Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An extended lifetime system for generating neutrons comprising:an external enclosure;an insulating fluid contained within the external enclosure;a high voltage power supply;a target at a target location supporting a layer of target material capable of being loaded with hydrogen isotopes selected from the group consisting of: deuterium and tritium;an ion source assembly configured to supply a beam of ions, the ion source assembly comprising:a vessel comprising a wall made from an insulator material and having a plasma source cavity containing a plasma source from which a plasma is generated;an anode electrode, connected to the high voltage power supply, the anode electrode being configured to bias the plasma;an external applicator that is:electrically connected to an excitation signal source, andconfigured to deposit electromagnetic energy into the plasma source cavity through electromagnetic fields passing through the wall made from an insulator material,wherein the external applicator is selected from the group consisting of an RF antenna and a microwave launcher,wherein an insulating gap comprising the insulating fluid separates the external applicator and the plasma source cavity; anda target electrode electrically coupled to the targetwherein the high volt a power supply is configured to maintain a voltage between the anode electrode and the target electrode between 10 kV and 500 kV. 2. The system according to claim 1,wherein the target electrode is grounded. 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target electrode is connected to a negative voltage supply. 4. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a gas-filling port, a sealing mechanism, and a gas reservoir containing hydrogen isotopes. 5. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of sensors and diagnostic instruments selected from the group consisting of: a charged-particle detector, a neutron detector, a photon detector, a beam sensor, a current detector, a voltage detector, a resistivity monitor, a temperature sensor, a pressure gauge and a sputtering meter. 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein one or more surfaces of the plasma source cavity are treated to reduce surface recombination properties with respect to atomic hydrogen by one or more of chemical etching, material deposition, baking, coating, and plasma treatment. 7. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a magnetic field producing structure, the magnetic field producing structure having at least one magnet configured to produce a magnetic field having a peak magnetic induction between 0.001 to 1 Tesla near one or more ion beam extraction locations. 8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the magnetic field is shaped to have one or more magnetic mirror surfaces. 9. The system according to claim 7, wherein the external applicator is adjusted relative to the magnetic field to achieve resonance near one or more ion beam extraction locations, wherein the resonance is taken from the group consisting of:electron cyclotron resonance, andelectron mirroring bounce frequency resonance. 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the external applicator and the plasma source cavity are configured to produce a plasma having a majority of monatomic ions near at least one extraction orifice. 11. The system according to claim 1, wherein the external applicator and the plasma source cavity are configured to produce a plasma with an efficiency between 6.5 microamps and 10 microamps extractable ion current per Watt of electromagnetic power. 12. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target material is loaded with deuterium. 13. The system according to claim 1, further comprising one or more suppression electrodes connected to a voltage supply configured to bias the suppression electrode between 0 and −10 kV relative to the target electrode. 14. The system according to claim 1, wherein the external applicator is configured to supply electromagnetic energy having a frequency of between 0.1 MHz and 20 GHz to the plasma source cavity. 15. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target electrode is thermally-connected to one or more of a thermal management system and a vacuum vessel that encloses the plasma source cavity. 16. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target electrode is one or more of thermally-connected to the external enclosure and electrically-connected to the external enclosure. 17. The system according to claim 1, wherein the plasma source cavity includes two or more extraction orificeswherein the anode electrode comprises two or more extraction electrodes, each of which is configured to extract a separate ion beam from the plasma source cavity through one of the two or more extraction orifices and direct the extracted ion beam at a separate target; andwherein the positive voltage supply is connected to a single power supply. 18. A method for generating neutrons using a neutron generator comprisingan external enclosure;an insulating fluid contained within the external enclosure;a high voltage power supply;a target at a target location supporting a layer of target material capable of being loaded with hydrogen isotopes selected from the group consisting of; deuterium and tritium;an ion source assembly configured to supply a beam of ions, the ion source assembly comprising:a vessel comprising a wall made from an insulator material and having a plasma source cavity containing a plasma source from which a plasma is generated;an anode electrode, connected to the high voltage power supply, the anode electrode being configured to bias the plasma;an external applicator that is:electrically connected to an excitation signal source, andconfigured to deposit electromagnetic energy into the plasma source cavity through electromagnetic fields passing through the wall made from an insulator material,wherein the external applicator is selected from the group consisting of an RF antenna and a microwave launcher,wherein an insulating gap comprising the insulating fluid separates the external applicator and the plasma source cavity; anda target electrode electrically coupled to the targetwherein the high voltage power supply is configured to maintain a voltage between the anode electrode and the target electrode between 10 kV and 500 kV,the method comprising:feeding an excitation signal to the external applicator;coupling, through electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic energy produced by the external applicator into a gas within the plasma source cavity;extracting, from the plasma source cavity, an ion beam, andcausing the ions in the ion beam to collide with target material in the target material layer to generate neutrons. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising one or more of the group consisting of:applying an extraction electrode or electrostatic field shaping element to improve beam quality such that a substantial fraction of ions exiting the ion source are on trajectories to impinge on the target;substantially occluding metallic electrodes from contacting the plasma contained within the ion source to reduce sputtering and erosion;operating a plasma source at or near a resonance condition to generate a majority fraction of monatomic ions that improve the effective energy per ion accelerated to a target location,wherein the plasma ion source is generated in a cavity having one or more reduced atomic-recombination surfaces resulting from material selection and surface treatment and one or more constrictions that decrease the flow of neutral atomic species out of the ion source. 20. The system according to claim 1 wherein in operation the external applicator is maintained near ground electric potential. 21. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target material comprises lithium.