Patent Number: 
Section: description

In FIG. 1A, in the preferred embodiment, an incoming particle beam 1 impacts a target mass 9 through its containment surface 23 resulting in a nuclear reaction or collision and the generation of GW exhibiting an axis 21, which can propagate radially or in either direction. The reaction or collision also produces back scattered particles 2, nuclear reaction products 3 moving in the preferred direction of target nuclei alignment 22, high-energy photons 4 (for example, x-ray emissions) also moving primarily in the preferred direction 22, sputtered particles 7, and recoil atoms 8. A typical target atom 11 when impacted by the particle beam is jerked by the release of nuclear-reaction products or by collision or by other means and produce GW similar to or in simulation of a sub-microscopic star explosion or collapse discussed by Geoff Burdge, Deputy Director for Technology and Systems of the National Security Agency, written communication dated Jan. 19, 2000 and incorporated herein by reference. This axis is described and illustrated co-pending patent application, Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597. In the case of nuclear-reaction-produced jerks, the radius of gyration at the reactants is significantly smaller than the GW wavelength so that the quadrupole approximation holds. The energizing process can also result in harmonic oscillation or a quadrupole radiator. In this case the GW propagates radially or cylindrically as discussed by Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen (1937, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 223, pp. 43-54). The target""s characteristic length, absorption depth, or approximate radius of gyration of the extensive emulated target mass 10 is utilized in the quadrupole approximation to compute the power of the GW that is generated. In FIG. 1B, the particle bunches 12 are shown impacting or colliding with an incoming particle bunch 13 of another particle beam at a collision angle 14, which could be any value including zero. In this case, the incoming target bunch is contemplated to be spin-polarized noble gas, such as helium II or odd-nuclear isotopes of xenon, etc. in order to exhibit a preferred direction in space 22. In FIG. 2 is exhibited a medium in which the GW speed is reduced 34, the new direction of GW 35 caused by the GW passing through a boundary of a medium 38 at an oblique angle 36 with respect to a normal to the surface of such a medium 37 produces GW refraction. The back surface of the medium in which the GW speed is again changed 39 is shown, but for clarity no refractive bending of the GW is exhibited. Examples of suitable media are superconducting media. In FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are exhibited the build up or accumulation of GW along the radially expanding cylindrical GW wave fronts created by and normal to the motion direction 42 of the energizable particle or quadrupole radiator axis. In FIG. 3A a typical central target-mass particle 40 is energized by an incoming particle 41 of the particle-beam bunch. The radially expanding GW wave front 43 moves out at local GW speed. In FIG. 3B, which is at a time xcex94t later, where xcex94t is the time between the arrival of the first and second particle bunch, that is, inversely proportional to the beam-chopping frequency. In this case GW 43 emanating from the first typical target-mass particle 40 is reinforced or constructively interferes with the GW generated by other target-mass particles 44 situated at the distance VGWxcex94t radially out from target-mass particle 40, where VGW is the local GW speed. For clarity only two particles 44 are exhibited out of a ring of such target particles in the target mass in a plane normal to the direction of the energizing motion. Their location will be such as to cause their GW 45 to constructively interfere with and reinforce the originally expanding GW 43. In FIG. 3C, which is at time 2xcex94t later, the GW 43 emanating from the first particle 40 and the second particles 44 are reinforced by another set of particles 46 and their attendant GW 47. FIG. 3D is at time 3xcex94t and typical target-mass particles 48 add their GW 49 to the accumulating and radially expanding GW. Each arriving beam bunch initiates additional expanding rings of coherent GW until the target-mass particles are exhausted or until their replacements are unavailable. There are large numbers of energizable particle sites that are simultaneously energized so that the GW permeates the target mass as the GW are superimposed. As noted by Pinto and Rotoli (op cit, p. 567) xe2x80x9c . . . the quadrupole formula is only valid provided a suitable surface integral vanish(es), which is the case for an assembly of point sources, . . . xe2x80x9d. In the context of the previous application, Ser. No. 09/616,683, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597, the typical target-mass, particles such as 40, 44, 46, and 48 are considered to be energizable elements. Such elements can be permanent magnets, electromagnets, solenoids (or nanosolenoids) current-carrying plates, piezoelectric crystals, nanomachines including harmonic oscillators, nanomotors and nanoselenoids or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) in general, etc. In the case of solenoids (or nanosolenoids), some nanomachines, nanoelectromechanical systems, current-carrying plates, etc. the energizing and enegizable elements can be colocated, for example the energizing coil around the energizable central magnetic core in the case of the nanosolenoids. The energizing elements in the context of the ""683 application would include coils, current pulses moving in conductors, biomolecular motors, etc. that