Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A modular gaseous electrolysis apparatus, wherein an electrolyte is gas, the gaseous electrolysis apparatus comprising:an actively-cooled header module with at least one electrical connector or coupling, andwherein said actively-cooled header module is configured to be one of:opened/removed, andclosed/installed;a heat exchanger module configured to:remove heat from a surface of a reaction chamber module; andfacilitate and control a thermal gradient through a removable cathode module, and a wall of the reaction chamber module, wherein said heat exchanger module is separate from the removable cathode module, and wherein the reaction chamber module is configured to receive the gas electrolyte;wherein said heat exchanger module is capable of assembly, and disassembly, andwherein the gaseous electrolysis apparatus comprises at least one or more of:wherein the gaseous electrolysis apparatus is configured to include hermetic seals to maintain integrity in an elevated pressure and temperature environment;a flash boiler is configured to provide a mist of water or other coolant to the outer surface of the reaction chamber module; ora plurality of spray nozzles is configured to cool at least one portion of the reaction chamber module and to facilitate and control thermal diffusion through the removable cathode module; andat least one or more of:at least one steam pressure port; orat least one thruster port configured to provide pressure output;a gas handling system, configured to provide the gas electrolyte, said gas handling system mechanically coupled to the reaction chamber module and separate from the reaction chamber module,wherein said gas handling system comprises at least one or more of:a measurement container configured to temporarily store reactant gas and periodically permit extraction of the reactant gas from said measurement container; ora subsystem comprising an acoustic sensor or other type of electronic interface, configured to facilitate estimation of quantities of reactant gas;an electronic control circuit module electrically coupled or connected to said actively-cooled header module and said gas handling system and configured to electronically control said gas handling system;a modular, removable anode module comprising:an electric heater disposed within the modular, removable anode module;wherein said actively-cooled header module, said heat exchanger module, the removable cathode module, said modular, removable anode module, said electric heater, said gas handling system, and said electronic control circuit module are removably and mechanically coupled to the reaction chamber module; andwherein said gas handling system comprises:a gas manifold module that controls gas flow external to the reaction chamber module,wherein said gas manifold module comprises:a reaction gas product collection manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a reaction gas product collector and further comprising:at least one mechanical valve;at least one electronically controlled valve;at least one separator valve with an electronic interface for matter output (EIMO);at least one pressure sensor;at least one exemplary reaction gas collection tank or bottle comprising a thermal sensor; andwherein said at least one electronic interface for matter output (EIMO) comprises at least one or more of:the at least one acoustic sensor or other type of electronic interface;at least one gas detector, orat least one reaction product sensor; andwherein said at least one electronic interface for matter output (EIMO) comprises being configured to at least one or more of:manage material output through said at least one separator valve; orfacilitate estimation of quantities of reaction gas being collected. 2. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said actively-cooled header module is configured to enable the gaseous electrolysis apparatus to be operated for a period of time between maintenance periods, and wherein said actively-cooled header module comprises at least one or more of:a physically extended cooling manifold or water jacket, to improve thermal efficiency; orat least one feedthrough to a header module cooling manifold proximate to said actively-cooled header module. 3. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 2, comprising said at least one feedthrough configured and constructed with at least one conductor surrounded by at least one insulating material to maintain integrity of electronics fed therethrough during a period of at least one or more of: a variable duration, or a long duration, of elevated pressure and temperature environment, andwherein said at least one feedthrough comprises at least one or more of:is welded into a thermal plate;wherein one end of said feedthrough extends beyond said actively-cooled header module for connection with the electronic control circuit module; orwherein said at least one feedthrough comprises a threaded coupling. 4. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said actively-cooled header module comprises:a gasket to seal the actively-cooled header module to a top of a body of the reaction chamber module;at least one anode module connection;at least one anode module heater wire connection configured such that a heater is configured to raise a temperature of reaction material in the removable cathode module;at least one thermal sensor connection;at least one ceramic-encased microwave loop antenna configured to:facilitate transport of the gas electrolyte between an anode module and the removable cathode module; andsupport diffusion of the gas electrolyte into a reaction material; andat least one insulator configured to at least one or more of:electrically isolate;minimize a volume where the gas electrolyte resides; orprovide mechanical support for components of the heater module within the reaction chamber module. 5. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein themodular, removable anode module further compriseswherein edges at the ends of said modular, removable anode module facing the removable cathode module are tapered or curved to help prevent high voltage breakdown between the modular, removable anode module and the removable cathode module. 6. