PATENT DOCUMENT

Abstract:
Compounds having drug and bio-affecting properties, their pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are set forth. In particular, betulinic acid derivatives that possess unique antiviral activity are provided as HIV maturation inhibitors, as represented by compounds of Formulas I and II: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     These compounds are useful for the treatment of HIV and AIDS.

Full Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/079,977 filed Nov. 14, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to novel compounds useful against HIV and, more particularly, to compounds derived from betulinic acid and other structurally-related compounds which are useful as HIV maturation inhibitors, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing same, as well as to methods for their preparation. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus -1) infection remains a major medical problem, with an estimated 45-50 million people infected worldwide at the end of 2010. The number of cases of HIV and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) has risen rapidly. In 2005, approximately 5.0 million new infections were reported, and 3.1 million people died from AIDS. Currently available drugs for the treatment of HIV include nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors or approved single pill combinations: zidovudine (or AZT or RETROVIR®), didanosine (or VIDEX®), stavudine (or ZERIT®), lamivudine (or 3TC or EPIVIR®), zalcitabine (or DDC or HIVID®), abacavir succinate (or ZIAGEN®), Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate salt (or VIREAD®), emtricitabine (or FTC-EMTRIVA®), COMBIVIR® (contains −3TC plus AZT), TRIZIVIR® (contains abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine), EPZICOM® (contains abacavir and lamivudine), TRUVADA® (contains VIREAD® andEMTRIVA®); non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: nevirapine (or VIRAMUNE®), delavirdine (or RESCRIPTOR®) and efavirenz (or SUSTIVA®), ATRIPLA® (TRUVADA®+SUSTIVA®), and etravirine, and peptidomimetic protease inhibitors or approved formulations: saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, KALETRA®(lopinavir and Ritonavir), darunavir, atazanavir (REYATAZ®) and tipranavir (APTIVUS®) and cobicistat, and integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (ISENTRESS®), and entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (T-20) (FUZEON®) and maraviroc (SELZENTRY®). 
         [0004]    Each of these drugs can only transiently restrain viral replication if used alone. However, when used in combination, these drugs have a profound effect on viremia and disease progression. In fact, significant reductions in death rates among AIDS patients have been recently documented as a consequence of the widespread application of combination therapy. However, despite these impressive results, 30 to 50% of patients may ultimately fail combination drug therapies. Insufficient drug potency, non-compliance, restricted tissue penetration and drug-specific limitations within certain cell types (e.g. most nucleoside analogs cannot be phosphorylated in resting cells) may account for the incomplete suppression of sensitive viruses. Furthermore, the high replication rate and rapid turnover of HIV-1 combined with the frequent incorporation of mutations, leads to the appearance of drug-resistant variants and treatment failures when sub-optimal drug concentrations are present. Therefore, novel anti-HIV agents exhibiting distinct resistance patterns, and favorable pharmacokinetic as well as safety profiles are needed to provide more treatment options. Improved HIV fusion inhibitors and HIV entry coreceptor antagonists are two examples of new classes of anti-HIV agents further being studied by a number of investigators. 
         [0005]    HIV attachment inhibitors are a further subclass of antiviral compounds that bind to the HIV surface glycoprotein gp120, and interfere with the interaction between the surface protein gp120 and the host cell receptor CD4. Thus, they prevent HIV from attaching to the human CD4 T-cell, and block HIV replication in the first stage of the HIV life cycle. The properties of HIV attachment inhibitors have been improved in an effort to obtain compounds with maximized utility and efficacy as antiviral agents. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,924 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,625 are illustrative of HIV attachment inhibitors. 
         [0006]    Another emerging class of compounds for the treatment of HIV are called HIV maturation inhibitors. Maturation is the last of as many as 10 or more steps in HIV replication or the HIV life cycle, in which HIV becomes infectious as a consequence of several HIV protease-mediated cleavage events in the gag protein that ultimately results in release of the capsid (CA) protein. Maturation inhibitors prevent the HIV capsid from properly assembling and maturing, from forming a protective outer coat, or from emerging from human cells. Instead, non-infectious viruses are produced, preventing subsequent cycles of HIV infection. 
         [0007]    Certain derivatives of betulinic acid have now been shown to exhibit potent anti-HIV activity as HIV maturation inhibitors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,221 discloses monoacylated betulin and dihydrobetuline derivatives, and their use as anti-HIV agents. As discussed in the &#39;221 reference, esterification of betulinic acid (1) with certain substituted acyl groups, such as 3′,3′-dimethylglutaryl and 3′,3′-dimethylsuccinyl groups produced derivatives having enhanced activity (Kashiwada, Y., et al., J. Med. Chem. 39:1016-1017 (1996)). Acylated betulinic acid and dihydrobetulinic acid derivatives that are potent anti-HIV agents are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,828. Esterification of the hydroxyl in the 3 carbon of betulin with succinic acid also produced a compound capable of inhibiting HIV-1 activity (Pokrovskii, A. G., et al., “Synthesis of derivatives of plant triterpenes and study of their antiviral and immunostimulating activity,” Khimiya y Interesakh Ustoichivogo Razvitiya, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 485-491 (2001) (English abstract). 
         [0008]    Other references to the use of treating HIV infection with compounds derived from betulinic acid include US 2005/0239748 and US 2008/0207573, as well as WO2006/053255, WO2009/100532 and WO2011/007230. 
         [0009]    One HIV maturation compound that has been in development has been identified as Bevirimat or PA-457, with the chemical formula of C 36 H 56 O 6  and the IUPAC name of 3β-(3-carboxy-3-methyl-butanoyloxy) lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid. 
         [0010]    Reference is also made herein to the applications by Bristol-Myers Squibb entitled “MODIFIED C-3 BETULINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS HIV MATURATION INHIBITORS” U.S. Ser. No. 13/151,706 filed on Jun. 2, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,754,068) and “C-28 AMIDES OF MODIFIED C-3 BETULINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS HIV MATURATION INHIBITORS” U.S. Ser. No. 13/151,722, filed on Jun. 2, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,661). Reference is also made to the application entitled “C-28 AMINES OF C-3 MODIFIED BETULINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS HIV MATURATION INHIBITORS” U.S. Ser. No. 13/359,680, filed on Jan. 27, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,748,415). In addition, reference is made to the application entitled “C-17 AND C-3 MODIFIED TRITERPENOIDS WITH HIV MATURATION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY” U.S. Ser. No. 13/359,727 filed on Jan. 27, 2012 (now now U.S. Pat. No. 8,846,647). Further reference is also made to the application “C-3 CYCLOALKENYL TRITERPENOIDS WITH HIV MATURATION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY” filed U.S. Ser. No. 13/760,726 on Feb. 6, 2013 (now US 2013-0210787), as well as to the application entitled “ALKYLHALO-SUBSTITUTED C-3 CYCLOALKENYL TRITERPENOIDS WITH HIV MATURATION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY” filed U.S. Ser. No. 61/978,306 on Apr. 11, 2014. 
         [0011]    What is now needed in the art are new compounds which are useful as HIV maturation inhibitors, as well as new pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention provides compounds of Formulas I and II below, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, their pharmaceutical formulations, and their use in patients suffering from or susceptible to a virus such as HIV. The compounds of Formulas I and II are effective antiviral agents, particularly as inhibitors of HIV. They are useful for the treatment of HIV and AIDS. 
         [0013]    One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compound, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which is selected from a compound of Formulas I and II: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0014]    wherein X is selected from the group of phenyl, heteroaryl, C 4-8  cycloalkyl, C 4-8  cycloalkenyl, C 4-9  spirocycloalkyl, C 4-9  spirocycloalkenyl, C 4-8  oxacycloalkyl, C 6-8  dioxacycloalkenyl, C 6-9  oxaspirocycloalkyl, and C 6-9  oxaspirocycloalkenyl ring; and further wherein X is substituted with A, wherein A is at least one member selected from the group of —H, -halo, -hydroxyl, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkoxy, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —CN, —NR 8 R 9 , —COOR 2 , —CONR 2 R 2  and —C 1-6  alkyl-Q ;    
         [0015]    Q is selected from the group of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —OR 2 , —COOR 3 , —NR 2 R 2 , —SO 2 R 7 , —CONHSO 2 R 3 , and —CONHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0016]    R 2  is —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl or -arylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl; 
         [0017]    Y is selected from the group 
         [0018]    of —COOR 2 , —C(O)NR 2 SO 2 R 3 , —C(O)NHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 , —NR 2 SO 2 R 2 , —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 , —C 3-6  cycloalkyl-COOR 2 , —C 2-6  alkenyl-COOR 2 , —C 2-6  alkynyl-COOR 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-COOR 2 , -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl, —COOR 2 , CF 2 —COOR 2 , —NHC(O)(CH 2 ) n —COOR 2 , —SO 2 NR 2 C(O)R 2 , -tetrazole, and —CONHOH, 
         [0019]    wherein n=1−6; 
         [0020]    R 3  is —H, —C 1-6  alkyl or -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl; 
         [0021]    W is absent, or is —CO— or is selected from the group of 
         [0022]    —C 2-6  alkyl-, —C 2-6  alkyl-CO—, —C 2-6  alkenyl-, —C 2-6  alkenyl-CO—, and -heteroaryl-; or is selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    U is selected from —NR 4 R 5  and OR 2 , 
         [0024]    with the proviso that U cannot be OR 2  when W is absent; 
         [0025]    Z is selected from the group of —CO—, —CHOH, —C═N—OR 2 , —C═N—R 24 , and —CH—NHR 24    
         [0026]    R 4  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-C(OR 3 ) 2 —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Qi, —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Qi, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —COR 6 , —COCOR 6 , —SO 2 R 7 , and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0027]    Qi is selected from the group of heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halogen, —CF 3 , —OR 2 , —COOR 2 , —NR 8 R 9 , —CONR 10 R 11  and —SO 2 R 7 ; 
         [0028]    R 5  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  alkylsubstituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-NR 8 R 9 , —COR 10 , —COR 6 , —COCOR 6 , —SO 2 R 7  and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0029]    with the proviso that R 4  or R 5  cannot be COR 6  or COCOR 6  when W is CO, and with the further proviso that only one of R 4  or R 5  can be selected from the group of —COR 6 , —COCOR 6 , —SO 2 R 7  and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0030]    R 6  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-substitutedalkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 3-6  substitutedcycloalkyl-Q 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-substitutedalkyl-Q 2 , —C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 2 , aryl-Q 2 , —NR 13 R 14 , and —OR 15 ; 
         [0031]    Q 2  is selected from the group of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —OR 2 , —COOR 2 , —NR 8 R 9 , SO 2 R 7 , —CONHSO 2 R 3 , and —CONHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0032]    R 7  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , aryl, and heteroaryl; 
         [0033]    R 8  and R 9  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 2 , and —COOR 3 , 
         [0034]    or R 8  and R 9  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0035]    with the proviso that only one of R 8  or R 9  can be —COOR 3 ; 
         [0036]    R 10  and R 11  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl and —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, 
         [0037]    or R 10  and R 11  are taken together with the adjacent N to form the cycle 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0038]    R 12  is selected from the group of —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-OH; —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —COR 7 , —COONR 22 R 23 , —SORT, and —SONR 24 R 25 ; 
         [0039]    R 13  and R 14  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 3 , —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 3 , C 1-6  substituted alkyl-Q 3  and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]    or R 13  and R 14  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0041]    Q 3  is selected from the group of heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —NR 20 R 21 , —CONR 2 R 2 , —COOR 2 , —OR 2 , and —SO 2 R 3 ; 
         [0042]    R 15  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 3 , —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 3  and —C 1-6  substituted alkyl-Q 3 ; 
         [0043]    R 16  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —NR 2 R 2 , and —COOR 3 ; 
         [0044]    R 17  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —COOR 3 , and aryl; 
         [0045]    R 18  is selected from the group of —H, —COOR 2  and —C 1-6  alkyl-COOR 2 ; 
         [0046]    R 19  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 4 , —COR 3 , and —COOR 3 ; 
         [0047]    Q 4  is selected from the group of —NR 2 R 2  and —OR 2 ; 
         [0048]    R 20  and R 21  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl-OR 2 , and —COR 3 , 
         [0049]    or R 20  and R 21  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0050]    with the proviso that only one of R 20  or R 21  can be —COR 3 , 
         [0051]    R 22  and R 23  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, and —C 1-6  cycloalkyl, 
         [0052]    or R 22  and R 23  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0053]    R 24  and R 25  are independently from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 5 , —C 1-6  cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl; and 
         [0054]    Q 5  is selected from the group of halogen and SO 2 R 3 . 
         [0055]    In a further embodiment, there is provided a method for treating mammals infected with a virus, especially wherein said virus is HIV, comprising administering to said mammal an antiviral effective amount of a compound which is selected from the group of compounds of Formulas I and II, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. Optionally, the compound of Formulas I and II can be administered in combination with an antiviral effective amount of another AIDS treatment agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) an AIDS antiviral agent; (b) an anti-infective agent; (c) an immunomodulator; and (d) HIV entry inhibitors. 
         [0056]    Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formulas I and II, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, and/or diluents; and optionally in combination with another AIDS treatment agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) an AIDS antiviral agent; (b) an anti-infective agent; (c) an immunomodulator; and (d) HIV entry inhibitors. 
         [0057]    In another embodiment of the invention there is provided one or more methods for making the compounds of Formulas I and II herein. 
         [0058]    Also provided herein are intermediate compounds useful in making the compounds of Formulas I and II herein. 
         [0059]    The present invention is directed to these, as well as other important ends, hereinafter described. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0060]    As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0061]    Since the compounds of the present invention may possess asymmetric centers and therefore occur as mixtures of diastereomers, the present disclosure includes the individual diastereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formulas I and II in addition to the mixtures thereof. 
       Definitions 
       [0062]    Unless otherwise specifically set forth elsewhere in the application, one or more of the following terms may be used herein, and shall have the following meanings: 
         [0063]    “H” refers to hydrogen, including its isotopes, such as deuterium. 
         [0064]    The term “C 1-6  alkyl” as used herein and in the claims (unless specified otherwise) means straight or branched chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, amyl, hexyl, and the like. 
         [0065]    “C 1 —C 4 fluoroalkyl” refers to F-substituted C 1 —C 4  alkyl wherein at least one H atom is substituted with an F atom, and each H atom can be independently substituted by an F atom; 
         [0066]    “Halogen” or “halo” refers to chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine. 
         [0067]    An “aryl” or “Ar” group refers to all carbon monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups having a completely conjugated pi-electron system. Examples, without limitation, of aryl groups are phenyl, naphthalenyl and anthracenyl. The aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituent group(s) are preferably one or more selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroalicycloxy, thiohydroxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheteroalicycloxy, cyano, halogen, nitro, carbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, trihalomethyl, ureido, amino and —NR x R y , wherein R x  and R y  are independently selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, carbonyl, C-carboxy, sulfonyl, trihalomethyl, and, combined, a five- or six-member heteroalicyclic ring. 
         [0068]    A “heteroaryl” group refers to a monocyclic or fused ring (i.e., rings which share an adjacent pair of atoms) group having in the ring(s) one or more atoms selected from the group of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and, in addition, having a completely conjugated pi-electron system. Unless otherwise indicated, the heteroaryl group may be attached at either a carbon or nitrogen atom within the heteroaryl group. It should be noted that the term heteroaryl is intended to encompass an N-oxide of the parent heteroaryl if such an N-oxide is chemically feasible as is known in the art. Examples, without limitation, of heteroaryl groups are furyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, pyrazinyl. diazinyl, pyrazine, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, and tetrazolyl. When substituted, the substituted group(s) is preferably one or more selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroalicycloxy, thioalkoxy, thiohydroxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheteroalicycloxy, cyano, halogen, nitro, carbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, trihalomethyl, ureido, amino, and —NR x R y , wherein R x  and R y  are as defined above. 
         [0069]    A “heteroalicyclic” group refers to a monocyclic or fused ring group having in the ring(s) one or more atoms selected from the group of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Rings are selected from those which provide stable arrangements of bonds and are not intended to encompass systems which would not exist. The rings may also have one or more double bonds. However, the rings do not have a completely conjugated pi-electron system. Examples, without limitation, of heteroalicyclic groups are azetidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, imidazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidin-1-yl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl and its S oxides and tetrahydropyranyl. When substituted, the substituted group(s) is preferably one or more selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroalicycloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheteroalicycloxy, cyano, halogen, nitro, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, C-thioamido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, trihalomethanesulfonamido, trihalomethanesulfonyl, silyl, guanyl, guanidino, ureido, phosphonyl, amino and —NR x R y , wherein R x  and R y  are as defined above. 