operate under the control of an Individual Independently Programmable Coil System (IIPCS), described in the parent U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336 of which the previous Application, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597, is a continuation-in-part, in order to activate or energize the energizable elements in a sequence as the ring of GW, whose propagation plane is normal to the direction of the energizable elements quadrupole radiator axis, moves radially out at local GW speed. In this case directivity can be achieved in both l:he orientation of the GW ring""s plane, the sector of that expanding ring where the GW wave front is reinforced or constructively interfered with by energizing the energizable elements and/or by destructive interference of one GW with another (as in the astrophysical case of a uniformly, isotropically exploding or collapsing star). The collector elements, in the context of the previous application, Ser. No. 09/611,683, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597 would be at the same locations as the energizable elements and interrogated in a sequence by the IIPCS to detect or receive specific GW frequencies, that is, tuned to the GW frequency. In FIG. 4 the constructive interference or reinforcement or amplification of a GW by energizable elements is over a linear pattern 50, 54, 56, and 58 produced by a micro mass explosion or collapse which simulate a macro star explosion or collapse, with GW directed along its axis as predicted by Burdge, op. cit. 2000 is illustrated (but directed in both directions along the axis. The reinforcement of GW is illustrated schematically by the arrows 53, 55, 57, and 59. The GW builds up to a larger amplitude 62 as the beam bunch and the GW crest or front move with the same speed together through the particles comprising the target mass and generate coherent GW pulses. The target particles or energizable elements 50, 54, 56 and 58 are VGW xcex94t apart where VGW is the GW speed and xcex94t is the time between energization. Thus an extensive mass composed of all of the energized target particles is emulated. In the context of the ""597 patent the typical target mass particles 50, 54, 56 and 58 are considered to be energizable elements. As already discussed, such elements can be magnets, conductors, piezoelectric crystals, harmonic oscillators, nanomachines, etc. The collector elements, in the context of ""597, would be at the same locations as the energizable elements and interrogated in a sequence by the IIPCS to detect or receive GW having a particular frequency and phase. In FIG. 5, of the preferred embodiment a particle source 15, which could be a laser or a nuclear reaction, produces particles that can be accelerated by an acceleration device 16 (unless the particles are photons), focused by a focusing device 17 such as a superconducting medium or electromagnetic field and separated into bunches by a beam chopper 18. The target mass can be a solid, a liquid (including a superfluid such as liquid helium II), a gas (including electron gas), or another particle beam. Alternately, the beam can be separated into bunches and modulated as to frequency and number of particles in each bunch at the particle source 15. The particle source 15 or beam chopper 18 is controlled by computer 19, an information-processing device 20 and transmitter 71. The particle beam bunches 1 impact the target particles 9 and produce a nuclear reaction, generating GW 21, which can be received at receiving device 70. The information processing device 20 can be, for example, a Kalman filter and/or a table look up for identifying the element to be energized. In FIG. 6A, are illustrated a plan view of a typical stack of elements or array of element sets or subsets, which could be GW collectors or could be energizable elements such as target atoms or nuclei. The indices, which describe the location or address of these elements, 27 are denoted by i, j, xcfx86k. For example, the top element 28 has an index i=0 (0th column), j=4 (4th row), and xcfx86k represents the directivity of this individual element, either produced by an active element or element set alignment or by connecting a specific, kth member of an underlying stack of elements, having the appropriate orientation fixed, of which the figure shows only the top member. As another example element 29 has an index ixe2x88x921 (xe2x88x921st column), j=1 (1st row), and xcfx86k. In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction 22 is 180xc2x0 and the prior locations of the GW crests 61 are behind the GW crest 25. The distance between the lines (or planes comprising the GW wave crests) at elements in the GW direction 21 is 24. The elements 26 on the;anticipated GW crest 25 of the GW 21 are connected to an information processing device, that is interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). In FIG. 6C the future locations of the GW crests 60 is in front of the GW crest 25 and the directivity angle is 135xc2x0, in FIG. 6D it is 90xc2x0, in FIG. 6E it is 45xc2x0 and in FIG. 6F it is 0xc2x0. In FIG. 7 is illustrated a spherical set of element sets or subsets or electrodes 31 comprising an element having directivity angles xcex1k and xcex4k for a kth member of the element set or subset 32 distributed over a sphere 33. A propulsion system utilizing a gravitational wave generator is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 8. As shown therein, the propulsion system provides a gravitational wave generator 67 disposed within a vehicle housing 75. The generator includes a particle-beam source 69 energizing elements and nuclear-reaction chamber 72, which includes the target-mass energizable elements. Such elements could