Patent Number: 051981815
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Lateral ionic drifts occur when a discontinuity develops in the body of the plasma as a result of quantum asymmetrical interactions. Quantum asymmetries are amplified to produce a bending of the body of the plasma. The result is crowding of magnetic lines of flux on one side of the plasma which tends to push the plasma toward the wall of the container and effectively lower the temperature and confinement density. The quantum asymmetries are in fact the result of internal structural irregularities within the fabric of the ponderable bodies comprising the plasma, namely the nuclei, electrons, etc. The objective then is to reorient the crystalline lattices of those of the nuclei and electrons which are inappropriate for the production of thermonuclear power in that they are subject to quantum asymmetrical interaction with other particles. This is accomplished by application of an electromagnetic field at a flux density B calculated according to the relationship mc.sup.2 =Bvlq, where "m", "v", and "l" are the mass, velocity and length, respectively, of the plasma body or constituent thereof, and "c" and "q" represent constants, namely the speed of light and the quantum of charge. According to the invention, at least one supplemental field at the required flux density to resonate with at least one form of particle in the plasma, for example deuterium nuclei, is applied to the plasma body by means of a large poloidal coil forming a solenoid of sufficient dimensions to substantially apply the supplemental field to the whole of the fusion apparatus. The flux density applied via the supplemental coil is relatively low in power as compared to the driving fields applied to the plasma in order to confine and heat it. The supplemental field can alternatively or additionally be applied by toroidal field coils, the supplemental field in each case being incident on the body of plasma and all the ponderable bodies therein. The invention relies in part on a relationship of gravitational energy (mc.sup.2) and electromagnetic energy (Bvlq). This relationship concerns the fundamental nature of particles and fields. Various persons have searched for a unified field theory which would link the physics of particles with the physics of space. The hallmark of Newtonian particle theory was force at a distance. However, this did not suit Einstein because he felt that forces at a distance could not fully describe the raw experience of daily life. Material events occur not by actions-at-a-distance but by contact. Einstein, therefore, felt that the best scientific theory is a field theory. Nevertheless, neither special nor general relativity eliminated the disturbing dualism between particle and field. It was therefore natural for Einstein, after general relativity, to attempt to create a unified field theory which could describe the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, from which particles would emerge as knots in space-time. Additionally, the electro-weak and electro-strong nuclear forces would be manifestations of the electromagnetic force. Threefold unification includes the electromagnetic, the weak and the strong nuclear forces. Fourfold unification would include gravity, the elasticity of space-time requiring that events which occur by contact may indeed produce mechanical vibrations of the electromagnetic field from electromagnetic oscillations by deformation of the gravitational field. According to the invention, gravitational and electromagnetic potential are set in dual resonance by the equation mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb. EQU .sigma.=Bvl, and (1) EQU E/q=.sigma.. (2) Therefore, EQU E=Bvlq. (3) Also, EQU E=mc.sup.2. (4) Thus, E/c.sup.2 is a mass point or ponderable body of field; "B" is magnetic flux; "v" is velocity, namely the relative electron and earth's orbital velocity; "l" is the length of the pertinent conductor; "E" is the magnetic field energy; ".sigma." is induced electromagnetic field strength; "q" is the electric charge; and, "c" the velocity of light. From equations (3.) and (4.), we get EQU mc.sup.2 =Bvlq Where "q" represents a single coulomb. (5) Equation (5.) is essentially the equation of cyclotron resonance, when the velocity limit maximum of a subject accelerated ion is equal to c. Thus, all point masses are considered to possess magnetic moments which relate to the total field as ponderable charged domains of matter. Therefore, all "strings" are inherently interfaces or edges of energy domains as well as components of domains. Magnetic resonance interactions and the piezoelectric effect point to the relation of the mechanical to the field in all matters, substantiated by infrared emissions from materials subjected to electromagnetic radiation. EQU v/r=B(q/m)=.omega. (6) EQU B=mv/qr (7) From equation (5.), we have ##EQU1## Combining equations (7.) and (8.), we get ##EQU2## mc.sup.2 =Bvlq shows the relation of inertial frames in equivalence as waves of fields are correlated in resonant systems of energy interactions corresponding to gravitational masses of discrete ponderable bodies of relative quantum character. Vibrating strings creating oscillations of electromagnetic fields in a much larger string, a line conductor of length l, will resonate with a system composed of quantum character (and mass