Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An x-ray generation apparatus comprising: a first tubular member having an inner passage and an outer surface, the outer surface having over at least a portion of the surface an x-ray emitting material responsive to electron bombardment to emit x-ray radiation; and a second tubular member surrounding the first tubular member in a substantially concentric relationship thereto, there being a cavity between the first and second tubular members, the second tubular member having an inner surface facing the outer surface of the first tubular member wherein the inner surface comprises over at least a portion thereof an electron emitter element. 2. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an acceleration field is maintained between the electron emitter element and the outer surface of the first tubular member. 3. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 2, wherein electrons emitted from the electron emitter element accelerate toward the outer surface of the first tubular member, strike the x-ray emitting material thereon, and thereby cause the emission of x-ray radiation. 4. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the emitted x-ray radiation enters the inner passage of the first tubular member. 5. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electron emitter element is a gated electron emitter. 6. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electron emitter element is a thermonic electron emitter. 7. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outer surface of the first tubular member and the inner surface of the second tubular member define a cavity, and wherein the cavity is sealed and is evacuated to less than ambient pressure. 8. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the cavity is evacuated to a pressure of less than 10−5 torr. 9. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second tubular members has a substantially smooth cross-section. 10. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second tubular members has a non-smooth cross-section. 11. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second tubular members has a substantially circular cross-section. 12. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second tubular members has a polygonal cross-section. 13. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or more insulating spacers within the cavity between the first and second tubular members, such that the spacers maintain the first and second tubular members in a nonconductive arrangement with respect to one another. 14. The x-ray generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second tubular member is substantially opaque to x-ray radiation. 15. A method of x-ray treatment of a target material comprising the steps of: placing the target material within a containment tube having a primary body and an outer surface coated with a metallic layer that is responsive to electron bombardment to emit x-ray radiation, the primary body of the containment tube being substantially transparent to x-rays, the containment tube being surrounded by an inner surface of an emitter tube, wherein the inner surface of the emitter tube comprises an electron emitter surface; extracting electrons from the emitter surface; and applying an acceleration potential between the emitter surface and the metallic layer of the containment tube, whereby the extracted electrons accelerate toward and strike the metallic layer, stimulating the release of x-ray radiation there from, at least a portion of which x-ray radiation penetrates the body of the containment tube and impinges upon the target material placed therein. 16. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 15, wherein the target material is a liquid material. 17. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 15, wherein the target material is a gaseous or plasma material. 18. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 15, wherein the target material is a solid or slurry material. 19. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 15, further comprising evacuating a space between the containment tube and the emitter tube to reduce the pressure in the space below ambient pressure. 20. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 19, further comprising evacuating the space between the containment tube and the emitter tube to less than 10−5 torr. 21. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 15, wherein the containment tube comprises an inlet and an outlet and wherein the step of placing the target material within the containment tube comprises introducing the material at the inlet, moving the material through the tube, and removing the material at the outlet. 22. A method of x-ray treatment of a target material comprising the steps of placing the target material within a containment tube having an outer surface having thereon an electron emitter element, the containment tube being substantially transparent to x-rays, the containment tube being surrounded by an inner surface of an x-ray tube, wherein the inner surface of the x-ray tube comprises a target layer that is responsive to electron bombardment to emit x-ray radiation; extracting electrons from the electron emitter element; and accelerating the extracted electrons toward the target layer, whereby the accelerated electrons strike the target layer stimulating the release of x-ray radiation there from, at least a portion of which x-ray radiation penetrates the containment tube and impinges upon the target material placed therein. 23. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 22, further comprising evacuating a space between the containment tube and the x-ray emitter tube to reduce the pressure in the space below ambient pressure. 24. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 23, further comprising evacuating the space between the containment tube and the x-ray emitter tube to less than 10−5 torr. 25. The method of x-ray treatment according to claim 22, wherein the containment tube comprises an inlet and an outlet and wherein the step of placing the target material within the containment tube comprises introducing the material at the inlet, moving the material through the tube, and removing the material at the outlet.