Patent Number: 047298650
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In connection with the detailed description of the structure and operation of the present invention, it is to be understood that dimensions and values set forth are illustrative only and may be greater or lesser depending upon the size of reactor and the output desired. Referring in particular to the drawings and first to FIGS. 1 and 2, two large toroidal electromagnets 4 are provided which are opposite hand to each other and both of which possess horseshoe-type cross sections with the openings containing longitudinal superconducting winding means 5. The large electromagnets are vertically positioned one below the other as shown in FIG. 2 such that a continuous flow of magnetic flux will pass through a toroidal metallic wave guide 6 of rectangular cross section which is positioned between them, this occurring all along the entire circumference of all three structures. This continuous flow of magnetic flux, as indicated by the straight arrows A in FIG. 2, passes downward through half of the wave guide 6 cross section and upward through the opposite half, forming the boundary 7 between the two parts of the magnetic field. When the wave guide 6 is curving as in the present case the inner magnetic poles must extend wider inwardly to cause the inner magnetic field A to be slightly weaker than the outer magnetic field. Very narrow but closely spaced ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 extend downward and outward from the lower ends of both vertical surfaces of the upper electromagnet 4, and upward and outward from the vertical surfaces of the lower electromagnet, with the vanes spaced equidistantly to pass between each other. Only a representative number of these vanes 8 are shown in FIG. 3 but it is to be understood that they are equally spaced around the entire wave guide. The ends of the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 are curved in toward the wall guide 6, terminating with their end surfaces positioned against the wave guide and well beyond the midpoint of its vertical surfaces, as shown in FIG. 2. Spaces between the vanes contain a lattice of support material, and should magnetic flux leakage between parallel, opposite-hand components prove to be extreme the vanes might appear as fanlike structures at the ends of solid ferromagnetic bars such that opposite-hand components are well separated. The by-pass vanes 8 present a considerably shorter magnetic flux path and produce a type of composite magnetic field across all four corners of the toroidal wave guide cross section, consisting of very narrow, concentrated, curving segments of magnetic field as indicated by the curved arrows B in FIG. 2, spaced between much wider, weaker layers of vertical containment field as indicated by the straight arrows A, with opposite-hand components being equidistantly staggered. A plurality of equally spaced oscillator probes 9 from oscillators 10 are positioned about the entire circumference of the toroidal wave guide 6, extending to its entire surface. The probes 9 provide a type of transverse electromagnetic coupling between a pulsating plasma within the wave guide and the oscillators 10 with the plasma assuming the function of an internal coaxial cable. The volume enclosed by the wave guide 6 is a vacuum, produced by conventional vacuum pumps. Ringlike lithium blankets 11 extend horizontally inward and outward from the toroidal wave guide 6 with a vertical thickness equal to the height of the waver guide, as shown schematically in FIG. 1. A representative size for the toroidal wave guide 6 is 26 cm wide by 34 cm high internally with a mean circumference of 7.5 meters. A representative outer magnetic field A is 33.2 kG with a 29.8 kG inner magnetic field serving to balance the plasma pulsations. A representative spacing for the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes 8 is 1 cm with a vane thickness narrowing to 1 mm at their end surfaces. A representative reactor shape is a toroid with a mean circumference equal to an odd number of wavelengths of the plasma pulsation frequency. In initiating operation of the system, 2.25 MeV deuterons are injected tangentially into the wave guide 6 by the deuteron accelerator 12, at the midpoint of its vertical surfaces. Some of the vanes 8 will be outwardly distorted somewhat to allow the ions to be injected. The deuterons, designated by the numeral 13 in FIG. 3, intersect the magnetic field boundary 7 at the center of the wave guide 6 with 108.degree. intersection angles 14, and are caused to oscillate in circular arc lengths along the wave guide 6 with amplitudes of 12 cm and with frequencies of 20 MHz. If the mean circumference of the wave guide 6 is selected to be 7.5 meters the ions will spontaneously arrange themselves into two narrow, oppositely-phased groups, constituting a horizontally pulsating, self-bombarding wave, resonating around the toroidal wave guide 6 with a frequency of 40 MHz and with a free-space phase velocity. These groups of oscillating ions, shown as they would appear at the plasma outer pulsation node