Patent Number: 044709498
Section: description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The logical diagrams represented in FIGS. 1 and 2 give a symbolic representation of the signal and operators necessary for the control of four groups of control rods G1, G2, N1 and N2 employed in a pressurized-water nuclear reactor. These groups G1 to N2 consist of clusters of absorbent elements which are moved simultaneously in the vertical direction inside the core of the nuclear reactor. Within the groups of control rods G1 and G2, certain of them are lightened in antireactivity, that is to say, certain absorbent elements in the cluster are replaced by elements transparent to neutrons. Each of these groups G1 and G2 is a group which is designated by a grey group as opposed to the black groups N1 and N2 which are formed of clusters which comprise only strongly absorbent elements. The antireactivity of a grey group which is measured in pcm (per hundred thousand) is therefore distinctly lower than the antireactivity of a black group. Thus the grey groups have an antireactivity less than 700 pcm, whereas the black groups have an antireactivity higher than 1000 pcm. The grey groups produce a less strong disturbence of the axial distribution of power than the black groups. It may be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 that with the exception of three signals 1,2,3 the whole of the signals employed for the control of the groups G1, G2, N1, N2 are representative of the positions of the groups of control rods in the reactor core. The control parameter of the reactor as in the method in accordance with the prior art is representative of a difference between the power demanded at the turbine and the real power. This control parameter is homogeneous at one temperature and represents the difference .DELTA.T between a reference temperature and the temperature of the core of the reactor. A signal representative of the value of this parameter is worked out, starting from signals representative of the temperature of the core, of a reference temperature and of the power demanded at the turbine, and then compared with two limiting values representing the boundaries of a range, centered about the value zero. When .DELTA.T is situated outside this range, the signal 1 is emitted either in the form of the signal "Insertion 1" if .DELTA.T is outside the range on the side of the positive values, or in the form of the signal "Withdrawal 1" if .DELTA.T is outside the range on the side of the negative values. If .DELTA.T is situated within the range straddling the value zero, called the deadband of the temperature, no signal 1 is emitted. Hence an action upon the control rods by the signal 1 is ordered only in the case where a difference in temperature is recorded which shows a difference of sufficient amplitude between the power demanded at the turbine and the real power of the reactor. This is identical with what used to be done in the methods of the prior art. On the other hand, in every case a signal 2 is emitted either as a signal "Withdrawal 2" when .DELTA.T is less than zero, or as a signal "Insertion 2" when .DELTA.T is greater than zero. Likewise, in every case from the signal .DELTA.T a speed signal is generated for the movement of the control rods. Hence the signal .DELTA.T depending upon its sign and its value determines a speed and a direction of movement of the control rods. A signal is likewise worked out which is representative of a second parameter intended to take into account the axial distribution of power in the core. This parameter is called the axial deviation of power (or of flux) and is equal to: ##EQU1## if by .0.H is designated the neutron flux in the upper half of the core and by .0.B the neutron flux in the lower half of the core. For this parameter of axial deviation (DA) a reference value is defined which corresponds with the axial distribution of the power in the core, when the control rods are all withdrawn from the core except for the control rods of the first group G1, which remain permanently partially inserted. Hence the reference value of the axial deviation of power is very slightly negative. About this reference value of the axial deviation a range or deadband is defined, the boundaries of which are DA ref-BM and DA ref+BM, designating by BM the half-width of the deadband. The other signals represented symbolically in the FIGS. 1 and 2 and relative to the position of the groups of control rods in the core must be understood as follows: the two grey groups G1 and G2 and the two black groups N1 and N2 have a position which is marked as far as their insertion or their withdrawal is concerned and which gives rise to the emission of a signal; the position of each of the groups is defined with respect to certain limits and not exactly quantitatively; the difference is likewise taken into account between the control clusters of certain groups. Thus the significance of the signals mentioned in the diagrams 1 and 2 and corresponding with the position of the groups is the following: ______________________________________ pi partially inserted; pi* inserted by more than n' steps; pe partially withdrawn; pe* withdrawn by more than n' steps; ce completely withdrawn; ci completely inserted; ci* at less than n steps of total insertion; ce* at less than n steps of total withdrawal; G2-G1 difference between G1 and G2 less than n' steps. ______________________________________ The logical operators of the insertion control