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the removable cathode module comprises:a modular, removable, hollow-shaped, cylindrical removable cathode module, electrically coupled, connected, or grounded to the reaction chamber module with a central cavity configured to receive an anode module;wherein the removable cathode module is-encased by an outer metal supporting sleeve;wherein the removable cathode module is bounded at a base and at a top of the removable cathode module with at least one insulator endcap; andwherein edges at the ends of a reaction material part of the removable cathode module facing the anode module are at least one of tapered or curved to help prevent high voltage breakdown. 7. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heat exchanger module comprises at least a portion of a space surrounding the reaction chamber module, andis co-disposed around the reaction chamber module. 8. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said gas handling system comprises: four (4) separate gas manifold modules, coupled to said reaction chamber module, said four separate gas manifold modules are configured to control gas flow external to the reaction chamber module, while serving to minimize gas volume external to said reaction chamber module,wherein said four separate gas manifold modules comprise:a hydrogen/deuterium gas supply manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a hydrogen/deuterium supply gas supply source;an inert carrier gas manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to an inert gas supply source;a reaction gas product collection manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a reaction gas product collector; anda gas measurement and evacuation manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a gas measurement and evacuation device. 9. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 8, wherein each of said four separate gas manifold modules, coupled to said reaction chamber module, comprises:a cooling chamber or water jacket to provide cooling for gas tubing and pipes connected or coupled to the reaction chamber module;at least one normally closed, gas compatible valve, at least one pressure sensor and at least one temperature sensor connected to, or coupled to said electronic control circuit module/subsystem; andat least one tank or at least one container whose known volume enables small quantities of gas to be determined by calculating pressure, temperature and volume before gas is transferred into or out of the reaction chamber module. 10. The gas electrolysis apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the reaction gas product collection manifold module comprises:the measurement container configured to temporarily store reactant gas and periodically permit extraction of the reactant gas from said measurement container; andthe subsystem comprising the acoustic sensor or the other type of electronic interface configured to facilitate estimation of quantities of the reactant gas. 11. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said electronic control circuit (ECC) module comprises:an automated special-purpose computer and display monitor, and control software;automated gas handling system electronics, wherein said automated gas handling system electronics is coupled to, and related to associated electric valves, temperature sensors and pressure sensors;automated anode-to-cathode voltage/current supply;automated heater supply;automated microwave starter or initiator electronics; andautomated heat exchanger module electronics. 12. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said gas handling system comprises at least one gas manifold module, coupled to said reaction chamber module, and is configured to control gas flow, external to the reaction chamber module, while serving to minimize gas volume external to said reaction chamber module,wherein said at least one gas manifold module comprises at least one or more of:a hydrogen/deuterium gas supply manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a hydrogen/deuterium supply gas supply source;an inert carrier gas manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to an inert gas supply source;a reaction gas product collection manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a reaction gas product collector; ora gas measurement and evacuation manifold module, mechanically coupled to said reaction chamber module, and coupled to a gas measurement and evacuation device. 13. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said at least one gas manifold module, coupled to said reaction chamber module, comprises at least one or more of:a cooling chamber or water jacket to provide cooling for gas tubing and pipes connected or coupled to the reaction chamber module;at least one normally closed gas compatible valve, at least one pressure sensor and at least one temperature sensor connected to, or coupled to said electronic control circuit module/subsystem; orat least one tank or at least one container whose known volume enables small quantities of gas to be determined by calculating pressure, temperature and volume before gas is transferred into or out of the reaction chamber module. 14. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:wherein said modular, removable anode module compriseswherein said modular, removable anode module comprises wherein edges at the ends of said modular, removable anode module facing the removable cathode module are tapered or curved to help prevent high voltage breakdown between said modular, removable anode module and the removable cathode module; andwherein said electric heater module disposed within said modular, removable anode module comprises:wherein said electric heater module is configured to raise the temperature of the reaction material in the removable cathode module, by at least one of thermal radiation or diffusion; andwherein said electric heater module is electrically connected through a feedthrough in the header module to a power supply configured to provide power to said electric heater module. 15. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the removable cathode module comprises at least one or more of:a modular, removable, hollow-shaped, cylindrical removable cathode module, electrically coupled, connected, or grounded to the reaction chamber module with a central cavity configured to receive an anode module;wherein the removable cathode module is encased by an outer metal supporting sleeve;wherein the removable cathode module is bounded at a base and at a top of the removable cathode module with at least one insulator endcap; orwherein edges at each ends of a reaction material part of the removable cathode module facing the anode module are at least one of tapered or curved away from the anode module to help prevent high voltage breakdown. 16. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said heat exchanger module is modular andcomprises:a flash boiler configured to provide a mist of water or other coolant to the outer surface of the reaction chamber module; anda plurality of spray nozzles to cool at least one portion of the reaction chamber module and to facilitate and control thermal diffusion through the removable cathode module; and one or more ofthe at least one steam pressure port; orthe at least one thruster port configured to provide pressure output. 17. The gas electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said reaction gas product collection manifold module further comprises at least one or more of:a measurement container, coupled to said reaction gas product collection manifold module, configured to temporarily store reactant gas and periodically permit extraction of the reactant gas from said measurement container; ora subsystem, coupled to said reaction gas product collection manifold module, comprising said acoustic interface, wherein said acoustic interface comprises an acoustic sensor configured to facilitate estimation of quantities of the reactant gas. 18. The gas electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said reaction gas product collection manifold module further comprises:a measurement container configured to temporarily store reactant gas and periodically permit extraction of the reactant gas from said container; anda subsystem comprising at least one of:an acoustic sensor, or other type of electronic interface, said subsystem configured to facilitate estimation of quantities of the reactant gas. 19. The gaseous electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said electronic control circuit (ECC) module comprises at least one or more of:an automated special-purpose computer and display monitor, and control software;automated gas handling system electronics, wherein said automated gas handling system electronics is coupled to, and related to associated electric valves, temperature sensors and pressure sensors;automated anode-to-cathode voltage/current supply;automated anode module heater supply;automated microwave starter or initiator electronics; orautomated heat exchanger module electronics. 20. A modular gaseous electrolysis apparatus, wherein an electrolyte comprises gas, the gaseous electrolysis apparatus comprising:an actively-cooled header module comprising at least one electrical connector or coupling, andwherein said actively-cooled header module is configured to be at least one or more of:opened,removed,closed, orinstalled;a heat exchanger module configured to:remove heat from a surface of a reaction chamber module; andfacilitate and control a thermal gradient through a removable cathode module, anda wall of the reaction chamber module,wherein said heat exchanger module is separate from the removable cathode module, andwherein the reaction chamber module is configured to receive the gas electrolyte;wherein said heat exchanger module is configured to be at least one or more of assembled, or disassembled, andwherein the gaseous electrolysis apparatus comprises at least one or more of:wherein the gaseous electrolysis apparatus is configured to include hermetic seals to maintain integrity in an elevated pressure and temperature environment;a flash boiler configured to provide a mist of water or other coolant to the outer surface of the reaction chamber module; ora plurality of spray nozzles configured to at least one or more of:cool at least one portion of the reaction chamber module;facilitate thermal diffusion; orcontrol thermal diffusion through the removable cathode module; andat least one or more of:at least one steam pressure port; orat least one thruster port configured to provide pressure output;a gas handling system, configured to provide the gas electrolyte, said gas handling system mechanically coupled to the reaction chamber module and separate from the reaction chamber module,wherein said gas handling system comprises at least one or more of:a measurement container configured to temporarily store reactant gas;a measurement container configured to permit extraction of the reactant gas; ora subsystem comprising an acoustic sensor or other type of electronic interface, configured to facilitate estimation of quantities of reactant gas;an electronic control circuit module electrically coupled or connected to said actively-cooled header module and said gas handling system and configured to electronically control said gas handling system;a modular, removable anode module comprising:an electric heater disposed within the modular, removable anode module;wherein said actively-cooled header module, said heat exchanger module, the removable cathode module, said modular, removable anode module, said electric heater, said gas handling system, and said electronic control circuit module are removably and mechanically coupled to the reaction chamber module; andwherein said gas handling system comprises:a gas manifold module that controls gas flow external to the reaction chamber module,wherein said gas manifold module comprises:a reaction gas product collection manifold module, mechanically coupled to the reaction chamber module, and coupled to a reaction gas product collector and further comprising:at least one mechanical valve;at least one electronically controlled valve;at least one separator valve with an electronic interface for matter output (EIMO);at least one pressure sensor;at least one exemplary reaction gas collection tank or bottle comprising a thermal sensor; andat least one electronic interface for matter output (EIMO) comprising at least one or more of:the at least one acoustic sensor or the other type of electronic interface;at least one gas detector, orat least one reaction product sensor; andwherein the at least one electronic interface for matter output (EIMO) comprises being configured to at least one or more of:manage material output through said at least one separator valve; orfacilitate estimation of quantities of reaction gas being collected.