Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. An apparatus comprising:a first electrode having a substantially cylindrical inner surface that has a longitudinal axis and forms at least a portion of a confining wall, wherein the confining wall at least partially encloses a confinement region;a second electrode located within a region interior to the first electrode and separated from the first electrode by at least the confinement region;at least one magnet configured to provide a magnetic field through the confinement region, at least a portion of the magnetic field in the confinement region being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis;an inlet to the confinement region for permitting introduction of a fluid to the confinement region, the fluid containing a first reactant;a second reactant; anda control system comprising a voltage and/or current source and configured to: (a) control a potential of an electric field substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, the potential being between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the potential being sufficient to produce an electrical current from the second electrode toward the first electrode;, (b) generate, from the first reactant, a weakly ionized plasma of ions and neutrals; and (c) produce a Lorentz force resulting from the electric field and the magnetic field that induces azimuthal rotation of the ions around the longitudinal axis, the azimuthal rotation of the ions imparting azimuthal rotation to neutrals of the first reactant, and promoting repeated collisions between one or both of the ions and the neutrals with the second reactant; wherein, during operation:the repeated collisions produce an interaction between the neutrals and the second reactant that produces a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of any of the nuclei of the neutrals and the second reactant, and,a mole fraction of the ions to the neutrals in the weakly ionized plasma is in the range of about 0.0001% to about 1%. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one magnet comprises two permanent magnets separated from one another by at least the confinement region and in the direction of the longitudinal axis. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one magnet comprises two permanent magnets radially separated from one another by at least the confinement region. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the confining wall is separable from the remainder of apparatus to allow replacement. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the confining wall comprises a refractory metal and/or a stainless steel. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the interaction is a fusion reaction. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the fusion reaction is aneutronic. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second reactant comprises boron-11. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the neutrals comprise one or more of neutral hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising one or more electron emitters configured to emit, during operation, electrons into a region adjacent to the confining wall. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the electron emitters comprise boron or a boron-containing material. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, during operation, the confinement region proximate the confining wall comprises an electron rich region having an excess of electrons over positively charged particles of at least about 106/cm3. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein, during operation, the electron rich region has an electric field strength of at least about 106 V/m. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein, during operation, the neutrals in the electron rich region have an energy of, on average, of between about 0.1 eV and 2 eV. 15. A method comprising:introducing a fluid to a confinement region through an inlet to the confinement region, the fluid containing a first reactant;applying an electrical potential difference between a first electrode and a second electrode to produce an electrical current from the second electrode toward the first electrode, wherein:the first electrode has a substantially cylindrical inner surface that has a longitudinal axis and forms at least a portion of a confining wall that at least partially encloses the confinement region;the second electrode is located within a region interior to the first electrode and separated from the first electrode by at least the confinement region; andat least one magnet is configured to provide a magnetic field through the confinement region, at least a portion of the magnetic field in the confinement region being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis; andoperating a control system comprising a voltage and/or current source so as to: (a) control a potential of an electric field substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, the potential being between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the potential being sufficient to produce an electrical current from the second electrode toward the first electrode; (b) generate, from the first reactant, a weakly ionized plasma of ions and neutrals; and (c) produce a Lorentz force resulting from the electric field and the magnetic field that induces azimuthal rotation of the ions around the longitudinal axis, the azimuthal rotation of the ions imparting azimuthal rotation to neutrals of the first reactant, and promoting repeated collisions between one or both of the ions and the neutrals with a second reactant; wherein, during operation:the repeated collisions produce an interaction between the neutrals and the second reactant that produces a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of any of the nuclei of the neutrals and the second reactant, and,a mole fraction of the ions to the neutrals in the weakly ionized plasma is in the range of about 0.0001% to about 1%. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one magnet comprises two permanent magnets separated from one another by at least the confinement region and in the direction of the axis of the substantially cylindrical inner surface of the first electrode. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one magnet comprises two permanent magnets radially separated from one another by at least the confinement region. 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising separating at least a portion of the confinement wall from the remainder of apparatus to allow replacement. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the interaction is a fusion reaction. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the fusion reaction is aneutronic. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the second reactant comprises boron-11. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein the neutrals comprise one or more of neutral hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein, during operation, the confinement region proximate the confining wall comprises an electron rich region having an excess of electrons over positively charged particles of at least about 106/cm3. 24. The method of claim 15, wherein one or more electron emitters are configured to emit, during operation, electrons into a region adjacent to the confining wall. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the electron emitters comprise boron or a boron-containing material. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein, during operation, the electron rich region has an electric field strength of at least about 106 V/m. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein, during operation, the neutrals in the electron rich region have an energy of, on average, of between about 0.1 eV and 2 eV.