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Solar Cell - Fill Factor (with maximum power point)
Solar cell efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar cell to the incident energy in the form of sunlight. The energy conversion efficiency (η) of a solar cell is the percentage of the solar energy to which the cell is exposed that is converted into electrical energy.
By convention, solar cell efficiencies are measured under standard test conditions (STC) unless stated otherwise. STC specifies a temperature of 25 °C and an irradiance (G) of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum. These conditions correspond to a clear day with sunlight incident upon a sun-facing 37°-tilted surface with the sun at an angle of 41.81° above the horizon. This represents solar noon near the spring and autumn equinoxes in the continental United States with surface of the cell aimed directly at the sun. Under these test conditions a solar cell of 20% efficiency with a 100 cm2 ( (10 cm)2 ) surface area would produce 2.0 W.
The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system. For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m² will produce 200 W at STC, but it can produce more when the sun is high in the sky and will produce less in cloudy conditions and when the sun is low in the sky. In central Colorado, which receives annual insolation of 2200 kWh/m², such a panel can be expected to produce 440 kWh of energy per year. However, in Michigan, which receives only 1400 kWh/m²/yr, annual energy yield will drop to 280 kWh for the same panel. At more northerly European latitudes, yields are significantly lower: 175 kWh annual energy yield in southern England.
Several factors affect a cell’s conversion efficiency value, including its reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency, and conduction efficiency values. Because these parameters can be difficult to measure directly, other parameters are measured instead, including quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency value, as they affect “external quantum efficiency.” Recombination losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor values. Resistive losses are predominantly accounted for by the fill factor value, but also contribute to the quantum efficiency and VOC ratio values.
As of September 2013, the highest efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction cells at high solar concentrations (44.7% by the Fraunhofer ISE, Soitec, CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin).
Another defining term in the overall behavior of a solar cell is the fill factor (FF).The fill factor is directly affected by the values of the cell’s series and shunt resistances. Increasing the shunt resistance (Rsh) and decreasing the series resistance (Rs) lead to a higher fill factor, thus resulting in greater efficiency, and bringing the cell’s output power closer to its theoretical maximum.
The fill factor formula is shown here.Related formulas
|FF||fill factor (dimensionless)|
|Pm||cell's power output (in watts) at its maximum power point (watt)|
|VOC||open circuit voltage (V)|
|ISC||short circuit current (A)| | <urn:uuid:23a0e8e8-bdcb-434c-b22f-75c6ec22d6d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Solar+Cell+-+Fill+Factor+%28with+maximum+power+point%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142603.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217145609-20200217175609-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.89696 | 733 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Earthworms can reproduce in Mars soil simulant
Two young worms are the first offspring in a Mars soil experiment at Wageningen University & Research. Biologist Wieger Wamelink found them in a Mars soil simulant that he obtained from NASA. At the start he only added adult worms. The experiments are crucial in the study that aims to determine whether people can keep themselves alive at the red planet by growing their own crops on Mars soils.
To feed future humans on Mars a sustainable closed agricultural ecosystem is a necessity. Worms will play a crucial role in this system as they break down and recycle dead organic matter. The poop and pee of the (human) Martian will also have to be used to fertilise the soil, but for practical and safety reasons we are presently using pig slurry. We have since been observing the growth of rucola (rocket) in Mars soil simulant provided by NASA to which worms and slurry have been added. "Clearly, the manure stimulated growth, especially in the Mars soil simulant, and we saw that the worms were active. However, the best surprise came at the end of the experiment when we found two young worms in the Mars soil simulant," said Wieger Wamelink of Wageningen University & Research.
"The positive effect of adding manure was not unexpected," added Wamelink, 'but we were surprised that it makes Mars soil simulant outperform Earth silver sand." We added organic matter from earlier experiments to both sands. We added the manure to a sample of the pots and then, after germination of the rucola, we added the worms. We therefore ended up with pots with all possible combinations with the exception of organic matter which was added to all of the pots.
Worms are very important for a healthy soil, not only on Earth but also in future indoor gardens on Mars or the moon. They thrive on dead organic matter such as old plant remains, which they eat, chew and mix with soil before they excrete it. This poo still contains organic matter that is broken down further by bacteria, thus releasing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium for use by the plants. By digging burrows the worms also aerate and improve the structure of the soil, making watering the plants more effective. The latter proved to be very important in earlier experiments where water would not easily penetrate the soil. Wamelink confirmed that: 'the application of worms will solve this problem."
To feed the future humans living on Mars or the moon the project Food for Mars and Moon aims to set up a sustainable agricultural system. It is based on the presence of soils and water (in the form of ice) on both Mars and the moon, and for the Earth-based research we are using soil simulants delivered by NASA. The simulants originate from a volcano in Hawaii (Mars) and a desert in Arizona (moon). The experiments started in 2013. Nowadays we are able to grow over a dozen crops, the only species that has resisted our efforts so far is spinach. However crops such as green beans, peas, radish, tomato, potato, rucola, carrot and garden cress all seem possible. The crops were analysed for heavy metals and also alkaloids to check their safety for human consumption. After passing these tests we organized a dinner based on the harvested crops for the people that supported our research via the crowdfunding campaign. | <urn:uuid:7706ed17-c651-4da1-95a1-7e38eb2c2eef> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://phys.org/news/2017-11-earthworms-mars-soil-simulant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146160.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225202625-20200225232625-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.958898 | 698 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Baptists in America: A History. By Thomas Kidd and Barry Hankins. Oxford University Press; 352 pages; $29.95.
IN 1995, a century and a half after it was founded by supporters of slavery, the Southern Baptist Convention apologised to African-Americans. “We genuinely repent of racism of which we have been guilty,” wrote the group, which had by then become America’s largest Protestant denomination.
It was a landmark moment, reflective of a complex and chequered history. American Baptists’ roots lie in the noble struggle for religious liberty. In colonial times they were a tormented minority, their preachers sometimes clapped into prison. Baptists held that only declared believers should be baptised, which offended other Protestants, who thought that infants should get a dipping. Some also complained that the Baptist rituals were too ostentatious. One 18th-century Anglican clergyman wrote that the Baptists gave the rite to “lascivious persons of both sexes” who wore “very thin linen drawers…which when wet, so closely adheres to the limbs, as exposes the nudities equally as if none at all.” As independence came, Baptists joined Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in an ultimately successful push for the separation of church and state. (Many colonies had had official churches, to which tax dollars flowed.) It was a vital and enduring victory for America.
But as the Baptist movement spread, racism became virtually inextricable from the church’s existence, particularly in the South. The Southern Baptists broke from their northern brethren in 1845, as war between the states loomed. English Baptists urged their American counterparts to ditch slavery, but to no avail. After the war, white Southern Baptists enthusiastically endorsed segregation, and some Ku Klux Klan leaders came from their ranks. At the same time, black Baptists’ numbers ballooned—Martin Luther King grew up a member of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia.
“Baptists in America” is an illuminating book, if at times dense. The authors, Thomas Kidd and Barry Hankins, both history professors at Baylor University, a Baptist institution in Texas, wrestle capably with the oddly difficult question of what defines Baptists. Yet they sometimes skip too quickly over fascinating details. Why were white preachers often installed at black Baptist churches before the civil war? Why did urban black Baptist churches initially resist gospel music, with its rural overtones? How did black Baptists’ missionary efforts fare in Africa? The authors also miss chances to compare Baptists’ stances with those of their counterparts in other denominations on issues such as the biblical justification for holding slaves.
What is clear is that Southern Baptists, for all their heritage of separation of church and state, have built themselves into a powerful juggernaut. They underpin opposition to abortion and gay marriage, a throwback, Mr Kidd and Mr Hankins argue, to their roots as outsiders resisting the mainstream. But white Southern Baptists will forever labour in the shadow of having been badly wrong on civil rights. As recently as this year, Southern Baptist leaders were publicly calling for the integration of churches. Plenty of work clearly remains to be done.
This article appeared in the Books and arts section of the print edition under the headline "Dipped in controversy" | <urn:uuid:43fa7403-91bb-4e77-9dbd-01c9eabfa993> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2015/06/13/dipped-in-controversy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.973969 | 691 | 3.421875 | 3 |
We can all remember the fairy tales we were read as children - the colourful characters, the compelling plot-lines and the overarching message that the story was trying to tell. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves taught us not to give in to vanity, Pinocchio taught us to tell the truth, and Cinderella taught us to behave well in the face of adversity to eventually receive our reward.
Fairy tales, have been used for hundreds of years as learning tools. Now, in the world of online learning, we can still use the fairy tale formula in the creation of training courses. Stories work as learning tools because people connect with the characters on a human level and the familiar structure of a story helps them remember the message that is being conveyed.
The question is, how do we get from informative subject fact sheets or slides, to an engaging story with memorable characters? And how do we ensure that we don't lose the teaching focus along the way? We have come up with 5 tips to help get you started on your story-telling journey.
At school, the teacher always tells pupils that an essay needs a 'beginning,' a 'middle' and an 'end.' This is exactly what is required when setting out to write an educational story. You need to start by identifying the problem and use your characters to establish how to solve the problem. Next you need the middle - the actions that your characters will take to solve the problem. Finally, you need the solution - have your characters achieved what they set out to do? What have they learnt in the process of getting there?
The most important thing to remember when introducing characters to the story is that every character must serve a purpose. The reason you are creating this story is to use as a teaching method, there's no point in getting side-tracked developing characters that offer nothing to the overall message.
Keep it simple. If you have your beginning, middle and end firmly in mind, this should be easy. Don't go off on tangential story threads that over-complicate the message. Your story will have much more impact if the story is simple, linear and easy to understand.
4) The Tools
Find a good balance of text, interactions and imagery. People are used to reading stories, so you may be able to get away with more text when writing a story format eLearning course than you would otherwise. Equally 'a picture tells a thousand words' so making sure you use good imagery will help you convey your message. And it is a story, so you can have fun with it - using interactions such as drag and drop, slide and reveal and flipping panels (as in SkillGate WhizzAuthor), can help you make your story more interactive and memorable.
5) Use real life scenarios
It's much easier to write what you know than to make it up. Draw from your real life experiences to build your characters and situations. You will be able to write much more convincingly if you really understand what you are writing about. | <urn:uuid:6f4fd6d6-03e1-4031-aa49-234162e54c97> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://whizzauthor.com/index_about_n.cfm?ref=4373&email=0&news=467&CFID=125104978&CFTOKEN=41273935&debug=5102 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144637.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220035657-20200220065657-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.951645 | 612 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Results are in: Children placed in one of the city’s free pre-K classrooms are likely to show skills linked to positive outcomes long-term. That’s according to two national assessment tools, results from which Mayor Bill de Blasio’s administration announced Friday.
Children in the vast majority of these programs are more likely to demonstrate reading, math, and social skills, such as using expanded vocabulary, understanding shapes, and showing independence.
Roughly 95 percent of city programs that were evaluated met or exceeded the threshold that predicts positive student outcomes under the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale—Revised. It represents a 7 percentage point increase since 2016-17. This rating scale looks at how classrooms are set up to provide instruction. It also evaluates whether a space is clean and well-maintained with child-size furniture. Also factored in: whether meals and snacks are well-balanced, and whether children’s work is displayed throughout the room.
Additionally, 99.8% of pre-K sites met at least one of three thresholds for positive student outcomes under the Classroom Assessment Scoring System during the 2018-19 school year. That’s up nearly 1 percentage point since 2016-17. This tool looks at the quality of interactions between teachers and students and how well kids are emotionally supported. It zooms in on whether teachers are sensitive and responsive to students’ perspectives and work to create a positive classroom environment.
“The city’s steady progress on key indicators of pre-K instructional quality is very encouraging,” Bank Street College President Shael Polakow-Suransky, said in a statement, “and is the result of the deep work on the part of teachers, coaches, principals, center directors and the Division of early childhood to build strong professional learning communities.”
Most children in the city’s free pre-K program — serving some 70,000 children who turn 4 during the calendar year — attend schools run by community organizations. Teachers in these programs have historically been paid far less than their counterparts in classrooms run by the education department. Those providers have recently warned that the quality of programs would sag if the city didn’t close the wage gap, which could exceed $15,000 for starting teachers. Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Council members recently struck massive deals to narrow those disparities.
The results released Friday reflected well on the pre-K initiative, the education achievement de Blasio touts most often.
“The first and most important thing is kudos to the Department of Education for collecting this data because many programs don’t, and it’s the only way for improvement to occur,” said Ellen Frede, co-director at the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University.
She added, “Could it be better? Yes. That’s the whole idea. We don’t collect the data to just feel good about the program. We do it to improve the program.”
But she said the results aren’t the only metric parents should consider. It’s even more important for them to visit pres-K classrooms, observe the interactions between teachers and students, and see the social-emotional learning is going on there, according to Frede. “I’m a firm believer in spending some time in the program, and asking, ‘Would I be happy if I were spending six hours a day here?’ ‘Would I have opportunities to play with my friends?’ ‘Would I be safe?’” she said.
The city said it has already seen tangible results from the program, based on third-grade state test scores last year from the first group who entered the city’s expanded pre-K program when it launched in 2014. Third-grade students who attended the city’s free pre-K programs outperformed students who did not. In addition, the gaps in test scores between white and black students and between white and Hispanic students were narrower for students in universal pre-K programs compared to those who were not in such programs.
“We know that when students get in the classroom at a younger age, they are set up for academic success in later years, and this is evidence that in New York City, Pre-K for All is a strong foundation for our students,” Schools Chancellor Richard Carranza said in a statement.
The city’s free public pre-K programs save New York City families an average of $10,000 per year on childcare costs, city officials say.
The city also runs a free pre-K program for 3-year-olds, which will be in 16 of its 32 school districts this September. It is expected to serve an estimated 26,000 children. Applications for 3-K remain open until Apr. 24. | <urn:uuid:c8222400-6f40-4169-9343-f6a1a3e134a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2020/02/14/looking-for-a-public-pre-k-program-in-nyc-odds-are-that-youll-find-a-good-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146066.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225110721-20200225140721-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.958268 | 1,006 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What Is Stewardship?
