Title: wetten.nl - Regeling - Overeenkomst inzake de bescherming van Afrikaans-Euraziatische trekkende watervogels - BWBV0001249

Source: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBV0001249/

Content:
{"title": "wetten.nl - Regeling - Overeenkomst inzake de bescherming van Afrikaans-Euraziatische trekkende watervogels - BWBV0001249", "content": "Overeenkomst inzake de bescherming van Afrikaans-Euraziatische trekkende watervogels\n\nThe Contracting Parties,\n\nRecalling that the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, encourages international cooperative action to conserve migratory species;\n\nRecalling further that the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention,\n                                       held in Bonn in October 1985, instructed the Secretariat of the Convention to take\n                                       appropriate measures to develop an Agreement on Western Palearctic Anatidae;\n\nConsidering that migratory waterbirds constitute an important part of the global biological\n                                       diversity which, in keeping with the spirit of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, and Agenda 21 should be conserved for the benefit of present and future generations;\n\nAware of the economic, social, cultural and recreational benefits accruing from the\n                                       taking of certain species of migratory waterbirds and of the environmental, ecological,\n                                       genetic, scientific, aesthetic, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic\n                                       values of waterbirds in general;\n\nConvinced that any taking of migratory waterbirds must be conducted on a sustainable\n                                       basis, taking into account the conservation status of the species concerned over their\n                                       entire range as well as their biological characteristics;\n\nConscious that migratory waterbirds are particularly vulnerable because they migrate\n                                       over long distances and are dependent on networks of wetlands that are decreasing\n                                       in extent and becoming degraded through non-sustainable human activities, as is expressed\n                                       in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat,\n                                          1971;\n\nRecognizing the need to take immediate action to stop the decline of migratory waterbird\n                                       species and their habitats in the geographic area of the African-Eurasian waterbird\n                                       migration systems;\n\nConvinced that the conclusion of a multilateral Agreement and its implementation through\n                                       coordinated or concerted action will contribute significantly to the conservation\n                                       of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the most efficient manner, and will\n                                       have ancillary benefits for many other species of animals and plants; and\n\nAcknowledging that effective implementation of such an Agreement will require assistance\n                                       to be provided to some Range States for research, training and monitoring of migratory\n                                       waterbird species and their habitats, for the management of those habitats as well\n                                       as for the establishment or improvement of scientific and administrative institutions\n                                       for the implementation of this Agreement,\n\nHave agreed as follows:\n\n1  The geographic scope of this Agreement is the area of the migration systems of African-Eurasian\n                                             waterbirds, as defined in Annex 1 to this Agreement, hereafter referred to as the\n                                             \u201cAgreement Area\u201d.\n\n2  For the purpose of this Agreement:\n\na) \u201cConvention\u201d means the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979;\n\nb) \u201cConvention Secretariat\u201d means the body established under Article IX of the Convention;\n\nc) \u201cWaterbirds\u201d means those species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands\n                                                   for at least part of their annual cycle, have a range which lies entirely or partly\n                                                   within the Agreement Area and are listed in Annex 2 to this Agreement;\n\nd) \u201cAgreement secretariat\u201d means the body established under Article VI, paragraph 7,\n                                                   subparagraph b), of this Agreement;\n\ne) \u201cParties\u201d means, unless the context otherwise indicates, Parties to this Agreement;\n                                                   and\n\nf) \u201cParties present and voting\u201d means the Parties present and casting an affirmative\n                                                   or negative vote; those abstaining from voting shall not be counted amongst the Parties\n                                                   present and voting.\n\nIn addition, the terms defined in Article I, subparagraphs 1(a) to (k), of the Convention shall have the same meaning, mutatis mutandis,in this Agreement.\n\n3  This Agreement is an AGREEMENT within the meaning of Article IV, paragraph 3, of the Convention.\n\n4  The annexes to this Agreement form an integral part thereof. Any reference to the\n                                             Agreement includes a reference to its annexes.\n\n1  Parties shall take co-ordinated measures to maintain migratory waterbird species\n                                             in a favourable conservation status or to restore them to such a status. To this end,\n                                             they shall apply within the limits of their national jurisdiction the measures prescribed\n                                             in Article III, together with the specific actions determined in the Action Plan provided\n                                             for in Article IV, of this Agreement.\n\n2  In implementing the measures prescribed in paragraph 1 above, Parties should take\n                                             into account the precautionary principle.\n\n1  The Parties shall take measures to conserve migratory waterbirds, giving special\n                                             attention to endangered species as well as to those with an unfavourable conservation\n                                             status.\n\n2  To this end, the Parties shall:\n\na) accord the same strict protection for endangered migratory waterbird species in the\n                                                   Agreement Area as is provided for under Article III, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Convention;\n\nb) ensure that any use of migratory waterbirds is based on an assessment of the best\n                                                   available knowledge of their ecology and is sustainable for the species as well as\n                                                   for the ecological systems that support them;\n\nc) identify sites and habitats for migratory waterbirds occurring within their territory\n                                                   and encourage the protection, management, rehabilitation and restoration of these\n                                                   sites, in liaison with those bodies listed in Article IX, paragraphs (a) and (b) of\n                                                   this Agreement, concerned with habitat conservation;\n\nd) coordinate their efforts to ensure that a network of suitable habitats is maintained\n                                                   or, where appropriate, re-established throughout the entire range of each migratory\n                                                   waterbird species concerned, in particular where wetlands extend over the area of\n                                                   more than one Party to this Agreement;\n\ne) investigate problems that are posed or are likely to be posed by human activities\n                                                   and endeavour to implement remedial measures, including habitat rehabilitation and\n                                                   restoration, and compensatory measures for loss of habitat;\n\nf) cooperate in emergency situations requiring international concerted action and in\n                                                   identifying the species of migratory waterbirds which are the most vulnerable to these\n                                                   situations as well as cooperate in developing appropriate emergency procedures to\n                                                   provide increased protection to these species in such situations and in the preparation\n                                                   of guidelines to assist individual Parties in tackling these situations;\n\ng) prohibit the deliberate introduction of non-native waterbird species into the environment\n                                                   and take all appropriate measures to prevent the unintentional release of such species\n                                                   if this introduction or release would prejudice the conservation status of wild flora\n                                                   and fauna; when non-native waterbird species have already been introduced, the Parties\n                                                   shall take all appropriate measures to prevent these species from becoming a potential\n                                                   threat to indigenous species;\n\nh) initiate or support research into the biology and ecology of migratory waterbirds\n                                                   including the harmonization of research and monitoring methods and, where appropriate,\n                                                   the establishment of joint or cooperative research and monitoring programmes;\n\ni) analyze their training requirements for, inter alia, migratory waterbird surveys, monitoring, ringing and wetland management to identify\n                                                   priority topics and areas for training and cooperate in the development and provision\n                                                   of appropriate training programmes;\n\nj) develop and maintain programmes to raise awareness and understanding of migratory\n                                                   waterbird conservation issues in general and of the particular objectives and provisions\n                                                   of this Agreement;\n\nk) exchange information and results from research, monitoring, conservation and education\n                                                   programmes; and\n\nl) cooperate with a view to assisting each other to implement this Agreement, particularly\n                                                   in the areas of research and monitoring.\n\n1  An Action Plan is appended as Annex 3 to this Agreement. It specifies actions which\n                                             the Parties shall undertake in relation to priority species and issues, under the\n                                             following headings, consistent with the general conservation measures specified in\n                                             Article III of this Agreement:\n\na) species conservation;\n\nb) habitat conservation;\n\nc) management of human activities;\n\nd) research and monitoring;\n\ne) education and information; and\n\nf) implementation.\n\n2  The Action Plan shall be reviewed at each ordinary session of the Meeting of the\n                                             Parties, taking into account the Conservation Guidelines.\n\n3  Any amendment to the Action Plan shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties,\n                                             taking into consideration the provisions of Article III of this Agreement.\n\n4  The Conservation Guidelines shall be submitted to the Meeting of the Parties for\n                                             adoption at its first session, and shall be regularly reviewed.\n\n1  Each Party shall:\n\na) designate the Authority or Authorities to implement this Agreement which shall, inter alia, monitor all activities that may have impact on the conservation status of those migratory\n                                                   waterbird species of which the Party is a Range State;\n\nb) designate a contact point for the other Parties, and communicate without delay its\n                                                   name and address to the Agreement secretariat to be circulated forthwith to the other\n                                                   Parties; and\n\nc) prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, beginning with the\n                                                   second session, a report on its implementation of the Agreement with particular reference\n                                                   to the conservation measures it has undertaken. The format of such reports shall be\n                                                   determined by the first session of the Meeting of the Parties and reviewed as may\n                                                   be necessary at any subsequent session of the Meeting of the Parties. Each report\n                                                   shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and twenty\n                                                   days before the ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties for which it has been\n                                                   prepared, and copies shall be circulated forthwith to the other Parties by the Agreement\n                                                   secretariat.\n\n2\n\na) Each Party shall contribute to the budget of the Agreement in accordance with the\n                                                   United Nations scale of assessment. The contributions shall be restricted to a maximum\n                                                   of 25 per cent of the total budget for any Party that is a Range State. No regional\n                                                   economic integration organization shall be required to contribute more than 2.5 per\n                                                   cent of the administrative costs.\n\nb) Decisions relating to the budget and any changes to the scale of assessment that may\n                                                   be found necessary shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties by consensus.\n\n3  The Meeting of the Parties may establish a conservation fund from voluntary contributions\n                                             of Parties or from any other source for the purpose of financing monitoring, research,\n                                             training and projects relating to the conservation, including protection and management,\n                                             of migratory waterbirds.\n\n4  Parties are encouraged to provide training and technical and financial support to\n                                             other Parties on a multilateral or bilateral basis to assist them in implementing\n                                             the provisions of this Agreement.\n\n1  The Meeting of the Parties shall be the decision-making body of this Agreement.\n\n2  The Depositary shall, in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, convene a\n                                             session of the Meeting of the Parties not later than one year after the date of the\n                                             entry into force of this Agreement. Thereafter, the Agreement secretariat shall convene,\n                                             in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, ordinary sessions of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Meeting of the\n                                             Parties decides otherwise. Where it is possible to do so, such sessions should be\n                                             held in conjunction with the ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties to\n                                             the Convention.\n\n3  On the written request of at least one third of the Parties, the Agreement secretariat\n                                             shall convene an extraordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.\n\n4  The United Nations, its Specialized Agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency,\n                                             any State not a Party to the Agreement, and the secretariats of international conventions\n                                             concerned inter alia with the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds\n                                             may be represented by observers in sessions of the Meeting of the Parties. Any agency\n                                             or body technically qualified in such conservation matters or in research on migratory\n                                             waterbirds may also be represented at sessions of the Meeting of the Parties by observers,\n                                             unless at least one third of the Parties present object.\n\n5  Only Parties have the right to vote. Each Party shall have one vote, but regional\n                                             economic integration organizations which are Parties to this Agreement shall, in matters\n                                             within their competence, exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal\n                                             to the number of their Member States which are Parties to the Agreement. A regional\n                                             economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to vote if its Member\n                                             States exercise theirs, and vice versa.vice versa.