Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A nuclear reactor comprising:a vessel divided into two discrete parts that are separate from one another;a reactor core located in the vessel and containing fuel rod assemblies;at least one internal structure being located within the vessel and having a flange portion extending between the two discrete parts of the vessel such that one of the two discrete parts is entirely separated from the other of the two discrete parts by the flange portion;insertion means for inserting a neutron-absorbing liquid in said fuel rod assemblies, located in the vessel;external control devices located outside the vessel and connected to said insertion means through a plurality of conduits located inside said flange portion of the internal structure; andsaid insertion means comprises a transmission means partly located in said conduits. 2. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein the neutron-absorbing liquid selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal with neutron-absorbing solid particles of a same density as the metal, and a metal alloy with neutron-absorbing solid particles of a same density as the metal alloy. 3. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein said internal structure is located above the core and the flange portion emerges on the outside of the vessel, laterally. 4. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, further comprising at least one connection arm having a first end connected to said internal structure, said connection arm carrying conduits extending from said conduits located inside the flange portion of the internal structure, the connection arm being configured to assume:a stretched-out connection position, in which a second end of the connection arm is connected to said external control devices outside a pool containing the vessel, anda folded position, in which the connection arm is folded inside said internal structure, transmission components being inside the connection arm. 5. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein the transmission means comprises a helium tank located in said internal structure. 6. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein said internal structure includes an upper internal part comprising said flange portion and a lower internal part located below the upper internal part, inside the vessel. 7. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein said internal structure comprises a single internal part comprising said flange portion. 8. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein the means for injecting said liquid neutron absorber comprises, for each fuel rod assembly, at least one tank of liquid neutron absorber located in said internal structure. 9. The nuclear reactor according to claim 8, further comprising an assembly head providing connection between said internal structure and said injection channels located in the fuel rod assemblies, said assembly head being located below the internal structure. 10. The nuclear reactor according to claim 9, wherein liquid neutron absorber conduits located in the assembly head connect said at least one tank of liquid neutron absorber with the injection channels, each liquid neutron absorber conduit being extended by a swan-neck. 11. The nuclear reactor according to claim 10, further comprising, for each fuel rod assembly, a removable connection part located above said internal structure to provide connections between the conduits located in the internal structure and said means for injecting said liquid neutron absorber, the removable connection part including a space, the conduits of the internal structure opening in said space, said removable connection part further comprising conduits connecting the conduits of the internal structure with liquid neutron absorber tanks of the injection means controlled by said external control devices, via said space. 12. The nuclear reactor according to claim 11, wherein for each fuel rod assembly, a removable bell and seals are located in the space of the removable connection part, above an end of the conduit of the internal structure. 13. The nuclear reactor according to claim 12, further comprising, for each fuel rod assembly, a pneumatic distribution circuit, the removable connection part including lids, at a base of the removable bell, these lids providing a sealed connection between the conduits of the internal structure, the conduits of the removable connection part and conduits of the assembly head. 14. The nuclear reactor according to claim 11, further comprising, for each fuel rod assembly, an electrical distribution circuit, the removable connection part including lids at a base of the removable bell, the removable connection part being sealably mounted by a joint in said removable bell and configured to receive a ball valve carried at an end of a cable mounted in said internal structure, said ball valve being received in the space of the removable connection part. 15. The nuclear reactor according to claim 10, wherein, for each fuel rod assembly, at least two neutron absorber conduits connecting tanks of the liquid neutron absorber and the injection channels are located in the assembly head, the tanks being arranged on at least two different levels. 16. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, wherein injection channels are located inside the fuel rod assemblies, each injection channel including an external tube and at least one capillary tube located in said external tube. 17. The nuclear reactor according to claim 16, wherein the external tube has a portion of variable section over its height. 18. The nuclear reactor according to claim 17, wherein the variable section is located in the upper portion of the external tube. 19. The nuclear reactor according to claim 16, wherein at least one of the injection channels comprises a bell inside which the external tube is located. 20. The nuclear reactor according to claim 16, wherein the injection channels are parallel to each other. 21. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, further comprising pistons actuating control rods located between the fuel rod assemblies, said pistons being controlled via conduits extending through said internal structure. 22. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1, further comprising electrical or electromagnetic devices actuating control rods located between the fuel rod assemblies, said electrical or electromagnetic devices being controlled via conduits extending through said internal structure. 23. The nuclear reactor according to claim 11, wherein at least two removable connection parts have complementary self-locking shapes. 24. The nuclear reactor according to claim 11, wherein said removable connection part has water holes with a partly helical profile. 25. The nuclear reactor according to claim 1 further comprising:injection channels located inside the fuel rod assemblies; andconnection means between said internal structure and said injection channels located inside the fuel rod assemblies,wherein the insertion means further comprises means for injecting said liquid neutron absorber into said injection channels, andwherein the means for injecting a neutron-absorbing liquid comprises at least one tank of neutron-absorbing liquid under said internal structure. 26. The nuclear reactor according to claim 25, wherein the connection means comprises an assembly head providing connection between said internal structure and said injection channels located in the fuel rod assemblies, said assembly head being located below the internal structure. 27. A nuclear reactor comprising:a vessel;a reactor core located in the vessel and containing fuel rod assemblies;at least one internal structure located within the vessel and extending on a complete section of the reactor core;means for controlling an instantaneous power of said reactor; andmeans for ensuring emergency stopping of the reactor,wherein said internal structure comprises a single portion emerging outside the vessel, the single portion entirely separating two discrete parts of the vessel from one another,wherein said means for controlling instantaneous power of said reactor and said means for ensuring emergency stopping of said reactor include external control devices located outside the vessel, means for inserting a neutron-absorber in said fuel rod assemblies, and a plurality of conduits connecting said control devices to said inserting means through said single portion of the internal structure.