Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A method for separating at least one first chemical element E1from at least one second chemical element E2coexisting in a mixture in the form of oxides, comprising the following steps:a) a step to solubilise a powder of one or more oxides of said at least one first chemical element E1and a powder of one or more oxides of said at least one second chemical element E2in a medium comprising at least one molten salt of formula MF—AlF3, where M is an alkaline element, resulting after this step in a mixture comprising said at least one molten salt, a fluoride of said at least one first chemical element E1, and a fluoride of said at least one second chemical element E2; andb) a step to contact the mixture resulting from step a) with a medium comprising a metal in the liquid state, the said metal being a reducing agent capable of predominantly reducing said at least one first chemical element E1 relative to said at least one second chemical element E2, resulting after this step in a two-phase medium comprising a first phase which is a metal phase comprising said at least one first chemical element E1 in oxidation state 0, and a second phase which is a saline phase comprising the least one molten salt of above-mentioned formula MF—AlF3, and a fluoride of the said at least one second chemical element E2. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the element(s) E1 are selected from the group formed by the actinides, transition elements, and the element(s) E2 are selected from the group not comprising any actinides. 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the element(s) E2 are selected from the group formed by the lanthanides, transition elements other than those of E1, alkaline or alkaline-earth elements, and/or pnictogenic elements. 4. The process according to claim 1, further comprising reprocessing spent nuclear fuel, transmutation targets used for nuclear physics experimentation, or refractory matrixes included in the composition of nuclear reactors, using said steps a) and b). 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the molten salt is a salt of formula LiF—AlF3. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein AlF3 is contained in the molten salt up to a molar content of 10 to 40 mole %. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal in the liquid state at step b) is selected from among aluminium and the alloys thereof. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the alloy is an alloy of aluminium and copper. 9. The process according to claim 1, further comprising, before step a), a step to prepare the mixture of powders intended to be used at step a). 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein, when the process relates to the reprocessing of uranium oxide spent nuclear fuel, said step to prepare the mixture of powders further comprises:an operation for mechanical treatment of the spent fuel to form a powder of oxide(s); anda heat treatment operation by voloreduction to remove volatile fission products. 11. The process according to claim 9, wherein, when the process relates to the reprocessing of uranium oxide spent fuel, said step to prepare the mixture of powders comprises a voloxidation operation after which uranium oxide UO2 is converted to uranium oxide U3O8. 12. The process according to claim 1, wherein above-mentioned step a) and step b) are performed successively. 13. The process according to claim 12 which, wherein, step a) and step b) are performed successively, further comprises a digestion step of elements selected from among the platinum-group elements and/or molybdenum contained in the mixture resulting from step a), said digestion step being performed after step a) and before step b). 14. The process according to claim 13, wherein the digestion step consists of contacting the mixture resulting from step a) with a medium comprising a metal in the liquid state, said metal being capable of selectively absorbing the platinum-group elements and/or molybdenum relative to the elements E1 and E2 contained in the at least one molten salt, the following being obtained after this step:the mixture of step a) being free of said platinum-group element(s) and/or molybdenum; anda metal phase comprising the above-mentioned metal in the liquid state and the said platinum-group element(s) and/or molybdenum. 15. The process according to claim 14, further comprising, after the digestion step, a step to separate the mixture of step a) and the metal phase. 16. The process according to claim 1, further comprising, after step b), a step c) to separate the metal phase from the saline phase. 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein when the process relates to the reprocessing of spent fuel, the metal phase thus separated is subjected to the following successive treatments:a back-extraction step of the actinide(s) by contacting the metal phase with a molten chloride medium in the presence of an oxidizing agent belonging to the chloride family to convert the actinides in the metal state to actinide chloride(s), after which there subsists a metal phase free of actinide(s) and a chloride saline phase; anda step to convert the actinide chloride(s) to actinide oxide(s). 18. The process according to claim 16, wherein the saline phase derived from separation step c) is subjected to the following successive treatments:a distilling step, to regenerate the medium comprising at least one molten salt of MX—AlF3 type; anda vitrifying step of elements E2 removed from the saline phase after the distillation step. 19. The process according to claim 1, wherein above-mentioned step a) and step b) are performed simultaneously. 20. The process according to claim 13, wherein the platinum-group elements comprise Ru, Rh, or Pd.