\n\n6  Unless provided otherwise in this Agreement, decisions of the Meeting of the Parties\n                                             shall be adopted by consensus or, if consensus cannot be achieved, by a two-thirds\n                                             majority of the Parties present and voting.\n\n7  At its first session, the Meeting of the Parties shall:\n\na) adopt its rules of procedure by consensus;\n\nb) establish an Agreement secretariat within the Convention Secretariat to perform the\n                                                   secretariat functions listed in Article VIII of this Agreement;\n\nc) establish the Technical Committee provided for in Article VII of this Agreement;\n\nd) adopt a format for the reports to be prepared according to Article V, paragraph 1,\n                                                   subparagraph c), of this Agreement; and\n\ne) adopt criteria to define emergency situations which require urgent conservation measures,\n                                                   and determine the modalities for assigning responsibility for action to be taken.\n\n8  At each of its ordinary sessions, the Meeting of the Parties shall:\n\na) consider actual and potential changes in the conservation status of migratory waterbirds\n                                                   and the habitats important for their survival, as well as the factors which may affect\n                                                   them;\n\nb) review the progress made and any difficulty encountered in the implementation of this\n                                                   Agreement;\n\nc) adopt a budget and consider any matters relating to the financial arrangements for\n                                                   this Agreement;\n\nd) deal with any matter relating to the Agreement secretariat and the membership of the\n                                                   Technical Committee;\n\ne) adopt a report for communication to the Parties to this Agreement and to the Conference\n                                                   of the Parties of the Convention; and\n\nf) determine the time and venue of the next session.\n\n9  At any of its sessions, the Meeting of the Parties may:\n\na) make recommendations to the Parties as it deems necessary or appropriate;\n\nb) adopt specific actions to improve the effectiveness of this Agreement and, as the\n                                                   case may be, emergency measures as provided for in Article VII, paragraph 4, of this\n                                                   Agreement;\n\nc) consider and decide upon proposals to amend this Agreement;\n\nd) amend the Action Plan in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 3, of this Agreement;\n\ne) establish such subsidiary bodies as it deems necessary to assist in the implementation\n                                                   of this Agreement, in particular for coordination with bodies established under other\n                                                   international treaties, conventions and agreements with overlapping geographic and\n                                                   taxonomic coverage; and\n\nf) decide on any other matter relating to the implementation of this Agreement.\n\n1  The Technical Committee shall comprise:\n\na) nine experts representing different regions of the Agreement Area, in accordance with\n                                                   a balanced geographical distribution;\n\nb) one representative from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural\n                                                   Resources (IUCN), one from the International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau\n                                                   (IWRB) and one from the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC);\n                                                   and\n\nc) one expert from each of the following fields: rural economics, game management, and\n                                                   environmental law.\n\nThe procedure for the appointment of the experts, the term of their appointment and\n                                             the procedure for designation of the Chairman of the Technical Committee shall be\n                                             determined by the Meeting of the Parties. The Chairman may admit a maximum of four\n                                             observers from specialized international inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations.\n\n2  Unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise, meetings of the Technical Committee\n                                             shall be convened by the Agreement secretariat in conjunction with each ordinary session\n                                             of the Meeting of the Parties and at least once between ordinary sessions of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties.\n\n3  The Technical Committee shall:\n\na) provide scientific and technical advice and information to the Meeting of the Parties\n                                                   and, through the Agreement secretariat, to Parties;\n\nb) make recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties concerning the Action Plan, implementation\n                                                   of the Agreement and further research to be carried out;\n\nc) prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties a report on its activities,\n                                                   which shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and\n                                                   twenty days before the session of the Meeting of the Parties, and copies shall be\n                                                   circulated forthwith by the Agreement secretariat to the Parties; and\n\nd) carry out any other tasks referred to it by the Meeting of the Parties.\n\n4  Where in the opinion of the Technical Committee there has arisen an emergency which\n                                             requires the adoption of immediate measures to avoid deterioration of the conservation\n                                             status of one or more migratory waterbird species, the Technical Committee may request\n                                             the Agreement secretariat to convene urgently a meeting of the Parties concerned.\n                                             These Parties shall meet as soon as possible thereafter to establish rapidly a mechanism\n                                             to give protection to the species identified as being subject to particularly adverse\n                                             threat. Where a recommendation has been adopted at such a meeting, the Parties concerned\n                                             shall inform each other and the Agreement secretariat of measures they have taken\n                                             to implement it, or of the reasons why the recommendation could not be implemented.\n\n5  The Technical Committee may establish such working groups as may be necessary to\n                                             deal with specific tasks.\n\nThe functions of the Agreement secretariat shall be:\n\na) to arrange and service the sessions of the Meeting of the Parties as well as the meetings\n                                             of the Technical Committee;\n\nb) to execute the decisions addressed to it by the Meeting of the Parties;\n\nc) to promote and coordinate activities under the Agreement, including the Action Plan,\n                                             in accordance with decisions of the Meeting of the Parties;\n\nd) to liaise with non-Party Range States and to facilitate coordination between the Parties\n                                             and with international and national organizations, the activities of which are directly\n                                             or indirectly relevant to the conservation, including protection and management, of\n                                             migratory waterbirds;\n\ne) to gather and evaluate information which will further the objectives and implementation\n                                             of the Agreement and to arrange for appropriate dissemination of such information;\n\nf) to invite the attention of the Meeting of the Parties to matters pertaining to the\n                                             objectives of this Agreement;\n\ng) to circulate copies of the reports of the Authorities referred to in Article V, paragraph\n                                             1, subparagraph a), of this Agreement and of the Technical Committee, along with copies\n                                             of the reports it must provide pursuant to paragraph (h) of this Article, to each\n                                             Party not less than sixty days before the commencement of each ordinary session of\n                                             the Meeting of the Parties;\n\nh) to prepare, on an annual basis and for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the\n                                             Parties, reports on the work of the secretariat and on the implementation of the Agreement;\n\ni) to administer the budget for the Agreement and, if established, its conservation fund;\n\nj) to provide information for the general public concerning the Agreement and its objectives;\n                                             and\n\nk) to perform such other functions as may be entrusted to it under the Agreement or by\n                                             the Meeting of the Parties.\n\nThe Agreement secretariat shall consult:\n\na) on a regular basis, the Convention Secretariat and, where appropriate, the bodies\n                                             responsible for the secretariat functions under Agreements concluded pursuant to Article IV, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Convention which are relevant to migratory waterbirds, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,\n                                             1968, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 1979, and the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, with a view to the Meeting of the Parties cooperating with the Parties to\n                                             these conventions on all matters of common interest and, in particular, in the development\n                                             and implementation of the Action Plan;\n\nb) the secretariats of other pertinent conventions and international instruments in respect\n                                             of matters of common interest; and\n\nc) other organizations competent in the field of conservation, including protection and\n                                             management, of migratory waterbirds and their habitats, as well as in the fields of\n                                             research, education and awareness raising.\n\n1  This Agreement may be amended at any ordinary or extraordinary session of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties.\n\n2  Proposals for amendment may be made by any Party.\n\n3  The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to\n                                             the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and fifty days before the opening\n                                             of the session. The Agreement secretariat shall transmit copies forthwith to the Parties.\n                                             Any comments on the text by the Parties shall be communicated to the Agreement secretariat\n                                             not less than sixty days before the opening of the session. The Secretariat shall,\n                                             as soon as possible after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to\n                                             the Parties all comments submitted by that day.\n\n4  An amendment to the Agreement other than an amendment to its annexes shall be adopted\n                                             by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force\n                                             for those Parties which have accepted it on the thirtieth day after the date on which\n                                             two thirds of the Parties to the Agreement at the date of the adoption of the amendment\n                                             have deposited their instruments of acceptance of the amendment with the Depositary.\n                                             For each Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which\n                                             two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance, the amendment\n                                             shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which it deposits its\n                                             instrument of acceptance.\n\n5  Any additional annexes and any amendment to an annex shall be adopted by a two-thirds\n                                             majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force for all Parties\n                                             on the ninetieth day after the date of its adoption by the Meeting of the Parties,\n                                             except for Parties which have entered a reservation in accordance with paragraph 6\n                                             of this Article.\n\n6  During the period of ninety days provided for in paragraph 5 of this Article, any\n                                             Party may by written notification to the Depositary enter a reservation with respect\n                                             to an additional annex or an amendment to an annex. Such reservation may be withdrawn\n                                             at any time by written notification to the Depositary, and thereupon the additional\n                                             annex or the amendment shall enter into force for that Party on the thirtieth day\n                                             after the date of withdrawal of the reservation.\n\n1  The provisions of this Agreement do not affect the rights and obligations of any\n                                             Party deriving from existing international treaties, conventions or agreements.\n\n2  The provisions of this Agreement shall in no way affect the right of any Party to\n                                             maintain or adopt stricter measures for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and\n                                             their habitats.\n\n1  Any dispute which may arise between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation\n                                             or application of the provisions of this Agreement shall be subject to negotiation\n                                             between the Parties involved in the dispute.\n\n2  If the dispute cannot be resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article,\n                                             the Parties may, by mutual consent, submit the dispute to arbitration, in particular\n                                             that of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and the Parties submitting\n                                             the dispute shall be bound by the arbitral decision.\n\n1  This Agreement shall be open for signature by any Range State, whether or not areas\n                                             under its jurisdiction lie within the Agreement Area, or regional economic integration\n                                             organization, at least one member of which is a Range State, either by:\n\na) signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval;\n                                                   or\n\nb) signature with reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, followed\n                                                   by ratification, acceptance or approval.\n\n2  This Agreement shall remain open for signature at The Hague until the date of its\n                                             entry into force.\n\n3  This Agreement shall be open for accession by any Range State or regional economic\n                                             integration organization mentioned in paragraph 1 above on and after the date of entry\n                                             into force of the Agreement.\n\n4  Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited\n                                             with the Depositary.\n\n1  This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month after at\n                                             least fourteen Range States or regional economic integration organizations, comprising\n                                             at least seven from Africa and seven from Eurasia, have signed without reservation\n                                             in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited their instruments\n                                             of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with Article XIII of this Agreement.\n\n2  For any Range State or regional economic integration organization which has:\n\na) signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance, or approval;\n\nb) ratified, accepted, or approved; or\n\nc) acceded to\n\nthis Agreement after the date on which the number of Range States and regional economic\n                                             integration organizations necessary to enable entry into force have signed it without\n                                             reservation or have ratified, accepted or approved it, this Agreement shall enter\n                                             into force on the first day of the third month following the signature without reservation,\n                                             or deposit, by that State or organization, of its instrument of ratification, acceptance,\n                                             approval or accession.