Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. Nanofabrication installation comprising:a sample holder arranged for receiving a sample having a surface,at least one source arranged for emitting a beam of electrically charged particles in the direction of the sample holder in order to form the sample,a sample forming mask comprisinga lower face oriented towards the sample holder,an upper face opposite to the lower face and arranged for receiving said particle beam emitted by said source in the direction of the sample holder to form the sample,and at least one through-opening between the upper and lower faces, arranged to allow a portion of said particles to pass through it in the direction of the sample holder,a beam shaping device arranged between said source and said mask, said shaping device being arranged for applying at least one of the following arrangements:concentration of the particles emitted by the source into clusters,filtering of the clusters having at least one desired characteristic selected from electric charge, mass, and the ratio of electric charge to mass,deflection of the clusters in the direction of the mask,a device for near-field detection arranged for detecting a desired relative position of said mask and said sample;a displacement device arranged for generating a relative movement of said mask and said sample holder in order to position the mask and the sample in said desired relative position, independently of the relative position of the source and the maskcharacterized in that the mask comprises at least one first electrode at the level of the through-opening arranged in order to electrically interact with the electrically charged particles passing through the opening. 2. Installation according to claim 1, in which said mask additionally has at least one second electrode, the first electrode being positioned between the second electrode and the sample holder, said second electrode being positioned at the level of the through-opening, said electrodes and the surface of the sample together forming an electrostatic lens adapted to exert an electrical influence on the movement of said electrically charged particles passing through the opening, when an electric potential is applied to said electrodes. 3. Installation according to claim 2, additionally comprising a generator arranged for generating an electric potential in at least one structure selected from the first electrode, the second electrode and the surface of the sample. 4. Installation according to claim 1, in which said first electrode is located on the lower face of said mask. 5. Installation according to claim 4, additionally comprising a detector connected to said tower electrode, arranged for detecting electrical elementary particles detached from the sample by the arrival, on the surface, of the particles passing through the opening. 6. Installation according to claim 1, additionally comprising a generator arranged for generating an electric potential between said first electrode and the sample, in order to exert an influence on the kinetic energy of the particles between the mask and the sample. 7. Installation according to claim 1, in which the device for near-field detection comprises a head that is movable relative to the sample holder in the vicinity of the sample surface, said head being positioned in a known relative position in relation to said mask. 8. Installation according to claim 7, in which said head and said mask are integrally moveable in a plane substantially parallel to the sample surface. 9. Installation according to claim 7, in which the head comprises a tip and a flexible cantilever, said mask being formed in a reduced-thickness portion of the cantilever. 10. Installation according to claim 1, in which the through-opening comprises a narrow slit extending transversely to the path of the particles to the sample holder. 11. Installation according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of sources each arranged to emit particles of a different material in the direction of said sample holder. 12. Installation according to claim 1, in which the mask comprises a plurality of through-openings, and a first electrode at the level of each respective through-opening, each first electrode being arranged to interact electrically with the electrically charged particles passing through the corresponding opening. 13. Installation according to claim 12, comprising a plurality of sources each arranged to emit particles in the direction of said sample holder through a corresponding opening. 14. Installation according to claim 1, additionally comprising a source positioning system arranged for detecting the relative position of the source and the mask. 15. Nanofabrication installation comprising:a sample holder arranged for receiving a sample having a surface,at least one source arranged for emitting a beam of electrically charged particles in the direction of the sample holder in order to form the sample,a sample forming mask comprisinga lower face oriented towards the sample holder,an upper face opposite to the lower face and arranged for receiving said particle beam emitted by said source in the direction of the sample holder to form the sample,and at least one through-opening between the upper and lower faces, arranged to allow a portion of said particles to pass through it in the direction of the sample holder,a device for near-field detection arranged for detecting a desired relative position of said mask and said sample;a displacement device arranged for generating, a relative movement of said mask and said sample holder in order to position the mask and the sample in said desired relative position independently of the relative position of the source and the mask,a source positioning system arranged for detecting the relative position of the source and the mask,characterized in that the mask comprises at least one first electrode at the level of the through-opening arranged in order to electrically interact with the electrically charged particles passing through the opening, wherein said positioning system comprises the source itself, configured in the form of a tip for near-field microscopy, and having on its outer surface the material forming said particles, said tip being arranged, in a first operating mode, for detecting the relative position of the tip and the mask and, in a second operating mode, for emitting said particles. 16. Installation according to claim 15, in which the source comprises a reservoir of said material, and a heating device for liquefying the material contained in the reservoir in order to cause the latter to flow along the tip of the source. 17. Installation according to claim 1, in which the source is arranged in order to form said opening. 18. Method of nanofabrication in which:a) a device for near-field detection detects a desired relative position of a forming mask and a surface of a sample arranged on a sample holder,b) a displacement device generates a relative movement of said mask and of said sample holder in order to position the mask and the sample in said desired relative position, independently of the relative position of a source and the mask, said sample forming mask comprisinga lower face oriented towards the sample holder,an upper face opposite to the tower face,and at least one through-opening between the upper and lower faces,c) the sample is formed by causing a particle beam of electrically charged particles to be emitted from the source in the direction of the sample holder, a beam shaping device is arranged between said source and said mask, said shaping device being arranged for applying at least one of the following steps:concentratin the particles emitted by the source into clusters.filtering clusters having at least one desired characteristic selected from electric charge, mass and the ratio of electric charge to mass,deflecting the clusters in the direction of the mask,a portion of said particles passing through the through-opening in the direction of the sample holder,d) wherein there is electrical interaction with the particles passing through the through-opening by at least one first electrode of the mask arranged at the level of the through-opening. 19. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which, in the course of step c), a particle reaches said surface of the sample, in order to form said surface, and detaches an electrically charged elementary particle from said surface, and in which, in the course of step d), there is interaction with the particles passing through the opening, detecting said electrically charged elementary particle with said first electrode. 20. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which, in the course of step d), there is interaction with the particle passing through the opening, by generating a potential difference between said first electrode and the surface, in order to exert an influence on the kinetic energy of said particle at the moment when it reaches said surface. 21. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which said mask additionally comprises at least one second electrode, the first electrode being positioned between the second electrode and the sample holder, said second electrode being positioned at the level of the through-opening, and in which, in the course of step d), there is electrical interaction with the particle passing through the opening by said electrodes and the surface together forming an electrostatic lens exerting an electrical influence on the trajectory of said particles. 22. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which e) the relative position of the source and the opening is detected, and a relative movement of the source and the opening is generated, in order to position the source and the opening in appropriate respective positions so that a portion of the beam passes through the opening. 23. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which at least steps a) to d) are repeated in a subsequent desired relative position. 24. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which at least steps c) and d) are implemented successively for a plurality of sources emitting particles through one and the same opening of the mask. 25. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which at least steps c) and d) are implemented in parallel for a plurality of sources each emitting particles, each through a respective opening. 26. Method of nanofabrication according to claim 18, in which the source forms the through-opening in the mask.