Patent Number: 054066093
Section: claims

1. X-ray analysis apparatus for providing an indication of the spacing of lattice planes of a substance forming a specimen based on the angle of diffraction of a diffracted x-ray beam, diffracted by the specimen, and the wavelength thereof, said apparatus comprising: an x-ray radiation source for generating an x-ray beam;  an artificial multi-layered grating having a reflective surface of a predetermined profile and comprising a plurality of lattice planes located on a substrate, said lattice planes having a periodicity respectively increasing in the thickness from one end to an opposite end in a direction away from said x-ray radiation source such that said x-ray beam generated by said source and incident thereon at said one end is diffracted to provide a monochromatic diffracted x-ray beam in an oblique direction at said opposite end, said predetermined profile causing the monochromatic diffracted x-ray beam to be divergent and incident on the specimen at a reduced divergent angle so as to increase the intensity of said monochromatic x-ray beam incident upon the specimen;  an x-ray detector for receiving a second diffracted x-ray beam diffracted by the specimen; and  a goniometer for rotating the specimen and the x-ray detector at an angular velocity ratio of 1:2 relative to each other.  r: Distance (Radius Vector) from the X-ray radiation source to the reflective surface at the angle of inclination .PHI.,  .PHI.: Angle of inclination,  C.sub.1 : Constant,  m.sub.i : Constant, and  m.sub.2 .about.m.sub.n : Constant (at least one of these constants m.sub.2 .about.m.sub.n is a positive constant.)  an x-ray radiation source for generating an x-ray beam;  an analyzing element in the form of an artificial multi-layered grating for diffracting the x-ray beam from the x-ray radiation source to provide a first-order monochromatic diffracted x-ray beam which is converged on a surface of a specimen at a small incident angle sufficient to cause the x-ray beam to undergo a total reflection;  an x-ray detector for detecting a fluorescent x-ray beam emitted from the specimen as said specimen is excited by the first-order monochromatic diffracted x-ray beam and for analyzing the detected fluorescent x-ray beam based on a result of detection by said x-ray detector; and  said artificial multi-layered grating having a reflective surface of a predetermined profile and comprising a plurality of lattice planes located on a substrate, said lattice planes having a periodicity respectively increasing in thickness from one end to an opposite end in a direction away from said x-ray radiation source.  r: Distance (Radius Vector) from the X-ray radiation source to the reflective surface at the angle of inclination .PHI.,  .PHI.: Angle of inclination,  C.sub.2 : Constant,  k.sub.i : Constant, and  k.sub.2 .about.k.sub.n : Constant (at least one of these constants k.sub.2 .about.k.sub.n is a positive constant.) 2. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined profile is defined by a system of polar coordinations represented by the following equation: EQU r=C.sub.1 .multidot.e.sup.m.sbsp.n.sup..PHI..spsp.n.sup.+ . . . +m.sbsp.i.sup..PHI..spsp.i .sup.+ . . . +m.sbsp.1.sup..PHI. 3. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a analyzing crystal operable to render the X-ray beam to be monochromatic, said analyzing crystal being disposed on an optical path extending from the X-ray radiation source to the X-ray detector. 4. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said analyzing crystal is disposed on an optical path between the specimen and the X-ray detector. 5. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said analyzing crystal is disposed on an optical path between the X-ray radiation source and the artificial multi-layered grating. 6. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an X-ray semitransparent mirror disposed on an optical path for allowing a portion of the X-ray beam to undergo a total reflection thereby to reduce a long wavelength component of the X-ray beam while only a short wavelength component of the X-ray beam is allowed to pass therethrough. 7. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein said X-ray semitransparent mirror is disposed on an optical path between the X-ray radiation source and the artificial multi-layered grating. 8. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein said X-ray semitransparent mirror is disposed on an optical path between the specimen and the X-ray detector. 9. X-ray analysis apparatus comprising: 10. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein said predetermined profile is defined by a system of polar coordinations represented by the following equation: EQU r=C.sub.2 .multidot.e.sup.k.sbsp.n.sup..PHI..spsp.n.sup.+ . . . +k.sbsp.i.sup..PHI..spsp.i.sup.+ . . . +k.sbsp.1.sup..PHI. 11. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9, further comprising an X-ray semitransparent mirror disposed on an optical path for allowing a portion of the X-ray beam to undergo a total reflection thereby to reduce a long wavelength component of the X-ray beam while only a short wavelength component of the X-ray beam component is allowed to pass therethrough. 12. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein said X-ray semitransparent mirror is disposed on an optical path between the X-ray radiation source and the artificial multi-layered grating. 13. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein said X-ray semitransparent mirror is disposed on an optical path between the artificial multi-layered grating and the specimen. 14. The X-ray analysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein said incident angle is chosen to be within the range of 0.05 to 0.20 degree.