We are to give ourselves to God as living sacrifices. This means we are to give our time, our energy, and our very selves to Him as acts of worship and gratitude. But we must always be aware that God has given us these and all things. Biblical giving, therefore, is done in the context of stewardship, our management of the good things the Father showers upon us.
We are to give ourselves to God as living sacrifices
The concept of stewardship begins with creation. Creation is celebrated not only in Genesis but throughout Scripture, especially in the Psalms, where God’s ownership of the universe is declared: “The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness, the world and those who dwell therein” (Ps. 24:1). God is the author of all things, the Creator of all things, and the owner of all things. Whatever God makes, He owns. What we own, we own as stewards who have been given gifts from God Himself. God has the ultimate ownership of all of our “possessions.” He has loaned these things to us and expects us to manage them in a way that will honor and glorify Him.
The word that is translated “stewardship” in the Bible is the Greek word oikonomia, from which we get our word economy. It is two distinct words joined together to create a new word: oikos, which comes from the Greek word for house, and nomos, the Greek word for law. The word that is translated “stewardship” literally means “house law” or “house rule.”
In the ancient culture, the steward was not the owner of the house. Rather, he was hired by the owner to manage his house affairs. The steward managed the property and was responsible to allocate the resources of the home. It was his job to make sure that the cupboards were filled with food, the money was taken care of, the grounds were tended, and the house was kept in good repair.
Humankind’s stewardship began in the Garden of Eden, where God gave Adam and Eve full dominion over the entire creation. Adam and Eve were not given ownership of the world; rather, they were given the responsibility of managing it. They were to insure that the garden was tilled and cultivated, and not abused or exploited, and that the goods God provided were neither spoiled nor wasted. So what we are talking about, fundamentally, when we discuss biblical stewardship is responsibility for managing or allocating resources that do not belong to us. They belong, ultimately, to God.
This excerpt is from R.C. Sproul’s Five Things Every Christian Needs to Grow. | <urn:uuid:da5f1390-0e45-4fe1-bf5d-c70f7b72c79e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ligonier.org/blog/what-stewardship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147154.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228104413-20200228134413-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.984711 | 581 | 2.625 | 3 |
On the heath the witches appear. They call themselves the "weird sisters" (1.3.30) and brag of their dread and magical deeds such as killing swine and cursing a sailor to waste away.
The witches are established as both wicked and magically powerful.
Macbeth and Banquo enter. The witches hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and "king hereafter" (1.3.47). Banquo asks Macbeth why he seems to fear this good news, then questions the witches about his own future. They say that Banquo is "lesser than Macbeth and greater" (1.3.63) because though he'll never be king, his descendants will.
Does the fear Banquo notes in Macbeth signal that Macbeth's doomed struggle against his ambition starts the instant he hears the prophecy?
Macbeth asks how the witches know this information. But the witches vanish, making the two men wonder if they could have imagined the whole thing. Just then, Ross and Angus enter. They tell Macbeth that the old Thane of Cawdor was a traitor and that Duncan has made Macbeth the new Thane of Cawdor.
The prophecy is fulfilled and the witches' power is proved to be genuine. The traitorous old Thane of Cawdor is replaced by Macbeth.
Macbeth and Banquo are shocked. Macbeth asks Banquo if he now thinks that his children will be king. Banquo seems unsure, and comments that "instruments of darkness" sometimes tell half truths to bring men to ruin.
As Banquo talks with Ross and Angus, Macbeth ponders the prophecy. If it's evil, why would it truly predict his being made Thane of Cawdor? If it's good, why would he already be contemplating murder, a thought that makes "my seated heart knock at my ribs" (1.3.134-136)? Macbeth feels that he's losing himself, and hopes that if fate says he'll become king, he won't have to act to make it happen.
Macbeth is already thinking about killing Duncan, but the thought terrifies him: he's struggling against his ambition. His thoughts about fate are classic: does fate happen no matter what, or must one act?
Ross and Angus think Macbeth's reverie is caused by becoming Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo agree to speak about the witches' prophecy later.
This exchange with Banquo is the last time Macbeth is honest in the play. | <urn:uuid:1bfb1123-c772-4055-88d3-dac81270a650> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/macbeth/act-1-scene-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144637.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220035657-20200220065657-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.972979 | 563 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Can the eclectic medieval history of the world's most conquered island be a lesson for our times?
Home to Normans, Byzantines, Arabs, Germans and Jews, 12th-century Sicily was a crossroads of cultures and faiths, the epitome of diversity. Here Europe, Asia and Africa met, with magical results. Bilingualism was the norm, women's rights were defended, and the environment was protected. Literacy among Sicilians soared; it was higher during this ephemeral golden age than it was seven centuries later.
But this book is about more than Sicily. It is a singular, enduring lesson in the way multicultural diversity can be encouraged, with the result being a prosperous society. While its focus is the civilizations that flourished during the island's multicultural medieval period from 1060 to 1260, most of Sicily's complex history to the end of the Middle Ages is outlined. Idrisi is mentioned, but so is Archimedes.
Introductory background chapters begin in the Neolithic, continuing to the history of the contested island under Punics and Greeks. Every civilization that populated the island is covered, including Romans, Goths, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Germans, Angevins, Aragonese and Jews, with profiles of important historical figures and sites. Religion, law, geography and cuisine are also considered.
The authors' narrative is interesting but never pedantic, intended for the general reader rather than the expert in anthropology, theology, art or architecture. They are not obsessed with arcane terminology, and they don't advocate a specific agenda or world view. Here two erudite scholars take their case to the people.
Yes, this book actually sets forth the entirety of ancient and medieval Sicilian history from the earliest times until around 1500, and it presents a few nuggets of the authors' groundbreaking research in medieval manuscripts. Unlike most authors who write in English about Sicily, perhaps visiting the island for brief research trips, these two are actually based in Sicily, where their work appears on a popular website. Sicily aficionados will be familiar with their writings, which have been read by some ten million during the last five years, far eclipsing the readership of any other historians who write about Sicily. Alio and Mendola are the undisputed, international "rock stars" of Sicilian historical writing, with their own devoted fan base. Every minute of the day somebody is reading their online articles.
This is a great book for anybody who is meeting Sicily for the first time, the most significant 'general' history of the island published in fifty years and certainly one of the most eloquent. It has a detailed chronology, a useful reading list, and a brief guide suggesting places to visit. The book's structure facilitates its use as a ready reference. It would have run to around 600 pages, instead of 368 (on archival-quality, acid-free paper), were it not for the slightly smaller print of the appendices, where the chronology, the longest Sicilian timeline ever published, is 20 pages long.
Unlike most histories of Sicily, the approach to this one is multifaceted and multidisciplinary. In what may be a milestone in Sicilian historiography, a section dedicated to population genetics explains how Sicily's historic diversity is reflected in its plethora of haplogroups.
Here medieval Sicily is viewed as an example of a tolerant, multicultural society and perhaps even a model. It is an unusually inspiring message. One reader was moved to tears as she read the preface.
Can a book change our view of cultures and perhaps even the way we look at history? This one just might.
Meet the peoples!
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Veterinarians’ work can sometimes be emotionally stressful, as they deal with sick animals and the animals’ anxious owners. Some work nights and weekends, and long hours. They may have to respond to emergencies.
Working on farms and ranches or with wildlife can also be physically demanding. Those who specialize in food animals or horses work outdoors in all kinds of weather and may have to perform surgery, often under unsanitary conditions.
Veterinarians who conduct research work primarily in offices and laboratories and spend much of their time dealing with people, rather than animals.
Most veterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals; others travel to farms, work in laboratories or classrooms, or work for the government. Veterinarians who treat horses or food animals must travel between their offices and farms and ranches.
Employment of veterinarians is projected to grow 19 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Increases in consumers’ pet-related spending are expected to drive employment in the veterinary services industry, which employs most veterinarians.
Veterinary medicine has advanced considerably. Today’s veterinarians are able to offer many services that are comparable to healthcare for humans, including more complicated procedures such as cancer treatments and kidney transplants.
Veterinarians must complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) degree at an accredited college of veterinary medicine. A veterinary medicine program generally takes 4 years to complete and includes classroom, laboratory, and clinical components.
Although not required, most applicants to veterinary school have a bachelor’s degree. Veterinary medical colleges typically require applicants to have taken many science classes, including biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, zoology, microbiology, and animal science. Most programs also require math and humanities and social science courses.
In veterinary medicine programs, students take courses on normal animal anatomy and physiology, as well as disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Most programs include 3 years of classroom, laboratory, and clinical work. Students typically spend the final year of the 4-year program doing clinical rotations in a veterinary medical center or hospital. In veterinary schools today, increasingly, courses include general business management and career development classes, to help new veterinarians learn how to effectively run a practice.
There are currently no educational opportunities in Connecticut to become a veterinarian.
Licensure is required in the state of Connecticut. Requirements:
Doctor of veterinary medicine degree or its equivalent from a school of veterinary medicine, dentistry or surgery which, at the time of graduation, was accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA);
Successful completion the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE) or the National Board Examination (NBE) and Clinical Competency Test (CCT) in Veterinary Medicine, with the criterion-referenced pass point developed by NAVLE or NEEC.
American Veterinary Medical Association
1931 North Meacham Road
Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360 | <urn:uuid:901706f0-bcb1-4943-84a2-b290c9bf851c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://healthcareersinct.com/health-career-listings/veterinary-medicine/veterinarian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145981.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224193815-20200224223815-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.942904 | 617 | 3.03125 | 3 |
By Ajai Shukla
Business Standard, 29th Jan 13
Business Standard, 29th Jan 13
Even in the visually spectacular field of missile testing, the sight of a submarine-launched missile breaking through the surface is a breathtaking one. On Sunday, Defence R&D Organisation (DRDO) scientists cheered excitedly as their indigenous, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) leapt out of the water, its rocket motor fired soon after clearing the surface, and it soared off in a while plume to accurately strike a target 700 kilometres away.
To nobody’s surprise, the underwater launch went exactly according to plan. This missile, called in turn the K-15, the Shaurya, and now the B-05, had already been launched 10 times from under water and thrice from land. This exacting test schedule is designed for assurance, since this is a missile that cannot afford to fail. Until a better one is developed, this will be the backbone of India’s underwater nuclear deterrence.
That means that it will arm the INS Arihant, India’s first and only nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarine, or SSBN. Tipped with nuclear warheads, the K-15 will be launched from the Arihant only after a nuclear attack on India. New Delhi’s “no-first-use” nuclear policy prohibits the pre-emptive use of nuclear weapons.
That means that India’s land-based and air-based nuclear weaponry, such as the Agni-series of missiles, might already have been destroyed by a pre-emptive enemy nuclear attack. The Arihant, and the B-05 missiles that it carries, are far more difficult to tackle, since they lurk underwater in complete secrecy. The underwater leg of the nuclear triad (land-launched, air-launched and submarine-launched weapons) has always been regarded as the most survivable. It is the ultimate currency of a nuclear exchange.
Going by what the DRDO said about its own test, the B-05 is well up to the task. “The Missile, developed by DRDO, was launched from a pontoon and was tested for the full range. It met all the mission objectives. The parameters of the vehicle were monitored by radar all through the trajectory and terminal events took place exactly as envisaged,” said an MoD release on Sunday.
The B-05 (or K-15, or Shaurya) is no ordinary ballistic missile. Top DRDO scientists briefed Business Standard that it is not a ballistic missile at all. It could better be characterised as a hypersonic cruise missile, since it remains within the earth’s atmosphere.
A ballistic missile suffers from inherent disadvantages, since it is a relatively crude device, akin to a stone that is lobbed upwards, propelled by a rocket. After the rocket burns out, gravity comes into play, pulling the missile warhead down towards the target. Buffeted by wind and re-entry forces, accuracy is a problem; and, since the ballistic missile’s path is entirely predictable, shooting it down is relatively easy.
The Shaurya has overcome most of these issues. Its solid-fuel, two-stage rocket accelerates the missile to six times the speed of sound before it reaches an altitude of 40 kilometers (125,000 feet), after which it levels out and cruises towards the target, powered by its onboard fuel. In contrast to conventional ballistic missiles that cannot correct their course midway, the Shaurya is an intelligent missile. Onboard navigation computers kick in near the target, guiding the missile to the target and eliminating errors that inevitably creep in during its turbulent journey.
“I would say the Shaurya is a hybrid propulsion missile”, says Dr VK Saraswat, the DRDO chief, talking to Business Standard in 2010. “Like a ballistic missile, it is powered by solid fuel. And, like a cruise missile, it can guide itself right up to the target.”
Making the B-05 even more survivable is its ability to manoeuvre, following a twisting path to the target that makes it very difficult to shoot it down. In contrast, a ballistic missile is predictable; its trajectory gives away its target and its path to it.
The problem with the B-05 (or K-15, or Shaurya) remains its relatively short range of just 750 kilometres. While it could reach major cities in most countries if it were launched from just off the coast, that would necessitate a perilous submarine journey to the vicinity of the coastline. Therefore, the DRDO is also developing a longer-range missile, dubbed the K-4, which will have a range of almost 4000 kilometers. An Indian SSBN that is armed with the K-4 missile would be able to strike most likely targets from a safe patrol location in the Bay of Bengal. | <urn:uuid:8994b7ec-3dfb-438f-97c2-7e0dd24c524f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://ajaishukla.blogspot.com/2013/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.960506 | 1,020 | 2.875 | 3 |
They are also known as hydro-dynamic pumps. In these pumps the pressure produced, is proportional to the rotor speed. In other words, the fluid is displaced and transferred using the inertia of the fluid in motion. These pumps are incapable of withstanding high pressures and are generally used for low-pressure and high-volume flow applications.
Normally their maximum pressure capacity is limited to 20-30 kgf/cm3. They are primarily used for transporting fluids from one location to the other and find little use in the hydraulic or fluid power industry.
Because of fewer numbers of moving parts, non-positive displacement pumps cost less and operate with little maintenance. They make use of Newton’s first law of motion to move the fluid against the system resistance. Although these pumps provide a smooth and continuous flow, their flow output is reduced as the system resistance (resistance to flow) is increased. In fact it is possible to completely block the outlet to stop all flow even while the pump is running at the designed speed. Thus the pump flow rate depends not only on the rotational speed (rpm) at which it is driven but also on the resistance of the external system. As the resistance of the external system increases, some of the fluid will slip back, causing a reduction in the discharge flow rate. When the resistance of the external system becomes very large, the pump will produce no flow and thus its volumetric efficiency becomes zero. Examples of these pumps are the centrifugal and axial (propeller) pumps.