         [0070]    An “alkyl” group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon including straight chain and branched chain groups. Preferably, the alkyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever a numerical range; e.g., “1-20”, is stated herein, it means that the group, in this case the alkyl group may contain 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc. up to and including 20 carbon atoms). More preferably, it is a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Most preferably, it is a lower alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituent group(s) is preferably one or more individually selected from trihaloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroalicycloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheteroalicycloxy, cyano, halo, nitro, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, C-thioamido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, trihalomethanesulfonamido, trihalomethanesulfonyl, and combined, a five- or six-member heteroalicyclic ring. 
         [0071]    A “cycloalkyl” group refers to an all-carbon monocyclic or fused ring (i.e., rings which share and adjacent pair of carbon atoms) group wherein one or more rings does not have a completely conjugated pi-electron system. Examples, without limitation, of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cycloheptane, cycloheptene and adamantane. A cycloalkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituent group(s) is preferably one or more individually selected from alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroalicycloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheteroalicycloxy, cyano, halo, nitro, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, C-thioamido, N-amido, C-carboxy, 0-carboxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, trihalo-methanesulfonamido, trihalomethanesulfonyl, silyl, amidino, guanidino, ureido, phosphonyl, amino and —NR x R y  with R x  and R y  as defined above. 
         [0072]    An “alkenyl” group refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, having at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 
         [0073]    An “alkynyl” group refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, having at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. 
         [0074]    A “hydroxy” group refers to an —OH group. 
         [0075]    An “alkoxy” group refers to both an —O-alkyl and an —O-cycloalkyl group as defined herein. 
         [0076]    An “aryloxy” group refers to both an —O-aryl and an —O-heteroaryl group, as defined herein. 
         [0077]    A “heteroaryloxy” group refers to a heteroaryl-O— group with heteroaryl as defined herein. 
         [0078]    A “heteroalicycloxy” group refers to a heteroalicyclic-O— group with heteroalicyclic as defined herein. 
         [0079]    A “thiohydroxy” group refers to an —SH group. 
         [0080]    A “thioalkoxy” group refers to both an S-alkyl and an —S-cycloalkyl group, as defined herein. 
         [0081]    A “thioaryloxy” group refers to both an —S-aryl and an —S-heteroaryl group, as defined herein. 
         [0082]    A “thioheteroaryloxy” group refers to a heteroaryl-S— group with heteroaryl as defined herein. 
         [0083]    A “thioheteroalicycloxy” group refers to a heteroalicyclic-S— group with heteroalicyclic as defined herein. 
         [0084]    A “carbonyl” group refers to a —C(═O)—R″ group, where R″ is selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), as each is defined herein. 
         [0085]    An “aldehyde” group refers to a carbonyl group where R″ is hydrogen. 
         [0086]    A “thiocarbonyl” group refers to a —C(═S)—R″ group, with R″ as defined herein. 
         [0087]    A “keto” group refers to a —CC(═O)C— group wherein the carbon on either or both sides of the C═O may be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or a carbon of a heteroaryl or heteroalicyclic group. 
         [0088]    A “trihalomethanecarbonyl” group refers to a Z 3 CC(═O)— group with said Z being a halogen. 
         [0089]    A “C-carboxy” group refers to a —C(═O)O—R″ groups, with R″ as defined herein. 
         [0090]    An “O-carboxy” group refers to a R″C(—O)O-group, with R″ as defined herein. A “carboxylic acid” group refers to a C-carboxy group in which R″ is hydrogen. 
         [0091]    A “trihalomethyl” group refers to a —CZ 3 , group wherein Z is a halogen group as defined herein. 
         [0092]    A “trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an Z 3 CS(═O) 2 — groups with Z as defined above. 
         [0093]    A “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to a Z 3 CS(═O) 2 NR x — group with Z as defined above and R x  being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0094]    A “sulfinyl” group refers to a —S(═O)—R″ group, with R″ being (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0095]    A “sulfonyl” group refers to a —S(═O) 2 R″ group with R″ being (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0096]    A “S-sulfonamido” group refers to a —S(═O) 2 NR x R y , with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0097]    A “N-sulfonamido” group refers to a R″S(═O) 2 NR x — group, with R x  being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0098]    A “O-carbamyl” group refers to a —OC(═O)NR x R y  group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0099]    A “N-carbamyl” group refers to a R x OC(═O)NR y  group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0100]    A “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a —OC(═S)NR x R y  group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0101]    A “N-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a R x OC(═S)NR y — group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0102]    An “amino” group refers to an —NH 2  group. 
         [0103]    A “C-amido” group refers to a —C(═O)NR x R y  group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0104]    A “C-thioamido” group refers to a —C(═S)NR x R y  group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0105]    A “N-amido” group refers to a R x C(═O)NR y — group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0106]    An “ureido” group refers to a —NR x C(═O)NR y R y2  group, with R x , R y , and R y2  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0107]    A “guanidino” group refers to a —R x NC(═N)NR y R y2  group, with R x , R y , and R y2  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0108]    A “amidino” group refers to a R x R y NC(═N)— group, with R x  and R y  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0109]    A “cyano” group refers to a —CN group. 
         [0110]    A “silyl” group refers to a —Si(R″) 3 , with R″ being (C 1-6 )alkyl or phenyl. 
         [0111]    A “phosphonyl” group refers to a P(═O)(OR x ) 2  with R x  being (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0112]    A “hydrazino” group refers to a —NR x NR y R y2  group, with R x , R y , and R y2  independently being H or (C 1-6 )alkyl. 
         [0113]    A “4, 5, or 6 membered ring cyclic N-lactam” group refers to 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0114]    A “spiro” group is a bicyclic organic group with rings connected through just one atom. The rings can be different in nature or identical. The connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, most often a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”). 
         [0115]    An “oxospiro” or “oxaspiro” group is a spiro group having an oxygen contained within the bicyclic ring structure. A “dioxospiro” or “dioxaspiro” group has two oxygens within the bicyclic ring structure. 
         [0116]    Any two adjacent R groups may combine to form an additional aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring fused to the ring initially bearing those R groups. 
         [0117]    It is known in the art that nitrogen atoms in heteroaryl systems can be “participating in a heteroaryl ring double bond”, and this refers to the form of double bonds in the two tautomeric structures which comprise five-member ring heteroaryl groups. This dictates whether nitrogens can be substituted as well understood by chemists in the art. The disclosure and claims of the present disclosure are based on the known general principles of chemical bonding. It is understood that the claims do not encompass structures known to be unstable or not able to exist based on the literature. 
         [0118]    Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs of compounds disclosed herein are within the scope of the invention. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein and in the claims is intended to include nontoxic base addition salts. Suitable salts include those derived from organic and inorganic acids such as, without limitation, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, sulfinic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sorbic acid, aconitic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, and the like. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein is also intended to include salts of acidic groups, such as a carboxylate, with such counterions as ammonium, alkali metal salts, particularly sodium or potassium, alkaline earth metal salts, particularly calcium or magnesium, and salts with suitable organic bases such as lower alkylamines (methylamine, ethylamine, cyclohexylamine, and the like) or with substituted lower alkylamines (e.g. hydroxyl-substituted alkylamines such as diethanolamine, triethanolamine or tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane), or with bases such as piperidine or morpholine. 
         [0119]    As stated above, the compounds of the invention also include “prodrugs”. The term “prodrug” as used herein encompasses both the term “prodrug esters” and the term “prodrug ethers”. 
         [0120]    As set forth above, the invention is directed to a compound, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which is selected from a compound of Formulas I and II: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0121]    wherein X is selected from the group of phenyl, heteroaryl, C 4-8  cycloalkyl, C 4-8  cycloalkenyl, C 4-9  spirocycloalkyl, C 4-9  spirocycloalkenyl, C 4-8  oxacycloalkyl, C 6-8  dioxacycloalkenyl, C 6-9  oxaspirocycloalkyl, and C 6-9  oxaspirocycloalkenyl ring; 
         [0122]    and further wherein X is substituted with A, wherein A is at least one member selected from the group of —H, -halo, -hydroxyl, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkoxy, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —CN, —NR 8 R 9 , —COOR 2 , —CONR 2 R 2  and —C 1-6  alkyl-Q; 
         [0123]    Q is selected from the group of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —OR 2 , —COOR 3 , —NR 2 R 2 , —SO 2 R 7 , —CONHSO 2 R 3 , and —CONHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0124]    R 2  is —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl or -arylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl; 
         [0125]    Y is selected from the group of —COOR 2 , 
         [0126]    —C(O)NR 2 SO 2 R 3 , —C(O)NHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 , —NR 2 SO 2 R 2 , —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 , —C 3-6  cycloalkyl-COOR 2 , —C 2-6  alkenyl-COOR 2 , —C 2-6  alkynyl-COOR 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-COOR 2 , -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl, —COOR 2 , CF 2 —COOR 2 , —NHC(O)(CH 2 ) n —COOR 2 , —SO 2 NR 2 C(O)R 2 , -tetrazole, and —CONHOH, 
         [0127]    wherein n=1−6; 
         [0128]    R 3  is —H, —C 1-6  alkyl or -alkylsubstituted C 1-6  alkyl; 
         [0129]    W is absent, or is —CO— or is selected from the group of —C 2-6  alkyl-, —C 2-6  alkyl-CO—, —C 2-6  alkenyl-, —C 2-6  alkenyl-CO—, and -heteroaryl-; or is selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0130]    U is selected from —NR 4 R 5  and OR 2 , 
         [0131]    with the proviso that U cannot be OR 2  when W is absent; 
         [0132]    Z is selected from the group of —CO—, —CHOH, —C═N—OR 2 , —C═N—R 24  and —CH—NHR 24 ; 
         [0133]    R 4  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6 alkyl-C(OR 3 ) 2 —C 3-6 cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 1 , —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 1 , aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —CORE, —COCOR 6 , —SO 2 R 7 , and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0134]    Q 1  is selected from the group of heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halogen, —CF 3 , —OR 2 , —COOR 2 , —NR 8 R 9 , —CONR 10 R 11  and —SO 2 R 7 ; 
         [0135]    R 5  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  alkylsubstituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-NR 8 R 9 , —COR 10 , —COR 6 , —COCOR 6 , —SO 2 R 7  and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0136]    with the proviso that R 4  or R 5  cannot be COR 6  or COCOR 6  when W is CO, and with the further proviso that only one of R 4  or R 5  can be selected from the group of —COR 6 , —COCOR 6, —SO 2 R 7  and —SO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0137]    R 6  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-substitutedalkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 3-6  substitutedcycloalkyl-Q 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 2 , —C 1-6  alkyl-substitutedalkyl-Q 2 , —C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 2 , aryl-Q 2 , —NR 13 R 14 , and —OR 15 ; 
         [0138]    Q 2  is selected from the group of aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —OR 2 , —COOR 2 , —NR 8 R 9 , SO 2 R 7 , —CONHSO 2 R 3 , and —CONHSO 2 NR 2 R 2 ; 
         [0139]    R 7  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —CF 3 , aryl, and heteroaryl; 
         [0140]    R 8  and R 9  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 2 , and —COOR 3 , 
         [0141]    or R 8  and R 9  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0142]    with the proviso that only one of R 8  or R 9  can be —COOR 3 ; 
         [0143]    R 10  and R 11  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl and —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, 
         [0144]    or R 10  and R 11  are taken together with the adjacent N to form the cycle 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0145]    R 12  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-OH; —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —COR 7 , —COONR 22 R 23 , —SOR 7 , and —SONR 24 R 25 ; 
         [0146]    R 13  and R 14  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 3 , —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 3 , C 1-6  substituted alkyl-Q 3  and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0147]    or R 13  and R 14  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0148]    Q 3  is selected from the group of heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, —NR 20 R 12 , —CONR 2 R 2 , —COOR 2 , —OR 2 , and —SO 2 R 3 ; 
         [0149]    R 15  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 3-6  cycloalkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 3 , —C 1-6  alkyl-C 3-6  cycloalkyl-Q 3  and —C 1-6  substituted alkyl-Q 3 , 
         [0150]    R 16  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —NR 2 R 2 , and —COOR 3 ; 
         [0151]    R 17  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —COOR 3 , and aryl; 
         [0152]    R 18  is selected from the group of —H, —COOR 2  and —C 1-6  alkyl-COOR 2 ; 
         [0153]    R 19  is selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 4 , —COR 3 , and —COOR 3 ; 
         [0154]    Q 4  is selected from the group of —NR 2 R 2  and —OR 2 ; 
         [0155]    R 20  and R 21  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl-OR 2 , and —COR 3 , 
         [0156]    or R 20  and R 21  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0157]    with the proviso that only one of R 20  or R 21  can be —COR 3 ; 
         [0158]    R 22  and R 23  are independently selected from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, and —C 1-6  cycloalkyl, 
         [0159]    or R 22  and R 23  are taken together with the adjacent N to form a cycle selected from the group of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0160]    R 24  and R 25  are independently from the group of —H, —C 1-6  alkyl, —C 1-6  substituted alkyl, —C 1-6  alkyl-Q 5 , —C 1-6  cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl; and 
         [0161]    Q 5  is selected from the group of halogen and SO 2 R 3 . 
         [0162]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, X is phenyl or is C 4-8  cycloalkenyl. When X is C 4-8  cycloalkenyl, it is preferred to be C 6  cycloalkenyl. 
         [0163]    It is also preferred that Y is —COOH. 
         [0164]    It is further preferred that A is —C 1-6  haloalkyl. Halo is preferably -fluoro. 
         [0165]    In a further embodiment, it is preferred that Z is —CO—. 
         [0166]    Preferred compounds, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as part of the invention include the following: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0167]    The compounds above represent the mixture of diastereoisomers, and the two individual disastereomers. In certain embodiments, one of the specific diastereomers may be particularly preferred. 
         [0168]    The compounds of the present invention, according to all the various embodiments described above, may be administered orally, parenterally (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally, and by other means, in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients and diluents available to the skilled artisan. One or more adjuvants may also be included. 
         [0169]    Thus, in accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a method of treatment, and a pharmaceutical composition, for treating viral infections such as HIV infection and AIDS. The treatment involves administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition which contains an antiviral effective amount of one or more of the compounds of Formulas I and II together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. As used herein, the term “antiviral effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of the composition and method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., inhibiting, ameliorating, or healing of acute conditions characterized by inhibition of HIV infection. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. The terms “treat, treating, treatment” as used herein and in the claims means preventing, inhibiting, ameliorating and/or healing diseases and conditions associated with HIV infection. 
         [0170]    The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of orally administrable suspensions or tablets; as well as nasal sprays, sterile injectable preparations, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or suppositories. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents may be utilized in the pharmaceutical compositions, and are those utilized in the art of pharmaceutical preparations. 
         [0171]    When administered orally as a suspension, these compositions are prepared according to techniques typically known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners/flavoring agents known in the art. As immediate release tablets, these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents, and lubricants known in the art. 
         [0172]    The injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer&#39;s solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. 
         [0173]    The compounds herein set forth can be administered orally to humans in a dosage range of about 1 to 100 mg/kg body weight in divided doses, usually over an extended period, such as days, weeks, months, or even years. One preferred dosage range is about 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight orally in divided doses. Another preferred dosage range is about 1 to 20 mg/kg body weight in divided doses. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy. 
         [0174]    Also contemplated herein are combinations of the compounds of Formulas I and II herein set forth, together with one or more other agents useful in the treatment of AIDS. For example, the compounds of this disclosure may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of the AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, antiinfectives, or vaccines, such as those in the following non-limiting table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ANTIVIRALS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Name 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 097 
                 Hoechst/Bayer 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (non-nucleoside 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (RT) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Amprenavir 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 141 W94 
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 GW 141 
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Abacavir  
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 (1592U89) 
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 GW 1592 
                   
