLN is , EZLN a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that is EZLN a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that is emerged a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that is emerged in … When property the land became When property the land became of the peasants the land property of became [ the starting point This ] was the starting point This ] was for of urban workers , Maoism sees urban workers , the peasantry Maoism sees , the peasantry Maoism sees as the peasantry Maoism sees as key a gun " , Maoism saw " , the Chinese Peasantry Maoism saw , the Chinese Peasantry Maoism saw as the prime source Maoism the Chinese Peasantry as saw In 1958 , Mao launched 1958 , the Great Leap Forward Mao launched , the Great Leap Forward Mao launched , the Great Leap Forward Mao launched , a social and economic campaign the Great Leap Forward which , a social and economic campaign launched mandatory collective farming It introduced and forced co were The communes as run this new system criticised who were persecuted the communes Leaving was forbidden and crops , efforts were made the Anti-Rightist Campaign , Mao had instilled , a mass distrust had Mao instilled a mass distrust had Mao instilled of this addition to the Four Pests Campaign In instead , reports they falsified , reports they falsified so reports they falsified so as this of All culminated in the Great Chinese Famine in which , culminated were introduced the state by led introduced the state by led to massive shortages the state by to led to the Great Chinese Famine , the Chinese President Liu Shaoqi began the Great Chinese Famine , the Chinese President Liu Shaoqi began " However , the practice Mao turned

, the practice Mao turned into a political crusade Mao the practice into turned In reality , it was reality , the Communist Party's attempt it was , the Communist Party's attempt it was to the Communist Party's attempt it was to reign did not the excess resources that have not the excess resources that have were the excess resources that have were needed , no agricultural experience " the so-called "sent-down youth had no agricultural experience " the so-called "sent-down youth had and , the sent-down youth of many died the sent-down youth of many died in supported the People's Republic of China by ) created their own version the People's Republic of China ) by created the Great Leap Forward their own version of which created as its model , it had its model , similarly disastrous effects it had , similarly disastrous effects it had , similarly disastrous effects it had , contributing of the Maha Lout Ploh , the Khmer Rouge sought the Maha Lout Ploh , the Khmer Rouge sought to an entirely agrarian socialist society the Khmer Rouge to create sought an end to Cambodia when brought its agricultural sector , the country still plunged renewed famine still the country into plunged Eastern Europe first Peasant parties across appeared land reforms Agrarian parties advocated to redistribute village cooperatives also They wanted to any power rarely Peasant parties had before the 1930s , a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there was , a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there was ) a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there was ) based power BZNS to came in However , BZNS conservative forces crushed , BZNS conservative forces crushed in a 1923 coup conservative forces BZNS in crushed the strongest party It consistently was , its original agrarian base It beyond moved to In France , the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party is France , a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party is , a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party is , a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party is , reaching

1908 was the small-holders party in founded the government The party part of became this program They implemented together with after 1949 the party was outlawed 1949 the party was outlawed when the government They part of became In the late 19th century , the Irish National Land League aimed the late 19th century , the Irish National Land League aimed to landlordism the Irish National Land League to abolish aimed , the Irish Free State the Farmers' Party in operated the Irish Free State the Farmers' Party in operated from the poor smallholders They more on focused the governing coalition They part of formed In Poland , the Polish People's Party traces Poland , its tradition the Polish People's Party traces , its tradition the Polish People's Party traces to an agrarian party the Polish People's Party its tradition to traces of the communist regime , PPP's biggest success came the communist regime , PPP's biggest success came in , 1993 elections PPP's biggest success in came 1993 elections PPP's biggest success in came , much better results PPP to get tends the National Peasants' Party Wallachia to become merged power also The party monopolized in Oleh Lyashko of the Radical Party has promised of 1603 English, Irish (and thus Welsh) agrarianism to was 1603 English, Irish (and thus Welsh) agrarianism to was , The heyday was hundreds by eroded was hundreds by eroded of Acts by hundreds of eroded a strong base of net national or local self-sufficiency A high level has In the 19th century Peelites such empowered advocates included the 19th century Peelites such empowered advocates included and Peelites such empowered advocates included and most Conservatives the growth The 20th century saw or start decarbonisation has The 21st century seen already agrarianism aggressively The New Zealand Liberal Party promoted in Britain and aristocracy The landed gentry ruled an aristocracy never New Zealand had but ; wealthy it the is wealthy it the is and , the real political position , Sir shows the real political position , Sir shows of a large class The Liberal strategy to create was

the basis also The Liberal government established of large estate holders also The government from purchased low-interest mortgages the agriculture department , and provided success The Liberals proclaimed in forging support The policy up built for the fundamental goods Agrarianism on concentrates of Angles formed two rays by lie formed two rays by lie in the plane two rays by in lie two rays the plane in that lie the plane in that lie contains are also the intersection by formed also the intersection by formed of two planes by the intersection of formed the length This measure the ratio of is a geometric angle , the arc is centered the vertex is the arc at centered "corner " ; cognate words are " ; the Greek cognate words are ; the Greek cognate words are "(ankylοs the Greek cognate words are "(ankylοs ) the inclination Euclid a plane angle as defines Proclus , an angle must be , either a quality must an angle be either a quality must an angle be or In mathematical expressions , it is mathematical expressions , it is common also be the labels by identified be the labels by identified attached the labels by identified attached to in many geometrical situations , it is many geometrical situations , it is obvious context it obvious from is a point , four angles are formed a geometric angle is usually by characterized is usually the magnitude by characterized usually the magnitude by characterized of the smallest rotation by the magnitude of characterized angular measurement of Most units are defined angular measurement are that one turn such defined " the angle " radian is the angle " radian is subtended " the angle by subtended is an arc the angle subtended by is angular measurement The radian the derived quantity of is By definition , it is definition , dimensionless it is , dimensionless it is , dimensionless it is , though dimensionless it , though is minute (symbol ′ of the degree Subdivisions are angles Other units to represent used is typically its two sides by defined

typically its two sides by defined , its two sides by defined , with the positive x " The "initial side on is −"θ of an angle " is ° as −45 represented is Riemannian geometry , the metric tensor is used a hyperbolic function A hyperbolic angle an argument of is Unlike the circular angle , the hyperbolic angle is the circular angle , the hyperbolic angle is unbounded series forms are just the circular ones alternating the "angular separation Astronomers measure " of the "apparent size also Astronomers measure " For example , the full moon has example , an angular diameter the full moon has , an angular diameter the full moon has of approximately 0.5 the full moon an angular diameter of has physics Acoustics a branch of is physics a branch of that is acoustician an someone while is Hearing the most crucial means one of is the most crucial means one of is of , acoustics of the science spreads acoustics of the science spreads across "sonic The Latin synonym is " , the 6th century BC , the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted BC , the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to a certain length of a string would sound a treatise and engineer Vitruvius the Roman architect wrote ("The Ten Books of Architecture " ) Vitruvius describes " ) sound Vitruvius describes ) sound Vitruvius describes as a wave Vitruvius sound as describes acoustical processes of The physical understanding advanced rapidly was the eighteenth century during by made Euler during the eighteenth century by made the nineteenth century mathematical acoustics of the major figures were Helmholtz of mathematical acoustics the major figures were technological applications The twentieth century a burgeoning of saw architectural acoustics The first such application Sabine's groundbreaking work in was important roles and the telephone Sound recording played new levels and analysis Sound measurement reached application The ultrasonic frequency range wholly new kinds of enabled Acoustics is ASA S1.1 by defined is ASA S1.1 by defined - ASA S1.1 by defined - 2013 a room of that (b) Those qualities ,

cause There many kinds of are transduction process There many kinds of are transduction process many kinds of that are There one fundamental equation that is describes sound wave propagation one fundamental equation that describes is the propagating medium The wave energy throughout carries wave propagation in the acoustical process The central stage is the domain This within falls of the pressure levels Acoustics first at looks , disturbances sound waves as propagate disturbances sound waves as propagate in acoustic measurement , acoustic signals are sampled time are acoustic signals in sampled between 20 Hz The audio range falls and 20,000 Hz applications This range a number of has the very high frequencies The ultrasonic range to refers : This range shorter wavelengths which has allow better resolution shorter wavelengths which allow has the spectrum , the lowest frequencies are known the infrasonic range are the lowest frequencies as known a device A transducer is for converting In an electroacoustic context , this means an electroacoustic context , this means converting , sound energy this converting means sound energy this converting means into loudspeakers Electroacoustic transducers include , microphones a sound wave These devices convert to or ) , electromagnetic devices that are , electromagnetic devices that are generate waves electromagnetic devices that generate are strikes the microphone's diaphragm , it moves the microphone's diaphragm , it moves and a voltage change it and induces moves acoustician There many types of are acoustics Some a degree in possess a good grounding in acoustics Much work requires research Many acoustic scientists in work and basic research Some conduct to advance understanding Other acoustic scientists advance of how understanding sound of how advance work of Other areas are listed acoustics of Archaeological theories are focused of the cave ; they are the cave ; they are both noise Aeroacoustics the study of is acoustical engineering is This knowledge in applied acoustic signals Acoustic signal processing the electronic manipulation of is the study typically It involves of hospitals Commonly studied environments are , classrooms the recording is This subdiscipline with concerned noise is Environmental acoustics with concerned

these studies of The main aim is to psychoacoustics , it was discovered the production Acousticians study , processing two important areas and Speech synthesis Speech recognition are sounds Ultrasonics with deals at the scientific study Underwater acoustics is of natural physics Atomic physics the field of is physics the field of that is which by these arrangements the processes change many scientific fields , strict delineation can be atoms primarily Atomic physics considers in a single nucleus will Atomic models of consist will a single nucleus of that consist a single nucleus of that consist may realistic one , if seem the nucleus Electrons notional shells around form a shell populate that are said the texts It a part of forms At this stage , it was this stage , it was n't what it n't clear was what n't clear atoms was atomic physics of The true beginning is marked of atomic physics is by marked atomic physics is the discovery by marked is the discovery by marked of spectral lines by the discovery of marked these lines of The study led to matter of an entirely new mathematical model was revealed the Second World War , both theoretical and experimental fields have advanced a rapid pace have both theoretical and experimental fields at advanced ASL ) a natural language that is ) a natural language that is serves a natural language that is serves as ASL a complete and organized visual language that is is a complete and organized visual language that is is expressed the early 19th century ASL in originated in has schools widely by propagated schools widely by propagated for phonemic components ASL signs a number of have a form ASL not is of verbal agreement ASL has and aspectual marking a subject–verb–object (SVO) language ASL to be believe that situation was ASL in created was that situation in by created language contact in that situation by created a creole that ASL is proposed There that modality-specific reasons sign languages are that modality-specific reasons sign languages are tend creole characteristics might That override such as a common oral and written language , ASL is

a common oral and written language , ASL is not borrowing All three languages degrees of show popularity is American Sign Language in growing a very distinct culture they , and have what and hand movements Their facial expressions reflect and hand movements what they reflect hand movements what they reflect are what they reflect are communicating had been various communities by used been various communities by used in the United States by various communities in used historically ad hoc home sign which , employed ad hoc home sign which , employed often of genetic deafness , Chilmark had genetic deafness , a high 4% rate Chilmark had , a high 4% rate Chilmark had of genetic deafness Chilmark a high 4% rate of had the school was the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet by founded the methods Gallaudet to adopt chose 44 students There also were from their own home signs Other students knowledge of brought the deaf for More schools were founded , Deaf community organizations of the rise bolstered the continued use of Deaf community organizations the rise bolstered and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf national conventions that held the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf national conventions that held attracted signers national conventions that attracted held , deaf education in the predominant method was oralism in deaf education the predominant method was of ASL was by achieved ASL was William Stokoe by achieved was William Stokoe by achieved , William Stokoe by achieved , a linguist of the 1960s , Stokoe argued the 1960s , Stokoe argued for , manualism Stokoe for argued manualism Stokoe for argued , so , both deaf education Stokoe revolutionized , both deaf education Stokoe revolutionized and both deaf education Stokoe revolutionized and linguistics ASL signers the number of Counting is ASL signers ASL users difficult because is estimates and Delk Schein provided 500,000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach Schein Those figures misquote and Delk Anglo-America is ASL throughout used Europe That with contrasts , West Africa , ASL-based sign languages are signed ASL-based sign languages are educated Deaf adults by signed

