Patent Number: 048254550
Section: description

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The X-ray mammography apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes an X-ray source 1 (generally an X-ray tube accommodated in a protective housing) and a supporting table 2 which are interconnected via a support 3. On the supporting table 2 there is arranged an image pickup 4, for example a film or a film cassette, as well as an enlargement table 5. Table 6 is made of a radiation-transparent material. In operation, a breast 8 of a patient to be examined is positioned on table 5. Due to the use of the enlargement table, the breast 8 to be irradiated and the image pickup 4 are situated at a distance from one another, so that the image of breast 8 on the image pickup 4 is enlarged. The support 3 is rotatable about an axis 6, so that mammography can be performed with a horizontal beam path. The X-ray source 1 is connected to the support 3 via a holder 9. To the holder 9 there is connected a cone 13. The lower edge of cone 13 limits the outer edge of the radiation beam emitted by the radiation source to match the outer dimensions of the (rectangular) image pickup. Inside the cone 13 there is arranged a diaphragm plate 22 which consists of a material which absorbs X-rays. The diaphragm plate 22 is pivotable about an axis which extends parallel to the front edge of the image pickup 4 (i.e. perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1). The axis coincides with the upper rear edge of the diaphragm plate 22 (which edge faces the radiation source 1). The upper, rear edge of the diaphragm plate 22 and the lower edge of the rear (left-hand) sidewall of the cone 13 shape a first radiation beam 25 which irradiates a strip-like field at the rear edge of the image pickup 4 via an exposure shield 24. Shield 24 is arranged directly in front of the image pickup 4. The lower edges of the diaphragm plate 22 and the cone 13 define a second radiation beam 26 which passes through the breast and which is incident on the front portion of the image pickup 4 (facing the thorax). When the diaphragm plate 22 is pivoted clockwise about its pivot axis, the cross-section of the radiation beam 26 increases to a maximum value. The diaphragm plate 22 and the focal spot of the radiation source 1 are then situated in one plane. When the diaphragm plate is pivoted counterclockwise, the cross-section of the second radiation beam 26 decreases. Because the edge of the diaphragm plate which defines the dimensions of the first radiation beam 25 coincides with the pivot axis, the cross-section of the radiation beam 25 will not be affected by pivoting the diaphragm plate 22. The optimum position of the diaphragm plate 22 is determined in known manner by a light beam indicator (not shown) which consists of a light source and an X-ray transparent mirror. The light beam indicator may be accommodated in the holder 9 and can project a light beam which registers with the X-ray beam onto the image pickup 4. The diaphragm device according to the invention can also be used for mammography without an enlargement table 5, so that the breast is arranged directly on the image pickup 4 and a substantially true-to-size projection of the breast on the pickup 4 is obtained. Because a larger part of the format of the image pickup 4 is not used for actual mammography in such a case, the placement of exposure shields will be simpler so that the radiation beam 25 may not be required. The pivot axis of the plate 22 in the cone can then be situated outside the beam path defined by the lower edges of the case, so that only one radiation field is defined by the diaphragm plate 22 and the cone 13. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of one half of the cone and the diaphragm plate in a plane perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 shows a similar cross-section in the plane of FIG. 1. As appears from FIG. 2, at each side edge of the diaphragm plate 22 there is provided a portion 30 which extends perpendicular to the diaphragm plate 22 and which is not struck by the X-rays. Through an aperture in the side wall 29 of the cone and the portion 30, a screw 32 (which is recessed into an adjusting lever 28) cooperates with a locking member 31 provided with a thread for the screw. When the screw 32 is tightened, therefore, the lever 28 is connected to the diaphragm plate 22 so that the plate can be pivoted by the lever 28. Due to the tightening of screw 32, the portion 30 of plate 22 and the cone wall 29 are elastically clamped together in a resilient manner. Friction between plate 22 and wall 29 assure that the position of the diaphragm plate 22 is not affected by the force of gravity. The rear corner of the upper plate edge 23 which limits the radiation beam 25 coincides with the pivot axis 14 which extends through the center of the screw 32. The aperture in the portion 30 may be so large that this condition can always be satisfied by displacing the portion 30 prior to tightening the screw 32. FIGS. 4 to 6 show different embodiments of the diaphragm plate 22. FIG. 4 shows a diaphragm plate which is shaped so as to be flat, as in the FIGS. 2 and 3. The lower edge 15 of this plate which defines the radiation beam 26 extends parallel to the upper edge 23. Thus, at the rear side of the X-ray film (which serves as the image pickup 4) there is a narrow exposure strip 16. At the front side of the film there is a radiation field 17 whose width is determined by the position of the diaphragm plate 22. It is a drawback of this embodiment that the radiation field 17 is always rectangular so that it does not even approximate the anatomy of the breast to be imaged. The diaphragm plate 22 shown in FIG. 5 is more attractive in this respect, because it has an L-shaped cross-section in the plane perpendicular to the pivot axis. The lower portion of plate 22 has a concave edge 15 which at least approximates the shape of a breast. It is a drawback of this embodiment that a zone at both sides of the film format is always shielded, even when the maximum radiation field 17 is obtained. The embodiment of the diaphragm plate shown in FIG. 6 avoids the drawbacks described with reference to the FIGS. 4 and 5. It consists of a flat plate, but its lower edge 15 is concave. The projection of this concave edge 15 on the film 4 also produces a radiation field 17 with a curved boundary. The radius of curvature of this projection will decrease as the surface area of the radiation field 17 decreases. In the extreme position of the diaphragm plate in which it is situated in one plane together with the focus of the radiation source, the projection of the curved edge becomes a straight line and only a narrow gap, which is determined by the thickness of diaphragm plate 22, will remain between the strip 16 and the radiation field 17.