                 (RT inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Acemannan 
                 Carrington Labs 
                 ARC 
               
               
                   
                 (Irving, TX) 
                   
               
               
                 Acyclovir 
                 Burroughs Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 AD-439 
                 Tanox Biosystems 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 AD-519 
                 Tanox Biosystems 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Adefovir dipivoxil 
                 Gilead Sciences 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 AL-721 
                 Ethigen 
                 ARC, PGL 
               
               
                   
                 (Los Angeles, CA) 
                 HIV positive, AIDS 
               
               
                 Alpha Interferon 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HIV in combination  
               
               
                   
                   
                 w/Retrovir 
               
               
                 Ansamycin 
                 Adria Laboratories 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 LM 427 
                 (Dublin, OH) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Erbamont 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Stamford, CT) 
                   
               
               
                 Antibody which 
                 Advanced Biotherapy 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Neutralizes pH 
                 Concepts 
                   
               
               
                 Labile alpha  
                 (Rockville, MD) 
                   
               
               
                 aberrant 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Interferon 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AR177 
                 Aronex Pharm 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Beta-fluoro-ddA 
                 Nat&#39;l Cancer Institute 
                 AIDS-associated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diseases 
               
               
                 BMS-234475 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 (CGP-61755) 
                 Novartis 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 CI-1012 
                 Warner-Lambert 
                 HIV-1 infection 
               
               
                 Cidofovir 
                 Gilead Science 
                 CMV retinitis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 herpes, papillomavirus 
               
               
                 Curdlan sulfate 
                 AJI Pharma USA 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Cytomegalovirus 
                 MedImmune 
                 CMV retinitis 
               
               
                 Immune globin 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cytovene 
                 Syntex 
                 Sight threatening 
               
               
                 Ganciclovir 
                   
                 CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peripheral CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 retinitis 
               
               
                 Darunavir 
                 Tibotec-J &amp; J 
                 HIV infection,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Delaviridine 
                 Pharmacia-Upjohn 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (RT inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Dextran Sulfate 
                 Ueno Fine Chem. 
                 AIDS, ARC, HIV 
               
               
                   
                 Ind. Ltd. (Osaka, 
                 positive 
               
               
                   
                 Japan) 
                 asymptomatic 
               
               
                 ddC 
                 Hoffman-La Roche 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Dideoxycytidine 
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 ddI 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Dideoxyinosine 
                   
                 ARC; combination 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with AZT/d4T 
               
               
                 DMP-450 
                 AVID 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 (Camden, NJ) 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Efavirenz 
                 Bristol Myers Squibb 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 (DMP 266,  
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 SUSTIVA ®) 
                   
                 (non-nucleoside RT 
               
               
                 (−)6-Chloro-4-(S)- 
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 cyclopropylethynyl- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 4(S)-trifluoro- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 methyl-1,4-dihydro- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 2H-3,1-benzoxazin- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 2-one, STOCRINE 
                   
                   
               
               
                 EL10 
                 Elan Corp, PLC 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                 (Gainesville, GA) 
                   
               
               
                 Etravirine 
                 Tibotec/J &amp; J 
                 HIV infection,  
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (non-nucleoside 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Famciclovir 
                 Smith Kline 
                 herpes zoster, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 herpes simplex 
               
               
                 GS 840 
                 Gilead 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 HBY097 
                 Hoechst Marion 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 Roussel 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (non-nucleoside 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Hypericin 
                 VIMRx Pharm. 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Triton Biosciences 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                 Interferon Beta 
                 (Almeda, CA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC 
               
               
                 Interferon alfa-n3 
                 Interferon Sciences 
                 ARC, AIDS 
               
               
                 Indinavir 
                 Merck 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, asymptomatic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HIV positive, also in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 combination with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AZT/ddI/ddC 
               
               
                 ISIS 2922 
                 ISIS Pharmaceuticals 
                 CMV retinitis 
               
               
                 KNI-272 
                 Nat&#39;l Cancer Institute 
                 HIV-assoc. diseases 
               
               
                 Lamivudine, 3TC 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (reverse 
               
               
                   
                   
                 transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor); also 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with AZT 
               
               
                 Lobucavir 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 CMV infection 
               
               
                 Nelfinavir 
                 Agouron 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Nevirapine 
                 Boeheringer 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 Ingleheim 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (RT inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Novapren 
                 Novaferon Labs, Inc. 
                 HIV inhibitor 
               
               
                   
                 (Akron, OH) 
                   
               
               
                 Peptide T 
                 Peninsula Labs 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Octapeptide 
                 (Belmont, CA) 
                   
               
               
                 Sequence 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Trisodium 
                 Astra Pharm. 
                 CMV retinitis, HIV 
               
               
                 Phosphonoformate 
                 Products, Inc. 
                 infection, other CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 infections 
               
               
                 PNU-140690 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Probucol 
                 Vyrex 
                 HIV infection, AIDS 
               
               
                 RBC-CD4 
                 Sheffield Med. 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 Tech (Houston, TX) 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Ritonavir 
                 Abbott 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Saquinavir 
                 Hoffmann- 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                 LaRoche 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Stavudine; d4T 
                 Bristol-Myers  
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                 Didehydrodeoxy- 
                 Squibb 
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Thymidine 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tipranavir 
                 Boehringer  
                 HIV infection,  
               
               
                   
                 Ingelheim 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (protease inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Valaciclovir 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 Genital HSV &amp; CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 infections 
               
               
                 Virazole 
                 Viratek/ICN 
                 asymptomatic HIV 
               
               
                 Ribavirin 
                 (Costa Mesa, CA) 
                 positive, LAS, ARC 
               
               
                 VX-478 
                 Vertex 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC 
               
               
                 Zalcitabine 
                 Hoffmann-LaRoche 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, with AZT 
               
               
                 Zidovudine; AZT 
                 Glaxo Wellcome 
                 HIV infection, AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARC, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sarcoma, in combination  
               
               
                   
                   
                 with other therapies 
               
               
                 Tenofovir disoproxil, 
                 Gilead 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 fumarate salt  
                   
                 AIDS, 
               
               
                 (VIREAD ®) 
                   
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 EMTRIVA ® 
                 Gilead 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 (Emtricitabine) (FTC) 
                   
                 AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 COMBIVIR ® 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 Abacavir succinate 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection, 
               
               
                 (or ZIAGEN ®) 
                   
                 AIDS, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor) 
               
               
                 REYATAZ ® 
                 Bristol-Myers  
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 (or atazanavir) 
                 Squibb 
                 AIDs, protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor 
               
               
                 FUZEON ® 
                 Roche/Trimeris 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 (Enfuvirtide or T-20) 
                   
                 AIDs, viral Fusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inhibitor 
               
               
                 LEXIVA ® 
                 GSK/Vertex 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 (or Fosamprenavir 
                   
                 AIDs, viral protease 
               
               
                 calcium) 
                   
                 inhibitor 
               
               
                 SELZENTRY ® 
                 Pfizer 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Maraviroc;  
                   
                 AIDs, (CCR5  
               
               
                 (UK 427857) 
                   
                 antagonist, in  
               
               
                   
                   
                 development) 
               
               
                 TRIZIVIR ® 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDs, (three drug  
               
               
                   
                   
                 combination) 
               
               
                 Sch-417690  
                 Schering-Plough 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 (vicriviroc) 
                   
                 AIDs, (CCR5  
               
               
                   
                   
                 antagonist, in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 development) 
               
               
                 TAK-652 
                 Takeda 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AIDs, (CCR5  
               
               
                   
                   
                 antagonist, in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 development) 
               
               
                 GSK 873140 
                 GSK/ONO 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 (ONO-4128) 
                   
                 AIDs, (CCR5  
               
               
                   
                   
                 antagonist, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in development) 
               
               
                 Integrase Inhibitor 
                 Merck 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 MK-0518 
                   
                 AIDs 
               
               
                 Raltegravir 
                   
                   
               
               
                 TRUVADA ® 
                 Gilead 
                 Combination of  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tenofovir disoproxil 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fumarate salt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (VIREAD ®) and  
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMTRIVA ® 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Emtricitabine) 
               
               
                 Integrase Inhibitor 
                 Gilead/Japan  
                 HIV Infection 
               
               
                 GS917/JTK-303 
                 Tobacco 
                 AIDs 
               
               
                 Elvitegravir 
                   
                 in development 
               
               
                 Triple drug  
                 Gilead/Bristol- 
                 Combination of  
               
               
                 combination 
                 Myers Squibb 
                 Tenofovir disoproxil  
               
               
                 ATRIPLA ® 
                   
                 fumarate salt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (VIREAD ®),  
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMTRIVA ® 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Emtricitabine), and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SUSTIVA ®  
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Efavirenz) 
               
               
                 FESTINAVIR ® 
                 Oncolys BioPharma 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 4′-ethynyl-d4T 
                 BMS 
                 AIDs 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in development 
               
               
                 CMX-157 
                 Chimerix 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Lipid conjugate of 
                   
                 AIDs 
               
               
                 nucleotide tenofovir 
                   
                   
               
               
                 GSK1349572 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Integrase inhibitor 
                   
                 AIDs 
               
               
                 dolutegravir 
                   
                   
               
               
                 S/GSK1265744 
                 GSK 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Integrase inhibitor 
                   
                 AIDs 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 IMMUNOMODULATORS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Name 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AS-101 
                 Wyeth-Ayerst 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Bropirimine 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 Advanced AIDS 
               
               
                 Acemannan 
                 Carrington Labs, Inc. 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                   
                 (Irving, TX) 
                   
               
               
                 CL246,738 
                 Wyeth 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 Lederle Labs 
                 sarcoma 
               
               
                 FP-21399 
                 Fuki ImmunoPharm 
                 Blocks HIV fusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with CD4+ cells 
               
               
                 Gamma Interferon 
                 Genentech 
                 ARC, in combination 
               
               
                   
                   
                 w/TNF (tumor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 necrosis factor) 
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Genetics Institute 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                 Sandoz 
                   
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Hoechst-Roussel 
                 AIDS 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                 Immunex 
                   
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Schering-Plough 
                 AIDS, 
               
               
                 Macrophage Colony 
                   
                 combination 
               
               
                 Stimulating Factor 
                   
                 w/AZT 
               
               
                 HIV Core Particle 
                 Rorer 
                 Seropositive HIV 
               
               
                 Immunostimulant 
                   
                   
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Cetus 
                 AIDS, in combination 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                   
                 w/AZT 
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Hoffman-LaRoche 
                 AIDS, ARC, HIV, in 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                 Immunex 
                 combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 IL-2 
                 Chiron 
                 AIDS, increase in 
               
               
                 Interleukin-2 
                   
                 CD4 cell counts 
               
               
                 (aldeslukin) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Immune Globulin 
                 Cutter Biological 
                 Pediatric AIDS, in 
               
               
                 Intravenous 
                 (Berkeley, CA) 
                 combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 (human) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 IMREG-1 
                 Imreg 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 (New Orleans, LA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC, PGL 
               
               
                 IMREG-2 
                 Imreg 
                 AIDS, Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 (New Orleans, LA) 
                 sarcoma, ARC, PGL 
               
               
                 Imuthiol Diethyl 
                 Merieux Institute 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Dithio Carbamate 
                 Schering Plough 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Alpha-2 
                   
                 w/AZT, AIDS 
               
               
                 Interferon 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methionine- 
                 TNI Pharmaceutical 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Enkephalin 
                 (Chicago, IL) 
                   
               
               
                 MTP-PE 
                 Ciba-Geigy Corp. 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Muramyl-Tripeptide 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Granulocyte 
                 Amgen 
                 AIDS, in combination 
               
               
                 Colony Stimulating 
                   
                 w/AZT 
               
               
                 Factor 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Remune 
                 Immune Response 
                 Immunotherapeutic 
               
               
                   
                 Corp. 
                   