m) having internal strings of total gravitational energy mc.sup.2. mass m is in each case connected to a system of particular stiffness within the conductor (l) so the electromagnetic vibrations of interaction (Bvlq) correspond with the natural resonant frequency of mass m, inducing internal vibration in mass m. An analysis of the units of measure according to equation (5.) as to a quantum, one coulomb charge is as follows, letting mc.sup.2 =Bvl*(l): ##EQU3## Derived from equations (12.) and (13.): ##EQU4## The foregoing equations can be considered in discussion of Jacobson resonance (according to the invention), cyclotron resonance and Zeeman resonance. In accordance with classical mechanics and the special theory of relativity, space-time has an existence independent of matter or field. In order to describe at all that which fills or occupies space and interacts in dependence upon relative coordinates therein, space-time or the inertial system with its metrical properties must be thought of as existing to begin with, otherwise the description of "that which fills up space" has no meaning. On the basis of the general theory of relativity, on the other hand, it is space as opposed to "what fills space" which is affected in a manner relating to the coordinates of masses. Space has no separate existence. Thus a pure gravitational field might have been described in terms of the g.sub.ik (i.e., as a function of coordinates) by solution of the gravitational equations. The functions g.sub.ik describe not only the field, but at the same time also the topological and metrical structural properties of the manifold. Then it follows, there is no such thing as an empty space; i.e , a space without field. Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural quality of the field. Thus, according to Einstein, Descartes was not far from the truth when he believed he must exclude the existence of an empty space. The notion appeared to Einstein as absurd, so long as physical reality is seen exclusively in ponderable bodies. It requires the idea of the field as the representative of reality, in combination with the general principle of relativity, to show the true kernel of Descartes idea: there it exists no space "empty of field". mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb describes the mathematical relation of quantum mechanics to general relativity in terms manifest by the concrete physical reality of gravitational point masses and vibrating string or wave segments of spatial line extensions; i.e., wavelength as given by .lambda.=h/mv, comprised by reference points. DeBroglie waves or waves of probability describe a set of waves that represent the behavior under appropriate conditions of a particle, e.g., its diffraction by a crystal lattice. In Zeeman and cyclotron resonance, a wave is considered a disturbance traveling through a medium by virtue of elastic and inertial factors of the medium being relatively small and returning to zero. When the disturbance has passed .lambda. represents the distance in a wavetrain between a vibrating particle and the nearest one vibrating in the same phase. In Jacobson resonance, "l" represents summation of all the distances between vibrating ponderable bodies, i.e., the total length of a system under consideration as does "q" represent the summation of all the charges that experience a force from the total energy resulting from the electromagnetic field interaction when there occurs unification of gravity and electromagnetic potential. Thus, in this context, .lambda.=l (length) and q=l (unity). This includes four-dimensional space delineated by a total field incorporating gravitational points or ponderable bodies generating all action-at-a-distance by way of string. Two postulates are essential features of this equivalence of gravitational and electromagnetic interaction energies in dual resonance: (a) All spontaneous interactions are independent. Inertial systems are independent in terms of ponderable bodies but dependent upon the hitherto "undetected" aether. The foregoing explains the reason for the absence of electromagnetic fields in the pure gravitational equations. Gravity is based upon an inertial system independent of electromagnetic fields and dependent upon the ponderable bodies comprising the gravitational field. (b) Gravitational energy is outside matter because it is contained within the abstract point masses formulating the fabric of the metric of space-time itself. The gravitational energy is hidden in the abstract points creating this elemental structure of the pure spatial metric according to E=mc.sup.2. In considering the fundamental equation of magnetic resonance, we write the expression E=the g.sub.e factor * the Bohr magneton * the flux density * c. When the electronic g factor=2 and the Bohr magneton=(qh)/(4 pimc), we look for the equivalence of the expression (g.sub.e * .beta..sub.e * B * c)=Bclq. In this manner, we shall determine that the cyclotron resonance equation and the fundamental equation of magnetic resonance are precisely the same as the general unified field equation, mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb, when vmax=c, and r=1. We note DeBroglie said, when v=c EQU l=.lambda.