Patent Number: 
Section: claims

1. A particle-optical device for irradiating an object with a beam of particles, comprising a housing in which are located positioning means for positioning the object within the housing, comprising a reference body supported against a supporting portion of the housing and a kinematic system holding the object and controllably move-able with respect to the reference body, for manipulating the object in at least one degree of freedom with respect to the reference body, and further comprising a control mechanism and at least one combination of a piezo-electric position actuator and a piezo-electric force sensor positioned in series, whereby the control means receives at least one input signal from at least one sensor and—generates a control signal for at least that actuator associated with the sensor, characterized in that the at least one combination is positioned between the housing and the reference body, the support of the reference body against the supporting portion of the housing occurring via said at least one combination wherein each actuator is clamped between, respectively, a first printed circuit body, in conducting contact with a first actuator pole of the actuator, and a second printed circuit body, in conducting contact with a second actuator pole of the actuator, which first printed circuit body and which second printed circuit body are in conducting contact with the control mechanism. 2. A device according to claim 1, wherein the control mechanism comprises a first combining mechanism for the purpose of combining at least a first input signal and a second input signal—from, respectively, at least a first sensor and a second sensor—into a first combined input signal, in dependence upon which the control mechanism generates a first mutual control signal for the respective actuators associated with at least both the first sensor and the second sensor. 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein the control mechanism comprises second combining mechanism for the purpose of combining at least the second input signal and a third input signal, from at least the second sensor and a third sensor, respectively, into a second combined input signal, in dependence upon which the control mechanism generates a second mutual control signal for the respective actuators associated with at least the second sensor and the third sensor, whereby the control mechanism comprises a third combining mechanism for the purpose of combining the first mutual control signal and the second mutual control signal into a combined mutual control signal for the second actuator. 4. A device according to claim 1, wherein plate-like intermediate body is provided between the at least one combination, and the reference body, wherein the reference body can be displaced in a direction parallel to the plate-like intermediate body with the aid of an adjusting mechanism. 5. A device according to claim 4, wherein the adjusting mechansim is embodied so as to allow the reference body to be displaced in three degrees of freedom. 6. A device according to claim 4, wherein the reference body is supported against the intermediate body with a force that lies in the range between twice and twenty times the total weight of the positioning mechanisms that are to be supported. 7. A device according to claim 6, wherein a spring mechanism is provided for the purpose of forcing the reference body and the intermediate body toward one another. 8. A device according to claim 1, wherein each sensor is clamped between, respectively, a first printed circuit body, in conducting contact with a first sensor pole of the sensor, and a second printed circuit body, in conducting contact with a second sensor pole of the sensor, which first printed circuit body and which second printed circuit body are in conducting contact with the control mechansim. 9. A device according to claim 8, wherein printed circuit bodies that are located between the actuator and the sensor of a combination are provided, at the sides facing one another, with contact points that are conductively connected to each other. 10. A device according to claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the printed circuit bodies is provided—on at least one external surface—with at least one isolated conducting track for direct electrical contact either with a pole of an actuator or of a sensor or with a contact point or conducting track of a printed circuit body. 11. A device according to claim 1, wherein the actuator and associated printed circuit bodies are provided with mutually connecting holes that collectively form a through-hole through which a traction organ extends for the purpose of clamping the actuator between the associated printed circuit bodies. 12. A device according to claim 1, wherein one of the two printed circuit bodies associated with the actuator of a combination is provided with two contact points that are in conducting contact with both poles of the associated actuator. 13. A device according to claim 12, wherein one of four printed circuit bodies associated with the actuator and the sensor of a combination is provided with four contact points that are in conducting contact with both poles of both the actuator and the sensor. 14. A particle-optical device for irradiating an object with a beam, comprising:a housing with a supporting portion to support a reference body;a reference body supported by the supporting portion of the housing;a kinematic system supported by the reference body, the kinematic system adapted to hold and move the object in at least one degree of freedom with respect to the reference body;a plurality of sensor-actuator combinations, spaced apart and positioned between the housing supporting portion and the reference body, so that each sensor can sense vibration at a different point, and so that each actuator can react to reduce vibration of the reference body and kinematic system in response to control signals derived from signals from the sensors; anda controller to form control signals from combinations of signals received from a plurality of sensors, and to distribute control signals to each of a plurality of actuators of the combinations to make the actuators absorb vibrations of the reference body with respect to the housing wherein an actuator of a sensor-actuator combination comprises a stack of discs, comprising a piezoelectric actuator disc between and in contact with two printed circuit board discs to couple poles of the actuator to the controller, and further wherein a sensor of the sensor-actuator combination comprises a stack of discs, comprising a piezoelectric sensor disc between and in contact with two printed circuit board discs to couple poles of the sensor to the controller. 15. The device of claim 14, wherein a printed circuit board disc associated with a sensor is in conducting contact with a printed circuit board disc associated with an actuator. 16. The device of claim 14, wherein a first printed circuit board disc is in conducting contact with the second printed circuit board disc. 17. The device of claim 14, wherein a sensor of a sensor-actuator combination comprises a stack of discs, comprising a piezoelectric sensor disc between and in contact with two printed circuit board discs to couple poles of the sensor to the controller. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein a first printed circuit board disc is in conducting contact with the second printed circuit board disc. 19. The device of claim 14, wherein a control signal for an actuator of a first sensor-actuator combination is derived from a signal from the sensor of the first combination and from signal of a sensor of a second sensor-actuator combination. 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the control signal for the actuator of the first combination is further derived from a signal from a sensor of a third sensor-actuator combination. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein the control signal for the actuator of the first combination is further derived from a signal from a sensor of a fourth sensor-actuator combination. 22. The device of claim 14, wherein a control signal for an actuator is derived from a sum of the signals from each of two sensors. 23. The device of claim 14, wherein a control signal for an actuator is derived from the signals from each of three sensors to stabilize the reference body without substantial torsion. 24. The device of claim 14, wherein at least three sensor-actuator combinations are positioned at rectangular coordinates to generate X and Y control signals derived from the sensor signals to compensate for pivot of the reference body with respect to the housing about an X axis and/or a Y axis. 25. The device of claim 14, further comprising a plate-like intermediate body between the sensor-actuator combinations and the reference body, with adjusting means to laterally position the reference body with respect to the intermediate body. 26. The device of claim 25, wherein the reference body is supported against the intermediate body with a force that lies in the range between twice and twenty times the total weight of the reference body and kinematic system that are to be supported.