Patent Number: 050733354
Section: description

MODES(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Illustrated in FIG. 1 is an exemplary natural circulation boiling water reactor 100 comprising a pressure vessel 102, a core 104, a chimney 106, a steam separator 108, and a steam dryer 110. Control rod drive housings 112 extend through the bottom of the vessel 102 and support control rod guide tubes 113. The control rod guide tubes 113 extend to the bottom of the core 104 so that conventional control blades therein can be inserted into and retracted from the core 104 to control its power output. Water flows, as indicated by arrows 114, into the core 104 from below. This subcooled water is boiled within the core 104 to yield a water/steam mixture which rises through the chimney 106. The steam separator 108 helps separate steam from water, and the released steam exits through a steam exit 116 near the top of the vessel 102. Before exiting, any remaining water entrained in the steam is removed by the dryer 110. The separated water is returned down a peripheral downcomer 118 by the gravity forces due to the difference in water density between the downcomer 118 and the chimney 106. The feedwater enters vessel 102 through a feedwater inlet nozzle 120 and feedwater sparger 122 to replenish and help cool the recirculating water in the downcomer 118. The core 104 comprises a lower fuel matrix 124 and an upper fuel matrix 126. The upper fuel matrix 126 is filled with upwardly oriented fuel bundles 130, and the lower fuel matrix 124 is filled with downwardly oriented fuel bundles 128. The water 114 may be additionally recirculated through the downcomer 118 by conventional pumps as described above. For example, conventional axial or centrifugal motor-driven pumps could be used, or, alternatively, a steam-driven jet pump could be used, requiring an auxiliary steam source but having no moving parts. However, such pumps have one or more of the disadvantages described above. Another embodiment, in accordance with the present invention as described below, uses a turbine-driven internal pump. A water-driven turbine is coupled to a centrifugal pump and provides the recirculation flow. The motive fluid for the turbine would be the feedwater. This device is more efficient than the steam-driven jet pump, and eliminates the above mentioned disadvantages. More specifically, illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 is a recirculation system 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention for driving the reactor coolant water 114 in the downcomer 118 inside the pressure vessel 102. The downcomer 118 is an annular flow channel defined between the nuclear reactor vessel 102 and a conventional annular core shroud 12 spaced radially inwardly therefrom, which surrounds the core 104. Means 14 for supplying feedwater 16 to the vessel 102 are shown schematically. A plurality of turbopumps 18 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention are disposed inside the downcomer 118 and below the top or level 114a of the coolant water 114 for driving the coolant water 114 downwardly through the downcomer 118 for increasing the recirculation thereof. As illustrated in FIG. 3, each of the turbopumps 18 is axisymmetrical about a longitudinal centerline 20, and includes a stationary elongate axle 22 disposed coaxially with the centerline 20. A plurality of circumferentially spaced inlet guide vanes (IGV's) or struts 24 are fixedly joined to an upstream end 22a of the axle 22 for receiving therebetween the coolant water 114 from the downcomer 118. A centrifugal pump impeller 26 is rotatably joined to the axle 22 and has an inlet end 26a for receiving the coolant 114 from the IGV's 24. The impeller 26 also includes an outlet end 26a or charging the coolant 114 at an increased pressure. A plurality of circumferentially spaced outlet guide vanes (OGV's) or struts 28 are fixedly joined to a downstream end 22b of the axle 22 for channeling the discharged coolant 114 back into the downcomer 118 for continuing its passage through the downcomer 118 to the bottom of the vessel 102 wherein it turns radially upwardly around the downstream end of the core shroud 12 to flow into the core 104. The turbopump 18 also includes an annular plenum 30 surrounding the impeller 26 and joined to the feedwater supplying means 14 for receiving the feedwater 16. More specifically, the turbopump 18 includes an annular casing 32 which surrounds the impeller 26, and which has an upstream end 32a to which the IGV's 24 are fixedly connected and a downstream end 32b to which the OGV's 28 are fixedly connected for supporting the upstream end 22a and the downstream end 22b of the axle 22, respectively. The casing 32 is generally toroidal-shaped to define the annular plenum 30 therein and includes an annular feedwater inlet 34 disposed in flow communication with the feedwater supplying means 14. The turbopump 18 also includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced conventional water, or hydraulic, turbine blades 36 fixedly joined to the outlet end 26b of the impeller 26 at radially outer ends thereof, and disposed in flow communication with the plenum 30 for receiving the feedwater 16 for rotating the impeller 26 for driving the coolant 114 through the turbopump 18. A plurality of conventional circumferentially spaced, stationary nozzle vanes 38 are fixedly joined to the casing 32 in flow communication between the plenum 30 and the blades 36 for channeling the feedwater 16 to the blades 36 for rotating the impeller 26. In this exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the blades 36 are also disposed in flow communication with the OGV's 28 for