involve high-energy, nuclear-particle collisions whose products are distribut d asymmetrical in the direction of tab particle-beam energizing element""s motion (as discussed by Charles Seife (2000), Science, Volume 291, Number 5504, p. 573 and incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, the energizable nuclear elements could be constrained to a preferred orientation yielding a preferred direction of the collision products and again, a nuclear jerk in a preferred direction. Such GW directivity is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 8A and 8B of the parent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336. The rearward moving gravitational waves 62 exit the rear of the vehicle propelling the vehicle in the desired direction of travel 74. The target-mass energizable elements in the nuclear-reaction chamber 72 build up, by constructive interference or reinforcement, the coherent GW 62 as exhibited in FIG. 4. The system of energizable elements comprising the target emulates a more extensive mass having a longer effective radius of gyration 10 exhibited in FIG. 1A and, therefore, stronger GW and more momentum to cause the forward motion in the desired direction of travel 74. A refractive medium can intercept the oppositely or forward-directed GW and those rays can be bent or refracted to the side in order to reduce the forward component of GW momentum and, thereby promote forward propulsion in the desired direction of travel. The forward-moving portion of the GW generated by the jerks associated with the energization of the elements comprising the target mass is not coherent. This GW portion is the result of the smaller actual radii of gyration of each individual energizable element. Thus weaker GW is generated and as previously mentioned, can be bent to the side by a GW refractive medium and far less momentum is carried away to counter the propulsion in the desired forward direction of travel so that forward propulsion dominates. The present invention relies upon the fact that the rapid movement or jerk or oscillation of a mass or collection of submicroscopic particles such as nuclei will produce a quadrupole moment and generate useful high-frequency, for example, up to QuadraHertz (Qhz) or higher-frequency, GW. The device described herein accomplishes GW generation in several ways based upon the interaction of energizing and energizable submicroscopic particles. In a preferred embodiment a collection of target nuclei or target-beam particles are jerked or otherwise set in motion, for example, harmonic oscillatory motion, in concert, in response to the impact of a particle beam, which is a directed flow of particles or waves that carries energy and information. The particle beam moves with the same speed as the local speed of the gravitational waves. According to Ning Li and Douglas Torr (1992), Physical Review B, Volume 64, Number 9, p.5491, if the target is a superconductor, then the GW are estimated to be two orders of magnitude slower than the speed of GW in a vacuum or the speed of light. Specifically, they state: xe2x80x9cIt should be pointed out that since nothing is known of the phase velocity of a gravitational wave . . . propagating within a superconductor, it is usually presumed to be equal to the velocity of light. We argue that the interaction of the coupled electromagnetic and gravitoelectromagnetic fields with the Coop r pairs in superconductors will form a superconducting condensate wave characterized by a phase velocity xcexdxcfx81xcex7xe2x88x92. Since . . . the phase velocity can be predicted for the first time as xcexdxcfx81xcex7xe2x88x92m . . . 106 [m/s]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(30) which is two orders of magnitude smaller than the velocity of light.xe2x80x9d The target will exhibit an absorption thickness, that is, a length over which many of the impacting particles interact with the target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction whose collision products move in a preferred direction resulting in a jerk or oscillation. The particle beam is composed of bunches of particles generated in a cylindrical beam pipe, each bunch enters the target material and interacts with a cylinder of target nuclei or target beam particles, comprising the target mass, having a length that is associated with the radius of gyration of the emulated target mass. The results of the interaction, in addition to the jerk or oscillation imparted to the target mass by nuclear reaction or collision, include back-scattered particles 5, secondary electrons 6, sputtered particles, forward-scattered particles (channeling) and recoil atoms as well as ion implantation. The jerk-producing or oscillation-producing collisions involve elastic (single Coulomb) and inelastic (bresstrahlung) scattering impacts on nuclei and particles and sometimes result in a nuclear reaction, the products of which move out in a preferred direction based upon the alignment of the target 22. The particle beam bunch""s front edge strikes the nuclei or particles in the cylindrical target-mass volume at a speed equal to the local GW speed. As each nucleus or other particle-beam target is impacted and is jerked or otherwise set in motion by the reaction to a nuclear products emission or collision, it generates GW in the direction of or normal to the beam""s velocity and/or the alignment direction at the target nuclei and the GW grows in amplitude and emulates a large target mass having an effective radius of gyration larger than that of any single energizable element. The GW can also be generated in the direction normal to a quadrupole (harmonic-oscillator) axis or in the direction of a is jerk, so that the particle-beam directed GW builds up or