\n\nThe provisions of this Agreement shall not be subject to general reservations. However,\n                                       a specific reservation may be entered by any State or regional economic integration\n                                       organization on signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance\n                                       or approval or, as the case may be, on depositing its instrument of ratification,\n                                       acceptance, approval or accession in respect of any species covered by the Agreement\n                                       or any specific provision of the Action Plan. Such a reservation may be withdrawn\n                                       at any time by the State or regional economic integration organization which had entered\n                                       it, by notification in writing to the Depositary; such a State or organization shall\n                                       not be bound by the provisions which are the object of the reservation until thirty\n                                       days after the date on which the reservation has been withdrawn.\n\nAny Party may denounce this Agreement by written notification to the Depositary at\n                                       any time. The denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date on which\n                                       the Depositary has received the notification.\n\n1  The original of this Agreement, in the Arabic, English, French and Russian languages,\n                                             each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Government of the\n                                             Kingdom of the Netherlands which shall be the Depositary. The Depositary shall transmit\n                                             certified copies of these versions to all States and regional economic integration\n                                             organizations referred to in Article XIII, paragraph 1, of this Agreement, and to\n                                             the Agreement secretariat after it has been established.\n\n2  As soon as this Agreement enters into force, a certified copy thereof shall be transmitted\n                                             by the Depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication\n                                             in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.\n\n3  The Depositary shall inform all States and regional economic integration organizations\n                                             that have signed or acceded to the Agreement, and the Agreement secretariat, of:\n\na) any signature;\n\nb) any deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;\n\nc) the date of entry into force of this Agreement and of any additional annex as well\n                                                   as of any amendment to the Agreement or to its annexes;\n\nd) any reservation with respect to an additional annex or to an amendment to an annex;\n\ne) any notification of withdrawal of a reservation; and\n\nf) any notification of denunciation of the Agreement.\n\nThe Depositary shall transmit to all States and regional economic integration organizations\n                                             that have signed or acceded to this Agreement, and to the Agreement secretariat, the\n                                             text of any reservation, of any additional annex and of any amendment to the Agreement\n                                             or to its annexes.\n\nIN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed\n                                    this Agreement.\n\nDONE at The Hague, this fifteenth day of August 1996.\n\nThe boundary of the Agreement area is defined as follows: from the North Pole south\n                                       along the 130\u00b0W line of longitude to 75\u00b0N; thence east and southeast through Viscount\n                                       Melville Sound, Prince Regent Inlet, the Gulf of Boothia, Foxe Basin, Foxe Channel\n                                       and Hudson Strait to a point in the northwest Atlantic at 60\u00b0N, 60\u00b0W; thence southeast\n                                       through the northwest Atlantic to a point at 50\u00b0N, 30\u00b0W; thence south along the 30\u00b0W\n                                       line of longitude to 10\u00b0N; thence southeast to the Equator at 20\u00b0W; thence south along\n                                       the 20\u00b0W line of longitude to 40\u00b0S; thence east along the 40\u00b0S line of latitude to\n                                       60\u00b0E; thence north along the 60\u00b0E line of longitude to 35\u00b0N; thence east-northeast\n                                       on a great circle to a point in the western Altai at 49\u00b0N, 87\u00b027`E; thence northeast\n                                       on a great circle to the coast of the Arctic Ocean at 130\u00b0E; thence north along the\n                                       130\u00b0E line of longitude to the North Pole. The outline of the Agreement Area is illustrated\n                                       on the following map.\n\nFamily ANATIDAE (ducks, geese, swans)\n\nDendrocygna viduata\n\nWhite-faced Whistling-duck\n\nDendrocygna bicolor\n\nFulvous Whistling-duck\n\nThalassornis leuconotus\n\nWhite-backed Duck\n\nOxyura maccoa\n\nMaccoa Duck\n\nOxyura leucocephala\n\nWhite-headed Duck\n\nCygnus olor\n\nMute Swan\n\nCygnus cygnus\n\nWhooper Swan\n\nCygnus columbianus\n\nTundra Swan\n\nBranta bernicla\n\nBrent Goose\n\nBranta leucopsis\n\nBarnacle Goose\n\nBranta ruficollis\n\nRed-breasted Goose\n\nAnser anser\n\nGreylag Goose\n\nAnser fabalis\n\nBean Goose\n\nAnser brachyrhynchus\n\nPink-footed Goose\n\nAnser albifrons\n\nGreater White-fronted Goose\n\nAnser erythropus\n\nLesser White-fronted Goose\n\nClangula hyemalis\n\nLong-tailed Duck\n\nSomateria spectabilis\n\nKing Eider\n\nSomateria mollissima\n\nCommon Eider\n\nPolysticta stelleri\n\nSteller\u2019s Eider\n\nMelanitta fusca\n\nVelvet Scoter\n\nMelanitta nigra\n\nCommon Scoter\n\nBucephala clangula\n\nCommon Goldeneye\n\nMergellus albellus\n\nSmew\n\nMergus merganser\n\nGoosander\n\nMergus serrator\n\nRed-breasted Merganser\n\nAlopochen aegyptiaca\n\nEgyptian Goose\n\nTadorna tadorna\n\nCommon Shelduck\n\nTadorna ferruginea\n\nRuddy Shelduck\n\nTadorna cana\n\nSouth African Shelduck\n\nPlectropterus gambensis\n\nSpur-winged Goose\n\nSarkidiornis melanotos\n\nAfrican Comb Duck\n\nNettapus auritus\n\nAfrican Pygmy-goose\n\nMarmaronetta angustirostris\n\nMarbled Teal\n\nNetta rufina\n\nRed-crested Pochard\n\nNetta erythrophthalma\n\nSouthern Pochard\n\nAythya ferina\n\nCommon Pochard\n\nAythya nyroca\n\nFerruginous Pochard\n\nAythya fuligula\n\nTufted Duck\n\nAythya marila\n\nGreater Scaup\n\nSpatula querquedula\n\nGarganey\n\nSpatula hottentota\n\nSpotted Teal\n\nSpatula clypeata\n\nNorthern Shoveler\n\nMareca strepera\n\nGadwall\n\nMareca penelope\n\nEurasian Wigeon\n\nAnas undulata\n\nYellow-billed Duck\n\nAnas platyrhynchos\n\nMallard\n\nAnas capensis\n\nCape Teal\n\nAnas erythrorhyncha\n\nRed-billed Teal\n\nAnas acuta\n\nNorthern Pintail\n\nAnas crecca\n\nCommon Teal\n\nFamily PODICIPEDIDAE (grebes)\n\nTachybaptus ruficollis\n\nLittle Grebe\n\nPodiceps grisegena\n\nRed-necked Grebe\n\nPodiceps cristatus\n\nGreat Crested Grebe\n\nPodiceps auritus\n\nHorned Grebe\n\nPodiceps nigricollis\n\nBlack-necked Grebe\n\nFamily PHOENICOPTERIDAE (flamingos)\n\nPhoenicopterus roseus\n\nGreater Flamingo\n\nPhoeniconaias minor\n\nLesser Flamingo\n\nFamily PHAETHONTIDAE (tropicbirds)\n\nPhaethon aethereus\n\nRed-billed Tropicbird\n\nPhaethon rubricauda\n\nRed-tailed Tropicbird\n\nPhaethon lepturus\n\nWhite-tailed Tropicbird\n\nFamily RALLIDAE (rails, gallinules, coots)\n\nSarothrura elegans\n\nBuff-spotted Flufftail\n\nSarothrura boehmi\n\nStreaky-breasted Flufftail\n\nSarothrura ayresi\n\nWhite-winged Flufftail\n\nRallus aquaticus\n\nWestern Water Rail\n\nRallus caerulescens\n\nAfrican Rail\n\nCrex egregia\n\nAfrican Crake\n\nCrex crex\n\nCorncrake\n\nPorzana porzana\n\nSpotted Crake\n\nZapornia flavirostra\n\nBlack Crake\n\nZapornia parva\n\nLittle Crake\n\nZapornia pusilla\n\nBaillon\u2019s Crake\n\nAmaurornis marginalis\n\nStriped Crake\n\nPorphyrio alleni\n\nAllen\u2019s Gallinule\n\nGallinula chloropus\n\nCommon Moorhen\n\nParagallinula angulata\n\nLesser Moorhen\n\nFulica cristata\n\nRed-knobbed Coot\n\nFulica atra\n\nCommon Coot\n\nFamily GRUIDAE (cranes)\n\nBalearica regulorum\n\nGrey Crowned Crane\n\nBalearica pavonina\n\nBlack Crowned Crane\n\nLeucogeranus leucogeranus\n\nSiberian Crane\n\nBugeranus carunculatus\n\nWattled Crane\n\nAnthropoides paradiseus\n\nBlue Crane\n\nAnthropoides virgo\n\nDemoiselle Crane\n\nGrus grus\n\nCommon Crane\n\nFamily GAVIIDAE (loons / divers)\n\nGavia stellata\n\nRed-throated Loon\n\nGavia arctica\n\nBlack-throated Loon\n\nGavia immer\n\nCommon Loon\n\nGavia adamsii\n\nYellow-billed Loon\n\nFamily SPHENISCIDAE (penguins)\n\nSpheniscus demersus\n\nAfrican Penguin\n\nFamily CICONIIDAE (storks)\n\nLeptoptilos crumenifer\n\nMarabou\n\nMycteria ibis\n\nYellow-billed Stork\n\nAnastomus lamelligerus\n\nAfrican Openbill\n\nCiconia nigra\n\nBlack Stork\n\nCiconia abdimii\n\nAbdim\u2019s Stork\n\nCiconia microscelis\n\nAfrican Woollyneck\n\nCiconia ciconia\n\nWhite Stork\n\nFamily THRESKIORNITHIDAE (ibises, spoonbills)\n\nPlatalea alba\n\nAfrican Spoonbill\n\nPlatalea leucorodia\n\nEurasian Spoonbill\n\nThreskiornis aethiopicus\n\nAfrican Sacred Ibis\n\nGeronticus eremita\n\nNorthern Bald Ibis\n\nPlegadis falcinellus\n\nGlossy Ibis\n\nFamily ARDEIDAE (herons)\n\nBotaurus stellaris\n\nEurasian Bittern\n\nIxobrychus minutus\n\nCommon Little Bittern\n\nIxobrychus sturmii\n\nDwarf Bittern\n\nNycticorax nycticorax\n\nBlack-crowned Night-heron\n\nArdeola ralloides\n\nSquacco Heron\n\nArdeola idae\n\nMadagascar Pond-heron\n\nArdeola rufiventris\n\nRufous-bellied Heron\n\nBubulcus ibis\n\nCattle Egret\n\nArdea cinerea\n\nGrey Heron\n\nArdea melanocephala\n\nBlack-headed Heron\n\nArdea purpurea\n\nPurple Heron\n\nArdea alba\n\nGreat White Egret\n\nArdea brachyrhyncha\n\nYellow-billed Egret\n\nEgretta ardesiaca\n\nBlack Heron\n\nEgretta vinaceigula\n\nSlaty Egret\n\nEgretta garzetta\n\nLittle Egret\n\nEgretta gularis\n\nWestern Reef-egret\n\nFamily BALAENICIPITIDAE (shoebill)\n\nBalaeniceps rex\n\nShoebill\n\nFamily PELECANIDAE (pelicans)\n\nPelecanus crispus\n\nDalmatian Pelican\n\nPelecanus rufescens\n\nPink-backed Pelican\n\nPelecanus onocrotalus\n\nGreat White Pelican\n\nFamily FREGATIDAE (frigatebirds)\n\nFregata ariel\n\nLesser Frigatebird\n\nFregata minor\n\nGreat Frigatebird\n\nFamily SULIDAE (gannets, boobies)\n\nMorus bassanus\n\nNorthern Gannet\n\nMorus capensis\n\nCape Gannet\n\nSula dactylatra\n\nMasked Booby\n\nFamily PHALACROCORACIDAE (cormorants)\n\nMicrocarbo coronatus\n\nCrowned Cormorant\n\nMicrocarbo pygmaeus\n\nPygmy Cormorant\n\nGulosus aristotelis\n\nEuropean Shag\n\nPhalacrocorax carbo\n\nGreat Cormorant\n\nPhalacrocorax capensis\n\nCape Cormorant\n\nPhalacrocorax nigrogularis\n\nSocotra Cormorant\n\nPhalacrocorax neglectus\n\nBank Cormorant\n\nFamily BURHINIDAE (thick-knees)\n\nBurhinus senegalensis\n\nSenegal Thick-knee\n\nFamily PLUVIANIDAE (Egyptian plover)\n\nPluvianus aegyptius\n\nEgyptian Plover\n\nFamily HAEMATOPODIDAE (oystercatchers)\n\nHaematopus moquini\n\nAfrican Oystercatcher\n\nHaematopus ostralegus\n\nEurasian Oystercatcher\n\nFamily RECURVIROSTRIDAE (avocets, stilts)\n\nRecurvirostra avosetta\n\nPied Avocet\n\nHimantopus himantopus\n\nBlack-winged Stilt\n\nFamily CHARADRIIDAE (plovers)\n\nPluvialis squatarola\n\nGrey Plover\n\nPluvialis apricaria\n\nEurasian Golden Plover\n\nPluvialis fulva\n\nPacific Golden Plover\n\nEudromias morinellus\n\nEurasian Dotterel\n\nCharadrius hiaticula\n\nCommon Ringed Plover\n\nCharadrius dubius\n\nLittle Ringed Plover\n\nCharadrius pecuarius\n\nKittlitz\u2019s Plover\n\nCharadrius tricollaris\n\nAfrican Three-banded Plover\n\nCharadrius forbesi\n\nForbes\u2019s Plover\n\nCharadrius marginatus\n\nWhite-fronted Plover\n\nCharadrius alexandrinus\n\nKentish Plover\n\nCharadrius pallidus\n\nChestnut-banded Plover\n\nCharadrius mongolus\n\nLesser Sandplover\n\nCharadrius leschenaultii\n\nGreater Sandplover\n\nCharadrius asiaticus\n\nCaspian Plover\n\nVanellus vanellus\n\nNorthern Lapwing\n\nVanellus spinosus\n\nSpur-winged Lapwing\n\nVanellus albiceps\n\nWhite-headed Lapwing\n\nVanellus lugubris\n\nSenegal Lapwing\n\nVanellus melanopterus\n\nBlack-winged Lapwing\n\nVanellus coronatus\n\nCrowned Lapwing\n\nVanellus senegallus\n\nWattled Lapwing\n\nVanellus superciliosus\n\nBrown-chested Lapwing\n\nVanellus gregarius\n\nSociable Lapwing\n\nVanellus leucurus\n\nWhite-tailed Lapwing\n\nFamily SCOLOPACIDAE (sandpipers, snipes, phalaropes)\n\nNumenius phaeopus\n\nWhimbrel\n\nNumenius tenuirostris\n\nSlender-billed Curlew\n\nNumenius arquata\n\nEurasian Curlew\n\nLimosa lapponica\n\nBar-tailed Godwit\n\nLimosa limosa\n\nBlack-tailed Godwit\n\nArenaria interpres\n\nRuddy Turnstone\n\nCalidris tenuirostris\n\nGreat Knot\n\nCalidris canutus\n\nRed Knot\n\nCalidris pugnax\n\nRuff\n\nCalidris falcinellus\n\nBroad-billed Sandpiper\n\nCalidris ferruginea\n\nCurlew Sandpiper\n\nCalidris temminckii\n\nTemminck\u2019s Stint\n\nCalidris alba\n\nSanderling\n\nCalidris alpina\n\nDunlin\n\nCalidris maritima\n\nPurple Sandpiper\n\nCalidris minuta\n\nLittle Stint\n\nScolopax rusticola\n\nEurasian Woodcock\n\nGallinago stenura\n\nPintail Snipe\n\nGallinago media\n\nGreat Snipe\n\nGallinago gallinago\n\nCommon Snipe\n\nLymnocryptes minimus\n\nJack Snipe\n\nPhalaropus lobatus\n\nRed-necked Phalarope\n\nPhalaropus fulicarius\n\nRed Phalarope\n\nXenus cinereus\n\nTerek Sandpiper\n\nActitis hypoleucos\n\nCommon Sandpiper\n\nTringa ochropus\n\nGreen Sandpiper\n\nTringa erythropus\n\nSpotted Redshank\n\nTringa nebularia\n\nCommon Greenshank\n\nTringa totanus\n\nCommon Redshank\n\nTringa glareola\n\nWood Sandpiper\n\nTringa stagnatilis\n\nMarsh Sandpiper\n\nFamily DROMADIDAE (crab-plover)\n\nDromas ardeola\n\nCrab-plover\n\nFamily GLAREOLIDAE (coursers, pratincoles)\n\nGlareola pratincola\n\nCollared Pratincole\n\nGlareola nordmanni\n\nBlack-winged Pratincole\n\nGlareola ocularis\n\nMadagascar Pratincole\n\nGlareola nuchalis\n\nRock Pratincole\n\nGlareola cinerea\n\nGrey Pratincole\n\nFamily LARIDAE (gulls, terns, skimmers)\n\nAnous stolidus\n\nBrown Noddy\n\nAnous tenuirostris\n\nLesser Noddy\n\nRynchops flavirostris\n\nAfrican Skimmer\n\nHydrocoloeus minutus\n\nLittle Gull\n\nXema sabini\n\nSabine\u2019s Gull\n\nRissa tridactyla\n\nBlack-legged Kittiwake\n\nLarus genei\n\nSlender-billed Gull\n\nLarus ridibundus\n\nBlack-headed Gull\n\nLarus hartlaubii\n\nHartlaub\u2019s Gull\n\nLarus cirrocephalus\n\nGrey-headed Gull\n\nLarus ichthyaetus\n\nPallas\u2019s Gull\n\nLarus melanocephalus\n\nMediterranean Gull\n\nLarus hemprichii\n\nSooty Gull\n\nLarus leucophthalmus\n\nWhite-eyed Gull\n\nLarus audouinii\n\nAudouin\u2019s Gull\n\nLarus canus\n\nMew Gull\n\nLarus dominicanus\n\nKelp Gull\n\nLarus fuscus\n\nLesser Black-backed Gull\n\nLarus argentatus\n\nEuropean Herring Gull\n\nLarus armenicus\n\nArmenian Gull\n\nLarus michahellis\n\nYellow-legged Gull\n\nLarus cachinnans\n\nCaspian Gull\n\nLarus glaucoides\n\nIceland Gull\n\nLarus hyperboreus\n\nGlaucous Gull\n\nLarus marinus\n\nGreat Black-backed Gull\n\nOnychoprion fuscatus\n\nSooty Tern\n\nOnychoprion anaethetus\n\nBridled Tern\n\nSternula albifrons\n\nLittle Tern\n\nSternula saundersi\n\nSaunders\u2019s Tern\n\nSternula balaenarum\n\nDamara Tern\n\nGelochelidon nilotica\n\nCommon Gull-billed Tern\n\nHydroprogne caspia\n\nCaspian Tern\n\nChlidonias hybrida\n\nWhiskered Tern\n\nChlidonias leucopterus\n\nWhite-winged Tern\n\nChlidonias niger\n\nBlack Tern\n\nSterna dougallii\n\nRoseate Tern\n\nSterna hirundo\n\nCommon Tern\n\nSterna repressa\n\nWhite-cheeked Tern\n\nSterna paradisaea\n\nArctic Tern\n\nSterna vittata\n\nAntarctic Tern\n\nThalasseus bengalensis\n\nLesser Crested Tern\n\nThalasseus sandvicensis\n\nSandwich Tern\n\nThalasseus maximus\n\nRoyal Tern\n\nThalasseus bergii\n\nGreater Crested Tern\n\nFamily STERCORARIIDAE (skuas)\n\nStercorarius longicaudus\n\nLong-tailed Jaeger\n\nCatharacta skua\n\nGreat Skua\n\nFamily ALCIDAE (auks)\n\nFratercula arctica\n\nAtlantic Puffin\n\nCepphus grylle\n\nBlack Guillemot\n\nAlca torda\n\nRazorbill\n\nAlle alle\n\nLittle Auk\n\nUria lomvia\n\nThick-billed Murre\n\nUria aalge\n\nCommon Murre\n\n1.1. The Action Plan is applicable to the populations of migratory waterbirds listed in\n                                             Table 1 to this Annex (hereafter referred to as \u201cTable 1\u201d).\n\n1.2. Table 1 forms an integral part of this Annex. Any reference to this Action Plan includes\n                                             a reference to Table 1.\n\n2.1. \nLegal measures\n\n2.1.1. Parties with populations listed in Column A of Table 1 shall provide protection to\n                                                   those populations listed in accordance with Article III, paragraph 2(a), of this Agreement.\n                                                   Such Parties shall in particular and subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below:\n\na) prohibit the taking of birds and eggs of those populations occurring in their territory;\n\nb) prohibit deliberate disturbance in so far as such disturbance would be significant\n                                                         for the conservation of the population concerned; and\n\nc) prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds or eggs of those populations\n                                                         which have been taken in contravention of the prohibitions laid down pursuant to subparagraph\n                                                         (a) above, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade in, any readily\n                                                         recognizable parts or derivatives of such birds and their eggs.