Patent Number: 042773610
Section: summary

RELATED INVENTIONS Reference is made to the patent application of Milton J. Szulinski, Ser. No. 793,658, filed May 4, 1977 concerned with a "Fuel Rod Reprocessing Plant" and Ser. No. 793,660, filed May 4, 1977 concerned with a "Water Seal for Compartment for Reprocessing Fuel Rods" each of said applications being deemed here reiterated and incorporated herein. FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to the reprocessing of nuclear fuel rods, and to the plurality of ventilating systems by which air is cleaned prior to being discharged to the atmosphere. PRIOR ART It has long been known that the reprocessing of fuel rods could liberate radioactive gases such as radioactive krypton, tritium and iodine. Mists comprising droplets of solutions containing radioactive components can also be formed in a reprocessing plant. Air cleaning systems intended to remove at least a portion of the radioactive components prior to the discharge of ventilating gas to the atmosphere have long been used. In some nuclear facilities, difficult problems have been encountered in meeting the public health standards relating to the purity of the ventilating gas discharged into the atmosphere. The cost of retrofit modifications of ventilating systems has sometimes been a significant factor leading to the abandonment of nuclear facilities which at the time of the initial design, were thought to be providing adequate health protection. Some radioactive components are so highly dangerous to health that remote control operation has been a preferred mode of operation. The difficulties of coping with emergencies and the restriction upon flexibility of operation inherent in remote control mode, has stimulated engineers to minimize the number of chambers in which remote control processes were conducted. Heretofore there has been a general propensity to minimize the number of TV cameras and/or other systems of control in monitoring remote control operations so that a series of reaction vessels and/or steps of a process might be contained within a single canyon. Shutdowns have thus sometimes been necessary because of malfunctioning of a single vessel in a canyon containing a plurality of vessels operated by remote control. In a conventional chemical plant, it is customary to position a vessel above the floor which provides access to the variety of equipment. In the event of leakage of one vessel, the spill may extend over a significant area affecting a considerable variety of pieces of equipment. In a conventional plant the clean-up from the spill of liquid is a nuisance but significant adaptability has been demonstrated in coping with such emergencies. At a nuclear facility, the contamination of equipment because of the spillage of liquid from a vessel can be significantly more complicated than in the ordinary chemical plant. Prolonged experience with nuclear facilities has shown that the malfunctioning occurs more frequently in the vessels and the processing equipment (e.g. valves) closely related to the vessels rather than in the piping between such operating units. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, a nuclear facility such as a plant for reprocessing nuclear fuel rods, is provided with a ventilating system in which the central air cleaner for the zones for remotely controlled units is designed for relatively small flow rates. A manifold duct system supplies ventilating air to such central air cleaning unit from each of a plurality of remotely controlled compartments. Particular attention is directed to the fact that the air in each remotely controlled compartment is locally processed with a high ratio of gas recirculation. The fresh gas injection rate and the stale gas withdrawal rate are low so that the turnover rate of the air in such compartment is longer than a day but less than a year. Such slow turnover rate is designated as quasi-hermetic sealing of compartments. Each compartment is maintained in such quasi-hermetically sealed condition with a significant amount of recirculation and recycling of the inventory of air within such compartment. The air pressure within each compartment is controlled to be slightly lower than the air pressure in the area adjacent (usually above) such compartment. Automatic controls provide for the flow of fresh air or air from such adjacent area into the compartment when necessary to maintain such acceptable range of air pressure within the compartment. Similarly automatic controls provide for the withdrawal of ventilating gas from the compartment into the manifold duct system leading to the central air cleaner for the purpose of preserving such gas pressure in the compartment at the desired range below the air pressure adjacent the compartment. Whatever random variations in the atmospheric pressure in the access zones adjacent the remote control compartment may occur, may lead to withdrawal of the air at a rate corresponding to a replacement rate which for the moment may exceed the average replacement interval of more than one day. However, such random pressure variations are not frequent enough to bring about the turnover of the air inventory more than 365 times per year because the air pressure in such adjacent areas are regulated to maintain a substantially constant air pressure differential. In modifications of the invention, the intake volume and exhaust volume for a compartment are controlled so that the marginal pressure difference between the air adjacent the remote control compartment and the air pressure within the remote control compartment can be broadened or narrowed to preserve an acceptable replacement rate. Supplemental gas injection and supplemental ventilating discharge control desirably are included with such volume monitoring system. In the localized air processing unit, the air from the remote control compartment can be processed in any of the ways deemed appropriate for the processing and purification of air in a radioactive processing zone. For example, heat exchangers can be employed to cool the air inventory in the unit. Filters can be provided for the removal of mists and/or particulate material and for the control of the humidity of the air prior to its recirculation to the principal zone of the compartment. Of particular importance, the gas processing is custom-matched to respond to the problems attributable to the specialized processing conducted in that particular compartment. Thus iodine removal can be very complete close to the source of radioactive iodine evolution. This avoids dealing with iodine contamination of long ducts and decreases the problems of removing extremely diluted iodine from a large gas