Patent Number: 053655672
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1, a K-edge filter F1 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The filter F1 is constituted by thin plates 1 and 2 stacked on each other, which are made of gadolinium (Gd) and erbium (Er), respectively. The thin plate 1 has a K-absorption edge of 50.4 keV and is 200 .mu.m thick. Meanwhile, the thin plate 2 has a K-absorption edge of 57.4 keV and is 100 .mu.m thick. FIG. 2 shows the spectrum of X-rays which have been passed through the filter F1 upon irradiation of X-rays thereto. As compared with FIG. 14 showing spectrum of X-ray passed through a known K-edge filter, it is apparent that the energy spectrum of the X-rays is separated into high and low energy regions more distinctly and the amount of X-rays transmitted through the K-edge filter at a boundary between the high and low energy regions is reduced over a wider energy range. Therefore, the boundary between the high and low energy regions can be selected from a wider energy range than that of FIG. 14. Meanwhile, in FIG. 2, although rise of the low energy region is more steep and the spectrum width of the low energy range is made narrower, the amount of X-rays transmitted through the K-edge filter is substantially the same as that of FIG. 14. The elements used for the filter F1 are preferably combined with each other such that there is a difference of 5-10 keV in K-absorption edges between the elements. In place of the thin plates 1 and 2, the filter F1 may be obtained by growing thin films of Gd, Er, etc. by sputtering on a substrate made of an element having a relatively low atomic number, for example, glass. In order to grow the thin films, sputtering may be replaced by vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma CVD. FIG. 3 shows a K-edge filter F2 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In the filter F2, Gd powder 3 and Er powder 4 are uniformly mixed into epoxy resin so as to correspond to a thickness of 100 .mu.m per unit area and a thickness of 300 .mu.m per unit area, respectively. FIG. 4 shows spectrum of X-rays which have been passed through the filter F2. It will be seen from FIG. 4 that by employing the two elements each having a K-absorption edge in the energy region of the target X-rays, the energy separation of energy spectrum of the X-rays can be performed distinctly. FIG. 5 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-ray generator 11 for emitting pencil-beam X-rays 12, a K-edge filter 13, a CdTe X-ray detector 14 employing cadmium (Cd) and tellurium (Te), an amplifier 15, a counter 16, an arithmetic unit 17 and a display unit 18. In this X-ray apparatus, the X-rays 12 are subjected to energy separation into high and low energy regions by the K-edge filter 13 and the count numbers of photons in the high and low energy regions are measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 such that a quantitative analysis of a sample 10 to be measured is performed. In FIG. 5, the pencil-beam X-rays 12 are irradiated over the sample 10 from the X-ray generator 11 through the K-edge filter 13 and X-ray photons transmitted through the sample 10 are converted into electric pulses by the CdTe X-ray detector 14. Then, the electric pulses are amplified by the amplifier 15 so as to be counted by the counter 16. By scanning the X-ray generator 11 and the CdTe X-ray detector 14 synchronously with each other, it is possible to perform two-dimensional measurement of the sample 10. Meanwhile, images of X-rays transmitted through the sample or calculation results obtained by calculating measured data by the arithmetic unit 17 can be displayed on the display unit 18. The CdTe X-ray detector 14 is operated in photon counting mode. As shown in FIG. 6, the CdTe X-ray detector 14 outputs pulses having a pulse height proportional to the energy of incident X-ray photons. The spectrum of incident X-rays can be obtained by measuring the pulse height distribution of output pulses of the CdTe X-ray detector 14. The number of photons having an energy larger than a separation energy can be obtained by measuring pulses having a pulse height larger than that corresponding to the separation energy. On the contrary, the number of photons having an energy smaller than the separation energy can be obtained by measuring pulses having a pulse height smaller than that corresponding to the separation energy. In the CdTe X-ray detector 14, characteristic X-rays having an energy of 28.0 to 32.5 key are generated from each of Cd and Te. Therefore, in X-ray photons irradiated from the X-ray generator 11, output pulses due to the characteristic X-ray escape appear at a side in pulse height distribution whose energy is lower than an energy obtained by subtracting 28 keV from a maximum value of energy usable as data. The K-edge filter 13 includes a plate made of Gd and having a thickness of 300 .mu.m and a plate made of Er and having a thickness of 100 .mu.m. FIG. 7 shows pulse height distribution of output pulses obtained in the case where X-rays having been subjected to energy separation by the K-edge filter 13 are measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14. As shown in FIG. 2, the separation energy is located between 50 and 60 keV. In this embodiment, the separation energy is set at 55 keV as shogun by the point r. By using a pulse height corresponding to 55 keV as a boundary, the sum of photons having pulse height lower than the boundary and the sum of photons having pulse height higher than the boundary are counted such that a quantitative analysis, etc. of the sample 10 is performed based on the counted results. The maximum-energy of photons usable as data is 75 keV as indicated by the point p. In FIG. 7, the portions shown by broken lines illustrate output pulses due to the characteristic X-ray escape. A