=h/mc, .lambda. being distance. (15) The Bohr magneton is the equal to ##EQU5## Thus, EQU g.sub.e *.beta..sub.e *B*c=g.sub.e *BcLq/2=E=mc.sup.2 (17) The adjustment for the 2 in the denominator is made in Zeeman resonance by the electronic g factor. Note g.sub.e =2.002322. Therein, the electronic g factor is equal to 2 and adjusts the magnetic resonance equation so that it is an expression equal to Bclq which is equal to energy. In accordance with the understanding that the symbol v is equal to c, with respect to the Lorentz transformation relative to the coordinate system of the perceiver, we see that in the equation of Zeeman resonance c is a constant which connotes an inertial velocity utilized in all calculations, precisely as the orbital earth velocity is used for our current purposes in all calculations for the general unified field equation, mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb. In considering the E=g.sub.e *.beta..sub.e *B*c (equation (17.)), we see that we may write EQU E=mc2=2*qmc.sup.2 *(t/4pimc)*B*c. (18) Dividing both sides by mc.sup.2 and by t, we get the expression ##EQU6## This is precisely the expression for cyclotron resonance. Furthermore, in accordance with equation (6.), we may write the expression for cyclotron resonance as v/r=qB/m. When r=1, EQU mv=rqB=lqB. (20) Dividing both sides by t, EQU mv/t =vqB=F. (21) Multiplying both sides by l, EQU F*l=W=E=Bvlq (22) Thus, as a general expression for the equation for cyclotron resonance, we may write mc.sup.2 =Bvlq. However, when dealing with the equation for cyclotron resonance in a more specific manner, we may let v=c and write EQU c/r=qB/m (23) Therefore, EQU mc=qBr (24) Again, r=l, and EQU mc=qBl (25) Multiplying both sides by c, results in equation (17.), namely mc.sup.2 =Bclq, the same expression that we obtained from the fundamental equation for magnetic resonance when the upper velocity limit of the accelerated ion equals c. We note that when mv.sup.2 =mc.sup.2, we may write m.sub.1 v.sup.2 =m.sub.2 c.sup.2 and m.sub.1 is greater than m.sub.2. In a more general unified field equation mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb, where m is a quantum mass contained within a string of length l, and q=unity as a result of a single coulomb being a fundamental resonant harmonic of charge. Be definition, a volt=energy per unit charge or E/q. Therefore, we may write E=Bvlq, while q=1, maintaining the integrity of q as a fundamental unit of charge. Therefore we may write the expression: total energy, expressed as E, is equal to Bvlq. Integrity of the units is seen as we reiterate the following: ##EQU7## An important consideration is the nonarbitrariness of the magnitude of a single coulomb. If the magnitude of a single coulomb is an arbitrary choice, then the foregoing would be erroneous. On the other hand, if the magnitude of a single unit of charge designated by definition to be a coulomb, is a nonarbitrary choice and indeed a fundamental harmonic of charge in resonance with varying charge harmonics, then the foregoing is absolutely correct. In this manner, the general unified field equation eliminates the necessity to delineate the particular charge of the mass given on the left side of the equation to be therein contained within the string line conductor l undergoing the electromagnetic interaction. This means that when the q in the general expression mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb is a single coulomb, resonant vibration of field induced within the string line conductor via the electromagnetic interaction will fundamentally jiggle masses which are resonant energy domains to the total energy production of the electromagnetic interaction. Within a plasma system, the framework designates that nuclei and electrons will be the fundamental mass units to be mechanically vibrated by electromagnetic interactions with very weak magnetic fields. The weak fields are an adjuvant to the strong magnetic fields necessarily employed. It is possible to consider variation of the g factor and r=l. Zeeman resonance and cyclotron resonance are equivalent to Jacobson resonance when vmax=c and r=l. It must be particularly noted that the general expression mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb describes a system wherein the g factor is electronic, i.e., g.sub.e =2. This distinction may be explained with the utilization of string theory. In string theory, the manifestation of a particle depends upon its internal state of vibration and its linear extension in space-time. Although the linear extension refers also to curvilinear or geodetic lines, the perception of a straight line is fundamentally relativistic. More specifically, the arc of a semicircle is a string with total length approximately 6.28 or pi*r, when r=2. When the string is closed into a full loop, the diameter is 2. The radius of the arc of the semicircle having a length 6.28 is 2, wherein the diameter of the closed loop is equal to 2. Thus r=l, l being the extension seen cross-sectionally in two dimensions. The diameter of the open arc of 6.28 is equal to 4. The electronic g factor describes a string which is manifested as an electron point mass when the loop is closed. The nuclear g factor describes a string manifested as a proton as the string is open into the arc of the semicircle, and as this arc is further extended linearly, a perceiver looking at the string from a two dimensional planar angle cross-sectionally sees a string approximately 5.6. This is because the arc string is open