\n\nBy way of exception for those populations listed in Categories 2 and 3 in Column A\n                                                   and which are marked by an asterisk, and those populations listed in Category 4 in\n                                                   Column A, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis1. This sustainable use shall be conducted within the framework of an international\n                                                   species action plan, through which Parties will endeavour to implement the principles\n                                                   of adaptive harvest management.2 Such use shall, as a minimum, be subject to the same legal measures as the taking\n                                                   of birds from populations listed in Column B of Table 1, as required in paragraph\n                                                   2.1.2 below.\n\n2.1.2. Parties with populations listed in Table 1 shall regulate the taking of birds and\n                                                   eggs of all populations listed in Column B of Table 1. The object of such legal measures\n                                                   shall be to maintain or contribute to the restoration of those populations to a favourable\n                                                   conservation status and to ensure, on the basis of the best available knowledge of\n                                                   population dynamics, that any taking or other use is sustainable. Such legal measures,\n                                                   subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below, shall in particular:\n\na) prohibit the taking of birds belonging to the populations concerned during their various\n                                                         stages of reproduction and rearing and during their return to their breeding grounds\n                                                         if the taking has an unfavourable impact on the conservation status of the population\n                                                         concerned;\n\nb) regulate the modes of taking, and in particular prohibit the use of all indiscriminate\n                                                         means of taking and the use of all means capable of causing mass destructions, as\n                                                         well as local disappearance of, or serious disturbance to, populations of a species,\n                                                         including:\n\n\u2013 snares,\n\n\u2013 limes,\n\n\u2013 hooks,\n\n\u2013 live birds which are blind or mutilated used as decoys,\n\n\u2013 tape recorders and other electronic devices,\n\n\u2013 electrocuting devices,\n\n\u2013 artificial light sources,\n\n\u2013 mirrors and other dazzling devices,\n\n\u2013 devices for illuminating targets,\n\n\u2013 sighting devices for night shooting comprising an electronic image magnifier or image\n                                                               converter,\n\n\u2013 explosives,\n\n\u2013 nets,\n\n\u2013 traps,\n\n\u2013 poison,\n\n\u2013 poisoned or anesthetic baits,\n\n\u2013 semi-automatic or automatic weapons with a magazine capable of holding more than two\n                                                               rounds of ammunition, hunting from aircraft, motor vehicles, or boats driven at a\n                                                               speed exceeding 5 km p/h (18 km p/h on the open sea).\n\nParties may grant exemptions from the prohibitions laid down in paragraph 2.1.2 (b)\n                                                         to accommodate use for livelihood purposes, where sustainable;\n\nc) establish limits on taking, where appropriate, and provide adequate controls to ensure\n                                                         that these limits are observed; and\n\nd) prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds and eggs of the populations\n                                                         which have been taken in contravention of any prohibition laid down pursuant to the\n                                                         provisions of this paragraph, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade\n                                                         in, any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of such birds and their eggs.\n\n2.1.3. Parties may grant exemptions to the prohibitions laid down in paragraphs 2.1.1 and\n                                                   2.1.2, irrespective of the provisions of Article III, paragraph 5, of the Convention,\n                                                   where there is no other satisfactory solution, for the following purposes:\n\na) to prevent serious damage to crops, water and fisheries;\n\nb) in the interests of air safety, public health and public safety, or for other imperative\n                                                         reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature\n                                                         and beneficial consequences of primary importance to the environment;\n\nc) for the purpose of research and education, of re-establishment and for the breeding\n                                                         necessary for these purposes;\n\nd) to permit under strictly supervised conditions, on a selective basis and to a limited\n                                                         extent, the taking and keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small numbers;\n                                                         and\n\ne) for the purpose of enhancing the propagation or survival of the populations concerned.\n\nSuch exemptions shall be precise as to content and limited in space and time and shall\n                                                   not operate to the detriment of the populations listed in Table 1. Parties shall,\n                                                   as soon as possible, inform the Agreement secretariat of any exemptions granted pursuant\n                                                   to this provision.\n\n2.2. \n Single Species Action Plans\n\n2.2.1. Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing and implementing international single\n                                                   species action plans for populations listed in Category 1 of Column A of Table 1 as\n                                                   a priority and for those populations listed with an asterisk in Column A of Table\n                                                   1. The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development, harmonization and implementation\n                                                   of such plans.\n\n2.2.2. Parties shall prepare and implement national single species action plans for the populations\n                                                   listed in Column A of Table 1 with a view to improving their overall conservation\n                                                   status. This action plan shall include special provisions for those populations marked\n                                                   with an asterisk. When appropriate, the problem of accidental killing of birds by\n                                                   hunters as a result of incorrect identification of the species should be considered.\n\n2.3. \n Emergency Measures\n\nParties shall, in close cooperation with each other whenever possible and relevant,\n                                             develop and implement emergency measures for populations listed in Table 1, when exceptionally\n                                             unfavourable or endangering conditions occur anywhere in the Agreement Area.\n\n2.4. \n Re-establishments\n\nParties shall exercise the greatest care when re-establishing populations listed in\n                                             Table 1 into parts of their traditional range where they no longer exist. They shall\n                                             endeavour to develop and follow a detailed re-establishment plan based on appropriate\n                                             scientific studies. Re-establishment plans should constitute an integral part of national\n                                             and, where appropriate, international single species action plans. A re-establishment\n                                             plan should include assessment of the impact on the environment and shall be made\n                                             widely available. Parties shall inform the Agreement secretariat, in advance, of all\n                                             re-establishment programme for populations listed in Table 1.\n\n2.5. \nIntroductions\n\n2.5.1. Parties shall prohibit the introduction into the environment of non-native species\n                                                   of animals and plants which may be detrimental to the populations listed in Table\n                                                   1.\n\n2.5.2. Parties shall require the taking of appropriate precautions to avoid the accidental\n                                                   escape of captive animals belonging to non-native species, which may be detrimental\n                                                   to the populations listed in Table 1.\n\n2.5.3. Parties shall take measures to the extent feasible and appropriate, including taking,\n                                                   to ensure that when non-native species or hybrids thereof have already been introduced\n                                                   into their territory, those species or their hybrids do not pose a potential hazard\n                                                   to the populations listed in Table 1.\n\n3.1. \n Habitat Inventories\n\n3.1.1. Parties, in liaison where appropriate with competent international organizations,\n                                                   shall undertake and publish national inventories of the habitats within their territory\n                                                   which are important to the populations listed in Table 1.\n\n3.1.2. Parties shall endeavour, as a matter of priority, to identify all sites of international\n                                                   or national importance for populations listed in Table 1.\n\n3.2. \n Conservation of Areas\n\n3.2.1. Parties shall endeavour to continue establishing protected areas to conserve habitats\n                                                   important for the populations listed in Table 1, and to develop and implement management\n                                                   plans for these areas.\n\n3.2.2. Parties shall endeavour to give special protection to those wetlands3 which meet internationally accepted criteria of international importance.\n\n3.2.3. Parties shall endeavour to make wise and sustainable use of all of the wetlands in\n                                                   their territory. In particular they shall endeavour to avoid degradation and loss\n                                                   of habitats that support populations listed in Table 1 through the introduction of\n                                                   appropriate regulations or standards and control measures. In particular, they shall\n                                                   endeavour to:\n\na) ensure, where practicable, that adequate statutory controls are in place, relating\n                                                         to the use of agricultural chemicals, pest control procedures and the disposal of\n                                                         waste water, which are in accordance with international norms, for the purpose of\n                                                         minimizing their adverse impacts on the populations listed in Table 1; and\n\nb) prepare and distribute information materials, in the appropriate languages, describing\n                                                         such regulations, standards and control measures in force and their benefits to people\n                                                         and wildlife.\n\n3.2.4. Parties shall endeavour to develop strategies, according to an ecosystem approach,\n                                                   for the conservation of the habitats of all populations listed in Table 1, including\n                                                   the habitats of those populations that are dispersed.\n\n3.3. \n Rehabilitation and Restoration\n\nParties shall endeavour to rehabilitate or restore, where feasible and appropriate,\n                                             areas which were previously important for the populations listed in Table 1, including\n                                             areas that suffer degradation as a result of the impacts of factors such as climate\n                                             change, hydrological change, agriculture, spread of aquatic invasive non-native species,\n                                             natural succession, uncontrolled fires, unsustainable use, eutrophication and pollution.\n\n4.1. \n Hunting\n\n4.1.1. Parties shall cooperate to ensure that their hunting legislation implements the principle\n                                                   of sustainable use as envisaged in this Action Plan, taking into account the full\n                                                   geographical range of the waterbird populations concerned and their life history characteristics.\n\n4.1.2. The Agreement secretariat shall be kept informed by the Parties of their legislation\n                                                   relating to the hunting of populations listed in Table 1.\n\n4.1.3. Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing a reliable and harmonized system\n                                                   for the collection of harvest data in order to assess the annual harvest of populations\n                                                   listed in Table 1. They shall provide the Agreement secretariat with estimates of\n                                                   the total annual take for each population, when available.\n\n4.1.4. Parties shall endeavour to phase out the use of lead shot for hunting in wetlands\n                                                   as soon as possible in accordance with self-imposed and published timetables.\n\n4.1.5. \u2026\n\n4.1.6. Parties shall develop and implement measures to reduce, and as far as possible eliminate,\n                                                   illegal taking.\n\n4.1.7. Where appropriate, Parties shall encourage hunters, at local, national and international\n                                                   levels, to form clubs or organizations to coordinate their activities and to help\n                                                   ensure sustainability.\n\n4.1.8. Parties shall, where appropriate, promote the requirement of a proficiency test for\n                                                   hunters, including among other things, bird identification.\n\n4.2. \n Eco-tourism\n\n4.2.1. Parties shall encourage, where appropriate but not in the case of core zones of protected\n                                                   areas, the elaboration of cooperative programmes between all concerned to develop\n                                                   sensitive and appropriate eco-tourism at wetlands holding concentrations of populations\n                                                   listed in Table 1.\n\n4.2.2. Parties, in cooperation with competent international organisations, shall endeavour\n                                                   to evaluate the costs, benefits and other consequences that can result from eco-tourism\n                                                   at selected wetlands with concentrations of populations listed in Table 1. They shall\n                                                   communicate the results of any such evaluations to the Agreement secretariat.\n\n4.3. \n Other Human Activities\n\n4.3.1. Parties shall assess the impact of proposed projects which are likely to lead to conflicts\n                                                   between populations listed in Table 1 that are in the areas referred to in paragraph\n                                                   3.2 and human interests, and shall make the results of the assessment publicly available.\n\n4.3.2. Parties shall endeavour to gather information on the damage, in particular to crops\n                                                   and to fisheries, caused by populations listed in Table 1, and report the results\n                                                   to the Agreement secretariat.\n\n4.3.3. Parties shall cooperate with a view to identifying appropriate techniques to minimize\n                                                   damage, or to mitigate the effects of damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries,\n                                                   caused by populations listed in Table 1, drawing on the experience gained elsewhere\n                                                   in the world.\n\n4.3.4. Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing single species management plans\n                                                   for populations which cause significant damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries.\n                                                   The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development and harmonization of such\n                                                   plans.\n\n4.3.5. Parties shall, as far as possible, promote high environmental standards in the planning\n                                                   and construction of structures to minimize their impact on populations listed in Table\n                                                   1. They should consider steps to minimize the impact of structures already in existence\n                                                   where it becomes evident that they constitute a negative impact for the populations\n                                                   concerned.