In a centrifugal pump, a simple sketch of which is illustrated in Figure 3.2, rotational inertia is imparted to the fluid. Centrifugal pumps are not self-priming and must be positioned below the fluid level.
Principle of operation
The fluid from the inlet port enters at the center of the impeller. The rotating impeller imparts centrifugal force to the fluid and causes it to move radially outward. This results in the fluid being forced through the outlet discharge port of the housing. The tips of the impeller blades merely move through the fluid while the rotational speed maintains the fluid pressure corresponding to the centrifugal force established.
Centrifugal pumps are generally used in pumping stations, for delivering water to homes and factories. The advantages of non-positive displacement pumps are:
• Low initial cost and minimum maintenance
• Simplicity of operation and high reliability
• Capable of handling any type of fluid, for example sludge and slurries.
Since the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, centrifugal pumps are also known as hydrokinetic power generators. | <urn:uuid:333eb654-f304-4133-a35e-33495ec3d58f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.modernhydraulics.net/non-positive-displacement-hydraulic-pumps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.927714 | 540 | 3.703125 | 4 |
We are being told daily that carbon dioxide, and in particular, carbon dioxide that is man-made, controls the Earths climate in a direct fashion. However, all of the predictions of rapid dramatic warming in proportion to rising carbon dioxide have not been fulfilled. What we are seeing instead is increasing doses of deepened global cooling in winter, and shortened summers. Simply watch yourself for the mechanism of increasing cloudiness, rain, and snow. It validates the predictions of global cooling being made by more and more climate experts.
This global cooling will be obvious to all by the year 2021, despite continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide . In fact it is the cycles of the ocean currents, the motion of the planets and their effect on the sun, as well as the position of our solar system in our galaxy, the Milky Way, that are the largest, most consistent determinants of earths climate.
Carbon dioxide does not lead global warming, but instead follows it by hundreds of years, and is such a tiny effect on Earth’s climate as to be insignificant. The repetitive short cycles that describe the earths climate change over hundreds of years have been modeled successfully by Theodore Landscheidt, Carl Smith, And Geoff Sharp. They describe the cycles in relation to the motion of the planets in our Solar system. However, the mechanism was described by other researchers and theorists. Cosmic rays make clouds on Earth, and the Sun protects us from cosmic rays when it is active as shown by sunspots.
The longer cycles of warm periods and long deep Ice ages That correspond to the approximate 25,000 year Mayan calendar can be accounted for by the same indirect solar mechanism that works over hundreds of years. The great Iceages are Caused by the gross exposure we have to cosmic rays from the black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy.. The limited capacity of our Sun to protect us from cloud-forming cosmic rays is overwhelmed as the solar system oscilates out of and through the protective plane of our Milky Way galaxy. Approximately 25,000 years in protection, and 75,000 years out in the open. The Mayans knew the cycles.
The crime of the millennium is that we are being told to prepare for uncomfortable heat, when we are in fact entering a period of deadly cold for at least 50 years, possibly longer, then warming for a while before rolling into another 75,000 year Ice Age at the end of this 25,000 year warm period. The warm period ended with the most recent Mayan calendar..
This essay titled “How in the Universe…” is my original compilation of 10 years of study on earths climate change theories and factual data, with some intuition on how to link it all together in a coherent and consistent “Global” model. This model works going back in Time. Global Warming theory quickly breaks down when applied to the record of Earth’s past Clomate changes. How can it be useful for predicting the future, if it cannot predict the past? It just can’t, and all of its predictions have failed to appear. | <urn:uuid:8450c5a3-0993-4163-a2f5-342549a77689> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://paullitely.wordpress.com/are-we-being-lead-into-deadly-cold-with-warnings-of-coming-heat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.939916 | 634 | 3.515625 | 4 |
No project is ever without risks, but it’s the character and complexity from the project that will probably determine the outcome from the risks around the overall success from the project. But if the project is big or small, complex or simple, a highly effective risk management strategy will minimise the outcome if, so when, the potential risks occur. To be able to manage the potential risks it’s important to recognize and analyse both of them prior to the project starts and through the lifecycle from the project.
The primary tasks involved with Risk Management are:
Developing a Risk Management Plan that will help in identifying and analysing the potential risks, monitoring the potential risks and answering them.
Creating and looking after a danger Log listing the potential risks as well as their severity. This can be a helpful document not just for monitoring the potential risks but in addition for communicating the potential risks to any or all the stakeholders.
Analysing the prospect of each risk occurring and it is impact at task level as well as on the general project when it comes to deliverables and scheduling
Creating a technique for answering risks that occur
Including contingency funds and building time contingency in to the Project Schedule
Risk Management isn’t just down to the work Manager but additionally from the stakeholders because they have an interest in the work being effectively completed. Therefore the stakeholders ought to be aware of all of the risks identified and also the plan that’s set up to handle and mitigate them.
You will find common reasons for risk which are easily identifiable in lots of projects, for example:
Skilled people from the project team leave throughout the project
Business decisions and contracts not arrived at early enough
Poorly managed customer expectations
Too little clearness in the industry needs document
Technology limitations for example performance or capacity issues
Poor communication between customer and provider
However the Risk Management Plan should also be flexible enough to cope with individuals risks that may not have access to been predicted and thus weren’t identified before they happened. It’s very frequently the process which is used to cope with these unpredicted risks that determines the best success of the project.
For the risks which have been identified either before the project beginning or throughout the project the work manager would normally have determined an answer. These risks could possibly cause delays towards the schedule and stop the delivery of the task but they are relatively easily managed by a skilled project manager with higher management and communication skills.
There are numerous ways to reply to a danger which has happened but the most typical ways are:
Accept- the danger could be recognized, by which situation the work manager will need to persuade the client the schedule, budget or deliverables won’t be met. The client will need to accept such deviations when the project will be considered successful.
Transfer- when the risk which has happened is really that the particular task, feature or function can’t be delivered then it may be used in the next project therefore deferring the need to handle it in our. This response will need handling via a formal change management process.
Mitigate- it might be easy to offer an acceptable workaround which will minimise or get rid of the issue.
It’s important to note that risks can from time to time possess a positive effect and may really result in enhancements or enhancements towards the project that was not considered in the start.
The Danger Management Plan may also include prioritisation from the project risks and ranking them with regards to your budget, the work schedule and also the deliverables. The ranking will recognise that some project risks might be acceptable although some are unacceptable and will need a achievable solution.
Risks should never be eliminated from the project but you’ll be able to decrease the impact of risks by gaining knowledge from the encounters of your own projects yet others. It’s very valuable to document the training learned from the project to enhance the entire process of risk management on future projects.
Managing risks inside a project is essential to help keep the work on the right track which are crucial skills for any project manager. The opportunity to precisely identify and measure risks inside a project and the way to react to predicted and unknown risks could be learnt on professional project management software courses in recognised methodologies for example APMP, PRINCE2 and PMP. | <urn:uuid:90c4ffa2-35ec-4f3f-a3c2-69c7532b72cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://mt-expo.com/project-management-software-the-potential-risks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.949802 | 880 | 2.546875 | 3 |
According to reports, it is estimated that some of the megalithic blocks of stones weigh around three to four thousand tons.
As if the massive size of the stones isn’t mindboggling, during one of the expeditions to the site, compasses of the geologists behaved very strangely and for some unknown reason, their arrows were deviating from the megaliths. (source)
Do you believe it’s possible that all of those ancient texts mentioning giants walking on Earth are more than folklore and mythology?
What if in the distant past, before written history and the rise of our civilization, advanced civilizations of ‘beings’ inhabited Earth?
What if hundreds of thousands of years ago life flourished on a much different Earth than what we see today?
Is it possible that these MASSIVE rocks found all over the planet from South America, Central America, and even Russia indicate that in the distant past, pre-human civilizations existed on Earth? And were destroyed by cosmic events causing civilization on Earth to reset several times?
Some of the stones found in Russia are even bigger than the largest block located in Baalbek.
These massive stone blocks are nested deep within the Siberian mountains. Located precisely in southern Siberia on Mount Shoria, there are huge blocks of stone with flat surfaces, mindboggling angles, sharp corners and other clues which according to many are the ultimate evidence of cyclopean masonry.
According to preliminary reports, it is estimated that some of the massive stones at Mount Shoria weigh around three to four thousand tons.
No matter where we go and at what ancient culture we look at, it seems that ‘Ancient Giant Beings’ were present on Earth before ‘ancient history,’ a time that corresponds to a period in the long history of planet Earth, where, according to mainstream scholars civilizations and mankind were totally undeveloped and perhaps, didn’t even exist.
Is it ludicrous to think advanced civilization existed on Earth before our civilization arose? According to mainstream scholars, it is impossible, but there are numerous pieces of evidence scattered around the globe which clearly seem to indicate a different time on Earth.
If we look at the Genesis, we will come across plenty of evidence indicating Giants may have existed on Earth.
Genesis: 6:2: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which they chose.
Genesis: 6:4: There were Giants (in Hebrew Bible Nephilim) in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
Is it ludicrous to think that that just as ancient texts tell us, perhaps thousands of years ago in the distant past, beings unlike any we see today were present on the surface of Earth, and some of the huge megalithic sites were erected by them?
The few scientists that have taken the time to research this megalithic site have proposed that this rock formation is the result of geological processes associated with the intense weathering of the rock comprising Mountain Shoriya.
Natural formations or the result of cyclopean masonry, what do you think? | <urn:uuid:dc855e40-de09-498b-8f98-06e172c57210> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://thetruthrevolution.net/massive-stones-evidence-of-highly-advanced-civilizations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.971178 | 686 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What does artificial intelligence mean in 2018? No longer the realm of just science fiction AI is a reality, impacting manufacturing, computing, and each day of our personal and professional interactions. This machine learning bootcamp would be of use to anyone hoping to pursue a career in the AI industry.
The technology news can’t get enough of the way that robotics and other innovations are helping to guide how things are made, safety, and how people and organizations make decisions. Here’s a deeper look at artificial intelligence now: what’s different.
The Internet of Things is a powerful network of objects, from machine parts to cars to the thermostat in your home. Today, these devices are collecting and transmitting information about performance, use, and maintenance to each other, humans, and centralized storage.
Companies are using the massive amounts of data generated by the IoT in remarkable ways. Machine learning can guide companies on how to optimize the use of tools, alert workers to needed maintenance or repairs, and make better decisions about scheduling and markets.
Structured and unstructured data needs to be stored, often in the cloud, where exabytes of information can be stored and analyzed. We generate a great deal of information too, from usage patterns to requests for information that companies use to provide deeper insights into products and services.
Robots Making Robots
Neural networks, the computer algorithms behind software and digital tools, are now capable of advanced learning that allows these devices to do tasks on their own. It’s the technology behind facial and voice recognition and the technologies that can help identify diseases in scans.
Neural networks that can learn and anticipate are key to personal assistants such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon’s Alexa. Using voice recognition, these tools can understand what we say and answer basic questions.
Experts predict that these digital assistants will improve their capabilities in 2018 regarding conversations. In the future, these assistants may become more attuned to emotional nuances in speech, cross-language communication, and even recognizing signs of mental illness and providing resources or support.
Advances in machine learning mean that robots with sophisticated machine-learning algorithms can now help build new machine–learning algorithms. AI is building AI.
Advances in voice recognition will help personal assistants recognize more nuanced communication among and from users.
AI is analyzing how we make decisions, whether it’s which email we open and click through to a website, or how often we order paper towels from Amazon. Automation continues to learn from behaviors and anticipate needs. By studying these patterns, AI can suggest options for us (such as when to reorder), fine-tune delivery of messaging in the moment of need, and recognize issues that may become future issues in machines and tools.
AI helps to deliver information and services to customers and consumers. Chatbots populate many websites these days, asking questions that help deliver solutions to problems or connecting users to the right person. Bots can also be used to simplify work and personal business. For example, Alexa now can integrate a family’s schedules through syncs with Microsoft Outlook and Google.
AI is a powerful tool that will continue to drive meaningful changes in business strategy and day-to-day interactions. | <urn:uuid:5e25c817-a566-41a2-b898-8876e33e5617> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://workingcapitalreview.com/2018/06/artificial-intelligence-now-whats-different/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146127.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225172036-20200225202036-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.927143 | 657 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The idea of philanthropy has been around for a long time, but has recently received a big boost and some changes. Big tech companies have entered onto the scene, and their philanthropic methods are fueling a new wave of charity. These massive tech companies have a huge amount of assets at their disposal, and are using these assets to help those who are in need. New policies are being introduced, and emphasis on different types of charity is shifting. It’s always good to give back and support the less fortunate, especially when you can make a big difference as a powerful tech company. However, how exactly is big tech fueling philanthropy? What policies have they enacted that are different from past companies, and how effective are these new policies?
One of the more interesting policies that big tech companies have tried is the idea of donation matches. The idea behind it is that the big tech company matches an employee’s’ commitment to a good cause. Major tech companies like Apple and Google employ this tactic, and both policies have led to millions of dollars in donations and charitable support. Although the monetary contributions are nice, the support these companies provide their employees is even more important. Policies like these foster philanthropic efforts and over time will make the world a much better place.
The price of higher education has been a hot topic throughout the world, and charity has followed suit. Many CEOs and companies have established foundations and charity organizations with the goal of putting as many deserving students through college as they can. These foundations focus on providing financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to needy students. College tuition prices are rising rapidly, causing some students to be completely unable to afford college. Many promising students may lose a great career simply because they can’t afford to attend college. Thankfully, big tech companies understand the importance of a strong education and have dedicated themselves in promotion higher education. These scholarships are often awarded to those that perform highly in high school, and their financial value can range anywhere from a thousand dollars to the entire tuition being paid off. It may not seem like much, but one scholarship or grant can completely change someone’s life.
