Patent Number: 056446152
Section: description

FIG. 1 shows a relevant part of an X-ray analysis apparatus in which the collimator in accordance with the invention can be used. An X-ray source 2 produces an X-ray beam 4 which is incident on a specimen 6 to be examined. In the specimen 6 the X-ray beam 4 excites X-rays which are analysed according to wavelength by an analyser crystal 8. As this analyser crystal operates according to the well-known Bragg law 2d.sin.delta.=n.lambda. (d=distance between the reflecting lattice planes in the analyser crystal, .delta.=the angle between the incident X-ray beam and the lattice planes, n=the order of the reflection, and .lambda.=the X-ray wavelength), the X-rays incident on the analyser crystal must be parallel, i.e. have only one value of .delta.. To this end, the specimen to be examined is succeeded by a first collimator 10 which selects only the radiation extending in parallel within the (narrow) divergence range of the collimator from the X-ray beam emanating from the specimen 6. The collimator 10 is preceded by a first beam limiter 12 for a first coarse directional selection of the X-rays emanating from the specimen. Depending on the angular position .delta. of the analyser crystal 8 relative to the X-ray beam incident on the crystal, a given wavelength .lambda. in conformity with said Bragg law is selected. This beam is reflected, in the form of a reflected beam 16, in the direction of the X-ray detector, via a second beam limiter 20 and a second collimator 22. The second beam limiter 20 intercepts X-rays scattered upstream of the beam limiter in a variety of locations within the analysis apparatus. The second collimator 22 parallelizes the analysed beam again in order to remove non-desirable directions from the X-rays emanating from the analyser crystal. Finally, the detector 18 measures the intensity of the wavelength thus selected so that after all desired wavelengths have been covered by rotation of the analyser crystal, the intensity has been determined in dependence on the wavelength. FIG. 2 shows a collimator plate for use in a collimator in accordance with the invention. The collimator plate 30 (having a height of, for example 29 mm and a width of, for example 36 mm) is made of tungsten and has a thickness of, for example 0.1 mm. The plate is subdivided into three areas 32a, 32b and 32c with rectangular holes 34, each of which has a width of 9.8 mm and a height of 0.1 mm. These holes can be formed by way of a customary precision manufacturing method, for example by photochemical etching as is customary in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Even though in reality all three areas are fully subdivided into holes, for the sake clarity the Figure does not show the three areas completely filled with holes. As appears more clearly from the part 36 which is shown at an enlarged scale, between the rows of holes 32a, 32b and 32c there is situated a non-interrupted part 38 which has a width of 0.2 mm and serves to strengthen the collimator plate 30. The holes are provided in rows of three adjacent columns, each of which is subdivided into a large number of rows which are situated one over the other. Within a column a vertical period p.sub.1 of 0.2 mm exists, which period equals the distance between two corresponding points of two rows situated one above the other in a column, for example the distance between the upper sides of the rectangular hole 40 and the rectangular hole 42. The period p.sub.1 has a fraction t.sub.1 (of, for example 50%) which is taken up by the opening, for example 40 or 42, so that the vertical dimension of this opening equals t.sub.1 p.sub.1, being 0.1 mm in this numerical example. Similarly, the collimator plate 30 has a period p.sub.2 of 10 mm with an opening fraction t.sub.2 of 98% in the horizontal direction, so that the absolute value of the opening in this direction equals t.sub.2 p.sub.2, being 9.8 mm in this numerical example. FIG. 3 shows a geometrical diagram illustrating the operation of the collimator in accordance with the invention. The Figure is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of two collimator plates 30a and 30b as shown in FIG. 2. Each of the plates 30a and 30b is subdivided into openings 52a, 52b etc. and 56a, 56b etc. which correspond to the openings 40 or 42 in FIG. 2. Between the openings 52 and 56 there are provided areas 50a, 50b, 50c and 54a, 54b, 54c, respectively, having X-ray absorbing properties. The distance between the openings is determined by the period p which may represent the vertical period p.sub.1 as well as the horizontal period p.sub.2. The period p is subdivided into transmissive areas 52 and 56 amounting to a fraction t, so that the open part is dimensioned t.p, and non-transmissive areas 50 and 54 amounting to a fraction 1-t, so that the non-transmissive part is dimensioned (1-t).p. The collimator is bounded by two outer, identical plates 30a and 30b wherebetween further identical collimator plates are arranged. The outer plates are arranged at a distance d.sub.c from one another, d.sub.c being determined from the maximum desirable angular divergence (defined as half the angle between two extreme rays) of the transmitted X-ray beam, amounting to t.p/d.sub.c. It is assumed that the X-ray beam to be collimated originates from an X-ray source which is not shown in FIG. 3 and which has a large emissive surface area, so that X-rays extending in all directions are present in the X-ray beam incident on the collimator plate 30a. This means that at the top 51 of the opening 52a X-rays extend in all directions, notably in the directions 58, 60, 62 and 64 indicated. X-rays emanating from the point 51 may be transmitted by the corresponding opening 56a in the plate 30b, but not by the other openings 56b etc. in this plate. A boundary line of the beam aimed at the inhibited opening 56b is formed by the line 58. The beam emanating from the point 51 is tangent to the lower side of the absorbing part 54b by way of the line 58; a part of the beam emanating from the point 51 is intercepted by arranging a plate 30c between the plate 30a and the plate 30b, i.e. the part which is tangent to said lower side. This situation occurs if the distance d.sub.1 between the plate 30b and the intermediate plate 30c is: EQU d.sub.1 :d.sub.c =(1-t).p:p (1) wherefrom it follows that: EQU d.sub.1 =d.sub.c (1-t) (2) Below the part of the X-ray beam thus intercepted there is situated a further part which can be intercepted by arranging a further intermediate plate 30d at a distance d.sub.2 from the plate 30c, in which case it analogously holds that (using d.sub.1 =d.sub.c (1-t)): EQU d.sub.2 :{d.sub.c -d.sub.c (1-t)}={(1-t)p}:p (3) wherefrom it follows that: EQU d.sub.2 =d.sub.c.t.(1-t) (4) Similarly, for the distance d.sub.3 between a possibly further plate 30e and 30d it can be deduced that: EQU d.sub.3 =d.sub.c.t.sup.2.(1-t) (5) When this procedure is continued, the general expression for the distance d.sub.n is: EQU d.sub.n =d.sub.c.t.sup.n-1.(1-t) (6) Comparison of the formules (2), (4) and (5) teaches that the ratio of two successive distances between the plates equals the opening fraction t of the period p. A comparable derivation can be performed for a period and an opening fraction extending perpendicularly to the above period and opening fraction, so that transverse collimation can thus be achieved by choosing a different (or the same) value for t (i.e. t.sub.2) in a direction transversely of the direction of the first value of t (i.e. t.sub.1). FIG. 4 shows a housing for the collimator plates in accordance with the invention. The housing consists of a bottom section 70 and a lid section 72. In the bottom section there are provided slots (not shown) in which the collimator plates 30 can be arranged. The position of the collimator plates is thus defined. In the lid section there are also provided slots in which the collimator plates can be arranged. The Figure clearly shows the spacings d.sub.1, d.sub.2, d.sub.3 etc. It is equally visible that the distance between the plates 30b and 30c is comparatively large, so that further elements for influencing the X-ray beam to be collimated can be accommodated in the collimator housing.