accumulates and generates a coherent GW as the beam particles progress through the target nuclei and thereby, emulates an extensive target mass. According to Douglas Torr and Ning Li (1993), Foundation of Physics Letters, Volume 6. Number 4, p.371 xe2x80x9c . . . the lattice ions, . . . must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the phenomenon of superconductivity.xe2x80x9d Thus, a preferred embodiment is to have the target nuclei constrained in a cylindrical superconductivity state. As the particle-beam bunch moves down the cylinder of target nuclei, it strikes one target nuclei after another, creating a GW and adding to the forward-moving or radially-directed GW""s amplitude as it progresses in step with the bunch""s particles in the preferred direction in space of FIG. 1A22 thereby emulating an extensive target mass. The particle-beam bunches are modulated by a particle-emission and/or chopper-control computer to impart information by modulating the generated GW. In addition, since the GW can be slowed by virtue of passing through a medium such as a superconductor (Li and Torr op. cit. 1992) and, therefore, refracted by it, as in a lens, the GW can be focused and intensified. The GW can also be venerated in a direction normal to a dipole axis. According to Joseph Weber (1964), Gravitation and Relativity, W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York, p. 91, a summation of charge times acceleration gives rise to dipole radiation, which also can be accomplish d gravitationally in a superconductor according to Li and Torr, op. Cit. 1992, pp. 5489ff and Torr and Li, op. Cit. 1993, pp. 371ff. In another embodiment electron transfer dynamics between incident particle-beam gas molecule energizing elements, for example, nitric oxide, NO and a metal target surface composed of energizable elements such as Au (111) has been discussed by Yuhui Huang et al. (2000), Science, Volume 290, No. 5489, pp. 111-114. The large-amplitude vibrational motion associated with the energizable target molecules in high vibrational states strongly modulates the energy driving force of the energizing electron-transfer reaction. In this regard, although not discussed in any connection with GW generation, according to Huang, et al. (ibid, p. 113), xe2x80x9c . . . the multiquantum vibrational transfer occurs on the subpicosecond time scale.xe2x80x9d In order to accomplish experiments or communication with a GW generation or transmitter device, it is necessary to detect or receive GW. In this regard application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597, describes such a detection device in which the collector elements replace the energizable elements of the present invention. The GW receiver is oriented in a direction from which the GW is known to be generated. The GW can be focused on the detection device by means of a refractive medium exhibiting a lense shape, as shown in FIG. 2, in order to amplify the GW intensity. Furthermore, since the GW frequency is also known, the collector elements of the GW receiver can be interrogated, that is, selectively connected by the control computer to an information-proc ssing device, in a sequence at the anticipated incoming GW frequency, that is, tuned. Thus, as the incoming GW pass through the ensemble of the GW receiver""s collector elements, utilizing piezoelectric crystals, or capacitors, or strain gauges, or transducers, or parametric transducers, or nanomachines, etc., these elements are interrogated at the anticipated time of passage of the GW crest past them. The uncertainty is in the determination of the GW phases. Within, for example, a subpicosecond time resolution, all of the possible GW phases (or times that the GW crest hits the leading rows of collector elements) are initially swept through by the control computer to establish the phase that correlates best with the maximum amplitude of the received GW signal, that is, tuned to the GW signal. After this initialization the GW phase is tracked by, say, a Kalman filtering technique described on pp. 384-392 of Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (1967) Astrodynamics, Applications and Advanced Topics, Academic Press, New York. The small voltages and currents produced by some of the alternative collector elements can be measured, for example, by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) using Josephson junctions (described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,189) and/or by quantum non-demolition (QND) techniques utilized in optics but applied to the problem of reducing quantum-noise limitations for high-frequency GW. The QND technique was first suggested by Vladimir Braginsky of the Moscow State University and published by A. M. Smith (1978) in xe2x80x9cNoise Reduction in Optical Measurement Systems)xe2x80x9d IEE Proceedings, volume 125, Number 10, pp. 935-941. Superconductors are also contemplated for use in connection with the collection elements as discussed in the previous application, Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, so that the collection elements can be in a superconducting state. Referring again to U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597 describes collector elements that can detect GW through the same conductors as are attached to the energizable elements for GW generation and are connected by an Individual Independently Programmable Coil System (IIPCS), a device that acts as a transceiver. The IIPCS is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,336. Such a control computer can connect the collector elements together and interrogate them in a pattern that will effectively sense GW incoming from a specific direction and, in like fashion, it can connect the energizer