maximum energy q of output pulses due to the characteristic X-ray peak is 47 keV (= 75-28). Therefore, the separation energy r of 55 keV falls between the maximum energy q of 47 keV of output pulses due to the characteristic X-ray escape and the maximum energy p of 75 keV of photons usable as data. As will be seen from FIG. 7, output pulses due to the characteristic X-ray escape generated by photons belonging to the high energy region shown by the hatching are all included in output pulses having an energy lower than the separation energy when counting the number of photons. Therefore, assuming that character A denotes the probability of occurrence of the characteristic X-ray escape, and character CH denotes the count number of photons in the high energy region, as measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and character CRH denotes the count number of photons in the high energy region actually incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 14, then the count number CRH can be obtained easily by the following equation. EQU CRH=CH / (1-A) Meanwhile, supposing that character CL denotes the count number of photons in the low energy region, as measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and character CRL denotes the count number of photons in the low energy region actually incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 14, then the count number CRL is given by the following equation. EQU CRL=CL-CRH.times.A / (1-A) By considering combination of the energy of the characteristic X-ray escape of the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and the K-edge filter 13, X-rays can be measured easily and accurately. The same effect as described above can be achieved by variously combining such elements as terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), etc. The probability A can be in advance obtained from such energy spectrum as shown in FIG. 8 by irradiating monoenergetic .gamma.-ray by the use of .sup.241 Am (americium). In FIG. 8, the probability A represents the ratio of the hatching portion to the total count number of photons. In the case where a maximum energy of X-rays to be measured is 120 keV, the energy separation may be performed in the vicinity of 90 keV. At this time, lead (Pb) and polonium (Po) may be combined in the K-edge filter 13. Alternatively, radon (Rn), francium (Fr), thallium (T1), polonium (Po), bismuth (Bi), etc. may be combined in the K-edge filter 13. Meanwhile, in the case of a CdSe X-ray detector employing cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) or a CdS X-ray detector employing cadmium (Cd) and sulfur (S), since the characteristic X-rays are generated mainly from Cd, an accurate measurement of X-ray can be performed by using the K-edge filter 13 made of Gd and Er. FIG. 9 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-ray generator 21 for emitting fan-beam X-rays 22, a K-edge filter 23, a multichannel type CdTe X-ray detector 24, an amplifier 25, a counter 26, an arithmetic unit 27 and a display unit 28. By scanning the CdTe X-ray detector 24 synchronously with the X-ray generator 21, the number of X-ray photons transmitted through a sample 20 to be measured can be counted in a two-dimensional area. Each channel of the CdTe X-ray detector 24 in this embodiment includes an amplifier 25 and a counter 26. The CdTe X-ray detector 24 is operated in a photon counting mode and outputs pulses having a pulse height proportional to energy of the incident X-ray photons. In the case of the multichannel type CdTe X-ray detector 24, the size of each detection element is reduced. As a result, the quantity of X-rays absorbed by each detection element is reduced and the count number of pulses outputted by each detection element decreases and the characteristic X-ray escape is apt to take place. In the case where quantitative analysis of the sample 20 is performed, the measuring accuracy is raised as the count number of pulses is increased. To this end, a maximum energy of the X-ray photons to be emitted is raised such that the count number of X-ray photons in the high energy region is increased. In this embodiment., the maximum energy of X-ray photons to be emitted is 100 keV and the K-edge filter 23 includes a Gd plate having a thickness of 200 .mu.m and an Er plate having a thickness of 100 .mu.m. FIG. 10 shows pulse height distribution of output pulses of each detection element of the CdTe X-ray detector 24. The pulse height of output pulses of each detection element is proportional to the energy of photons incident upon the detection element. In the abscissa of FIG. 10, the pulse height is converted into the energy of photons. The output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape generated by incident photons in the high energy region appear in an area having a pulse height smaller than that corresponding to 72 keV as shown by the hatching in FIG. 10. As shown by the point s, an effective energy of this characteristic X-ray escape peak induced by the incident X-rays at the side higher region is about 45 keV. An effective energy of the output peak at a side having an energy lower than the separation energy of X-rays which have passed through the K-edge filter 23 is 45 keV, while an effective energy of the output peak at a side higher than the separation energy of X-rays which have passed through the K-edge filter 23 is 75 keV as shown by the point t. As shown in FIG. 2, the quantity of X-rays which have passed through the K-edge filter 23 drops in the vicinity of 50-60 keV and thus, the separation energy is located between 50 and 60 keV. Thus, the separation energy can be selected in the range of 50 to 60 keV. In order to lessen the influence of the characteristic X-ray escape, the separation energy is set at 57 keV as shown by the point u so as to fall between the