It may sound crazy, but many of the biggest CEO’s have begun to donate their personal assets and fortunes to philanthropic causes. The biggest example of this is Mark Zuckerberg giving away 99% of Facebook’s shares to good causes. This has an estimated value of $45 billion dollars. Other smaller examples include people like Andrew Miller, Polycom CEO, who may not be able to donate $45 billion to charity, but still contribute a great amount. The best part about these donations is that they are completed early in the CEO’s lifetime. Instead of just pledging a small amount of their fortune on their deathbed, these tech CEOs have contributed a large amount of resources early on in their life. This type of dedication inspires action in others, and works to make the world a better place as a whole. | <urn:uuid:0dd78c79-d993-49d4-b007-a3a7e53e9f41> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://andrewmartinmiller.com/how-big-tech-is-fueling-philanthropy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.973105 | 602 | 2.75 | 3 |
I would love to learn more about improving pasture and whether it is possible organically without heavy spraying and cultivating.
Here is an interesting website which promotes 'Biological Farming', which has a huge emphasis on soil health. There could be some good information here too?
Good pasture starts in the soil,
Making sure the soil can breathe air is fundamental to improved pasture.
This is about building soil organic matter and humus (the black in top soil)
A soil test will show pH, calcium levels, and phosphorus levels
Lime is important and so is a source of phosphorus
There are plenty of organic options like chicken manure, sheep pellets and reactive phosphate rock.
I am sure the go organic course will cover soil fertility, however a good soil fertility and good aeration are critical to eliminating the need for sprays and insecticides.
I'm no organic expert, but I've been doing a bit of reading online and have found quite a bit of interesting info around growing and managing pasture organically.
Here's a bit of what I have learnt-
- a combination of grasses, clovers and herbs will give a high quality and varied diet as well as being biodiverse and stable.
- make sure you are using certified, untreated seed that is not genetically modified- perennial rye grass, white clover, red clover, plantain, chicory were all mentioned.
- grow a summer crop (eg. turnips or maize) before planting into pasture. A rotation of leaf crops following root crops works well.
- completely resow as oppose to over sowing. Oversowing is far less effective as the competition from the existing plants is too much for the new seedlings.
- use a higher sowing rate and good technique to establish a strong healthy crop.
- avoid pugging and over grazing once established as it will leave the pasture open to weed invasion, as well as pugging causing long term damage to your soil structure and erosion issues.
- good grazing management (breakfeeding perhaps) and timely topping will also help keep on top of the weeds.
- get the kids out grubbing thistles!
I see there is also a Go Organic course run by AgNZ which sounds really interesting- "Our Go Organic course will provide key knowledge and skills required for successful organic growing". Check out http://pggwrightson.co.nz/services/training/agnz-go-organic for more info.
Hope that's helpful!
Hi @Springvaledowns - this is a great topic and we are really keen to create some discussion around it .
If anyone wants to join this conversation feel free to sign up and share your knowledge/views/advise. | <urn:uuid:237332d7-84b5-405f-9183-781c3d1d726c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://community.crssoftware.co.nz/topic/130/improving-pasture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146940.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228012313-20200228042313-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.945822 | 560 | 2.65625 | 3 |
PLASTIC BOTTLE RESIN MATERIALS
Plastic bottles come in a variety of materials (resins). Plastic bottles produced from HDPE material are the most common and least expensive. Plastic bottles produced from PET material are crystal clear. Plastic jars produced from PP material are resilient and economical. Plastic Jars made from PS are clear. All of our plastic bottles are FDA approved food grade.
This section provides a brief description of common plastic bottle resin materials, their qualities, usages and limitations.
Plastic Bottles - High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles. This material is economical, impact resistant, and provides a good moisture barrier. HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents. It is supplied in FDA approved food grade.
Plastic Bottles made from HDPE are naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color will make HDPE bottles opaque although not glossy.
HDPE plastic bottles lend themselves readily to silk screen decoration. While HDPE bottles provide good protection at below freezing temperatures, they cannot be used with products filled at over 160° F or products requiring a hermetic (vacuum) seal. HDPE is NOT suitable for use with essential oils.
Plastic Bottles - Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
LDPE is similar to HDPE in composition. It is less rigid and generally less chemically resistant than HDPE, but is more translucent. LDPE is used primarily for squeeze applications. LDPE is significantly more expensive than HDPE
Plastic Bottles - PET
Plastic Bottles made from Polyethylene Terephthalate are commonly used for carbonated beverage bottles. PET provides very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties, generally good chemical resistance (although acetones and ketones will attack PET) and a high degree of impact resistance and tensile strength. The orienting process serves to improve gas and moisture barrier properties and impact strength.
This material does not provide resistance to high temperature applications -- max. temp. 160° F.
Plastic Bottles - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Plastic Bottles made PVC are naturally clear, have extremely good resistance to oils, and have very low oxygen transmission. PVC bottles provide an excellent barrier to most gases and drop impact resistance is also very good. This material is chemically resistant, but it is vulnerable to solvents.
PVC bottles are an excellent choice for salad oil, mineral oil, and vinegar. It is also commonly used for shampoos and cosmetic products. PVC exhibits poor resistance to high temperatures and will distort at 160° F, making it incompatible with hot filled products
Plastic Jars - Polypropylene (PP)
Plastic jars made from polypropylene provide a rigid package with an excellent moisture barrier.
One major advantage of polypropylene is its stability at high temperatures, up to 200° F. Polypropylene bottles and jars are autoclavable and offer the potential for steam sterilization. The compatibility of PP with high filling temperatures is responsible for its use with hot fill products such as pancake syrup.
PP bottles have excellent chemical resistance, but provide poor impact resistance in cold temperatures
Plastic Jars - Polystyrene (PS)
Plastic jars made from styrene offer excellent clarity and stiffness at an economical cost. These jars are commonly used with dry products including vitamins, petroleum jellies, and spices. Styrene does not provide good barrier properties, and exhibits poor impact resistance.
Plastic Bottles - Flourine Treated HDPE:Plastic Bottles produced with a mixture of flourine gas and air, or exposed to flourine gas in a secondary operation, are similar in appearance to HDPE and have exceptional barrier properties to hydrocarbons and aromatic solvents. Flourine treated hdpe plastic bottles also resist penetration by oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Flourine treated plastic bottles are excellent for use with insecticides, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, household cleaners, waxes, paint thinner and gasoline. | <urn:uuid:6ac33f3f-655f-4d12-b90c-9101c4ca250c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ebottles.com/showbottlefamilys-mat-plastic_bottles-type-2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146160.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225202625-20200225232625-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.920757 | 860 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is the difference between UDP and TCP?
When devices communicate over the Internet, they use one of two types of protocols:
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol or
UDP – User Datagram Protocol.
Both TCP and UDP are built on top of the Internet Protocol (IP) that send bits of data, known as packets, to and from IP addresses. Whether these packets are sent using TCP or UDP, they are treated the same as they bounce through different servers from your IP address to the destination site’s.
While both these protocols do the same job, they go about it in very different ways. TCP is more concerned about accuracy. It allows devices to send and receive an ordered and error-checked stream of packets. UDP is more concerned with speed. It streams information faster by eliminating the error-checking.
TCP, UDP and OpenVPN
OpenVPN, is one of the protocol’s that DigibitVPN is built upon for the Android & Windows App’s, OpenVPN allows you to choose whether you would prefer to use TCP or UDP for your VPN connection.
DigibitVPN’s default is to use UDP simply because it is faster. As UDP does not use TCP’s error correction mechanism, this speeds up the connection and reduces latency. This is why we advise anyone that is trying to stream a video or play games online use UDP. UDP-1194 is the default port for OpenVPN.
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The world is changing, So are we! Lets take privacy seriously! | <urn:uuid:6e5c714e-46e5-4395-8e5a-1e6081a3c1df> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://digibitdesign.com/what-is-the-difference-between-udp-and-tcp-digibitvpn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145960.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224132646-20200224162646-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.920905 | 571 | 3.296875 | 3 |
I was riding my bicycle across the overpass in Stanley Park and stopped in the middle to admire the perfect view of Lions Gate Bridge, when I noticed a little plaque that said the following:
The Guinness brewing family built the Lions Gate Bridge which opened in 1938 to provide access to its British Properties lands in West Vancouver. Ownership was transferred to the Province in 1955. Tolls were removed in 1963 and the bridge was restored in 1998 after a long debate about its heritage value and capacity.Vancouver Heritage Foundation
The most beautiful bridge north of San Francisco’s Golden Gate, Lions Gate Bridge brought Vancouver into the automobile age and heralded the era of auto-dependent suburbs when it opened in 1938. The Guinness brewing company was the primary financier, intent on providing access to its British Properties development in West Vancouver. Bisecting Stanley Park for the bridge’s causeway was the most controversial issue, but the proponents’ promise of jobs was too good to turn down, as the city was mired in the Great Depression. In 1933, the Park Board voted in favour of it, with only one commissioner opposed.
The idea to build a bridge across First Narrows was investigated as early as the 1890s, but it wasn’t until the 1920s that plans began to take shape. In December 1933, approval for the building of the bridge was reached through a city wide vote. Construction began on March 31, 1937 by clearing ten acres of Stanley Park to create the right-of-way. Upon completion in November 1938, the Lions Gate Bridge was recognized as the longest suspension bridge in the British Empire and one of the biggest construction projects undertaken in Canada during the 1930s. Despite its great size, the open steelwork of the twin towers gives the structure a weightless quality that blends well with its picturesque setting.
The bridge was remarkable because of its length and the technical innovations in cable use and construction. Alfred J.T. Taylor, a prominent engineering contractor and industrialist who had substantial land holdings on the North Shore and who assembled the financing for the project has been called the visionary behind the project. The Guinness brewing company acted as the primary financier, intent on providing access to its British Properties development in West Vancouver.
Named in honour of a pair of pointed peaks along the North Shore mountain range known as ‘The Lions’, the south entrance to the bridge is graced by two monumental Art Deco lion figures which were the last great public work of Vancouver’s foremost sculptor, Charles Marega.
The provincial government purchased it in 1955, its “Year of Bridges”. Other projects in the region included the Second Narrows and Oak Street bridges plus Highway 99 and the south arm crossing that became George Massey Tunnel. A third lane was squeezed onto Lions Gate Bridge to accommodate the increasing traffic volume. It ceased to be a toll bridge in 1963. Overcrowded for decades, the bridge narrowly avoided demolition in the 1990s, instead being refurbished by the provincial government. Its retention indicated the city was beginning to move beyond the automobile age.
- Vancouver Heritage Foundation – Lions Gate Bridge
- “The First Hundred Years, R.Mike Steele, Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation, 1988.
- Lions Gate Bridge, National Historic Site of Canada. Canada’s Historic Places. | <urn:uuid:edd61e12-cb0e-47ab-b793-a988582ac396> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.siliconpalms.com/lions-gate-bridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.968223 | 686 | 2.765625 | 3 |
COOPER CONNECTION: Be safe while exercising in cold
Got a case of the cold-weather blues? Fortunately, there’s a lot you can do both to prevent the blues from coming on and to get yourself back to normal if they’re already here. For some, it may be as simple as spending more time exercising outdoors.
Exercise isn’t only for fighting holiday weight gain; it’s also a great way to lift spirits and increase energy throughout the day. But before you lace up your sneakers and head out the door, remember that exercising improperly in the cold weather can be just as harmful as in the extreme summer heat. Here are some helpful hints to keep in mind.
Know the warning signs
Hypothermia is a significant drop in the core body temperature to less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit. It can occur in freezing temperatures (below 32 degrees) as well as chilly temperatures above freezing.
The elderly are more susceptible to hypothermia for several reasons. Their ability to regulate body temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. Children are also more vulnerable because they lose heat faster than adults.
Early warning signs of hypothermia are shivering, confusion, numbness, paleness and dizziness. It often resembles the state of intoxication. Left unchecked, the individual may become excessively sedated, with poor coordination and muscle stiffness. Eventually, breathing and heart rate slow, which can result in coma. Severe hypothermia is a medical emergency.
In addition to hypothermia, prolonged exposure to frigid temperatures may cause the body to shut down blood circulation to the arms, legs and other extremities in order to maintain heat around the vital organs (brain, heart and lungs). This leaves the skin of these areas more vulnerable to freezing, as in frostnip and frostbite. Warning signs of frostnip are paleness, pain and numbness of the affected skin. If prolonged freezing of the skin occurs, the blood vessels and deeper layers can become severely damaged. This is considered frostbite, and medical intervention is necessary. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, nose and ears.
Prevention is key
Hydration is just as important in the cold as it is in the heat. Be sure to consume plenty of water before, during and after exercise. Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
Invest in good outdoor gear. To maximize your winter workout wear, dress in layers. The first layer should help whisk sweat away from the skin. A synthetic material, such as polypropylene, should do the trick. Add an insulation layer such as fleece and top with a jacket that is both waterproof and made of a breathable fabric.
Cover your head, as almost half of your body heat is lost here, and protect hands and feet with layers, too. Remember, you may need to buy larger shoes in order to accommodate an extra layer of socks. You may also want to consider a face mask or a scarf over the mouth, especially for those with asthma. In the darkness of winter months, remember to wear reflective gear as necessary.
Practice common sense
Extremes of cold weather, such as subzero temperatures, are best avoided. Take the wind chill factor into account, as well as the actual temperature. The risk of hypothermia increases when the wind chill factor drops below minus 20.
Avoid exercise as a general rule if you have a fever, muscle aches or significant bronchial symptoms, such as coughing or wheezing, when sick with upper respiratory tract infections.
When in doubt, stop and seek warm surroundings immediately. And, of course, speak to your doctor if you have any concerns about whether outdoor exercise is right for you.
Laura Picciano is an internist at The Ripa Center for Women's Health and Wellness at Cooper. | <urn:uuid:3eff70fc-ff35-4612-bc05-40a0d6f7932f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/life/2015/11/19/cooper-connection-safe-while-exercising-cold/76048456/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.9392 | 789 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Inflammation of bursa – can be in deeper tissue or more superficially in subcutaneous tissues.
Bursa are formed at areas of friction or impingement to facilitate movement – they are closed, self contained, round, flattened sacs lined by synovium – contain small amount of synovial fluid. Can be classified as deep or superficial.