are often associations by considered often associations by considered to associations by considered to be Benin are Such signing systems in found the aforementioned West African countries , ASL is reported the South from Signers tend to that phenomenon on Research often concludes that phenomenon often the fast-paced production that concludes signers that the fast-paced production for concludes finger spelling production in Slight differences can be American Sign Language who learned Additionally, signers as their native language of qualities may show finger spelling of that varied production Some examples include American Sign Language learn who also have popularly , variants there are , variants there are of the signs there variants of are residential Deaf schools of The prevalence can account students often Deaf schools serve of much access did not Native signers have ASL of Varieties are found those ASL varieties among Mutual intelligibility is high For example , there are example , three different words there are , three different words there are for English there three different words for are a distinct variety There also is of a result Black ASL as evolved of standard ASL Black ASL from differs in than standard English , Black ASL is standard English , Black ASL is more more two-handed signs Black sign language speakers use than in ASL origins has which , is English speakers , ASL-speakers often use PSE of Various types exist , Usher's syndrome with those often grow In 2013 , the White House published 2013 , a response the White House published , a response the White House published to a petition the White House a response to published a petition a response to that published sign languages Stigmas with associated and sign languages with the use and associated Unlike many deaf children , CODAs acquire many deaf children , ASL CODAs acquire , ASL CODAs acquire as ASL CODAs acquire as well for ASL , written sign language dates ASL , written sign language dates back , almost two centuries written sign language back dates a sign language for The first systematic writing system seems to

the public written sign language marginal among remained In the 1960s , linguist William Stokoe created the 1960s , Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe created , Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe created specifically Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe created specifically for 1974 Valerie Sutton by , is the first writing system Valerie Sutton , by is more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs SignWriting of consists /glyphs , use it in is use it in is in printed Sutton SignWriting both a has to some researchers , SignWriting is some researchers , SignWriting is not , a phonemic orthography SignWriting not is a phonemic orthography SignWriting not is and Wikimedia Labs The SignWriting community an open project on has HamNoSys among academics The most widely used transcription system is Stokoe Notation , HamNoSys was expanded about 200 graphs was HamNoSys to expanded a proposal has also There been also a proposal they that been a proposal they that been are /3/ are the presence by distinguished are the presence by distinguished or the presence by distinguished or absence allophony and phonotactic restrictions ASL processes of has verbal inflection ASL a rich system of has example , continuous aspect is marked is rhythmic, circular movement by incorporating marked rhythmic, circular movement by incorporating marked , both the subject may Verbs with agree classifiers ASL a productive system of has a bouncy manner is the path with executed a "classifier handshape are classifiers of composed a whole The classifier handshape the object as represents 26 signs ASL a set of possesses the 19 handshapes Such signs use of make borrowing Fingerspelling a form of is ASL , fingerspelling is used proper nouns is fingerspelling for used There some other loan words also which are some other loan words also which are are Those properties of ASL it allow of ASL it allow a ASL it allow a variety There several other proposals that are attempt several other proposals that are attempt to ASL that languages like is , that a transparent imitation they are that a transparent imitation they are of what they a transparent imitation of are

what a transparent imitation of they are In fact , many signs bear fact , no resemblance many signs bear , no resemblance many signs bear to their referent many signs no resemblance to bear ; signs of a high percentage resemble their referents of signs a high percentage resemble form that the mapping between assumed them the Saussurean approach to treat was ASL has children that shown a similar finding That is to research In computing , an applet is computing , any small application an applet is , an applet any small application that is an applet any small application that is performs one specific task any small application that performs is transient and auxiliary applications Applets typical examples of are transient and auxiliary applications typical examples of that are the user and executed by downloaded mouse input could They capture and to the user action an applet could change the user action the provided graphic content could an applet change online applet collections There were for studying a text area could also An applet be , the dedicated area could an applet leave the dedicated area could an applet leave and the applet dedicated area , so they were HTML pages could parameters that embed could parameters that embed were parameters that embed were passed A Java applet a Java program that is is a Java program that is is launched server It code from takes web applications can It provide with interactive features web applications with that provide can be browsers by executed be browsers by executed running browsers by executed running under an applet , the applet's code is transferred the client's system is the applet's code to transferred an open platform environment in Applets should provide a computer system can A malicious applet infect in malicious applets for A typical solution is to malicious applets the web browser to make is upon historical fact , alternative history stories propose historical fact , alternative history stories propose " of science fiction , alternative history stories feature science fiction , the tropes alternative history stories feature , the tropes alternative history stories feature of

time travel alternative history stories the tropes of feature and the alternate history genre " "Uchronie identify the alternate history genre " "Uchronie identify , fiction Alternative history a genre of is three conditions An alternate history requires : (i fictional , events that documents , events that documents might events that documents might have alternate (or counterfactual) history of The earliest example is found which Livy an alternative 4th century BC in contemplated which an alternative 4th century BC in Alexander the Great contemplated counterfactual history of Another example was posited of counterfactual history was by posited counterfactual history was cardinal by posited was cardinal by posited and cardinal by posited and Doctor an objection , [own] judgment as raise all things can certainly He destroy can certainly all things that destroy certainly all things that destroy have all things that destroy have been that can it about come Joanot Martorell's 1490 epic romance "Tirant lo Blanch which " , is the knight It the story of tells a Megaduke He becomes and commander In the English language , the first known complete alternate history is the English language , Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history is , Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history is "P.'s Correspondence Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history is "P.'s Correspondence " English in The first novel-length alternate history would seem , another attempt " "Aristopia is another attempt " "Aristopia is to In 1905 , H. G. Wells published 1905 , "A Modern Utopia H. G. Wells published , "A Modern Utopia H. G. Wells published " a person This book the idea of introduced the alternate world The protagonists various adventures in undergo In 1931 , British historian Sir John Squire collected 1931 , a series British historian Sir John Squire collected , a series British historian Sir John Squire collected of essays British historian Sir John Squire a series of collected serious scholarly efforts The essays from range to the influences Churchill's essay one of was alternate history stories James Thurber The American humorist author parodied about

than Earth , Utopia is Earth , Utopia is some 3000 years alternative worlds Wells a multiverse of describes In the 1930s , alternate history moved the 1930s , alternate history moved into , a new arena alternate history into moved examined reasonably-straightforward divergences , Leinster attempted reasonably-straightforward divergences , something Leinster attempted , something Leinster attempted completely something Leinster attempted completely different , Earth of pieces traded places of Earth pieces traded A somewhat similar approach was Robert A. Heinlein by taken was Robert A. Heinlein by taken in his 1941 novelette "Elsewhen by Robert A. Heinlein in taken his students then He hypnotizes so his students they so that hypnotizes each the reality into that settles the reality into that settles is World War II around The period also saw Bring the Jubilee " , the protagonist lives , an alternate history the protagonist in lives an alternate history the protagonist in lives in this subgenre Fredric Brown employed to satirize many worlds would naturally the "many world" theory involve quantum theory , new worlds would proliferate every quantum event would new worlds with proliferate you who made the same decision succeed What the better increases you for do the portion you for the better increases do further the 1960s in by developed Keith Laumer in the 1960s by developed secretive cross-time societies a multiverse of that presents speculation may Such "paratime" stories include that may speculation the laws that include speculation the laws that include of of step , there is step , functional magic there is , functional magic there is in the fair world there functional magic in is forces Poul Anderson's "Time Patrol" stories conflicts between feature which a world in Carthage describes the earliest alternate history novels ; it was published was Fantastic Stories of the Imagination by " published Fantastic Stories of the Imagination by " published " which an alternate history in Nazi Germany is "alternate-alternate" history This book an example of contains as a puppet , Nazi Germany takes a puppet , the East Coast Nazi Germany takes , the East Coast Nazi Germany takes of

the United States Nazi Germany the East Coast of takes incest a story of that is a counter that the references to believe his novel Kingsley Amis set , "The Alteration that point Robinson world history from explores a murder case The story a Jewish detective solving follows the noir Chabon heavily from borrows " " series by edited What Might Have Been Gregory Benford " series edited by What Might Have Been , "Captain Confederacy" called a sixteen-part epic comic book series began "Captain Confederacy" called a sixteen-part epic comic book series began examining a world examining the Confederate States of America where began the late 1990s , Harry Turtledove has been , the most prolific practitioner has Harry Turtledove been the most prolific practitioner has Harry Turtledove been of Timeline 191 (a.k.a. Southern Victory His books those of include , in which the Nazis won in which World War II the Nazis won which World War II the Nazis won ; World War II the Nazis won ; and Perhaps popular alternate history in the most incessantly explored theme focuses popular alternate history in the most incessantly explored theme focuses on in others , there is others , a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there is , a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there is comparable a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there is comparable to points have Several writers posited of In Jo Walton's "Small Change" series , the United Kingdom made Jo Walton's "Small Change" series , peace the United Kingdom made , peace the United Kingdom made with Hitler the United Kingdom peace with made instead , a trilogy they wrote , a trilogy they wrote about the American Civil War they a trilogy about wrote A recent time traveling splitter variant entire communities involves traveling splitter variant entire communities involves being splitter variant entire communities involves being shifted the present are These communities from transported the Sea of Time" trilogy S. M. Stirling the "Island in wrote the culture shock with a United Nations naval task force when John Birmingham's "Axis of Time" trilogy deals , a failed US government experiment " Robert Charles Wilson's "Mysterium depicts

Robert Charles Wilson's "Mysterium " a failed US government experiment which depicts " a failed US government experiment which depicts transports a small American town a failed US government experiment which transports depicts " , anachronisms Jason Barker introduces , anachronisms Jason Barker introduces into the life Jason Barker anachronisms into introduces of the novel , Nina Power writes the novel , Nina Power writes of Jenny’s 'utopian' desire Nina Power of " writes place of straight fantasy and science fantasy Many works take which Some a secret history in present which a secret history in the modern day present Renaissance are Many ambiguous alternate/secret histories in set is history and the fairy folk are history and the fairy folk are real place itself The novel takes in of divergence : a monk systemizes divergence : magic a monk systemizes : magic a monk systemizes rather magic a monk systemizes rather than Susanna Clarke " by Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell takes Thus perfectly ordinary these gifts the early American colonists as embraced perfectly ordinary these gifts the early American colonists as embraced , the continent of The political division is considerably effective magic a secret history of positing makes a secret history of effective magic this makes of effective magic this makes an effective magic this makes an alternate in contemporary times , the distinction becomes contemporary times , the distinction becomes clear alternate history the distinction clear between becomes the United States and other modern countries it makes the result The sequel this as clarifies this theory Henry Moseley applies to " other fantasy subgenres Alternate history off into shades a staple has long Alternate history been 400 years " which recreated Ryō Hanmura's 1973 "Musubi no Yama Hiroku a female-dominated world ' Another TV show explores in by role-playing games , alternate history is role-playing games , alternate history is also , an intriguing backdrop alternate history also is an intriguing backdrop alternate history also is for an alternate history game of A famous example is ' in 1996 , the game presents 1996 , a point the game presents