effective energy t of 75 keV of output peak at the high energy side and the effective energy s of the 45 key of characteristic X-ray escape peak. By using the pulse height corresponding to the separation energy u of 57 keV as a boundary, the number of pulses in the low energy region and the number of pulses in the high energy region are counted so as to be calculated. As will be seen from FIG. 10, most of the pulse height components of the characteristic X-ray escape peak appear at the side having an energy lower than the separation energy. In this embodiment, since 96% of the characteristic X-ray escape is counted at the side having an energy lower than the separation energy, the correction of the influence of the characteristic X-ray escape can be acurately performed. Assuming that character A' denotes the possibility of the occurrence of the characteristic X-ray escape, and character CL denotes the number of output pulses having a low energy, and character CH denotes the number of output pulses having a high energy, an a character CRL denotes the number of low-energy X-ray photons incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 24 and character CRH denotes the number of high-energy X-ray photons incident upon the CdTe X-ray-detector 24, then the numbers CRH and CRL are expressed as follows. EQU CRH=CH / (1-A') EQU CRL=CL-CRH.times.A'/ (1-A') Also by this correction, the accuracy of quantitative analysis can be obtained sufficiently. In this embodiment, since the K-edge filter is arranged such that the separation energy falls between the effective energy of the output peak at the side having a high energy and the effective energy of the characteristic X-ray escape peak as described above, the influence of the characteristic X-ray escape can be lessened and thus, quite a high measuring accuracy can be obtained. If the CdTe X-ray detector 24 is replaced by a CdS X-ray detector, the K-shell characteristic X-rays of S is as small as about 2.3 keV. Thus, the characteristic X-ray escape of S is least likely to take place. Therefore, in this case, only the characteristic X-ray escape peak of Cd may be taken into consideration and the K-edge filter 23 made of Gd and Er can also be used. FIG. 11 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-rays generator 31 for emitting X-rays 32, a K-edge filter 33, an NaI scintillation detector 34 acting as an X-ray detector, a counter 35, an arithmetic unit 36 and a display unit 37. The-NaI scintillation detector 34 may be replaced by a GdWO.sub.3 scintillation detector. In the X-ray apparatus, the X-ray 32 generated by the X-ray generator 31 are irradiated, through the K-edge filter 33, over a sample 30 to be measured. Then, X-ray photons transmitted through the sample 30 are measured by the NaI scintillation detector 34. The NaI scintillation detector 34 outputs pulses having a pulse height proportional to the energy of the incident X-ray photons. The output pulses of the scintillation detector 34 are counted by the counter 35 and the count numbers of the counter 35 are calculated by the arithmetic unit 36 such that the calculation results of the arithmetic unit 36 are displayed on the display unit 37. In the case where X-ray photons having a maximum energy of 80 keV are measured through energy separation, the signals due to characteristic X-ray escape of I appear from about 50 keV in the low energy region. Therefore, a combination of elements having a K-absorption edge of not less than 50 keV should be employed for the K-edge filter 33. For example, in the case of the combination of terbium (Tb), holmium (Ho) and erbium (Er), an energy separation can be obtained in the vicinity of 56 keV. Therefore, in this embodiment, the combination of Tb, Ho and Er is employed for the K-edge filter 33. In addition to this combination, the combinations of samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), etc. may be employed. Meanwhile, in the case where X-ray photons having a maximum energy of 100 keV are measured through energy separation, Gd and Er may be combined in the K-edge filter 33 as in the fourth embodiment. At this time, since band of energy separation is widened, the separation energy can be set between the output peak in the high energy region and the effective energy of the characteristic X-ray escape peak due to photons in the high energy region, so that correction of the influence of the characteristic X-ray escape can be performed. Also in the case where an HgI.sub.2 X-ray detector based on mercury (Hg) and iodine (I) is employed, the characteristic X-rays of I poses a problem. Since the characteristic X-ray of Hg range from 68.9 to 82.6 keV, the characteristic X-ray escape does not offer a serious problem in the case of X-rays of about 100 keV or less. Therefore, a K-edge filter having the same combination of elements as that of the K-edge filter 33 applied to the NaI scintillation detector 34 can be employed. As is clear from the foregoing description, the K-edge filter employing two kinds of absorption materials is excellent in energy separation of X-rays in the present invention. Therefore, by selecting the combination of the K-edge filter and the X-ray detector in view of the energy of the characteristic X-rays generated by the K-edge filter and the X-ray detector and the high and low energy regions into which the energy of X-rays has been separated by the K-edge filter, the numbers of photons of X-rays incident upon the X-ray detector can be measured accurately for the high and low energy regions, respectively. Although the present invention has been fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted here that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, unless otherwise such changes and modifications depart from the scope of the present invention, they should be construed as being included therein.