Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A scintillation system for detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:a scintillator composition for converting the incident radiation to visible light,wherein the scintillator composition comprises:a matrix material,wherein the matrix material has one or more types of chromophore dyes that self-assemble to form weakly bonded dimeric chromophores dissolved in the matrix material,wherein the matrix material contains dimeric chromophores at a concentration such that the dimeric chromophores have an average nearest neighbor distance in the range 5 to 12 Angstroms,wherein the one or more dimeric chromophores produce prompt excimer scintillation light with a decay time constant in the range 5 to 100 ns,wherein the one or more dimeric chromophores produce essentially prompt excimer scintillation light, where the essentially prompt excimer scintillation light is delayed excimer scintillation light with a delay in the range 0.3 to 3 ns relative to the prompt excimer scintillation light,wherein the intensity of the essentially prompt excimer scintillation light is dependent on a specific ionization density of ionizing radiation,wherein a pulse height of the essentially prompt excimer scintillation light is dependent on the specific ionization density of the ionizing radiation,wherein the matrix material produces delayed excimer scintillation light, at a later time in the range 20 to 200 ns, as a result of interaction between nearest neighbor dimeric chromophores, andwherein the delayed excimer scintillation light changes a pulse shape of a combined light pulse, where the combined light pulse incorporates the prompt excimer scintillation light, the essentially prompt excimer scintillation light, and the delayed scintillation light,wherein the change in the pulse shape of the combined light pulse is dependent on the specific ionization density of the ionizing radiation, andwherein the pulse height and pulse shape provide independent information on an ionization density of the ionizing radiation. 2. The system according to claim 1,wherein the one or more chromophore dyes comprises one or more single molecule chromophore dyes,wherein the one or more single molecule chromophore dyes do not form dimeric states,wherein decay of excited singlet states of the one or more single molecule chromophore dyes provides a normalization scintillation light intensity that is independent of the excimer scintillation light, andwherein the normalization scintillation light has a decay time constant less than 3 ns. 3. A method of detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:providing a scintillation system according to claim 2;exposing the scintillation composition to radiation;receiving scintillation light from the scintillation composition; andusing the scintillation light from the scintillation composition to detect the incident radiation. 4. The system according to claim 1,wherein the one or more chromophore dyes comprises dimeric chromophores and single molecule chromophores, andwherein a light intensity of scintillation light from the dimeric chromophores having a decay time constant in the range of 5-100 ns can be distinguished from a light intensity of scintillation light from the single molecule chromophore having a decay time constant less than 3 ns. 5. A method of detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:providing a scintillation system according to claim 4;exposing the scintillation composition to radiation;receiving scintillation light from the scintillation composition; andusing the scintillation light from the scintillation composition to detect the incident radiation. 6. The system according to claim 1,wherein the system provides information to identify recoil protons over a range of energies from fast neutron scatters in the matrix material and discriminate with a factor of at least 10,000:1 against electron recoils from gamma ray scatters in the matrix material. 7. The system according to claim 1,where the factor is at least 100,000:1. 8. The system according to claim 1,where the system is adapted to detect incident penetrating fast neutrons. 9. A method of detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:providing a scintillation system according to claim 8;exposing the scintillation composition to radiation;receiving scintillation light from the scintillation composition; andusing the scintillation light from the scintillation composition to detect the incident radiation. 10. The system according to claim 1,wherein the matrix material comprises lithium. 11. The system according to claim 10,wherein the matrix material comprises isotope Li-6 at a concentration greater than 0.01% wt/wt of the matrix material. 12. The system according to claim 11,wherein the system provides information for identifying nuclear fragments resulting from thermal neutron capture by isotope Li-6 and discriminate with a factor of at least 100,000:1 against electron recoils from gamma ray scatters in the matrix material. 13. The system according to claim 12,wherein the factor is at least 1,000,000:1. 14. The system according to claim 12,wherein the factor is at least 10,000,000:1. 15. A method of detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:providing a scintillation system according to claim 11;exposing the scintillation composition to radiation;receiving scintillation light from the scintillation composition; andusing the scintillation light from the scintillation composition to detect the incident radiation. 16. The system according to claim 10,wherein the concentration of isotope Li-6 is greater than 0.05% wt/wt. 17. The system according to claim 10,wherein the concentration of isotope Li-6 is greater than 0.1% wt/wt. 18. The system according to claim 10,wherein the concentration of isotope Li-6 is greater than 0.2% wt/wt. 19. A method of detecting incident penetrating radiation, comprising:providing a scintillation system according to claim 1;exposing the scintillation composition to radiation;receiving scintillation light from the scintillation composition; andusing the scintillation light from the scintillation composition to detect the incident radiation. 20. A scintillation system,wherein the system provides normalized pulse height and pulse shape information for each event in which an excimer light intensity is divided by a corresponding normalization light intensity.