elements and energize them in a pattern that will effectively direct the radially or linearly propagating GW or steer them in a specific direction. It is valuable, therefore, both to scan for GW from a given set of directions, and to steer GW in a given set of directions, that is, to provide for directivity in both reception and transmission of GW. The control computer, acting in concert with the information-processing device, establishes a communications link between a GW receiver and a GW transmitter or, alternatively, among GW transceivers and establishes point to multipoint communication. The aforementioned directivity can be best illustrated by FIG. 6. FIG. 6A exhibits a plan view of a typical section of an array of elements or element sets or subsets, the elements with indices 27, i, j, xcfx86k. xcfx86k represents the directivity angle, measured relative to some arbitrary fixed direction in space 30, of an individual element, either produced by active element alignment (by being in an electromagnetic field, in a superconducting state, spin polarized, etc.) or being an element set or subset, or by connecting to a specific member of an underlying stack of elements having the appropriate orientation fixed, of which the figures shows only the top member. In this latter case the i, j element stack may, for example, be 180 members high, each member offset from the next by one degree k=1 to 180) in the three-dimensional ensemble of elements. The central or control computer or information processing function is, therefore, a table look up of the indices that should be xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d for a given directivity and also located on the crest of the specific GW of interest (incoming or outgoing). An xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d element is one that is interrogated (for reception) or energized (for transmission). In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction 22 is 180xc2x0. The elements on the anticipated GW crest 25 of interest of the GW 21 are communicated to collectors and interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). The prior locations of the GW crests 61 are behind the crest 25. In FIG. 6C the directivity angle is 135xc2x0, and the future locations of the crests 60 are in front of the crest 25. In FIG. 6D the directivity angle is 90xc2x0, in FIG. 6E it is 45xc2x0, and in FIG. 6F it is 0xc2x0. A coordinate rotation will afford directivity in three dimensions. In this latter regard, the elements could be arrays of elements or element sets or subsets and those arrays could be spherically isotropic in their activity as either collectors or energizable elements. In one embodiment, the element sets or subsets consist of piezoelectric crystals in a spherical configuration or array. Thus, GW can be sensed or generated in any direction. In this case, the piezoelectric crystals would be spread out evenly over the surface of a sphere 33 exhibited in FIG. 7. In a preferred embodiment each element would consist of a spherical piezoelectric crystal 33 with electrodes 31 spread out evenly over its surface and interrogated or energized in opposite pairs to achieve directivity in detection or generation of GW. FIG. 7 illustrates the sphere 33 and the elements 31 (collectors or energizable) comprising the element sets or subsets. A typical member of this element set or subset, 32, has its directivity angles xcex1k and xcex4k for the kth member of the element sets or subsets defined by the notation xcfx86k (xcex1k, xcex4k). In one embodiment, the elements are piezoelectric crystals. In a preferred embodiment the elements are electrodes 31 attached to the surface 33 of a single, spherical piezoelectric crystal. Thus the propagation of the GW can be steered as opposite pairs of the electrodes are energized and detected from specific directions as the opposite pairs of electrodes, acting as collectors, are interrogated. Collectively the myriad of such spherical piezoelectric crystals can generate or detect a coherent GW by energizing or interrogating them in an appropriate pattern or sequence as illustrated in FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, and 6F. The specific relationship for GW generation by energizing elements, such as particle-beam particles, colliding with energizable elements, such as aligned target nuclei, will be an outcome of the use of the present invention described herein. To better understand that relationship, it is helpful to refer to the standard quadrupole approximation, Eq. (110.16), p.355 of L. C. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields, Fourth Revised English Edition, Pergamon Press, 1975 or Eq. (1), p.463 of J. P. Ostriker, (xe2x80x9cAstrophysical Source of Gravitational Radiation in Sources of Gravitational Radiation,xe2x80x9d Edited by L. L. Smarr, Cambridge University Press. 1979) which gives the GW radiated power (watts) as P=xe2x88x92dE/dt=xe2x88x92(G/45c5)K(d3Dxcex1xcex2/dt3)2 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(1) where E=energy [joules], t=time [s], G=6.67423xc3x9710xe2x88x9211 [m3/kgxe2x88x92s2] (universal gravitational constant, not the Einstein tensor), c=3xc3x97108 [m/s] (the speed of light), and Dxcex1xcex2[kgxe2x88x92m2] is the quadrupole moment-of-inertia tensor of the mass of the target particles, and the xcex4 and xcex2 subscripts signify the tensor components and directions. The quantity (d3Dxcex1xcex2/dt3)2 is the kernel at the quadrupole approximation. Equation (1) can also be expressed as: P=KI3dot(d3I/dt3)2/5 c2 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(2) where I=(xcexa3m)r2 [kgxe2x88x92m2], the moment of inertia, (xcexa3m)=sum of the masses of the individual target nuclei that are impacted