Patent Number: 047626461
Section: summary

The invention relates to a method of treating low level radioactive waste liquid, and in particular liquid effluents containing beta or gamma low level radioactive substances to convert them into storable solids. One of the major problems of the nuclear industry is the storage of radioactive waste and principally liquid effluents. It is necessary to treat liquid effluents to convert them into a stable product of minimal volume. Several solutions have been proposed, amongst which can be cited those which consist of diluting and neutralising the effluent and precipitating metallic hydroxides. It is also known to evaporate part of the water to form sludge which is separated by centrifuging and which is then enclosed in bitumen or cement or subjected to incineration. These processes can only be performed in specialized treatment centres. U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,400 teaches a method in which the atomized liquid waste is introduced into a fluidized bed of inert and hot particles, and removed after calcination with a part of the bed for subsequent vitrification. British Pat. No. 2046499 teaches a method in which the radioactive elements of the liquid effluents are fixed on ion-exchanging resins which are then encapsulated in an organic material before being placed on the sea bed. These methods require cumbersome installations which cannot be used at every site, and are not movable. Also, to obtain a dry product which can be encapsulated, these solutions require the introduction of an extra substance which increases the volume to be stored. It is known from European patent publication -A-0125381 (Rockwell) to reduce the volume of low level radioactive wastes containing free water by converting the waste into the form of an atomized spray and contacting the spray with hot gases to form a dry flowable powder and water vapour. The powder is then incorporated in a matrix for storage. The method is performed in a carbon steel vessel at a fixed installation and the gases are heated by burning a fuel. The method is not efficient because radioactive contamination is likely to build up in the vessel and unless extra precautions are taken the fuel will cause pollution. It is one object of this invention to provide a substantially pollution free method of treating low level radioactive waste liquid such that the apparatus in which the method is performed will be of long and safe life, and which will provide solids better adapted to a prolonged storage life. It is a further object to provide apparatus for performing the method which is transportable. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating low level radioactive waste liquid, comprising atomizing the liquid to provide particles of solid radioactive material and then encapsulating the particles in a matrix characterized in that the pH of the liquid is adjusted to be substantially neutral before the liquid is subjected to atomization. The adjustment of the pH of the liquid has the effect of ensuring that when the liquid is atomized the solids formed do not tend to crystallize in the apparatus in which the method is performed. Such deposits can form on the inner wall surfaces of the atomizer and in the associated pipes which can become corroded and even blocked. In addition, because the radioactive particles have a neutral pH, when they are later encapsulated in a matrix e.g. one of resin, concrete or bitumen, there is reduced tendency for a chemical attack or instability. Preferably the pH of the liquid is adjusted to a value of between about 6 and about 8, most preferably about 6.7. While a variety of neutralizing agents can be used to adjust the pH, it is preferred that a strong caustic solution is used to adjust the pH of the liquid; most preferably the strong caustic solution is potash. Neutralization is preferably carried out by agitation and with cooling, so that the aerosol formation temperature is not reached. The neutralized liquid, which may be a suspension, is then supplied to a centrifugal wheel atomizer and typically to the turbine of the atomizer dryer which is preferably inside and at the top of a cylindro-conically shaped chamber. Preferably the speed of rotation of the turbine is between about 18,000 and about 24,000 revolutions/minute in order to form a mist of fine droplets into which heated air is injected to bring about an instantaneous evaporation of the liquid and to form dry particles which do not agglomerate together and do not adhere to the walls of the chamber. These particles are removed at the bottom of the cone of the chamber by the flow of hot air. The air is preferably heated by non-polluting means, preferably an electric heater, and most preferably to about 400.degree. C. to about 500.degree. C. The rate of supply of the air and the output are regulated so as to have a temperature of between about 105.degree. C. and about 150.degree. C. at the atomizer outlet. The formed mixture of air, particles and water vapour is then conveyed over a pre-filter, then over a filter, and finally over a final filter, so that the gaseous flow is completely free from any contamination and can be returned to the atmosphere. The dry particles recovered in the filters are then mixed with an encapsulating agent, preferably a thermo-hardenable plastics material and the mixture is placed in packings of plastics material in which is created a vacuum of between about 200 and about 400 Pa and heating is carried out at between about 110.degree. C. and about 150.degree. C. so as to make the plastic material flow. These packings are then placed in casks to be stored or buried, in the usual way. The thermo-hardenable plastics material is preferably a low-density polyethylene but for certain products containing particularly emissive radioactive contaminants, resins concrete or bitumen can be used. The packings are preferably of polyethylene. The method of the invention thus makes possible the total treatment of a liquid effluent contaminated by beta or gamma radiation to provide a solid product which complies with the standard fixed by ANDRA. This method comprises a succession of fully integrated steps without any discontinuity, and the product comprises a mass having an extremely reduced volume. This mass is chemically inert, has suitable mechanical characteristics and toxic matter was not released when lixiviation tests are carried out, nor are any sweating phenomena observed. The invention is applicable to liquid effluents containing any source of low level radioactivity and is particularly applicable to low level radioactive waste containing beta and gamma emitters. The level of radiation is typically below 4.times.10.sup.-1 G.Bq.m.sup.-3. In another aspect the invention provides apparatus for use in the treatment of low level radioactive waste liquid comprising a vessel to receive the liquid and supply it to an atomizer, means for supplying heated air to the atomizer and filtration means for separating the solid particles and water vapour characterized in that means are present to adjust the pH of the liquid before it is supplied to the atomiser. Preferably the inner walls of the apparatus are formed of stainless steel. Preferably the atomizer includes a turbine which is arranged to rotate at a speed of between about 18,000 to about 24,000 revolutions/minute to form droplets which are atomised by heated air. Most preferably the heated air supplied to the atomiser is heated by an electric heater. In a much preferred feature of the invention, the apparatus is mounted on a transporter so that it may be moved to a supply of liquid to be treated. For this purpose, the transporter is encased in a radiation proof shield.