Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A lens for transforming a radiation, representing a neutral or charged particle flux, comprising radiation transporting channels, adjoining their walls, with total external reflection and oriented by the input ends so that to capture the radiation of the source in use, wherein, the said lens is made as a package of sublenses of a various degree of integration,  a sublens of a least degree of integration represents the package of radiation transporting channels, which is growing out of the joint drawing and forming a bundle of capillaries at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the capillaries of the channels and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the neighboring capillaries,  a sublens of each higher degree of integration represents a package of sublenses of the previous degree of integration, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the neighboring sublenses,  all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are combined in a unified structure, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the neighboring sublenses and at change of drawing speed to form of barrel-shaped thickenings,  the ends of the said unified structure are cut off and they form an input and output faces of the lens. 2. A lens according to  claim 1 , wherein the walls of radiation transporting channels have an interior cover of one or more layers, made of one and the same or different chemical elements. claim 1 3. A lens according to  claim 1  or  claim 2 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of transforming of a divergent radiation to a quasi-parallel one or vice versa, for which purpose some ends of the radiation transporting channels are oriented to a focal spot, and the other are parallel to each other. claim 1 claim 2 4. A lens according to  claim 1  or  claim 2 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of changing of across sizes of a beam on the output in comparison with the input across sizes, for which purpose the said lens has a shape of axi-symmetric body with a geneatrix, having a knee, and the ends of channels, being parallel to the longitudinal axis, thus diameters of the lens from the input and output sides are different. claim 1 claim 2 5. A lens according to  claim 1  or  claim 2 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of focusing of a divergent radiation, for which purpose the input and output ends of the radiation transporting channels are oriented respectively to the first and second focal spots. claim 1 claim 2 6. A lens according to  claim 5 , wherein a relationship between the across size and, at least, a curvature radius of the radiation transporting channels, being peripheral with respect to the optical axis, is chosen from the condition that the cross-section of the output ends of the said channels are only partially filled with radiation. claim 5 7. A lens according to  claim 5  wherein the part, adjoining to the optical axis, of the said lens is made with a capability of being opaque for the said radiation. claim 5 8. A lens according to  claim 5  wherein the said lens is made with different curvature radiuses of the radiation transporting channels on the part of input and output. claim 5 9. A lens according to  claim 5  wherein the channels of one or some sublenses, located near to the longitudinal axis of the lens, are made with a capability of the radiation transporting in them at a single total external reflection or without it. claim 5 10. A lens according  claim 1  or  claim 2 , wherein all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are composed in a common envelope, which is an external envelope of the lens. claim 1 claim 2 11. A lens according to  claim 10 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of a divergent radiation focusing, for which purpose the input and output ends of the radiation transporting channels are oriented respectively to the first and second focal spots. claim 10 12. A lens according to  claim 10 , wherein a relationship between an across size and, at least, a curvature radius of the radiation transporting channels, being peripheral with respect to the optical axis, is chosen from the condition that the cross-section of the output ends of the said channels are only partially filled with radiation. claim 10 13. A lens according to  claim 10 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of transforming a divergent radiation to quasi-parallel one or vice versa, for which purpose some ends of the radiation transporting channels are oriented to the focal spot, and the others are parallel to each other. claim 10 14. A lens according to  claim 10 , wherein the said lens is made with a capability of changing of an across size of a beam on the output in comparison with the input across size, for which purpose the said lens has a shape of an axi-symmetric body with a geneatrix, having a knee, and the ends of channels, being parallel to the longitudinal axis, thus diameters of the lens from the input and output sides are different. claim 10 15. A lens according to any one of claims  1 ,  2 ,  6 - 9 , or  11 - 14 , wherein the sublenses and envelopes are made of the same material, as the radiation transporting channels, or close to the said material on the thermal expansion coefficient. 16. An analytical device, comprising a radiation source, representing a neutral or charged particle flux, a means for placing the object under study placing with a capability of being acted by a radiation of the said, one or more detectors of radiation, placed with a capability of being acted by a radiation, transmitted through the object under study or excited in it, one or more lenses for transforming the radiation of the said source or the radiation, excited in the object under study, the said lenses being placed on the radiation way from the said source to the object under study and on the way from the latter to one or some said radiation detectors, the said lenses comprise the channels, adjoining their walls, for the radiation transporting with total external reflection, the said channels are oriented by their input ends with a capability to capture the radiation, wherein at least one of the said lenses is made as a package of sublenses of various degree of integration,  thus a sublens of the least degree of integration represents a package of channels for the radiation transporting, which is growing out of joint drawing and forming the bundle of capillaries at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of capillaries and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the walls of the neighboring capillaries,  a sublens of each higher degree of integration represents a package of sublenses of the previous degree of integration, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the neighboring sublenses and at change of drawing speed to form of barrel-shaped thickenings,  all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are combined in a unified structure, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and the temperature of softening of the material and splicing the neighboring sublenses,  the ends of the said unified structure are cut off and form an input and output faces of the lens. 17. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein it is made with a capability of scanning of the surface or the volume of the object under study by means of the aligned focuses of the lenses, placed on the way from the said source to the object under study and from the last one to the detector. claim 16 18. An analytical device according to  claim 17 , wherein the lens, placed on the radiation way from the object under study to the detector, is made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam, claim 17 the crystal-monochromator or the multilayer diffraction structure are placed between the said lens and the detector with a capability of varying of their placement and the angle of arrival on them of the said quasi-parallel beam to provide the fulfilling the Bragg condition for the different lengths of the radiation waves, excited in the object under study. 19. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein a synchrotron or some other source, producing the parallel beam, is used as the said source, the lens, placed on the radiation way of the said source to the object under study, is made with a capability of focusing such a beam. claim 16 20. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein a microfocal X-ray source with a xe2x80x9cthroughxe2x80x9d anode is used as a source. claim 16 21. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the said source represents a source of a broadband X-rays, being transported simultaneously by two lenses, which are made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam, claim 16 one of the crystal-monochromators is placed between the output of each of the said lenses and a means for positioning the object under study,  thus each of the said crystal-monochromators is placed with a capability either of extraction of the radiation, which has a wavelength lower, or with a capability of extraction of the radiation, which has a wavelength higher than the absorption line of the element, which presence is tested in the object under study,  the device comprises two detectors, each of them is placed after the device for the object under study positioning in such way, that to receive the radiation, formed by one of the crystal-monochromators and passed through the object under study. 22. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the said device comprises one more source along with the said source, claim 16 both sources are X-ray sources,  thus the radiation of one source has a wavelength lower, and the radiation of the other one has a wavelength higher than the absorption line of the element, which presence is tested in the object under study,  each of the said lenses is placed either between each source and the means for the object under study positioning,  the said lenses are made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam,  the device comprises two detectors, each of the said detectors is placed after the means for the object under study positioning so that to receive the radiation, formed by one of the said lenses and passed through the object under study. 23. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the said source represents an X-ray source with an anode, providing a radiation with two characteristic wavelengths, lower and higher than the line of the absorption of the element, which presence is tested in the object under study, claim 16 one lens, made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam, is placed between the source and the means for the object under study positioning,  a rotating screen with alternating windows, covered by filters, being transparent for one and opaque for another said wavelengths, is placed before of after the said lens. 24. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the lens and the secondary target are placed on the radiation way from the said source to the object under study, claim 16 thus the lens is made with a capability of focusing the radiation of the source on the secondary target. 25. An analytical device according to  claim 24 , wherein the second lens, made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel radiation, is placed between the secondary target and the means for object under study positioning. claim 24 26. An analytical device according to  claim 24  or  claim 25 , wherein the secondary target is made of beryllium (Be) or some other light metal. claim 24 claim 25 27. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the lens, and the crystal-monochromator, or the multilayer diffraction structure are placed in turn on the radiation way from the said source to the object under study, claim 16 thus the lens is made and oriented with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam, falling on the crystal-monochromator or the multilayer diffraction structure at the angle of 45xc2x0 for the radiation forming or polarizing,  and the detector is located at the angle of 90xc2x0 to the direction of the polarized radiation propagating. 28. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein the lens and the crystal-monochromator are placed in turn on the radiation way from the said source to the object under study, claim 16 thus the lens is made and oriented with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam, falling on the crystal-monochromator at the Bragg angle,  the crystal, identical to the said one, is placed on the radiation way from the object under study to the detector,  the crystal is placed parallel or with a minor variation from parallel to the said one in order to provide the possibility of fixing by the detector a phase contrast of the areas of the object under study, having various density and causing different refraction of the radiation, falling on the said areas. 