Patent Number: 039393666
Section: description

The present conversion system belongs to the above mentioned two-step type system in the principle of its operating mechanism. Returning to the drawings, in particular, to FIG. 1 when radioactive rays irradiate a converter body 1 which is of semiconductor or compound semiconductor and which is provided with electrodes 2 and 3 on the opposite ends thereof, in a given direction, a number of electron-hole pairs are produced in the vicinity of the irradiated surface of the converter body 1 as shown. The electron-hole pairs thus produced in the irradiated region of the converter body 1 diffuse gradually toward the unirradiated region of the converter body 1, as shown by solid arrows, to eliminate the difference in density between the electrons and the holes. Under these conditions, when a magnetic field is applied to the converter body 1 in a direction perpendicular to the direction of diffusion, the paths of the diffusing electrons and holes are bent in a direction perpendicular to the direction of diffusion of the electron-hole pairs and to the direction of the magnetic field, respectively, by Lorentz force, as shown by the broken arrows, so that the holes reach the electrode 2 and the electrons reach the electrode 3. The radioactive energy is thus converted to electric energy which is derived from the electrodes 2 and 3. Any semiconductor or compond semiconductor is suitable for use as the converter body in the present invention so long as it has a high electric charge mobility. For example, Ge, Si, InSb, GaSb, InAs, InAsP, PbSe, Bi.sub.2 Te.sub.3 or PbTe etc. are appropriate as the semiconductor material. The radioactive substance used to irradiate the converter body may be an .alpha.-ray source substance such as .sup.210 Po, .sup.241 Am or .sup.238 Pu etc., or a low energy .beta.-ray source substance such as .sup.14 C, .sup.35 S, .sup.36 Cl, .sup.147 Pm or .sup.20 Tl etc. When a high energy .beta.-ray source substance is used for this purpose, the tendency for the electrons and holes to diffuse is degraded because the electron-hole pairs are produced not only in the vicinity of the irradiated converter surface but also in the interior of the converter to thereby decrease the total difference in density between the irradiated surface and the interior of the converter. As an .alpha.-ray source or a low energy .beta.-ray source is used as the radioactive ray source in the present invention, the problem of radioactive ray leakage is substantially eliminated. For example, in the case of an .alpha.-ray source, since the radiation from the .alpha.-ray source will be absorbed even by a 5 .about. 6cm sheath of air surrounding the converter the radiation shielding can be sufficiently accomplished by a casing of thin metal plate. When a .beta.-ray source is used, a braking X-ray is emitted from the surface of the converter body upon irradiation and a thin metal casing will not be sufficient for shielding purposes. However no leakage to the exterior of such braking radiation will occur when a casing of lead plate having thickness of 3 .about. 5mm is used. The radioactive substances produced by reprocessing of used nuclear fuel or the fission products of nuclear reaction may be used as the radioactive source in this invention. Although the radioactive substance may be merely positioned in the vicinity of the converter body in such a manner that the radioactive rays from it irradiate one of the side surfaces of the converter body, the production of the electron-hole pairs in the converter body can be increased by painting or electrically plating the radioactive substance on the side surface of the converter body. The magnetic field can be produced by means of a permanent magnet bonded to the converter body. A higher magnetic field provides better bending of the electrons and the holes produced in the converter body and hence higher energy conversion efficiency. It is preferable to use a magnet (such as unisotropic ferrite) which can provide relatively high magnetic field in order to keep the size of the device at a minimum. FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the present converter in partially removed perspective view, in which a converter body 4 is supported on a support 7 of plastic disposed within a container 8 of brass for shielding the radioactive ray. A magnet 6 is provided in order to apply a magnetic field to the converter body 4 and another container 5 containing therein a radioactive substance is provided on top of the converter body 4. The converter body 4 may, by way of example, be a Ge mono-crystaline material of 10mm in length, 3mm in width and 2mm in thickness which is substantially free from distortion resulting from its production. When radioisotope .sup.210 Po at a dose of 10 mCi (vapor deposited radiation source), is disposed above the top surface, the distance therebetween being 2mm, and a magnetic field, the strength of which is 4800 gausses, is applied to the converter body by the pair of magnets, the distance between the opposite poles thereof being 5mm, an output electric power of 3.1 .times. 10.sup..sup.-6 W is obtained across electrodes 9 and 10 of the converter body 5. In this example, the efficiency of conversion from radioactive energy to electric energy was 1.4%. In this embodiment, by using a radioactive substance having a higher radioactivity and providing a higher radiation intensity than that of .sup.210 Po, by plating or painting the substance on a converter body of a material having a higher electric charge mobility than that of Ge and by applying a stronger magnetic field thereto etc., the conversion efficiency can be increased. FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the present invention in perspective view in which a plurality of converter bodies are used. As shown in this figure, three magnetic bodies 11, 12 and 13 are housed in a suitable container (not shown), which can prevent the radioactive ray from leaking to the exterior. The arrangement of these magnetic bodies in the container is such that they are juxtaposed and equally spaced with the faces of opposite magnetic polarity facing each other. Insulating plates 17 of such as mica are provided on the facing surfaces. In each of the spaces formed between the insulating plates, a converter body 14, an insulating plate 16 of such as mica, a converter body 14, and, so on, are stacked vertically and plate-like yoke 18 of material having high magnetic permeability is provided on the cuter surfaces of the outer most magnetic bodies 11 and 13. By arranging the converter bodies, the insulating plates and the radioactive substances in this manner, a plurality of very compact converter devices can be readily realized in each column, and by connecting the opposite electrodes (not shown) provided on the opposite ends of the converter bodies suitably in series or in parallel, a compact atomic energy battery having an excellent energy conversion efficiency can be obtained. By way of example, in one embodiment each unit converter body 14 was an InSb monocrystaline body whose size after the distortion due to fabrication was substantially removed was 10mm in length, 1.5mm in width and 0.5mm in thickness. Two stacks of ten each of such converter bodies (twenty in total) were built in the spaces or columns between the adjacent insulating plates 17 and .sup.210 Po, 5 mCi, was sandwiched between adjacent converter bodies as the radioactive substance 15. The magnetic bodies were of strontium ferrite and, when a magnetic field of 1,500 gausses was applied, an electric power of 2.7 .times. 10.sup..sup.-5 W was obtained across the opposite electrodes of the battery. In this case the conversion efficiency from radioactive energy to electric energy was 1.8%. In this case, if the radioactive substance is painted or plated on the converter bodies, the battery can be further miniaturized. In addition, by coating the surface of the magnetic bodies with extremely thin mica bodies or nylon coating and using electronic techniques to attach thereto semiconductor terminals and leads and then using a mask to apply semiconductor material to selected areas and radioactive substance between these areas, as shown in FIG. 4, a very compact atomic energy battery can be obtained. The present invention provides an atomic energy battery which has a substantially higher energy conversion efficiency with respect to the conventional two-step type energy conversion system, and which is capable of being miniaturized because of its very simple construction. It further provides a battery of long life and very high reliability since no control or regulator mechanism is required and repair and maintainance are made unnecessary. The atomic energy battery in accordance with the present invention is compact and operable at high or low temperature, at high pressure or in a vacuum and even in a nongravity region. It will be apparent that this invention is not limited to the specific structure described and that the present invention is capable of numerous variations within the scope of the appended claims.