Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An x-ray chopper wheel assembly comprising:a disk chopper wheel configured to rotate about a rotation axis thereof, the rotation axis perpendicular to a rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the disk chopper wheel having a solid cross-sectional area in the rotation plane, the disk chopper wheel configured to absorb x-ray radiation received from an x-ray source at a source side of the disk chopper wheel, the disk chopper wheel defining one or more radial slit openings configured to pass x-ray radiation from the source side of the disk chopper wheel to an output side of the disk chopper wheel;a source-side scatter plate having a solid cross-sectional area in a plane substantially parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the source-side scatter plate configured to absorb x-ray radiation and defining an open slot therein configured to pass x-ray radiation, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the source-side scatter plate is substantially smaller than the solid cross-sectional area of the disk chopper wheel; anda support structure configured to secure the source-side scatter plate in the plane substantially parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel with a source-side gap between the source-side scatter plate and the source side of the disk chopper wheel wherein the disk chopper wheel and source-side scatter plate are arranged relative to each other to cause a substantial confinement of x-rays that are scattered from the disk chopper wheel. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the source-side scatter plate in the plane parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel is less than 50%, less than 25%, or less than 10% of the cross-sectional area of the disk chopper wheel. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the source-side gap is in a range of approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 1.0 mm. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the source-side scatter plate comprises tungsten or another high-Z material and has a thickness on the order of 1.0 mm. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional area of the source-side scatter plate is in a range of about 100% to about 5,000% larger than an open cross-sectional area of one of the one or more radial slit openings in the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel. 6. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the source-side scatter plate has a plate width in a direction parallel to a radial direction of the disk chopper wheel, the plate width being in a range of about 10% to about 70% greater than a slit length of one of the one or more radial slit openings in the radial direction of the disk chopper wheel. 7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the source-side scatter plate is formed of pure or alloyed lead, tin, iron, or tungsten. 8. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising an output-side scatter plate having a solid cross-sectional area in a plane parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the output-side scatter plate configured to absorb x-ray radiation and defining an open slot therein configured to pass x-ray radiation, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the output-side scatter plate in the plane parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel is substantially smaller than the solid cross-sectional area of the disk. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the support structure is further configured to secure the output-side scatter plate substantially parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel with an output-side gap between the output-side scatter plate and the disk chopper wheel. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure is further configured to secure the disk chopper wheel at the rotation axis thereof. 11. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure includes an inner portion configured to secure the disk chopper wheel at the rotation axis thereof, the support structure further including one or more radial spokes extending from the inner portion and configured to secure the source-side scatter plate. 12. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure includes a source-side portion and an output-side portion, the source-side and output-side portions configured to be connected together and to secure the disk chopper wheel therebetween. 13. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure is formed of aluminum. 14. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure is configured to be mounted within a handheld x-ray scanner. 15. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the support structure is configured to be mounted within a fixed-mount or mobile x-ray scanning system. 16. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a shield structure configured to enclose the x-ray radiation in a region of travel between the x-ray source and the source-side scatter plate. 17. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the x-ray source is configured to output x-rays having an energy in a range of about 120 kiloelectron volts (keV) to about 450 keV. 18. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the source-side scatter plate is configured to output a fan beam of x-rays through the open slot therein, and wherein the assembly is configured to output a pencil beam of x-rays. 19. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the substantial confinement limits leakage of scattered radiation to no more than 10% of scattered radiation or to a dose of no more than 0.5 milli-Rem per hour at a distance of 5 cm away from the outer surface of the assembly, whichever is greater. 