Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An apparatus of a dynamic pattern generator for reflection electron beam lithography, the apparatus comprising:a plurality of base electrodes in a two-dimensional array;an insulating border surrounding each base electrode so as to electrically isolate the base electrodes from each other; anda sidewall surrounding each base electrode,wherein the sidewall comprises a plurality of stacked electrodes which are separated by insulating layers; further comprising a conformal coating over the base electrodes and sidewalls; andfurther wherein the base electrodes are shaped so as to be concave. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of stacked electrodes includes at least two electrodes. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of stacked electrodes includes no more than nine electrodes. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conformal coating has a sheet resistance from 10 to 100 giga Ohms per square. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conformal coating comprises ZnO and Al2O3. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conformal coating comprises ZnO and ZrO. 7. An apparatus for reflection electron beam lithography, the apparatus comprising:an electron source configured to emit electrons;illumination electron-optics configured to receive the emitted electrons and form an array of incident electron beamlets;a shadow mask configured to form the array of incident electron beamlets;an electron reflective patterned structure having a plurality of pixel pads in an array and an insulating border surrounding each pixel pad so as to electrically isolate the pixel pads from each other; anda stage to hold a target substrate,wherein the shadow mask comprises an array of holes which correspond one-to-one with the array of pixel pads of the electron reflective patterned structure. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the electron reflective patterned structure comprises a dynamic pattern generator which is configured to apply voltages to the pixel pads on an individually controllable basis. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein incident electron beamlets are reflected to the target substrate by pixel pads having a lower or more negative voltage level applied thereto and are deflected or absorbed by pixel pads having a higher or more positive voltage level applied thereto. 10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the pixel pads are shaped to be concave. 11. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising sidewalls surrounding each pixel pad, wherein the sidewalls include at least two metal layers and insulating layers to isolate said metal layers from each other and from the pixel pad. 12. An apparatus of a dynamic pattern generator for reflection electron beam lithography, the apparatus comprising:a plurality of base electrodes in a two-dimensional array;an insulating border surrounding each base electrode so as to electrically isolate the base electrodes from each other;a sidewall surrounding each base electrode, wherein the sidewall comprises a plurality of stacked electrodes which are separated by insulating layers, anda conformal coating over the base electrodes and sidewalls. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the conformal coating has a sheet resistance from 10 to 100 giga Ohms per square. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the conformal coating comprises ZnO and Al2O3. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the conformal coating comprises ZnO and ZrO.