Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An electrochemical cell, comprising:a counter electrode including at least one inert material consisting of lithium ruthenate or a lithium rhodate;a working electrode comprising a metal oxide to be reduced in the electrochemical cell; anda molten salt electrolyte comprising a molten salt comprising at least one of an alkali halide salt and an alkaline earth metal halide salt. 2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, further comprising a reference electrode comprising nickel, nickel/nickel oxide, glassy carbon, silver/silver chloride, one or more platinum group metals, one or more precious metals, or combinations thereof and configured to control a cell potential between the counter electrode and the working electrode. 3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises uranium oxide. 4. The electrochemical cell of claim 3, wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises at least one mixture comprising lithium chloride and lithium oxide, calcium chloride and calcium oxide, or calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium oxide. 5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises at least one of titanium monoxide, nickel oxide manganese oxide, and tantalum pentoxide. 6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the counter electrode further comprises a substrate substantially surrounded by the at least one inert material of the counter electrode, the substrate comprising a material selected from the group consisting of high density graphite, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, chromium, tungsten, nickel, and combinations thereof. 7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises enriched uranium oxide. 8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises at least one of lithium chloride, lithium oxide, calcium chloride, calcium oxide, and sodium chloride. 9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the counter electrode further comprises a substrate material selected from the group consisting of high density graphite, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, nickel, chromium, tungsten, and combinations thereof, wherein the substrate material is coated with the at least one inert material. 10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises at least one of uranium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium monoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, samarium oxide, and silicon oxide. 11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises at least one of at least one lanthanide oxide and at least one actinide oxide. 12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the molten salt comprises one or more of at least one chloride salt and at least one bromide salt. 13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide comprises selenium, tellurium, or iodine. 14. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the at least one inert material consists of lithium ruthenate. 15. A method of direct oxide reduction, the method comprising:forming a molten salt electrolyte in an electrochemical cell comprising at least one of an alkali halide salt and an alkaline earth metal halide salt;disposing a working electrode comprising at least one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell;disposing a counter electrode consisting of lithium ruthenate or a lithium rhodate in the electrochemical cell; andapplying a current between the counter electrode and the working electrode to reduce the at least one metal oxide. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein forming a molten salt electrolyte in the electrochemical cell comprises forming the molten salt electrolyte from one or more of at least one chloride salt and at least one bromide salt. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein disposing a working electrode comprising at least one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell comprises forming the working electrode of the electrochemical cell from at least one of uranium oxide, tantalum pentoxide, titanium monoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, and silicon oxide. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein disposing a working electrode comprising at least one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell comprises forming the working electrode of the electrochemical cell from at least one of at least one lanthanide oxide and at least one actinide oxide. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein:disposing a working electrode comprising at least one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell comprises disposing more than one metal oxide in the electrochemical cell; andreducing the at least one metal oxide comprises reducing the more than one metal oxide to form a metal alloy. 20. An electrochemical cell, comprising:a counter electrode consisting of a lithium tin oxygen compound or Li2MnO3;a working electrode comprising a metal oxide to be reduced in the electrochemical cell; anda molten salt electrolyte comprising a molten salt comprising at least one of an alkali halide salt and an alkaline earth metal halide salt.