               
               
                 rCD4 
                 Genentech 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Recombinant 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Soluble Human CD4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 rCD4-IgG 
                   
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 hybrids 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Recombinant 
                 Biogen 
                 AIDS, ARC 
               
               
                 Soluble Human CD4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Interferon 
                 Hoffman-La Roche 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Alfa 2a 
                   
                 AIDS, ARC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in combination w/AZT 
               
               
                 SK&amp;F106528 
                 Smith Kline 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                 Soluble T4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Thymopentin 
                 Immunobiology 
                 HIV infection 
               
               
                   
                 Research Institute 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (Annandale, NJ) 
                   
               
               
                 Tumor Necrosis 
                 Genentech 
                 ARC, in combination 
               
               
                 Factor; TNF 
                   
                 w/gamma Interferon 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 ANTI-INFECTIVES 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Name 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Clindamycin with 
                 Pharmacia Upjohn 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Primaquine 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fluconazole 
                 Pfizer 
                 Cryptococcal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 meningitis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 candidiasis 
               
               
                 Pastille 
                 Squibb Corp. 
                 Prevention of 
               
               
                 Nystatin Pastille 
                   
                 oral candidiasis 
               
               
                 Ornidyl 
                 Merrell Dow 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Eflornithine 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pentamidine 
                 LyphoMed 
                 PCP treatment 
               
               
                 Isethionate (IM &amp; IV) 
                 (Rosemont, IL) 
                   
               
               
                 Trimethoprim 
                   
                 Antibacterial 
               
               
                 Trimethoprim/sulfa 
                   
                 Antibacterial 
               
               
                 Piritrexim 
                 Burroughs Wellcome 
                 PCP treatment 
               
               
                 Pentamidine 
                 Fisons Corporation 
                 PCP prophylaxis 
               
               
                 Isethionate for 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Inhalation 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Spiramycin 
                 Rhone-Poulenc 
                 Cryptosporidial 
               
               
                   
                 diarrhea 
                   
               
               
                 Intraconazole- 
                 Janssen-Pharm. 
                 Histoplasmosis; 
               
               
                 R51211 
                   
                 cryptococcal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 meningitis 
               
               
                 Trimetrexate 
                 Warner-Lambert 
                 PCP 
               
               
                 Daunorubicin 
                 NeXstar, Sequus 
                 Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Ortho Pharm. Corp. 
                 Severe anemia 
               
               
                 Erythropoietin 
                   
                 assoc. with AZT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 therapy 
               
               
                 Recombinant Human 
                 Serono 
                 AIDS-related 
               
               
                 Growth Hormone 
                   
                 wasting, cachexia 
               
               
                 Megestrol Acetate 
                 Bristol-Myers Squibb 
                 Treatment of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 anorexia assoc. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 W/AIDS 
               
               
                 Testosterone 
                 Alza, Smith Kline 
                 AIDS-related wasting 
               
               
                 Total Enteral 
                 Norwich Eaton 
                 Diarrhea and 
               
               
                 Nutrition 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 malabsorption 
               
               
                   
                   
                 related to AIDS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0175]    Additionally, the compounds of the disclosure herein set forth may be used in combination with HIV entry inhibitors. Examples of such HIV entry inhibitors are discussed in DRUGS OF THE FUTURE 1999, 24(12), pp. 1355-1362; CELL, Vol. 9, pp. 243-246, Oct. 29, 1999; and DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY, Vol. 5, No. 5, May 2000, pp. 183-194 and  Inhibitors of the entry of HIV into host cells.  Meanwell, Nicholas A.; Kadow, John F., Current Opinion in Drug Discovery &amp; Development (2003), 6(4), 451-461. Specifically the compounds can be utilized in combination with attachment inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, and chemokine receptor antagonists aimed at either the CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor. HIV attachment inhibitors are also set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,924 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,625. 
         [0176]    It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this application with AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, HIV entry inhibitors or vaccines is not limited to the list in the above Table but includes, in principle, any combination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of AIDS. 
         [0177]    Preferred combinations are simultaneous or alternating treatments with a compound of the present disclosure and an inhibitor of HIV protease and/or a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. An optional fourth component in the combination is a nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase, such as AZT, 3TC, ddC or ddI. A preferred inhibitor of HIV protease is REYATAZ® (active ingredient Atazanavir). Typically a dose of 300 to 600 mg is administered once a day. This may be co-administered with a low dose of Ritonavir (50 to 500mgs). Another preferred inhibitor of HIV protease is KALETRA®. Another useful inhibitor of HIV protease is indinavir, which is the sulfate salt of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-1-(S)-indanyl)-2(R)-phenylmethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-5-(1-(4-(3-pyridyl-methyl)-2(S)-N′-(t-butylcarboxamido)-piperazinyl))-pentaneamide ethanolate, and is synthesized according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,999. Indinavir is generally administered at a dosage of 800 mg three times a day. Other preferred protease inhibitors are nelfinavir and ritonavir. Another preferred inhibitor of HIV protease is saquinavir which is administered in a dosage of 600 or 1200 mg tid. Preferred non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase include efavirenz. These combinations may have unexpected effects on limiting the spread and degree of infection of HIV. Preferred combinations include those with the following (1) indinavir with efavirenz, and, optionally, AZT and/or 3TC and/or ddI and/or ddC; (2) indinavir, and any of AZT and/or ddI and/or ddC and/or 3TC, in particular, indinavir and AZT and 3TC; (3) stavudine and 3TC and/or zidovudine; (4) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate salt and emtricitabine. 
         [0178]    In such combinations the compound(s) of the present invention and other active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction. In addition, the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s). 
       General Chemistry (Methods of Synthesis) 
       [0179]    The present invention comprises compounds of Formulas I and II, their pharmaceutical formulations, and their use in patients suffering from or susceptible to HIV infection. The compounds of Formulas I and II also include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Procedures to construct compounds of Formulas I and II and intermediates useful for their synthesis are described after the Abbreviations. 
       Abbreviations 
       [0180]    One or more of the following abbreviations, most of which are conventional abbreviations well known to those skilled in the art, may be used throughout the description of the disclosure and the examples:
   RT=room temperature   BHT=2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene   CSA=camphorsulfonic acid   LDA=lithium diisopropylamide   KHMDS=potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide   SFC=supercritical fluid chromatography   Quant=quantitative   TBDMS=tert-butyldimethylsilane   PTFE=polytetrafluoroethylene   NMO=4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide   THF=tetrahydrofuran   TLC=thin layer chromatography   DCM=dichloromethane   DCE=dichloroethane   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid   LCMS=liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy   Prep=preparative   HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography   DAST=(diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride   TEA=triethylamine   DIPEA=N,N-diisopropylethylamine   HATU=[O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate]   DCC=N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide   DMAP=dimethylaminopyridine   TMS=trimethylsilyl   NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance   DPPA=diphenyl phosphoryl azide   AIBN=azobisisobutyronitrile   TBAF=tetrabutylammonium fluoride   DMF=dimethylformamide   TBTU=O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate   Min(s)=minute(s)   h=hour(s)   sat.=saturated   TEA=triethylamine   EtOAc=ethyl acetate   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid   PCC=pyridinium chlorochromate   TLC=thin layer chromatography   Tf 2 NPh=(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide   dioxane=1,4-dioxane   PG=protective group   atm=atmosphere(s)   mol=mole(s)   mmol=milimole(s)   mg=milligram(s)   μg=microgram(s)   μl=microliter(s)   μm=micrometer(s)   mm=millimeter(s)   Rpm=revolutions per minute   SM=starting material   TLC=thin layer chromatography   AP=area percentage   Equiv.=equivalent(s)   DMP=Dess-Martin periodinane   TMSCl=trimethylsilyl chloride   TBSCl=tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride   TBSOTf=trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate   PhMe=toluene   PhNTf 2 =N-Phenyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide)   S-Phos=2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl   TFDO=methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane   TEMPO=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy   DI=deionized water   
 
         [0246]    The terms “C-3” and “C-28” refer to certain positions of a triterpene core as numbered in accordance with IUPAC rules (positions depicted below with respect to an illustrative triterpene: betulin): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    The same numbering is maintained when referring to the compound series in schemes and general descriptions of methods. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
       [0247]    The following examples illustrate typical syntheses of the compounds of Formulas I and II as described generally above. These examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the disclosure in any way. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
       Chemistry 
     Typical Procedures and Characterization of Selected Examples: 
       [0248]    Unless otherwise stated, solvents and reagents were used directly as obtained from commercial sources, and reactions were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere. Flash chromatography was conducted on Silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 particle size; EM Science supply).  1 H NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker DRX-500f at 500 MHz (or Bruker AV 400 MHz, Bruker DPX-300B, or Varian Gemini 300 at 300 MHz as stated). The chemical shifts were reported in ppm on the δ scale relative to δTMS=0. The following internal references were used for the residual protons in the following solvents: CDCl 3  (δ H  7.26), CD 3 OD (δ H  3.30), acetic-d4 (Acetic Acid d 4 ) (δ H  11.6, 2.07), DMSO mix or DMSO-D6-CDCl 3  (δH 2.50 and 8.25) (ratio 75%:25%), and DMSO-D6 (δ H  2.50). Standard acronyms were employed to describe the multiplicity patterns: s (singlet), br. s (broad singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), b (broad), app (apparent). The coupling constant (J) is in Hertz. All Liquid Chromatography (LC) data were recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector with Mass Spectrometry (MS) data determined using a Micromass Platform for LC in electrospray mode. 
         [0249]    LC/MS Methods: 
         [0250]    Method 1 
         [0251]    Start % B=0, Final % B=100 over 2 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0252]    Flow Rate=1 mL/min 
         [0253]    Wavelength=220 nm 
         [0254]    Solvent A=90% water, 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA 
         [0255]    Solvent B=10% water, 90% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA 
         [0256]    Column=Phenomenex Luna C18, 3 μm, 2.0×30 mm 
         [0257]    Method 2 
         [0258]    Start % B=0, Final % B=100 over 1 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0259]    Flow Rate=1 mL/min 
         [0260]    Wavelength=220 nm 
         [0261]    Solvent A=90% water, 10% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA 
         [0262]    Solvent B=10% water, 90% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA 
         [0263]    Column=Phenomenex Luna C18, 3 μm, 2.0×30 mm 
         [0264]    Method 3 
         [0265]    Start % B=2, Final % B=98 over 1.5 minute gradient, hold at 98% B 
         [0266]    Flow Rate=0.8 mL/min 
         [0267]    Wavelength=220 nm 
         [0268]    Solvent A=100% water, 0.05%TFA 
         [0269]    Solvent B=100% acetonitrile, 0.05% TFA 
         [0270]    Column=Waters Aquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm 
         [0271]    Method 4 
         [0272]    Start % B=20, Final % B=100 over 2 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0273]    Flow Rate=0.8 mL/min 
         [0274]    Wavelength=220 nm 
         [0275]    Solvent A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA 
         [0276]    Solvent B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA 
         [0277]    Column=Waters Xbridge Phenyl, 2.5 μm, 2.1×50 mm 
         [0278]    Method 5 
         [0279]    Start % B=0, Final % B=100 over 2 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0280]    Flow Rate=1 mL/min 
         [0281]    Wavelength=220 nm 
         [0282]    Solvent A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA 
         [0283]    Solvent B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA 
         [0284]    Column=Phenomenex Luna C18, 3 μm, 2.0×30 mm 
         [0285]    Prep HPLC Methods: 
         [0286]    Method 1 
         [0287]    Start % B=25 Final % B=100 over 15 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0288]    Flow Rate=40 mL/min 
         [0289]    Solvent A=10% ACN−90% H 2 O−0.1% TFA 
         [0290]    Solvent B=90% ACN−10% H 2 O−0.1% TFA 
         [0291]    Column=Waters Sunfire 30×100 mm 5 μm 
         [0292]    Method 2 
         [0293]    Start % B=25 Final % B=100 over 20 minute gradient, hold at 100% B 
         [0294]    Flow Rate=40 mL/min 
         [0295]    Solvent A=10% ACN−90% H 2 O−0.1% TFA 
         [0296]    Solvent B=90% ACN−10% H 2 O−0.1% TFA 
         [0297]    Column=Waters Sunfire 30×100 mm 5 μm 
         [0298]    SFC Method 
         [0299]    First Pass 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Preparative Column: 
                 Whelko-RR (5′50 cm, 10 μm, #786710) 
               
               
                 BPR pressure: 
                 100 bars 
               
               
                 Temperature: 
                 30° C. 
               
               
                 Flow rate: 
                 350 mL/min 
               
               
                 Mobile Phase: 
                 CO 2 /2-propanol (85/15) 
               
               
                 Detector Wavelength: 
                 215 nm 
               
               
                 Separation Program:: 
                 stack injection 
               
               
                 Injection: 
                 1.46 mL with cycle time: 1.9 mins 
               
               
                 Sample preparation: 
                 180 g/1000 mL IPA:DCM (1:1), 180 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Throughput: 
                 7.88 g/hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 1 
       [0300]    Preparation of 4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-morpholinoethyl)carbamoyl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3 a-carboxylic acid
       A mixture of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-9-acetoxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid (2 g, 3.90 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (1.560 g, 39.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL), methanol (10 mL) and water (10 mL) was stirred at rt for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 5N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a pale yellow solid. (1.92 g, 100%). LCMS: m/e 471.4 (M+H) − , 1.90 min (method 1).
 