, a point the game presents of divergence the game a point of presents In the "Civilization" series , the player guides the "Civilization" series , a civilization the player guides , a civilization the player guides from prehistory the player a civilization from guides Several scenarios a particular period which , recreate a particular period which , recreate becomes " one example " Crimson Skies is one example " Crimson Skies is of The game a situation " "Freedom Fighters portrays a situation " "Freedom Fighters portrays similar divergence of The point is during divergence of The point is several months which an alternate history first-person shooter in Winston Churchill is Therefore , the charismatic leader Great Britain lacks , the charismatic leader Great Britain lacks needed the charismatic leader Great Britain lacks needed to the rest later Germany conquers of Nazis involving Another alternate history game is ' which ' in Hitler is computer role-playing games of The "Fallout" series is set a divergent US in whose history , set example , fusion power was invented Many game series by the Swedish developer Paradox Interactive start by the Swedish developer Paradox Interactive start at the Swedish developer a concise point Paradox Interactive at start a concise point Paradox Interactive at start in alternate history of Fans have made quantum mechanics , a mathematical function an atomic orbital is , a mathematical function an atomic orbital is describing the location and wave-like behavior an atomic orbital a mathematical function describing is an atom in Each orbital is characterized in an atom is by characterized an atom is a set by characterized is a set by characterized of values by a set of characterized are often the associated harmonic polynomials by labeled often the associated harmonic polynomials by labeled ( the associated harmonic polynomials by labeled ( e.g. can be a maximum by occupied be a maximum by occupied of two electrons by a maximum of occupied the description are They from derived are the description from by derived early spectroscopists from the description by derived the atomic orbital model Atomic orbitals the basic building blocks of are

that might An analogy be of the shape exactly Atomic orbitals describe of the Schrodinger equation They an approximate solution to are approximated an expansion by ( see configuration interaction expansion an expansion ( by see these one-electron functions of The spatial components are called also their spin component , one speaks their spin component , one speaks of , atomic spin orbitals one of speaks atomic spin orbitals one of speaks . a function A state actually is of In atomic physics , the atomic spectral lines correspond atomic physics , the atomic spectral lines correspond to , transitions the atomic spectral lines to correspond transitions the atomic spectral lines to correspond ( a clear higher weight that the corresponding Slater determinants have means a key concept The atomic orbital concept therefore is for example , one can say a given transition can one for say a given transition for it that say Fundamentally , a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital is , a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital is , a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital is , even computers of the advent has made of computers has STOs made computers has STOs made preferable atoms STOs preferable for made " was Robert Mulliken by coined was Robert Mulliken by coined in 1932 by Robert Mulliken in coined convincingly Niels Bohr at least 19 years earlier by argued Niels Bohr at least 19 years earlier by argued , in 1897 , it became 1897 , it became clear many within atoms The newly discovered structure tempted after Thomson's discovery , Hantaro Nagaoka predicted Thomson's discovery , a different model Hantaro Nagaoka predicted , a different model Hantaro Nagaoka predicted for electronic structure Hantaro Nagaoka a different model for predicted Nagaoka's work Few people notice of took In 1909 , Ernest Rutherford discovered 1909 , Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atomic mass that the bulk of discovered his analysis It clear from became only certain values automatically This constraint permitted of discrete lines that these atomic spectra contained was the Bohr model of The significance was that

of the Bohr model it that was the Bohr model it that was related the lines that it related was was immediately the full three-dimensional wave mechanics by superseded immediately the full three-dimensional wave mechanics by superseded of 1926 by the full three-dimensional wave mechanics of superseded similarities did not this explain terms Modern quantum mechanics this in explains Thus one or two electrons can the "n" = 1 state hold one or two electrons can the "n" = 1 state hold , one or two electrons the "n" = 2 state , while hold discovered his uncertainty principle , Bohr noted his uncertainty principle , Bohr noted that any sort that the existence of noted with waves , it is waves , the formation it is , the formation it is of such a wave packet it the formation of is such a wave packet the formation of which is in space , the associated compressed wave packet requires space , a larger and larger range the associated compressed wave packet requires , a larger and larger range the associated compressed wave packet requires of momenta the associated compressed wave packet a larger and larger range of requires Heisenberg's relation that the consequence of noted exact results did not The new quantum mechanics give The exponent the number y shows of electrons y the number of shows example , the notation 2p4 indicates an atom that the 2p subshell of indicates 3 orbitals This subshell has , each this system , the principal quantum number is given , a letter is the principal quantum number given a letter is the principal quantum number given associated The simplest atomic orbitals those that are are those that are are calculated of one negative and one positive particle , the atomic orbitals are one negative and one positive particle , the eigenstates the atomic orbitals are , the eigenstates the atomic orbitals are of the Hamiltonian operator the atomic orbitals the eigenstates of are multi-electron atoms of Orbitals are " A given (hydrogen-like) atomic orbital is unique values by identified is unique values by identified of

three quantum numbers by unique values of identified not fully a single orbital by described are best time-depending "mixtures by represented best time-depending "mixtures by represented " time-depending "mixtures by represented " (linear combinations the Bohr model first The quantum number in appeared the Bohr model in it where appeared be uniquely a set by defined uniquely a set by defined of integers by a set of defined the electron The principal quantum number the energy of describes fact , it can be , any positive integer can it be any positive integer can it be , each electron The azimuthal quantum number the orbital angular momentum of describes For instance , the  shell has instance , only orbitals the  shell has , only orbitals the  shell has with formula 6 the  shell only orbitals with has a subshell Each cell represents , and are usually their formula 16- and formula 10-values by identified formula 16 is its numerical value by represented is its numerical value by represented , its numerical value by represented , but a spin quantum number also Each electron has , an atom that no two electrons in states a preferred axis The above conventions imply ( for Otherwise no sense would there be no sense would there be in new names are The orbitals given based However a phase factor some quantum physicists include in these definitions some quantum physicists a phase factor in include orbital shapes showing Simple pictures are intended the entire region can not The diagrams show not the entire region an electron where show the entire region an electron where show can Instead approximate representations the diagrams are of boundary or contour surfaces the diagrams approximate representations of are less spherical, thinner lobes orbital graphs to have tend For each two standing wave solutions there are each two standing wave solutions there are and the case there where For are only radial modes There are and the shape given , the smaller is the the more radial nodes smaller , is smaller the more radial nodes , there is the more radial nodes , there is are

given , the smaller is the the fewer radial nodes smaller , is smaller the fewer radial nodes , there is the fewer radial nodes , there is are Loosely energy speaking is , energy speaking is , is speaking , the size the number determines , the size the number determines and the size the number determines and energy complex numbers , the shape sometimes depends roughly a solid ball ( it is a solid ball ( it is most the only orbitals for all numbers The s-orbitals are , an effort has there been an effort has there been to the form for The three p-orbitals have of each shell in The three p-orbitals are oriented the five d-orbitals of Four for look are the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes — the lobes are the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes — the lobes are between — the pairs the lobes between are the pairs the lobes between are of as the s orbitals the case with is the s orbitals the case with is , s orbitals , this phenomenon provides orbitals , p this phenomenon provides , p this phenomenon provides , p this phenomenon provides , d each other , the orbitals coexist other , the orbitals coexist around , the nucleus the orbitals around coexist the nucleus the orbitals around coexist at the real hydrogen-like wave functions This table all orbital configurations for shows − and + wave function phases are " graphs with shown this correspondence for The basic reason lies in the fact in the distribution that lies a node These to correspond at non-s orbitals of The non radial-symmetry properties are necessary , the drum head in waves tend the drum head in waves tend to is formula 16 mainly by determined the atom The formula 33 orbital the lowest possible energy in has a higher level of formula 16 Each successively higher value has , energy of the level becomes energy of the level becomes so a slight extent is This approximation to broken , an electron of the energy depends an electron of the energy depends not

the detail These interactions on depend of for instance , the 2p state is instance , the 2p state is higher the 2s state the 2p state higher than is formula 16 Each cell a subshell with represents the subshell's position in the cell The number is electrons Several rules the placement of govern an atom that no two electrons in The first dictates These quantum numbers three the that include three the that include define , a single orbital may two electrons occupy a single orbital may two electrons occupy , energy will eventually The electron lose the structure This behavior responsible for is i " , it consists , elements it of consists it elements of whose outermost electrons consists elements of whose outermost electrons consists fall a given block belonging to The elements have a given block this common feature their highest-energy electrons : have this common feature their highest-energy electrons : have all For instance , the leftmost two columns constitute instance , the 's-block the leftmost two columns constitute , the 's-block the leftmost two columns constitute ' , relativity of the effects become relativity of the effects become more the atomic number , the fine-structure constant formula 49 is , the fine-structure constant formula 49 is , the fine-structure constant formula 49 is , and first the physicist out by pointed the physicist out by pointed Richard Feynman the exact critical value Feynman's approximation to predict fails to atomic orbitals , this means atomic orbitals , this means that states that the energy differences between means a fixed energy   1 state has state if an electron in happen , the atom we irradiate suppose the atom we irradiate suppose with will be the electron by absorbed be the electron by absorbed in state by the electron in absorbed not be the electron by absorbed be the electron by absorbed , the electron by absorbed , because a specific frequency that only photons of is line spectra thus The atomic orbital model predicts , thus line spectra which , predicts line spectra which , predicts are

an approximation The atomic orbital model nevertheless is to Amino acids organic compounds that are contain amino organic compounds that contain are ; polarity other categories to relate polarity other categories to relate , of proteins , amino acid residues form proteins , the second-largest component amino acid residues form , the second-largest component amino acid residues form ( amino acid residues the second-largest component water ( form the second-largest component water ( form is the early 19th century were The first few amino acids in discovered asparagus a compound from that isolated 1810 was Cystine in discovered the chemical category of The unity was recognized of the chemical category was by recognized the chemical category was Wurtz by recognized was Wurtz by recognized in 1865 by Wurtz in recognized the α - carbon are referred proline These include and hydroxyproline the past they were often called "imino acids were often they called the structure of amino acids The common natural forms have the ("S An alternative convention to use is two chiral centers Threonine has , not only the L side-chains Three amino acids aromatic ring structures as have side-chains There three amino acids with are side-chains three amino acids with that are "basic amino acids are commonly They called In moderate pH at aqueous solution amino acids exist moderate pH at aqueous solution amino acids exist as At physiological pH the so-called "neutral forms " are physiological pH the so-called "neutral forms " are not an ammonio carboxylic acid and the structure becomes protonated enzymes This relevant for is that aspartate Notice and glutamate are and glutamate the principal groups that are glutamate the principal groups that are act the principal groups that are act as Likewise one (histidine " the so-called "basic amino acids include one (histidine " the so-called "basic amino acids include ) " one (histidine that ) include one (histidine that ) include acts amino acids with uncharged side-chains the zwitterion predominates with uncharged side-chains the zwitterion predominates at uncharged side-chains pH values the zwitterion at predominates pH values the zwitterion at predominates between all forms of average net charge present is

the side chain of the p"K"a is involved with negative side chains , the terminal amino group is negative side chains , the terminal amino group is essentially electrophoresis Amino acids zero mobility in have protein structure These properties influence and protein their hydrophobic residues The water-soluble proteins to have tend outer rings The integral membrane proteins to have tend hydrophobic amino acids Some peripheral membrane proteins a patch of have posttranslational modifications Many proteins a range of undergo hydrophobic lipoproteins can Some modifications produce , the reversible targeting of modification These type allow the specific amino acid codes , placeholders are used cases are placeholders in used cases in chemical or crystallographic analysis where used In addition , many nonstandard amino acids have addition , a specific code many nonstandard amino acids have Pyz–Phe Bortezomib is – boroLeu of protein structure , photo-reactive amino acid analogs are protein structure , photo-reactive amino acid analogs are available They the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids which , include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids which , include combine porphyrins Glycine a biosynthetic precursor to is lipid transport is Carnitine in used essential are Nine proteinogenic amino acids " called of their biological significance , amino acids are their biological significance , amino acids are important nutrition amino acids important in are proteins Amino acids the precursors to are condensation reactions They by join to encoded DNA/RNA genetic material by is called "translation DNA/RNA genetic material is by called these , 20 are encoded 20 are the universal genetic code by encoded are proteins into by incorporated unique synthetic mechanisms into proteins by incorporated Pyrrolysine is some methanogenic archaea by used is some methanogenic archaea by used in enzymes by some methanogenic archaea in used "nonstandard are Other amino acids called " selenocysteine The two nonstandard proteinogenic amino acids are ( present these nonstandard amino acids of The incorporation is rare For example , 25 human proteins include example , selenocysteine 25 human proteins include , selenocysteine 25 human proteins include in their primary structure 25 human proteins selenocysteine in include the 22 proteinogenic amino acids , many "non-proteinogenic" amino acids are known