\n\n4.3.6. In cases where human disturbance threatens the conservation status of waterbird populations\n                                                   listed in Table 1, Parties should endeavour to take measures to limit the level of\n                                                   threat. Special attention should be given to the problem of human disturbance at breeding\n                                                   colonies of colonially-nesting waterbirds, especially when they are situated in the\n                                                   areas which are popular for outdoor recreation. Appropriate measures might include,\n                                                   inter alia, the establishment of disturbance-free zones in protected areas where public access\n                                                   is not permitted.\n\n4.3.7. Parties are urged to take appropriate actions nationally or through the framework\n                                                   of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and relevant international\n                                                   organisations to minimise the impact of fisheries4 on migratory waterbirds, and where possible cooperate within these forums, in order\n                                                   to decrease the mortality in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction; appropriate\n                                                   measures shall especially address incidental killing and bycatch in fishing gear including\n                                                   the use of gill nets, longlines and trawling.\n\n4.3.8. Parties are also urged to take appropriate actions nationally or through the framework\n                                                   of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and relevant international\n                                                   organisations to minimise the impact of fisheries on migratory waterbirds resulting\n                                                   in particular from unsustainable fishing that causes depletion of food resources for\n                                                   migratory waterbirds.\n\n4.3.9. Parties shall establish and effectively enforce adequate statutory pollution controls\n                                                   in accordance with international norms and legal agreements, particularly as related\n                                                   to oil spills, discharge and dumping of solid wastes, for the purpose of minimizing\n                                                   their impacts on the populations listed in Table 1.\n\n4.3.10. Parties shall establish appropriate measures, ideally to eliminate or otherwise to\n                                                   mitigate the threat from non-native terrestrial predators to breeding migratory waterbirds\n                                                   on islands and islets. Measures should refer to contingency planning to prevent invasion,\n                                                   emergency responses to remove introduced predators, and restoration programmes for\n                                                   islands where predator populations are already established.\n\n4.3.11. Parties are urged to establish appropriate measures to tackle threats to migratory\n                                                   waterbirds from aquaculture, including environmental assessment for developments that\n                                                   threaten wetlands of importance for waterbirds, especially when dealing with new or\n                                                   enlargement of existing installations, and involving issues such as pollution (e.g.\n                                                   from residues of pharmaceutical treatments used in aquaculture or eutrophication),\n                                                   habitat loss, entanglement risks, and introduction of non-native and potentially invasive\n                                                   species.\u201d\n\n4.3.12. Parties, the Agreement secretariat and the Technical Committee will as appropriate\n                                                   work together to provide further documentation on the nature and scale of the effects\n                                                   of lead fishing weights on waterbirds and to consider that documentation, noting that\n                                                   lead in general poses a threat to the environment with harmful effects on waterbirds.\n                                                   Parties will, as appropriate, seek alternatives to lead fishing weights, taking into\n                                                   consideration the impact on waterbirds and water quality.\n\n5.1. Parties shall endeavour to carry out survey work in poorly known areas, which may\n                                             hold important concentrations of the populations listed in Table 1. The results of\n                                             such surveys shall be disseminated widely.\n\n5.2. Parties shall endeavour to monitor the populations listed in Table 1. The results\n                                             of such monitoring shall be published or sent to appropriate international organizations,\n                                             to enable reviews of population status and trends.\n\n5.3. Parties shall cooperate to improve the measurement of bird population trends as a\n                                             criterion for describing the status of such populations.\n\n5.4. Parties shall cooperate with a view to determining the migration routes of all populations\n                                             listed in Table 1, using available knowledge of breeding and non-breeding season distributions\n                                             and census results, and by participating in coordinated ringing programmes.\n\n5.5. Parties shall endeavour to initiate and support joint research projects into the ecology\n                                             and population dynamics of populations listed in Table 1 and their habitats, in order\n                                             to determine their specific requirements as well as the techniques which are the most\n                                             appropriate for their conservation and management.\n\n5.6. Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the effects of wetland loss and degradation\n                                             and disturbance on the carrying capacity of wetlands used by the populations listed\n                                             in Table 1 and on the migration patterns of such populations.\n\n5.7. Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the impact of hunting and trade on\n                                             the populations listed in Table 1 and on the importance of these forms of utilization\n                                             to the local and national economy.\n\n5.8. Parties shall endeavour to cooperate with relevant international organisations and\n                                             to support research and monitoring projects.\n\n6.1. Parties shall, where necessary, arrange for training programmes to ensure that personnel\n                                             responsible for the implementation of this Action Plan have an adequate knowledge\n                                             to implement it effectively.\n\n6.2. Parties shall cooperate with each other and the Agreement secretariat with a view\n                                             to developing training programmes and exchanging resource materials.\n\n6.3. Parties shall endeavour to develop programmes, information materials and mechanisms\n                                             to improve the level of awareness of the general public with regard to the objectives,\n                                             provisions and contents of this Action Plan. In this regard, particular attention\n                                             shall be given to those people living in and around important wetlands, to users of\n                                             these wetlands (hunters, fishermen, tourists, etc.) and to local authorities and other\n                                             decision makers.\n\n6.4. Parties shall endeavour to undertake specific public awareness campaigns for the conservation\n                                             of the populations listed in Table 1.\n\n7.1. When implementing this Action Plan, Parties shall, when appropriate, give priority\n                                             to those populations listed in Column A of Table 1.\n\n7.2. Where, in the case of populations listed in Table 1, more than one population of the\n                                             same species occurs on the territory of a Party, that Party shall apply conservation\n                                             measures appropriate to the population or populations that have the poorest conservation\n                                             status.\n\n7.3. The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and with the\n                                             assistance of experts from Range States, shall coordinate the development of conservation\n                                             guidelines in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 4, of this Agreement to assist\n                                             the Parties in the implementation of this Action Plan. The Agreement secretariat shall\n                                             ensure, where possible, coherence with guidelines approved under other international\n                                             instruments. These conservation guidelines shall aim at introducing the principle\n                                             of sustainable use. They shall cover, inter alia:\n\na) single species action plans;\n\nb) emergency measures;\n\nc) preparation of site inventories and habitat management methods;\n\nd) hunting practices;\n\ne) trade in waterbirds;\n\nf) tourism;\n\ng) reducing crop damage; and\n\nh) a waterbird monitoring protocol.\n\n7.4. The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and the Parties,\n                                             shall prepare a series of international reviews necessary for the implementation of\n                                             this Action Plan, including:\n\na) reports on the status and trends of populations;\n\nb) gaps in information from surveys;\n\nc) the networks of sites used by each population, including reviews of the protection\n                                                   status of each site as well as of the management measures taken in each case;\n\nd) pertinent hunting and trade legislation in each country relating to the species listed\n                                                   in Annex 2 to this Agreement;\n\ne) the stage of preparation and implementation of single species action plans;\n\nf) re-establishment projects; and\n\ng) the status of introduced non-native waterbird species and hybrids thereof.\n\n7.5. The Agreement secretariat shall endeavour to ensure that the reviews mentioned in\n                                             paragraph 7.4 are updated at the following intervals:\n\na) every session of the Meeting of the Parties; b) \u2013 every second session of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties; c) \u2013 every second session of the Meeting of the Parties; d) \u2013 every\n                                             third session of the Meeting of the Parties; e) \u2013 every second session of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties; f) \u2013 every third session of the Meeting of the Parties; g) \u2013 every\n                                             second session of the Meeting of the Parties.\n\n7.6. The Technical Committee shall assess the guidelines and reviews prepared under paragraphs\n                                             7.3 and 7.4, and shall formulate draft recommendations and resolutions relating to\n                                             their development, content and implementation for consideration at sessions of the\n                                             Meeting of the Parties.\n\n7.7. The Agreement secretariat shall regularly undertake a review of potential mechanisms\n                                             for providing additional resources (funds and technical assistance) for the implementation\n                                             of this Action Plan, and shall make a report to each ordinary session of the Meeting\n                                             of the Parties.\n\nKey to classification\n\nThe following key to Table 1 is a basis for implementation of the Action Plan:\n\nColumn A\n\nCategory 1:\n\na) Species, which are included in Appendix I to the Convention on the Conservation\n                                                      of Migratory species of Wild Animals;\n\nb) Species, which are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red list of Threatened Species,\n                                                      as reported in the most recent summary by BirdLife International; or\n\nc) Populations, which number less than around 10,000 individuals.\n\nCategory 2:\n\nPopulations numbering between around 10,000 and around 25,000 individuals.\n\nCategory 3:\n\nPopulations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and considered\n                                                      to be at risk as a result of:\n\na) Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle;\n\nb) Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat;\n\nc) Showing long-term decline;\n\nd) Showing large fluctuations in population size or trend;\n\ne) Showing rapid short-term decline; or\n\nf) Being data deficient.\n\nCategory 4:\n\nSpecies, which are listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatenend species,\n                                                      as reported in the most recent summary by BirdLife International, but do not fulfil\n                                                      the conditions in respect of Categories 1, 2 or 3, as described above, and which are\n                                                      pertinent for international action.\n\nFor species listed in Categories 2, 3 and 4 above, see paragraph 2.1.1 of the Action\n                                                      Plan contained in Annex 3 to the Agreement.\n\nColumn B\n\nCategory 1:\n\nPopulations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and which\n                                                      do not fulfil the conditions in respect of Column A, as described above.\n\nCategory 2:\n\nPopulations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals, which do not fulfil the\n                                                      conditions in respect of Column A, and considered to be in need of special attention\n                                                      as a result of:\n\na) Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle;\n\nb) Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat;\n\nc) Showing long-term decline;\n\nd) Showing large fluctuations in population size or trend;\n\ne) Showing rapid short-term decline; or\n\nf) Being data deficient.\n\nColumn C\n\nCategory 1:\n\nPopulations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals which could significantly\n                                                      benefit from international cooperation and which do not fulfil the conditions in respect\n                                                      of either Column A or Column B, above.\n\nReview of table 1\n\nThe Table shall be:\n\na) Reviewed regularly by the Technical Committee in accordance with article VII, paragraph 3(b), of the Agreement; and\n\nb) Amended as necessary by the Meeting of the Parties, in accordance with article VI, paragraph 9(d) of the Agreement, in light of the conclusions of such reviews.\n\nDefinition of geographical terms used in range descriptions\n\nNote that waterbird ranges respect biological, not political, boundaries and that\n                                       precise alignment of biological and political entities is extremely unusual. The range\n                                       desctiptions used have no political significance and are for general guidance only,\n                                       and for concise, mapped summaries of waterbird ranges, practitioners should consult\n                                       the Critical Site Network Tool internet portal:\n\nhttp://criticalsites.wetlands.org/en\n\nNorth Africa\n\nAlgeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.\n\nWest Africa\n\nBenin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Chad, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana,\n                                                      Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra\n                                                      Leone, Togo.\n\nEastern Africa\n\nBurundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan,\n                                                      Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania.\n\nNorth-west Africa\n\nAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia.\n\nNorth-east Africa\n\nDjibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan.\n\nSouthern Africa\n\nAngola, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia,\n                                                      Zimbabwe.\n\nCentral Africa\n\nCameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial\n                                                      Guinea, Gabon, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe.\n\nSub-Saharan Africa\n\nAll African states south of the Sahara.\n\nTropical Africa\n\nSub-Saharan Africa excluding Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa.\n\nWestern Palearctic\n\nAs defined in Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Cramp & Simmons 1977).\n\nNorth-west Europe\n\nBelgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,\n                                                      Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n\nWestern Europe\n\nNorth-west Europe with Portugal and Spain.