discharging the feedwater 16 from the blades 36 to mix with the discharged coolant 114 from the outlet end 26b of the impeller 26. The turbopumps 18 are disposed entirely inside the pressure vessel 102 and are, therefore, subject to the harsh reactor environment therein. More specifically, the turbopumps 18 are preferably conventionally supported by and bolted to an annular pump deck 40 which extends radially outwardly from a longitudinal centerline axis 42 of the vessel 102, as shown in FIG. 2, and between the reactor vessel 102 and the core shroud 12 for fixedly supporting the turbopumps 18 within the downcomer 118. The deck 40 and the turbopumps 18 are preferably disposed axially above the reactor core 104 for reducing radiation received thereby. The turbopumps 18 are also preferably disposed longitudinally in line with the downcomer 118 for assisting in driving the coolant 114 in the downward direction parallel with the natural gravity flow of the coolant 114. Preferably, the turbopump longitudinal axis 20 is disposed parallel to the vessel longitudinal axis 42, and the IGV's 24 and the OGV's 28 are longitudinally, or axially, spaced from each other for driving the coolant 114 by the impeller 26 generally parallel to the vessel centerline axis 42 within the downcomer 118. Referring again to FIG. 2, since the turbopumps 18 are disposed in the downcomer 118, they are exposed to the relatively high temperature and high pressure of the coolant 114, which in an exemplary embodiment of the reactor 100 is about 520.degree. F. (271.degree. C.) and about 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa). Also in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the feedwater 16 is provided to the plenum 30 by the supplying means 14 at a pressure of about 1,200 psi (8.27 MPa). The differential pressure between the feedwater 16 in the plenum 30 and the coolant 114 at the IGV's 24 and the impeller end 26a is used effectively in accordance with the present invention for rotating the turbine blades 36 and in turn the impeller 26 connected thereto for driving the coolant 114 through the turbopump 18. The feedwater 16 from the blades 36 and the coolant 114 from the impeller 26 are discharged to the common OGV's 28 at about the same pressure. In view of the high temperature, high pressure, and radiation environment inside the vessel 102, conventional lubrication of the turbopumps 18 using, for example, hydrocarbon lubricants such as oil cannot be used. The coolant 114 cannot be contaminated from oil which might leak from a conventional pump. And, conventional pump and electrical motors which might alternatively be used would not be suitable for this environment since radiation is known to degrade hydrocarbon lubricants such as oil, and electrical insulation used around motor windings. The high temperature environment also is known to shorten service life and degrade conventional pumps and electrical motors. Furthermore, the high pressure environment within the vessel 102 would also require suitable high pressure seals for the conventional pumps and electrical motors. The turbopump 18 disclosed above in accordance with the present invention is effective for eliminating all of these problems associated with conventional pumps and electrical motors driving such pumps. More specifically, since the turbopump 18 is hydraulically or water-driven by the feedwater 16 within the high pressure coolant 114 in the downcomer 118, only the differential pressure therebetween must be accommodated. And, this differential pressure is effectively used for driving the turbine blades 36, with the feedwater 16 being discharged between the OGV's 28 at a common outlet pressure with the coolant 114 discharged from the impeller 26. Furthermore, the impeller 26 may be suitably rotatably supported and lubricated by the high pressure feedwater 16 channeled to the plenum 30. More specifically, means 44, as shown in FIG. 3, for lubricating the impeller 26 solely by the feedwater 16, and not by conventional lubricants such as oil, are provided which both lubricates the rotating impeller 26 and provides a water bearing interface between the impeller 26 and the axle 20 upon rotation of the impeller 26 about the axle 22. Referring again to FIG. 3, the impeller 26 further includes a radially inner, axially extending, cylindrical surface 46 defining with a complementary radially outer, cylindrical surface 48 of the axle 28 a hydrodynamic radial bearing 50. The impeller 26 also includes a radially extending aft surface 52 which defines with a radially extending flange 54 of the axle 22 a hydrodynamic axial thrust bearing 56. The lubricating means 44 preferably include a conduit 58 having a first portion 58a which extends through at least one of the IGV's 24 in flow communication with the plenum 30 for receiving a portion of the high pressure feedwater 16 therefrom and channeling the feedwater 16 through the conduit 58 to a second portion 58b which is disposed in flow communication between the inner surface 46 and the outer surface 48 of the radial bearing 50 for providing the feedwater 16 thereto for both hydrodynamically supporting the impeller 26 and providing lubrication between the impeller 26 and the axle 22. The conduit 58 also includes a third portion 58c which channels a portion of the feedwater 16 from the conduit 58 between the aft surface 52 and the radial flange 54 of the thrust bearing 56 for hydrodynamically axially supporting the impeller 26 and providing lubrication therebetween. The feedwater 16 is suitably discharged from the radial bearing 50 and the thrust bearing 56 through gaps between the impeller 26 and the axle 22 to join with the coolant 114 being channeled