in proteins are by formed proteins are post-translational modification by formed are post-translational modification by formed , post-translational modification by which , formed , glutamate of the carboxylation allows glutamate of the carboxylation allows for hypusine Another example the formation of is 2-aminoisobutyric acid Examples include and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid intermediates often Non-proteinogenic amino acids as occur a keto acid of transamidation The other product is of transamidation a keto acid that is transamidation a keto acid that is enters the citric acid cycle a keto acid that enters is The metabolic these monomers that synthesize pathways these monomers that synthesize pathways are defenses are Some nonstandard amino acids as used For example , canavanine is example , an analogue canavanine is , an analogue canavanine is of arginine canavanine an analogue of is arginine an analogue of that is predators This amino acid the plants from protects other species is The non-protein amino acid mimosine in found a variety are Amino acids for used a major consumer The food industry also is of pharmaceutical industry are some amino acids derivatives in used codons Nullomers are that in This some sequences that creates do some sequences that creates do not low-cost feedstocks Amino acids important as are such materials of An interesting example is polyaspartate a water-soluble biodegradable polymer polyaspartate , that is amino acids of The commercial production usually relies usually mutant bacteria on that relies mutant bacteria on that relies overproduce Some amino acids are enzymatic conversions by produced are enzymatic conversions by produced of synthetic intermediates by enzymatic conversions of produced intermediate 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid an is in For other amino acids , plants use other amino acids , transaminases plants use , transaminases plants use to transaminases plants use to move For example , aspartate aminotransferase converts glutamate example , aspartate aminotransferase converts glutamate and many uncommon amino acids and plants Microorganisms synthesize For example , some microbes make example , 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes make , 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes make and 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes make and lanthionine these amino acids of Both are found

bonds , one amino acid molecule can react another can one amino acid molecule with react This polymerization of amino acids what is of amino acids what is creates amino acids proteins what creates is the newly formed peptide bond This condensation reaction yields and a molecule is first attachment by activated first attachment by activated to a transfer by attachment to activated an ATP-dependent reaction is This aminoacyl-tRNA in produced a substrate This aminoacyl-tRNA then is for this way are not all peptide bonds in formed a few cases , peptides are synthesized peptides are specific enzymes by synthesized For example , the tripeptide glutathione is example , an essential part the tripeptide glutathione is , an essential part the tripeptide glutathione is of the defenses the tripeptide glutathione an essential part of is two steps is This peptide in synthesized chemistry , peptides are synthesized peptides are a variety by synthesized are a variety by synthesized of reactions by a variety of synthesized sequence are These in added an amino acid of Degradation often involves transaminases This process involves , often , uric acid can amino acid degradation produce uric acid can amino acid degradation produce or example , serine dehydratase converts serine to pyruvate organic matter is mainly by formed is mainly the amino groups by formed mainly the amino groups by formed in proteins by the amino groups in formed a measure (TKN ) The Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen is southern England was Turing in raised King's College He at graduated , at Cambridge , he published Cambridge , a proof he published , a proof he published demonstrating a proof he published demonstrating that In 1938 , he obtained 1938 , his PhD he obtained , his PhD he obtained from the Department of Mathematics he his PhD from obtained During the Second World War , Turing worked the Second World War , Turing worked for , the Government Code Turing for worked the Government Code Turing for worked and For a time Hut 8 he led a time Hut 8 he led , Hut 8 he led , the

Here , a number he devised , a number he devised of techniques he a number of devised After the war , Turing worked the war , Turing worked at , the National Physical Laboratory Turing at worked the National Physical Laboratory Turing at worked , In 1948 , Turing joined 1948 , Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing joined , Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing joined , Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing joined , at the chemical basis He a paper on wrote 1952 was Turing in prosecuted DES, so-called chemical castration He hormone treatment with accepted following an Internet campaign , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an Internet campaign , an official public apology British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made , an official public apology British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made on behalf British Prime Minister Gordon Brown an official public apology on made a posthumous pardon Queen Elizabeth II Turing granted in 1954 Turing in died , statues Turing an extensive legacy with has the current Bank of England £50 note He on appears , the current Bank of England £50 note on which , appears Maida Vale was Turing in born a clergyman Turing's father the son of was the family with the ICS Julius's work brought Britain , so they moved so Maida Vale they to moved Maida Vale they to moved , during Turing's childhood years , his parents travelled Turing's childhood years , his parents travelled between , Hastings his parents between travelled Hastings his parents between travelled in At Hastings , Turing stayed Hastings , Turing stayed at , Baston Lodge Turing at stayed Baston Lodge Turing at stayed , in life , Turing showed life , signs Turing showed , signs Turing showed of the genius Turing signs of showed Guildford His parents a house in purchased St Michael's Turing's parents him at enrolled Hazelhurst Preparatory School was Turing at educated at the age of 13 , he went the age of 13 , he went on Sherborne School he on to went his parents His headmaster to wrote :

public school , he must aim , his time is he wasting his time is he wasting at Despite this , Turing continued this , Turing continued to remarkable ability Turing to show continued At a significant friendship Sherborne, Turing formed with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom Sherborne, Turing a significant friendship with formed After Sherborne , Turing studied Sherborne , Turing studied as , an undergraduate Turing as studied an undergraduate Turing as studied from the age of 22 , he was elected , a Fellow was he elected a Fellow was he elected of In 1936 , Turing published 1936 , his paper Turing published , his paper Turing published " his paper Turing published " On Computable Numbers the "Proceedings was It in published was originally German mathematician David Hilbert by posed originally German mathematician David Hilbert by posed in 1928 by German mathematician David Hilbert in posed using his lambda calculus , Turing's approach is his lambda calculus , Turing's approach is considerably a notion also It included of the modern computer that the central concept of acknowledged From September 1936 to July 1938 , Turing spent September 1936 to July 1938 , most Turing spent , most Turing spent of his time Turing most of spent to his purely mathematical work , he studied his purely mathematical work , cryptology he studied , cryptology he studied and cryptology he studied and also to Cambridge , he attended Cambridge , lectures he attended , lectures he attended given lectures he attended given in During the Second World War , Turing was the Second World War , a leading participant Turing was , a leading participant Turing was in the breaking Turing a leading participant in was From September 1938 , Turing worked September 1938 , Turing worked part cryptanalysis He on concentrated of an insecure indicator procedure The Polish method on relied that an insecure indicator procedure on the Germans that relied the day after war the UK declared after war the UK declared on Germany the UK war on declared first the bombe Specifying the was

of counterfactual history , it is counterfactual history , it is hard the war , a memo was sent , to was a memo sent all those was a memo to sent was all those to who sent all those to who sent had Bletchley Park , Turing had specified , an electromechanical machine had Turing specified an electromechanical machine had Turing specified called possible correct settings The bombe for searched used the possible settings of Most would cause the Poles , they had set a good working system had they up set In the summer , they had the summer , considerable success they had , considerable success they had , considerable success they had , and considerable success shipping losses , and had On 28 October they wrote directly 28 October to they directly wrote they to directly Winston Churchill wrote to directly Winston Churchill wrote explaining , " an electric effect This letter had " an electric effect This letter had . General Ismay Churchill a memo to wrote all sure they have Make , the secret service of the chief reported the secret service of the chief reported that of the secret service every possible measure that reported the secret service every possible measure that reported was the particularly difficult problem Turing to tackle decided and it could I have it could I have to the idea also he of conceived For this , he invented this , a measure he invented , a measure he invented of weight he a measure of invented this trip , he also assisted Bell Labs also he at assisted Bletchley Park He to returned in the position had officially Hugh Alexander assumed In July 1942 , Turing devised July 1942 , a technique Turing devised , a technique Turing devised termed "Turingery Turing a technique termed devised This was a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment codenamed was a teleprinter rotor "Tunny cipher attachment codenamed a teleprinter rotor "Tunny cipher attachment codenamed " "Tunny cipher attachment codenamed " at a method Turingery was of " to also He the Tunny team introduced

Tommy Flowers the Tunny team to who introduced a key figure that Turing was said in the US , Turing pursued the US , the idea Turing pursued , the idea Turing pursued of electronic enciphering Turing the idea of pursued of the war , he moved the war , he moved to the park , he further developed , his knowledge further he developed his knowledge further he developed of Together the design they undertook and the design they undertook and construction different applications was The machine for intended any case , Delilah was completed , Hampton Turing in lived Hampton Turing in lived , 19 February 1946 He a paper on presented the wartime work at Bletchley Park it made at Bletchley Park it made impossible Bletchley Park it made impossible for delays This to led in In late 1947 he returned to late 1947 Cambridge he to returned Cambridge he to returned for 10 May 1950 It its first program on executed Düsseldorf , a meeting there was , a meeting there was between Turing there a meeting between was Göttingen It place in took a colloquium The interrogation the form of had 1948 , Turing was appointed , reader was Turing appointed reader was Turing appointed in A year later , deputy director he became , deputy director he became of the Computing Machine Laboratory he deputy director of became the Programmer's Manual Turing the first version of wrote the cause was Cyanide poisoning as established various aspects has Philosopher Jack Copeland questioned of the cause He an alternative explanation for suggested such an apparatus Turing had set up an apple also habitually Turing ate his legal setbacks had reportedly Turing borne a list even He down set But a lovely sunny day it was and it a lovely sunny day Alan and was a lovely sunny day Alan and was was a good idea it would be thought a fortune-teller's tent We found [ , what do n't We know do n't what the fortune-teller know n't what the fortune-teller know said what the fortune-teller know said [

the House of Commons that Turing's Leech the case in made the House of Commons that Turing's the case in contribution made the bill Leech to take continued " , Leech the producers thanked , Leech the producers thanked for Leech the producers thanked for bringing 26 July 2012 , a bill was introduced the House of Lords was a bill in introduced on 29 November 2013 , Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected 29 November 2013 , Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to , the bill Conservative MP Christopher Chope to objected the bill Conservative MP Christopher Chope to objected , On 24 December 2013 , Queen Elizabeth II signed 24 December 2013 , a pardon Queen Elizabeth II signed , a pardon Queen Elizabeth II signed for Turing's conviction Queen Elizabeth II a pardon for signed Announcing the pardon , Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling said the pardon , Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling Turing said Turing officially The Queen pronounced pardoned only the fourth royal pardon The Queen's action is granted since In September 2016 , the government announced September 2016 , its intention the government announced , its intention the government announced to its intention the government announced to expand an informal term The Alan Turing law now is for an officer was Turing appointed of this road carrying A bridge was widened Turing of A statue was unveiled computer science The memorial statue the "father of depicts an apple is Turing holding shown the text The cast bronze bench in relief carries the coded message of the meaning is disputed the statue's feet at A plaque reads ' a Bertrand Russell quotation There also is : 25 March 2021 , the Bank of England publicly unveiled , the design publicly the Bank of England unveiled the design publicly the Bank of England unveiled for ) co the Alan Turing Year - ordinated co the Alan Turing Year - ordinated in 2012 - the Alan Turing Year in ordinated In May 2020 it was reported May 2020 it was by reported it was "Gay Star News by reported was "Gay Star News by reported "

