Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A method for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam;wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase;wherein the energy of the ion beam is altered over time between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase, such thati) in the at least one radiography phase, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam an ion radiograph of the target volume is acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the at least one deposition phase, the range of the ion beam is within the target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume,wherein in the at least one deposition phase, the intensity of the ion beam is set considerably higher than in the at least one radiography phase. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into a plurality of radiography phases and a plurality of deposition phases;wherein between the radiography phases and the deposition phases the energy of the ion beam is alternately switched up and down, so that in alternating cycles:i) in the radiography phases, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam ion radiographs of the target volume are acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the deposition phases, the range of the ion beam is within the target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a respective predetermined dose in the target volume. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2,wherein in the deposition phases different isoenergy layers of the target volume are targeted with the ion beam to deposit a predetermined dose in the respective isoenergy layers, and wherein a radiography measurement according to i) is performed at least prior to the irradiation of each isoenergy layer for depositing a dose. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein in the at least one deposition phase the energy of the ion beam is reduced from the higher energy for radiography to the lower energy for deposition using a passive energy modulator. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein the target volume is a target volume that is cyclically moving during the irradiation, and the cyclical movement of the target volume is divided into a plurality of movement phases, and wherein the duration of the at least one radiography phase or the plurality of radiography phases is not greater than the duration of each of the movement phases. 6. A method for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam;wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase;wherein the energy of the ion beam is altered over time between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase, such thati) in the at least one radiography phase, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam an ion radiograph of the target volume is acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the at least one deposition phase, the range of the ion beam is within the target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume,wherein the movement of the target volume is compensated for by active ion beam tracking, and wherein the active ion beam tracking is controlled in response to the ion radiographs acquired by the ion radiography detector. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein in the at least one radiography phase, a laterally two-dimensionally spatially resolved ion radiograph is acquired by passing the ion beam through a plurality of grid points of the target volume and determining the range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume for each of the grid points in the ion radiograph to create an at least two-dimensional map of the range of the ion beam. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein the irradiation method is a scanning method and wherein in the at least one radiography phase, the ion beam is wobbled across at least a portion of the lateral area of the target volume. 9. The method as claimed in claim 8,wherein in at least one of the plurality of deposition phases, the ion beam is scanned across the clinical target volume; andwherein in the at least one the plurality of radiography phases, the ion beam is wobbled across at least a portion of the lateral area of the internal target volume beyond the clinical target volume. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein a range simulation calculation is performed in order to calculate simulated target values for the range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume in the radiography phase;wherein during irradiation in the radiography phase the actual range of the ion beam after having passed through the target volume is determined; andwherein the determined actual ranges are compared with the simulated target values. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein a range simulation calculation is performed for a plurality of grid points to create a multi-dimensional map of simulated target values of the range of the ion beam;wherein during the irradiation in the radiography phase, the actual range of the ion beam after having passed through the target volume is determined for a plurality of grid points, and based thereon a multi-dimensional ion radiograph with the respective actual ranges of the ion beam is created; andwherein the ion radiograph is compared with the map of simulated target values. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein additionally the movement of the target volume or a movement surrogate is measured using an internal or external movement measuring system, and wherein the measurement results of the movement measuring system are automatically associated with the ion radiographs acquired using the ion radiography detector, and wherein the irradiation is controlled based on said associated data. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1,wherein additionally the movement of the target volume or a movement surrogate is measured using an internal or external movement measuring system, and wherein the alternation between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase is controlled in response to the measurement results of the movement measuring system. 14. A method for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam;wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase;wherein the energy of the ion beam is altered over time between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase, such thati) in the at least one radiography phase, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam an ion radiograph of the target volume is acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the at least one deposition phase, the range of the ion beam is within that target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume,wherein in the at least one radiography phase, the target volume is irradiated from more than one direction thereby acquiring at least one ion radiograph with more than two spatial dimensions. 15. An irradiation system for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam, comprising:an accelerator and beam guiding device for generating and accelerating an ion beam and for guiding and directing the ion beam to the target volume;a controller device for controlling the irradiation;a device for varying the energy of the ion beam over time, between at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase, by means of whichi) in the at least one radiography phase the energy of the ion beam is adjusted to a radiography energy having a range distal with respect to the target volume wherein the ion beam passes through the target volume;ii) in the at least one deposition phase the energy of the ion beam is adjusted to a deposition energy having a range within the target volume, wherein the ion beam is stopped in the target volume in order to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume;an ion radiography detector arranged distal with respect to the target volume for acquiring ion radiographs of the target volume by detecting the ion beam that passes through the target volume in the radiography phase,wherein said controller device is configured to control the irradiation system in a manner so that in the at least one deposition phase the intensity of the ion beam is set to be considerably higher than in the at least one radiography phase. 16. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the device for varying the energy of the ion beam over time switches up and down the energy of the ion beam in an alternating sequence that includes a plurality of radiography phases and a plurality of deposition phases, such that in cyclically alternating manner:i) in each of the radiography phases the energy of the ion beam is adjusted to the radiography energy, with a range distal with respect to the target volume, wherein the ion beam passes through the target volume;ii) in the deposition phases the energy of the ion beam is adjusted to the deposition energy, with a range within the target volume, wherein the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a respective predetermined dose in the target volume. 17. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 16,wherein said controller device is configured to control the irradiation system so that:in the deposition phases different isoenergy layers of the target volume are approached with the ion beam to deposit a respective predetermined dose in the isoenergy layers; andwherein a radiography measurement is performed using the ion radiography detector at least prior to the irradiation of each isoenergy layer for depositing a dose. 18. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15, wherein the device for varying the energy of the ion beam over time comprises a passive energy modulator which in the at least one deposition phase reduces the energy of the ion beam from the higher radiography energy to the lower deposition energy. 19. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15, comprising means for dividing the movement of a target volume that is cyclically moving during the irradiation into a plurality of movement phases, wherein the duration of the at least one radiography phase is not greater than the duration of each of the movement phases. 20. An irradiation system for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam, by way of example using a method for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam;wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase;wherein the energy of the ion beam is altered over time between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase, such thati) in the at least one radiography phase, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam an ion radiograph of the target volume is acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the at least one deposition phase, the range of the ion beam is within the target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume,wherein they system comprises:a device for compensating the movement of the target volume by active ion beam tracking, wherein the controller device is adapted to control the active ion beam tracking in response to the ion radiographs acquired by the ion radiography detector. 21. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15, wherein the ion radiography detector is a spatially resolving detector which acquires a respective laterally two-dimensionally spatially resolved ion radiograph in the at least one radiography phase by having the ion beam passing through a plurality of grid points of the target volume;further comprising a computing device for determining the range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume for each of said grid points in the ion radiographs and for creating an at least two-dimensional map of the range of the ion beam after having passed through the target volume. 22. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the system comprises a scanning device for scanning the ion beam across the target volume, wherein the controller device is adapted to control the scanning device so thatin the at least one deposition phase, the ion beam is scanned across the target volume to deposit a dose; andin the at least one radiography phase, the ion beam is wobbled across at least a portion of the lateral area of the target volume. 23. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 22,wherein the controller device is adapted to control the scanning device so that in the at least one deposition phase, the ion beam is scanned across the clinical target volume, and in the at least one radiography phase the ion beam is wobbled across at least a portion of the lateral area of the internal target volume beyond the clinical target volume. 24. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the system comprises computing device, configured to:perform a range simulation calculation in order to calculate simulated target values for the range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume in the at least one radiography phase;determine the actual range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume in the at least one radiography phase in response to the measured values of the ion radiography detector; andcompare the determined actual ranges with the simulated target values. 25. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the system comprises a computing device, configured to:perform a range simulation calculation for a plurality of grid points to create a multi-dimensional map of simulated target values of the range of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume in the radiography phase;determine the actual ranges of the ion beam after it has passed through the target volume for a plurality of grid points, and to create a multi-dimensional ion radiograph with the respective actual ranges of the ion beam; andcompare the ion radiograph with the map of simulated target values. 26. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the system comprises an internal or external movement measuring system for measuring the movement of the target volume or of a movement surrogate, and wherein the controller device is configured to:receive measurement results of the movement measuring system;receive ion radiographs of the ion radiography detector;andautomatically associate the measurement results and the ion radiographs and to control the irradiation in response to the associated data. 27. The irradiation system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the system comprises an internal or external movement measuring system for measuring the movement of the target volume or of a movement surrogate, and wherein the controller device is configured to:control the alternation between in the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase in response to the measurement results of the movement measuring system. 28. An irradiation system for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam, by way of the example using a method for irradiating a target volume with an ion beam;wherein the irradiation of the target volume is divided over time into at least one radiography phase and at least one deposition phase;wherein the energy of the ion beam is altered over time between the at least one radiography phase and the at least one deposition phase, such thati) in the at least one radiography phase, the range of the ion beam is distal with respect to the target volume, so that the ion beam passes through the target volume, and wherein by means of the ion beam an ion radiograph of the target volume is acquired by detecting the ion beam with an ion radiography detector that is arranged distal with respect to the target volume; andii) in the at least one deposition phase, the range of the ion beam is within the target volume, so that the ion beam is stopped in the target volume to deposit a predetermined dose in the target volume,wherein the irradiation system is configured to irradiate the target volume from more than one direction in the at least one radiography phase to thereby acquire at least one ion radiograph with more than two spatial dimensions.