Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An X-ray source for delivering X-rays along an optical axis with a predefined energy, intensity and spatial distribution to a desired region of a sample, comprising: a linear accelerator with a thin anode having a thickness less than or equal to about 50 microns that creates a conical spatial distribution characterized by an angle less than of plus or minus 5 degrees in relation to the optical axis for X-rays with an energy below 110 keV and an electron trap that deflects and absorbs an electron beam that penetrates through the thin anode; and  conditioning optics which shape, direct and monochromatize the X-rays that emerge from the thin anode by cutting a narrow line from a continuous spectrum in the region of the spectrum below 110 keV. 2. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the electron trap includes a magnet for changing the trajectory of electrons penetrating through the anode and a cell made of a material that absorbs the X-ray beam emerging from the anode. claim 1 3. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the conditioning optics create a focused X-ray beam. claim 1 4. The X-ray system of  claim 1  wherein the conditioning optics create a parallel X-ray beam. claim 1 5. The X-ray system of  claim 1  wherein the conditioning optics create an X-ray beam with a predefined divergency. claim 1 6. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the conditioning optics comprise: claim 1 entrance and exit slits and a stop diaphragm that protect the sample from bombardment by the X-rays, other than those reflected from the conditioning optics, the stop diaphragm being positioned before the sample. 7. The X-ray source of  claim 6  wherein the slits have an inner surface and the stop diaphragm has an outer surface, the inner surface of the slits and the outer surface of the diaphragm being parallel to an edge of the X-ray beam that impinges thereupon. claim 6 8. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the X-rays have an energy from 5 keV to 110 keV and are characterized by a shape that varies in cross-section of a parallel beam from 10 microns to 3 millimeters and a focus size down to 10 microns. claim 1 9. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the linear accelerator accelerates the electron beam emitted from an electron gun up to 15 MeV. claim 1 10. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the wavelength of the X-rays is up to 200 Angstroms. claim 1 11. The X-ray source of  claim 1  wherein the wavelength of the X-rays is between 0.1 Angstroms-1.25 Angstroms. claim 1 12. A method for using the X-ray source claimed in  claim 1 , comprising the steps of: claim 1 directing the X-rays toward a sample; and  analyzing a structure of the sample with a detector, wherein the time required to analyze the structure of the sample is significantly decreased by increasing the flux density of monochromatic x-rays delivered to the sample. 13. A method of generating X-rays comprising the steps of: providing an X-ray beam from a thin anode having a thickness less than or equal to about 50 microns that is directed along an optical axis;  separating an electron beam from the X-ray beam by an electron trap that deflects and absorbs an electron beam that penetrates through the thin anode; and  directing the X-ray beam through conditioning optics to produce a monochromatic, shaped beam having a predetermined energy by cutting off a narrow portion of a continuous spectrum in the region of the spectrum below 110 keV.