by the particle beam, expel nuclear-reaction products, and caused to jerk or recoil in unison, [kg], (or, at least jerk or oscillate as the forward-moving GW front moves by), r=the effective radius of gyrations of the ensemble of target nuclei that constitute the target mass [m], and KI3dot=a dimensionless constant or function to be established by experiment. The third derivative of the moment of inertia is d3I/dt2=(xcexa3m)d3r2/dt3=2r(xcexa3m)d3r/dt3+ . . . xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(3) and d3r/dt3 is computed by noting that 2r(xcexa3m)d2r/dt2=n2rfn [Nxe2x88x92m] (equation of motion)xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(4) where n is the number of beam particles, which interact with target nuclei to emit nuclear-reaction products, and is the nuclear reactive force on a given target nuclei caused by the release of nuclear-reaction products. The third derivative is approximated by d3I/dt3=n2rxcex94fn/xcex94txe2x80x83xe2x80x83(5) in which xcex94 fn is the nearly instantaneous increase in the force on the ensemble of nuclei caused by the release of nuclear-reaction products or the collision impulse over the brief time interval, xcex94t. The xcex94t is the nuclear-reaction time for a typical individual collision, taken here to be 10xe2x88x9212 [s]. We will also take, for convenience of calculation, the time between emission of particle bunches also to be xcex94t. Thus the chopping frequency would be one THz. As a bunch of beam particles strike the target nuclei material, the particles impact on the target nuclei, with, for example, 10% of them causing a nuclear reaction. In this regard, the characteristic length (or emulated or effective radius of gyration, r) of the target mass could be considered to be the thickness of the target mass or the distance that the particle-beam bunch moves at local GW speed before the number of particles in a given bunch is reduced by half or by some other measure of the effective radius of gyration of the target mass as the ensemble of energized particles comprising the target mass move in concert at local GW speed and emulate a cohesive target mass. The target nuclei are held in place by intermolecular forces that propagate at the local sound speed, that is, during the xcex94t interval while the beam particles interact with the target nuclei and create aligned nuclear-reaction products, the particles move a distance vxcex94t, where v is the particle speed that is made equal to the local GW speed, VGW, but the nuclei move more slowly and influence one another at sound speed. Thus, alternative characteristic lengths could be either vxcex94t or the distance local sound travels in at or the length of the target-mass cylinder, or the absorption thickness, etc. For the numerical example we will choose r=1 [cm]=0.01 [m] and the beam itself to have a cross-sectional area of one square centimeter. Thus for the numerical example the target mass is a cube one centimeter on a side and the generated GW rings from harmonic oscillation that move out in a plate or slab one centimeter thick. With KI3dot=32, as in the case of the GW radiated by the centrifugal-force jerk of a spinning rod, from Eq. (1), p.90 of Joseph Weber (1964), xe2x80x9cGravitational Waves in Gravitation and Relativity,xe2x80x9d Chapter 5, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York and Introducing Eq. (5), Eq. (2) becomes P=1.76xc3x9710xe2x88x9252(n2r xcex94fn/xcex94t)2 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(6) The number of particles in a typical bunch is estimated to be approximately that of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) or 4xc3x971010 particles. It is estimated that 10% of the particles impact target nuclei and result in nuclear reaction (that is, a 10% harvest), so n=4xc3x971010. Inserting these numbers into Eq. (6) we have P=1.76410xe2x88x9252(4xc3x971010xc3x972xc3x970.01xcex94fn/xcex94t)2 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(7) and, subject to further verification as to the mass defect and impulsive nuclear force, that is verification of the magnitude of the jerk, we take xcex94fn=1xc3x9710xe2x88x926 [N] and xcex94t=10xe2x88x9212 [s] resulting in P=1.13xc3x9710xe2x88x9222 [watts]. The reference area is either the rim of a disk one centimeter thick and one centimeter in diameter or 3.14xc3x9710xe2x88x924 [m2] for a GW flux of 3.6xc3x9710xe2x88x9219 [watts/m2] for a harmonic oscillation of the target elements or one square centimeter for a linear jerk of the target elements (there is a factor of 0.5 since the GW is bifurcatedxe2x80x94half moving in the direction of the jerk and half in the opposition direction). The former leads to a forward component of GW flux of 5.65xc3x9710xe2x88x9219 [watts/m2]. A lens system composed of a media in which the GW is slowed (such as a superconducting media) could concentrate or focus the GW from, say, a one square centimeter, to 10 micrometers2 for an increase in GW flux of 105 to 5.65xc3x9710xe2x88x9213 [watts/m2]. Note that in the refraction medium the GW wavelength is significantly smaller than 10 micrometers2 at THz frequencies, so that GW diffraction, if present, is not very significant. All of the foregoing quadrupole equations are approximations to P. Due to the slowness of the GW, about one hundredth of light speed, the GW wavelength in the superconducting target is about xcexGW 0.01cxcex94t=3xc3x97105xc3x9710xe2x88x9212=3xc3x9710xe2x88x926[m], but still larger than the radius of the target nuclei, beam particles, or nuclear-reaction products, so xcexGW is much greater than the radius of the target particles and also, due to the slow propagation speed, all speeds are much less than c. Thus the quadrupole approximation is good, but