Patent Number: 054593662
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a radiation field intensity meter 10 includes a first electrode 12 made from an electrically conductive material, such as a suitable metal. Alternatively, the electrode 12 can be made of a plastic or other non-conductive material having a conductive coating on the inside thereof. The electrode 12 is a hollow cylindrical sleeve having opposite axial ends 14 and 16. An end plate 15 made of non-conductive material is fixedly disposed in the end 14 and includes a window 15a to permit viewing into the electrode 12. A transparent disk 18 fixedly disposed and hermetically sealed transversely in the electrode 12 at a suitable position between the opposite ends divides the interior space of the electrode 12 into an ionization chamber 20 and a battery chamber 22. The disk 18 is made of clear plastic, glass or other suitable materials to allow light to pass through the battery chamber 22. A second transparent disk 24, made of the same type of material as the disk 18, seals the battery chamber 22, which is evacuated to create a vacuum therein. Also, the transparent material permits light to pass through the battery chamber 22, thus illuminating the interior of the electrode 12. The disk 18 provides support for a second electrode 26 which is made of a suitable metallic or otherwise conductive material. The electrode 26 has an angled end 26a and supports an electroscope element 28, in the form of a fiber. This arrangement of a fiber and supporting structure or "frame" is standard for a Lauritsen-type electroscope. When the electrode 26 and element 28 are charged, the position of element 28 with respect to the end 26a of the electrode 26 varies in accordance with the amount of charge. The electrode 26 and electroscope element 28 are continuously charged by a fixed, small current from an isotopic battery 30. In the illustrated embodiment, the battery is a beta battery which emits beta radiations (electrons) as a source material decays. A cylindrical support 32, preferably made of conductive metal, is coated with a film 34 of beta source material. For a tritium source, a hydride coating referred to as "tritide" can be used. In other embodiments, the tritium source material can be adsorbed into and onto the metal support 32. The tritium source battery illustrated will produce a high open-circuit voltage of, for example, 18 KV. For still higher voltages, other source materials may be used, such as Ni-63 which produces 63 KV. These sources emit only a low energy beta particle and are easily sealed and shielded for complete safety in the present application. The beta particle emissions are represented by the arrows in FIG. 1, and indicate a current flow to the electrode 12. The current flow is small, such as 2.times.10.sup.-10 amps for about 7 micro-gms of tritium. The current passes through a large resistance 36, such as a 10.sup.12 ohm resistor, to produce an appropriate voltage, such as 200 V (which is the same as the existing integrated dose dosimeters) for a fully-charged indication on the electroscope element 28. When the meter 10 is placed in an ionizing radiation field, a fraction of the battery current linearly proportional to the intensity of the radiation field is shunted through the air-filled ionization chamber 20, and the voltage on the electroscope element 28 is proportionally reduced. The reduced voltage will cause the element 28 to move towards the end 26a of the electrode 26, and this movement can be observed by a person carrying the meter 10 for an instantaneous indication of the dose rate. The movement can be observed and calibrated for dose rate using conventional observation components found in known portable dosimeters manufactured by Bendix Corporation and Landsverk Electrometer Company and sold under the model designations CD V-138, CDE V730, CD V-740 and CD V-742. These components are illustrated in FIG. 1 as an objective lens 38, an eyepiece lens 40, and a calibrated reticle 42, all of which are mounted in a barrel 44 which houses all components of the meter 10. The opening 15a makes the electroscope element 28 readable from above the disk 14. Moreover, the transparency of both disks 18 and 24 allows light to pass through the meter 10, thus making the element 28 visible for observation. Referring to FIG. 2, the electrode 26 is connected to the support 32 through a spider 46 having four legs. Since the support 32 is hollow, it is preferable to use the spider 46 to interconnect the support 32 to the electrode 26 so as to allow light to pass therethrough. This enhances the readability of the dose rate. The visual electroscope readout is calibrated in dose-rate and the worker can tell at a glance the degree of danger he is in at the instant of the reading. When in a radiation field, the ionization current through the dosimeter would parallel the resistor 36 and a new, lower equilibrium voltage would be assumed for each radiation level, thus indicating the strength of the radiation field. If lower electroscope voltages are desired, smaller sources and lower resistances can be used. Referring to FIG. 3, the battery 30 produces a current of, for example, 2.times.10.sup.-10 amps (I.sub..beta.) which remains constant. The current through the resistor 36 (I.sub.R) with no radiation exposure is the same as the output current of the battery 30. In the presence of ionizing radiation, a current drain is established between the electrode 12 and the electrode 26 which causes a drop in the current through the resistor 36 and thus a drop in the potential on the electrode 26 and element 28. This drop is a function of the amount of ionization, and thus, the element 28 moves in accordance to the amount of current drained. The ionization current I.sub..gamma. thus increases at the expense of resistor current. When the radiation field intensity meter 10 is exposed to gamma radiation, the ionization chamber, which is represented as current drain, diverts more of constant current I.sub..beta. through the ionization chamber. Accordingly, resistor current I.sub.R becomes smaller, and therefore, less current flows through resistor. Thus, the voltage drop across resistor decreases, and therefore, the voltage on element 28 in the ionization chamber is also decreased. As a result of the decrease in charge on the fiber, the fiber moves toward the frame in a new position, thereby indicating radiation dose rate. The volts on the movable electroscope element or fiber E.sub.o =(2.times.10.sup.-10 -V.times.9.25.times.10.sup.-14 y) 10.sup.12 where V is the ionization chamber volume, y is Roentgens/hr (R/hr). Referring to FIG. 4, the current flowing from the current source, i.e. the beta battery, remains constant at, for example, 2.times.10.sup.-10 amps throughout a range of radiation exposure. The resistance of the resistor is fixed at, for example, 10.sup.12 ohms. The current through the ionization chamber increases substantially linearly as the gamma radiation exposure increases. Given the above, one can easily calibrate a reticle to correlate voltage and thus fiber position to dose rate in R per hour, as shown on the horizontal axis of FIG. 4. While the present invention is particularly well suited for detecting gamma radiation, it can be used to detect other electromagnetic ionization radiations, such as X-rays. Moreover, while the described embodiments focus on beta radiation batteries, alpha battaries can also be employed. In any event, the isotopic source material can be placed on the carrier in any convenient manner, such as a coating or having the source material adsorbed on the surface. The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the present invention is not limited to the tritium battery, but can be used with any constant current source such as a Ni-63 battery or an electronic current source. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the present invention.