Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A target structure for positioning a solid target in a beam path of a particle accelerator, comprising:(a) a split chamber having a liquid reservoir and a vapor capture enclosure encapsulated by a cooling jacket; and(b) a solid target material disposed on a backing plate configured to position the solid target material within the beam path of the particle accelerator, with the backing plate positioned between the solid target and the particle accelerator;wherein the liquid reservoir contains liquid proximate to or in contact with the solid target material,wherein the liquid removes heat from the solid target material,wherein the liquid reservoir is in fluid communication with the vapor capture enclosure,wherein the vapor capture enclosure is an elongated chimney of the liquid reservoir configured to condense vapor received from the liquid reservoir and return the condensed vapor to the liquid reservoir, andwherein the vapor capture enclosure extends from and above the liquid reservoir. 2. The target structure of claim 1, wherein the cooling jacket surrounds a surface of the elongated chimney. 3. The target structure of claim 2, further including a plurality of fluid conveying ports configured to input fluid into one or more pathways and connectors of the cooling jacket and output fluid from the pathways and connectors to enable fluid to flow through the cooling jacket. 4. The target structure of claim 1, further including a first closeable fluid port positioned at a bottom of the liquid reservoir and a second closeable fluid port located in the vapor capture enclosure, wherein one of the first and second closeable fluid ports is configured to supply fluid to the split chamber and the other of the first and second closeable fluid ports is configured to remove fluid from the split chamber. 5. The target structure backing plate of claim 1, wherein the backing plate is an energy degrader. 6. The target structure of claim 1, wherein the solid target material is removably attached to the backing plate. 7. The target structure of claim 1, further including an isolating foil positioned between the particle accelerator and the backing plate. 8. The target structure of claim 7, further including ports configured to convey fluid between the isolating foil and the backing plate. 9. The target structure of claim 8, wherein the conveyed fluid is helium. 10. A device for positioning a solid target within a beam path of a particle accelerator comprising:(a) a target backing plate positioned within the beam path of the particle accelerator;(b) the solid target positioned on the target backing plate distal to the particle accelerator;(c) a split chamber including:(i) a liquid reservoir containing liquid in contact with the solid target, wherein the liquid is configured to remove heat and irradiated material from the solid target;(ii) a vapor capture enclosure in vapor communication with the liquid reservoir, wherein the vapor capture enclosure extends above and away from the liquid reservoir and outside the beam path, wherein the vapor capture enclosure forms an upper chimney configured to receive vapors of heated liquid from the liquid reservoir, condense the vapors, and return the condensed liquid to the liquid reservoir, and wherein the chimney is enclosed in a cooling fluid jacket;(iii) a first portal positioned at a lower end of the liquid reservoir configured to supply and drain liquid to and from the liquid reservoir; and(iv) a second portal positioned at an upper end of the vapor capture enclosure configured to supply fluid to the split chamber and force drainage of the liquid from the portal of the liquid reservoir. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the backing plate is resistant to acid. 12. A device for irradiating a target to create radioisotopes, comprising:(a) the target being positioned within a target structure removably attachable to a particle accelerator, wherein the target structure holds the target within a path of a particle beam of the particle accelerator, wherein the target includes a front surface on which the particle beam impinges and a back surface opposite to the front surface;(b) a backing plate positioned within the target structure, wherein the backing plate is configured to isolate the target from the particle accelerator;(c) a split chamber, wherein a lower portion of the split chamber is a liquid reservoir containing a liquid in contact with the back surface of the target and an upper portion of the split chamber is a vapor enclosure in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir and configured to receive vapor emitted from the liquid when heated with heat from the target and from the particle beam, wherein the lower portion of the split chamber is positioned within the path of the particle beam and extends across the back surface of the target, and wherein the upper portion of the split chamber is positioned above the path of the particle beam and extends in a direction upward from the back surface of the target;(d) a reservoir closeable port at a lower end of the liquid reservoir, wherein the reservoir closeable port is configured to supply and drain liquid to and from the split chamber;(e) an enclosure closeable port at an upper end of the vapor enclosure, wherein the enclosure closeable port is configured to supply fluid to the split chamber and force the drainage of the liquid from the liquid reservoir; and(f) a jacket to provide cooling fluid surrounding the vapor enclosure. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the vapor enclosure extends upward and away from the target. 14. The device of claim 12, wherein the liquid reservoir is made of acid resistant material. 15. The device of claim 12, wherein the backing plate is structured as a beam energy degrader. 16. The device of claim 12, wherein the backing plate includes a recessed surface containing a powdered solid target. 17. The device of claim 12, further including a foil positioned between the target and the liquid of the liquid reservoir. 18. The device of claim 12, further including:(a) an isolation foil positioned between the particle accelerator and the backing plate, wherein the isolation foil is physically separated from the backing plate; and(b) ports configured to convey and remove cooling fluid between the isolating foil and the backing plate.