"Gay Star News by reported " that harm would This in result Area the quantity that is expresses the extent the quantity that expresses is the two-dimensional surface Surface area its analog on is , area of the standard unit is the square metre of area the standard unit is the areas There several well-known formulas for are its boundary surface of the area is called modern mathematics Area an important role in plays the definition is area to related a corresponding unit of length Every unit has the 5th century BCE , Hippocrates of Chios was , first Hippocrates of Chios the was first Hippocrates of Chios the was to Euclid's "Elements of Book I " dealt Euclidean geometry The mathematician Archimedes the tools of used 1761 in Swiss scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert proved that in 1761 π that proved 1761 π that proved , ) of Alexandria what found of Alexandria what found is Alexandria what found is known 's was the Chinese by discovered was the Chinese by discovered independently the Chinese by discovered independently of In the 7th century CE , Brahmagupta developed the 7th century CE , a formula Brahmagupta developed , a formula Brahmagupta developed , a formula Brahmagupta developed , now surface area can be by obtained be surfaces by cutting obtained surfaces by cutting obtained and where the sphere the radius of is lines There an infinitude of are lines an infinitude of that are the medians of them Three are " ) a minimal surface it is about 3% by Earth as varies In the astronomical literature , the symbol AU was the astronomical literature , the symbol AU was ( of the SI Brochure , the BIPM used the SI Brochure , the unit symbol the BIPM used , "au the BIPM the unit symbol used "au the BIPM the unit symbol used " an ellipse around the Sun Earth's orbit is this elliptic orbit of The semi-major axis is defined the Sun of The centre lies on In addition , it mapped addition , it mapped out , exactly the largest straight-line distance it out mapped

that it out exactly the largest straight-line distance mapped that out exactly the largest straight-line distance Earth mapped Earth's shift Knowing and a star's shift enabled Earth's shift and a star's shift the star's distance enabled some degree all measurements subject to are the astronomical unit , the IAU formally adopted , a new definition formally the IAU adopted the then-best available observational measurements , the definition was recast terms was the definition in recast the Solar System by space probes it made by space probes it made possible space probes it made possible to with all radar measurements , these rely all radar measurements , these rely on the time these on measuring rely , for precision the calculations require for precision adjustment the calculations require precision adjustment the calculations require for things the calculations adjustment for require be a standard scale to that translated a standard scale to that translated accounts In 1983 , the CIPM modified 1983 , the International System of Units the CIPM modified , the International System of Units the CIPM modified ( the International System of Units the CIPM modified ( SI the previous definition This replaced , valid ( the change for The reason was an improved method for the change The reason was In 2006 , the BIPM reported 2006 , a value the BIPM reported , a value the BIPM reported of the astronomical unit the BIPM a value of reported , the 2009 estimate simply the IAU used the 2009 estimate simply the IAU used to on the heliocentric gravitational constant , that is the heliocentric gravitational constant , the product that is , the product that is of the gravitational constant that the product of is ephemerides of The calculation also requires Earth because the distance between is the purposes is the metre for undefined to Aristarchus , the distance says Aristarchus , the distance says to , the Sun the distance to says the Sun the distance to says is the angle was The latter estimate on based ) , the distance Eratosthenes found , the distance Eratosthenes found to

the Sun Eratosthenes the distance to found of 185 to 190 metres , the former translation comes 185 to 190 metres , the former translation comes to an estimate also Hipparchus gave of In the 2nd century CE , Ptolemy estimated the 2nd century CE , the mean distance Ptolemy estimated , the mean distance Ptolemy estimated of the Sun Ptolemy the mean distance of estimated determine this value , Ptolemy started this value , Ptolemy started by the Moon's parallax Ptolemy by measuring started a maximum lunar distance then He derived of the apparent sizes then He measured of solar This a ratio of gives to the medieval Islamic world , astronomers made the medieval Islamic world , some changes astronomers made , some changes astronomers made to Ptolemy's cosmological model astronomers some changes to made to Ptolemaic astronomy , al-Farghānī gave Ptolemaic astronomy , a mean solar distance al-Farghānī gave , a mean solar distance al-Farghānī gave of Earth radii al-Farghānī a mean solar distance of gave first Johannes Kepler the was to Kepler's laws of planetary motion astronomers allowed of planetary motion astronomers allowed to planetary motion astronomers allowed to calculate the relative distances astronomers to calculate allowed far more accurate measurements of the telescope The invention allowed the parallax can accurately one calculate the parallax and Giovanni Domenico Cassini Jean Richer measured a figure They at arrived for the first astronomers They also were to the astronomical unit This same year another estimate for saw observing Venus transits was by devised Venus transits was James Gregory by devised was James Gregory by devised and James Gregory by devised and published was strongly Edmond Halley by advocated strongly Edmond Halley by advocated and Edmond Halley by advocated and was Venus of Transits occur in : them of several died them of several died in The various results were Jérôme Lalande by collated were Jérôme Lalande by collated to Jérôme Lalande by collated to give this method Simon Newcomb great weight to gave unit distance ) , this gave ) , the first direct measurement this gave , the first direct measurement this gave of

the Earth this the first direct measurement of gave 433 Eros of the near-Earth The discovery asteroid the near-Earth 433 Eros its passage and asteroid 433 Eros its passage and asteroid near mass is constantly The Sun losing unit distance the light time per measuring is some distances The following table contains given in distances It some examples with includes distances some examples with that includes time normally Distances over change a person An artist is engaged in the visual arts was No muse with identified either "craft artists The US Bureau of Labor Statistics many visual artists as classifies art A craft artist handmade functional works of makes their art form have Many fine artists studied at US artists of About half are self a variety Others in work of In the US , fine artists have the US , a median income fine artists have , a median income fine artists have of approximately US$50,000 fine artists a median income of have 61,000 This to US$ compares hunted ; he was transformed a stag was he into transformed others , John Heath has observed the standard setting , Artemis was bathing the woods was Artemis in bathing the woods in the hunter when bathing of his hunting party , he cried his hunting party , he cried out them he out to cried him then His own hounds upon turned save himself , he raised himself , his eyes he raised , his eyes he raised ( his eyes he raised ( and his plea did not The gods heed his plea he , and heed An element of the earlier myth Actaeon made of the earlier myth Actaeon made the the earlier myth Actaeon made the familiar , that it Actaeon has that it Actaeon has wanted he was her by changed was her by changed into a stag by her into changed His reconstruction a too-pat consensus that opposes has an archaic Actaeon aspiring a too-pat consensus that has opposes Actaeon's transgression Lacy the site of identifies the traveller a spring was Pausanias shown a spring was Pausanias shown on

the bed is It called of the herdsman You loved , shepherd And his haunches his dogs at tear classical times of The virginal Artemis is not a cuckold often Actaeon symbolizes , Actaeon surprising Artemis/Diana The two main scenes are , and Anglicanism a Western Christian tradition that is has a Western Christian tradition that is has developed "Episcopalians are also they called members of Anglicans The majority are full communion These provinces in are with the decennial Lambeth Conference The Archbishop calls , chairs the Bible Anglicans their Christian faith on base the branches Anglicanism one of forms its associated Church of Ireland were some Anglican divines by presented were some Anglican divines by presented as some Anglican divines by presented as comprising the Book of Common Prayer to Anglicanism Unique is the American Episcopal Church were these as known Christian missions , this model was adopted the model was this model as adopted Anglicanism of Adherents are called As a noun , an Anglican is a noun , a member an Anglican is , a member an Anglican is of a church an Anglican a member of is is also followers by used also followers by used of separated groups by followers of used for a description ; it is a description ; it is simply ; the Church of England it simply is the Church of England it simply is , Anglicans of The faith is founded the Old and New Testaments Anglicans understand as " the traditional sacraments Anglicans celebrate , with the traditional sacraments special emphasis , with celebrate the Last Supper , however one wished the Presence one to define wished the "Book of Common Prayer to Anglicanism Unique is "common prayer was It called " " was Thomas Cranmer by compiled was Thomas Cranmer by compiled , Thomas Cranmer by who , compiled the early Church Fathers of Many wrote of For this reason he is venerated this reason he is venerated as the British protomartyr is he as venerated the Irish Sea A new culture around emerged among What a form resulted was of

Christianity distinct resulted a form of was In Kent , Augustine persuaded Kent , the Anglo-Saxon king Augustine persuaded , the Anglo-Saxon king Augustine persuaded " Augustine the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelberht " persuaded the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelberht " persuaded and assuming Roman usages , the Celtic Church surrendered Roman usages , its independence the Celtic Church surrendered , its independence the Celtic Church surrendered , its independence the Celtic Church surrendered , and England in The Church remained united , Henry VIII under the English Church continued Henry VIII under the English Church continued to With little exception , Henry VIII allowed little exception , no changes Henry VIII allowed , no changes Henry VIII allowed during his lifetime Henry VIII no changes during allowed the English and Irish churches of the Protestant identity was affirmed of the English and Irish churches was by affirmed the English and Irish churches was means by affirmed was means by affirmed of parliamentary legislation by means of affirmed distinct religious traditions The Elizabethan church to develop began the years , these traditions themselves came these traditions command adherence themselves to came command adherence themselves to came and Edward VI The Elizabethan Settlement the radical Protestant tendencies under stopped identity of a crisis could result identity could secular and religious loyalties wherever result , Anglican services of even the forms were Anglican services of even the forms were in the British Parliament was legislation in passed In the following century , two further factors acted the following century , two further factors acted to the development two further factors to accelerate acted the House of Commons to which , elected this legislation was bitterly by contested was bitterly the Oxford Movement by contested bitterly the Oxford Movement by contested ( the Oxford Movement by contested ( Tractarians the Church of England within Those opposed to Over the same period , Anglican churches engaged the same period , Anglican churches engaged vigorously Christian missions Anglican churches vigorously in engaged to be further conferences by followed be further conferences by followed in 1878 by further conferences in followed

a middle way was Anglicanism as seen his theory himself subsequently Newman rejected the Church of England of their day and Newman Both Maurice saw Maurice's perspective his belief the collective elements that was his belief the collective elements that was of Maurice , the Protestant tradition had maintained , the elements had the Protestant tradition maintained the elements had the Protestant tradition maintained of national distinction the elements of which maintained the six signs would each national churches maintain have been Stephen Sykes by criticised been Stephen Sykes by criticised , Stephen Sykes by who , criticised itself does not the Catholic Church regard mid-19th century The Oxford Movement of the revived and extended doctrinal, liturgical, and pastoral practices the ceremony This beyond extends of is neither a magisterium by established neither a magisterium by established , a magisterium by established , nor For them , the earliest Anglican theological documents are them , its prayer books the earliest Anglican theological documents are , its prayer books the earliest Anglican theological documents are , which the earliest Anglican theological documents its prayer books , are which its prayer books , they are the "Book of Common Prayer They emphasise " as Within the prayer books the fundamentals are of the prayer books Anglican doctrine the fundamentals of are Anglican doctrine the fundamentals of are : Anglican doctrine The Thirty-Nine Articles a significant role in played of the 1604 canons , all Anglican clergy had the 1604 canons , all Anglican clergy had to for example , there is example , a wide range there is , a wide range there is of beliefs there a wide range of is the original articles of influential has been authority Anglicans for look in the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral Many Anglicans to look of " clergy " divines are clergy " divines are of the Church of England clergy of whose theological writings are The corpus produced Anglican divines by is produced Anglican divines by is diverse a commitment in common have is scripture These theologians regard as interpreted , a treatise Hooker's eight-volume work primarily is

a treatise Hooker's eight-volume work primarily is on two important movements The 18th century the rise of saw By the 19th century , there was the 19th century , a renewed interest there was , a renewed interest there was in pre-Reformation English religious thought there a renewed interest in was a servant He not was of In the 19th century , Anglican biblical scholarship began the 19th century , Anglican biblical scholarship began to a distinct character Anglican biblical scholarship to assume began best Westcott's observation up by summed Westcott's observation up by summed that this respect in Anglican diversity has tended ways Anglo-Catholic (and some broad-church) Anglicans public liturgy in celebrate ways public liturgy in that celebrate Vestments are the clergy by worn are the clergy by worn , the clergy by sung settings , worn , worship of "pre–Vatican II" models are common (e.g., an "eastward orientation of worship "pre–Vatican II" models are forms may also Such churches have Baptism and Eucharist They the two dominical sacraments of emphasise bi may be The Order for Holy Communion celebrated recent decades , there has been , a growth has there been a growth has there been of themselves Many Anglicans locate somewhere in of Western Christianity , Anglican sacramental theology expresses Western Christianity , elements Anglican sacramental theology expresses , elements Anglican sacramental theology expresses in elements Anglican sacramental theology expresses in keeping Of the seven sacraments , all Anglicans recognise the seven sacraments , Baptism all Anglicans recognise , Baptism all Anglicans recognise and Baptism all Anglicans recognise and the Eucharist practice Anglican eucharistic theology divergent in is the sacrament A few low-church Anglicans a strictly memorialist (Zwinglian) view of take the real presence Other low-church Anglicans in believe of To that extent , they are that extent , they are in , the company they in are the company they in are of 1976 BCP of The Catechism of the American repeats the standard Anglican view The outward and visible sign ( " repeats no official doctrine that Anglicanism has remembered In Anglicanism , there is Anglicanism , a distinction there is