devices are in succession for the control during insertion of the four groups G1, G2 and N1, N2: three OR operators 4a, 4b and 4c, one NOT operator 5, ten AND operators 6a to 6j, six operators 7a to 7f, three AND operators 8a to 8c, seven AND operators 9a to 9g and finally four OR operators 10a to 10d. The withdrawal control device for the four groups includes for its part three OR operators 14a to 14c, one NOT operator 15, ten AND operators 16a to 16j, six OR operators 17a to 17f, three AND operators 18a to 18c, seven AND operators 19a to 19g and finally four OR operators 20a to 20d. We are now going to envisage, with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, various cases which may be encountered during the control of a nuclear reactor. The principles maintained for the control of the rods, with the aim of carrying out rapid variations of power with correction of the axial deviation of power, solely by employing the control rods, are the obtaining of the corrections of the axial deviation of power, preferably with rods which are moved either at the top of the core or at the bottom of the core, i.e., rods which are inserted only a short distance, or on the contrary are inserted most of the way, and the employment preferably of rods which are moved towards the center of the core in order to obtain the variations in power. In short, it is well known that movements of the rods upwards or downwards in the core have a large influence upon the DA and a small influence upon the variation in power, and that rod movements towards the center of the core have a small influence upon the axial deviation and a large influence upon the variation in power. If one assumes first of all, that in the control of a nuclear reactor both the parameter .DELTA.T and the parameter DA are within their respective deadbands, one realises by referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 that no rod movement occurs. In short, the signal 1 is not emitted and only the signal 2 is emitted either for insertion if .DELTA.T is less than zero, or for withdrawal if .DELTA.T is greater than zero. Otherwise the axial deviation signal 3a is emitted to the exclusion of the signals 3b and 3c. In all of the configurations the signal 3a cannot trigger a signal capable of being added to a signal 2 at the level of one of the AND operators 9a, 9c or 9e or else 19a, 19c, or 19e. Hence all of the rods remain stationary. If now .DELTA.T is within its deadband and if DA is outside its deadband, only the signal 2 is emitted to the exclusion of the signal 1, either for insertion or for withdrawal. On the other hand, either signal 3b or 3c is emitted in order to indicate DA having left its deadband, either below this deadband or above it. In this case, upon referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 one realises that all of the groups partially inserted and normally controlled either for insertion or for withdrawal by the signal 1 remain stationary with the exception of one of them which is moved under the effect of the signal 2 either in the insertion direction or in the withdrawal direction depending upon the sign of .DELTA.T. If we assume that the three groups G1, G2 and N1 have already been partially inserted in this order, since the sequence of insertion of the group is (G1, G2, N1, N2) in the case in which the signal 3b is emitted, i.e., if DA is less than DA ref-BM, it is the group G1 which is controlled towards insertion, whereas if the signal 3c is emitted it is group N1 which is controlled towards insertion. In one case it is the group situated lowest, i.e., the one which is inserted furthest and in the other case it is the group situated highest which is moved, to the exclusion of the other groups. It would be the opposite in the case of a withdrawal. In any case the group moved either towards insertion or towards withdrawal is moved at slow speed, the speed of movement as a function of .DELTA.T being low within the deadband of temperature. This speed may, for example, be fixed at eight steps per minute in the case of the control rods of a pressurized-water nuclear reactor, the total amplitude of movement of which is 200 to 300 steps. Hence in the method in accordance with the invention one realises that, although the temperature is within its deadband, a correction of the DA is effected by movement of a group chosen as a function of the position of the other groups, of the value of the DA and of the direction of movement. If we now assume that the temperature is outside its deadband, in any case, depending upon the sign of .DELTA.T, a certain number of groups are in movement in the core of the reactor either towards insertion or towards withdrawal. If simultaneously the axial deviation is within its deadband and higher than the value DA ref, it may be seen, for example, in the case of an insertion of the groups G1, G2 and N1 which are already partially inserted, that the groups G1, G2 and N1 receive authorisation signals for movement towards insertion and that the movement occurs. If the movement causes an increase in the axial deviation it may leave its deadband and we shall envisage this case later on, or on the contrary the axial deviation may diminish until it becomes less than its reference value. If the axial deviation is less than its reference value but greater than the lower limit of the deadband of axial deviation DA ref-BM, the signal 3a becomes negative, which suppresses the authorisation signal for the group N1, with the