somewhat in between a totally extended linear state and the fundamental state of a semicircular arc wherein the diameter would be 4. Thus string theory explains the necessity for the variation of the electronic g factor to the nuclear g factor, i.e., the same string manifesting itself as two different fundamental particles, dependent upon the extension in space-time regulated by the internal state of vibration. The interstitial hidden string is a propitiator of the fusion reaction. The abstract reference points which create the metric of space-time are closed in General Relativity to the electromagnetic field, in fact to all matter. Yet we have seen those abstract points actually contain gravitational energy, and maintain in independent inertial system while taking part in the construction of the reality of the field itself. This paradoxical situation presented by nature may only be explained with hidden string, a connection of the substance of the field to the substance of that entity which is apparently ultimate to the field in quantum character. The question of the aether returns to haunt physics as we maintain our search of the connecting matter between the mass points that comprise string, and the connections between gauge particles. The question of the kinetic aether and relative closure of the universe then rests entirely upon the existence of hidden string. Repeating equation (5.), mc.sup.2 =Bvlq, and equation (11.), which is derived from (5.), B=m/qt, ##EQU8## Derived from the physical definitions (12.) and (13.), EQU 10.sup.4 gauss=Kg/(coul*sec). (28) A single coulomb of charge contains: EQU 6.25.times.10.sup.18 e.sup.- *9.11.times.10.sup.-28 g=5.7.times.10-9 grams of matter. (29) EQU one gauss=1.75.times.10.sup.7 g/sec. (30) Most particularly, a single maxwell, the magnetic line of force, carries approximately: EQU 1.75.times.10.sup.7 g*cm.sup.2 *s.sup.- 1. (31) Indeed, the single magnetic line of force, in a vacuum, carries about seventeen-and-a-half million grams of matter every second through a square centimeter of extension. Cross sectionally the plane is infinitesimally narrow as string. It is lucid that a kinetic aether of variance in dimensional quality must serve as our unseen source of hidden string. Therefore, every abstract reference point comprising the essential fabric of the metric of space-time is itself an intrinsic Galilean coordinate system. The foregoing considerations have practical application with respect to plasma confinement. The gravitational aether is only discoverable in terms of the potential to predict phenomena resulting from interactions which may be supposed to influence the aether and thereby to subsequently or concomitantly influence the relations of the electromagnetic field. Plasma physics presents the opportunity to examine the natural theory and number symmetry correlations, to verify that the kinetic aether (1) does really exist and (2) is not absolutely inertially independent but is relativistically so. With reference to FIG. 1, the Tokamak magnetic confinement apparatus, engages hot plasma gas of fusible fuel, i.e., deuterium and tritium. Fusion reactors of this type have thus far produced temperatures as high as 300 million degrees Kelvin for periods of up to a few seconds. Although the temperature is high enough, the time during which the necessary temperature and confinement may be maintained is inadequate for ignition of the plasma and the resultant Q greater than the 20, which is fairly typical of such a system. In a Tokamak which is the size of an auditorium, only about 2 grams of deuterium-tritium fuel are set to vaporize in a vacuum. Space-time within the framework of the toroidal magnetic confinement apparatus is crystallized in very regular patterns, in terms of the abstract points which make up the metric of intrinsic quality of space-time itself. Viewed from the perspective of this realm there is indeed little material comprising the electromagnetic field of the magnetic chamber. The rapidity of motion of the fusible material increases as the temperature increases. As the kinetic energy of the nuclei increases to above 100,000 electron volts something critical occurs. The criticality of the occurrence must be dependent upon the fact that the mechanistic structure of the electromagnetic field comprising the matter in the chamber creates not just lines of electrons, and discontinuities in said lines (popping out quasi-particles), but it in fact must squeeze the relativistic magnetic monopole intrinsic to the gravitational field outside the matter therein. A chain reaction ensues to move real ponderable bodies, however virtual and ghostlike they may be from the gravitational aether, to the electromagnetic field and vice versa, in perfectly symmetrical fashion. Thus we may create on a substructured level only with very weak magnetic fields as a quantum gravity, the equalization of material tension body of the aether. This kinetic, virtual interchange of gauge particles is the principal propitiator of ignition of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The regulator of the crystalline structure of the electromagnetic field itself is principally the quantum Hall effect and the relatives thereof, i.e., the cyclotron resonance effect, magnetic resonance and the piezoelectric effect. According to the invention, magnetic fields are set up wherein the