Patent Number: 050857096
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Mineral deposits or scale derived from subterranean waters form on natural gas handling equipment and media such as pipework, tubing, pumps, filters, screens, and sorption media such as charcoal, silica, alumina beds, as the gas passes through them and the water evaporates or is removed in the processing. The scale deposits frequently include radioactive components, especially the insoluble sulfate of radium, an alkaline earth metal, and of related metals, including thorium and thallium. The scale deposits usually include additional mineral components, for example, the sulfates of the other metals of the alkaline earth group, especially calcium, strontium and barium, which are of low solubility in conventional solvents, as described above. Once they are formed, these scale deposits cannot be readily removed by conventional means since they are both adherent and insoluble to the conventional solvents. Thus, they cannot be readily removed by washing or other simple remedies. The deposits therefore accumulate progressively on the equipment and because many of them are radioactive because of the presence of the radioactive species, increase the activity of the equipment over a period of time until it may no longer be acceptable according to the relevant regulatory standards. According to the present invention, deposits of scale on gas handling equipment and media which include water insoluble alkaline earth metal sulfates including radioactive contaminants such as radium sulfate, are removed by the use of a chemical composition which includes a chelant (chelating agent) in combination with a catalyst or synergist which increases the solubility of the alkaline earth metal sulfates in aqueous solution. The preferred catalyst or synergist is the oxalate anion as described in Ser. No. 07/369,897, but other synergists may also be used including the mono-carboxylate acid synergists as described in Ser. No. 07/431,114 and the thiosulfate or nitriloacetic acid synergists disclosed in Ser. No. 07/484,970 (Case 5710S). Reference is made to these applications for a description of suitable aqueous solvent compositions which may be used for the removal of these scale deposits according to the methods disclosed in this present application. Any of the scale removal compositions disclosed in the related applications identified above, together with other suitable compositions having the same or similar effect may be used in the present techniques and will be more or less preferred according to their effectiveness. The aqueous solvent composition which is used to remove the scale material from the earth comprises a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a chelant or chelating agent which is intended to form a stable complex with the cation of the alkaline earth scale-forming material. Of these chelants, DTPA is the preferred species since it forms the most soluble complexes at greatest reaction rate. EDTA may be used but is somewhat less favorable and, as noted below, may be less responsive to the addition of the catalyst or synergist. The chelant may be added to the solvent in the acid form or, alternatively, as a salt of the acid, preferably the potassium salt. In any event the alkaline conditions used in the scale removal process will convert the free acid to the salt. The concentration of the chelant in the solvent should normally be at least 0.1M in order to achieve acceptable degree of scale removal. Chelant concentrations in excess of 1.0M are usually not necessary and concentrations from about 0.3M up to about 0.6M will normally give good results; although higher concentrations of chelant may be used, there is generally no advantage to doing so because the efficiency of the chelant utilisation will be lower at excess chelant concentrations. In addition to the chelant, the scale removal compositions contain a catalyst or synergist for the dissolution of the scale. As described in the applications referred to above, the synergist is preferably the oxalate anion, a monocarboxylic anion such as mercaptoacetate, hydroxyacetate or aminoacetate or an aromatic acid, preferably salicylate, or thiosulfate or nitriloacetate. Generally these anions are added as salts or the free acid, depending on the stability and availability of the chosen synergist. In either case, however, the relatively alkaline conditions under which the process is operated, will result in the acid, if used, being converted to the salt form. The potassium salts are preferred in view of their greater solubility and for this reason, the solvent should preferably be brought to the desired pH value with a potassium base, preferably potassium hydroxide. The pH of the solvent is adjusted by the addition of a base, preferably potassium hydroxide, to the desired value, permitting scale removal to take place under alkaline conditions preferably at pH values of from about 8.0 to about 14.0, with optimum values being from about 11 to 13, preferably about 12. As noted above, the use of caustic potash is preferred to bring the composition to the desired pH since the potassium salts formed by its use are more soluble than the corresponding sodium salts: it is important to avoid the use of sodium cations when operating at high pH values, above pH 8, and instead, to use potassium or, alternatively, cesium as the cation of the scale-removing agent. Potassium is preferred for economy