Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A method for depressurizing a nuclear power plant including a containment shell for containing activity carriers and having an outlet for a depressurization flow, the depressurization flow conducted out of the containment shell into the atmosphere via a depressurization line being provided with a filter system, the filter system containing a filter chamber having a filter chamber inlet, a filter chamber outlet and a sorbent filter lying there-between, which comprises the steps of:first conducting the depressurization flow in a high-pressure section of the depressurization line;depressurizing the depressurization flow by means of expansion at a throttle device;immediately before the depressurization flow enters the filter chamber, conducting the depressurization flow that has been depressurized by the throttle device through a superheating section, in which the depressurization flow is heated by direct or indirect heat transfer from a not yet depressurized depressurization flow in the high-pressure section to a temperature which is at least 10° C. above a dew-point temperature present there;conducting the depressurization flow at least partially through the filter chamber having the sorbent filter; andblowing out the depressurization flow into the atmosphere. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the depressurization flow in the high-pressure section is at least partially conducted past the filter chamber and the latter is thereby heated by way of heat transfer. 3. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises providing a central chamber which surrounds or adjoins the filter chamber, and conducting the depressurization flow in the high-pressure section through heat-exchanger elements arranged in the central chamber or protruding into said central chamber, and the depressurization flow in the superheating section being conducted through the central chamber externally past the heat-exchanger elements. 4. The method according to claim 3, which further comprises conducting the depressurization flow in the superheating section in counterflow or cross-counterflow with respect to the depressurization flow in the high-pressure section. 5. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises conducting the depressurization flow in the high-pressure section through a washing tank containing a washing liquid and having a number of inflow nozzles. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the depressurization flow flows through the inflow nozzles at a flow rate of over 100 m/s. 7. The method according to claim 5, which further comprises forming the inflow nozzles as venturi scrubber type nozzles. 8. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises removing the depressurization flow from a condensation chamber of a nuclear reactor and conducted from there past the filter chamber to heat it, without a washing tank being interposed. 9. The method according to claim 5, which further comprises conducting the washing liquid out from the washing tank through a circulation line, at least a portion of which is in thermal contact with the filter chamber and heats the latter by heat transfer from the circulating washing liquid. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the depressurization flow depressurized by the throttle device in the superheating section is in thermal contact with the circulation line and is heated by heat transfer from the washing liquid. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein a flow of the washing liquid through the circulation line is driven by a momentum transferred in the washing tank from the depressurization flow to the washing liquid. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein, after flowing through the circulation line, the washing liquid removed from the washing tank is returned to the washing tank at a geodetically higher point. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein a central chamber which surrounds or adjoins the filter chamber is provided, the washing liquid being conducted through heat-exchanger elements disposed in the central chamber or protruding into it, namely heat-exchanger tubes, and the depressurization flow in the superheating section being conducted through the central chamber externally past the heat-exchanger elements. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the depressurization flow flows through the central chamber with a vertical main direction of flow from top to bottom and the washing liquid flows through the heat-exchanger elements with the vertical main direction of flow from bottom to top. 15. The method according to claim 9, which further comprises setting a flow rate of the washing liquid in the circulation line to be over 1 m/s. 16. The method according to claim 15, which further comprises setting the flow rate of the washing liquid in the circulation line to be over 3 m/s. 17. The method according to claim 8, wherein the nuclear reactor is a boiling-water reactor. 18. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises blowing out a partial flow of the depressurization flow directly into the atmosphere via a bypass line while bypassing the filter chamber. 19. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises setting a flow rate of the depressurization flow in a range from 10 m/s to 50 m/s in full-load operation in the high-pressure section. 20. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises setting a flow rate of the depressurization flow in a range from 10 m/s to 70 m/s in full load operation in the superheating section. 21. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises setting a free flow cross section of the throttle device in such a way that pressure in the high-pressure section is two to five times a pressure in the superheating section. 22. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises conducting the depressurization flow via the sorbent filter with a non-water-soluble and high-temperature-resistant silver doping. 23. The method according to claim 1, which further comprises heating the not yet depressurized depressurization flow in the high-pressure section to a temperature which is 20° C. to 50° C. above a dew-point temperature present there. 24. A depressurization system for a nuclear power plant having a containment shell for containing activity carriers and having an outlet for a depressurization flow, the depressurization system comprising:a depressurization line connected to the outlet and having a high-pressure section;a filter system connected in said depressurization line, said filter system containing a filter chamber having a filter chamber inlet, a filter chamber outlet and a sorbent filter lying there-between;a throttle device connected into said depressurization line at an end of said high-pressure section, said depressurization line opening out downstream of said throttle device into said filter chamber inlet;a blow-out unit having a blow-out opening formed therein and leading to atmosphere, said filter chamber outlet connected to said blow-out opening leading into the atmosphere; andsaid depressurization line having a superheating section disposed between said throttle device and said filter chamber inlet, said superheating section having heat-exchanger surfaces and being thermally coupled to said high-pressure section via said heat-exchanger surfaces, said heat-exchanger surfaces being dimensioned such that the depressurization flow established under design-basis accident conditions in said superheating section is heated to a temperature which is at least 10° C. above a dew-point temperature present there. 25. The depressurization system according to claim 24, wherein at least a portion of said high-pressure section is taken past said filter chamber and is thermally coupled to said filter chamber via said heat-exchanger surfaces, with the result that said filter chamber is heated by the depressurization flow. 26. The depressurization system according to claim 24, further comprising:a central chamber, said filter chamber surrounding or adjoining said central chamber;at least one heat-exchanger element through which a flow can pass disposed in said central chamber or said at least one heat-exchanger element protruding into said central chamber, and a conduction of the depressurization flow in said depressurization line being configured such that the depressurization flow in said high-pressure section is conducted through said heat-exchanger element and in said superheating section is conducted through said central chamber externally past said heat-exchanger element. 27. The depressurization system according to claim 26, wherein said heat-exchanger element is aligned in relation to said central chamber such that the depressurization flow in said superheating section is conducted in counterflow or cross-counterflow with respect to the depressurization flow in said high-pressure section. 28. The depressurization system according to claim 24, further comprising a washing tank containing a washing liquid and having at least one inflow nozzle, said washing tank is connected into said depressurization line and into said high-pressure section. 29. The depressurization system according to claim 28, further comprising a circulation line for a circulation of the washing liquid and connected to said washing tank, said circulation line being taken past said filter chamber and being in thermal contact with said filter chamber, with a result that a heat transfer takes place from a circulating washing liquid to said filter chamber. 30. The depressurization system according to claim 29, wherein said superheating section of said depressurization line is thermally coupled to said circulation line via said heat-exchanger surfaces, with a result that a heat transfer takes place there from the circulating washing liquid to the depressurization flow. 31. The depressurization system according to claim 29, further comprising a central chamber, said filter chamber surrounding or adjoining said central chamber, said circulation line having at least one heat-exchanger element, which is disposed in said central chamber or protruding into said central chamber and is flowed through by the washing liquid during depressurizing operation, and a conduction of the depressurization flow in said depressurization line being configured such that the depressurization flow in said superheating section is conducted through said central chamber externally past said at least one heat-exchanger element. 32. The depressurization system according to claim 31, wherein said at least one heat-exchanger element is aligned in relation to said central chamber such that the depressurization flow in said superheating section is conducted in counterflow or cross-counterflow with respect to the washing liquid flowing in said circulation line. 33. The depressurization system according to claim 32, wherein said central chamber and said at least one heat-exchanger element are fashioned and aligned such that the depressurization flow flows through said central chamber with a vertical main direction of flow from top to bottom, and wherein the washing liquid flows through said heat-exchanger elements with a vertical main direction of flow from bottom to top. 34. The depressurization system according to claim 29, wherein said circulation line has a washing liquid inlet, opening into said washing tank, and a washing liquid outlet, lying higher in relation to said washing liquid inlet and opening into said washing tank. 35. The depressurization system according to claim 29, wherein said at least one inflow nozzle is aligned such that a momentum of the depressurization flow flowing through said inflow nozzle is transferred to the washing liquid and drives a circulation of the washing liquid through said circulation line. 36. The depressurization system according to claim 28, wherein said at least one inflow nozzle is a venturi scrubber type nozzle. 37. The depressurization system according to claim 24, wherein the depressurization system is for a nuclear power plant having a boiling-water reactor with a condensation chamber, wherein said depressurization line is connected on an inflow side to the condensation chamber and from there is taken past said filter chamber to heat it, without a washing tank being interposed. 38. The depressurization system according to claim 24, further comprising a bypass line for bypassing said filter chamber and connected into said depressurization line. 39. The depressurization system according to claim 24, wherein said sorbent filter contains a zeolite-based sorbent material with a non-water-soluble silver doping. 40. The depressurization system according to claim 24, wherein said sorbent filter contains an inorganic sorbent material with a silver-nitrate doping. 41. The depressurization system according to claim 24, wherein said heat-exchanger surfaces being dimensioned such that the depressurization flow established under design-basis accident conditions in said superheating section is heated to a temperature which is 20° C. to 50° C. above the dew-point temperature present there. 42. A nuclear power plant, comprising:a containment shell for containing activity carriers and having an outlet;a depressurization system, containing:a depressurization line connected to said outlet of said containment shell and having a high-pressure section;a filter system connected in said depressurization line, said filter system containing a filter chamber having a filter chamber inlet, a filter chamber outlet and a sorbent filter lying there-between;a throttle device connected into said depressurization line at an end of said high-pressure section, said depressurization line opening out downstream of said throttle device into said filter chamber inlet;a blow-out unit having a blow-out opening formed therein and leading to atmosphere, said filter chamber outlet connected to said blow-out opening leading into the atmosphere;said depressurization line having a superheating section disposed between said throttle device and said filter chamber inlet, said superheating section having heat-exchanger surfaces and being thermally coupled to said high-pressure section via said heat-exchanger surfaces, said heat-exchanger surfaces being dimensioned such that the depressurization flow established under design-basis accident conditions in said superheating section is heated to a temperature which is at least 10° C. above a dew-point temperature present there.