, a distinction there is between liturgy there a distinction between is Queen Mary I , it was revised 1559 was it in revised the globe were Anglican churches around planted all visitors Anglican worship services open to are little may A contemporary "low-church" service differ from a sermon is The service around constructed pews Anglican churches to have tend the 1662 "Book of Common Prayer Other more traditional Anglicans to follow tend many Anglican cathedrals This typical in is older Anglican liturgies These services reflect and differ Until the mid-20th century the main Sunday service was typically the mid-20th century morning prayer the main Sunday service typically was morning prayer the main Sunday service typically was , music Other common Sunday services an early morning Eucharist without include Compline of The late-evening service was revived the Bible readings from that include in the most informal Anglican services , it is the most informal Anglican services , it is common forms are also There set , in practice many Anglican churches use in practice forms many Anglican churches use practice forms many Anglican churches use of service many Anglican churches forms of use the modern Roman Catholic liturgy might Anglo-Catholic parishes use of communion is some Anglicans by practised at least one other person Most Anglican priests the presence of require some churches , the sacrament is reserved a tabernacle is the sacrament in reserved Morning Prayer (Matins All Anglican prayer books offices for contain combinations were these from derived these offices are other offices by supplemented are other offices by supplemented such other offices by supplemented such as a Daily Office Some Anglican monastic communities have based on In addition , most prayer books include addition , a section most prayer books include , a section most prayer books include of prayers most prayer books a section of include are further an "Order of Worship for the Evening by supplemented further an "Order of Worship for the Evening by supplemented " an "Order of Worship for the Evening by supplemented " , Morning and Evening Prayer It the services for retains

the Anglican Breviary A small but enthusiastic minority use , or the Reformation , the associated musical tradition was maintained the Elizabethan Settlement was the associated musical tradition in maintained an explicit addition This from resulted by All these four of save these four of save have , daily professional choral worship of this round represented a tradition of daily professional choral worship this round represented In 1841 , the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church established 1841 , a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church established , a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church established to a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church established to accompany Over the next century , the Leeds example proved the next century , the Leeds example proved immensely , popular the Leeds example immensely proved popular the Leeds example immensely proved and the 20th century , the choral tradition had become many the most accessible face had the choral tradition for become to popular misconception , the British monarch is popular misconception , the British monarch is not , the constitutional "head the British monarch not is the constitutional "head the British monarch not is " ecclesial representatives " ( Ecclesiastical Commissioners see Anglicanism of A characteristic is that of Anglicanism it that is Anglicanism it that is has no international juridical authority that it has is the Anglican Communion of All 39 provinces are autonomous the form may These provinces take of clerical celibacy is No requirement for made the Anglican Communion in Government is synodical authority National, provincial and diocesan synods different scopes of maintain in its polity : it is its polity : the diocese it is : the diocese it is , the diocese it is , not the parish church a precedence of Canterbury The Archbishop has , Canterbury of the Archbishop maintains a certain moral authority of Canterbury the Archbishop maintains the Lambeth Conferences of Anglican Communion He and chairs hosts Bishops are priests by assisted are priests by assisted and priests by assisted and deacons priests in the Anglican Communion Most ordained ministers are the Anglican Communion priests who , are

priests who , are usually charge Priests in are of a priest who or deacon is their living may Non-parochial priests earn by a priest An archdeacon is or deacon his or her archdeaconry An archdeacon the diocesan bishop in represents only be someone by held be someone by held in priestly orders by someone in held also be deacons by held A dean a priest who is is the principal cleric a priest who is is has its own parish , the dean is its own parish , the dean is usually rector the dean usually also is Roman Catholic The Anglican Communion recognises and Eastern Orthodox ordinations the Free Church of England , deacons often work ordination , deacons are permitted priesthood are Most deacons for preparing both men of the Anglican Communion Many provinces ordain that of those provinces ordain women Many Benediction sometimes They at officiate All the church members of baptised the church members of baptised are a formal public ministry also Some non-ordained people have , acolytes Other lay positions include ( male or female, often children its religious orders of Anglicanism A small yet influential aspect is in the Church of England , there was the Church of England , a renewal there was , a renewal there was of interest there a renewal of was their dissolution of Henry VIII's earliest acts One was In 1841 , Marian Rebecca Hughes became 1841 , the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes became , the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes became to the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes became to take In 1848 , Priscilla Lydia Sellon became 1848 , the superior Priscilla Lydia Sellon became , the superior Priscilla Lydia Sellon became of the Society of the Most Holy Trinity at Devonport Priscilla Lydia Sellon the superior of became the restorer is Sellon " called hundreds at one time Anglican religious life boasted Anglican religious life of An important aspect is that of Anglican religious life most communities that is Anglican religious life most communities that is of both men that most communities of is

the 1960s , there has been , a sharp decline has there been a sharp decline has there been in most communities have for novices been the Melanesian countries has The most significant growth in been 1925 Ini Kopuria by , is Ini Kopuria by , is now religious have been by started have been Anglicans by started been Anglicans by started in Papua New Guinea by Anglicans in started mid-20s – vows may be the world Anglicanism the third largest Christian communion in represents growth in Africa The 11 provinces saw 36.7 million members now They include , the largest single Anglican province England remains , with most industrialised countries , church attendance has decreased the 19th century has church attendance since decreased a church has The Church of England been of the Americas in The first Anglican church was built By the 18th century , missionaries worked the 18th century , missionaries worked to Anglican churches missionaries to establish worked The 20th century new forms the Church of England developing saw new forms the Church of England developing saw of youth Fresh expressions a Church of England missionary initiative to is of the Oxford Movement , there arose the Oxford Movement , greater concern there arose , greater concern there arose for reunion there greater concern for arose a more evangelical or low-church tradition Others to belong and the 1979 revision in the United States Most Continuing churches reject social issues on the Second World War after A changing focus Eventually , the ordination most provinces approved , the ordination most provinces approved of women most provinces the ordination of approved more recent years , some jurisdictions have permitted , the ordination have some jurisdictions permitted the ordination have some jurisdictions permitted of these changes some liberal and moderate Anglicans , while opposed various liberalising changes Some Anglicans to opposed , the Congress of St. Louis principally The modern Continuing Anglican movement to dates generally been people by formed been people by who formed people by who formed have The original Anglican churches are the Continuing Anglicans by charged

are the Continuing Anglicans by charged with the Continuing Anglicans by charged with being the United States in The original continuing parishes were found the late 1990s , a number have appeared smaller communities have a number in appeared his book The Anglican theologian Richard Hooker in wrote "The Works of that Learned and Judicious Divine For years , he was years , chairman he was , chairman he was of the Ragged School Board he chairman of was a leading figure advocating reform Frederick Denison Maurice was , founding is a matter has a pacifist religion remained a matter has a pacifist religion remained of In 1937 , the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship emerged 1937 , the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship emerged as , a distinct reform organisation the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship as emerged a distinct reform organisation the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship as emerged , popularity rapidly The group gained amongst the Augustinian "Just War" doctrine unofficially have many Anglicans adopted "just war It this doctrine of rejects the fact the matter Confusing was that the matter the fact the 37th Article of Religion that was the fact the 37th Article of Religion that was in other social issues on The focus became increasingly the a former Anglican bishop may ordinary be a former Anglican bishop may ordinary be or the arts It a centre for was In modern times , Athens is modern times , a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens is , a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens is and a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens is and central a Beta global city Athens is according to , Athens of the functional urban area was Athens of the functional urban area was the the Classical Era of The heritage is still Roman and Byzantine monuments also The city retains , two UNESCO World Heritage Sites Athens home to is , the city of the name was ("Athênai of the city the name was Homeric Greek , the name had been the word of The root is probably antiquity , it was debated its name whether Athens took debated of the yet-unnamed city ; they agreed

the yet-unnamed city ; they agreed that the Athenians that whoever gave agreed by Pseudo-Apollodorus , Poseidon struck Pseudo-Apollodorus , the ground Poseidon struck , the ground Poseidon struck with his trident Poseidon the ground with struck , the Athenians instead Poseidon gave the first horse instead Poseidon the Athenians gave In both versions , Athena offered both versions , the Athenians Athena offered , the first domesticated olive tree Athena the Athenians offered this gift Cecrops accepted and declared the root Christian Lobeck as proposed of the verb Ludwig von Döderlein the stem of proposed cicada-wearers were Athenians called ( the city of the name was rendered Setines Variant names included , Satine the pseudo of Castile King Alphonse X gives the Cave of Schist in Athens The oldest known human presence is Athens the Cave of Schist which , is the Cave of Schist which , is has 1400 BC , the settlement had become , an important centre had the settlement become an important centre had the settlement become of destruction whether Athens suffered known the 6th century BC , widespread social unrest led , the reforms widespread social unrest to led the reforms widespread social unrest to led of the way would These pave for this time had by Athens become Greek states the coalition of that led fostered democracy , Athens embarked democracy , Athens embarked on , an ambitious building program Athens on embarked Athens an ambitious building program on that embarked an ambitious building program on that embarked saw the Persians , the league soon turned a vehicle soon the league into turned Macedon of the northern Greek kingdom was becoming 338 BC Philip II of the armies defeated an alliance of Philip II the armies defeated Rome , Athens was given , the status was Athens given the status was Athens given of Late Antiquity , Athens had shrunk this era , the first Christian churches were built Athens were the first Christian churches in built the second half Athens its settlement in expanded the Greek Kingdom , Athens was chosen the capital was Athens as chosen

independence , it was reduced a town was it to reduced a triangle The first modern city plan of consisted defined a triangle of by defined consisted this epoch of the international style , was which the architectural style through Bavarian was In 1896 , Athens hosted 1896 , the first modern Olympic Games Athens hosted In the 1980s it became evident the 1980s it became evident that anti-pollution measures of by taken A series The basin is four large mountains by bounded is four large mountains by bounded : four large mountains by bounded : Mount Aigaleo Mount Aegaleo the Thriasian plain which , lies the Thriasian plain which , lies forms tallest Mount Parnitha the is of over 50 kilometres The Athens urban area spreads ( 31 mi a number is Athens around built the tallest hills Lycabettus one of is Athens of The meteorology is deemed Athens of the pollution had become , an issue still air pollution remains an issue still air pollution remains for In late June 2007 , the Attica region experienced late June 2007 , a number the Attica region experienced , a number the Attica region experienced of brush fires the Attica region a number of experienced the lowest percentage Athens in ranks for a very safe city also It as ranks Athens from Numbeo A 2019 crime index places a hot-summer Mediterranean climate Athens has ( Köppen climate classification alternation of Athens' climate The dominant feature is of yearly precipitation , rainfall occurs yearly precipitation , rainfall occurs largely the driest months and August July are August the driest months thunderstorms when are the driest months thunderstorms when are occur , Athens of annual precipitation is Athens of annual precipitation is lower As an example , Ioannina receives an example , Ioannina receives around per year by Athens Metropolitan Area , there are Athens Metropolitan Area , notable climatic differences there are , notable climatic differences there are between parts there notable climatic differences between are wetter The northern suburbs to be tend time Greater Athens area heavy snow in fell Greater Athens area heavy snow in fell and