result that this group N1 is blocked whereas the groups G1 and G2 continue their insertion. This causes an increase in the axial deviation of power except in the case in which, in spite of everything, a supplementary phenomenon causes the axial deviation to pass outside its deadband and below it. We shall imagine this case likewise later on. In the case in which the axial deviation increases until it is above its reference value while remaining within its deadband, the group N1 again receives the authorisation signal and undergoes starting up towards insertion. These successive movements of stopping and restarting of the group N1 may continue, with the result that the differences between the amplitudes of insertion of this group and of the other groups are led to be modified in order to carry out the corrections of the axial deviation. If it is still assumed that the three groups G1, G2 and N1 are controlled towards insertion by the "Insertion 1" signal and that the axial deviation of power leaves its deadband and passes above it, one realises that the authorisation signal for insertion of the group N2 is then emitted and that this group commences to be inserted into the top of the core in order to reduce the axial deviation of power. Still in the case of an insertion of the groups G1, G2 with the group N1 blocked at the top of the core, in the case in which the axial deviation of power leaves its deadband downwards, blocking of the group N1 is effected so that no group is involved in the top of the core, whereas the groups G1 and G2 continue to be inserted towards the bottom of the core, which reduces .0.B and hence increases the axial deviation of power until the time at which it returns within its deadband. One then returns to one of the cases envisaged above. In the case in which it is the signal "Withdrawal 1" which is emitted, if the axial deviation of power is above the upper limit of its deadband, recourse is had to the withdrawal of a group situated in the bottom of the core in order to limit the axial deviation of power. It may be seen that, in any case, a modification is effected of the amplitudes of insertion existing between the different groups employed for the control of the reactor. When .DELTA.T is beyond a certain limit outside its deadband, the movements of the groups take place at higher speed than when .DELTA.T is within its deadband. The control of the groups is effected by no matter which of the signals 1 or 2 which act in the same direction. An example will now be described, with reference to FIGS. 3,4 and 5, of application of the method in accordance with the invention in the case of a load cycle for a period of some hours, the development of the power of the reactor during the course of these hours being given in FIG. 3. One starts from the nominal power of the reactor and the power is lowered down to 15% of the nominal power in half-an-hour and then a level stretch is maintained at 15% of the nominal power for 4 hours before returning to the nominal power in half-an-hour. FIG. 4 gives the development of the axial distribution of power during these five hours of operation, whereas FIG. 5 gives the position of the different groups of control rods G1, G2, N1 and N2 between 0 and 100% of withdrawal. The variations in the axial deviation of power are maintained within a range of .+-.1% about the mean value DA ref. At the initial instant only the group G1 is inserted a short distance into the top of the core, the groups G1, N1 and N2 being completely withdrawn. In order to lower the power down to 15% of the nominal power, one commences to insert the groups G1 and G2 the sequence of insertion of which determines the successive insertion. As a certain distance apart is maintained between G1 and G2 by stopping or restarting G2, their effects upon the axial deviation of power is compensated and this axial deviation oscillates slightly about its reference value. At an instant t1 during the course of insertion of the rods, however, the axial deviation of power reaches the upper limit DA ref+1%, which brings about the setting to work of a new group N1 in the top of the core for the reduction of this axial deviation by simultaneous action of the groups G1, G2 and N1. The same applies at the instant t2 at which the intervention of a new group N2 in the top of the core re-establishes the axial deviation of power. It may seen that the method in accordance with the invention thus enables the axial deviation of power to be maintained within a range of amplitude.+-.1% about the reference axial deviation. After the complete insertion of the group G1, the groups G2, N1 and N2 assure the lowering of power until the level stretch at 15% is reached at the instant t3. The temperature parameter .DELTA.T then coming within its deadband, the groups of control rods are blocked in the position of insertion until the time when raising of the groups again is carried out at constant power equal to 15% of the nominal power. During the course of the raising of the groups again at constant power, i.e., during the course of the movement of withdrawal of these groups G1, G2, N1 and N2, the control parameter .DELTA.T is positive, sometimes outside its deadband, sometimes within it. The axial deviation of power is controlled in both cases by the regulation of the distance apart between the several groups during the course of movement, by successive stopping and restarting of these groups. In the same fashion during the relowering of the groups, i.e., during