Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An X-ray diffraction apparatus comprising:a device for generating an X-ray parallel beam to be made incident on a sample;a mirror for reflecting diffracted X-rays from the sample, wherein the mirror utilizes a diffraction phenomena and has a reflective surface which is formed so that: (i) an angle that is defined in a plane parallel to a diffraction plane becomes constant, wherein the angle is between a tangential line of the reflective surface at any point on the reflective surface and a line segment connecting said any point on the reflective surface and the sample, and (ii) a crystal lattice plane that causes reflection is parallel to the reflective surface at any point on the reflective surface; andan X-ray detector for detecting the reflected X-rays from the mirror, wherein the X-ray detector is one-dimensional position sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane;wherein a relative positional relationship between the mirror and the X-ray detector is determined, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, so that the reflected X-rays from different points on the reflective surface of the mirror reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively. 2. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflective surface of the mirror is shaped in an equiangular spiral in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, a center of the equiangular spiral being located on a surface of the sample. 3. An X-ray diffraction method for an X-ray diffraction apparatus including: (i) a device for generating an X-ray parallel beam to be made incident on a sample; (ii) a mirror for reflecting diffracted X-rays from the sample, wherein the mirror utilizes a diffraction phenomena and has a reflective surface which is formed so that: (a) an angle that is defined in a plane parallel to a diffraction plane becomes constant, wherein the angle is between a tangential line of the reflective surface at any point on the reflective surface and a line segment connecting said any point on the reflective surface and the sample, and (b) a crystal lattice plane that causes reflection is parallel to the reflective surface at any point on the reflective surface; and (iii) an X-ray detector for detecting the reflected X-rays from the mirror, wherein the X-ray detector is one-dimensional position sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane; said X-ray diffraction method comprising:determining a relative positional relationship between the mirror and the X-ray detector, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, so that the reflected X-rays from different points on the reflective surface of the mirror reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively;allowing the X-ray parallel beam to be incident on the sample; anddetecting different diffracted X-rays, which have been reflected at the mirror and have different diffraction angles, distinctly and simultaneously. 4. The X-ray diffraction method according to claim 3, wherein the reflective surface of the mirror is shaped in an equiangular spiral in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, a center of the equiangular spiral being located on a surface of the sample. 5. An X-ray diffraction apparatus comprising:a device for generating an X-ray parallel beam to be made incident on a sample;a mirror for reflecting diffracted X-rays from the sample, wherein the mirror utilizes diffraction phenomena and has a reflective surface comprising a combination of plural flat reflective surfaces which are located so that: (i) an angle that is defined in a plane parallel to a diffraction plane becomes constant among the plural flat reflective surfaces, wherein the angle is between each flat reflective surface and a line segment connecting a center of each respective flat reflective surface and the sample, and (ii) a crystal lattice plane that causes reflection is parallel to each respective flat reflective surface; andan X-ray detector for detecting the reflected X-rays from the mirror, wherein the X-ray detector is one-dimensional position sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane;wherein a relative positional relationship between the flat reflective surfaces and the X-ray detector is determined, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, so that the reflected X-rays that have been reflected at different flat reflective surfaces reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively. 6. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the respective centers of the flat reflective surfaces are located, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, on an equiangular spiral having a center that is located on a surface of the sample. 7. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein a center of at least one of the flat reflective surfaces is shifted, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, from a point on an equiangular spiral having a center that is located on a surface of the sample. 8. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein capture angular ranges of the respective flat reflective surfaces are equal to one another. 9. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein mirror lengths L of the respective flat reflective surfaces are equal to one another. 10. The X-ray diffraction apparatus according to claim 5, wherein detection widths W assigned to the respective flat reflective surfaces are equal to one another. 11. An X-ray diffraction method for an X-ray diffraction apparatus including: (i) a device for generating an X-ray parallel beam which can be made incident on a sample; (ii) a mirror for reflecting diffracted X-rays from the sample, wherein the mirror utilizes diffraction phenomena and has a reflective surface comprising a combination of plural flat reflective surfaces which are located so that: (a) an angle that is defined in a plane parallel to a diffraction plane becomes constant among the plural flat reflective surfaces, wherein the angle is between each flat reflective surface and a line segment connecting a center of each respective flat reflective surface and the sample, and (b) a crystal lattice plane that causes reflection is parallel to each respective flat reflective surface; and (iii) an X-ray detector for detecting the reflected X-rays from the mirror, wherein the X-ray detector is one-dimensional position sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane; said X-ray diffraction method comprising:determining a relative positional relationship between the flat reflective surfaces and the X-ray detector, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, so that the reflected X-rays that have been reflected at different flat reflective surfaces reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively;allowing the X-ray parallel beam to be incident on the sample; anddetecting different diffracted X-rays, which have been reflected at the mirror and have different diffraction angles, distinctly and simultaneously. 12. The X-ray diffraction method according to claim 11, wherein the respective centers of the flat reflective surfaces are located, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, on an equiangular spiral having a center that is located on a surface of the sample. 13. The X-ray diffraction method according to claim 11, wherein a center of at least one of the flat reflective surfaces is shifted, in the plane parallel to the diffraction plane, from a point on an equiangular spiral having a center that is located on a surface of the sample.