Bursa may become inflamed due to traumatic, inflammatory or infective processes. Traumatic causes include tissue damage from excessive shearing stress; trauma; chronic overuse; pressure over a bony prominence. Bursitis may also develop beneath a heloma durum. Inflammatory causes include rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Infections may also develop in bursa.
At sites of bursa, there is a loosening of the interposed fibroareolar tissue. The resulting ‘clefts’ in the tissues are filled with tissue fluid, forming small cavities that eventually organise to be surrounded by synovial tissue.
In acute cases trauma to the bursal wall result in the synovial membrane secreting a serous fluid when damaged. In chronic cases the bursal wall will thicken with proliferation of the synovium.
Infective bursitis develops following the introduction of microorganisms into the bursa --. increase in amount of synovial fluid.
Inflammation, heat and redness (less pronounced in chronic case); localised pain; Swelling and tenderness; Direct and lateral palpation will be tender; An infective bursitis will be much redder, swollen and painful – lymphangitis may be present.
Periarticular tendonitis; muscle tears; synovitis; osteomyelitis; cellulitis
A fistula between the bursa and the surface may develop, allowing fluid to be released from the bursa.
Common sites for traumatic bursitis:
Site Common Name
Medial aspect of first MPJ Bunion
Lateral aspect of fifth MPJ Tailors bunion
Superficial retrocalcaneal Pump bump; Haglunds, winter heel
Tuberosity of navicular
Pre or suprapatellar Housemaids knee
Acute case will need rest, ice, compressions, immobilisations and possibly NSAID’s. Corticosteroids are sometimes used.
For chronic cases and after the acute phase is over:
Pressure relief/accommodative padding
An infective bursitis will need draining, possibly antibiotics and rest. | <urn:uuid:9bb4f349-202d-4d61-a07d-d3c2f9ed636d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://podiapaedia.org/wiki/orthopaedics/bursitis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146033.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225045438-20200225075438-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.853677 | 536 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The History of Stamp Collecting Part 18 – The Netherlands in 1862
In this series, we have already seen that the stamp collecting virus had spread quickly in 1862 in Europe. But had the virus reached the Netherlands? The answer is yes, but not until the end of that year.
The first philatelic article appeared in the Netherlands in October 1862 in ‘Het Nederlandsch Jaarboekje der Posterijen’ (the Netherlands Postal Yearbook). The Schiedam postmaster S. Gille Heringa had translated articles from the Magasin Pittoresque (see episode 7) written by Natalis Rondot, and entitled them: ‘Postage Stamps by Natalis Rondot, freely translated’. The series continued in the yearbooks from 1863 and 1864.
The main pioneer of philately in the Netherlands was based in Utrecht. And on November 27, 1862, he published the first Dutch language stamp catalogue. This booklet, entitled “Vade-Mecum voor Verzamelaars van Postzegels” (Handbook for Stamp Collectors) is a translation of the third edition of the “Manuel du Collectionneur de Timbres Poste” by J.B. Moens. The publisher of this book was William Frederick Dannenfelser, bookseller and publisher and since 1850 located at the Pausdam F. 274, Utrecht. It is unclear whether this issue was published with the consent of Moens. His name was not mentioned in the book. In 1864 he published a new catalogue, complete with prices of the stamps he sold himself. The layout of this catalogue was totally different than the first Handbook and probably copied from a German catalogue from that time. It is also known that Dannenfelser simply re-issued other publications and placed his name on them.
Dannenfelser was born on May 26 1826 in The Hague. He became a bookstore owner/publisher and was married to Wilhelmina Berendina Doorman. Besides the catalogues mentioned above, he also published a stamp album in 1863. This was not his own design, but an adaptation of Lallier’s French album. The first edition had heraldic crests on the album pages in black and white (image above), the second edition which also appeared in 1863 the crests were coloured.
In 1868 a completely new third edition appeared. Again not his own design but an adaptation of a German album from Wuttig, Bauschke and Kümmel (whom we refer to later in this series). Their names are this time mentioned in the publication. It was also mentioned that it was edited by M.J. Hasselt.
Dannenfelser was probably a stamp collector. And certainly a trader, as evidenced by the above ad. The Vademecum mentioned was the already-published 1862 edition. It seems that the catalogue mentioned at the bottom of the advertisement was the above-described 2nd edition, published with prices.
His other publications related to maps and history of countries. Dannenfelser was probably not such a good businessman.
Although his business initially flourished, it was not long-lasting. In 1878 he moved to Amsterdam, where he, among other things, became co-director of the newspaper “News of the Day”. He published his last album (with brilliantly coloured binding) in 1882. He died in Amsterdam on May 8, 1894.
In the next instalment, we remain in the Netherlands.
3,622 total views, 3 views today | <urn:uuid:42083114-7cf1-4bc6-8216-e2206910ca3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://freestampmagazine.com/2017/01/03/the-history-of-stamp-collecting-part-18-the-netherlands-in-1862/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145282.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220193228-20200220223228-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.980191 | 763 | 2.59375 | 3 |
umepekto, gumanti, tumauli, ng mabuti, magkabisa, gantihin, magkaepekto, pagbungahin, papagkabisain
Verb(1) show a response or a reaction to something(2) act against or in opposition to(3) undergo a chemical reaction; react with another substance under certain conditions
(1) Finally, we examine whether investors react rationally to disaster announcements.(2) Most people would react negatively to these situations and Ian was no exception.(3) Why do some members of a family react to environmental substances and develop asthma, while others do not?(4) Direct sensing mechanisms might involve proteins or ligands that bind or react with oxygen.(5) Therefore you can suddenly react to a substance you may have come in contact with many times before.(6) The powers-that-be are scrambling to react to pressure from a dissatisfied public.(7) All my three daughters react differently to stress.(8) Just how will bond markets and stock markets react to the anticipated rise in US interest rates?(9) Our findings indicate that children at risk for atopy react sensitively to chemical substances that originate from passive smoking.(10) One reason is that financial markets react quickly to policy changes.(11) Why did the government react so violently to the report?(12) many babies react to soy-based formulas(13) Edging down a bit from record highs, but maybe not for long, oil prices react to events in Iraq.(14) If other readers react in the same way as I did, then this collection will have served its purpose.(15) Those who react to airborne allergens usually have allergic rhinitis and/or allergic conjunctivitis.(16) The market reacted positively to the news, pushing BHP's price up 1.5 per cent, to $17.42.
(1) react to :: reaksyon sa
1. behave ::
2. rebel against ::
3. respond ::
4. oppose ::
Different Formsreact, reactant, reactants, reacted, reacting, reactive, reacts
English to Filipino Dictionary: react
Meaning and definitions of react, translation in Filipino language for react with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of react in Filipino and in English language.
Tags for the entry "react"
What react means in Filipino, react meaning in Filipino, react definition, examples and pronunciation of react in Filipino language. | <urn:uuid:40589fad-5560-4d48-8971-bd0954e1378d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://filipino.english-dictionary.help/?q=react | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147054.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228043124-20200228073124-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.92524 | 515 | 3.109375 | 3 |
PUMPKIN KERNELS – Nutritional Profile
Pumpkin seed kernels are one of tastiest seeds available. Nutritionally they are a valuable part of any diet. A 32g serving provides 74% of the recommended daily allowance for manganese, 53% for tryptophan, 48% for magnesium, 40% for phosphourus and 22% for copper. The same serving would also provide 20% of the recommended daily allowance for protein and all supplied with just 180 calories.
These figures are headline nutrients. A detailed analysis of the mak up of pumpkin seed kernels shows almost 80 nutrients are found within pumpkin seed kernels.
PUMPKIN SEED KERNELS – Health Benefit
A major beneficiary of eating pumpkin seeds is prostate health. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy affects men over the age of 50 where testosterone over stimulates the prostate cells causing inflammation. Whilst not as serious as Prostate Cancer the condition can cause discomfort. Elements of pumpkin seed oil appear to interrupt the process for producing the specific elements from testosterone that cause the inflammation of prostate cells. Currently omega-3 fats and beta-carotenoids, both found in pumpkin seed kernels, are subject to studies to establish how well they impact the development and progress of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy.
Bone density is a known problem for post menopausal women but it can also be an issue for older men and diets that include zinc are known to provide greater prevention against osteoporosis. Bone cells are constantly being destroyed and replaced by the body and in some older adults the rate at which new cells are created slows down leading to a lowering of bone density. Zinc is believed to be a key agent in slowing down the depletion of old bone cells thus ensuring that bone density is maintained. Arthritis is also a condition seen to benefit from a diet including pumpkin seed kernels. Treatment of the condition with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can result in side effects where deposits are left on the surface of joints which leads to the progression of the disease. Those side effects are not experienced when diet is managed to include an appropriate amount of pumpkin seed kernels for treating the original inflammation.
Phytosterols are compounds, found in pumpkin seeds and they reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. The effects of these compounds are so good that they are being extracted from some foodstuffs, such as soya beans, to be added to butter replacement products at significant expense to the consumer. Pumpkin seed kernels are the third riches source of phytosterols after pistachios and sunflower seeds.
They also have a high calorie count which makes them of great benefit when a diet to promote weight gain is required. Pumpkin seed kernels also make a good source of B-complex vitamins. Vitamins such as thiamine and riboflavin and niacin help reduce LDL-cholesterol levels in the blood.
PUMPKIN SEED KERNELS – Product History
Pumpkin seed kernels are often called pepita, especially in the United States of America where they are typically roasted and salted and served as a seasonal dish during the autumn. They are also widely available pre-packed at times out of season.
Pumpkin seed kernels are not known to produce the anaphylactic reactions found with other nuts such as peanuts.
They have been recognised for their health promoting properties throughout history. North American Indians recognised a beneficial impact on kidney problems and have used them to treat parasitic infections such as tape worms.
Pumpkin seed oil important export for Austria and Slovenia. | <urn:uuid:64a9e490-66b4-4d82-86d4-30eef0aa2f03> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.globalgrains.co.uk/seeds/seeds/pumkin-seed-kernels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147054.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228043124-20200228073124-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.952851 | 729 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The common house spider is usually the spider most often encountered indoors. It is a nuisance pest, probably more because of its webs than the spider itself. This spider is found worldwide and is common throughout the United States and Canada. The house spider randomly selects its web sites and creates a tangled web. If a web does not yield prey it is abandoned, another site is selected, and a new web is built. Survival is low in modern homes with low humidity and few insects, higher in garages, sheds, barns, warehouses, etc. because of more prey and generally higher humidity, and highest outdoors in protected places. Inside structures, house spiders are most likely to be found in upper corners, under furniture, in closets, angles of window frames, basements, garages, and crawl spaces. Outside they are often around windows and under eaves especially near light sources which attract prey. House spiders are nuisance pests but pose no threats to humans.
Long-bodied cellar spiders are commonly referred to as "daddy-long-legs" because of their very long, thin legs and as their name implies are found in dark and damp places. There are about 20 species of cellar spiders in the United States and Canada. Cellar spiders build loose, irregular, tangled webs in corners. They hang upside down on the underside of the web. The webs are not cleaned but instead a new web is continually added. This habit can result in extensive webbing in a relatively short time. The spiders and their webs are usually found in dark and damp places, such as cellars, basements, and crawl spaces. They can also be found in the corners of garages, sheds, barns, and warehouses, on eaves, windows, and ceilings, and in closets, sink cabinets, and bath-traps. Cellar spiders seem to fare better in areas with higher relative humidity. Cellar spiders do not pose a threat to humans. While they are commonly found in homes, they usually stay in one place. They are not known to bite. Urban legend has it that their venom is of the most deadly of spiders, but their weak mouthparts keep them from injecting venom into humans. While it is correct that they cannot successfully bite, their venom is not very potent.
Jumping Spiders. The common name comes from their jumping ability and habit which they use to capture prey. They are an occasional nuisance pest indoors, and some colored species may cause concern when people mistake them for Black Widow spiders. About 300 species of jumping spiders are found in the United States and Canada. Jumping spiders do not construct snare webs but do build web retreats which are loosely woven, saclike, composed of several envelopes and usually have two openings. Unlike most spiders, jumping spiders are active during the daytime and seem to like sunshine. They are hunters and have the keenest vision of all spiders, being able to detect and react to movement up to 18" in away; however their night vision is very poor. They can rapidly move both sideways and backwards for short distances. As their name implies, they are excellent jumpers. Retreats may be built under furniture, in drapery folds, between books on bookshelves, in cracks found in wood floors, around door and window molding, etc. Outside retreats may be found under loose bark, between leaves, etc. Indoors, spiders will usually be found hunting around windows and doors because more insects are attracted to these areas and their vision is best in sunlit areas. Outdoors, jumping spiders are commonly seen running over tree bark, under stones and boards, on bushes, fences, decks and the outside of buildings, especially sunny areas. While they can bite, the jumping spider bite is not poisonous. They are not considered dangerous. | <urn:uuid:56df4f6a-8622-4588-9c02-7df72dff27c8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.stevenspointwipestcontrol.com/Pest-Information/Spiders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.971536 | 768 | 3.125 | 3 |
Arizona’s winter sandhill crane population has boomed from about 4,000 in the late 1970s to more than 34,000 today, in large part because of the state’s Heritage Fund.
Money from the Heritage Fund has secured ideal habitat for the birds in southeastern Arizona. Voters created the fund in 1990 and authorized Game and Fish to use Arizona Lottery dollars to support wildlife conservation. The fund gets as much as $10 million annually. Game and Fish doesn’t get any state general fund money.
“One reason for the increasing number of cranes in the Sulfur Springs Valley is the availability of prime wetland habitat that the birds require and that the Game and Fish Department has provided,” said Mike Rabe, a migratory bird biologist with the Arizona Game and Fish Department. “Cranes that used to fly south to Mexico now stop in Arizona because of those habitats.”
The impressive increase in sandhill cranes is good news for wildlife enthusiasts. Seeing hundreds or even thousands of cranes take to the skies, feed in the fields or come in to land is a thrilling sight. Adult sandhill cranes can have wingspans of 6-7 feet and stand five feet tall.
The Heritage Fund’s direct impact on wildlife conservation is compounded by the economic benefit that wildlife viewing has on communities across the state, especially in rural areas.
