Patent Number: 061608653
Section: description

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a synchrotron radiation intensity measuring system and an X-ray exposure apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, denoted at 1 is a synchrotron ring which is a light source for producing synchrotron radiation light and which emits a sheet-like beam 9. The level of vacuum of the synchrotron ring 1 is monitored by use of a pressure sensor 15. The sheet-like beam 9 is expanded by a cylindrical mirror 2 in Y direction, such that an exposure picture angle upon a mask 4 is assured. The expanded beam 10 has an intensity distribution along the Y direction. In order to cancel this Y-direction intensity distribution with respect to exposure time so as to provide uniform exposure amount upon the mask 4 and upon a wafer 5, a stutter 3 is drive controlled to adjust the movement speed thereof in accordance with the intensity distribution. As regards the positional relation between the cylindrical mirror 2 and the sheet-like beam 9, the mirror 2 and the beam 9 should be precisely registered with each other. Further, the cylindrical mirror 2 needs to move in Y direction to follow vibration or shift of the sheet-like beam 9. To this end, the cylindrical mirror 2 is mounted on a mirror holder 6 which can be driven in Y direction by driving means 7. Additionally, mounted on the mirror holder 6 is dual-element detector means having first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b each for detecting a beam within a predetermined region in the neighborhood of the upper or lower edge of the sheet-like beam 9. Outputs of the first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b are amplified by a preamplifier 11, and the thus amplified outputs Va and Vb of the first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b are transmitted to a mirror controller 12 and an intensity computing device 13. The mirror controller 12 compares the amplified outputs Va and Vb of the X-ray detectors 8a and 8b with each other, and it supplies a drive signal to the driving means 7 in accordance with the result of comparison. Thus, the mirror controller 12 drives the driving means 7 on the basis of the result of comparison between the outputs Va and Vb , and it moves the cylindrical mirror 2 so that the outputs Va and Vb become equal to each other. In this manner, the mirror controller 12 controls the position of the cylindrical mirror 2 and registers the mirror 2 and the sheet-like beam 9 with each other very precisely. Further, the intensity computing means 13 converts a sum signal of the amplified outputs Va and Vb of the first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b into exposure light intensity. On the basis of the thus provided exposure light intensity, a shutter controller 14 calculates a driving time for a shutter 3. Then, the controller 14 drives the shutter 3 in accordance with the result of calculation. In this manner, the movement speed of the shutter 3 is controlled in accordance with exposure light intensity, whereby uniform exposure amount is assured upon a mask 4 and a wafer 5, as described hereinbefore. In the synchrotron ring 1, if the accumulated current value or the vacuum level thereof varies, the beam profile of synchrotron radiation light changes. Such change in beam profile results in that the sum signal of outputs Va and Vb of the first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b goes out of exact proportional relation with the exposure light intensity. Thus, in that occasion, the exposure light intensity can not be calculated with good precision. More specifically, when the accumulated current value of the synchrotron ring 1 is small, as shown at 21 in FIG. 2 the beam profile has a small expansion; whereas when the accumulated current value is large, the beam profile has a large expansion. Thus, the relation between the sum signal of outputs Va and Vb of the first and second X-ray detectors 8a and 8b has a tendency such as shown in FIG. 3. It is not a straight line passing an origin. In consideration of the above, such tendency characteristics are memorized in the intensity computing means 13 beforehand in the form of a data table. Then, the data table in the intensity computing means 13 is referred to, on the basis of a sum signal of outputs Va and Vb of the X-ray detectors 8a and 8b . This enables high precision and high speed calculation of exposure light intensity. The characteristics such as shown in FIG. 3 which are to be reserved in the data table can be represented by the following relation: EQU I(v)=a.sub.0 +a.sub.1 v+a.sub.2 v.sup.2 +a.sub.3 v.sup.3 + . . . (1) where I is the intensity of synchrotron radiation light and v is the output of X-ray detector. Further, it is known that the beam profile of synchrotron radiation varies with the pressure of the synchrotron ring 1. In consideration of this, the output of the pressure sensor 15 for monitoring the pressure of the synchrotron ring 1 is supplied into the intensity computing means 13, and correction is made to the coefficients. This enables higher precision calculation of exposure light intensity. Here, since coefficients a.sub.0, a.sub.1, a.sub.2, a.sub.3, . . . , in equation (1) above are functions of vacuum level p of the synchrotron ring, the relation among them can be expressed by: EQU I(v)=a.sub.0 (p)+a.sub.1 (p)v+a.sub.2 (p)v.sup.2 +a.sub.3 (p)v.sup.3 + . . . (2) The procedure of measurement of data table such as shown in FIG. 3 will now be explained. FIG. 4 is a graph wherein outputs of X-ray detectors 8a and 8b as the cylindrical mirror 2 is moved in Y direction by the driving means 7 are plotted, and the beam profile of the sheet-like beam 9 is measured. Denoted at 41 