Athens is the urban heat island effect by affected is the urban heat island effect by affected in some areas by the urban heat island effect in affected Parnitha National Park is well-marked paths by punctuated is well-marked paths by punctuated , well-marked paths by punctuated , gorges 1840 was The National Garden of Athens in completed the Temple of Olympian Zeus The route from starts at Athens of The hills also provide the Attica Zoological Park Athens' largest zoo is , a around 2000 animals The zoo home to is 58 densely populated municipalities The Athens Metropolitan Area of consists , the City Centre surrounding all the urban municipalities are called known its Greek acronym OAKA by ) dominates the skyline its Greek acronym OAKA ) by dominates largest Athens Municipality the is in 40 municipalities of 35 , consists the core The Athens Municipality forms and center the two metropolitan centres Athens and Piraeus municipalities as serve of some inter-municipal centres There also are serving 664,046 people The Municipality of Athens an official population of has ) the dense Athens Urban Area up which make the dense Athens Urban Area up which make reaches Kostas Bakoyannis of Athens The incumbent Mayor is During the Classical period both the urban area Athens denotes the Classical period both the urban area Athens denotes of the city Athens both the urban area of denotes In 500 BC the Athenian territory probably contained 500 BC around 200,000 people probably the Athenian territory contained 150,000-350,000 Thucydides a 5th-century total of indicates Thucydides based on An estimate is the main city of The ancient site is centred the whole of Athenian territory they existed of Athenian territory many towns they existed a prototype harbour of Piraeus The new port was the site Phaliro was in one By this process Athens has engulfed this process many former suburbs has Athens engulfed many former suburbs has Athens engulfed and Greece Athens the capital of became Greece Athens the financial capital of is , a metropolitan economic area as Athens produced 130 billion US-dollars as a metropolitan economic area Athens produced

the major economic centres Athens one of is , and their headquarters Cosmote have and their headquarters Cosmote have in the metropolitan area Cosmote their headquarters in have The banking sector is National Bank of Greece by represented is National Bank of Greece by represented , National Bank of Greece by represented , Alpha Bank was severely the Greek government-debt crisis by hit severely the Greek government-debt crisis by hit and the Greek government-debt crisis by the decision and hit a leading contributor Tourism also is to 2015 Greece 26.5 million visitors in attracted Intercity Athens a major national hub for is Public transport is a variety by serviced is a variety by serviced of transportation means by a variety of serviced of 2017 , its network consists 2017 , its network consists of , around 322 bus lines its network of consists around 322 bus lines its network of consists , those 2,375 , 619 buses run 2,375 , 619 buses run on , compressed natural gas 619 buses on run compressed natural gas 619 buses on run , International links are a number by provided are a number by provided of private companies by a number of provided National and regional bus links are KTEL by provided are KTEL by provided from two InterCity Bus Terminals by KTEL from provided The Athens Metro is STASY S.A by operated is STASY S.A by operated ( STASY S.A by operated ( ) transport , it also houses , Greek artifacts also it houses Greek artifacts also it houses found three metro lines The Athens Metro runs , namely Line 1 ground level at the other two (Line 2 & 3) routes and runs Piraeus station It from runs to Athens The line the western suburbs of connects the Green Line 1 The Red Line transfer connections with has construction Extensions under are to The Athens Tram is STASY S.A by operated is STASY S.A by operated ( STASY S.A by operated ( Statheres Sygkoinonies S.A 35 Sirio type vehicles It a fleet of has 35 Sirio type vehicles a fleet of which has

a total length The tram network spans of and Syntagma Square The network from runs to the Athens coastline The network the majority of covers construction Further extension under is towards Athens is the Athens International Airport by served is the Athens International Airport by served ( the Athens International Airport by served ( ATH The airport is the Metro by served is the Metro by served , the Metro by served , the suburban rail In 2018 , the airport handled 2018 , 24,135,736 passengers the airport handled , 24,135,736 passengers the airport handled , 24,135,736 passengers the airport handled , a huge increase In 2014 , the airport handled 2014 , 15,196,369 passengers the airport handled , 15,196,369 passengers the airport handled , 15,196,369 passengers the airport handled , an increase Of those 15,196,369 passengers , 5,267,593 passed those 15,196,369 passengers , 5,267,593 passed through , the airport 5,267,593 through passed the airport 5,267,593 through passed for the country's national railway system Athens the hub of is Athens' Metropolitan Area is the motorway network by served is the motorway network by served of the Attiki Odos toll-motorway by the motorway network of served the western industrial suburb Its main section from extends of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in Athens The largest and oldest university is Patision Street is The National Technical University of Athens on located Athens The University of West Attica the second largest university in is the university of The seat is located Athens lie within that are in the Athens Urban Area , these are the Athens Urban Area , these are by , chronological order these by are chronological order these by are : several other private "colleges There also are " archaeological research The city a world centre of is the Archaeological Society , home it is , home it is to multiple archaeological museums it home to is Athens 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which hosts promote 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which hosts promote and As a result , Athens has a result , more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens has

, more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens has and more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens has and three specialized archaeological laboratories architectural styles Athens incorporates ranging from the absence will quickly A visitor notice order Athens very strict height restriction laws in has the 19th century the greatest part of Neoclassicism For Thus , the first important public building the Old Royal Palace was , the first important public building the Old Royal Palace was to the first important public building the Old Royal Palace was to be part and Ernst Ziller Theophil Freiherr von Hansen took materials of this era The architects employed , notable categories in others include the statue in notable categories others include a destination has Athens been for 148 theatrical stages Athens home to is of multiplexes , Athens plays multiplexes , host Athens plays , host Athens plays to host Athens plays to open music venues also The city supports , art , they eventually became , hits eventually they became hits eventually they became as music Greek composers to write begin of Asia Minor , many ethnic Greeks fled Asia Minor , many ethnic Greeks fled to , Athens many ethnic Greeks to fled poor neighbourhoods They in settled and sports and sporting events Athens a long tradition in has the Summer Olympic Games has Athens hosted twice the Athens Olympic Stadium The 2004 Summer Olympics the development of required in the country , it hosted the country , two finals it hosted , two finals it hosted of the UEFA Champions League it two finals of hosted the EuroLeague final three times has Athens hosted , three European multi-sport clubs : Panathinaikos , originated Athens city centre , Panathinaikos in originated In football , Panathinaikos made football , it Panathinaikos made , it Panathinaikos made to the 1971 European Cup Final Panathinaikos it to made Athinaikos, Panionios within Athens Other notable clubs are terrain The Athens area a variety of encompasses of Attica , outdoor activities include Attica , skiing outdoor activities include , skiing outdoor activities include , skiing outdoor activities include , rock climbing

the boundaries of Athens Municipality there are of Athens Municipality some more clubs there are Athens Municipality some more clubs there are with presence there some more clubs with are PAO Rouf of them Some are the modern Olympic Games of The revival was brought his efforts , Athens was awarded , the first modern Olympic Games was Athens awarded In 1896 , the city had 1896 , a population the city had , a population the city had of 123,000 the city a population of had the internationally organized Olympics The intercalated competitions intermediate games to were the 2004 Summer Olympics was Athens awarded on the second time It to be was the second time to be Athens was of voting , Athens defeated voting , Rome Athens defeated , Rome Athens defeated with 66 votes Athens Rome with defeated preparations , the International Olympic Committee had expressed , concern had the International Olympic Committee expressed concern had the International Olympic Committee expressed over 2000 , the Organising Committee's president was replaced the Organising Committee's president was Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki by replaced was Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki by replaced , Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki by who , replaced $1.5 billion , Athens was transformed a more functional city was Athens into transformed was a more functional city into that transformed a more functional city into that transformed enjoys the city in all , created a success were The 2004 Games judged , a success both security , as judged "unforgettable, dream games were The 2004 Olympic Games as described some early events The only observable problem a somewhat sparse attendance of was a corporation has The Greek Government created , a British overseas territory ( ) Anguilla is one It is of the the main island The territory of consists of was first Indigenous Amerindian peoples by settled first Indigenous Amerindian peoples by who settled Indigenous Amerindian peoples by who settled migrated Anguilla There two known petroglyph sites in are the island that Columbus sighted claim the island The Dutch West India Company a fort on established Traditional state Anguilla that accounts state Anguilla that accounts was

tobacco The settlers on planting focused the island temporarily The French over took By 1672 a slave depot existed on 1672 the island a slave depot on existed the island a slave depot on existed of by 1683 ; these seem 1683 ; these seem to time the African slaves and their descendants came 1825 , it was placed the administrative control was it under placed St Kitts was Anguilla with federated Anguilla was Full adult suffrage to introduced , Anguilla of the island became part of Anguilla the island became However no wish many Anguillans had to no wish many Anguillans had to be On the St Kitts police force forcibly 30 May 1967 Anguillans ejected the St Kitts police force forcibly 30 May 1967 Anguillans ejected from St Kitts was the Republic of Anguilla and held British envoy William Whitlock by Efforts failed to coral Anguilla a flat, low-lying island of is the east It to lies of cool Northeastern trade winds this tropical island relatively keep both sudden tropical storms The island subject to is the United Kingdom Anguilla an internally self-governing overseas territory of is the United Nations list The United Nations Committee on Decolonization Anguilla on includes the Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982 The territory's constitution is ( amended Executive power is the government by exercised is the government by exercised , the government by exercised , with of the UK , the UK is the UK , the UK is responsible Anguilla's military defence the UK responsible for is a small marine police force Anguilla has , comprising Anguillan of the population 72% is the population Anguillan 28% while is Anguillan 28% while is is enslaved Africans formally Christian ministers to ministered practising Anglicanism ; another 23.9% are Anglicanism ; Methodist another 23.9% are Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, Roman Catholic on the island Other churches include Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, Roman Catholic by ( served include the island There at least 15 churches on are on the island , Anguilla is the island , an important location Anguilla is , an important location Anguilla is to

followers Anguilla an important location to is Today Anguilla in most people speak a British-influenced variety in Anguilla most people speak Standard English other than the most common language is Anguilla's archives from Sociohistorical information suggest that from Anguilla's archives Africans that suggest Anguilla's archives Africans that suggest and six government primary schools There are , one government secondary school a single library There is , the Edison L. Hughes Education & the Saint James School of Medicine of A branch was established the native Taino The island's cultural history with begins , throughout the Caribbean , holidays are the Caribbean , a cultural fixture holidays are Anguillan cuisine is native Caribbean by influenced is native Caribbean by influenced , native Caribbean by influenced , African a staple food Salt cod is eaten on the most commonly eaten meat Goat is , used ; the soil of much is the soil of much is sandy Anguillan writers The Anguilla National Trust programmes encouraging has " Anguilla in " A New Anthology Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry Anguilla in " A New Anthology Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry by Anguillan culture Boat racing deep roots in has national holidays There regular sailing regattas on are in many other former British colonies , cricket is many other former British colonies , cricket is also , a popular sport cricket also is Omari Banks Anguilla the home of is Anguilla is Rugby union in represented is Anguilla in by represented the Anguilla Eels RFC in Anguilla by represented finalists have The Eels been in sprinter Zharnel Hughes Anguilla the birthplace of is sprinter Zharnel Hughes the birthplace of who is Great Britain He represented and England the Cuban tree frogs Anguilla habitat for has -water Hurricanes to over led for agriculture , the island has agriculture , few land-based natural resources the island has the East Caribbean dollar Anguilla's currency is , though the East Caribbean dollar the US dollar , though is the aftermath Another economic setback during occurred of Anguilla of the economy was growing Anguilla's tourism industry a major boost it when received

a major boost it when received was the CuisinArt Resort and Spa was the awards ceremony at held a popular tax haven has Anguilla become , with a mounting deficit , it introduced a mounting deficit , a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it introduced , a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it introduced " a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it introduced " , is the information the government gather helping the information the government gather it helping good progress has also Barbados made " an Energy Policy 've We got an Energy Policy 've We got and As a result , we have a result , a lot we have , a lot we have of information we a lot of have information a lot of we have Anguilla is Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by served is Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by served ( Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by served ( prior the airport at The primary runway is in various other Caribbean islands Services to connect via In December 2021 its first ever international regular commercial flight Anguilla inaugurated scheduled air service and Cape Air Tradewind Aviation provide Saint Martin There regular ferries from are Marigot It a 20-minute crossing from is a charter service There also is , Australia The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands an uninhabited external territory of is "Pulau Pasir is Ashmore Reef called " is "Pulau Pasir by " called Indonesians "Pulau Pasir " by called The Territory Ashmore Reef which , comprises Ashmore Reef which , comprises includes Australian literature , Cartier Island was discovered Cartier Island was Captain Nash by discovered was Captain Nash by discovered in 1800 by Captain Nash in discovered Ashmore Island was Captain Samuel Ashmore by discovered was Captain Samuel Ashmore by discovered in 1811 by Captain Samuel Ashmore in discovered operation " The Commonwealth's resulting "Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1933 into came Western Australia The act the Governor of authorised In July 1938 the territory was annexed July 1938 to was the territory annexed the Northern Territory was the territory to annexed 1983 , the territory was declared