\n\nNorth-east Europe\n\nThe northern part of the Russian Federation west of the Urals.\n\nNorth Europe\n\nNorth-west Europe and North-east Europe, as defined above.\n\nEastern Europe\n\nBelarus, the Russian Federation west of the Urals, Ukraine.\n\nCentral Europe\n\nAustria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,\n                                                      Poland, the Russian Federation around the Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad, Slovakia,\n                                                      Switzerland.\n\nSouth-west Europe\n\nMediterranean France, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain.\n\nSouth-east Europe\n\nAlbania, Armenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece,\n                                                      North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, T\u00fcrkiye.\n\nSouth Europe\n\nSouth-west Europe and South-east Europe, as defined above.\n\nNorth Atlantic\n\nFaroes, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the north-west coast of the Russian Federation,\n                                                      Svalbard, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n\nEast Atlantic\n\nAtlantic seaboard of Europe and North Africa from northern Norway to Morocco.\n\nWestern Siberia\n\nThe Russian Federation east of the Urals to the Yenisey River and south to the Kazakhstan\n                                                      border.\n\nCentral Siberia\n\nThe Russian Federation from the Yenisey River to the eastern boundary of the Taimyr\n                                                      Peninsula and south to the Altai Mountains.\n\nWest Mediterranean\n\nAlgeria, France, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Tunisia.\n\nEast Mediterranean\n\nAlbania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon,\n                                                      Libya, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, the Syrian Arab Republic, North Macedonia, T\u00fcrkiye.\n\nBlack Sea\n\nArmenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation,\n                                                      T\u00fcrkiye, Ukraine.\n\nCaspian\n\nAzerbaijan, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, South-west Russia, Turkmenistan,\n                                                      Uzbekistan.\n\nSouth-west Asia\n\nBahrain, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon,\n                                                      Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, eastern T\u00fcrkiye, Turkmenistan,\n                                                      the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen.\n\nGulf\n\nThe Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea west to the Gulf of Aden.\n\nWestern Asia\n\nWestern parts of the Russian Federation east of the Urals and the Caspian countries.\n\nCentral Asia\n\nAfghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.\n\nSouthern Asia\n\nBangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.\n\nIndian Ocean\n\nComoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles.\n\nKey to abbreviations and symbols\n\nbre:\n\nbreeding\n\nwin:\n\nwintering\n\nN:\n\nNorthern\n\nE:\n\nEastern\n\nS:\n\nSouthern\n\nW:\n\nWestern\n\nNE:\n\nNorth-eastern\n\nNW:\n\nNorth-western\n\nSE:\n\nSouth-eastern\n\nSW:\n\nSouth-western\n\n(): The population status is uncertain. The conservation status is estimated based\n                                       on statistically uncertain trend or unknown population size.\n\n*: By way of exception for those populations listed in Categories 2 and 3 in Column\n                                       A and which are marked by an asterisk, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis.\n                                       This sustainable use shall be conducted within the framework of special provisions\n                                       of an international species action plan, which shall seek to implement the principles\n                                       of adaptive harvest management (see paragraph 2.1.1 of Annex 3 to the Agreement).\n\nNotes\n\n1. The population data used to compile Table 1 as far as possible correspond to the number\n                                             of individuals in the potential breeding stock in the Agreement area. The status is\n                                             based on the best available published population estimates.\n\n2. Suffixes (bre) or (win) in population listings are solely aids to population identification.\n                                             They do not indicate seasonal restrictions to actions in respect of these populations\n                                             under the Agreement and Action Plan.\n\n3. The brief descriptions used to identify the populations are based on the descriptions\n                                             used in the most recently published edition of Waterbird Population Estimates.\n\n4. Slash signs (/) are used to separate breeding areas from wintering areas.\n\n5. Where a species\u2019 population is listed in Table 1 with multiple categorisations, the\n                                             obligations of the Action Plan relate to the strictest category listed.\n\nPopulations\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nFamily ANATIDAE (ducks, geese, swans)\n\nDendrocygna viduata (White-faced Whistling-duck)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (Senegal to Chad)\n\n(2e)\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n1\n\nDendrocygna bicolor (Fulvous Whistling-duck)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (Senegal to Chad)\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nThalassornis leuconotus leuconotus (White-backed Duck)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n2*\n\nOxyura maccoa (Maccoa Duck)\n\n\u2013 Ethiopian highlands\n\n1b 1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n1b 1c\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1b 1c\n\nOxyura leucocephala (White-headed Duck)\n\n\u2013 West Mediterranean (Spain & Morocco)\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 Algeria & Tunisia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean, T\u00fcrkiye & South-west Asia\n\n1a 1b 2\n\nCygnus olor (Mute Swan)\n\n\u2013 North-west Mainland & Central Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & Central Asia/Caspian\n\n1\n\nCygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan)\n\n\u2013 Iceland/UK & Ireland\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-west Mainland Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 N Europe & W Siberia/Black Sea & E Mediterranean\n\n2\n\n\u2013 West & Central Siberia/Caspian\n\n2\n\nCygnus columbianus bewickii (Tundra Swan, Bewick\u2019s Swan)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & NE Europe/North-west Europe\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/Caspian\n\n1c\n\nBranta bernicla bernicla (Brent Goose, Dark-bellied Brent Goose)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Western Europe\n\n2b\n\nBranta bernicla hrota (Brent Goose, Pale-bellied Brent Goose)\n\n\u2013 Svalbard/Denmark & UK\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Canada & Greenland/Ireland\n\n3a 3e\n\nBranta leucopsis (Barnacle Goose)\n\n\u2013 East Greenland/Scotland & Ireland\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Svalbard/South-west Scotland\n\n3a\n\n\u2013 Russia/Germany & Netherlands\n\n1\n\nBranta ruficollis (Red-breasted Goose)\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/Black Sea & Caspian\n\n1a 1b 3a\n\nAnser anser anser (Greylag Goose, Western Greylag Goose)\n\n\u2013 Iceland/UK & Ireland\n\n3e*\n\n\u2013 NW Europe/South-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Central Europe/North Africa\n\n1\n\nAnser anser rubrirostris (Greylag Goose, Eastern Greylag Goose)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & T\u00fcrkiye\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Caspian & Iraq\n\n2c 2e\n\nAnser fabalis fabalis (Bean Goose, Taiga Bean Goose)\n\n\u2013 Scandinavia/Denmark and UK\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Finland and NW Russia/Sweden, Denmark and Germany\n\n3c*\n\n\u2013 West Siberia/Poland and Germany\n\n2\n\nAnser fabalis johanseni (Bean Goose)\n\n\u2013 West & Central Siberia/Turkmenistan to W China\n\n1c\n\nAnser fabalis rossicus (Bean Goose, Tundra Bean Goose)\n\n\u2013 West & Central Siberia/NE & SW Europe\n\n1\n\nAnser brachyrhynchus (Pink-footed Goose)\n\n\u2013 East Greenland & Iceland/UK\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Svalbard/North-west Europe\n\n1\n\nAnser albifrons albifrons (Greater White-fronted Goose, European White-fronted Goose)\n\n\u2013 NW Siberia & NE Europe/North-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Central Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Black Sea & T\u00fcrkiye\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/Caspian & Iraq\n\n(1)\n\nAnser albifrons flavirostris (Greater White-fronted Goose, Greenland White-fronted Goose)\n\n\u2013 Greenland/Ireland & UK\n\n2*\n\nAnser erythropus (Lesser White-fronted Goose)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & W Siberia/Black Sea & Caspian\n\n1a 1b 2\n\n\u2013 Fennoscandia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nClangula hyemalis (Long-tailed Duck)\n\n\u2013 Iceland & Greenland (bre)\n\n1b\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/North Europe (bre)\n\n1b\n\nSomateria spectabilis (King Eider)\n\n\u2013 East Greenland, NE Europe & Western Siberia\n\n(2e)\n\nSomateria mollissima mollissima (Common Eider)\n\n\u2013 Baltic, North & Celtic Seas\n\n4\n\n\u2013 Norway & Russia\n\n4\n\nSomateria mollissima borealis (Common Eider)\n\n\u2013 Svalbard & Franz Joseph (bre)\n\n4\n\n\u2013 E Greenland/Iceland\n\n4\n\nPolysticta stelleri (Steller\u2019s Eider)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/North-east Europe\n\n1a 1b\n\nMelanitta fusca (Velvet Scoter)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & Northern Europe/NW Europe\n\n1b\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Caspian\n\n1b 1c\n\nMelanitta nigra (Common Scoter)\n\n\u2013 W Siberia & N Europe/W Europe & NW Africa\n\n2a\n\nBucephala clangula clangula (Common Goldeneye)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Central Europe (win)\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/Adriatic\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & North-east Europe/Black Sea\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Caspian\n\n(3c 3e)\n\nMergellus albellus (Smew)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Central Europe (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/Black Sea & East Mediterranean\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia\n\n(1)\n\nMergus merganser merganser (Goosander)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Central Europe (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/Black Sea\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Caspian\n\n(2)\n\nMergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Central Europe (win)\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west & Central Asia\n\n1c\n\nAlopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian Goose)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n1\n\nTadorna tadorna (Common Shelduck)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/Caspian & Middle East\n\n3c (3e)\n\nTadorna ferruginea (Ruddy Shelduck)\n\n\u2013 North-west Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean & Black Sea/North-east Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia & Caspian/Iran & Iraq\n\n3c\n\nTadorna cana (South African Shelduck)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n3c (3e)\n\nPlectropterus gambensis gambensis (Spur-winged Goose)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Sudan to Zambia)\n\n1\n\nPlectropterus gambensis niger (Spur-winged Goose)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nSarkidiornis melanotos (African Comb Duck)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nNettapus auritus (African Pygmy-goose)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\nMarmaronetta angustirostris (Marbled Teal)\n\n\u2013 West Mediterranean/West Medit. & West Africa\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia\n\n1a 1b 3c\n\nNetta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)\n\n\u2013 South-west & Central Europe/West Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & East Mediterranean\n\n3e\n\n\u2013 Western & Central Asia/South-west Asia\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nNetta erythrophthalma brunnea (Southern Pochard)\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\nAythya ferina (Common Pochard)\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/North-west Europe\n\n1b\n\n\u2013 Central & NE Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1b\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia\n\n1b\n\nAythya nyroca (Ferruginous Duck)\n\n\u2013 West Mediterranean/North & West Africa\n\n1a 1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe/E Mediterranean & Sahelian Africa\n\n1a\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n1a\n\nAythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe (win)\n\n(2c)\n\n\u2013 Central Europe, Black Sea & Mediterranean (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n2c 2e\n\nAythya marila marila (Greater Scaup)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/Western Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/Black Sea & Caspian\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nSpatula querquedula (Garganey)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & Europe/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n2c 2e\n\nSpatula hottentota (Spotted Teal)\n\n\u2013 Lake Chad Basin\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (south to N Zambia)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (north to S Zambia)\n\n3c 3e\n\nSpatula clypeata (Northern Shoveler)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Central Europe (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Siberia, NE & E Europe/S Europe & West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Siberia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n2c\n\nMareca strepera strepera (Gadwall)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nMareca penelope (Eurasian Wigeon)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & NE Europe/NW Europe\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 W Siberia & NE Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n2c\n\nAnas undulata undulata (Yellow-billed Duck)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nAnas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos (Mallard)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/West Mediterranean\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe/Black Sea & East Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia\n\n2c\n\nAnas capensis (Cape Teal)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Rift Valley)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Lake Chad basin2\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (N to Angola & Zambia)\n\n3c\n\nAnas erythrorhyncha (Red-billed Teal)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Madagascar\n\n2\n\nAnas acuta (Northern Pintail)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Siberia, NE & E Europe/S Europe & West Africa\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n2c\n\nAnas crecca crecca (Common Teal)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Siberia & NE Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n2c\n\nFamily PODICIPEDIDAE (grebes)\n\nTachybaptus ruficollis ruficollis (Little Grebe)\n\n\u2013 Europe & North-west Africa\n\n1\n\nPodiceps grisegena grisegena (Red-necked Grebe)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe (win)\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (win)\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Caspian (win)\n\n2\n\nPodiceps cristatus cristatus (Great Crested Grebe, Eurasian Crested Grebe)\n\n\u2013 North-west & Western Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Caspian & South-west Asia (win)\n\n3c 3e\n\nPodiceps cristatus infuscatus (Great Crested Grebe, African Crested Grebe)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Ethiopia to N Zambia)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nPodiceps auritus auritus (Horned Grebe)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe (large-billed)\n\n1b 1c\n\n\u2013 North-east Europe (small-billed)\n\n1b 2\n\n\u2013 Caspian & South Asia (win)\n\n1b 1c\n\nPodiceps nigricollis nigricollis (Black-necked Grebe)\n\n\u2013 Europe/South & West Europe & North Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/South-west & South Asia\n\n3c\n\nPodiceps nigricollis gurneyi (Black-necked Grebe)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n2\n\nFamily PHOENICOPTERIDAE (flamingos)\n\nPhoenicopterus roseus (Greater Flamingo)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n3a 3c (3e)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (to Madagascar)\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 West Mediterranean\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 South-west & South Asia\n\n2a 2c (2e)\n\nPhoeniconaias minor (Lesser Flamingo)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n3a\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n4\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (to Madagascar)\n\n4\n\nFamily PHAETHONTIDAE (tropicbirds)\n\nPhaethon aethereus aethereus (Red-billed Tropicbird)\n\n\u2013 South Atlantic\n\n1c\n\nPhaethon aethereus indicus (Red-billed Tropicbird)\n\n\u2013 Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea\n\n1c\n\nPhaethon rubricauda rubricauda (Red-tailed Tropicbird)\n\n\u2013 Indian Ocean\n\n1\n\nPhaethon lepturus lepturus (White-tailed Tropicbird)\n\n\u2013 W Indian Ocean\n\n1\n\nFamily RALLIDAE (rails, gallinules, coots)\n\nSarothrura elegans reichenovi (Buff-spotted Flufftail)\n\n\u2013 S West Africa to Central Africa\n\n(1)\n\nSarothrura elegans elegans (Buff-spotted Flufftail)\n\n\u2013 NE, Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nSarothrura boehmi (Streaky-breasted Flufftail)\n\n\u2013 