Step 2. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate
       
 
         [0302]    A mixture of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid (1.92 g, 4.08 mmol), (bromomethyl)benzene (0.533 mL, 4.49 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.240 g, 8.97 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at rt for 14 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL). The solid formed was collected and dried under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a white solid (2.2 g, 96%). LCMS: m/e 561.4 (M+H) − , 2.44 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 3. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3 a-carboxylate 
         [0303]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (2.2 g, 3.92 mmol) and pyridinium chlorochromate (1.27 g, 5.88 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was stirred at rt for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography using 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a white solid. (1.92 g, 88%). LCMS: m/e 559.35 (M+H) + , 2.49 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 4. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate 
         [0304]    To a solution of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.358 mmol) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-phenyl-N-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (192 mg, 0.537 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.859 mL, 0.859 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (8 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×6 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude obtained was purified by column chromatography using 0-21% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a pale yellow solid. (200 mg, 81%).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.52-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.60 (dd, J=6.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (dt, J=14.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.43 (dd, J=12.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (dd, J=16.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (d, J=18.6 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.23 (m, 15H), 1.18-1.12 (m, 1H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.78 (s, 3H). 
         [0000]    Step 5. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate 
         [0305]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.289 mmol), ethyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (105 mg, 0.375 mmol), (prepared as described in WO 2013123019) sodium carbonate (153 mg, 1.447 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (16.73 mg, 0.014 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) and water (1.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (4 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×4 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude obtained was purified by column chromatography using 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (156 mg, 78%). LCMS: m/e 695.4 (M+H) + , 3.82 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.42-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.42-5.35 (m, 1H), 5.31 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.24-5.17 (m, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (dt, J=14.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.47 (m, 3H), 2.44 (dd, J=12.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.12 (m, 3H), 2.09-1.98 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.27 (m, 20H), 1.23 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.13-1.03 (m, 1H), 1.01-0.87 (m, 12H), 0.78 (s, 3H). 
         [0000]    Step 6. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 
         [0306]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.216 mmol), tert-butyldimethylsilane (37.6 mg, 0.324 mmol), triethylamine (0.060 mL, 0.432 mmol) and palladium acetate (12.11 mg, 0.054 mmol) in dichloroethane (2 mL) was heated at 60° C. for 3 hours. To the mixture were added tert-butyldimethylsilane (37.6 mg, 0.324 mmol), triethylamine (0.060 mL, 0.432 mmol) and palladium acetate (12.11 mg, 0.054 mmol) again and the reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for another 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL) and filtered through a pad of celite. To the red filtrate was added tetra-N-butylammonium fluoride (527 mg, 1.511 mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified by column chromatography using 0-10% MeOH/ethyl acetate to provide the desired product as a pale red oil. (100 mg, 77%). LCMS: m/e 605.4 (M+H) + , 2.74 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 7. Preparation of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(chlorocarbonyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0307]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid (70 mg, 0.116 mmol) and oxalyl dichloride (0.039 mL, 0.463 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil. (60 mg, 83%) which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: m/e 619.4 (M-Cl+MeOH) + , 2.41 min (method 2). LCMS sample was quenched with methanol. 
         [0000]    Step 8. To a solution of 2-morpholinoethanamine (9.40 mg, 0.072 mmol), Hunig&#39;s Base (0.025 mL, 0.144 mmol) and 4-di(methylamino)pyridine (5.88 mg, 0.048 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) was added a solution of ethyl 4-((3aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(chlorocarbonyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (30 mg, 0.048 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude material was purified by HPLC to provide methyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-morpholinoethyl)carbamoyl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. This ester intermediate was dissolved in dioxane (1 mL) and sodium hydroxide (0.481 mL, 0.481 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide the title compound as colorless oil (5.8 mg, 17%). LCMS: m/e 689.4 (M+H) + , 1.78 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, METHANOL-d4) δ7.91 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (br. s., 1H), 5.30-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.09 (br. s., 2H), 3.80 (br. s., 2H), 3.72-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.15 (m, 5H), 2.86 (dd, J=12.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.46 (d, 
         [0308]    J=18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.35-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 3H), 2.16-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.81 (td, J=13.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.41-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.27 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.19-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.12-1.08 (m, 3H), 1.05-0.93 (m, 12H). 
       Example 2 
       [0309]    Preparation of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)carbamoyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             The title compound was prepared following the procedure described above for the preparation of 4-((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-3 a-((2-morpholinoethyl)carbamoyl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid, only 4-(2-aminoethyl)thiomorpholine 1, 1-dioxide was used instead of 4-di(methylamino)pyridine in step 8. The title compound was isolated as colorless oil (7 mg, 19%). LCMS: m/e 737.4 (M+H) + , 1.86 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, METHANOL-d4) δ7.71 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (br. s., 1H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.56-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.37 (m, 4H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (dd, J=12.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.44 (d, J=18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 3H), 2.16-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.82 (td, J=13.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.77-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.27 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.20-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 3H), 1.06-0.93 (m, 12H). 
           
         
       
