Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A lithographic apparatus comprising:a radiation system configured to form a projection beam of radiation comprising:(a) a radiation source that emits radiation;(b) a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, the filter system including a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink, each foil of the first set of foils being thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils being thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set, the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second section of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping; and(c) an illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam; anda projection system configured to project the projection beam of radiation onto a substrate. 2. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system. 3. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam. 4. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane. 5. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures. 6. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the virtual plane extends through a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation. 7. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils. 8. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils may actively catch debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path that the radiation propagates. 9. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis. 10. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 9, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring, and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring. 11. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled. 12. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 11, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink. 13. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the radiation system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap. 14. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path. 15. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers. 16. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. 17. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the support is ring-shaped. 18. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the support is rotatable. 19. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support. 20. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid. 21. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the fluid is water. 22. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the gas is argon. 23. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap. 24. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting the gas into the gap. 25. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position. 26. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil. 27. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element. 28. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil. 29. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten. 30. A radiation system configured to form a beam of radiation, comprising:a radiation source that emits radiation;a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, the filter system including a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink, each foil of the first set of foils being thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils being thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set, the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second set of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping; andan illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam. 31. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system. 32. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam. 33. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane. 34. A radiation system according to claim 33, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures. 35. A radiation system according to claim 33, wherein the virtual plane extends though a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation. 36. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils. 37. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils actively catch debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path that the radiation propagates. 38. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis. 39. A radiation system according to claim 38, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring, and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring. 40. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled. 41. A radiation system according to claim 40, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink. 42. A radiation system according to claim 40, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the radiation system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap. 43. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path. 44. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers. 45. A radiation system according to claim 44, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. 46. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the support is ring-shaped. 47. A radiation system according to claim 46, wherein the support is rotatable. 48. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support. 49. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid. 50. A radiation system according to claim 49, wherein the fluid is water. 51. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the gas is argon. 52. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap. 53. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting gas into the gap. 54. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, and wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position. 55. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil. 56. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element. 57. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil. 58. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten. 59. A filter system for filtering debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by a radiation source of a lithographic apparatus, the filter system comprising:a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, anda first heat sink and a second heat sink,each foil of the first set of foils is thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils is thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set of foils, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set of foils,the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second set of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping. 60. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system. 61. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam. 62. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane. 63. A filter system according to claim 62, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures. 64. A filter system according to claim 62, wherein the virtual plane extends though a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation. 65. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils. 66. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils actively catches debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path along which the radiation propagates. 67. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis. 68. A filter system according to claim 67, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring. 69. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled. 70. A filter system according to claim 69, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink. 71. A filter system according to claim 69, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the filter system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap. 72. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path. 73. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers. 74. A filter system according to claim 73, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers. 75. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the support is ring-shaped. 76. A filter system according to claim 75, wherein the support is rotatable. 77. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support. 78. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid. 79. A filter system according to claim 78, wherein the fluid is water. 80. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the gas is argon. 81. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap. 82. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting the gas into the gap. 83. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position. 84. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil. 85. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element. 86. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil. 87. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten.