Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object, comprising:generating means for generating a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam from an X-ray beam;a reflection-type angle analyzer for reflecting the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam at reflecting points on both slopes of a reflection curve of the reflection-type angle analyzer, angle information being extracted to a maximum extent at the reflecting points, the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam including an X-ray beam that passed through the object when the object is positioned rotatably in the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam and an X-ray beam from the generating means when the object is not positioned in the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam;an imaging device for generating a refraction angle data by receiving the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam reflected on the reflection-type angle analyzer to detect the intensity thereof and output a refraction angle data; andan arithmetic device for constructing the 3-dimensional image by carrying out an arithmetical operation for the refraction angle data from the imaging device; whereinthe arithmetic device extracts, from the refraction angle data, a refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), wherein Θ is a rotation angle of the object and t is a projection coordinate perpendicular to the X-ray beam, and reconstructs a refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the extracted refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), and the reconstruction of the refraction index gradient ∇ñ is carried out by an algorithmΔα(Θ,t)eiΘ=∫S|∇ñ(r)|eiφ(r)drwherein ñ(r) is a local refraction index which has a relation to the refraction index n(r) in portion r as ñ=1−n, φ(r) is the angle between the direction of the X-ray beam and the refraction index gradient ∇ñ(r), and S is an integration path. 2. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 1, wherein the arithmetic device converts the reconstructed refraction index gradient ∇ñ to a scalar field ñ(r). 3. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 2, wherein the arithmetic device forms a plurality of 2-dimensional slice images of the object in the form of the scalar field ñ and construct the 3-dimensional image by reconstructing the plurality of 2-dimensional slice images. 4. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 2, wherein the generating means is a monochromator, and the imaging device is a CCD camera. 5. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 1, wherein the generating means is a monochromator, and the imaging device is a CCD camera. 6. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object, comprising:generating means for generating a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam from an X-ray beam;a transmission-type angle analyzer for transmitting the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam passed through the object positioned rotatably in the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam;an imaging device for generating a refraction angle data by receiving the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam that passed through the transmission-type angle analyzer to detect the intensity thereof and output a refraction angle data; andan arithmetic device for constructing the 3-dimensional image by carrying out an arithmetical operation for the refraction angle data from the imaging device; whereinthe arithmetic device extracts, from the refracted angle data, a refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), wherein Θ is a rotation angle of the object and t is a projection coordinate perpendicular to the X-ray beam, and reconstructs a refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the extracted refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), andthe reconstruction of the refraction index gradient ∇ñ is carried out by an algorithmΔα(Θ,t)eiΘ=∫S|∇ñ(r)|eiφ(r)drwherein ñ(r) is a local refraction index which has a relation to the refraction index n(r) in portion r as ñ=1−n, φ(r) is the angle between the direction of the X-ray beam and the refraction index gradient ∇ñ(r), and S is an integration path. 7. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 6, wherein the arithmetic device converts the reconstructed refraction index gradient ∇ñ to a scalar field ñ(r). 8. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 7, wherein the generating means is a monochromator, and the imaging device is a CCD camera. 9. An apparatus for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 6, wherein the generating means is a monochromator, and the imaging device is a CCD camera. 10. A method for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object, comprising the steps of:generating a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam by a monochromator;receiving a first monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam passed through the object and reflected on a reflective type angle analyzer at a first reflective angular position, on a left side slope of a rocking curve of the reflective type angle analyzer by means of an imaging device;receiving a second monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam passed through the object and reflected on the reflective type angle analyzer at a second reflective angular position on a right side slope of the rocking curve of the reflective type angle analyzer by means of the imaging device;extracting a refraction angle from the first X-ray beam and the second X-ray beam; andconstructing the 3-dimensional image by carrying out an arithmetical operation for the refraction angle data from the imaging device; whereinthe arithmetical operation includes the steps of,extracting a refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), wherein Θ is a rotation angle of the object and t is a projection coordinate perpendicular to the X-ray beam,reconstructing a refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), andconverting the reconstructed refraction index gradient ∇ñ to a field ñ (r). 11. A method for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 10, wherein the reconstruction of the refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t) is carried out by an algorithmΔα(Θ,t)eiΘ=∫S|∇ñ(r)|eiφ(r)drwherein ñ(r) is a local refraction index which has a relation to the refraction index n(r) in portion r as ñ=1−n, φ(r) is the angle between the direction of the X-ray beam and the refraction index gradient ∇ñ(r), and S is an integration path. 12. A method for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object according to claim 11, further comprising:forming a plurality of 2-dimensional slice images of the object in the form of the scalar field ñ; andconstructing the 3-dimensional image by reconstructing the plurality of 2-dimensional slice images. 13. A method for constructing a 3-dimensional image of an object, comprising the steps of:generating a monochromatic and parallel X-ray beams from an X-ray beam by a monochromator;transmitting, through a transmission-type angle analyzer, the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam that passed through the object positioned rotatably in the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam, and receiving the monochromatic and parallel X-ray beam that passed through the transmission-type angle analyzer by an imaging device to acquire a refraction angle data; andconstructing the 3-dimensional image by carrying out an arithmetical operation for the refraction angle data from the imaging device; whereinthe arithmetical operation includes the steps of,extracting a refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t), wherein Θ is a rotation angle of the object and t is a projection coordinate perpendicular to the X-ray beam,reconstructing a refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ, t),converting the reconstructed refraction index gradient ∇ñ to a scalar field ñ (r), andwherein the reconstruction of the refraction index gradient ∇ñ from the refraction angle distribution Δα(Θ,t) is carried out by an algorithmΔα(Θ, t)eiΘ=∫S|∇ñ(r)|eiφ(r)drwherein ñ(r) is a local refraction index which has a relation to the refraction index n(r) in portion r as ñ=1−n, φ(r) is the angle between the direction of the X-ray beam and the refraction index gradient ∇ñ(r), and S is an integration path.