     
       Example 3 
       [0311]    Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0312]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (10 mg, 0.014 mmol), (4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)boronic acid (3.39 mg, 0.019 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.836 mg, 0.724 μmol) and sodium carbonate (1.534 mg, 0.014 mmol) in a mixture of dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 2 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-9-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid. This ester intermediate was dissolved in dioxane (1 mL) and 1N sodium hydroxide (0.145 mL, 0.145 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide the title compound as a white solid (1.7 mg, 19%). LCMS: m/e 573.5 (M+H) + , 2.15 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ8.03 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 5H), 5.36 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.44 (m, 3H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.10 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.80 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 1.71-1.34 (m, 9H), 1.33-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.08 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H). 
       Example 4 
       [0313]    Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-(4-carboxycyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0314]    The title compound was prepared following the procedure described for the preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid only 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)boronic acid was used instead of (4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)boronic acid. The product was isolated as colorless oil (2 mg, 29%). LCMS: m/e 577.4 (M+H) + , 2.21 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, METHANOL-d4) δ5.38 (s., 1H), 5.29-5.19 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J=12.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.40 (m, 3H), 2.38-1.90 (m, 10H), 1.81-1.28 (m, 11H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.18-1.16 (m, 1H), 1.13 (s, 3H), 1.08-0.86 (m, 12H). 
       Example 5 
       [0315]    Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-carboxy-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate 
         [0316]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (320 mg, 0.463 mmol), (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (191 mg, 0.510 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (26.8 mg, 0.023 mmol) and sodium carbonate (245 mg, 2.316 mmol) in a mixture of dioxane (3 mL) and water (1.500 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (6 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×6 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography with 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (180 mg, 49%). LCMS: m/e 789.5 (M+H) + , 2.73 min (method 2). 
         [0000]    Step 2. A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-benzyl 9((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate (180 mg, 0.228 mmol), tert-butyldimethylsilane (39.8 mg, 0.342 mmol), triethylamine (0.064 mL, 0.456 mmol) and palladium acetate (12.80 mg, 0.057 mmol) in dichloroethane (5 mL) was heated at 60° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure to provide corresponding silylester intermediate. The intermediate was dissolved in THF (5 mL) and tetra-N-butylammonium fluoride (557 mg, 1.597 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was dissolved in methanol (5 mL) and purified by HPLC to provide the title compound as a white solid (62 mg, 42%). LCMS: m/e 609.3 (M+H) + , 2.24 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ5.41 (s., 1H), 5.27 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 3.23 (dt, J=14.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (dd, J=12.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.00 (m, 6H), 1.98-1.73 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.27 (m, 10H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.13-1.11 (m, 1H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 6H). 
       Example 6 
       [0317]    Preparation of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a-isocyanato-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl acetate 
         [0318]    A mixture of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-9-acetoxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid (500 mg, 0.975 mmol), diphenyl phosphorazidate (0.317 mL, 1.463 mmol) and triethylamine (0.272 mL, 1.950 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was refluxed at 110° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography using 0-16% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a white solid (410 mg, 82%). LCMS: m/e 510.35 (M+H), 2.72 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 2. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl acetate 
         [0319]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13a5)-3a-isocyanato-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl acetate (410 mg, 0.804 mmol) and HCl (0.244 mL, 8.04 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in THF (10 mL), triethylamine (0.336 mL, 2.413 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.374 mL, 1.609 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (460 mg, 98%). LCMS: m/e 584.5 (M+H) + , 2.59 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 3. Preparation of tert-butyl ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)carbamate 
         [0320]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13a5)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl acetate (460 mg, 0.788 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (315 mg, 7.88 mmol) in THF (6 mL), methanol (2 mL) and water (5 mL) was stirred at rt for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 5N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a pale yellow solid (400 mg, 94%). LCMS: m/e 542.6 (M+H) + , 2.33 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 4. Preparation of tert-butyl ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)carbamate 
         [0321]    A mixture of tert-butyl ((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)carbamate (400 mg, 0.738 mmol) and pyridinium chlorochromate (239 mg, 1.107 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was stirred at rt for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography using 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the desired product as a white solid (220 mg, 55%). LCMS: m/e 540.5 (M+H) + , 2.44 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 5. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate 
         [0322]    To a solution of tent-butyl ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)carbamate (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (53.22 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.033 mL, 0.194 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C., 2 hours at room temperature and 2 hours at 73° C. The minute was cooled to room temperature and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.016 mL, 0.093 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 73° C. for another 4 hours and then cooled at room temperature. Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.019 mL, 0.111 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 73° C. for another 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO 3  (3 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×3 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography using 30-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a yellow oil (20 mg, 27%). LCMS: m/e 555.4 (M-NH 2 ) − , 1.92 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 6. Preparation of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0323]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13a5)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yltrifluoromethanesulfonate (20 mg, 0.035 mmol), ethyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (14.56 mg, 0.052 mmol) (prepared as describe in WO 2013123019), sodium carbonate (3.71 mg, 0.035 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (2.021 mg, 1.749 μmol) in dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×2 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced. The crude was dissolved in dioxane (1 mL), filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide the title compound as a white solid (9 mg, 45%). LCMS: m/e 559.4 (M-NH 2 ) + , 1.78 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 7. A mixture of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (4 mg, 6.95 μmol), 4-(2-chloroethyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (2.334 mg, 0.012 mmol), potassium iodide (1.153 mg, 6.95 μmol) and potassium phosphate (4.42 mg, 0.021 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (1 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×1 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in dioxane (0.5 mL), then sodium hydroxide (0.069 mL, 0.069 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 hour, filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (1.2 mg, 23%). LCMS: m/e 709.5 (M+H) + , 1.70 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, METHANOL-d4) δ5.39 (s., 1H), 5.31-5.20 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.13 (m, 9H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.78 (dd, J=12.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.70-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.40-1.92 (m, 11H), 1.80-1.37 (m, 10H), 1.31-1.23 (m, 9H), 1.22-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.10-0.95 (m, 12H). 
       Example 7 
       [0324]    Preparation of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0325]    A mixture of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (5 mg, 8.68 μmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.087 mL, 0.087 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (2.3 mg, 45%). LCMS: m/e 548.4 (M+H) + , 1.56 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, METHANOL-d4) δ5.39 (br. s., 1H), 5.26 (dt, J=6.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.33 (m, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=12.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.46 (m, 3H), 2.38-2.06 (m, 7H), 2.05-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 3H), 1.62-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.37 (m, 5H), 1.31-1.22 (m, 9H), 1.20 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 1.10-0.94 (m, 12H). 
       Example 8 
       [0326]    Preparation of (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yltrifluoromethanesulfonate 
         [0327]    To a solution of tert-butyl ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)carbamate (280 mg, 0.519 mmol) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-phenyl-N-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (241 mg, 0.674 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.778 mL, 0.778 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (20 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate(3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was purified using silica gel with 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (250 mg, 58%). LCMS: m/e 672.4 (M+H) + , 2.78 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 2. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13a5)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0328]    A mixture of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yltrifluoromethanesulfonate (250 mg, 0.372 mmol), (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (153 mg, 0.409 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (21.50 mg, 0.019 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (197 mg, 1.861 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) and water (1.5 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (6 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×6 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude obtained was purified using silica gel with 0-25% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (253 mg, 88%). LCMS: m/e 770.6 (M+H) + , 3.09 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 3. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0329]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (250 mg, 0.325 mmol) and conc. HCl (0.141 mL, 1.623 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (160 mg, 74%). This material was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: m/e 653.5 (M+H−17) + , 2.14 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 4. A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (9 mg, 0.013 mmol) and 1N sodium hydroxide (0.134 mL, 0.134 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep HPLC with 0-70 HCN/water/TFA to provide (S)-4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a colorless oil (4.2 mg, 51%). LCMS: m/e 563.5 (M+H−17) + , 1.77 min (method 1). 1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=6.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.65-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.43 (m, 1H), 3.29 (dt, J=14.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=12.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (d, J=18.9 Hz, 1H), 2.32-1.29 (m, 20H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 3H), 1.19 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 0.99 (s, 6H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 3H). 
       Example 9 and Example 10 
       [0330]    Preparation of (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid and (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(bis(2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0331]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (40 mg, 0.060 mmol), 4-(2-chloroethyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (47.2 mg, 0.239 mmol), potassium iodide (14.87 mg, 0.090 mmol) and potassium phosphate (50.7 mg, 0.239 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was heated up at 100° C. for 3 days. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (1 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 xl mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was dissolved in methanol (1 mL) and purified by prep. HPLC to provide two intermediates: (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate as a colorless oil (8 mg, 16%). LCMS: m/e 831.6 (M+H) + , 2.13 min (method 1) and (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3a-(bis(2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate as colorless oil (15 mg, 25%). LCMS: m/e 992.6 (M+H) + , 2.22 min (method 1). These two intermediates were treated with sodium hydroxide independently as follows: 
         [0332]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (8 mg, 9.62 μmol) and 1N sodium hydroxide (0.151 ml, 0.151 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL) and dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a colorless oil (3 mg, 25%). LCMS: m/e 741.6 (M+H) + , 1.73 min (method 1). 1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=6.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.42 (m, 1H), 3.31 (quin, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 4H), 3.09 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 4H), 3.03 (ddd, J=12.4, 6.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.99-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.69 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.29-1.42 (m, 19H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.22 (dd, J=6.9, 3.8 Hz, 6H), 1.19-1.15 (m, 1H), 1.00 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 6H), 0.97 (s, 3H). 
         [0333]    (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(bis(2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate was treated with NaOH in the same manner described above to afford (S)-4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-(bis(2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a colorless oil (8.1 mg, 56%). LCMS: m/e 902.7 (M+H) + , 1.82 min (method 10).  1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=6.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.27 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.58 (m, 8H), 3.56-3.40 (m, 8H), 3.38-3.05 (m, 6H), 2.98 (dd, J=13.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 2.79-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=17.0 Hz, 1H), 2.33-1.85 (m, 11H), 1.80-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.36 (m, 8H), 1.27-1.05 (m, 11H), 1.03-0.85 (m, 12H). 
       Example 11 and example 12 
       [0334]    Preparation of (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid and 1-(2-(((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-carboxy-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3 a-yl)amino)ethyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)piperidin-1-ium 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0335]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-amino-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (40 mg, 0.060 mmol), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidine (53.9 mg, 0.239 mmol), potassium iodide (14.87 mg, 0.090 mmol) and potassium phosphate (50.7 mg, 0.239 mmol) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was heated up at 90° C. for 25 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×2 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was dissolved in methanol (2 mL) and purified by prep. HPLC to provide two intermediates: (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate as a colorless oil. (12 mg, 24%). LCMS: m/e 859.6 (M+H) − , 2.13 min (method 1) and 1-(2-(((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)amino)ethyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)piperidin-1-ium as colorless oil (13 mg, 21%) . LCMS: m/e 1048.7 (M) + , 1.49 min (method 3). These two intermediates were treated with sodium hydroxide independently as follows: 
         [0336]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (12 mg, 0.014 mmol) and 1N sodium hydroxide (0.140 mL, 0.140 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL) and dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep. HPLC to provide (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-((2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a colorless oil (5 mg, 44%). LCMS: m/e 769.5 (M+H)+, 1.67 min (method 1). 1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=6.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.66-4.42 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.33 (quin, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (tt, J=11.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.17-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.08-2.92 (m, 3H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 2.81 (dd, J=12.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.40-1.90 (m, 14H), 1.89-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 3H), 1.51-1.35 (m, 5H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.22 (dd, J=8.4, 7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.19-1.14 (m, 1H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 6H). 
         [0337]    1-(2-(((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)amino)ethyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)piperidin-1-ium was treated with NaOH in the same manner described above to afford as a 1-(2-(((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-carboxy-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3 a-yl)amino)ethyl)-4-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)piperidin-1-ium colorless oil (5.3 mg, 38%). LCMS: m/e 958.6 (M) + , 1.68 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.28-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.39 (m, 2H), 3.79 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 3.63 (br. s., 2H), 3.51 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.43-3.17 (m, 6H), 3.15-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.93-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 2.73-1.29 (m, 34H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 10H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H). 
       Example 13 
       [0338]    Preparation of (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-2-one 
         [0339]    A mixture of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-acetoxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl acetate (1.5 g, 2.77 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (1.109 g, 27.7 mmol) in THF (40 mL), water (10 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The extracts were combined, washed with brine (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a white solid (1.28 g, 100%). LCMS: m/e 457.4 (M+H) + , 1.94 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 2. Preparation of ((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9 S,11 aR,11bR,13 aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate 
         [0340]    A mixture of (3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-3 a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-2-one (1.28 g, 2.80 mmol), benzoic anhydride (1.268 g, 5.61 mmol) and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (0.342 g, 2.80 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified using silica gel with 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a white solid (1.3 g, 83%). LCMS: m/e 561.4 (M+H) + , 2.46 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 3. Preparation of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate 
         [0341]    A mixture of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate (1.3 g, 2.318 mmol) and pyridinium chlorochromate (1.0 g, 4.64 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified using silica gel with 0-40% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a white solid. (1.1 g, 85%). LCMS: m/e 559.4 (M+H) + , 2.55 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 4. Preparation of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate 
         [0342]    To a solution of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate (210 mg, 0.376 mmol) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-phenyl-N-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (161 mg, 0.451 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.752 mL, 0.752 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×6 mL), the combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude was purified using silica gel with 0-21% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a white solid (150 mg, 58%). LCMS: m/e 691.4 (M+H) + , 3.05 min (method 1). 
         [0343]    Step 5. Preparation of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate 
         [0344]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (89 mg, 0.239 mmol), ((3aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-9-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate (150 mg, 0.217 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (12.54 mg, 10.86 μmol) and sodium carbonate (69.0 mg, 0.651 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) and water (1 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was heated up at 80° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (8 ml) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×6 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a crude. The crude was purified using silica gel with 0-27% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (120 mg, 70%). LCMS: m/e 789.6 (M+H) + , 3.65 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 6. Preparation of (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0345]    A mixture of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate (90 mg, 0.114 mmol) and 1N sodium hydroxide (0.684 mL, 0.684 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (4 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x4 mL). The extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a white solid (60 mg, 88%). LCMS: m/e 595.6 (M+H) + , 2.25 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 7. Preparation of (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-formyl-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0346]    A mixture of (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (35 mg, 0.059 mmol) and pyridinium chlorochromate (19.02 mg, 0.088 mmol) in dioxane (1 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using silica gel with 0-40% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a pale yellow oil (15 mg, 43%). LCMS: m/e 593.45 (M+H) + , 2.48 min (method 1). 
         [0000]    Step 8. A mixture of (S)-1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-formyl-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (15 mg, 0.025 mmol),borane-2-methylpyridine complex (5.41 mg, 0.051 mmol) and 4-(3-aminopropyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (7.30 mg, 0.038 mmol) in methanol (1 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by HPLC with 0-70 actonitrile/water/TFA to provide (S)-4-((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a colorless oil (4 mg, 20%). LCMS: m/e 769.7 (M+H) + , 1.74 min (method 1). 1 H NMR (500MHz, ACETONITRILE-d3) δ5.36 (br. s., 1H), 5.24 (dd, J=6.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.39 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.38 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 4H), 3.32-3.12 (m, 5H), 3.08 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (dd, J=12.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (d, J=19.2 Hz, 1H), 2.31-1.25 (m, 23H), 1.24-1.14 (m, 10H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 6H). 
         [0347]    Preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Step 1. Preparation of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0348]    A solution of ethyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (5.21 g, 40 mmol) and (buta-1,3-dien-2-yloxy)trimethylsilane (8.54 g, 60.0 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was flushed with nitrogen, sealed and heated in a pressure flask at 150° C. for 48 h. The resulting light yellow reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product as an oil which was used for the next step without purification. MS: m/e 201.05 (M+H-silyl) + , 0.839 min (method 4). 
         [0349]    Step 2. Preparation of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0350]    To a solution of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (10.9 g, 40.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added HCl (0.005N) (1 mL, 5.00 μmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 10 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  (5 mL) followed by brine (10 mL). The organic extract was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexanes to give the title compound as a colorless oil (3 g, 37.4%). MS: m/e 200.95 (M+H) + , 0.853 min (method 4).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.28 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 2.57-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.33 (m, 4H), 1.86-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.30 (m, 3H). 
         [0351]    Step 3. Preparation of ethyl 4-oxo-1-((((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0352]    To a stirred mixture of ethyl 1-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (1,170 mg, 5.84 mmol) and pyridine (0.614 mL, 7.60 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at −10° C. was added trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (7.60 mL, 7.60 mmol) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 30 min and washed with ice cold 1N HCl solution and brine. The separated organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed and the residue was used as it without purification. MS: m/e 333.05 (M+H) + , 1.969 min (method 4). 
