Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A method for imaging a tumor of a patient, comprising the steps of:delivering a set of n protons from a synchrotron: through a beam transport system exit nozzle, through a proton radial cross-section beam expander, through a first prior imaging sheet, through a second prior imaging sheet, through a patient position, through at least one posterior imaging sheet, and into a scintillation material of a beam energy scintillation detector system, said first prior imaging sheet positioned between said proton radial cross-section beam expander and the patient position, said second prior imaging sheet positioned between said proton radial cross-section beam expander and the patient position, wherein the patient occupies the patient position during use, wherein n comprises a positive integer of at least two;simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons;determining a set of prior proton vectors entering the patient using the spatially resolved prior position photon emissions;simultaneously detecting spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions, resultant from passage of the set of protons;determining a set of posterior proton vectors exiting the patient using the spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions;determining a set of n probable proton paths through the patient using spatial correlations of entry points of the set of prior proton vectors into the patient and exit points of the set of posterior proton vectors from the patient; andgenerating an image of the patient using the n probable proton paths. 2. The method of claim 1, said step of simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions further comprising the steps of:detecting first simultaneous photon emission positions resultant from: (1) a first proton, of said set of n protons, transmitting through said first sheet and (2) a second proton, of said set of n protons, transmitting through said first sheet;detecting second simultaneous photon emission positions resultant from: (1) the first proton transmitting through said second sheet and (2) the second proton transmitting through said second sheet,wherein a first proton vector, of said set of prior proton vectors, passes through a first member of said first simultaneous photon emission positions and a first member of said second simultaneous photon emission positions,wherein a second proton vector, of said set of prior proton vectors, passes through a second member of said first simultaneous photon emission positions and a second member of said second simultaneous photon emission positions. 3. The method of claim 1, said step of simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions further comprising the steps of:simultaneously detecting a first set of n photon emission positions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons, from said first sheet;simultaneously detecting a second set of n photon emission positions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons, from said second sheet,wherein individual prior vectors of said set of prior proton vectors pass through respective members of: (1) the first set of n photon emission positions on said first sheet and (2) the second set of n photon emission positions on said second sheet, wherein n comprises a positive integer of at least five. 4. The method of claim 3, said step of simultaneously detecting spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions further comprising the steps of:simultaneously detecting a third set of n photon emission positions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons, from said third sheet;simultaneously detecting a fourth set of n photon emission positions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons, from said fourth sheet,wherein individual posterior vectors of said set of posterior proton vectors pass through respective members of: (1) the third set of n photon emission positions on said third sheet and (2) the fourth set of n photon emission positions on said fourth sheet. 5. The method of claim 3, said proton radial cross-section beam expander comprising a set of atoms, wherein at least twenty percent of said set of atoms comprise a form of hydrogen. 6. The method of claim 5, said step of simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions occurring on a time scale less than a fifty percent decay in flux of the spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions. 7. The method of claim 5, said step of generating an image of the patient further comprising the step of:using a residual energy, of each of the set of n protons, determined using spatially resolved photon output positions from said scintillation material of said beam energy scintillation detector system associated with each of said n protons. 8. The method of claim 1, said step of simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions occurring on a time scale less than a fifty percent decay in flux of the spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of:moving said beam transport system exit nozzle and said scintillation material relative to the patient;repeating said steps of: (1) simultaneously detecting spatially resolved prior position photon emissions and (2) simultaneously detecting spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions; andgenerating a three-dimensional tomographic image of the patient through multiple uses of said step of moving and said step of repeating. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of:determining relative positions of said beam transport system exit nozzle, the patient, and said scintillation material using a set of fiducial indicators, said set of fiducial indicators comprising: (1) at least two fiducial markers and (2) at least one fiducial detector configured to detect photons from positions of said at least two fiducial markers. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of:using fiducial indicators positioned on at least said beam transport system exit nozzle in targeting the patient with said set of n protons. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said proton radial cross-section beam expander comprises a diffusing element. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said proton radial cross-section beam expander comprises a plastic. 14. An apparatus for imaging a tumor of a patient, comprising:an imaging system, comprising:a beam transport system exit nozzle configured to simultaneously deliver a set of n protons from a synchrotron, wherein n comprises a positive integer of at least two;a proton beam radial cross-section expander configured to radially expand a beam of the set of n protons;a patient position, the patient occupying the patient position during use;a first prior imaging sheet, said first prior imaging sheet positioned between said proton beam radial cross-section expander and the patient position;a second prior imaging sheet, said second prior imaging sheet positioned between said proton beam radial cross-section beam expander and the patient position;at least one posterior imaging sheet; anda scintillation material of a scintillation detector system,said imaging system configured to:simultaneously detect spatially resolved prior position photon emissions, resultant from passage of the set of n protons;determine a set of prior proton vectors entering the patient using the spatially resolved prior position photon emissions;simultaneously detect spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions, resultant from passage of the set of protons;determine a set of posterior proton vectors exiting the patient using the spatially resolved posterior position photon emissions;determine a set of n probable proton paths through the patient using spatial correlations of entry points of the set of prior proton vectors into the patient and exit points of the set of posterior proton vectors from the patient; andgenerate an image of the patient using the n probable proton paths and output of said scintillation detector system. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising:a set of fiducial indicators, said set of fiducial indicators comprising: (1) at least two fiducial markers and (2) at least one fiducial detector configured to detect photons from positions of said at least two fiducial markers, said imaging system configured to determine relative positions of said beam transport system exit nozzle, the patient, and said scintillation material during use. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, said proton beam radial cross-section expander further comprising:a pathway for the set of n protons comprising a set of atoms, at least thirty percent of said set of atoms, by number, comprising a form of hydrogen.