reduced to 100 keV energy levels and with ignition widths, are indicated by the numeral 21 in FIG. 2. the resonating ionic wave perpetuates itself by continuously reincorporating the oscillating ions to beta-1 densities counter to their own coulomb scattering, largely because the oscillating ions maintain similar amplitudes and develop a pulsating self-field which increases outwardly within each narrow group of ions 21 and which continuously maintains its stability. Electrons from an incandescent wire are distributed through the plasma along the boundary 7 between the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A and move horizontally inward and outward within the narrow, resonating groups of ions 21 under the influence of microwave frequency electric fields, and axially in the same manner because of the inductance of the rapidly converging and diverging ionic wave. The magnetic viscosity of the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A forces the electrons to arrange themselves into systems of parallel charges pulsating at cyclatron frequencies parallel to the wave guide 6, producing highly organized microwave patterns which propagate within the beta-1 ionic wave as multiple harmonics of the plasma pulsation frequency, and which enable the electrons to ratchet their way rapidly across the magnetic field lines. Why should this scenario evolve and not any one of a million others? Because it becomes established at optical plasma densities and because it is the only system other than purely random which can achieve a stabilized continuation within the given parameters. Plasmas are not observed to spontaneously revert to random conditions and an exact adherence during early stages is not required. The electrons most likely move in the required precise numerical flow only when the microwave electric fields locally exceed the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A, and when their accompanying J.times.B behavior locally nullifies and doubles the magnetic fields A, and the microwave component of the resonating plasma pulsations causes the vertical magnetic field lines to vibrate like violin strings at GHz frequencies. The slightest departure from a precise numerical electron flow results in powerful electric fields which then propagate within the plasma with phase velocities appropriate to the resonating plasma pulsations, reinforcing and canceling each other until the proper microwave patterns are obtained to produce the required electron flow. The individually oscillating electrons must execute collectively coordinated, drifting-elliptical mode shapes in the process of ratcheting across the 33.2 KG magnetic fields A at the 40 MHz plasma pulsation frequency, which tends to reduce them all to the same temperature and which largely reduces their motions to horizontal planes. The unimpeded resonance establishes a situation in which every particle, including instantaneous scattering distributions, is arranged into some type of coordinated pattern, leaving nothing to be unstable. The microwave patterns actually constitute a type of powerful plasma self-field which eliminates rather than overcomes portions of the internal plasma pressure. Microwaves escaping from the plasma propagate within the metallic wave guide as powerful ionizing agents which prevent the backstreaming of thermal velocity neutral particles into the plasma, except in shielded collection channels leading to the vacuum pumps. The theory is that electrons correlated into extremely powerful microwave-sustaining patterns in maintaining normal charge and induction equilibriums can only produce a greatly reduced plasma pressure and syncrotron radiation of a corresponding lower power density. The microwaves are contained within the pulsating plasma and within the metallic wave guide 6, and locally concentrate and disperse the vertical magnetic fields A, causing the oscillating plasma ions to jiggle, and transferring large amounts of energy from the pulsating electrons to the oscillating plasma ions. In an electromagnetically resonating plasma equilibriums tend to be established by charge velocities in addition to particle energy levels. The energy is returned to the electrons through ionic collisions but the resulting massive circulating energy flow results in a uniform, greatly reduced electron temperature and a further reduction of all types of plasma radiation energy losses, with the possibility of using advanced fusion fuels. A large portion of the plasma radiation energy losses might be reabsorbed in passing outwardly through the concentrated microwave beams produced by the coordinated electron charges pulsating parallel to the wave guide 6. Suppose, as an example, that the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A were increased from 33.2 kG to 40 kG. What happens to the plasma pulsations? The intersection angle 14 of the oscillating deuterons at the center of the wave guide 6 simply increases to 130.degree., their amplitudes increase slightly when the intersection angle remains less than 135.degree., and the particles continue to resonate at about 20MHz. If the magnetic fields