their insertion, after the control parameter .DELTA.T has become negative again, it is sometimes below its deadband and sometimes within it, and the regulation of the distances apart between the several groups G1, G2, N1 and N2 by stopping and restarting of these groups enables the axial deviation of power to be maintained within its deadband. It is likewise to be observed that the passing of the axial deviation below its reference value within the deadband of the axial deviation of power, brings about the blocking of one group which is the highest group at the time of insertion of the groups, i.e., the group N2 in the example described in FIG. 5. The restarting of this group occurs if the axial deviation of power passes above its reference value again within the deadband of the axial deviation of power. At the end of the level stretch at 15% of the nominal power, raising of the groups again is effected, i.e., withdrawal in the order N2, N1, G2 and G1. During this re-raising of the groups, a regulation is likewise effected of the axial deviation of power by blocking and restarting of the groups as a function of the position of the axial deviation of power with respect to its reference value and with respect to its deadband. It may be noted that the overall re-raising of the groups during the low level stretch, however, diminishes the possibilities of the whole of the groups of control rods as far as the restoration of power is concerned. It is however quite obvious that one may choose to preserve fully the possibility of restoration of power when one is at the low level stretch of power (15% of nominal power, in our example) by keeping a sufficient insertion of the control rods while employing the system of treatment with boric acid and dilution of the water under pressure serving as the coolant. Thus, with the method in accordance with the invention, which enables regulation of the axial deviation of power, the employment of this device for treatment with boric acid/dilution may be employed for keeping the control rods inserted substantially as far as is necessary for a rapid recovery of power, the usefulness of which might make itself as a function of the needs of the production of power. On the contrary, if one chooses to preserve only a partial recovery of power or not to maintain this possibility of recovery of power, the rods may be allowed to rise again under the effect of the production of xenon during the low level stretch of power. It is in fact this production of xenon at constant power which necessitates the raising of the rods again during the first portion of the level stretch. In view of the possibilities of regulation of the distances apart existing between the several groups of rods, the axial deviation of power is still regulated and one thus avoids having recourse to the system of treatment with boric acid and dilution of the coolant which the more reduces the retreatment of the effluents. The method in accordance with the invention likewise enables a load cycle to be carried out at the end of the life of the fuel when the dilution becomes slow. Hence it may be seen that the main advantages of the method in accordance with the invention are to enable regulation of the axial deviation of power independently of the employment of a device for treatment with boric acid or dilution of the coolant except at a level of power equal to the nominal power or near to this power, when the amount of xenon present in the reactor has not been stabilized. If it is required to preserve the possibilities of recovery of power in the reactor, for example, during a phase at reduced power during the course of which the production of xenon would necessitate a raising of the rods again, the device for treatment with boric acid and dilution of the coolant may be employed for keeping the control rods at an insertion which is sufficient and even rather higher than that which would just be necessary for the recovery of power. In any case, the method in accordance with the invention enables regulation of the axial deviation of power by stopping and restarting groups chosen out of the whole of the groups for regulation. The method in accordance with the invention enables this regulation of the axial deviation of power to be effected both in the case of prolonged level stretches of power and in the case of rapid transients. The method in accordance with the invention is not restricted to the embodiment which has just been described. Thus a method of control has been described employing four groups of control rods two groups of which are grey and two are black, but it is equally possible to employ different assemblies of groups of control rods, for example, six grey groups or three grey groups and two black groups. Nor is the invention restricted to the employment of two different temperature signals one of which is transmitted only when the temperature difference leaves its deadband and the other of which is transmitted whatever the position of the control parameter. On the contrary, one may conceive of other types of signals and even of signals representative of a control parameter differing from a parameter .DELTA.T which is homogeneous at one temperature and represents the difference between the temperature of the core and a reference temperature. Finally the method in accordance with the invention is applicable in every case in which a nuclear reactor may be piloted by movement within the core of this reactor of groups of control rods.