The city of Willcox estimates that $60,000 to $80,000 comes into the local economy from hotel, gas, restaurant, and other related purchases just during Wings over Willcox, an annual four-day bird viewing event. Two state wildlife areas – the Willcox Playa Wildlife Area near Willcox and the Whitewater Draw Wildlife Area near Douglas – offer visitors good viewing facilities, including bathrooms.
The Wings Over Willcox website at Wingsoverwillcox.com features maps of viewing sites and all kinds of information about sandhill cranes. The cranes migrate to southeastern Arizona in September and stay as late as March, with most of the birds present between November and February, according to the Wings Over Willcox site.
Sandhill crane viewing tips:
• The best viewing time is at first and last light when the cranes head out to feed, although it is possible to see them throughout the day during winter.
• Listen for the birds: They are very vocal and can often be heard before they are seen.
• Don’t forget your binoculars, spotting scopes, cameras and bird field guides.
For more information on wildlife viewing opportunities in the state, visit ww.azgfd.gov/wildlife.
For more information on the Heritage Fund and other state wildlife conservation programs, go online to azgfd.gov/w_c. | <urn:uuid:385348a6-b947-4ab4-a45c-21eb68d9de0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://azheritage.org/category/arizona-game-and-fish-department/page/17/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147154.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228104413-20200228134413-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.937925 | 575 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Middle Ages are also called the Medieval Times.
This was a period in European history that lasted 1,000 years, from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Historians begin figuring the time from the fall of the Roman Empire to the point where the Ottoman Empire rose up.
This was an era of castles, kings, peasants, cathedrals, crusades, and religious monasteries. We know some of the stories that involve such famous people as Joan of Arc, but others also include the Black Plague which killed a huge portion of the population.
Some call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, and while the Dark Ages are contained in the Middle Ages, they are usually referring to 500 A.D. to 1,000 A.D.
When the Roman Empire fell, much of the culture and knowledge that they shared was lost. Romans kept superb records and when cultures lost technology, history recording, engineering, and art, with the fall, this became “dark” to communicating because there wasn’t any ruling government keeping track.
Life in the Middle Ages depended on whether you were wealthy or poor. Almost all of the people living during this time were farm workers. They typically had a one or two room small home that was on the land of the local lord and they lived a peasant’s life.
Most grew crops such as oats, wheat, and barley, and may have had gardens for fruits and vegetables. Some may also have had some farm animals and these may have also lived in the house with the rest of the family. They paid a kind of tax to the local lord, who lived in a fine larger castle or manor home.
City life was also hard and they were dirty, crowded and often filled with disease. People that lived in a city usually had a craft or trade, but they could also be servants.
A majority of the plain clothes that were made of heavy wool were worn by peasants for winter wear. The wealthier people wore much nicer clothing, often from velvet, wool, or silk. Believe it or not, there were laws that were called “sumptuary” that said who could wear what and of what materials.
The purpose of this was to make sure everyone knew the wealthy from the peasants. Almost no one went to school, with the exception of some wealthy children. There were a few schools that were run by the church.
It was a rare opportunity for a young person to become an apprentice for a skilled trade. Most kids worked with their parents to help the family survive. Rich families had a selection of foods, especially a lot of meat thanks to hunting on their lands. However, peasants weren’t so lucky.
They mostly ate stews made of cabbage, dried peas, beans, a few other vegetables and maybe some bones. They saved any of the special eggs, cheese and meats for special holidays and occasions. The only way to keep meat fresh was to salt it or make a kind of jerky out of it. | <urn:uuid:729656c0-4ae4-4d85-b3d5-2504e20645b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.coolaboo.com/world-history/middle-ages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.992296 | 619 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Sound is a constructed experience
Chapter 7 endnote 1, from Lisa Feldman Barrett.
Some context is:
A sound, therefore, is not an event that is detected in the world. It is an experience constructed when the world interacts with a body that detects changes in air pressure, and a brain that can make those changes meaningful. [...] Some people believe that these vibrations are the essence of the sound because a sound cannot be heard without them. But this explanation misses the point. Vibrations are not sufficient for a sound to occur. Sounds do not have simple, single causes.
Vibrations are not sufficient for a sound to occur. If humans had no ears (with all the machinery inside), we wouldn’t even have a concept of sound. It is possible to experience those same “vibrations” as something other than sound. Go to a loud concert and experience the physical thud of the bass drum in your chest.
In principle, these vibrations could even be “seen” as visual images rather than “heard” as sounds. This is known as “sensory substitution.” For example, “seeing” can be transformed into “touching.” A blind person can wear a sensor, for example, a small camera on her forehead, that translates visual images, pixel by pixel, into something that will stimulate a part of the body that receives touch sensation, for example, patterns of pressure across the tongue. The brain quickly learns to “see” with the tongue. Sensory substitution was originally discovered by the neuroscientist Paul Bach-y-Rita to treat patients who suffered from damage to one sensory system. Many devices have now been invented to allow people to “see” with sound. Currently, vibrations on the fingers (i.e., touches) can be “heard” as sound. These sensory substitution effects occur because all neurons, in effect, are multi-modal. The brain only appears to have different systems dedicated to processing different sensory modalities.
Taken together, this means that the tree falling in the forest does not make a sound, unless they are accompanied by a working human ear and brain that can construct a concept of a "Tree" to simulate what a tree sounds like when it falls. The falling tree only makes vibrations. Those vibrations can be detected and experienced in any number of ways. If you simulate the sound of a tree falling in the forest, you can hear it inside your head via the same mechanisms that plague you when you have a song stuck in your head (i.e., an "earworm").
Notes on the Notes
- Bach-y-Rita, Paul, Carter C. Collins, Frank A. Saunders, Benjamin White, and Lawrence Scadden. 1969. "Vision substitution by tactile image projection." Nature 221 (5184): 963-964.
- Bach-y-Rita, Paul. 2004. "Tactile sensory substitution studies." Annals-New York Academy Of Sciences 1013: 83-91.
- Schürmann, Martin, Gina Caetano, Yevhen Hlushchuk, Veikko Jousmäki, and Riitta Hari. 2006. "Touch activates human auditory cortex." Neuroimage 30 (4): 1325-1331.
- For a broader discussion, see Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, and Roy Hamilton. 2001. "The metamodal organization of the brain." Progress in Brain Research 134: 427-445.
- Tinnitus is a problem with processing auditory prediction error. See Sedley, William, Karl J. Friston, Phillip E. Gander, Sukhbinder Kumar, and Timothy D. Griffiths. 2016. "An Integrative Tinnitus Model Based on Sensory Precision." Trends in Neurosciences 39 (12): 799-812. | <urn:uuid:27b0031e-9574-45eb-ae4f-70ff514d3827> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://how-emotions-are-made.com/notes/Sound_is_a_constructed_experience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.904912 | 812 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Money matters: Financial habits for 2019
For a lot of of us, our New Year’s resolutions might include growing our bank accounts. Here's some tips on how to do that. Buzz60's Natasha Abellard has the story.
Happy New Year, Guam! The beginning of the year is a time when we make resolutions to help us improve ourselves. It could be losing weight, quitting a bad habit, or saving money. Goals are important to have, especially if we want to achieve a desired outcome.
Tracking spending. If you have tried to lose weight, you may have kept a record of everything you ate. Until you write everything down, you may not realize just how many cookies you have consumed in a day or a week. Budgeting is similar. You may not realize how much money you’re spending on coffee, food, or clothes until you track the data. Writing down your eating habits helps you know how many calories you eat. Similarly, tracking your spending habits helps you discover how much money you are spending and where it is going. You may be surprised at the data.
Start by tracking every transaction for a month before creating a budget. After you create a budget, continue tracking your spending to see how your actual spending habits line up with the goals you have created. You can find many different types of budgeting sheets online. There are many different types of smartphone apps that you can use to keep track of your spending. Find one that is easiest for you.
Cash. It is easy to track your electronic payments such as your credit card, debit card, checking account, and automatic bank withdrawals. Using cash may be a bit more difficult, especially since we use it for smaller purchase like coffee, snacks, and even small donations. When buying things with cash, you’ll spare yourself from the hassle of manually recording your spending. Instead, you can review your electronic records weekly and input it into your spreadsheet. Some people use their credit or debit cards like cash and they do not see the actual money leaving their hands. This may cause them to spend more. What works for some will not work for all. Decide which is easiest for you.
Mark it down. If you need help keeping track of your expenses, try using your mobile device or a small notebook and pen in your purse or pocket and log every transaction there. There are certain apps that can also help you with this. Writing it down will cause you to be more conscious about your spending habits, especially as you are making the purchase. You can also keep a small zip lock bag in your car and every time you make a purchase put the receipt into it and at the end of the day or week write it into your notebook.
The envelope system. This is a great way to help you stay on budget. Label envelopes with different categories that you use regularly like groceries, lunch, or gasoline. For example, your envelopes might be labeled “Lunch $25,” “Gasoline $75” and “Target $40.” At the beginning of each week place that amount into the envelope. You may need one labeled “Miscellaneous” for expenses that may arise. At the end of the week, note the amount you have left in each envelope. Your lunch envelope, for example, may have $5 left. This system will help you stay within the amount you allotted in your budget for each category. It is also an easy way to track your spending. You’ll see your spending habits within broad categories without enduring the hassle of detailing every transaction.
Michael Camacho is president and chief executive officer of Personal Finance Center. He has more than 24 years of experience in retail banking and at financial institutions in Guam and Hawaii. If there is a topic you’d like Michael to cover, please email him at email@example.com and read past columns at the Money Matters blog at www.moneymattersguam.wordpress.com. | <urn:uuid:370cf8fa-c5d9-4acb-8df7-9eb111fcfe50> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.guampdn.com/story/money/2019/01/06/financial-habits-2019-money-matters/2495223002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145981.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224193815-20200224223815-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.950853 | 820 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Abstract—The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a class of deep artificial neural network and has recently gained special attention after demonstrating breakthrough accuracies in various classification tasks. CNNs have shown remarkable performance in machine vision tasks such as image classification, natural language processing and speech recognition. There is evidence that the depth of a CNN plays an important role in performance of CNNs. However, we investigated the feasibility of improving the performance of shallow networks via fusion of the features computed by a homogenous and heterogeneous set of pre-trained networks. We also explored a recently developed framework called the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), in which we simultaneously train two models, a Generator and a Discriminator. The Generator attempts to produce data that mirrors the probability distribution of the “true” dataset. The Discriminator is trained to distinguish between the true dataset and the counterfeit data produced by the Generator. Our work involves the application of a GAN for generation and fine tuning of synthetic data to be used to train a deep CNN. Specifically, we investigate the use of a synthetic data generator along with a GAN to create an unlimited quantity of labeled training data, without the need for hand-labeling images. We apply this technique to the detection and localization of various vehicles. We attempt to distinguish between military trucks and other types of vehicles. A successful outcome could lead to improvements in addressing security threats rapidly, and cost-effectively. We also investigate an alternative method for generating synthetic data, the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). Variational auto-encoders are trained to encode then decode input vectors and can also be useful for generating new training data. VAEs are capable of dimensionality reduction and synthesizing data. Finally, we evaluate our multiplicative fusion method compared to the fusion methods that we investigated previously.
Index Terms—DCNN, GAN, VAE, synthetic data, data augmentation, machine learning.
S. Ezekiel is with the Computer Science Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA USA (e-mail: email@example.com).
L. Pearlstein is with the Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ USA.
A. Alshehri is with the Electrical Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.
Cite: Soundararajan Ezekiel, Larry Pearlstein, Abdullah Ali Alshehri, Adam Lutz, Jackson Zaunegger, and Waleed Farag, "Investigating GAN and VAE to train DCNN," International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 774-781, 2019.Copyright © 2019 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0). | <urn:uuid:e0652725-c254-4470-b9e8-331f688a0158> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.ijmlc.org/content-103-1019-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.900053 | 603 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Sign up for emergency preparedness courses offered by embrella for licensed resource parents. Click HERE
Disaster Preparedness Part 1: Preparing Your Family Before an Emergency
In part one of this four part training series, you will be introduced to the basics of disaster preparedness. Disasters can be chaotic for everyone, but as a resource parent you have the additional challenge of having to follow DCP&P policy, while keeping your family safe at the same time. Though emergency situations may be unpredictable, you can take steps today that will help your family survive and persevere. The course will cover important steps of preparation such as developing a family emergency plan, making emergency kits, and how to psychologically prepare children for disastrous events. It will also discuss the types of natural disasters most common to New Jersey so you know what to expect.
Disaster Preparedness Part 2: Staying Safe During an Emergency
In part two of this four part training series, you will learn how to protect your family while a disaster is occurring. The course will give you specific instructions and tips on what to do during a variety of disaster scenarios such as hurricanes, floods, and industrial accidents leaking harmful chemicals into the environment. You will also be introduced to details of evacuating and sheltering in place, and when you should do each of these. As a resource parent, you may well know that the children in your care may need extra emotional support. This becomes even more important in times of disaster, so the course will examine the emotional toll that disasters may take on children, and ways to support them.
Disaster Preparedness Part 3: Recovering and Coping with Disaster
In part three of this four part training series, you will begin to learn how to pick up the pieces in the aftermath of a disaster. As a committed resource parent, you may be accustomed to always being the one to help others, instead of the one asking for help. This course will detail the many types of assistance available following catastrophic events so you are aware of the resources available to you and your family. The other main focus of this course is recovery for both your children and you. It will explain some common reactions children have to disasters, along with tips on how to help them cope. Finally, you will learn stress management techniques for yourself and warning signs that a family member or you needs to seek extra mental health attention.