A are reduced to 26.4 kG the intersection angle 14 decreases to 86.degree., their amplitudes decrease slightly in retaining the proper periods, and the particles continue to resonate at about 20 MHz. Increasing or decreasing the energy levels of the particles increases or decreases their amplitudes without greatly affecting their intersection angles, as in a cyclotron. Consider an ion oscillating horizontally in phase with the plasma pulsations, possessing a modest vertical velocity, and entering a pair of composite magnetic fields at the top or bottom of the wave guide 6. The horizontal components of the narrow, curving magnetic fields B convert the vertical velocity of the ion into horizontal velocity and the amplitude of the ion tends to increase while it remains in phase with the horizontal plasma pulsations. But the vertical components of the curving magnetic fields B decrease the horizontal amplitude of the ion, and its intersection angle 14 increases and then decreases as the ion moves into and exits from the composite magnetic fields. The vertically oscillating ion generally exits from the composite fields leading the plasma pulsations but moves back into phase at the vertical midpoint of the wave guide 6 because of a generally increased intersection angle 14. The ion enters the alternate composite fields trailing the plasma pulsations, moves back into phase at its point of maximum penetration, exits from the composite fields leading the plasma pulsations, and moves back into phase at the vertical midpoint of the wave guide 6. A vertically oscillating ion will thus develop a slightly larger average intersection angle 14 and will continuously teeter slightly out of phase in both directions with the resonating plasma pulsations. But the resonating plasma pulsations continuously manipulate the vertically oscillating ions in both directions, particularly while their intersection angles are changing, in an attempt to reincorporate them back into phase, resulting in an immediate and powerful damping of the vertical components of the ionic oscillations, and the ions contain themselves within the modest magnetic fields A and B. This is actually a controlled application of the type of behavior which occurs randomly in unstable plasmas - energy flows into structured configurations. A powerful, horizontally resonating composite wave of enormous power density must be visualized as drawing energy out of the vertical components of its particle oscillations, particularly where pulsating, outwardly-increasing self-fields exist within the plasma. This damping phenomenon must not be confused with the typical reflection of particle velocities that occurs in a standard mirror machine. A designer of choke-field magnets would note that the composite fields will not contain a particle of determined vertical velocity. Such velocities are not obtainable through the statistical accretion of a large number of small-angle coulomb collisions. Large-angle collisions between reactive particles such as two tritons tend to result in fusion events, particularly in this structured environment. Collisions with helium ash tend to scavenge an alpha particle in one direction with the loss of a deuteron or a triton in the other. The elliptical, constantly changing mode shapes assumed by the pulsating electrons in their horizontal microwave orientation actively damp vertical electron oscillations and allow the electrons to be contained within their own modest electrostatic field in a manner similar to the vertical ionic containment. The higher propensity of the electrons to scatter is compensated by the higher frequency of the damping mechanism, and by the uniform, greatly reduced electron temperature. It is possible to consider the arc lengths of all the various ions oscillating in phase to be partial individual turns in a sinusoidal transformer operating at 40 MHz, similar to what occurs between the electrons and the patterned microwaves. Each of the ionized particles contributes to an induced electron flow at the plasma outer pulsation node as a function of its charge, velocity, and intersection angle, and receives slightly-more-average electron inductances as the plasma proceeds to its inner pulsation node. Each particle is rapidly reduced to the vicinity of the mean amplitude and energy level of that type of particle including replacement electrons, newly introduced deuterons and tritons, and suprathermal alpha particles as they are reduced to the mean energy level of the oscillating helium ash. In theory this transformer effect would rapidly reduce both the amplitudes and the energy levels of the narrow groups of doubly-charged, oscillating helium ash to half that of the oscillating deuterons while the groups of tritons would become several times more energetic because of their smaller velocities and intersection angles. The helium ash might be readily scavenged at low temperatures out the ends of the composite fields. It will be later shown that half of the collisions between deuterons and tritons occur from a head-on direction while the other half are from the rear, offset 36.degree. to the side - advantage deuterons. Half of the collisions between deuterons and alpha particles occur from a head-on direction, offset 36.degree. to the side, while the other half are from the rear - advantage alpha particles. Half of the collisions between tritons and alpha particles occure from a head-on direction, while the other half are from the rear, offset 36.degree. to the side-advantage tritons. The summation of all of this appears to indicate the scavengement of the helium ash by the energetic tritons, and an excellent plasma containment. The plasma pulsations also induce an alternating voltage in the wave guide 6, which sees the plasma as an internal coaxial cable, with its charge separations and pulsating self-field constituting a type of transverse electromagnetic wave. This alternating voltage constitutes the input impulses in the axially distributed oscillators 10, which also produce a type of powerful, unidirectional, 40 MHz transverse electromagnetic wave in the wave guide 6, with the plasma radiation energy losses producing the equivalent of powerful Q losses in the wave guide 6. The powerfully resonating plasma pulsations may be compared to a giant, nuclear-driven oscillator which produces a reverse-voltage counter to the oscillator impulses and which increases with ionic density and energy levels. This voltage is due to ohmic impedance reducing the induced electron flow, which produces a pulsating self-field and an alternating electric field in the plasma. During an initial start-up procedure the oscillator voltage is maintained above that of the pulsating plasma, energy flows into the wave guide 6, and the particle energy levels are maintained until an ignition density is obtained. After ignition has been achieved the situation is reversed and energy is continuously removed from the pulsating alpha particle halo through the oscillators 10 to maintain an optimal collision energy level for the narrow, beta-1 groups of head-on colliding tritons and deuterons which widen out with increasing plasma density. Returning again to the start-up procedure, the developing ionic wave assumes similar particle velocities and amplitudes about some rapidly decreasing energy level, which then becomes stabilized at between 100 and 200 keV by the introduction of a relatively small amount of energy from the oscillators 10. The primary purpose of the 2.25 MeV deutron accelerator 12 is to produce a powerfully resonating, beta-1 composite wave and to develop its microwave component into an effective ionizing medium. 100 keV neutral deuterium and tritium beams are tangentially injected slightly inward from the centerline of the wave guide 6 by the injectors 15 and 16, the beam particles become ionized within about 4 cm of the magnetic field boundary 7, and the ions arrange themselves at the proper intersection angles to allow them to become incorporated into the resonating plasma pulsations. The injected 100 keV deuterons, designated by the numeral 17 in FIG. 3, arrange themselves at about the same 108.degree. intersection angle 14 as the 2.25 MeV deuterons 13, but the injected 100 keV tritons, designated by the numeral 18 in FIG. 3, arrange themselves at a 72.degree. intersection angle 19. This demonstrates how disparate particles can contribute to the same resonating fusioning wave while meeting in periodic head-on collisions at the center of the wave guide 6. The ionic oscillation frequencies actually decrease slightly with increasing particle energy levels and increase slightly with increasing intersection angles, causing 10 keV deuterons, for example, to resonate at higher frequencies than 100 keV tritons with their high axial velocities, and with most of the ions ending up with slightly different intersection angles 14 at the center of the wave guide 6. The composite magnetic fields contain the particles, the oscillators 10 provide a massive infusion of energy, and the neutral particle beam injectors increase the plasma density to achieve ignition, after which the magnetic fields A must be readjusted to achieve the maximum energy production in the existence of the various plasma self-fields. The neutral particle beam injectors can be used to maintain the plasma density through a smaller number of particles at a reduced energy level, but low energy replacement ions might be more efficiently drifted vertically into the resonating ionic wave from the ionizer 20 along the boundary 7 between the oppositely-directed magnetic fields A. The neutral particle beam injectors might be eliminated, with the plasma being raised to ignition energy levels solely by the oscillators 10. The density of the ionic wave at its inner pulsation node is not limited to a theoretical beta-1 value as determined by the reduced electron temperature and the microwave self-field. The oscillating deuterons, tritons, and alpha particles have different mean amplitudes and the beta-1 density of each doubles as opposite sides pass through each other. It might be possible to employ some type of catalyzed, slower reacting deuterium fuel. The narrow groups of ions 21 widen rapidly in the vicinity of the inner pulsation node due to