Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A photovoltaic device, comprising:a core comprising a composition including a homogeneous mixture of a material doped with radioactive nuclides to form a homogeneous doped material, wherein the homogeneous doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon, the core formed with an outer surface wherein the homogeneous doped material is transparent to the photon;a transparent material, wherein the homogeneous doped material is disposed within the transparent material, wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons, wherein the transparent material and the homogeneous doped material are not the same material; andan organic photovoltaic cell, wherein the core and the organic photovoltaic cell have a core-shell structure where the outer surface of the core is wrapped with the organic photovoltaic cell so that the entire core is within the organic photovoltaic cell and wherein the photovoltaic cell is disposed only on the outer surface of the core so that re-emitted photons produced by the homogeneous doped material are captured by the photovoltaic cell regardless of scattering angle. 2. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or a polymer, wherein the glass is formed from a glass former selected from the group consisting of: B, Si, Ge, Al, B, P, V, As, Sb, Zr, and a combination thereof, or the glass is formed from an intermediate former selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zn, Pb, Al, Th, Be, Zr, Cd, and a combination thereof, and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination thereof. 3. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the radioactive nuclides are beta emitters, gamma emitters, or both. 4. The photovoltaic device of claim 3, wherein the beta emitters are selected from the group consisting of: 63Ni, 32Si, 151Sm, 90Sr, 66Cu, 209Pb, 145Pr, 127Te, 121Sn, 66Ni, 210Bi, 169Er, 143Pr, 32P, 89Sr, 91Y, 188W, 35S, 123Sn, 45Ca, 249Bk, 106Ru, 171Tm, 147Pm, 85Kr, 3H, 113mCd, 241Pu, 42Ar, 39Ar, 14C, 99Tc, 79Se, 10Be, 135Cs, 107Pd, 187Re, 115In, 113Cd, and a combination thereof. 5. The photovoltaic device of claim 3, wherein the gamma emitters are selected from the group consisting of: 228Ac, 241Am, 124Sb, 125Sb, 126Sb, 137mBa, 139Ba, 140Ba, 141Ba, 142Ba, 7Be, 211Bi, 213Bi, 213Bi, 214Bi, 82Br, 84Br, 11C, 47Ca, 141Ce, 143Ce, 144Ce, 134Cs, 134mCs, 136Cs, 137Cs, 138Cs, 38Cl, 51Cr, 56Co, 57Co, 58Co, 60Co, 61Cu, 64Cu, 243Cm, 245Cm, 247Cm, 152Eu, 154Eu, 155Eu, 156Eu, 18F, 221Fr, 223Fr, 67Ga, 198Au, 166mHo, 123I, 130I, 131I, 132I, 133I, 134I, 135I, 111In, 113mIn, 192Ir, 59Fe, 85Kr, 85mKr, 87Kr, 88Kr, 140La, 142La, 211Pb, 212Pb, 214Pb, 52Mn, 52mMn, 54Mn, 56Mn, 203Hg, 99Mo, 147Nd, 237Np, 238Np, 239Np, 240Np, 57Ni, 65Ni, 95mNb, 97Nb, 13N, 15O, 40K, 42K, 43K, 148Pm, 148mPm, 149Pm, 151Pm, 231Pa, 233Pa, 234Pa, 233Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 219Rn, 105Rh, 106Rh, 103Rh, 89Rb, 105Ru, 97Ru, 153Sm, 44Sc, 47Sc, 46Sc, 48Sc, 75Se, 110Ag, 110mAg, 111Ag, 22Na, 85Sr, 87mSr, 91Sr, 92Sr, 101Tc, 99mTc, 129Te, 129mTe, 131Te, 131mTe, 132Te, 133Te, 133mTe, 134Te, 135Te, 160Tb, 169Tb, 180Tb, 89Tb, 201Tl, 208Ti, 209Ti, 227Th, 229Th, 125Sn, 187W, 235U, 237U, 48V, 131mXe, 133mXe, 135Xe, 138Xe, 169Yb, 92Y, 93Y, 65Zn, and 97Zr and a combination thereof. 6. A photovoltaic device, comprising:a core comprising a composition including a homogeneous mixture of a material doped with radioactive nuclides to form a homogeneous doped material, wherein the homogeneous doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon, wherein the radioactive nuclides are beta emitters and the material is a fluorescent material, the core formed with an outer surface, wherein the homogeneous doped material is transparent to the photon; andan organic photovoltaic cell, wherein the core and the organic photovoltaic cell have a core-shell structure where the outer surface of the core is wrapped with the organic photovoltaic cell so that the entire core is within the organic photovoltaic cell and wherein the photovoltaic cell is disposed only on the outer surface of the core so that re-emitted photons produced by the homogeneous doped material are captured by the photovoltaic cell regardless of scattering angle. 