29. An analytical device according to  claim 16 , wherein an X-ray source is used as the said source, claim 16 the means for the object under study positioning is made with a capability of examining the parts or organs of the human body. 30. An analytical device according to  claim 29 , wherein an X-ray source comprises a molybdenum (Mo) anode, claim 29 the means for the object under study positioning is made with a capability of carrying out of mammography investigations. 31. An analytical device according to  claim 30 , wherein the said lens, placed on the radiation way from the X-ray source with the molybdenum (Mo) anode to the object under study, is made with a capability of forming a quasi-parallel beam with the cross-section, being enough for simultaneous acting on the whole area under study, the detector is placed with a capability of providing a distance between the said detector and the object under study not less than 30 cm. claim 30 32. An analytical device according to  claim 29 , wherein the said device is made with a capability of the rotating movement with respect to each other, on one hand, the means for the object under study positioning, and, on the other hand, the radiation source, the lens, placed between the source and the means for the object under study positioning, and the detector, which output is connected to the computer means for detection results processing, thus the lens is made with a capability of focusing inside the object under study the radiation, formed by the source. claim 29 33. A device for radiotherapy, comprising one or more radiation sources, representing a neutral or charged particle flux, and the means for patient""s body or its part positioning to be irradiated, wherein the lens for radiation focusing on the patient""s tumor is placed between each of the said sources and the said means for positioning, the said lens comprises channels, adjoining their walls, for radiation transporting with the total external reflection, the said channels are oriented by their input ends with a capability to capture the transported radiation, the said lens is made as a package of sublenses of various degree of integration, thus a sublens of the least degree of integration represents a package of the radiation transporting channels, which is growing out of joint drawing and forming the capillary bundle at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of capillaries and the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring capillaries, the sublens of each higher degree of integration represents the package of sublenses of the previous degree of integration, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure inside the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses, all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are combined in an unified structure, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses and at change of drawing speed to form of barrel-shaped thickenings, the ends of the said unified structure are cut off and form an input and output faces of the lens. 34. A device for radiotherapy according to  claim 33 , wherein the outputs of the atomic reactor or accelerator, forming quasi-parallel beams of thermal or epithermal neutrons, are used as the said sources. claim 33 35. A device for radiotherapy according to  claim 34 , wherein the said lenses are made with a capability of turning the neutron beams. claim 34 36. A device for contact X-ray lithography, comprising the soft X-ray source, the lens for transforming the divergent radiation of the said source to quasi-parallel, the said lens comprises the channels, adjoining their walls, for radiation transporting with total external reflection, and the means for the mask and substrate with the resist, coated on it, placing, wherein the said lens is made as a package of sublenses of various degrees of integration, thus the sublens of the least degree of integration represents the package in a common envelope of radiation transporting channels, which is growing out of joint drawing and forming the capillary bundle at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of capillaries and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring capillaries, each sublens of the higher degree of integration represents the package of sublenses of the previous degree of integration, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses, all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are combined in a unified structure, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses and at change of drawing speed to form of barrel-shaped thickenings, the ends of the said unified structure are cut off and form an input and output faces of the lens. 37. A device for projection X-ray lithography, comprising the soft X-ray source, the lens for transforming the divergent radiation of the said source to quasi-parallel, which is intended for the mask irradiating, a means for the mask locating, the lens for transforming the X-ray image of the mask with decreasing size on the resist, the means for the substrate with resist, coated on it, locating, thus both said lenses comprise channels, adjoining their walls, for radiation transporting with the total external reflection, wherein at least on of the said lenses is made as a package of sublenses of various degree of integration, thus the sublens of the least degree of integration represents a package of the radiation transporting channels, which growing out of joint drawing and forming the capillary bundle at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of capillaries and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing of the neighboring capillaries, the sublens of each higher degree of integration represents a package of sublenses of the previous degree of integration, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses, all sublenses of the highest degree of integration are combined in a unified structure, which is growing out of their joint drawing and forming at the pressure of the gaseous medium in the space between them being less than the pressure in the channels of sublenses and at the temperature of the material softening and splicing the neighboring sublenses and at change of drawing speed to form of barrel-shaped thickenings, the ends of the said unified structure are cut off and form an input and output faces of the lens, thus the input diameters of the radiation transporting channels of the second of the said lenses exceed the output diameters.