plasma pressure and reconverge more slowly everywhere else due to their outwardly-increasing self-fields. The resulting ionic bellows-action literally pumps energy out of the electrons and would be very important in the burning of advanced fusion fuels. The resonating ions implode, pass through, and explode back to beta-1 vicinities while simultaneously producing lateral electron explosions, and each of the ions is periodically accelerated laterally across the resulting electric potentials which move with free-space phase velocities. The 72.degree. intersection angle 19 of the oscillating tritons increases their outwardly-increasing self-fields, which serves to increase their intersection angle 19, which then permits a smaller, more stable deuteron intersection angle 14. If the fusion fuel is properly polarized the 3.5 MeV alpha particles will be emitted at the plasma inner pulsation node in phase with the resonating plasma pulsations with the same intersection angle 14 as the oscillating deuterons and with 71% of the amplitude of a deuteron of an equal energy level. If the planes-of-action of the fusion events are assumed to be roughly horizontal the 3.5 MeV alpha particles will oscillate within the wave guide 6 with amplitudes of 11 cm and the 14 MeV neutrons will penetrate the vertical side walls of the wave guide and enter the inward and outward located lithium blankets 11 at angles corresponding to the intersection angle 19 of the oscillating tritons. Neutron damage is largely limited to the sides of the wave guide 6, the ferromagnetic by-pass vanes and supports 8, and the oscillator probes and cables 9. The various beta-1 groups of resonating ions 21 are supplemented by an internally pulsating halo of accelerating tritons and deuterons and by an externally pulsating halo of decelerating suprathermal alpha particles. The fusion reactor is capable of being converted to a catalyzed deuterium reaction at higher particle energy levels. The 33.2 kG magnetic field A is reduced to 24.6 kG to bring the resonating deuterons together with 80.degree. intersection angles 14, which then increase to perhaps 85.degree. due to the outwardly-increasing self-fields. Synthesized tritium ions would then oscillate with 53.3.degree. intersection angles, and sythesized helium-3 ions would oscillate with 106.6.degree. intersection angles. Alpha particles would oscillate with 80.degree. intersection angles, as would synthesized 3 MeV protons with twice the deuteron oscillation frequency. 14.6 MeV protons would be containable only if the oscillation frequencies and the 24.6 kG magnetic field A were doubled. Each type of ion would resonate in two beta-1 groups 21 with an energy level determined by a combination of the transformer effect, coulomb collisions, and the circulating microwave and ionic bellows-action energies. Interesting reactions can be made to occur when 13.5 MeV protons are injected into a 37 kG magnetic field A to produce a 120 MHz, 80.degree.-85.degree. resonating proton wave, maintained at 1 MeV by the oscillators 10. Ions of lithium, beryllium or boron could be drifted into such a plasma, but these reactions would not generally be self-supporting or even containable in this machine, except in the case of lithium-7 if the ionic bellows-action could keep the electrons cool. The massive, low velocity lithium ions would resonate in two beta-1 groups 21 with beginning intersection angles of 34.3.degree., which would then increase somewhat due to the powerful, outwardly-increasing self-fields. The density and reaction rate of the resonating lithium fuel would be determined by the final electron temperature. The 85.degree. intersection angle of the bombarding protons would produce pairs of 8.5 MeV alpha particles which would resonate in four distinct groups with 80.degree. intersection angles and with half the proton oscillation frequency. Half of the collisions between resonating plasma protons and alpha particles would occur at the plasma inner pulsation node, with half of these being from behind and half occurring from a forward direction. All of the collisions between protons and alpha particles occurring at distances from the plasma inner pulsation node would possess distinct forward-direction collision components, and the lithium fuel might also resonate in four distinct groups at half the proton oscillation frequency with beginning intersection angles of 68.6.degree.. In theory the alpha particle ash would consistently lose energy to both the plasma protons and the lithium ions until it would be scavenged at low temperatures out the ends of the composite fields. This would be very important from the standpoint of first wall loading and impurity suppression, and also in retaining an additional 2 MeV of energy within the plasma for each fusion event, which is applicable in principle for any fusion fuel. It is to be understood that the form of my invention herein shown and described is to be taken as a preferred example of the same and that various changes in the shape, size and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of my invention, or the scope of the subjoined claims.