through the turbopump 18. In this way, the differential pressure between the feedwater 16 in the plenum 30 and the coolant 114 channeled into the turbopump 18 is effectively used for not only driving the impeller 26 but for hydrodynamically supporting the rotating impeller 26 on the stationary axle 22 and providing lubrication therebetween utilizing solely the feedwater 16 without any conventional hydrocarbon-type lubricants. In one exemplary embodiment of the turbopump 18 for the boiling water reactor 100 and for the exemplary pressures of the feedwater 16 in the plenum 30 and of the coolant 114 channeled to the turbopump 18, the impeller 26 preferably includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced conventional mixed flow impeller blades 60. Mixed flow for a hydraulic turbine is a conventional term meaning that the blades 60 are sized and configured for channeling the coolant 114 both axially and radially as it passes through the impeller 26. For the exemplary embodiment illustrated, the impeller 26 has a specific speed of about 5,000 in english units, and 197 in metric units. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the turbine blades 36 are preferably fixedly joined to the impeller blades 60 at the impeller outlet end 26b. In this way, the turbine blades 36 are disposed radially outwardly from the centerline axis 20 at the largest outer diameter of the impeller 26 for providing more effective rotation of the impeller 26. In the exemplary embodiment of the turbopump 18, as illustrated in FIG. 4, an annular impeller shroud 62 is fixedly joined to the tips of the impeller blades 60 for providing an outer flow boundary for the coolant 114 being channeled through the impeller 26. The turbine blades 36 are conventionally fixedly joined to the impeller blades 60 at the impeller shroud 62, and may also include an annular turbine shroud 64 surrounding the tips of the turbine blades 36 for providing an outer flow boundary for the feedwater 16 channeled through the turbine blades 36. Illustrated in FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the flowpath for the feedwater 16 from the plenum 30 and through the nozzle vanes 38, the turbine blades 36, and the OGV's 28. Illustrated in FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the flowpath of the coolant 114 from the downcomer 118 and through the turbopump 18 between the IGV's 24, the impeller blades 60, and the OGV's 28. The camber and twist of the various vanes and blades for these two flowpaths may be conventionally designed for obtaining suitable work from the feedwater 16 for rotating the impeller 26 at suitable velocities for pumping the coolant 114 in the downcomer 118. Referring again to FIG. 2, the recirculation system 10 further includes a conventional steam turbine 66 conventionally joined in flow communication with the steam exit 116 of the reactor vessel 102 for receiving steam 68 for driving the steam turbine 66. The steam turbine 66 is conventionally joined to a conventional electrical generator 70 which is rotated by the turbine 66 for generating electrical power provided to a conventional power grid. The feedwater supplying means 14 include a conventional feedwater pump 72 conventionally disposed in flow communication with the steam turbine 66 for receiving condensed steam therefrom for forming the feedwater 16 under pressure at about 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa). A conventional variable first control valve 74 is conventionally disposed in flow communication through a conduit 76 between the feedwater pump 72 and the turbopumps 18 for selectively regulating the feedwater 16 channeled from the pump 72 to the turbopumps 18 for controlling recirculation of the coolant 114 being pumped by the turbopumps 18. A conventional controller 78 is provided in conventional electrical communication with the first control valve 74 for selectively controlling the valve 74 for regulating the amount of the feedwater 16 passing therethrough. A conventional variable second control valve 80 is disposed in conventional flow communication between the feedwater pump 72 and the feedwater sparger 122 for selectively regulating the feedwater 16 channeled from the pump 72 to the sparger 122. The second control valve 80 is disposed in parallel flow with the first control valve 74 so that the feedwater 16 from the pump 72 is split between the sparger 122 and the turbopumps 18. The controller 78 is also conventionally electrically connected to the second control valve 80 for controlling the amount of feedwater 16 channeled through the second valve 80 to the sparger 122. The controller is effective for controlling both the first and second control valves 74 and 80 inversely relative to each other so that each of the valves 74 and 80 further closes as the other valve further opens. Since the recirculation system 10 is substantially a closed loop system having a finite volume of water therein i.e. the feedwater 16 and the coolant 114, the returning feedwater 16 channeled from the pump 72 is preferably split between the sparger 122 and the turbopumps 18. Since the feedwater 16 returned to the vessel 102 through the turbopumps 18 is discharged from the turbopumps 18 and mixes with the coolant 114 in the downcomer 118, that amount of the feedwater 16 need not be channeled to the sparger 122 for reintroduction into the vessel 102. While there has been described herein what is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the present invention, other modifications of the invention shall be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein, and it is, therefore, desired to be secured in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.