Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A detector system for a scanning electron microscope defining an optical axis along which an electron beam travels, the detector system comprising:four electron detectors arranged in a first plane and being offset one with respect to the other so as to define an aperture between said electron detectors for a free passage therethrough of said electron beam;an additional detector arranged in a second plane spaced at a distance from said first plane; and,said additional detector being disposed in said second plane so as to be centered with respect to said aperture. 2. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said four detectors have respective identical surfaces sensitive to electrons. 3. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said four electron detectors have respective rectangular or quadratic surfaces sensitive to electrons. 4. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said aperture is quadratic. 5. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said distance lies in a range between 0.1 mm and 5 mm. 6. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said aperture has a diameter or edge length between 0.05 mm and 1 mm. 7. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said electron detectors are diodes. 8. The detector system of claim 1, further comprising a signal evaluation unit for selectively applying one of the following for generating an image:(a) the individual detector signals of selected ones of said four detectors in said first plane;(b) the sum of the detector signals of said four detectors in said first plane; and,(c) the detector signal of said additional detector. 9. A scanning electron microscope defining an optical axis and comprising:an electron source for emitting a beam of electrons in a direction of propagation along said optical axis toward a specimen having a side facing away from said electron source;an electron optic focusing said beam of electrons to irradiate said specimen with a focused electron beam causing a first group of said electrons to scatter at said specimen with no change or only a slight change in the direction of propagation and a second group of said electrons to scatter at said specimen with a change in propagation;a specimen chamber for holding said specimen;a detector system mounted in said specimen chamber downstream of said side of said specimen;said detector system having electron detector means in a first plane and said electron detector means defining an aperture to permit a free passage of said first group of said electrons;said detector system including an additional detector in a second plane spaced at a distance from said first plane;said additional detector being disposed downstream of said aperture viewed in said direction of propagation;said electron detector means being disposed at a distance from said specimen; and,said aperture having dimensions and said dimensions and said distance being so selected that said first group of electrons passes through said aperture and impinges upon said additional detector and said second group of electrons impinges upon said electron detector means. 10. The scanning electron microscope of claim 9, further comprising a manipulator accommodated in said specimen chamber; and, said manipulator being adjustable in two mutually perpendicular directions in a plane perpendicular to said optical axis. 11. The scanning electron microscope of claim 10, further comprising a specimen table disposed in said specimen chamber and said specimen table being movable in a region within said specimen chamber; and, said manipulator being movable out of said region and being repositionable with high precision to a previous preset position. 12. The scanning electron microscope of claim 9, wherein said electron detector means comprises four electron detectors arranged in said first plane and conjointly defining said aperture. 13. The scanning electron microscope of claim 12, said electron detectors having respective identical surfaces sensitive to electrons. 14. The scanning electron microscope of claim 13, wherein said electron detectors are diodes. 15. The scanning electron microscope of claim 12, wherein said aperture has a diameter or edge length of less than 1 mm. 16. The scanning electron microscope of claim 12, wherein said four electron detectors have surfaces sensitive to electrons; said surfaces border directly on each other outside of said aperture so that regions insensitive to electrons arise between said electron detectors and have dimensions of less than 200 μm perpendicular to the edges of the detectors. 17. The scanning electron microscope of claim 12, further comprising a signal evaluation unit for providing an image generation in at least five modes; namely:(a) in a first mode, by applying only the signal of said additional detector for said image generation;(b) in a second mode, by applying the sum of the signals of said electron detectors for said image generation;(c) in a third mode, by applying selectable signals of individual ones of said electron detectors for said image generation;(d) in a fourth mode, by applying the sum of the signals of two of said electron detectors for said image generation; or,(e) in a fifth mode, by applying the sum of the signals of said electron detectors and of the signal of said additional detector for said image generation. 18. A detector system for a scanning electron microscope defining an optical axis along which an electron beam travels, the detector system comprising:four electron detectors arranged in a first plane and being offset one with respect to the other so as to define a quadratic aperture between said electron detectors for a free passage therethrough of said electron beam;said four electron detectors having respective rectangular or quadratic surfaces sensitive to electrons;an additional detector arranged in a second plane spaced at a distance from said first plane; and,said additional detector being disposed in said second plane so as to be centered with respect to said aperture. 19. The detector system of claim 18, wherein said four detectors have respective identical surfaces sensitive to electrons. 20. The detector system of claim 18, wherein said distance lies in a range between 0.1 mm and 5 mm. 21. The detector system of claim 18, wherein said aperture has a diameter or edge length between 0.05 mm and 1 mm. 22. The detector system of claim 18, wherein said electron detectors are diodes. 23. The detector system of claim 18, further comprising a signal evaluation unit for selectively applying one of the following for generating an image:(a) the individual detector signals of selected ones of said four detectors in said first plane;(b) the sum of the detector signals of said four detectors in said first plane; and,(c) the detector signal of said additional detector. 24. A scanning electron microscope defining an optical axis and comprising:an electron source for emitting a beam of electrons in a direction of propagation along said optical axis toward a specimen having a side facing away from said electron source;an electron optic focusing said beam of electrons to irradiate said specimen with a focused electron beam causing a first group of said electrons to scatter at said specimen with no change or only a slight change in the direction of propagation and a second group of said electrons to scatter at said specimen with a change in propagation;a specimen chamber for holding said specimen;a detector system mounted in said specimen chamber downstream of said side of said specimen;said detector system including four electron detectors in a first plane;said four electron detectors having respective rectangular or quadratic surfaces sensitive to electrons and conjointly defining a quadratic aperture to permit a free passage of said first group of said electrons;said detector system including an additional detector in a second plane spaced at a distance from said first plane;said additional detector being disposed downstream of said aperture viewed in said direction of propagation;said electron detector means being disposed at a distance from said specimen; and,said aperture having dimensions and said dimensions and said distance being so selected that said first group of electrons passes through said aperture and impinges upon said additional detector and said second group of electrons impinges upon said electron detector means. 25. The scanning electron microscope of claim 24, further comprising a manipulator accommodated in said specimen chamber; and, said manipulator being adjustable in two mutually perpendicular directions in a plane perpendicular to said optical axis. 26. The scanning electron microscope of claim 25, further comprising a specimen table disposed in said specimen chamber and said specimen table being movable in a region within said specimen chamber; and, said manipulator being movable out of said region and being repositionable with high precision to a previous preset position. 27. The scanning electron microscope of claim 24, wherein said electron detector means comprises four electron detectors arranged in said first plane and conjointly defining said aperture. 28. The scanning electron microscope of claim 27, said electron detectors having respective identical surfaces sensitive to electrons. 29. The scanning electron microscope of claim 28, wherein said electron detectors are diodes. 30. The scanning electron microscope of claim 27, wherein said aperture has a diameter or edge length of less than 1 mm. 31. The scanning electron microscope of claim 27, wherein said four electron detectors have surfaces sensitive to electrons; said surfaces border directly on each other outside of said aperture so that regions insensitive to electrons arise between said electron detectors and have dimensions of less than 200 μm perpendicular to the edges of the detectors.