Disaster Preparedness Part 4: More Than Mother Nature
In the first three parts of our disaster preparedness series, the focus was on natural disasters. In this final course, we will shift gears and talk about man-made disasters. With technology advancing every day things like cyber attacks, nuclear power plant accidents and hazardous material incidents are subjects we have to become knowledgeable on to be prepared for anything. Acts of terrorism will also be discussed, along with another section on coping with these events. | <urn:uuid:7b6f2742-bb39-4bb4-b7de-f1f76768dce2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.state.nj.us/njfosteradopt/services/fafs_training.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.95938 | 583 | 2.796875 | 3 |
When no warm water has actually been utilized for a day or more, the fluid in the collectors and also storage space can reach quite high temperatures in all systems with the exception of those of the drainback variety. When the tank in a drainback system reaches its preferred temperature level, the pumps are shut off, placing an end to the heating process as well as thus avoiding the tank from overheating. One technique of supplying over warmth protection is to discard the heat right into a hot tub. Some energetic systems deliberately cool down the water in the tank by circulating hot water through the collection agency at times when there is little sunlight or at night, triggering enhanced heat loss. Get A Solar Water Heater Generator this is most efficient in direct or thermal shop plumbing system and also is essentially ineffective in systems that use left tube collectors, because of their remarkable insulation. Despite the enthusiast type, however, they might still overheat. High pressured closed solar thermal systems variations inevitably count on the operation of temperature and also pressure safety valve. Low stress, open vented ones have simpler, much more trusted safety and security controls, commonly an open vent.
Up until the development of freeze-tolerant solar collectors, they were ruled out appropriate for cool environments since, in case of the collection agency being ruined by a freeze, pressurized water lines will require water to gush from the freeze-damaged collection agency up until the problem is discovered and corrected. In 2005, Spain came to be the very first country worldwide to need the installation of photovoltaic or pv electrical energy generation in new buildings, as well as the second (after Israel) to require the setup of solar water heater in 2006. The globe saw a fast development of making use of solar cozy water after 1960, with systems being marketed in Japan and Australia. Technical technology has boosted efficiency, life span as well as simplicity of use of these systems.Deals For Solar Heater Installation setup of solar water heating has actually come to be the norm in countries with an abundance of solar radiation, like the Mediterranean, Japan, and Australia.Colombia established a local solar water heating sector thanks to the designs of Las Gaviotas, directed by Paolo Lugari. Driven by a desire to minimize expenses in social housing, the team of Gaviotas studied the best systems from Israel and also made adaptations as to satisfy the specs established by the Banco Central Hipotecario (BCH) which recommended that the system must be functional in cities like Bogotá where there are more than 200 days overcast. The ultimate designs were so successful that Las Gaviotas supplied a 25-year guarantee on any of its installations in 1984. Over 40,000 were set up and also still work a quarter of a century later. Australia has a selection of motivations (nationwide as well as state) as well as regulations (state) for solar thermal presented beginning with MRET in 1997.
Solar water heating unit have come to be prominent in China, where standard models start at around 1,500 yuan (US$ 235), more affordable than in Western nations (around 80 % less costly for an offered dimension of collector).Solar Hot Water Heater Innovations it is claimed that at the very least 30 million Chinese homes currently have one and that the appeal is because of the effective evacuated tubes which enable the heating units to function also under grey skies as well as at temperature levels well below freezing. Freeze security procedures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid.
Drainback systems drain the transfer liquid from the system when the pump quits. Many indirect systems utilize antifreeze (e.g. Propylene glycol) in the warmth transfer fluid. In some direct systems, the collection agencies can be manually drained when cold is expected. This method prevails in climates where freezing temperatures do not happen typically, however is rather unstable considering that the driver can forget to drain the system.Innovations In Solar Water Heater other direct systems make use of freeze-tolerant collection agencies made with flexible polymers such as silicone rubber. A 3rd kind of freeze defense is freeze-tolerance, where low pressure polymer water networks made of silicone rubber merely increases on freezing. One such collection agency now has European Solar Keymark accreditation, adhering to added durability screening.
Copyright 2015 Economic News Articles | <urn:uuid:c99a1977-53fb-486d-bc77-8ce2783db3b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://economicnewsarticles.org/1040860/solar-heating-units-create-ample-amount-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145767.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223093317-20200223123317-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.948717 | 888 | 2.890625 | 3 |
rsync is a free software computer program for Unix and Linux like systems which synchronizes files and directories from one location to another while minimizing data transfer using delta encoding when appropriate. An important feature of rsync not found in most similar programs/protocols is that the mirroring takes place with only one transmission in each direction. This tool is very appropriate to keep backup or setup mirror service. In this article you will get some clear idea.
It can perform differential uploads and downloads (synchronization) of files across the network, transferring only data that has changed. The rsync remote-update protocol allows rsync to transfer just the differences between two sets of files across the network connection.
If you are using Debian or Ubuntu Linux, type the following command:
apt-get install rsync
sudo apt-get install rsync
If you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) / CentOS 4.x or older version, type the following command:
RHEL / CentOS 5.x or newer (or Fedora Linux) user type the following command:
yum install rsync
SSH-Keygen Generates Keys:
It is safe to use rsync over ssh. To safely use rsync and to be secured you can generate keys to use rsync without giving password. This key will help you to keep backup. For better knowledge you can visit my another post by clicking here.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Use remote machine ip to access without password.
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "firstname.lastname@example.org -p 22"
Here i will show you some tasks or examples.
#1. Copy file from a local computer to a remote server.
Copy file from /var/www/backup.tar.gz to a remote servers /var/www/ folder, called server1.domain.com
rsync -v -e ssh /var/www/backup.tar.gz email@example.com:~/var/www/
Please note that symbol ~ indicate the users home directory (/home/user).
#2. Copy file from a remote server to a local computer.
Copy file /var/www/backup.tar.gz from a remote server server1.domain.com to a local computer’s /var/www/ directory:
rsync -v -e ssh firstname.lastname@example.org:~/var/www/backup.tar.gz /var/www/
#3. Synchronize a local directory with a remote directory. (From local to server)
rsync -r -a -v -e "ssh -l root -p 22" --delete /var/www/ server1.domain.com:/var/www/
#4. Synchronize a remote directory with a local directory. (From server to local)
rsync -r -a -v -e "ssh -l root -p 22" --delete server1.domain.com:/var/www/ /var/www/
#5. Synchronize a local directory with a remote rsync server or vise-versa.
rsync -r -a -v --delete rsync://server1.domain.com/backup /var/www/backup
rsync -r -a -v --delete /var/www/backup rsync://server1.domain.com/backup
#6. Mirror a directory between my “old” and “new” web server/ftp
You can mirror a directory between my “old” (server1.domain.com) and “new” web server with the command (assuming that ssh keys are set for password less authentication)
rsync -zavrR --delete --links --rsh="ssh -l root -p 22" server1.domain.com:/var/www /var/www
Below command will be very helpful for backing up a database.
mysqldump --opt -Q -u root --password='password' dbname | gzip > /var/www/dbname.gz
Above command will backup the database by compressing that to gzip. | <urn:uuid:ee5b6ac4-8a72-430c-a3ca-19503c0c2119> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://fahadahammed.com/transfer-files-by-rsync/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.74852 | 912 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This sub-section looks at overarching processes and developments in privatisation and commodification of water. It looks at overall policy issues, major interventions like water supply schemes under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, the series of privatisation of water supply in small towns, and other reforms in the water sector like the creation and functioning of Water Regulatory Authorities. This section also has thematic studies pertaining to water privatisation and reforms, in particular on alternatives to privatisation. It also attempts to bring together several strands to present the macro picture(s).
Reports and Articles in this Theme
पानी का बाज़ार बना मध्य प्रदेश
इस लेख मे मध्य प्रदेश में पानी के बाज़ारीकरण, निजीकरण और जलक्षेत्र सुधारों का आकलन प्रस्तुत किया गया है |
लेख, प्रकाशित फ़रवरी 2015.
डाउनलोड हेतु यहाँ क्लिक करे
PPPs: Tall claims, but little evidence
The many arguments offered in support of Public Private Partnerships don’t stand up to close examination. The private sector is not more efficient than its public counterpart, nor is cheap money accessible to it as readily. Shripad Dharmadhikary and Gaurav Dwivedi report on India Together.
Article, Published 6 October 2008.
Read full article here
India Country Brief for Water Sector, 2009
India Country Brief for Water Sector provides a bird’s eye view of the privatisation and reforms processes in the country. This brief includes various stages and aspects related to privatisation efforts in the country including status of privatisation and reforms projects in the country, role of the governments and international financial institutions, changes in laws and policies that have been brought about to facilitate private participation, involvement of private corporations, impacts of privatisation and the campaigns, movements and alternatives against the privatisation efforts. It was prepared to be distributed as conference material during the Jubilee South – Asia Pacific Movement on Debt and Development (JS-APMDD) conference in Bangkok on Climate Justice and Alternatives to Water and Power sector privatisation, September – October 2009.
Brief, presented in September-October 2009.
Read full brief here
Privatisation and Commercialisation of Water Resources and Services in India
Since 1991, large-scale changes have been initiated in India’s economy with the liberalization, privatisation and globalisation of almost every aspect of the economy. While this process began in 1991 itself in sectors like power, in the water sector it has started recently. 17 years after the blind and hasty liberalization and privatisation, the power sector is in a mess. The reforms have been a disaster, with severe power shortages and rocketing electricity tariffs, locking the country into expensive contracts for years to come. All this has now been acknowledged even at the official level. Instead of learning from the process, an almost exactly similar process of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation is being undertaken in the water sector.
Note, published in 2008.
Read full note here
हिन्दी नोट यहॉं देखा जा सकता है। | <urn:uuid:94a922e8-c817-4825-a5e5-cb0f4c4d0a64> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.manthan-india.org/overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.848598 | 898 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Where We Work
See our interactive map
This post originally appeared on the Frontline Health Workers Coalition Blog.
The birth of a child is typically a time of happiness and celebration. But in Nepal a family’s joy turned to horror when during a traditional birth ceremony, 2-month-old Astha fell from her mother’s lap into an open fire. She was scooped from the flames and survived, but suffered severe burns all over her face.
Unable to get the appropriate immediate treatment she needed, Astha’s injury quickly began to “heal” itself, and scars formed over her face to the point that her mouth was sealed almost completely closed. Unable to suck, Astha was only able to eat through a small eyedropper.
Luckily, at this point Astha’s mother brought her to the hospital where a ReSurge International Surgical Outreach Program operates year-round. Dr. Nancy Chee, one of our volunteer occupational therapists and a 2014 REAL Award honoree, was there at the time. She and her Nepali trainee, Mohan Dangol, fashioned a small plastic splint that could hook on the corners of Astha’s mouth and stretch it open. Within days, Astha’s mouth opened enough for her to suck again.
Astha was fortunate to have found health workers with the necessary training and creativity to treat her burns, giving her the chance to survive and live a life free of disability. This is unfortunately not the case for many children in her country.
Health workers should know what to do when a burn victim enters their health post or clinic.
With many still using open flames to cook, heat, and light their homes, the burns crisis in Nepal is severe. Burns are the second-most common injury in rural Nepal and the 10th leading cause of death for children under age 5. Add to this situation a chronic shortage of health workers—on average, there are only about 2 physicians for every 10,000 people in Nepal—and it is not difficult to understand why burns are also the 11th leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for children under 5.
Many do not know that burns can also cause disability, because we don’t often see it in developed countries. However, when a burn survivor does not have access to basic medical care and the injury is left to heal by itself, a permanent tightening of the skin occurs as the body closes the wound. As a result, even a minor burn can restrict one’s ability to walk or cause a working hand to become an unusable fist.
But during our nearly 45 years of providing reconstructive surgery, we have learned that when burn survivors are given simple and affordable treatment like the kind Astha received soon after a burn injury, the burn disability is often reduced in severity or avoided altogether.
The global health crisis of burns afflicting more than 10 million people in developing countries annually can be tackled, but an expanded and improved health workforce is needed.
The fact that the global shortage of health workers now stands at 7.2 million and counting is widely acknowledged. To reduce the number of debilitating burn injuries in Nepal and in other developing countries, an expanded force of frontline health workers is undoubtedly necessary.
Beyond increasing the number of health workers, these workers must also be equipped to provide appropriate burn care by focusing on three areas: prevention, training, and treatment.
With National Burn Awareness Week approaching, let’s remain mindful that 95% of severe burns occur in developing countries. Frontline health workers will be critical in addressing the hidden crisis of burns, and policymakers here in the United States and around the world must ensure that more is done to ensure that burns are prevented, managed, and treated through an expanded and strengthened health workforce.
Get the latest updates from the blog and eNews | <urn:uuid:523ab4b1-2f25-4291-a588-fd270ece9414> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.intrahealth.org/vital/three-ways-health-workers-mitigate-hidden-global-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148850.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229083813-20200229113813-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.965829 | 799 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Let’s talk about the Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), aka Elder, Common Elder, American Elder, and European Elder. It’s been used medicinally throughout history for a variety of ailments, and studies are showing that there is good reason. Elderberries are high in vitamins A, C, and B6, as well as iron and potassium. They are also a good source of inflammation-fighting quercetin.
The 2017-2018 flu season has caught many folks off guard. It’s the most widespread outbreak of the flu virus in more than a decade. Did you know that several studies across the globe have proved that elderberry syrup can be effective in treating and lessening the symptoms of influenza viruses? It’s true.
I’m not going to get into a debate about flu vaccines here; I am not a medical expert, I only know what works for me. I have had the flu just once in my life, and I personally believe that a good deal of the credit for that goes to daily use of a neti pot, a daily dose of my winter tonic (aka ‘fire cider’), and elderberry tincture or syrup when I feel cold and flu symptoms creeping in.
In a double-blind study1 in 1993, 93.3% of subjects taking an elderberry preparation called Sambucol reported significant improvement in their flu symptoms within two days versus six days for those given the placebo.
Not only is elderberry effective as a flu treatment, it may also help to prevent the flu virus, as reported in another study in the journal Phytochemistry in 20092. The report showed that flavonoids contained in elderberries produce antibodies that bind with H1N1 virion (that’s the infectious form of a virus), and prevent it from infecting host cells. A study reported in the Journal of Thoracic Disease3 explained that flavonoids from elderberries (including the quercetin mentioned earlier), are “comparing favorably to the anti-influenza activities of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®).
Tamiflu is the prescription-only antiviral flu treatment that is persistently in short supply during flu outbreaks, but elderberries can be as close as your garden. In the past I have always acquired elderberry syrup and tinctures from others, but the recent research I’ve done that went into writing this post led me to order my own plants; they will make a welcome addition to the garden.
For a great tutorial on how to make elderberry syrup, check out this video from Mountain Rose Herbs:
Freezing some of your elderberry syrup will help it to last longer, and ensure that you can have some available when it is needed.
