Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. Article for increasing Leidenfrost temperature comprising:a surface with a plurality of multiscale hierarchical structures including microscale and nanoscale features both having super wetting properties and forming protrusions, cavities, or combinations of both on the surface, the structures having a median size a, median aspect ratio h/a and median spacing ratio b/a selected to increase Leidenfrost temperature. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the protrusions and cavities can have multiscale hierarchical features Wherein median size of an “nth” level hierarchy is an, aspect ratio (h/a)n, and spacing ratio (ba)n. 3. The article of claim 1 wherein a is less than 1000 microns. 4. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.01<b/a<30. 5. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.01<h/a<50. 6. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.1<b/a<20. 7. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.1<h/a<20. 8. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.1<b/a<10. 9. The article of claim 3 wherein 0.1<h/a<5. 10. The article of claim 1 where in a<100 microns. 11. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.01<b/a<30. 12. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.01<h/a<50. 13. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.1<b/a<20. 14. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.1<h/a<20. 15. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.1<b/a<10. 16. The article of claim 10 wherein 0.1<h/a<5. 17. The article of claim 1 wherein a<20 microns. 18. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.01<b/a<30. 19. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.01<h/a<50. 20. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.1<b/a<20. 21. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.01<h/a<20. 22. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.1<b/a<10. 23. The article of claim 17 wherein 0.1<h/a<5. 24. The article of claim 2 wherein an+1/an<0.1. 25. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.01<b/a<30. 26. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.01<h/a<50. 27. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.1<b/a<20. 28. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.1<h/a<20. 29. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.1<b/a<10. 30. The article of claim 24 wherein 0.1<h/a<5. 31. The article of claim 1 wherein the structures have shapes selected from the group consisting of a prism, sphere, polyhedron, cone and combinations thereof. 32. The article of claim 1 wherein the structures are made of materials with an intrinsic wetting angle less than 90 degrees. 33. The article of claim 1 wherein the structures are made of materials with an intrinsic wetting angle less than 50 degrees. 34. The article of claim 1 wherein the structures are made of materials with an intrinsic wetting angle less than 20 degrees. 35. The article of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of metal, ceramic, polymer, intermetallic, cermet, semimetal. 36. The article of claim 1 wherein the structures are multiscale structures formed from a combination of metal, ceramic, polymer, intermetallic, cermet, semimetal. 37. The article of claim 1 wherein a high-surface energy surface modification layer is further deposited on the surface to increase Leidenfrost temperature. 38. The article of claim 37 wherein the surface modification layer is a coating selected from the group consisting of a ceramic, polymer, metal, cermet, intermetallic. 39. The article of claim 38 wherein the coating comprises the surface energy modification coating layer, wherein the layer comprises a ceramic material, a hydrophilic polymer material, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing materials; wherein the ceramic material comprises titanium oxide, silicon oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, 460 magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, yttrium stabilized zirconia, magnesium aluminate spinel, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide cobalt chromium, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 40. The article of claim 37 wherein the surface modification layer is ion implanted. 41. The article of claim 37 wherein the surface modification layer is a diffusion layer. 42. The article of claim 37 wherein the surface modification layer is a self-assembled monolayer. 43. The article of claim 1 including multiscale structures wherein the multiscale structures are fabricated via heat treatment. 44. The article of claim 1 including multiscale structures wherein the multiscale structures are fabricated via deposition or growth of smaller length scale features onto larger length scale features. 45. The article of claim 1 or 2 wherein the surface is a boiler surface. 46. The article of claim 1 or 2 wherein the surface is an evaporator surface. 47. The article of claim 1 or 2 wherein the surface is a nuclear fuel rod and cladding surface. 48. A fuel rod comprising of preferential moderation sites that comprise of the article of claim 1 that are disposed on the surface of the fuel rod that is in contact with the fluid flowing or impinging on the surface to locally control fission at these preferred sites and maintain integrity of the fuel. 49. A fuel rod array wherein select fuel rod surfaces will be disposed with the article of claim 1 for preferential moderation. 50. The article of claim 1 wherein the surface is a heat transfer surface that is cooled by impingement of fluid. 51. The article of claim 50 wherein the fluid is selected from the group consisting of aqueous and non-aqueous liquids including water, organic liquids, mixtures, oils, emulsions, liquid metals, liquid nitrogen, liquid CO2, hydrocarbon liquids, liquefied hydrocarbons, liquid helium, and liquefied rare gases. 52. The article of claim 1 wherein the surface is on an electronic or photonic device.