20. An x-ray chopper wheel assembly comprising:a disk chopper wheel configured to absorb x-ray radiation received, at a source side of the disk chopper wheel, from an x-ray source; anda source-side scatter plate arranged relative to the disk chopper wheel to cause a substantial confinement of x-rays that are scattered from the disk chopper wheel. 21. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the substantial confinement further limits leakage of scattered radiation to no more than 10% of scattered radiation or to a dose of no more than 0.5 milli-Rem per hour at a distance of 5 cm away from the outer surface of the assembly, whichever is greater. 22. The assembly of claim 20, wherein:the disk chopper wheel is configured to rotate about a rotation axis thereof, the rotation axis perpendicular to a rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the disk chopper wheel having a solid cross-sectional area in the rotation plane;the source-side scatter plate has a solid cross-sectional area in a plane substantially parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel; andthe solid cross-sectional area of the source-side scatter plate is less than 50% of the cross-sectional area of the disk chopper wheel. 23. The assembly of claim 22, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the source- side scatter plate is less than 25% of the cross-sectional area of the disk chopper wheel. 24. The assembly of claim 23, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the source- side scatter plate is less than 10% of the cross-sectional area of the disk chopper wheel. 25. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the source-side scatter plate is secured in the plane substantially parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel with a source- side gap between the source-side scatter plate and the source side of the disk chopper wheel, the source-side gap being in a range of approximately 0.5 mm to approximately 1.0 mm. 26. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the source-side scatter plate comprises tungsten or another high-Z material and has a thickness on the order of 1.0 mm. 27. The assembly of claim 20, the disk chopper wheel defining one or more radial slit openings configured to pass x-ray radiation from the source side of the disk chopper wheel to an output side of the disk chopper wheel, and wherein the cross-sectional area of the source-side scatter plate is in a range of about 100% to about 5,000% larger than an open cross-sectional area of one of the one or more radial slit openings in the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel. 28. The assembly of claim 20, the disk chopper wheel defining one or more radial slit openings configured to pass x-ray radiation from the source side of the disk chopper wheel to an output side of the disk chopper wheel, and wherein the source-side scatter plate has a plate width in a direction parallel to a radial direction of the disk chopper wheel, the plate width being in a range of about 10% to about 70% greater than a slit length of one of the one or more radial slit openings in the radial direction of the disk chopper wheel. 29. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the source-side scatter plate is formed of pure or alloyed lead, tin, iron, or tungsten. 30. The assembly of claim 20, wherein:the disk chopper wheel is configured to rotate about a rotation axis thereof, the rotation axis perpendicular to a rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the disk chopper wheel having a solid cross-sectional area in the rotation plane,the assembly further comprising an output-side scatter plate having a solid cross-sectional area in a plane parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, the output-side scatter plate configured to absorb x-ray radiation and defining an open slot therein configured to pass x-ray radiation, wherein the solid cross-sectional area of the output-side scatter plate in the plane parallel to the rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel is substantially smaller than the solid cross-sectional area of the disk. 31. The assembly of claim 20, further comprising a support structure including an inner portion configured to secure the disk chopper wheel at a rotation axis thereof, the support structure further including one or more radial spokes extending from the inner portion and configured to secure the source-side scatter plate. 32. The assembly of claim 20, further comprising a support structure including a source-side portion and an output-side portion, the source-side and output-side portions configured to be connected together and to secure the disk chopper wheel therebetween. 33. The assembly of claim 20, further comprising a support structure configured to secure the source-side scatter plate in a plane substantially parallel to a rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, and wherein the support structure is configured to be mounted within a handheld x-ray scanner. 34. The assembly of claim 20, further comprising a support structure configured to secure the source-side scatter plate in a plane substantially parallel to a rotation plane of the disk chopper wheel, and wherein the support structure is configured to be mounted within a fixed-mount or mobile x-ray scanning system. 35. The assembly of claim 20, further comprising a shield structure configured to enclose the x-ray radiation in a region of travel between the x-ray source and the source-side scatter plate. 36. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the x-ray source is configured to output x-rays having an energy in a range of about 120 kiloelectron volts (keV) to about 450 keV. 37. The assembly of claim 20, wherein the source-side scatter plate is configured to output a fan beam of x-rays through an open slot defined therein, and wherein the assembly is configured to output a pencil beam of x-rays.