Central Africa\n\n1c\n\nSarothrura ayresi (White-winged Flufftail)\n\n\u2013 Ethiopia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nRallus aquaticus aquaticus (Western Water Rail)\n\n\u2013 Europe & North Africa\n\n1\n\nRallus aquaticus korejewi (Western Water Rail)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia\n\n(1)\n\nRallus caerulescens (African Rail)\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nCrex egregia (African Crake)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nCrex crex (Corncrake)\n\n\u2013 Europe & Western Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\nPorzana porzana (Spotted Crake)\n\n\u2013 Europe/Africa\n\n2c\n\nZapornia flavirostra (Black Crake)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\nZapornia parva (Little Crake)\n\n\u2013 Western Eurasia/Africa\n\n2c\n\nZapornia pusilla intermedia (Baillon\u2019s Crake)\n\n\u2013 Europe (bre)\n\n1c\n\nAmaurornis marginalis (Striped Crake)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(2)\n\nPorphyrio alleni (Allen\u2019s Gallinule)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nGallinula chloropus chloropus (Common Moorhen)\n\n\u2013 Europe & North Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia\n\n1\n\nParagallinula angulata (Lesser Moorhen)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(3c 3e)\n\nFulica cristata (Red-knobbed Coot)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Spain & Morocco\n\n1c\n\nFulica atra atra (Common Coot)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe (win)\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (win)\n\n2c 2e\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia (win)\n\n2c 2e\n\nFamily GRUIDAE (cranes)\n\nBalearica regulorum regulorum (Grey Crowned Crane, South African Crowned Crane)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (N to Angola & S Zimbabwe)\n\n1b 1c\n\nBalearica regulorum gibbericeps (Grey Crowned Crane, East African Crowned Crane)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Kenya to Mozambique)\n\n1b 2\n\nBalearica pavonina pavonina (Black Crowned Crane, West African Crowned Crane)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (Senegal to Chad)\n\n1b 1c\n\nBalearica pavonina ceciliae (Black Crowned Crane, Sudan Crowned Crane)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Sudan to Uganda)\n\n1b 3c\n\nLeucogeranus leucogeranus (Siberian Crane)\n\n\u2013 Iran (win)\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nBugeranus carunculatus (Wattled Crane)\n\n\u2013 Central & Southern Africa\n\n1b 1c\n\nAnthropoides paradiseus (Blue Crane)\n\n\u2013 Extreme Southern Africa\n\n1b\n\nAnthropoides virgo (Demoiselle Crane)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea (Ukraine)/North-east Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Kalmykia/North-east Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 W Central Asia (bre)\n\n1\n\nGrus grus grus (Common Crane)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe/Iberia & Morocco\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-east & Central Europe/North Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe/T\u00fcrkiye, Middle East & NE Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South Asia\n\n(1)\n\nGrus grus archibaldi (Common Crane)\n\n\u2013 T\u00fcrkiye & Georgia (bre)\n\n1c\n\nFamily GAVIIDAE (loons / divers)\n\nGavia stellata (Red-throated Loon)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe (win)\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Caspian, Black Sea & East Mediterranean (win)\n\n1c\n\nGavia arctica arctica (Arctic Loon)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe & Western Siberia/Europe\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia/Caspian\n\n1c\n\nGavia immer (Common Loon)\n\n\u2013 Europe (win)\n\n1c\n\nGavia adamsii (Yellow-billed Loon)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe (win)\n\n1c\n\nFamily SPHENISCIDAE (penguins)\n\nSpheniscus demersus (African Penguin)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1b 3c\n\nFamily CICONIIDAE (storks)\n\nLeptoptilos crumenifer (Marabou)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\nMycteria ibis (Yellow-billed Stork)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Madagascar)\n\n2e\n\nAnastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus (African Openbill)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n2e\n\nCiconia nigra (Black Stork)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 South-west Europe/West Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Central & Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\nCiconia abdimii (Abdim\u2019s Stork)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa & SW Arabia\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nCiconia microscelis (African Woollyneck)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nCiconia ciconia ciconia (White Stork)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 W Europe & North-west Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n2b\n\n\u2013 Central & Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/South-west Asia\n\n3c\n\nFamily THRESKIORNITHIDAE (ibises, spoonbills)\n\nPlatalea alba (African Spoonbill)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\nPlatalea leucorodia leucorodia (Eurasian Spoonbill)\n\n\u2013 West Europe/West Mediterranean & West Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 C Europe/Central Mediterranean & Tropical Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 SE Europe/Mediterranean, SW Asia & East Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/South-west & South Asia\n\n1\n\nPlatalea leucorodia balsaci (Eurasian Spoonbill)\n\n\u2013 Coastal West Africa (Mauritania)\n\n1c\n\nPlatalea leucorodia archeri (Eurasian Spoonbill)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea & Somalia\n\n1c\n\nThreskiornis aethiopicus (African Sacred Ibis)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Iraq & Iran\n\n1c\n\nGeronticus eremita (Northern Bald Ibis)\n\n\u2013 Morocco\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nPlegadis falcinellus (Glossy Ibis)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa (bre)\n\n(3c 3e)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia/Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\nFamily ARDEIDAE (herons)\n\nBotaurus stellaris stellaris (Eurasian Bittern)\n\n\u2013 W Europe, NW Africa (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe, Black Sea & E Mediterranean (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia (win)\n\n1\n\nBotaurus stellaris capensis (Eurasian Bittern)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nIxobrychus minutus minutus (Common Little Bittern)\n\n\u2013 W Europe, NW Africa/Subsaharan Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe, Black Sea & E Mediterranean/Sub-saharan Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nIxobrychus minutus payesii (Common Little Bittern)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nIxobrychus sturmii (Dwarf Bittern)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nNycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Black-crowned Night-heron)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa & Madagascar\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Europe, NW Africa (bre)\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe/Black Sea & E Mediterranean (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n(1)\n\nArdeola ralloides ralloides (Squacco Heron)\n\n\u2013 SW Europe, NW Africa (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe, Black Sea & E Mediterranean (bre)\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nArdeola ralloides paludivaga (Squacco Heron)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa & Madagascar\n\n(1)\n\nArdeola idae (Madagascar Pond-heron)\n\n\u2013 Madagascar & Aldabra/Central & Eastern Africa\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nArdeola rufiventris (Rufous-bellied Heron)\n\n\u2013 Central, Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nBubulcus ibis ibis (Cattle Egret)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Tropical Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\n\u2013 South-west Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-west Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean & South-west Asia\n\n1\n\nArdea cinerea cinerea (Grey Heron)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern & Western Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Central & Eastern Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia (bre)\n\n(2c)\n\nArdea melanocephala (Black-headed Heron)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nArdea purpurea purpurea (Purple Heron)\n\n\u2013 Tropical Africa\n\n(3c)\n\n\u2013 West Europe & West Mediterranean/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 East Europe, Black Sea & Mediterranean/Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 SW Asia\n\n(2)\n\nArdea alba alba (Great White Egret, Western Great Egret)\n\n\u2013 W, Central & SE Europe/Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/South-west Asia\n\n(3e)\n\nArdea alba melanorhynchos (Great White Egret, African Great Egret)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa & Madagascar\n\n2e\n\nArdea brachyrhyncha (Yellow-billed Egret)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n1\n\nEgretta ardesiaca (Black Heron)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n(1)\n\nEgretta vinaceigula (Slaty Egret)\n\n\u2013 Central Southern Africa\n\n1b 1c\n\nEgretta garzetta garzetta (Little Egret)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Western Europe, NW Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe, Black Sea, E Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\nEgretta gularis gularis (Western Reef-egret)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n2\n\nEgretta gularis schistacea (Western Reef-egret)\n\n\u2013 North-east Africa & Red Sea\n\n2\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia & South Asia\n\n2\n\nEgretta gularis dimorpha (Western Reef-egret)\n\n\u2013 Coastal Eastern Africa\n\n2\n\nFamily BALAENICIPITIDAE (shoebill)\n\nBalaeniceps rex (Shoebill)\n\n\u2013 Central Tropical Africa\n\n1b 1c\n\nFamily PELECANIDAE (pelicans)\n\nPelecanus crispus (Dalmatian Pelican)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (win)\n\n1a 1c\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia & South Asia (win)\n\n1a 2\n\nPelecanus rufescens (Pink-backed Pelican)\n\n\u2013 Tropical Africa & SW Arabia\n\n1\n\nPelecanus onocrotalus (Great White Pelican)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Europe & Western Asia (bre)\n\n1a\n\nFamily FREGATIDAE (frigatebirds)\n\nFregata ariel\niredalei (Lesser Frigatebird)\n\n\u2013 W Indian Ocean\n\n2\n\nFregata minor\naldabrensis (Great Frigatebird)\n\n\u2013 W Indian Ocean\n\n2\n\nFamily SULIDAE (gannets, boobies)\n\nMorus bassanus (Northern Gannet)\n\n\u2013 North Atlantic\n\n1\n\nMorus capensis (Cape Gannet)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1b\n\nSula dactylatra melanops  (Masked Booby)\n\n\u2013 W Indian Ocean\n\n3c\n\nFamily PHALACROCORACIDAE (cormorants)\n\nMicrocarbo coronatus (Crowned Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Coastal South-west Africa\n\n1c\n\nMicrocarbo pygmaeus (Pygmy Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia\n\n1\n\nGulosus aristotelis desmarestii (European Shag)\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean (Croatia, Adriatic Sea) (bre)\n\n1c\n\nPhalacrocorax carbo carbo (Great Cormorant, Common Great Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe\n\n1\n\nPhalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Great Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Northern & Central Europe\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia\n\n(1)\n\nPhalacrocorax carbo lucidus (Great Cormorant, White-breasted Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Coastal West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Central & Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Coastal Southern Africa\n\n2\n\nPhalacrocorax capensis (Cape Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Coastal Southern Africa\n\n1b\n\nPhalacrocorax nigrogularis (Socotra Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Arabian Coast\n\n1b\n\n\u2013 Gulf of Aden, Socotra, Arabian Sea\n\n1b\n\nPhalacrocorax neglectus (Bank Cormorant)\n\n\u2013 Coastal South-west Africa\n\n1b 2\n\nFamily BURHINIDAE (thick-knees)\n\nBurhinus senegalensis (Senegal Thick-knee)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 North-east & Eastern Africa\n\n(3c)\n\nFamily PLUVIANIDAE (Egyptian plover)\n\nPluvianus aegyptius (Egyptian Plover)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Lower Congo Basin\n\n1c\n\nFamily HAEMATOPODIDAE (oystercatchers)\n\nHaematopus moquini (African Oystercatcher)\n\n\u2013 Coastal Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nHaematopus ostralegus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher)\n\n\u2013 Europe/South & West Europe & NW Africa\n\n4\n\nHaematopus ostralegus longipes (Eurasian Oystercatcher)\n\n\u2013 SE Eur & W Asia/SW & S Asia & NE Africa\n\n(3c)\n\nFamily RECURVIROSTRIDAE (avocets, stilts)\n\nRecurvirostra avosetta (Pied Avocet)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe & North-west Africa (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 South-east Europe, Black Sea & T\u00fcrkiye (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia/Eastern Africa\n\n2\n\nHimantopus himantopus himantopus (Black-winged Stilt)\n\n\u2013 Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding south)\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 SW Europe & North-west Africa/West Africa\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Central Europe & E Mediterranean/N-Central Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W, Central & SW Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n(1)\n\nFamily CHARADRIIDAE (plovers)\n\nPluvialis squatarola squatarola (Grey Plover)\n\n\u2013 W Siberia/W Europe & W Africa\n\n2e\n\n\u2013 Central & E Siberia/SW Asia, Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n3c\n\nPluvialis apricaria apricaria (Eurasian Golden Plover)\n\n\u2013 Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Germany & Baltic (bre)\n\n1\n\nPluvialis apricaria altifrons (Eurasian Golden Plover)\n\n\u2013 Iceland & Faroes/East Atlantic coast\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/Western Europe & NW Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/Caspian & Asia Minor\n\n1\n\nPluvialis fulva (Pacific Golden Plover)\n\n\u2013 North-central Siberia/South & SW Asia, NE Africa\n\n3c\n\nEudromias morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel)\n\n\u2013 Europe/North-west Africa\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Asia/Middle East\n\n(3c)\n\nCharadrius hiaticula hiaticula (Common Ringed Plover)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/Europe & North Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius hiaticula psammodromus (Common Ringed Plover)\n\n\u2013 Canada, Greenland & Iceland/W & S Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nCharadrius hiaticula tundrae (Common Ringed Plover)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius dubius curonicus (Little Ringed Plover)\n\n\u2013 Europe & North-west Africa/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West & South-west Asia/Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nCharadrius pecuarius (Kittlitz\u2019s Plover)\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius tricollaris (African Three-banded Plover)\n\n\u2013 Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius forbesi (Forbes\u2019s Plover)\n\n\u2013 Western & Central Africa\n\n2\n\nCharadrius marginatus hesperius (White-fronted Plover)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n2\n\nCharadrius marginatus mechowi (White-fronted Plover)\n\n\u2013 Inland East & Central Africa\n\n2\n\nCharadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus (Kentish Plover)\n\n\u2013 West Europe & West Mediterranean/West Africa\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & East Mediterranean/Eastern Sahel\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 SW & Central Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius pallidus pallidus (Chestnut-banded Plover)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n2\n\nCharadrius pallidus venustus (Chestnut-banded Plover)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa\n\n1c\n\nCharadrius mongolus pamirensis (Lesser Sandplover)\n\n\u2013 West-central Asia/SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\nCharadrius leschenaultii leschenaultii (Greater Sandplover)\n\n\u2013 Central Asia/Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n3e\n\nCharadrius leschenaultii columbinus (Greater Sandplover)\n\n\u2013 T\u00fcrkiye & SW Asia/E. Mediterranean & Red Sea\n\n1c\n\nCharadrius leschenaultii scythicus (Greater Sandplover)\n\n\u2013 Caspian & SW Asia/Arabia & NE Africa\n\n(1)\n\nCharadrius asiaticus (Caspian Plover)\n\n\u2013 SE Europe & West Asia/E & Central Southern Africa\n\n3c\n\nVanellus vanellus (Northern Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Europe, W Asia/Europe, N Africa & SW Asia\n\n4\n\nVanellus spinosus (Spur-winged Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 East Mediterranean & Middle East\n\n1\n\nVanellus albiceps (White-headed Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 West & Central Africa\n\n3e\n\nVanellus lugubris (Senegal Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Southern West Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Central & Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nVanellus melanopterus minor (Black-winged Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nVanellus coronatus coronatus (Crowned Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n(2c)\n\n\u2013 Central Africa\n\n(1c)\n\n\u2013 South-west Africa\n\n(1)\n\nVanellus senegallus senegallus (Wattled Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n(3e)\n\nVanellus senegallus lateralis (Wattled Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Eastern & South-east Africa\n\n(3c)\n\nVanellus superciliosus (Brown-chested Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 West & Central Africa\n\n(1c)\n\nVanellus gregarius (Sociable Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Central Asia/S, SW Asia, NE Africa\n\n1a 1b 2\n\nVanellus leucurus (White-tailed Lapwing)\n\n\u2013 Central & SW Asia/NE Africa, SW & S Asia\n\n1\n\nFamily SCOLOPACIDAE (sandpipers, snipes, phalaropes)\n\nNumenius phaeopus phaeopus (Whimbrel)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West Siberia/Southern & Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nNumenius phaeopus islandicus (Whimbrel)\n\n\u2013 Iceland, Faroes & Scotland/West Africa\n\n1\n\nNumenius phaeopus alboaxillaris (Whimbrel)\n\n\u2013 N of Caspian/Eastern Africa\n\n1c\n\nNumenius phaeopus rogachevae (Whimbrel)\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia (bre)\n\n2\n\nNumenius tenuirostris (Slender-billed Curlew)\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia/Mediterranean & SW Asia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nNumenius arquata arquata (Eurasian Curlew)\n\n\u2013 Europe/Europe, North & West Africa\n\n4\n\nNumenius arquata suschkini (Eurasian Curlew)\n\n\u2013 South-east Europe & South-west Asia (bre)\n\n1c\n\nNumenius arquata orientalis (Eurasian Curlew)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n4\n\nLimosa lapponica lapponica (Bar-tailed Godwit)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/Western Europe\n\n4\n\nLimosa lapponica taymyrensis (Bar-tailed Godwit)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/West & South-west Africa\n\n4\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia/South & SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n4\n\nLimosa limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe/NW & West Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe/Central & Eastern Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\n\u2013 West-central Asia/SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\nLimosa limosa islandica (Black-tailed Godwit)\n\n\u2013 Iceland/Western Europe\n\n4\n\nArenaria interpres interpres (Ruddy Turnstone)\n\n\u2013 NE Canada & Greenland/W Europe & NW Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/West Africa\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 West & Central Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nCalidris tenuirostris (Great Knot)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Siberia/SW Asia & W Southern Asia\n\n1a 1b 1c\n\nCalidris canutus canutus (Red Knot)\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/West & Southern Africa\n\n4\n\nCalidris canutus islandica (Red Knot)\n\n\u2013 NE Canada & Greenland/Western Europe\n\n4\n\nCalidris pugnax (Ruff)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe & Western Siberia/West Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nCalidris falcinellus falcinellus (Broad-billed Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/SW Asia & Africa\n\n2c 2e\n\nCalidris ferruginea (Curlew Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/West Africa\n\n4\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n4\n\nCalidris temminckii (Temminck\u2019s Stint)\n\n\u2013 Fennoscandia/North & West Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & W Siberia/SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nCalidris alba alba (Sanderling)\n\n\u2013 East Atlantic Europe, West & Southern Africa (win)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 South-west Asia, Eastern & Southern Africa (win)\n\n(2e)\n\nCalidris alpina alpina (Dunlin)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & NW Siberia/W Europe & NW Africa\n\n1\n\nCalidris alpina arctica (Dunlin)\n\n\u2013 NE Greenland/West Africa\n\n3a\n\nCalidris alpina schinzii (Dunlin)\n\n\u2013 Iceland & Greenland/NW and West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Britain & Ireland/SW Europe & NW Africa\n\n3e\n\n\u2013 Baltic/SW Europe & NW Africa\n\n1c\n\nCalidris alpina centralis (Dunlin)\n\n\u2013 Central Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n1\n\nCalidris maritima (Purple Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 N Europe & W Siberia (breeding)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 NE Canada & N Greenland (breeding)\n\n2\n\nCalidris minuta (Little Stint)\n\n\u2013 N Europe/S Europe, North & West Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nScolopax rusticola (Eurasian Woodcock)\n\n\u2013 Europe/South & West Europe & North Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia (Caspian)\n\n(1)\n\nGallinago stenura (Pintail Snipe)\n\n\u2013 Northern Siberia/South Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nGallinago media (Great Snipe)\n\n\u2013 Scandinavia/Central Africa\n\n4\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia & NE Europe/South-east Africa\n\n4\n\nGallinago gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe)\n\n\u2013 Europe/South & West Europe & NW Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/South-west Asia & Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nGallinago gallinago faeroeensis (Common Snipe)\n\n\u2013 Iceland, Faroes & Northern Scotland/Ireland\n\n2c\n\nLymnocryptes minimus (Jack Snipe)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/S & W Europe & West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n1\n\nPhalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope)\n\n\u2013 NW Eurasia (bre)/Arabian Sea\n\n(1)\n\nPhalaropus fulicarius (Red Phalarope)\n\n\u2013 Canada & Greenland/Atlantic coast of Africa\n\n2c\n\nXenus cinereus (Terek Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & W Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n1\n\nActitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 West & Central Europe/West Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 E Europe & W Siberia/Central, E & S Africa\n\n(1)\n\nTringa ochropus (Green Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/S & W Europe, West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n1\n\nTringa erythropus (Spotted Redshank)\n\n\u2013 N Europe/Southern Europe, North & West Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n2c 2e\n\nTringa nebularia (Common Greenshank)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe/SW Europe, NW & West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nTringa totanus totanus (Common Redshank)\n\n\u2013 Northern Europe (breeding)\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 Central & East Europe (breeding)\n\n2c 2e\n\n\u2013 Britain & Ireland/Britain, Ireland, France\n\n3c 3e\n\nTringa totanus robusta (Common Redshank)\n\n\u2013 Iceland & Faroes/Western Europe\n\n1\n\nTringa totanus ussuriensis (Common Redshank)\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/SW Asia, NE & Eastern Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nTringa glareola (Wood Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 North-west Europe/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & W Siberia/Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n2c\n\nTringa stagnatilis (Marsh Sandpiper)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe/West & Central Africa\n\n(3c)\n\n\u2013 Western Asia/SW Asia, Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n(2c 2e)\n\nFamily DROMADIDAE (crab-plover)\n\nDromas ardeola (Crab-plover)\n\n\u2013 North-west Indian Ocean, Red Sea & Gulf\n\n1\n\nFamily GLAREOLIDAE (coursers, pratincoles)\n\nGlareola pratincola pratincola (Collared Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe & NW Africa/West Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & E Mediterranean/Eastern Sahel zone\n\n2\n\n\u2013 SW Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n3c\n\nGlareola nordmanni (Black-winged Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 SE Europe & Western Asia/Southern Africa\n\n4\n\nGlareola ocularis (Madagascar Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 Madagascar/East Africa\n\n1c\n\nGlareola nuchalis nuchalis (Rock Pratincole, White-collared Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Central Africa\n\n(1)\n\nGlareola nuchalis liberiae (Rock Pratincole, Rufous-collared Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n(2c)\n\nGlareola cinerea (Grey Pratincole)\n\n\u2013 SE West Africa & Central Africa\n\n(2)\n\nFamily LARIDAE (gulls, terns, skimmers)\n\nAnous stolidus\nplumbeigularis (Brown Noddy)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea & Gulf of Aden\n\n1\n\nAnous tenuirostris tenuirostris (Lesser Noddy)\n\n\u2013 Indian Ocean Islands to E Africa\n\n1\n\nRynchops flavirostris (African Skimmer)\n\n\u2013 Coastal West Africa & Central Africa\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Eastern & Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nHydrocoloeus minutus (Little Gull)\n\n\u2013 Central & E Europe/SW Europe & W Mediterranean\n\n(3c 3e)\n\n\u2013 W Asia/E Mediterranean, Black Sea & Caspian\n\n(3c 3e)\n\nXema sabini sabini (Sabine\u2019s Gull)\n\n\u2013 Canada & Greenland/SE Atlantic\n\n(1)\n\nRissa tridactyla tridactyla (Black-legged Kittiwake)\n\n\u2013 Arctic from NE Canada to Novaya Zemlya/N Atlantic\n\n1b\n\nLarus genei (Slender-billed Gull)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (bre)\n\n2a (2e)\n\n\u2013 West, South-west & South Asia (bre)\n\n2c 2e\n\nLarus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)\n\n\u2013 W Europe/W Europe, W Mediterranean, West Africa\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 East Europe/Black Sea & East Mediterranean\n\n1\n\n\u2013 West Asia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n1\n\nLarus hartlaubii (Hartlaub\u2019s Gull)\n\n\u2013 Coastal South-west Africa\n\n3c 3e\n\nLarus cirrocephalus poiocephalus (Grey-headed Gull)\n\n\u2013 West Africa\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 Central, Eastern and Southern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nLarus ichthyaetus (Pallas\u2019s Gull)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Caspian/South-west Asia\n\n2a\n\nLarus melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull)\n\n\u2013 W Europe, Mediterranean & NW Africa\n\n2a (2e)\n\nLarus hemprichii (Sooty Gull)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea, Gulf, Arabia & Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\nLarus leucophthalmus (White-eyed Gull)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea & nearby coasts\n\n1a\n\nLarus audouinii (Audouin\u2019s Gull)\n\n\u2013 Mediterranean/N & W coasts of Africa\n\n1a 3a\n\nLarus canus canus (Mew Gull)\n\n\u2013 NW & C Europe/Atlantic coast & Mediterranean\n\n2c\n\nLarus canus heinei (Mew Gull)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & Western Siberia/Black Sea & Caspian\n\n2c 2e\n\nLarus dominicanus vetula (Kelp Gull)\n\n\u2013 Coastal Southern Africa\n\n(3e)\n\n\u2013 Coastal West Africa\n\n1c\n\nLarus fuscus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull, Baltic Gull)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\nLarus fuscus graellsii (Lesser Black-backed Gull)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa\n\n2e\n\nLarus fuscus intermedius (Lesser Black-backed Gull)\n\n\u2013 S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain\n\n1\n\nLarus fuscus heuglini (Lesser Black-backed Gull, Heuglin\u2019s Gull)\n\n\u2013 NE Europe & W Siberia/SW Asia & NE Africa\n\n(1)\n\nLarus fuscus barabensis (Lesser Black-backed Gull, Steppe Gull)\n\n\u2013 South-west Siberia/South-west Asia\n\n1\n\nLarus argentatus argentatus (European Herring Gull)\n\n\u2013 North & North-west Europe\n\n2c 2e\n\nLarus argentatus argenteus (European Herring Gull)\n\n\u2013 Iceland & Western Europe\n\n2c 2e\n\nLarus armenicus (Armenian Gull)\n\n\u2013 Armenia, Eastern T\u00fcrkiye & NW Iran\n\n3a\n\nLarus michahellis (Yellow-legged Gull)\n\n\u2013 Mediterranean, Iberia & Morocco\n\n1\n\nLarus cachinnans (Caspian Gull)\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Western Asia/SW Asia, NE Africa\n\n1\n\nLarus glaucoides glaucoides (Iceland Gull)\n\n\u2013 Greenland/Iceland & North-west Europe\n\n1\n\nLarus hyperboreus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull)\n\n\u2013 Svalbard & N Russia (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nLarus hyperboreus leuceretes (Glaucous Gull)\n\n\u2013 Canada, Greenland & Iceland (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nLarus marinus (Great Black-backed Gull)\n\n\u2013 North & West Europe\n\n2c\n\nOnychoprion fuscatus nubilosa (Sooty Tern)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, E to Pacific\n\n2a\n\nOnychoprion anaethetus\nmelanopterus (Bridled Tern)\n\n\u2013 W Africa\n\n1c\n\nOnychoprion anaethetus\nantarcticus (Bridled Tern)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea, E Africa, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea to W India\n\n1\n\n\u2013 W Indian Ocean\n\n2\n\nSternula albifrons albifrons (Little Tern)\n\n\u2013 Europe north of Mediterranean (bre)\n\n2\n\n\u2013 West Mediterranean/ W Africa (bre)\n\n3b 3c\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & East Mediterranean (bre)\n\n3b 3c\n\n\u2013 Caspian (bre)\n\n2\n\nSternula albifrons guineae (Little Tern)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (bre)\n\n1c\n\nSternula saundersi (Saunders\u2019s Tern)\n\n\u2013 W South Asia, Red Sea, Gulf & Eastern Africa\n\n2\n\nSternula balaenarum (Damara Tern)\n\n\u2013 Namibia & South Africa/Atlantic coast to Ghana\n\n1c\n\nGelochelidon nilotica nilotica (Common Gull-billed Tern)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & East Mediterranean/Eastern Africa\n\n3c\n\n\u2013 West & Central Asia/South-west Asia\n\n2\n\nHydroprogne caspia (Caspian Tern)\n\n\u2013 Madagascar (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 West Africa (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Baltic (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Black Sea (bre)\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 Caspian (bre)\n\n1\n\nChlidonias hybrida hybrida (Whiskered Tern)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe & North-west Africa (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & East Mediterranean (bre)\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 Caspian (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nChlidonias hybrida delalandii (Whiskered Tern)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa (Kenya & Tanzania)\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (Malawi & Zambia to South Africa)\n\n1c\n\nChlidonias leucopterus (White-winged Tern)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Europe & Western Asia/Africa\n\n2c\n\nChlidonias niger niger (Black Tern)\n\n\u2013 Europe & Western Asia/Atlantic coast of Africa\n\n2c\n\nSterna dougallii dougallii (Roseate Tern)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa & Madagascar\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 East Africa\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Europe (bre)\n\n1c\n\nSterna dougallii gracilis (Roseate Tern)\n\n\u2013 Seychelles & Mascarenes\n\n1c\n\n\u2013 North Arabian Sea (Oman)\n\n1c\n\nSterna hirundo hirundo (Common Tern)\n\n\u2013 Southern & Western Europe (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Northern & Eastern Europe (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Western Asia (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nSterna repressa (White-cheeked Tern)\n\n\u2013 W South Asia, Red Sea, Gulf & Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nSterna paradisaea (Arctic Tern)\n\n\u2013 Western Eurasia (bre)\n\n1\n\nSterna vittata vittata (Antarctic Tern)\n\n\u2013 P.Edward, Marion, Crozet & Kerguelen/South Africa\n\n1c\n\nSterna vittata tristanensis (Antarctic Tern)\n\n\u2013 Tristan da Cunha & Gough/South Africa\n\n1c\n\nSterna vittata sanctipauli (Antarctic Tern)\n\n\u2013 Amsterdam and St Paul/South Africa\n\n1c\n\nThalasseus bengalensis bengalensis (Lesser Crested Tern)\n\n\u2013 Gulf/Southern Asia\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Red Sea/Eastern Africa\n\n(1)\n\nThalasseus bengalensis emigratus (Lesser Crested Tern)\n\n\u2013 S Mediterranean/NW & West Africa coasts\n\n1c\n\nThalasseus sandvicensis sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern)\n\n\u2013 Western Europe/West Africa\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Black Sea & Mediterranean (bre)\n\n2a\n\n\u2013 West & Central Asia/South-west & South Asia\n\n2c\n\nThalasseus maximus albidorsalis (Royal Tern)\n\n\u2013 West Africa (bre)\n\n2a 2e\n\nThalasseus bergii bergii (Greater Crested Tern)\n\n\u2013 Southern Africa (Angola \u2013 Mozambique)\n\n2\n\n\u2013 Madagascar & Mozambique/Southern Africa\n\n1c\n\nThalasseus bergii velox (Greater Crested Tern)\n\n\u2013 Red Sea & North-east Africa\n\n2\n\nThalasseus bergii thalassinus (Greater Crested Tern)\n\n\u2013 Eastern Africa & Seychelles\n\n1c\n\nFamily STERCORARIIDAE (skuas)\n\nStercorarius longicaudus\nlongicaudus (Long-tailed Jaeger)\n\n\u2013 N Europe & W Siberia/S Atlantic\n\n1\n\nCatharacta skua (Great Skua)\n\n\u2013 N Europe/N Atlantic\n\n1\n\nFamily ALCIDAE (auks)\n\nFratercula arctica (Atlantic Puffin)\n\n\u2013 East Atlantic (bre)\n\n1b\n\nCepphus grylle\ngrylle (Black Guillemot)\n\n\u2013 Baltic Sea\n\n1\n\nCepphus grylle\nmandtii (Black Guillemot)\n\n\u2013 E Canadian Arctic & W Greenland (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 E Greenland to E Laptev Sea (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nCepphus grylle arcticus (Black Guillemot)\n\n\u2013 NE America & S Greenland (bre)\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 British Isles & N Europe\n\n1\n\nCepphus grylle islandicus (Black Guillemot)\n\n\u2013 Iceland\n\n3c\n\nCepphus grylle faeroeensis (Black Guillemot)\n\n\u2013 Faeroes\n\n(1)\n\nAlca torda\ntorda (Razorbill)\n\n\u2013 W Atlantic\n\n1\n\n\u2013 E Atlantic\n\n1\n\nAlca torda\nislandica (Razorbill)\n\n\u2013 Iceland, Faeroes, Britain, Ireland, Helgoland, NW France\n\n(1)\n\nAlle alle\nalle (Little Auk)\n\n\u2013 W Atlantic (bre)\n\n(1)\n\n\u2013 E Atlantic (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nAlle alle polaris (Little Auk)\n\n\u2013 Franz Josef Land & Severnaya Zemlya (bre)\n\n(1)\n\nUria lomvia\nlomvia (Thick-billed Murre)\n\n\u2013 W Atlantic (bre)\n\n2c\n\n\u2013 E Atlantic (bre)\n\n2c\n\nUria aalge aalge (Common Murre)\n\n\u2013 E Atlantic (bre)\n\n1\n\n\u2013 Baltic (bre)\n\n1\n\nUria aalge albionis (Common Murre)\n\n\u2013 Ireland, S Britain, France, Iberia, Helgoland\n\n1\n\nUria aalge hyperborea (Common Murre)\n\n\u2013 Svalbard, N Norway to Novaya Zemlya\n\n2c"}