         [0353]    Step 4. Preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0354]    To a stirred mixture of ethyl 4-oxo-1-((((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (1.941 g, 5.84 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 25° C. was added tetrabutylammonium bifluoride (3.63 mL, 7.01 mmol) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Two layers were formed upon stirring the residue obtained in 50 mL of hexanes. The top layer was decanted to a flask and dried under vacuum to yield a colorless oil. This residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 12 g silica gel column and a 0-35% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to yield the title compound as a colorless oil (0.20 g, 9.0%). MS: m/e 203.15 (M+H) + , 1.470 min (method 4).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.49-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.11 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.35 (m, 4H), 2.33-2.20 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 3H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-223.02-225.00 (m, 1F). 
         [0355]    Step 5. Preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0356]    KHMDS (1.27 mL, 1.27 mmol) was added to a pale yellow solution of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (0.20 g, 0.98 mmol) and 1,1,1-trifluoro-N-phenyl-N-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)methanesulfonamide (0.38 g, 1.07 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at −78° C. The resulting yellow solution was stirred at −78° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride and extracted once with 10 mL of EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 12g silica gel column and a 0-10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to give the title compound as a colorless oil (179 mg, 54.7%).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ5.84-5.69 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.37 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.14 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.22 (m, 3H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.18-225.70 (m, 1F) 
         [0357]    Step 6. To a flask containing ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (0.179 g, 0.53 mmol) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.143 g, 0.56 mmol), potassium acetate (0.156 g, 1.59 mmol), and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) dichloride (0.013 g, 0.016 mmol). The mixture was diluted with dioxane (8 mL), flushed with nitrogen, and heated to 70° C. for 5 h. Upon cooling to rt, the mixture was diluted with water (25 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. The drying agent was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 12 g Isco silica gel column and a 0-10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient. The fractions containing the expected product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as a clear, colorless oil (91 mg, 54%). MS: m/e 313.20 (M+H) + , 2.299 min (method 4).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ6.50 (td, J=3.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.13 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.08 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 15H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.59-226.36 (m, 1F) . 
         [0358]    Alternative method of preparation for the preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0359]    Step 1. Preparation of ethyl 2-(fluoromethyl)acrylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0360]    To the solution of ethyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (5 g, 38.4 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added DAST (6.60 mL, 49.9 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was warmed to 25° C. and continuously stirred for another 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of CH 2 C 12  (20 mL) and NaHCO 3  saturated aqueous solution (20 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with CH 2 C 12  (20 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give a residual oil which was used in the next step without purification.  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ6.49-6.33 (m, 1H), 6.03-5.87 (m, 1H), 6.45-5.84 (m, 2H), 4.27 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).  19 F NMR (470MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-220.33-221.86 (m, 1F). 
         [0361]    Step 2. Preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0362]    A solution of ethyl 2-(fluoromethyl)acrylate (4.7 g, 35.6 mmol)) and (buta-1,3-dien-2-yloxy)trimethylsilane (10.12 g, 71.1 mmol) in toluene (100 mL)) was flushed with nitrogen, sealed and heated at 150° C. in a pressure vessel for 48 h. The resulting pale yellow solution was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuum to give the title compound as an oil which was used in the next step without further purification.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.83 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.64-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.12 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.19-1.99 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.22 (m, 3H), 0.24-0.15 (m, 9H).  19 F NMR (470MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-224.80-225.37 (m, 1F). 
         [0363]    Step 3. Preparation of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0364]    To a solution of ethyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (9.76 g, 35.6 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added HCl (0.005N) (1 mL, 5.00 μmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL), washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO 3  (5 mL) followed by brine (10 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 80 g silica gel column and a 0-25% EtOAc in hexanes gradient. The fraction containing the expected product was collected and concentrated in vacuum to give the title compound as a colorless oil (6.5g, 90.2%).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.59-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.30 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.58-2.34 (m, 6H), 1.88-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-223.54-223.99 (m, 1F). 
         [0365]    Preparation of benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate Method A. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0366]    Step 1. Preparation of ethyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0367]    Into a 3L, 3 neck round bottom flask was placed ethyl 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (100 g, 570 mmol), ethane-1,2-diol (0.159 L, 2849 mmol), ((1S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl)methanesulfonic acid (1.324 g, 5.70 mmol) and dry toluene (1.2 L). A Dean-Stark water trap and a condenser were installed and the mixture heated to reflux with stirring. Immiscible distillate was collected in the Dean-Stark trap and was periodically removed. After 28h of total reflux time, a total of 82 mL of immiscible distillate had been removed from the Dean-Stark trap. After the mixture had cooled to approximately 40° C., sat. NaHCO 3  (400 mL) was added to the reaction mixture with rapid stirring. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, shaken and the phases separated. The organic layer was washed with water (4×500 mL), then with 5% NaHCO 3  (200 mL) and then with brine (100 mL). The organic material was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to give a slightly yellow viscous oil (118.50 g, 97% yield).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.15 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (s, 4H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.96 (dt, J=8.7, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 1.89-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).  13 C NMR (101MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ175.2, 108.1, 64.3, 60.3, 41.6, 33.8, 26.3, 14.3. 
         [0368]    Step 2: Preparation of ethyl 8-formyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0369]    To a −78° C. solution of ethyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (32.31 g, 151 mmol) in THF (250 mL) was added a solution of 2M lithium diisopropylamide (98 mL, 196 mmol) in THF via a cannula over 5 mins. The resulting brown solution was stirred at −78° C. After 1 h, the cold bath was replaced with an ice bath and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was again chilled to −78° C. and treated with a solution of ethyl formate (18.65 mL, 226 mmol) in THF (40 mL) added dropwise over 45 min. The resulting light brown reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. The cold bath was removed and to the mixture was added dropwise saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (250 mL) and the mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. The resulting yellow mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×300 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with 0.5N HCl (300 mL), then with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to a brown viscous oil. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography over silica gel (750 g silica, step elution 9:1 hexanes/EtOAc and 5:1 hexanes/EtOAc) to provide recovered starting material, ethyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (8.6 g, 40.1 mmol, 26.6% yield) and the desired product, ethyl 8-formyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (20.1 g, 83 mmol, 55.0% yield), both as viscous yellow oils.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ9.50 (s, 1H), 4.17 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.94-3.86 (m, 4H), 2.24-2.09 (m, 2H), 2.01 (ddd, J=13.5, 8.3, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). 
         [0370]    Step 3: Preparation of ethyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0371]    To a 0° C. solution of ethyl 8-formyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (28.9 g, 119 mmol) in ethanol (300 mL) was added sodium borohydride (5.30 g, 137 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. After 3h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (200 mL) added dropwise via a dropping funnel. The ice bath was removed and the resulting slurry was treated slowly with H 2 O (150 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered to remove a small amount of white solid. The liquid filtrate was concentrated to remove most of the organic solvent, and the remainder was extracted with EtOAc (4×250 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, concentrated and dried in vacuum to give ethyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (27.7 g, 113 mmol, 95% yield) as a clear viscous oil. The material from this experiment was used directly in the next step without further purification. In a separate experiment the crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO 2 , elution 3:1 hexanes:EtOAc) to give ethyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate in 91% yield.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ4.18 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.98-3.87 (m, 4H), 3.61 (d, 
         [0372]    J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.23 (br. s., 1H), 2.17-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 3H). 
         [0373]    Step 4. Preparation of benzyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0374]    To a solution of ethyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (27.6 g, 113 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and MeOH (50 mL) was added a solution of 3N aqueous lithium hydroxide (45.2 mL, 136 mmol) and the mixture was heated to 60° C. with stirring for 17 h. Additional 3N aqueous lithium hydroxide (30.1 mL, 90 mmol) was then added and the mixture was heated to 60° C. for an additional 14h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and dried in vacuum to give a residue containing the corresponding carboxylate (24.5 g, 107 mmol) which was used without further purification. 
         [0375]    To this residue in DMF (200 mL) was added benzyl bromide (12.98 mL, 107 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 17h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to about half of the original volume, diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (200 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with 3×250 mL EtOAc. The combined organic phase was washed with H 2 O (100 mL), brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to a light yellow viscous oil. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (Sift, elution step gradient 70:30 hex:EtOAc then 1:1 hex:EtOAc) and dried in vacuum to give benzyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (23.1 g, 71.6 mmol, 63% yield over 3 steps).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.40-7.28 (m, 5H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 4H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.34 (br. s., 1H), 2.22-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 2H).  13 C NMR (101 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ175.3, 135.8, 128.5 (s, 2C), 128.1, 127.8, 108.3, 68.5, 66.4, 64.2, 64.1, 48.1, 31.3, 27.9. 
         [0376]    Step 5. Preparation of benzyl 8-((((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)methyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0377]    In a 500 mL round bottom flask were combined benzyl 8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (14.9 g, 48.6 mmol) with dry DCM (250 mL). The solution was chilled in an ice/acetone bath to approx. −10° C. and to it was added pyridine (5.31 mL, 65.7 mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of Tf 2 O (11.09 mL, 65.7 mmol) over 30 min. The slightly yellow suspension was stirred at 0° C. (ice water bath) for 1.5 h. 
         [0378]    The resulting deep orange mixture with significant suspended solids was concentrated in vacuum to leave a residue that was put under vacuum to remove excess triflic anhydride, then the residue was redissolved in DCM (150 mL). The mixture was filtered to remove a significant quantity of white solid which was rinsed with DCM. The deep reddish/orange filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (330 g silica, elution 100% DCM). Product fractions were combined and concentrated to a thick orange oil which was placed under high vacuum with stirring overnight. The color turned to blue/green. Thus was obtained the desired product (20.94 g, 98% yield) as a blue/green viscous oil.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.48-7.30 (m, 5H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.04-3.87 (m, 4H), 2.30-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.56 (m, 6H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-74.39 (s, 1F). 
         [0379]    Step 6. Preparation of benzyl 8-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0380]    In a 500 mL round bottom flask under nitrogen atmosphere were combined benzyl 8-((((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)methyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (20.76 g, 47.4 mmol) with anhydrous THF (150 mL) which was introduced via cannula. To the blue solution was added dropwise via addition funnel TBAF, 1.0M in THF (71.0 mL, 71.0 mmol) dropwise over 15 min. The mixture immediately turned canary yellow when TBAF was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The crude mixture was concentrated to leave a thick oil which was diluted with ethyl acetate (700 mL) and washed with water (2×250 mL) and with brine (100 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to a thick yellow residue. Purification by flash silica gel column chromatography (330 g silica, elution gradient 100% hexanes to 2:1 hexanes:EtOAc) gave the desired product as a yellow oil (13.73 g, 94% yield). LCMS: m/e 309.2 (M+H) + , 1.27 min (method 3).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.44-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.45 (d, J=47.2 Hz, 2H), 4.01-3.89 (m, 4H), 2.28-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.55 (m, 6H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-223.25 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 1F). 
         [0381]    Step 7. In a 2 L round bottom flask cooled in an ice bath were combined benzyl 8-(fluoromethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylate (13.72 g, 44.5 mmol) with THF (500 mL) and then hydrochloric acid, 1.5M aqueous (534 mL, 801 mmol) was added slowly over 2 min. The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at rt for 15 h. 
         [0382]    The mixture was concentrated in vacuum to remove the organic and the remnant was extracted with ethyl acetate (300 mL). The ethyl acetate phase was washed with water (2×200 mL) and with brine (50 mL). Concentration in vacuum provided the desired product (12.13 g, quantitative) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m/e 265.3 (M+H) + , 1.19 min (method 3).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.47-7.32 (m, 5H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.52 (d, J=47.2 Hz, 2H), 2.57-2.42 (m, 4H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m, 2H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-223.41 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 1F). 
         [0383]    Method B 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0384]    Step 1. Preparation of benzyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0385]    In a 1-L flask was placed benzyl acrylate (44.6 mL, 292 mmol), dioxane (290 mL), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (32.7 g, 292 mmol) and water (270 mL). The mixture was vigorously stirred at RT forming an emulsion. To the stirring mixture was added an aqueous solution of formaldehyde (37%, 23.9 mL, 321 mmol) and the stirring was continued for 14 hours at RT. The crude reaction mixture was extracted with methylene chloride (3×150 mL). The organic layers were separated, combined and washed with a 50:50 mixture of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and HCl (0.2 N). Evaporation and concentration in vacuum (2 cm Hg) at 45° C. gave 49.1 g of a free flowing syrup. The crude product was purified on a silica gel column eluted with a gradient mixture of EtOAc/Hexanes to give the title compound as a clear colorless syrup (27 g, 141 mmol, 48%). LCMS: m/e 193.05 (M+H) + , 1.78 min (Method 5).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.50-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.89 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 4.38 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H);  13 C NMR (126MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ166.1, 139.3, 135.7, 128.7, 128.4, 128.2, 126.2, 66.6, 62.7. 
         [0386]    Step 2. Preparation of benzyl 2-(fluoromethyl)acrylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0387]    Benzyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (13.7 g, 71.3 mmol) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride (100 mL) under nitrogen and the mixture was cooled at −78° C. To this stirring solution and using a polyethylene pipette, was added diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST, 13.0 mL, 98 mmol) in 4 portions over a period of 5 minutes. A pale orange solution was formed. Once addition was complete, the dry-ice bath was removed and the reaction temperature was allowed to rise to RT. Stirring continued at RT for a total of 4 hours. The reaction mixture was transferred dropwise, into a chilled (−4° C.) 50:50 mixture of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and water. Once all of the crude reaction mixture was transferred, it was extracted with BHT-stabilized ether (3×150 mL). The organic layers were combined, and washed once with water (50 mL). The solvent from the organic phase was removed in vacuum at sub-ambient temperature (−15° C.) to constant weight (14.2 g, quant.). The crude material was used immediately in the next step.  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.44-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.49-6.43 (m, 1H), 5.99 (dt, J=2.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 5.13 (d, J=46.5 Hz, 2H);  19 F NMR (470MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-220.91 (t, J=46.2 Hz). 
         [0388]    Step 3—Preparation of benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0389]    To a 500 mL resealable pressure vessel was added the crude starting material benzyl 2-(fluoromethyl)acrylate (14.2 g, 73.1 mmol) and (buta-1,3-dien-2-yloxy)trimethylsilane (Sigma Aldrich material used as supplied, 18.73 g, 132 mmol) in toluene (200 mL). The vessel was evacuated to 80 micron Hg at −78° C., followed by purging with nitrogen. The process was repeated twice. The flask was sealed, and warmed to RT before it was immersed into an oil bath at 125° C. for 22 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to RT. A small aliquot (25 μL) was removed from the crude reaction, vacuum-dried at RT for NMR analyses in  1 H and  19 F. The NMR results were consistent with the formation of the title compound and small amount of the corresponding Diels-Alder regioisomer.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.43-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.80 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dq, J=46.9, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.65-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.92-1.78 (m, 1H), 0.24-0.12 (m, 9H);  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-224.76 (t, J=47.7 Hz, 1F) and a minor  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.20 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 0.06F). The crude material was evaporated and dried under vacuum (20 micron Hg) at −35° C. until constant weight (24.6 g, quant.). This crude material was used in the next step as is without further purification. 
         [0390]    Step 4. The crude material from the previous step (24.6 gm, 73 mmol) was dissolved in THF (200 mL) at RT to form a clear solution. Aqueous 1N HCl (2 mL, 2 mmol) and water 4 mL were added. The clear solution was stirred at RT for a total of 16 hours. The crude reaction mixture was quenched with 150 mL of a 50:50 mixture of saturated aqueous ammonium sodium bicarbonate and water. The organic layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×75 mL). The organic layers were combined, and evaporated to dryness to give 18.8 g of a thick syrup. The crude residue was purified using a 330 g silica gel column eluted with a gradient mixture of 0 to 25% v/v of ethyl acetate in hexanes, in ˜25 column volumes to render the title compound (15.6 g, 81.0%). LCMS: m/e 265.15 (M+H) + , 1.60 min (Method 1).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.50-7.30 (m, 5H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 4.43 (d, J=46.9 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.29 (m, 6H), 1.90-1.71 (m, 2H);  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-223.47 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 1F). 
         [0391]    Preparation of (R)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate and (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0392]    Step 1. Preparation of benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0393]    In a 500 mL round bottom flask were combined benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (12.65 g, 47.9 mmol) and N,N-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)aniline (18.81 g, 52.7 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (250 mL). The solution was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. To the cold solution was added dropwise potassium hexamethyldisilazide, 0.5M in toluene (105 mL, 52.7 mmol) over 30 min. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for a total of 2.5 h and was then lifted out of the cold bath and stirred for an additional 20 min at rt. The mixture was placed back in the −78° C. bath and to it was added with stirring 125 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The resulting suspension was removed from the cold bath and allowed to come to rt while stirring. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum to remove the organic solvent, then to the mixture was added ethyl acetate (600 mL) and water (300 mL) and the mixture was shaken and the phases were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (2×200 mL) and with brine (50mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to leave a yellow/orange oil. The crude residue was purified by flash silica gel column chromatography (800 g silica, elution isocratic 3:2 hexanes:DCM). Product fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuum to give the desired product (17.43 g, 92% yield) as a very slightly yellow oil.  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.43-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.78 (br. s., 1H), 5.26-5.15 (m, 2H), 4.52 (dm, J=46.7 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.94 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-73.88 (s, 1F), −225.02 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 1F). 
         [0394]    Step 2. Preparation of benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0395]    In a 500 mL round bottom flask were combined benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (17.42 g, 44.0 mmol), potassium acetate (0.030 g, 0.307 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (11.72 g, 46.1 mmol), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) dichloride (3.03 mg, 3.69 μmol) and anhydrous dioxane (200 mL). The flask was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated to 70° C. After 5 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to rt and stood overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum and the crude deep red residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (600 mL) and water (300 mL). The mixture was shaken and phases were separated. The organic was washed with water (250 mL) and then with brine (100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuum to a deep red viscous oil. Purification of the crude mixture by flash silica gel column chromatography (800 g silica; step elution 1:3 hexanes:DCM for 4 L, then 100% DCM for 5 L. 2 g of material from the mixed fractions from the first purification were repurified over 80 g of silica gel, elution gradient 100% hexanes to 100% DC,) to give the desired product as a colorless thick oil (13.06 g, 79.4% yield). LCMS: m/e 375.3 (M+H) + , 1.52 min (method 3).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.44-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.54 (br. s., 1H), 5.25-5.11 (m, 2H), 4.51 (dm, J=47.4 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H), 2.29-2.10 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 12H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.62 (t, J=45.1 Hz, 1F). 