toroidal magnetic confinement system is placed in a plane at right angles to the magnetic lines of force. A transverse Lorentz force is produced and is adjustable with variation in the field strength. The open circuit created in a transverse direction to the substantial plane of the toroidal confinement chamber and at right angles to extra poloidal electromagnets (set in resonance with nuclei and electrons), adjusts conditions in a homeostatic manner. This means that the internal gravitational strings of electrons and nuclei of a plasma will be virtually adjustable wherein the greater lateral movement of the particles to lower the plasma temperature by colliding with the walls of the container will be avoidable. Substantially, the electrons and nuclei that would have been lost to system without the extra poloidal weak intensity magnetic fields may be contained by the framework of the conductive mode of the body of the plasma, fundamentally necessary to establish and meet the Lawson criterion for particle density and confinement time. A Tokamak according to the invention, as shown in FIG. 1, has a toroidal confinement chamber 22, with a plurality of toroidal field coils 24. Poloidal coils 26 and ohmic heating coils 28 are included. However, in addition to these elements as required for basically confining and heating the plasma, the invention employs supplemental field generating coils 30. In the embodiment shown, two coils 30 defining produce supplemental fields at right angles to the plane of the toroidal confinement chamber 22, the coils 30 having an internal span or lumen sufficient to substantially encompass the toroidal vessel. The coils 30 are energized to provide weak magnetic fields at levels as calculated hereinafter, such that the additional electromagnetic fields produced by the supplemental poloidal coils 30 set the reactor in dual resonance with the gravitational energies of the electrons and nuclei which otherwise would have been lost to the system and uncontrollable. ##EQU9## This flux density B is obtained at the toroidal confinement vessel by means of one of the poloidal magnet coils 30. This supplemental field of the poloidal coils is set in resonance with deuterons. The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at Princeton has demonstrated an energy confinement time (r) of 0.4 sec at a peak electron density (n) of 1.times.10.sup.14 cm.sup.-3, for an n r of 4.times.10.sup.13 cm cm.sup.-3 sec at a temperature of 2.2 KeV, using deuterium pellet injection. Deriving B from mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb, using an approximation for the plasma circumference, shows nearly the same number with exponential reciprocal as n r experimentally derived. EQU mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb (34) ##EQU10## The second poloidal stabilizing magnet is energized at this level, namely the level required for tuning to electrons. The flux density in accordance with the dimensions of the reactor as indicated is 9.times.10.sup.-17 gauss. The n .lambda. for particles which are electrons must of course be reciprocally greater as indicated. ##EQU11## This length of 1.03.times.105 cm is a more appropriate circumference for the plasma, to prevent loss of temperature from lateral particle drift. The application of the field according to the preferred embodiment of the invention requires two additional poloidal magnetic coils 30, as indicated in FIG. 1, namely one for the deuterium nuclei and one for the electrons in the plasma. It is also possible to arrange supplemental toroidal coils 32, as shown in FIG. 2, to supplement the magnetic confinement and heating fields with tuned fields at a level calculated as disclosed herein to establish dual resonance of the electromagnetic and gravitational energies of the relevant particles. The very weak magnetic field associated with the deuteron mass is the steady magnetic field associated with the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron in the cyclotron resonance formula: EQU f.sub.c =qB/2m, (39) when f.sub.c is the frequency of fluctuation of the field of the sun. The supplemental field coil can be operated with a relatively larger number of turns and relatively lower voltage or a relatively lower number of turns and higher voltage, the objective being simply to provide a supplemental field at the noted flux density. The supplemental coils can be made of a semiconductor material such as germanium or silicon. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment wherein one secondary poloidal coil 30 is provided. The secondary coil defines a large solenoid 40, of sufficient dimensions to substantially encompass the fusion reactor. This secondary coil is operated to produce a magnetic flux density in the area of the plasma confinement vessel according to the relationship mc.sup.2 =Bvl coulomb, where the mass m is the mass of a particle in the plasma, particularly deuterium or tritium nuclei. The supplemental toroidal coils 32 can be tuned to one particle mass and the poloidal coil 30 to another particle mass. The invention having been disclosed, additional variations will become apparent to persons skilled in the art and aware of this disclosure. Reference should be made to the appended claims rather than the foregoing specification as indicating the true scope of the invention in which exclusive rights are claimed.