corresponds to a curve Va(y), and denoted at 42 is a curve Vb(y). These curves are Gauss approximated, and voltage and area at the intersection are detected. The area has a value proportional to the exposure light intensity, and a conversion coefficient may be determined beforehand on the basis of the sensitivity of the X-ray detector 8, for example. This operation is performed while changing the accumulated current of the synchrotron ring 1, and plural data pieces are obtained. Then, the voltages and exposure light intensities are plotted, and an approximation curve is determined. The coefficient associated therewith is memorized into the intensity computing means 13. Further, changes in coefficient as the vacuum level of the synchrotron ring 1 varies are detected as plural data pieces, and they are stored in the form of a function. This enables high precision measurement. Another embodiment of the present invention will now be described. This embodiment has a basic structure which is similar to that of the preceding embodiment. However, in this embodiment, the driving speed of a shutter as well as the driving speed thereof are controlled and changed in response to an output of the intensity computing means 13 and in accordance with the beam profile of the synchrotron radiation light, by which further enhancement of precision of exposure amount control is assured. FIG. 5A shows intensity distribution, upon a mask 4, of enlarged beam 10 being enlarged by the cylindrical mirror 2 in Y direction. Here, a curve 51 corresponds to the intensity distribution as the accumulated current of the synchrotron ring is small. Curve 52 corresponds to the intensity distribution when the accumulated current is large. It is seen that the beam is expanded with enlargement of accumulated current. In consideration of this, in order to correct this intensity distribution, the drive of shutter 3 is so controlled as to cancel the intensity distribution with respect to exposure time, in accordance with the position in Y direction, to thereby provide uniform exposure amount on the mask 4. More specifically, it can be accomplished by changing the speed of an aperture of the shutter 3, passing the beam path. In FIG. 5B, curves 53 and 54 depict exposure times at different positions in Y direction, corresponding to the intensity distributions 51 and 52, respectively. To provide them, the shutter controller 14 calculates the profile of expanded beam on the basis of an output of the intensity computing means 13, and the shutter 13 is driven in accordance with the calculation. For calculation of profile, the expanded beam as reflected by the cylindrical mirror 2 may be determined by calculation or, alternatively, exposure experiments may be made while changing the current value and it may be determined from the rate of resist remaining on the wafer 5. While in the above-described embodiments a cylindrical mirror is used to enlarge the exposure picture angle, substantially the same advantageous results are or curse attainable with a case wherein a plane mirror is oscillated to expand the exposure picture angle. Next, an embodiment of device manufacturing method which uses an X-ray exposure apparatus such as described above, will be explained. FIG. 6 is a flow chart of procedure for manufacture of microdevices such as semiconductor chips (e.g. ICs or LSIs), liquid crystal panels, CCDs; thin film magnetic heads or micro-machines, for example. Step 11 is a design process for designing a circuit of a semiconductor device. Step 12 is a process for making a mask on the basis of the circuit pattern design. Step 13 is a process for preparing a wafer by using a material such as silicon. Step 14 is a wafer process which is called a pre-process wherein, by using the so prepared mask and wafer, circuits are practically formed on the wafer through lithography. Step 1z5 subsequent to this is an assembling step which is called a post-process wherein the wafer having been processed by step 14 is formed into semiconductor chips. This step includes assembling (dicing and bonding) process and packaging (chip sealing) process. Step 16 is an inspection step wherein operation check, durability check and so on for the semiconductor devices provided by step 15, are carried out. With these processes, semiconductor devices are completed and they are shipped (step 17). FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing details of the wafer process. Step 21 is an oxidation process for oxidizing the surface of a wafer. Step 22 is a CVD process for forming an insulating film on the wafer surface. Step 23 is an electrode forming process for forming electrodes upon the wafer by vapor deposition. Step 24 is an ion implanting process for implanting ions to the wafer. Step 25 is a resist process for applying a resist (photosensitive material) to the wafer. Step 26 is an exposure process for printing, by exposure, the circuit pattern of the mask on the wafer through the exposure apparatus described above. Step 27 is a developing process for developing the exposed wafer. Step 28 is an etching process for removing portions other than the developed resist image. Step 29 is a resist separation process for separating the resist material remaining on the wafer after being subjected to the etching process. By repeating these processes, circuit patterns are superposedly formed on the wafer. With these processes, high density microdevices can be manufactured. While the invention has been described with reference to the structures disclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set forth and this application is intended to cover such modifications or changes as may come within the purposes of the improvements or the scope of the following claims.