         [0396]    Step 3. Racemic benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (11.15 g, 0.0298 mmol) was purified by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC Method) to provide the separated single isomer title compounds: (R)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. This was the first isomer to elute from the SFC chiral separation. The product was isolated as a yellow oil (5.45 g, 98% SFC recovery, 99.2% chiral purity).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.42-7.30 (m, 5H), 6.54 (br. s., 1H), 5.24-5.12 (m, 2H), 4.51 (dm, J=47.2 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.10 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 12H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.62 (t, J=46.8 Hz, 1F). 
         [0397]    (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate. This was the second isomer to elute from the SFC chiral separation. The product was isolated as a yellow oil (4.94 g, 89% SFC recovery, 99.3% chiral purity).  1 H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.43-7.31 (m, 5H), 6.54 (br. s., 1H), 5.24-5.13 (m, 2H), 4.52 (dm, J=47.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.10 (m, 3H), 2.01-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 12H).  19 F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-225.61 (t, J=48.6 Hz, 1F). 
         [0398]    Intermediate 1 
         [0399]    Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0400]    Step 1. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-2-one 
         [0401]    To a solution of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-acetoxy-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl acetate (2.00 g, 3.70 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) and methanol (10 mL) was added sodium hydroxide (1N) (18.49 mL, 18.49 mmol). The suspension was warmed to 50° C. for six hours, then cooled to rt and stirred for 18 h. The mixture was partially concentrated under reduced pressure then was acidified with 1N HCl. The solids were collected by filtration and washed with water to give the title compound (1.7 g, 3.7 mmol, 100% yield) as an off-white solid. LC/MS: m/e 457.4 (M+H) + , 1.86 minutes (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ3.77-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.16 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dd, J=12.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (d, J=18.6 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.73 (m, 6H), 1.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 1.72-0.85 (m, 14H), 0.78 (s, 3H), 0.74-0.71 (m, 1H). 
         [0402]    Step 2. Preparation of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carbaldehyde 
         [0403]    To a suspension of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aS)-9-hydroxy-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-2-one (1.69 g, 3.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL) was added PCC (1.994 g, 9.25 mmol) in two portions over 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred at rt. After 5 h an additional 0.5 g of PCC was added and the mixture was stirred at rt. After 6.5 h of stirring (total), the mixture was passed through a plug of silica gel and celite (washed with dichloromethane, then 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexanes). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title product (1.52 g, 3.36 mmol, 91% yield) as an off-white foam. LC/MS: m/e 453.4 (M+H) + , 3.06 minutes (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ9.33 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (spt, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (dd, J=12.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.36 (m, 4H), 2.11-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H), 1.64-0.90 (m, 11H). 
         [0404]    Step 3. (3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-vinyl-3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-2,9(3H)-dione 
         [0405]    A suspension of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1.559 g, 4.37 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and potassium tert-butoxide (1M in THF) (4.70 mL, 4.70 mmol) was added. The mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred for 30 minutes at rt. The mixture was again cooled to 0° C. and a solution of (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,1 1bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2,9-dioxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-octadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carbaldehyde (1.52 g, 3.36 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added to the cooled solution and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes 0° C. The mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and partially concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL), washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient and an 80 g silica gel column to give the title compound (1.15 g, 2.55 mmol, 76% yield) as an off-white solid.  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ5.86 (dd, J=17.7, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=10.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J=17.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (spt, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=12.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.27 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 1H), 2.10-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.64-1.07 (m, 11H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 3H). 
         [0406]    Step 4. Preparation of (3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3a-vinyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yltrifluoromethanesulfonate 
         [0407]    A flask containing a solution of (3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-vinyl-3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,10,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysene-2,9(3H)-dione (1.15 g, 2.55 mmol) and N,N-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)aniline (1.094 g, 3.06 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was cooled to −78° C. To the cooled solution was added LiHMDS (1M in THF) (5.61 mL, 5.61 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C., then was removed from the ice bath and warmed to rt and monitored by TLC. After 45 minutes, TLC showed only a trace of starting material remaining. The mixture was diluted with sat. aq. ammonium chloride solution (40 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0-8% acetone in hexanes gradient and an 80 g silica gel column. The residue was purified again by flash chromatography using a 0-7% acetone in hexanes gradient to give the title compound (1.02 g, 1.750 mmol, 69% yield) as a white foam.  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ5.86 (dd, J=17.7, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (dd, J=10.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J=17.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (spt, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=12.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.13 (d, J=18.6 Hz, 1H), 2.10-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.61-1.07 (m, 10H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 3H).  19 F NMR (471MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ-74.79 (s, 1F). 
         [0408]    Step 5. To a flask containing (3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3a-vinyl-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.1 g, 0.172 mmol) and methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (2.138 mg, 8.58 μmol) was added dichloromethane (2 mL), pyridine (1.665 μl, 0.021 mmol), and 
       Example 14 
       [0409]    Preparation of 4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b, 8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0410]    Step 1. Preparation of methyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoate 
         [0411]    To a sealable vial containing (3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.03 g, 0.050 mmol) was added (4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)boronic acid (0.018 g, 0.100 mmol), phosphoric acid, potassium salt (0.032 g, 0.150 mmol), 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl (S-phos) (1.543 mg, 3.76 μmol), and palladium (II) acetate (0.562 mg, 2.505 μmol). The mixture was diluted with 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) and water (0.2 mL), then was flushed with nitrogen and the vial was sealed and heated to 70° C. After 3 h of heating, the mixture was cooled to rt. The mixture was diluted with water (3 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×4 mL). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient and a 24 g silica gel column to give the title compound along with minor impurities that were carried to the next step with no additional purification (18 mg total). LC/MS: m/e 585.3 (M+H) + , 2.95 minutes (method 1). 
         [0412]    Step 2. Preparation of methyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoate 
         [0413]    To a solution of methyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoate (0.018 g, 0.031 mmol) in t-BuOH (0.5 mL) was added N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.034 mL, 0.308 mmol). The mixture was heated to 75° C. for 9 h and then cooled to rt. The crude reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and purified by prep HPLC (method 1) to give the TFA salt of the title compound (0.008 g, 10.17 ηmol, 33% yield) as a clear film. LC/MS: m/e 673.5 (M+H) + , 1.82 minutes (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.60 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.34-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.52-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.22 (dd, J=17.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.12-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.71 (m, 5H), 1.07 (s, 3H), 1.00 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.95 (s, 3H), 1.67-0.82 (m, 21H). 
         [0414]    Step 3. To a solution of methyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoate, TFA (0.008 g, 10.17 μmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was added NaOH (1N) (0.051 mL, 0.051 mmol) and the mixture was heated to 70° C. After 4 h of heating, the mixture was cooled to rt and stirred overnight. 
         [0415]    The mixture was again heated to 70° C. for 23.5 h and then, it was cooled to rt. An additional 0.051 mL of 1N NaOH was added and the mixture was heated to 70° C. for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and purified by prep HPLC (method 2) to give the bis TFA salt of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoic acid (0.0043 g, 0.0048 mmol, 47% yield) as a white solid. LC/MS: m/e 659.4 (M+H) − , 1.54 minutes (method 1).  1 H NMR (500MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ8.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.40 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.17 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (dd, J=11.6, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 6H), 2.58 (d, J=18.8 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.06 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 3H), 2.33-0.75 (m, 26H). 
       Example 15 
       [0416]    Preparation of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((4-chlorobenzyl)(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0417]    Step 1. Preparation of ethyl 4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR, 11 aS, 11bR,13 aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8, 11,11a, 11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0418]    To vial containing (3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR, 11aR, 11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8, 11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.07 g, 0.117 mmol) was added ethyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (0.033 g, 0.117 mmol), (prepared as described in WO 20131230822), phosphoric acid, potassium salt (0.074 g, 0.351 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (1.312 mg, 5.85 μmol), and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl (S-phos) (3.60 mg, 8.77 μmol). The mixture was flushed with nitrogen, then the vial was sealed and heated to 65-70° C. After 10 h of heating, the mixture was cooled to rt. The mixture was diluted with water (7 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 10 mL). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0-25% EtOAc in hexanes gradient and a 12 g silica gel column to give 0.057g of the title compound as a mixture of isomers. LC/MS: m/e 603.5 (M+H) + , 3.28 minutes (method 1). 
         [0419]    Step 2: Preparation of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0420]    To a solution of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-3a-(oxiran-2-yl)-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (0.057 g, 0.095 mmol) in t-BuOH (1 mL) was added N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.104 mL, 0.945 mmol) and the mixture was heated to 75° C. After 23 h of heating, the mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with methanol, and purified by prep HPLC (method 2). The fractions containing the product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with dichloromethane (15 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO 3 . The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the diastereomeric mixture of the title compound (0.029 g, 0.042 mmol, 44% yield) as a clear, colorless film. LC/MS: m/e 691.6 (M+H) + , 1.90 minutes (method 1). 
         [0421]    Step 3. Preparation of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((4-chlorobenzyl)(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0422]    To a solution of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (0.029 g, 0.042 mmol) in dichloromethane (1 mL) was added 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (8.25 mg, 0.063 mmol) followed by sodium cyanoborohydride (5.27 mg, 0.084 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt t for 16 h, then an additional 4 mg of 4-cyanobenzaldehyde followed by 5 mg of sodium cyanoborohydride were added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h and then diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep HPLC (method 1) to give the bis TFA salt of the diasteromeric mixture of the title compound (0.015 g, 0.014 mmol, 34% yield) as a clear, colorless film. LC/MS: m/e 815.6 (M+H) + , 2.30 minutes (method 1). 
         [0423]    Step 4. To a solution of ethyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((4-chlorobenzyl)(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, 2 TFA (0.015 g, 0.014 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) and methanol (0.5 mL) was added sodium hydroxide (1N) (0.092 mL, 0.092 mmol). The mixture was heated to 75° C. for 16 h then was cooled to rt and was purified by prep HPLC (method 1) to give the bis TFA salt of 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(2-((4-chlorobenzyl)(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid (0.007 g, 6.89 μmol, 49% yield) as a white film. LC/MS: m/e 787.6 (M+H) + , 1.90 minutes (method 1). Some of the characteristic chemical shifts of the diasteromeric mixture are as follows:  1 H NMR (500MHz, Acetic Acid-d4) δ7.66-7.61 (m, 1.25 H), 7.59-7.55 (m, 0.75H), 7.52-7.47 (m, 2H), 5.40 (br. s., 1H), 5.25 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.20 (m, 2H), 2.99 (s, 2.25H), 2.94 (s, 3.75H). 
       Example 16 
       [0424]    Preparation of (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13a5)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13 a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0425]    Step 1. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3 aR,5 aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0426]    A mixture of ((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13a5)-9-((S)-4-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-4-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl benzoate (350 mg, 0.444 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (2.218 mL, 2.218 mmol) in THF (6 mL), water (3 mL) and MeOH (3 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 15 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude intermediate. 
         [0427]    To this crude in DMF (8 mL) was added potassium carbonate (184 mg, 1.331 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.079 mL, 0.665 mmol). The reaction mixture were stirred for 36 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10 mL distilled water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified in silica gel with 0-47% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the desired product as a white solid (200 mg, 66%). LCMS: m/e 685.7 (M+H) + , 3.03 min (method 1). 
         [0428]    Step 2. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-formyl-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (200 mg, 0.292 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (8 mL) and pyridinium chlorochromate (126 mg, 0.584 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified in silica gel with 0-45% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the desired product as a white solid (180 mg, 90%). LCMS: m/e 683.7 (M+H) + , 3.50 min (method 1). 
         [0429]    Step 3. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0430]    A mixture of(S)-benzyl 1-(fluoromethyl)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-formyl-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (180 mg, 0.264 mmol) , 4-(3-aminopropyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (65.9 mg, 0.343 mmol) and borane-2-methylpyridine complex (56.4 mg, 0.527 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) and acetic acid (1 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified in silica gel with 0-90% acetone/dichloromethane to provide the desired product as a pale yellow solid (190 mg, 84%). LCMS: m/e 859.9 (M+H) + , 2.20 min (method 1). 
         [0431]    Step 4. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0432]    To a solution of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a4(3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (190 mg, 0.221 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (6 mL) was added 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (114 mg, 0.553 mmol) followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.112 mL, 0.663 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature, then quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×4 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified in silica gel with 0-80% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the product as colorless oil (100 mg, 46%). LCMS: m/e 991.9 (M+H) + , 2.54 min (method 1). 
         [0433]    Step 5. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0434]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-4,5,5 a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (80 mg, 0.081 mmol), phenylboronic acid (11.81 mg, 0.097 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (4.66 mg, 4.04 μmol) and sodium bicarbonate 33.9 mg, 0.404 mmol) in toluene (4 mL) and water (2 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (6 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×8 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified in silica gel with 0-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (40 mg, 52%). LCMS: m/e 919.9 (M+H) + , 2.52 min (method 1). 
         [0435]    Step 6. A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (15 mg, 0.016 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (30.8 mg, 0.065 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) and water (0.3 mL) was stirred at 20° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by prep. HPLC with 0-80 acetonitrile/water/TFA in Phenomenex Luna C18 30×100 S10 to provide (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3a-(((3-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)propyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid as a white solid (2.5 mg, 18%). LCMS: m/e 829.60 (M+H) + , 2.78 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (Acetone) δ: 7.24-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 5.38 (br. s., 1H), 5.21-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.01-3.18 (m, 8H), 2.94 (dd, J=12.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.60 (d, J=16.4 Hz, 1H), 1.07-2.42 (m, 24H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 0.95-1.06 (m, 12H), 0.84-0.94 (m, 6H). 
       Example 17 
       [0436]    Preparation of (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13a5)-3a4-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0437]    Step 1. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0438]    A mixture of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-amino-1-isopropyl-5 a,5b, 8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3 a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11 a,11b,12,13,13 a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (320 mg, 0.478 mmol), 4-(2-chloroethyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (189 mg, 0.955 mmol), potassium iodide (119 mg, 0.716 mmol) and potassium phosphate (406 mg, 1.911 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was heated up at 100° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×15 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified silica gel with 0-40% acetone/dichloromethane to provide the title compound (240 mg, 61%). LCMS: m/e 831.6 (M+H) + , 2.22 min (method 1). 
         [0439]    Step 2. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 4-((3 aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13 aS)-3 a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11 a-pentamethyl-2-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-4,5,5 a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 
         [0440]    To a solution of (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-oxo-3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate (240 mg, 0.289 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (6 mL) was added 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (148 mg, 0.722 mmol) followed by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.098 mL, 0.577 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed up to room temperature and then heated up at 70° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×4 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified in silica gel with 0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the title compound as colorless oil (110 mg, 40%). LCMS: m/e 963.5 (M+H) + , 2.42 min (method 1). 
         [0441]    Step 3. A mixture of benzyl (S)-4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aS,11bR,13aS)-3a-((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-(((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)oxy)-3a,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-4H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate (24 mg, 0.025 mmol), phenylboronic acid (3.59 mg, 0.029 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (1.419 mg, 1.228 μmol) and sodium bicarbonate (10.32 mg, 0.123 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was heated up at 80° C. for 3. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (2 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×2 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was filtered through a pad of silica gel using 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the intermediate silyl ester as a yellow oil. 
         [0442]    The silyl ester intermediate was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) and water (0.3 mL) and treated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (25.4 mg, 0.054 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 3 h and then purified by prep. HPLC with 0-80% acetonitrile/water/TFA in Phenomenex Luna C18 30×100 S10 to provide (S)-benzyl 4-((3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11 aS,11bR,13 aS)-3a-(((2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-1-isopropyl-5a,5b, 8,8,11a-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl)-1-(fluoromethyl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate as a white solid (1.5 mg, 7%). LCMS: m/e 801.8 (M+H)+, 2.15 min (method 1).  1 H NMR (METHANOL-d4) δ: 7.38-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.36 (m, 2H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 5.58 (s., 1H), 4.90-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.48 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.07-3.23 (m, 8H), 2.77-2.98 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.41 (m, 1H), 1.46-2.21 (m, 18H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.89-0.97 (m, 6H). 
         [0443]    HIV cell culture assay—MT-2 cells and 293T cells were obtained from the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program. MT-2 cells were propagated in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/mL penicillin G and up to 100 units/mL streptomycin. The 293T cells were propagated in DMEM media supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 units/mL penicillin G and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. The proviral DNA clone of NL4-3 was obtained from the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program. A recombinant NL4-3 virus, in which a section of the nef gene from NL4-3 was replaced with the Renilla luciferase gene, was used as a reference virus. In addition, residue Gag P373 was converted to P373S. Briefly, the recombinant virus was prepared by transfection of the altered proviral clone of NL4-3. Transfections were performed in 293T cells using LipofectAMINE PLUS from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.), according to manufacturer&#39;s instruction. The virus was titered in MT-2 cells using luciferase enzyme activity as a marker. Luciferase was quantitated using the Dual Luciferase kit from Promega (Madison, Wis.), with modifications to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. The diluted Passive Lysis solution was pre-mixed with the re-suspended Luciferase Assay Reagent and the re-suspended Stop &amp; Glo Substrate (2:1:1 ratio). Fifty (50) μL of the mixture was added to each aspirated well on assay plates and luciferase activity was measured immediately on a Wallac TriLux (Perkin-Elmer). Antiviral activities of inhibitors toward the recombinant virus were quantified by measuring luciferase activity in cells infected for 4-5 days with NLRluc recombinants in the presence serial dilutions of the inhibitor. The ECso data for the compounds is shown in Table 1. 
         [0444]    Biological Data Key for ECso 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Compounds with EC 50  &gt;0.1 μM 
                 Compounds with EC 50  ≦0.1 μM 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Group “B” 
                 Group “A” 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 EC50 
               
               
                 # 
                 Structure 
                 (μM) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  1 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1.93E−03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 9.73E−04 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 5.36E−03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 2.64E−03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 10.9E−02 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0445]    The foregoing description is merely illustrative and should not be understood to limit the scope or underlying principles of the invention in any way. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examples and the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.