7. The photovoltaic device of claim 6, wherein the fluorescent material is selected from the group consisting of: ZnSiO4:Mn:Sb2O3, SrB4O7:Eu, (La,Ce)PO4:Ce, (CeMg)SrAl11O18:Ce, (CeMg)BaAl11O18:Ce, BaSi2O5:Pb, (Y,Gd)MgB5O10:Ce,Pr, La2O3:Eu, (Y,Ce)PO4:Ce, BaMgAl16O27:Eu:Mn, (La,Ce,Tb)PO4:Ce:Tb, (Ce,Tb)MgAl11O19:Ce:Tb, MgWO4, Mg4(F)GeO6:Mn, CaWO4:Pb, (Ba,Ti)2P2O7:Ti, Sr2P2O7:Sn:Eu, Sr5F(PO4)3:Sb:Mn, (Ba,Mg)2Al16O27:Eu, GdMgB5O10:Ce:Tb, YVO4:Bi:Eu, YAG:Ce:Cr:Nd (yttrium aluminum garnet), MgSrAl10O17:Eu:Cr, BaMgAl10O17:Eu, Sr5Cl(PO4)3:Eu, (Sr,Ba,Mg,Ca)5Cl(PO4)3:Eu, Sr6P5BO20:Eu, (Ca,Zn,Mg)3(PO4)2:Sn, SrB4O7:Sm:Eu, (Sr,Mg)3(PO4)2:Sn, CaSiO3:Pb:Mn, Cr—Yb doped fluorosilicate glass, ZnO—LiYbO2, Yb doped glass ceramics containing ZnO nanocrystals, LiYbMo2O8:Pb, CaLaGa3S6O:Yb, Yb doped LaSi3N5, Ag—Yb co-doped oxyfluoride glasses, Yb-doped glass ceramics containing YF3 nanocrystals, Cu doped glasses, Tb doped glasses, LaVO4:Dy, Bi-doped oxide glasses, and a combination thereof. 8. The photovoltaic device of claim 7, further comprising a transparent material, wherein the homogeneous doped material is disposed within the transparent material, wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons, wherein the transparent material and the homogeneous doped material are not the same material. 9. The photovoltaic device of claim 8, wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or a polymer, wherein the glass is formed from a glass former selected from the group consisting of: B, Si, Ge, Al, B, P, V, As, Sb, Zr, and a combination thereof, or the glass is formed from an intermediate former selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zn, Pb, Al, Th, Be, Zr, Cd, and a combination thereof, and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination thereof. 10. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the radioactive nuclides are gamma emitters and the material is a fluorescent material. 11. The photovoltaic device of claim 10, wherein the fluorescent material is selected from the group consisting of: LiBaF3, KMgF3, KCaF3, KYF4, BaLu2F8, BaF2, CsF, RbF, CeF3, BaY2F8:Ce, BaLu2F8:Ce, CaF2:Eu, LaF3:Ce, LuF3:Ce, CsCaCl3, Li3YCl6, Cs2NaCeCl6, Cs2LiYCl6, LiYCl6:Ce, CeCl3:Ce, LuCl3:Ce, K2LaCl5:Ce, RbGd2Cl7:Ce, Cs2LiYCl6:Ce, Cs2NaLaCl6:ce, Cs2NaLuCl6:Ce, Cs3LuCl6:Ce, CsLu2Cl9:Ce, LaCl3:Ce, LuBr3:Ce, CeBr3, RbGd2Br7:Ce, RbLu2Br7:Ce, LaBr3:Ce, CsI, CaI2, HgI2, NaI:Tl, CsI:Tl, CsI:Na, CaI2:Eu, LiI:Eu, BiI3, CdS:Te, Gd2O2S:Pr:Ce:F, Lu2S3:Ce, Lu2O2S:Ce, BeO, Y2O3, Y3Al5O12, YAlO3, Sc2SiO5, NaZrSiO5, Lu3(Al,Sc)5O12, CdWO4, ZnWO4, CaWO4, CdWO4, PbWO4, Bi3Si4O12, Bi3Ge4O12, LiLuSiO4:Ce, Rb3Lu(PO4)2:Ce, K3Lu(PO4)2:Ce, Gd3Sc2Al3O12:Ce, Y5Al5O12:Ce,Y5Al5O12:Pr, Lu3Al5O12:Sc, Lu3Al5O12:Ce, Lu3(Al—Sc)3O12:Pr, YAlO3:Ce, YAlO3:Pr, (Y,Lu)AlO3:Ce, GdAlO3:Ce, LuAlO3:Ce, Y2SiO5:Ce, Y2SiO5:Pr, Gd2SiO5:Ce, Lu2SiO5:Ce, Lu2Si2O7:Ce, La2Be2O5:Ce, LuBO3:Ce, Li6Gd(BO3)3:Ce, plastic/organic scintillators, and a combination thereof. 12. The photovoltaic device of claim 11, further comprising a transparent material, wherein the homogeneous doped material is disposed within the transparent material, wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons, wherein the transparent material and the homogeneous doped material are not the same material. 13. The photovoltaic device of claim 12, wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or a polymer, wherein the glass is formed from a glass former selected from the group consisting of: B, Si, Ge, Al, B, P, V, As, Sb, Zr, and a combination thereof, or the glass is formed from an intermediate former selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zn, Pb, Al, Th, Be, Zr, Cd, and a combination thereof, and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination thereof. 14. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the homogeneous doped material is a doped micromaterial or a doped nanomaterial. 15. The photovoltaic device of claim 1, wherein the organic photovoltaic cell has a plurality of layers comprising: a transparent electrode layer and a conductive electrode layer, wherein at least two component layers are sandwiched between the transparent electrode layer and conductive electrode layer. 16. The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein the at least two component layers comprise: an organic donor material layer and an acceptor material layer. 17. The photovoltaic device of claim 15, wherein each layer of the plurality of layers of the organic photovoltaic cell has a thickness of about 10 μm or less.