as well as availability. Thus, the normal course of making up the solvent will be to dissolve the chelant and the potassium salt of the selected synergist in the water to the desired concentration, after which a potassium base, usually potassium hydroxide is added to bring the pH to the desired value of about 12. The concentration of the catalyst or synergist in the aqueous solvent will be of a similar order to that of the chelant: thus, the amount of the synergist anion in the solvent should normally be at least 0.1M in order to achieve a perceptible increase in the efficiency of the scale removal, and concentrations from about 0.3M up to about 0.6M will give good results. Although higher concentrations of the synergist e.g. above 1.0M may be used, there is generally no advantage to doing so because the efficiency of the process will be lower at excess catalyst concentrations. Again, this economic penalty is particularly notable in oilfield operations. In the preferred scale removal compositions, a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is used as the chelant, preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 1.0M as the chelant, typically about 0.5M giving good results. The preferred synergist or catalyst is the oxalate anion, as disclosed in Ser. No. 07/369,897. The oxalate is preferably used in an amount of about 0.1 to 1.0M, preferably about 0.5M, with a pH of 10 to 14, preferably 11 to 13, and usually about 12. The desired pH value is obtained by the addition of a base, preferably a potassium base such as caustic potash, potassium hydroxide. If the chelant is added in the form of a salt, the preferred cations for the salt will be potassium since these have been found to give better solubility. An alternative synergist or catalyst is a monocarboxylic acid anion, as described in Ser. No. 07/431,114, preferably salicylate. These anions have also been found to give fast rates of sulfate scale dissolution and are able to take up a high level of sulfate scale into solution so that they represent a particularly favored method of decontaminating has handling equipment and media. The thiosulfate or nitriloacetic acid synergists described in Ser. No. 07/484,970 Case 5107S) may also be used, as described in that application. The amounts of the chelant and synergist used with the moncarboxylic acid and other synergists are comparable to the amounts used with the oxalate synergists and comparable solution pH values are also used, i.e chelant and synergist concentrations from 0.1 to 10M, usually about 0.5M, solution pH from 10 to 14, usually 11 to 13 and for best results, about 12. The scale removal composition may be heated to a temperature between about 25.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. (or higher if superatmospheric pressure can be employed), in order to improve the dissolution of the insoluble scale species in the composition. Contact time between the equipment and the scale-removing composition is typically from about ten minutes to about 7 hours, depending on the thickness of the scale deposits and the temperature, with faster dissolution of the scale being obtained at the higher temperatures. After remaining in contact with the equipment for the desired time, the composition containing the dissolved scale may be drained off and, if desired, recovered for removal of the dissolved scale species. In the treatment of the equipment and sorption media, the mineral deposits may be removed by washing with the selected solvent. The equipment may, if convenient, be washed with the solvent while still in place or, alternatively, removable items such as filters and minor pieces may be removed and washed with the solvent in a tank. Sorption media such as charcoal, alumina or silica, which are particulate in character, may be slurried with the solution after being unloaded from the sorption vessel or, alternatively, they may be treated in situ in the vessel if the loading of the medium and the mechanical features of the vessel permit this to be done. In either case, contact time will vary according to the thickness of the scale but at treatment temperatures of about 25.degree. to 100.degree. C., the duration of the treatment will normally be about 1 to 6 hours to reduce the radioactivity to acceptable levels. The solvent containing the dissolved scale components may then be treated to recover the dissolved radioactive materials for acceptable disposal methods, for example, by cation exchange onto a suitable cation-exchange resin to bring the radioactive components into solid form. EXAMPLE Samples were taken of a charcoal gas sorption medium, which had become contaminated with radium-226, thallium-208 and thorium 232. The samples contained these contaminants, accumulated over extended periods of time in gas processing, in amounts which precluded their disposal by normal methods. The activity was 24.9 pCi/g.(picocuries/gram.) for the radium component. The charcoal samples were slurried with an aqueous solution of 0.5M DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) and 0.5M oxalic acid brought to pH=12 by the addition of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). the slurry was held at a temperature of 90.degree.-100.degree. C. for approximately four hours, after which the charcoal was filtered off and dried. After drying, the activity of the samples was found to be 0.3 pCi/g.(radium-226), low enough to permit disposal of the charcoal by conventional methods.