still KI3dot will be further refined as will the harvest and other details of the energizing and jerk-producing or harmonic-oscillation-producing mechanism of the invention such as xcex94fn and xcex94t. The GW produced also is xe2x80x9c . . . itself the source of some additional gravitational fieldxe2x80x9d as noted by Landau and Lifshitz (op cit, 1979, p. 349) and discussed in the Propulsion section of U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597. Thus attendant to the GW is a change in gravity that can be effectively utilized for the movement of mass and, hence, as a propulsion means. Analysis of Binary Pulsar PSR 1913+16 As discussed in the Prior application Ser. No. 09/616,663, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,597, since binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 represents the only experimental confirmation of GW, the features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by a further analysis of this double-star system. According to Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., p. 3 of xe2x80x9cPreliminary Tests of Fundamental Concepts Associated with Gravitational-wave Spacecraft Propulsion,xe2x80x9d Paper No. 2000-5250 in the CD-ROM proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, AIAA Dispatch: dispatch@lh1.lib.mo.us, or www.aiaa.org/publications, Sep. 19-21, 2000, the double star exhibits a mass of m=2.05xc3x971030 [kg], a semi-major axis, a, of 2.05xc3x97109 [m], and a mean motion, n (or xcfx89) of 2.25xc3x9710xe2x88x924 [radians/s]. The average centrifugal force component or force-vector component subject to cage during the star pair""s orbit, xcex94fcfx,y, is man2=(5.56xc3x971030)(2.05xc3x97109)(2.25xc3x9710xe2x88x924)2=5.77xc3x971032[N],xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(8) From Eq. (1), p. 90 of Joseph Weber, (op cit. 1964) and from Eq. (2) herein, one has for Einstein""s formulation (1918, Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademi der Wisserschaften, p. 154) of the gravitational-wave (GW) radiated power of a rod spinning about an axis through its midpoint, having a moment of inertia, I [kgxe2x88x92m2], and an angular rate, xcfx89 [radians/s]: xe2x80x83P=xe2x88x9232GI2xcfx896/5c5=xe2x88x92G(Ixcfx893)2/5(c/2)5 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(9) or P=xe2x88x921.76xc3x9710xe2x88x9252(Ixcfx893)2=xe2x88x921.76xc3x9710xe2x88x9252(r[rmxcfx892]xcfx89)2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(10) where using classical (not relativistic) mechanics, [rmxcfx892]2 can be associated with the square of the magnitude of the rod""s centrifugal-force vector, fat, for a rod of mass, m, and radius of gyration, r. This vector reverses every half period at twice the angular rate of the rod (and a component""s magnitude squared completes one complete period in halt the rod""s period). Thus the GW frequency is 2xcfx89 and the time-rate-of-change of the magnitude of, say, the x-component of the centrifugal force, fcfx is xcex94fcfx/xcex94txe2x88x9d2fcfxxcfx89.xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(11) (Note that frequency, "ugr"=xcfx89/2xcfx80.) The change in the centrifugal-force vector itself (called a xe2x80x9cjerkxe2x80x9d when divided by a time interval) is a differential vector at right angles to fct and directed tangentially along the arc that the dumbbell or rod moves through. As previously mentioned, Equation (9) is an approximation and only holds accurately for r less than  less than xcexGW (wave length of the GW) and for speeds of the GW generator far less than c (the speed of light). Equation (9) is the same equation as that given for two bodies on a circular orbit on p. 356 of Landau and Lifshitz, op. cit., 1975, (I=xcexcr2 in their notation) where xcfx89=n, the orbital mean motion. As a validation of the use of a jerk to estimate gravitational-wave power, let us utilize the jerk approach for computing the gravitational-radiation power of PSR 1913+16. We computed in Equation (8) that each of the components of force change, xcex94fcfx,y=5.77xc3x971032 [N] (multiplied by two since the centrifugal force reverses its direction each half period) and xcex94t=(xe2x85x9) (7.75 hrxc3x9760 minxc3x9760 sec)=1.395xc3x97104 [s]. Thus using the jerk approach: P=xe2x88x921.76xc3x9710xe2x88x9252{(2rxcex94fcfx/xcex94t)2+(2rxcex94fcfy/xcex94t)2}=xe2x88x921.76xc3x9710xe2x88x9252(2xc3x972.05xc3x97105xc3x975.77xc3x971032/1.395xc3x97104)3xc3x972=xe2x88x9210.1xc3x971024 [watts]xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(12) versus 9.296xc3x971024 [watts] using Landau and Lifshitz""s (op. cit., 1975, p. 356) more exact formulation given by the analyses of Baker (op. cit., 2000, p. 4) integrating using the mean anomaly. The stunning closeness of the agreement is, of course, fortuitous since due to orbital eccentricity there is no symmetry among the xcex94fcfx,y components around the orbit. Nevertheless, the value of the jerk approach is well demonstrated. Since the present invention produces waves or ripples in the conjectured spacetimeuniverse (STU) continuum or fabric (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336), it can be used to explore cosmological conjectures and theories. According to a thumbnail sketch of Einstein""s theory of general relativity, time and space disappear with material things. That is, matter (stars to atomic nuclei) are inseparably connected to time and space and vice versa. xe2x80x9cThingsxe2x80x9d are all but hills, valleys, and holes in the fabric of Einstein""s spacetime. It is conjectured that the equivalence of inertial and attractive mass and the unification of all forces, gravitational, centrifugal, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc. is that they are all simply undulations in the multidimensional STU fabric. We may consider a centrifugal force field to be a gravitational force field and elastic, thrust, drag, etc., force fields to be electromagnetic in origin. Thus force is a property of STU and vice versa. Such a concept is similar to that expressed by Schrxc3x6dinger in 1946 (reported in Denis Brian""s Einstein a life, 1996, John Wiley and Sons, p. 351) in his theory that xe2x80x9c . . . purely wave theory, in which the structure of space-time would yield gravitation, electromagnetism, and even a classical analog of strong nuclear (forces)xe2x80x9d. In fact, the term xe2x80x9cgravitational wavesxe2x80x9d could be replaced by the term xe2x80x9cforce wavesxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cinertia wavesxe2x80x9d since it is the change in force, any force or attraction, or jerk of an inertial mass that results in the waves or ripples in the STU fabric. Gravitational waves are related directly to an inertial mass in motion (caused by either a change in attraction or forcexe2x80x94a jerk or harmonic oscillation) and not directly related to a gravitational field. In this regard, the wave/particles for such a force wave are proposed to be defined as xe2x80x9cgravitational instantonsxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cinstantonsxe2x80x9d. Such wave/particles would be analogous to photons associated with electromagnetic waves, gravitons associated with gravitational attraction, and gluons associated with strong nuclear forces. For historical reasons the term gravitational waves should be retained, whereas to avoid confusion with gravitons and the erroneous association of GW exclusively with gravitational attraction the term xe2x80x9cinstantonsxe2x80x9d is used. There is a fundamental difference between photons, gravitons, gluons, etc., and instantons. The former are manifested by the curvature of the multidimensional STU fabric created by the attractions or forces associated with charge, mass, nuclear particles, etc. (all conjectured to be similar to gravity, that is, not really xe2x80x9cforcesxe2x80x9d, but motion along convergent or divergent geodesics in the multidimensional STU), whereas the latter is manifested by the rapid changes in the forces or jerk or oscillation associated with the formerxe2x80x94like xe2x80x9ccracking a whipxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cstriking a drum headxe2x80x9d of STU fabric to produce ripples in the STU fabric as Landau and Lifshitz (op cit, p. 355) suggest, such STU fabric distortions caused by high-frequency gravitational waves (expressed as instantons) change gravity (expressed as gravitons) itself. Thus all the properties of wave/particles, like diffraction and dispursion, may not be present in the instantons. Continuing with the thumb-nail-sketch conjectures of the STU continuum at the most elementary level, the inherent uncertainty in position and velocity (as opposed to the practical, experimental inability to exactly define position and velocity simultaneously) is simply a reflection of the fact that you can""t xe2x80x9cseexe2x80x9d the entire STU panorama from any one single vantage point. Thus there can be complete determinism, cause and effect can prevail, and xe2x80x9cGod does not have to play dicexe2x80x9d, because everything is in the STU fabric, for example, in different universes at different times everything cannot be xe2x80x9cseenxe2x80x9d. A xe2x80x9clinexe2x80x9d cannot connect xe2x80x9cpointsxe2x80x9d in the STU fabric, but the xe2x80x9cpointsxe2x80x9d are still there and their xe2x80x9cmotionxe2x80x9d on the fabric is predictable; but, unfortunately, they can""t be xe2x80x9cseenxe2x80x9d or predicted simultaneously. The more conventional spacetime continuum is embedded in the multidimensional STU, which is a multidimensional manifold. As far as quantum mechanics is concerned, the detailed surface of the STU fabric can be thought of as ribbed or like stepsxe2x80x94essentially quantum steps. According to this conjecture the intractable frontier between xe2x80x9c . . . a smooth spacial geometry . . . xe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9c . . . the violent fluctuations of the quantum world on short distances . . . the roiling frenzy of quantum foam.xe2x80x9d (Brian Greene, 1999, the elegant universe, Norton, New York, p. 129) is nothing more or less than the interface between osculating universes on small scales in which entities shift back and forth at willxe2x80x94actually smooth transitions with mass/energy and momentum conserved and entropy constant. Thus the measurement of the fundamental constants in a given universe are subject to a very small variation depending upon xe2x80x9cwherexe2x80x9d (or xe2x80x9cwhenxe2x80x9d) they are measured. In this regard, xe2x80x9cwherexe2x80x9d has a more global meaning. In the STU xe2x80x9cwherexe2x80x9d is similar to position in conventional space (but a continuum of dimensions). On the other hand xe2x80x9cwherexe2x80x9d and what are time-like universe dimensions. In xe2x80x9courxe2x80x9d universe its simply xe2x80x9ctime-when.xe2x80x9d These extremely simplified general cosmological conjectures would require very complicated mathematics in order to obtain quantitative results and make them more than just superficial fantasies. Thus the present invention would be useful in obtaining experimental insights concerning the foregoing conjectures and confirmation of quantitative cosmological theories and predictions. Also the receiver aspect of the invention, as it relates to the detection of high-frequency GW, would be useful in studying the xe2x80x9cBig Bangxe2x80x9d information imprinted on GW background between about 10xe2x88x9225 and 10xe2x88x9212 [s] after its start.