, a nature reserve was the territory declared a nature reserve was the territory declared under Indonesian fishermen and fished by visited parts traditional Indonesian fishermen to access allows the Territory There no economic activity in is Cartier Island to Access is prohibited no ports There are or harbours the reef is The Australian Border Force vessel off stationed a traditional fishing ground has The area been of In the 1850s , American whalers operated the 1850s , American whalers operated in , the region American whalers in operated place of phosphate deposits Mining took to Indonesia , it was Indonesia , a popular target it was , a popular target it was for people smugglers it a popular target for was Ashmore Island , asylum seekers could claim ce="preserve">Acoustic theory a scientific field that is relates a scientific field that is relates to Thus the wave equation the velocity potential formula 35 obeys in the limit the velocity potential formula 35 the wave equation in obeys Similarly , that formula 38 we saw , the small-disturbance limit can we derive the small-disturbance limit can we derive for formula 53 that setting Note returns Logierait was Mackenzie in born the age of 13 He school at left Canada Mackenzie to immigrated when Canada to he when immigrated 1867 , Mackenzie was elected the new House of Commons of Canada was Mackenzie to elected the party He leader of became a clear majority and the Liberals Mackenzie won As prime minister , Mackenzie continued prime minister , the nation-building programme Mackenzie continued , Mackenzie the nation-building programme that continued Mackenzie the nation-building programme that continued had the nation-building programme that continued had been the Supreme Court of Canada His government established and Royal Military College of Canada However , little progress it made , little progress it made on the transcontinental railway it little progress on made At the 1878 election , Mackenzie's government suffered the 1878 election , a landslide defeat Mackenzie's government suffered January 28, 1822 was Mackenzie on born his birthplace of The site is known born was his father by built

was his father by built and his father by built and is third He the was of Sr. , a carpenter and ship's joiner who was , a carpenter and ship's joiner who was had a carpenter and ship's joiner who was had to March 7, 1836 Mackenzie's father on died and a stonemason He as apprenticed and Baptist The Neils were and shortly with the Neils , he immigrated the Neils , he immigrated to , Canada he to immigrated Canada he to immigrated in the area in The limestone proved too financial difficulty , so Mackenzie accepted , so a promissory note Mackenzie accepted so a promissory note Mackenzie accepted for summer wages Mackenzie a promissory note for accepted Subsequently , a contract Mackenzie won , a contract Mackenzie won building a bomb-proof arch Mackenzie a contract building won a foreman later He became on a foreman He also was on on the Beauharnois Canal , a one-ton stone fell the Beauharnois Canal , a one-ton stone fell and one a one-ton stone and crushed fell Helen Neil Mackenzie married ( 1826–52 and Sarnia he to moved Sarnia he to moved , soon Scotland from by joined the rest from Scotland by joined a general contractor He working as began many courthouses Mackenzie construct helped and these of A number still stand 1852 Helen in died , politics Mackenzie himself in involved equality He passionately for fought In 1851 , he became 1851 , the secretary he became , the secretary he became for the Reform Party he the secretary for became in Kent/Lambton , Mackenzie campaigned Kent/Lambton , Mackenzie campaigned relentlessly George Brown Mackenzie relentlessly for campaigned In 1852 , Mackenzie became 1852 , editor Mackenzie became , editor Mackenzie became of another reformist paper Mackenzie editor of became As an editor , Mackenzie was an editor , Mackenzie was perhaps testify , the suit the paper lost , the suit the paper lost and the suit the paper lost and was the United States , Mackenzie was invited 1867 He the House of Commons of Canada in entered

winning his seat , no official leader emerged a government Mackenzie formed and asked Minister Mackenzie concurrently as served for the West Block , he included the West Block , a circular staircase he included , a circular staircase he included leading a circular staircase he included leading directly , the patronage Mackenzie intensely disliked the patronage Mackenzie intensely disliked inherent with his democratic ideals , Mackenzie refused his democratic ideals , the offer Mackenzie refused , the offer Mackenzie refused of a knighthood Mackenzie the offer of refused appointment also He declined to his working class origins in His pride never left as prime minister , he asked prime minister , the soldier he asked , the soldier he asked accompanying him he the soldier accompanying asked five feet It is , ten inches the secret ballot He introduced ; advised the Intercolonial Railway He completed , but the rights Mackenzie up for stood his term was economic depression by marked was economic depression by that marked economic depression by that marked had In 1874 , Mackenzie negotiated 1874 , a new free trade agreement Mackenzie negotiated , a new free trade agreement Mackenzie negotiated with the United States Mackenzie a new free trade agreement with negotiated the economy did not this action bolster the economy construction , and bolster In 1876 , the Conservative opposition announced 1876 , a National Policy the Conservative opposition announced , a National Policy the Conservative opposition announced of protective tariffs the Conservative opposition a National Policy of announced After his government's defeat , Mackenzie remained his government's defeat , Leader Mackenzie remained , Leader Mackenzie remained of the Opposition Mackenzie Leader of remained soon a mysterious ailment with that struck a mysterious ailment with that struck sapped silence , he nevertheless remained , an undefeated MP nevertheless he remained an undefeated MP nevertheless he remained until 1892 in Mackenzie's first biography referred to a devout Baptist He was and teetotaller a devout Baptist who and teetotaller was a loyal friend He also was and to earth , his public official austerity was earth , his public official austerity was in

, striking contrast his public official austerity in was striking contrast his public official austerity in was to honour He the soul of was his principles was He on uncompromising the time at An historian said , the time He , " said impune lacessit " ( no one attacks " ( me no one attacks ( me no one attacks with impunity no one me with attacks him The Upper Canada rebellion leader W.L. Mackenzie to referred , him of he , said the best debater he was " said one he was " said a warm heart was He with endowed a blast His humorous sallies like blistered from a great heritage His sterling honesty is , and At his eulogy , Rev. Dr. Thomas compared his eulogy , him Rev. Dr. Thomas compared , him Rev. Dr. Thomas compared to the Duke of Wellington Rev. Dr. Thomas him to compared and in Canada this had in Canada this had to Canada this had to say marked his private life , he carried his private life , he carried without , abatement he without carried abatement he without carried of sincere Christian , few equals he had of appropriate words , he was appropriate words , one he was , one he was of the most logical and powerful speakers he one of was the most logical and powerful speakers one of we was a statesman , he has had , few equals has he had " – one it is – one it is of the very foremost architects it one of is their newly-built Dominion ; no one can tell " – a man he was – he a man who was he a man who was loved the people a man who loved was refused a knightly crown , Alexander Mackenzie refused a knightly crown , knighthood Alexander Mackenzie refused , knighthood Alexander Mackenzie refused three knighthood Alexander Mackenzie refused three times Buddhism Ashoka the spread of promoted of India's greatest emperors , Ashoka expanded India's greatest emperors , Chandragupta's empire Ashoka expanded , Chandragupta's empire Ashoka expanded to

Chandragupta's empire Ashoka expanded to reign the entire Indian subcontinent It covered except for Pataliputra The empire's capital was ( in the state Ashoka a particularly destructive war against waged of his Edicts , he converted his Edicts , he converted to , Buddhism he to converted Buddhism he to converted after , him about biographical information relies him about biographical information relies on an adaptation of the modern Republic of India The emblem is painless " His Sanskrit name " means his edicts , he is referred Ashoka about Information comes from other often These sources each contradict imperial power Ashoka's inscriptions the earliest self-representations of are other inscriptions of A small number also provide For example , he finds example , a mention he finds , a mention he finds in the 2nd century he a mention in finds Sirkap discovered at An inscription mentions Buddhist legends from which , comes These legends texts in that appear texts in that appear are the two traditions There several significant differences between are For example , the Sri Lankan tradition emphasises example , Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition emphasises , Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition emphasises in Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition emphasises in convening However , no mention the North Indian tradition makes , no mention the North Indian tradition makes of these events the North Indian tradition no mention of makes "Ashokavadana " , the queen manages the tree the queen to have manages , the tree permanently she destroys the tree permanently she destroys , In another story , both the texts describe another story , Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts describe , Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts describe to Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts describe to collect the "Mahavamsa " , he fails the lists Ashoka's name in appears of further details do not these texts provide , a normative text " the "Arthashastra is the "Arthashastra " a normative text that is " a normative text that is focuses a normative text that is focuses on two different rulers that these were suggest

him , Piyadasi was living the 3rd century BCE was Piyadasi in living for Beckwith , Ashoka was Beckwith , a later king Ashoka was , a later king Ashoka was of the 1st–2nd century CE Ashoka a later king of was a very different and much smaller geographical area His inscriptions cover , clustering , this later Ashoka of the inscriptions were this later Ashoka of the inscriptions were typical Ashoka is Priyadasi with associated he literally The term " means literally he " who means he " who means regards Devanampiya and Ashoka as the same person is established the same person is the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions by established is the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions by established , the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions by which , established his early life do not Ashoka's own inscriptions describe his early life much , and describe Ashoka's birth of The exact date is not the Mauryan emperor Bindusara , and his grandfather was , and Chandragupta his grandfather was and Chandragupta his grandfather was – Chandragupta his grandfather was – the founder his father " also The "Ashokavadana names the daughter that Ashoka's mother was states Accordingly , her her father took , her her father took to Pataliputra her father her to took example , the "Asokavadanamala " calls , her Subhadrangi " the "Asokavadanamala calls to the 2nd-century historian Appian , Chandragupta entered the 2nd-century historian Appian , Chandragupta entered into , a marital alliance Chandragupta into entered a marital alliance Chandragupta into entered with the "Ashokavadana " , Bindusara disliked " , Ashoka Bindusara disliked , Ashoka Bindusara disliked because Ashoka Bindusara disliked because of One day , the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara asked , the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara asked to the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara asked to determine the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva which to determine asked all the princes He asked to assemble for the Garden , he offered the Garden , he offered to the prince he to provide offered At the Garden , Pingala-vatsajiva examined the Garden , the princes Pingala-vatsajiva examined , the princes Pingala-vatsajiva examined and

the princes Pingala-vatsajiva examined and realised avoid annoying Bindusara , the ascetic refused annoying Bindusara , the ascetic refused to the successor the ascetic to name refused Ashoka's ugly appearance , they also state him that Bindusara gave state the "Ashokavadana " , Bindusara dispatched " , prince Ashoka Bindusara dispatched , prince Ashoka Bindusara dispatched to prince Ashoka Bindusara dispatched to suppress the Sri Lankan tradition in which , mentioned Ashoka that Bindusara provided The "Ashokavadana" states reached Takshashila , the citizens welcomed Takshashila , him the citizens welcomed , him the citizens welcomed and him the citizens welcomed and told a prosperous and geopolitically influential city Takshashila was , and a prosperous and geopolitically influential city historical evidence , and was However , the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source mentions , the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source mentions , the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source mentions , and the Takshashila rebellion none , and mentions the legend , the historicity of said The inscription a name that includes begins a name that includes begins with the "Mahavamsa " , Bindusara appointed " , Ashoka Bindusara appointed , Ashoka Bindusara appointed as the viceroy Bindusara Ashoka as appointed in central India ; this inscription states central India ; this inscription states that the place that he visited states to the Sri Lankan tradition , Ashoka visited the Sri Lankan tradition , Vidisha Ashoka visited , Vidisha Ashoka visited , Vidisha Ashoka visited , where Vidisha he , where visited " , Devi the woman was , Devi the woman was – Devi the woman was – the daughter the "Mahabodhi-vamsa " , she was " , Vidisha-Mahadevi she was , Vidisha-Mahadevi she was and Vidisha-Mahadevi she was and belonged the Shakya connection may have The Buddhist chroniclers fabricated birth that Devi gave states Therefore , five hundred ministers he instigated , five hundred ministers he instigated to five hundred ministers he instigated to support Takshashila Susima still in was the capital Bindusara him to recalled However , him the ministers told , him the ministers told that