Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A system comprising an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis apparatus configured to analyze an insulating sample, the apparatus including:an X-ray generating means having an exit opening and being arranged to generate primary X-rays which pass out of the exit opening in a sample direction towards a sample surface for irradiation thereof, the X-ray generating means in use additionally generating unwanted electrons which would pass out of the exit opening substantially in the sample direction;an electron deflection field generating means arranged to generate a deflection field upstream of the sample surface, the deflection field being configured to deflect the unwanted electrons away from the sample direction, such that the unwanted electrons are prevented from reaching the sample surface, anda flood gun for charge neutralization of the sample surface. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the deflection field generating means is located near to, at, or upstream of the exit opening. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the deflection field generating means is arranged to generate the deflection field transverse to the sample direction. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the X-ray generating means has a housing portion terminating in the exit opening and the deflection field generating means is located internally of the housing portion. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the X-ray generating means has a housing portion terminating in the exit opening and the deflection field generating means is located externally of the housing portion. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising an analysis chamber for holding the sample, the chamber comprising a sidewall having an entrance port therethrough, the port being in communication with the exit opening of the X-ray generating means for passage of the generated X-rays towards the sample surface, wherein the deflection field generating means is located in the port. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the deflection field generating means comprises a magnet arranged to produce a local magnetic field of between 1 mT and 100 mT. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the deflection field generating means comprises a magnet arranged to produce a local magnetic field of between 10 mT and 50 mT. 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the deflection field generating means comprises a magnet and at least a part of the chamber sidewall surrounding the entrance port is made of a magnetic material and is configured to act as a flux return for the deflection field generating means. 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the deflection field generating means comprises a magnet and at least a part of the chamber sidewall surrounding the entrance port is made of a magnetic material and is configured to provide magnetic shielding for the sample surface, such that a magnetic field at the sample surface is less than 10−6 T. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the X-ray generating means is arranged to produce monochromated primary X-rays. 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second electron deflection field generating means, the second electron deflection field generating means occupying a different location from the first electron deflection field generating means. 13. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis system for secondary particle emission surface analysis of an insulating sample, comprising:the system of any of claims 1 to 12;an analysis chamber for holding the sample; anda secondary particle analyser for receiving and analysing secondary particles emitted from the sample surface. 14. A method of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis by primary beam irradiation of a sample surface, the method comprising:generating at an X-ray generating means primary X-rays in a sample direction towards a sample surface of an insulating sample;additionally generating at the X-ray generating means unwanted electrons which would travel in the sample direction towards the sample surface;providing an electron deflection field upstream of the sample surface to deflect the unwanted electrons away from the sample direction, such that the unwanted electrons are prevented from reaching the sample surface; andneutralizing charging of the sample surface using a flood gun. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the X-ray generating means has an exit opening through which the X-rays pass and the electron deflection field is generated in the region of the exit opening. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the electron deflection field is transverse to the sample direction. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the X-ray generating means has a housing portion terminating at the exit opening and the electron deflection field is generated internally of the housing portion. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the X-ray generating means has a housing portion terminating at the exit opening and the electron deflection field is generated externally of the housing portion. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the X-ray generating means is in communication with an analysis chamber for holding the sample, the chamber comprising a sidewall having an entrance port therethrough for passage of the X-rays towards the sample surface, wherein the electron deflection field is generated in the port. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the electron deflection field comprises a magnetic electron deflection field and produces a local magnetic field of between 1 mT and 100 mT. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the electron deflection field comprises a magnetic electron deflection field and produces a local magnetic field of between 10 mT and 50 mT. 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the electron deflection field is a magnetic electron deflection field, further comprising the step of using a part of the chamber sidewall surrounding the entrance port, the part being made of a magnetic material, to act as a flux return path for the electron deflection field. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the electron deflection field is a magnetic electron deflection field, further comprising the step of magnetically shielding the sample surface, such that a magnetic field at the sample surface is less than 1031 6 T. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the X-rays produced by the X-ray generating means are monochromated X-rays.