volume. It is sometimes desirable to employ two duplicate facilities for the recirculation, pumping, cooling and filtering of the air for a compartment so that the compartment can continue to be operated during the time when attention is being given to the change of filters, caring for the maintenance or correcting any kind of malfunction in one of the two swing purifiers for the air recirculated within a remote control compartment. The pumps employed for circulating the air within the remote control compartment and through the purifier and back into the remote control compartment provide a turnover rate for such air which is within a range from a few minutes to a few hours, but is significantly less than a day, whereby the assured circulation of air throughout all portions of the remote control compartment is achieved. The pressure within the remote control compartment is regulated to be within an appropriate narrow range slightly below the reference pressure, that is the pressure in the access zone immediately adjacent the remote control compartment. In some embodiments a stabilized regulated pressure isolated from the fluctuating pressure of the weather-influenced atmosphere is maintained in such access area. Ordinarily it is cheaper to maintain pressure differentials amongst the selected zones and to permit a series of zones to have pressures fluctuating according to a pattern resembling the weather induced fluctuations of atmospheric pressure. Such gas zone or air zone immediately adjacent the remote control compartment is the inside of a factory inasmuch as all portions of a reprocessing plant, including even the piping between processing units, are desirably protected from the atmosphere by appropriate walls and roofs for the fuel rod reprocessing facility. It is conventional to control the pressure of the air in every portion of such reprocessing facilities to be slightly less than the pressure of the exterior atmosphere so that if any air leakage occurs, such leakage will be from the atmosphere into the reprocessing facility rather than routinely permitting any air within the reprocessing facility to flow to the atmosphere except through the air cleaning systems. Thus the general effort is that of controlling the overall combination of ventilating systems so that air discharged to the atmosphere from the reprocessing facilities will be subjected to appropriate cleaners prior to such discharge. An important feature of the use of the localized purifiers is that each local purifier can be adapted to cope with the particular problems of the processing unit which it serves. In some portions of a reprocessing plant, radioactive krypton may be involved. By isolating substantially all of the radioactive krypton in filters at the localized purifier, the degree of removal of krypton can be greater. The problems of dispersion of the radioactivity through the ventilating system can thus be decreased. The cost of operating the central air cleaner system for the remote control compartments of the reprocessing plant thus can be significantly reduced. A crystalline zeolite having silver in the ion exchange position can be employed in filters adapted to capture radioactive iodine vapor in the air circulated through a local purifier. By filtering out a major portion of the radioactive iodine and/or other iodine vapor in the air of a remotely controlled compartment, the concentration and amount of iodine directed to the central air cleaner can be significantly decreased. In most portions of the reprocessing plant in which trace amounts of gas containing tritium might be found, a water synthesis catalyst can be provided for converting all hydrogen, deuterioum, and tritium to water and the water can be directed to a purification system for the recovery of tritium and/or deuterium. Other types of filters adapted to capture radioactive hydrogen, i.e. tritium, can be utilized in the local purification zone. In most portions of the reprocessing plant in which mists of aqueous solutions of radioactive components might exist, the purification zone can utilize appropriate demisting filters adapted for the separation of such mists from the recirculating air. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, each remotely controlled compartment is located in a caisson maintained beneath a standard level at the reprocessing plant. Overhead cranes, rubber tired cranes and/or other appropriate vehicles are adapted to move within a vehicle access zone so that a cover can be removed from a caisson during times of construction, during times of monitoring of operations, or during times of maintenance or replacement of units. All pipe connections, valve manipulations, etc. in the reprocessing unit are remotely controlled, such as by crane operators. Not only the reaction vessels and processing units, but also substantially all valves and/or other components which might malfunction or leak are positioned within the caisson type compartment. A sump pit at the bottom of a compartment is provided with sensors sending emergency warnings in the event of leakage or malfunctioning. Certain compartments can also be provided with annular storage tanks beneath the sump pit. Drainage systems directing liquid from the sump pit toward appropriate storage in a remote area can be provided when desirable. The caisson cover for each compartment is separate from the cover for each of the purification units and/or pair of swing purification units. Thus there can be selective access to whatever processing unit may require attention while retaining the covers on the other compartments. Near the top of the compartments and just below the vehicle access zone a system of a series of pipes and related communication lines are connecting the various compartments. The vehicle access zone includes free space so that the cranes can manipulate the tools, vessels and/or other equipment which might need to be moved after start-up of the reprocessing facility. The general operation of the reprocessing plant is not interrupted by reason of making repairs to one of two swing units of an air purifier for a compartment. The ventilating system for the access zone of the reprocessing plant, including the area about which the vehicles (e.g. overhead cranes) move to the covers giving access to the various air purification units and various processing compartments, can be maintained at a controlled and stabilized pressure differential. Inasmuch as some contaminants and mists may enter such zone at the time of opening a compartment and contamination can occur during periods of malfunctioning, any flow of air from the access zone to the atmosphere would be through the central air cleaner.