Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. Apparatus for irradiating a sample with thermal neutrons, comprising:a pulsed electron accelerator for generating an electron beam having a beam power substantially less than 1 MW;an x-ray converter for converting said electron beam into photons;irradiating means for receiving said photons and including a material for providing a photoneutron target for said photons, for producing high energy neutrons in a photonuclear reaction between said photons and said photoneutron target, and for moderating said high energy neutrons to generate said thermal neutrons; and,means for removably introducing the sample in said irradiating means, so that the sample is irradiated with the thermal neutrons generated in said irradiating means. 2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said electron beam has an energy level from approximately 5 MeV to approximately 30 MeV, and an electron beam current of less than approximately 1 mA. 3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein said electron beam has an energy level from approximately 5 MeV to approximately 15 MeV, and an electron beam current of approximately 0.1 to 1 mA. 4. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 further including a control device operatively connected to said electron accelerator for controlling at least said energy level of said electron beam. 5. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said irradiating means includes a container for holding said material and a reflector surrounding said container for reflecting said high energy neutrons back into said container to further moderate said high energy neutrons. 6. The apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said container holds at least heavy water. 7. The apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said reflector includes one of graphite, light water, polyethylene or other polymer and lead. 8. The apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said sample introducing means is a tube that extends through said reflector and into said container, and pneumatically delivers the sample into and out of said container. 9. The apparatus as defined in claim 8 wherein said tube is substantially waterproof and resistant to neutron absorption. 10. A method of irradiating a sample with thermal neutrons, comprising the steps of:introducing the sample in a container that holds heavy water that provides a photoneutron target for photons, for producing high energy neutrons in a photonuclear reaction between said photons and said photoneutron target, and that moderates said high energy neutrons for generating the thermal neutrons;generating an electron beam having a beam power which is substantially less than 1 MW, using a low energy pulsed electron accelerator;directing said electron beam to be incident on an x-ray converter to generate said photons for said photonuclear reaction; and,injecting said photons into said container to create said photonuclear reaction, so that the sample is irradiated with the thermal neutrons generated in said container. 11. The method as defined in claim 10 further including the step of surrounding said container with a reflector to reflect said high energy neutrons back into said container to further moderate said high energy neutrons. 12. The apparatus as defined in claim 5 wherein said reflecting means includes any one of light water, polyethylene or other polymer and lead. 13. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said x-ray converter has a thickness of approximately 30% to 50% of the incident electron range of the electron beam as determined by the continuous slowing down approximation. 14. The apparatus as defined in claim 13 wherein said x-ray converter is formed from tungsten. 15. The apparatus as defined in claim 13 wherein said x-ray converter is formed from tantalum. 16. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said electron beam has an energy level from approximately 5 MeV to approximately 15 MeV. 17. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said sample introducing means comprises a supply tube that extends from outside of said irradiating means into inside of said irradiating means. 18. The method as defined in claim 10, wherein the sample is introduced into the container through a delivery device which extends into the container from the outside of the container. 19. The method as defined in claim 18 wherein the sample is carried through the sample delivery device pneumatically.