A Final Note
It is important to cook elderberries before consuming them. Raw elderberries can cause a buildup of cyanide in your system, which is toxic and be dangerous.
Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. The information contained herein is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice.
1Zakay-Rones, Zichria, et al. “Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza Virusin Vitroand Reduction of Symptoms by an Elderberry Extract (Sambucus NigraL.) during an Outbreak of Influenza B Panama.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 1, no. 4, 1995, pp. 361–369., doi:10.1089/acm.1995.1.361.
2Roschek Jr. B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009;70(10):1255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.003.
3Shen X, Zhang X, Liu S. Novel hemagglutinin-based influenza virus inhibitors. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2013;5(Suppl 2):S149-S159. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.14. | <urn:uuid:c5a260c0-ca74-4b1f-9655-8f1e45509c0d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.myearthgarden.com/2018/01/meg-medicine-pantry-elderberry-for-cold-flu-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145438.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221014826-20200221044826-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.925254 | 894 | 2.71875 | 3 |
|SOME ETHICAL ASPECTS OF MENTAL ECONOMY|
STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
TO be economical of one's powers makes for efficiency; to be prodigal, makes for inefficiency. To be efficient in life is the highest ethics. To be inefficient because of prodigality is to be immoral.
It will be observed that in this discussion I follow the Aristotelian conception of ethics as a practical science, rather than as a theoretical science. The object of the discussion is to consider certain modes of mental life, to evaluate them, and to offer a few guiding suggestions for the proper conduct of life.
Professor Paulsen has compared this view of ethics with the science of medicine, which he says, "instructs us to solve the problems of corporeal life, to the end that the body may perform all its functions in a healthy manner during its natural existence; while ethics, basing itself on the knowledge of human nature in general, especially of its spiritual and social side, aims to solve all the problems of life so that it may reach its fullest, most beautiful and most perfect development. We might, therefore," he concludes, "call ethics universal dietetics, to which medicine, and all the other technologies, like pedagogy, politics, etc., are related as special parts, or as auxiliary sciences." ("A System of Ethics," p. 2.) The purpose of ethics, then, is "to determine the end of life, or the highest good, and to point out the way or the means of realizing it."
This much by way of definition is given preliminary to my discussion of mental economy as a phase of ethics, in order to justify my treatment when I seem to digress from the immediate consideration of right and wrong and to discuss questions which might properly be also catalogued under pedagogy or mental hygiene.
All will agree that no life is most nobly lived unless it has secured the complete unfoldment of the richest inheritances bequeathed by ancestry; unless it has appropriated environment in such a way as to secure the limits of individual advancement; unless it has rendered the utmost possible service to society. To fail in these particulars is to be prodigal and uneconomical. To be uneconomical is to be unethical. The world is full of work to be done, problems to be solved, which are of proportions never before assumed. To meet these duties and responsibilities requires the highest products of intellectual evolution, keen and broad sympathies, and vigorous, sustained will-impulses.
To live completely and ethically, every one should accomplish more | <urn:uuid:795d2fb2-8c6b-4ce9-991b-2b772a240af3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_71.djvu/252 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145960.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224132646-20200224162646-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.947839 | 537 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bundoora is a local Aboriginal word meaning ‘the plain where kangaroos live’. In 2015, it is estimated 13,500 people live in Bundoora (within the City of Whittlesea) with a projected increase of about 1,800 people by 2036.
This place snapshot provides a summary of future development in the Bundoora area for current and future residents, business owners, investors and community groups.
For snapshots of development in other areas, see Place Snapshots: A Guide to Development in Your Area.
Bundoora is a local Aboriginal word meaning ‘the plain where kangaroos live’. Bundoora was named after Keelbundoora, which was the name of the parish (land) where Bundoora exists today.
Keelbundoora was also the name of the young boy present at the signing of the Batman treaty, a historic land agreement made by European settler, John Batman with the Aboriginal people of Melbourne in 1835. The treaty was later ruled invalid by the government of the day.
Only a small part of Bundoora is within the City of Whittlesea boundary, the rest of the suburb is served by the Darebin City Council and Banyule City Council.
Approximately 45 per cent of the population resides in the City of Whittlesea, 37 per cent in Banyule and 18 per cent in Darebin.
European settlement of the area dates from 1838, with land mainly used for farming.
The number of residents was small until the late 1800s. Significant development did not occur until the post-war era with Bundoora experiencing substantial growth in the 1960s, due to home affordability and provision of employment.
Residential, retail and commercial growth is expected to continue particularly in the University Hill development.
University Hill contains:
The University Hill (The Janefield) development plan shows the proposed development for this housing estate in Bundoora. Development of these estate will generally follow the plan but is subject to change.
In 2015, it is estimated 13,500 people live in Bundoora (within the City of Whittlesea) with a projected increase of about 1,800 people by 2036.
Bundoora has the largest proportion of young adults aged 18 to 24 in the municipality (13 per cent). This is probably due to the presence of 2 universities in Bundoora. By 2036, the most populous age group is expected to be 35 to 49 year olds.
In 2015, it is estimated there will be 169 births (3 births per week on average) and this will remain reasonably constant to 2036.
Almost half of Bundoora’s residents (45 per cent) speak a language other than English at home with the most common languages spoken are Mandarin, Italian and Macedonian.
In 2015 there are approximately 5,000 dwellings. By 2036 it is expected to increase to 5,700 dwellings with an average household size of 2.8 people.
There are more residents working in the retail trade, health care and social assistance, than any other industry.
There are less residents attending primary, secondary and preschool, although there is a larger proportion of people attending university compared with the broader Greater Melbourne.
Seven out of 10 residents drive a car to their place of work with over 60 per cent of households having access to 2 or more motor vehicles. | <urn:uuid:4c36a022-cdf4-451a-a5f5-d13959e083f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.whittlesea.vic.gov.au/building-planning-development/future-development-plans/place-snapshots-a-guide-to-development-in-your-area/place-snapshot-bundoora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.960749 | 710 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Returning values from your functions to PHP was described briefly in an earlier section; this section gives the details. Return values are passed via the return_value variable, which is passed to your functions as argument. The return_value argument consists of a zval container (see the earlier discussion of the call interface) that you can freely modify. The container itself is already allocated, so you don't have to run MAKE_STD_ZVAL on it. Instead, you can access its members directly.
To make returning values from functions easier and to prevent hassles with accessing the internal structures of the zval container, a set of predefined macros is available (as usual). These macros automatically set the correspondent type and value, as described in Table 55-1 and Table 55-2.
Table 55-1. Predefined Macros for Returning Values from a Function
|RETURN_RESOURCE(resource)||Returns a resource.|
|RETURN_BOOL(bool)||Returns a Boolean.|
|RETURN_NULL()||Returns nothing (a NULL value).|
|RETURN_LONG(long)||Returns a long.|
|RETURN_DOUBLE(double)||Returns a double.|
|RETURN_STRING(string, duplicate)||Returns a string. The duplicate flag indicates whether the string should be duplicated using estrdup().|
|RETURN_STRINGL(string, length, duplicate)||Returns a string of the specified length; otherwise, behaves like RETURN_STRING. This macro is faster and binary-safe, however.|
|RETURN_EMPTY_STRING()||Returns an empty string.|
|RETURN_FALSE||Returns Boolean false.|
|RETURN_TRUE||Returns Boolean true.|
Table 55-2. Predefined Macros for Setting the Return Value of a Function
|RETVAL_RESOURCE(resource)||Sets the return value to the specified resource.|
|RETVAL_BOOL(bool)||Sets the return value to the specified Boolean value.|
|RETVAL_NULL||Sets the return value to NULL.|
|RETVAL_LONG(long)||Sets the return value to the specified long.|
|RETVAL_DOUBLE(double)||Sets the return value to the specified double.|
|RETVAL_STRING(string, duplicate)||Sets the return value to the specified string and duplicates it to Zend internal memory if desired (see also RETURN_STRING).|
|RETVAL_STRINGL(string, length, duplicate)||Sets the return value to the specified string and forces the length to become length (see also RETVAL_STRING). This macro is faster and binary-safe, and should be used whenever the string length is known.|
|RETVAL_EMPTY_STRING||Sets the return value to an empty string.|
|RETVAL_FALSE||Sets the return value to Boolean false.|
|RETVAL_TRUE||Sets the return value to Boolean true.|
Complex types such as arrays and objects can be returned by using array_init() and object_init(), as well as the corresponding hash functions on return_value. Since these types cannot be constructed of trivial information, there are no predefined macros for them.
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Generated: 2007-01-26 18:00:30 | <urn:uuid:fe94a864-2487-4cbd-ac85-f3a6eceeb8c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://docmirror.net/en/php/html/zend.returning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146414.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226150200-20200226180200-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.71237 | 758 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Eating disorders in kids can pose a serious threat to their health and overall well-being. If not diagnosed and treated early, eating disorders can give rise to life-threatening conditions. Here are a few things that you must know about eating disorders:
1.The two most common types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. These two conditions can show up separately or together in one person. Yet another type of eating disorder is Binge eating. It is not necessary that kids with eating disorders are excessive skinny or overweight.
2. It is not necessary that only girls suffer from eating disorder. Boys can also suffer from eating disorder. Binge Eating disorder affects both girls and boys.
3. Anorexia Nervosa is the condition when kids refuse to eat adequate food and calories because of the fear of becoming fat. Kids suffering from Anorexia Nervosa are extremely conscious about their body image and constantly worry about what people will think of their bodies.
4. Kids suffering from Anorexia Nervosa have a body weight 15% less than normal weight, they are gripped by a fear of growing fat, and have a negative view of their body.
5. Your kid may be suffering from Bulimia Nervosa if he/she engages in Binge eating (eating more food than normal quantity) and throws out the food by either vomiting, excessive exercising, by abusing laxatives, diuretics or diet pills.
6. Binge Eating is the condition where a kid indulges in eating more food than people usually eat. Such kids overeat to the point where they feel discomfort. Kids suffering from binge eating have no control over them when eating and usually, overeat when they are depressed .
7. A number of factors can trigger eating disorders. These are a combination of social, biological, and behavioural factors. For instance, young girls can get influenced by the thin body images promoted in various media. Moreover, kids suffering from a feeling of helplessness, depression or low self-esteem may adopt such habits as a response to the stress they are experiencing.
8. Once you spot the signs of eating disorder in your child, immediately take them for psychological counselling. Such disorders need medical attention. The underlying psychological factors must be understood before treating this problem. If you have witnessed the symptoms of eating disorder in your child and if you are looking for a child psychologist in Kolkata.
It is very important to improve the eating and nutrition habits of children by helping them improve their self-esteem. That’s the only way to help your kid overcome such a life-threatening condition. | <urn:uuid:2a39c3f2-8fe7-4378-a3b4-ca3d29c1b587> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.moneralo.com/kids-and-eating-disorders-8-things-you-should-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146160.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225202625-20200225232625-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.957181 | 542 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Labour Party was out of power in the years 1951-64 not because of Conservative strengths but because of Labour’s mistakes and internal divisions. Assess the validity of this view.
Between the years 1951 and 1964, the Conservative party saw a period of political dominance while Labour experienced a period which has become known as their ‘wilderness years’. This can partly be blamed on Labour’s mistakes and divisions within the party as this led to dissatisfaction within the electorate. However, other factors such as the role of key personalities, Conservative strengths and rising affluence were also responsible for Labour’s failure to win elections in the period.
Labour Disunity was a major cause for the party being out of power in the years 1951 to 1964 as it was the start of increasing dissatisfaction with the party. The party was split during the 1950s due to the formation of two groups, the Bevanites and Gaitskellites who disagreed over key policies including defence spending and the development of nuclear weapons as well as relationships with trade unions. This split seriously harmed the effectiveness of the party’s opposition to the Conservatives in the 1950s. The creation of the hydrogen bomb in 1957 prompted the formation of the CND in 1958. Many left wingers in the Labour party joined them which turned some voters away from Labour before the election in 1959. The party leader, Gaitskell, also suffered defeats at party conferences over the issue. By presenting Labour as a divided party, this caused a loss in confidence within their supporters and they saw a drop in the number of seats won within the three elections in the period, from 295 in 1951 to 258 in 1959.
Conservative strengths in the years 1955 to 1963 were also very important in allowing their thirteen years of dominance. The period saw a rise in affluence following the austerity during World War Two, which was one of the main causes for the party’s continued success. Throughout their period of dominance there was full employment, rising living standards and a successful welfare state, which were all things that Labour claimed were unachievable under a capitalist government and so made the party seem out of touch and unable to adapt to the changing society. After ending rationing in 1954, Britain became a consumer society, with huge rises in the purchase of consumer goods such as cars (between 1950 and 1965, sales of cars rose by 4 million) and televisions (between 1957 and 1959 the number of households owning a television rose by 32%). Combined with rising wages, from £8.30 in in 1951 to £15.35 in 1961, most people in Britain felt more affluent and were hesitant to switch parties when they were comfortable. However, it can be argued that this rise in prosperity can be attributed to simply a post-war by-product rather than due to successful policy making.... | <urn:uuid:384ce565-5e1c-4697-a0fe-c00dda05d808> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://ostatic.com/essays/conservative-dominance-1951-1964-sheldon-history-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.982112 | 572 | 3.46875 | 3 |
If you suffer from stress and anxiety, you probably want to avoid future run-ins with these problems. Of course, stress is inevitable, but you can learn to cope with it in a functional, healthy way. Here are some tips for staving off stress and anxiety before they catch up with you.
1. Good Nutrition
This is listed as number 1 for a reason. It is one of the most important and effective means by which you can cope with stress and anxiety and prevent them from taking over your life. Some nutrients and foods that are good for proper brain and body fuction are:
-Essential Fatty Acids, such as those found in olive oil, salmon, flax seeds, and other unrefined vegetable oils should be sought out and deliberately included in the diet.
This vitamin plays a signifcant role in mood regulation. In fact, has been used to treat people who suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).
2. Regular Exercise
This is also very important for avoiding the negative effects of stress and anxiety. Don’t wait until you feel stressed or anxious; like good nutrition, make exercise a part of your regular routine. Exercise increases circulation, and also induces the body to produce endorphins. These brain chemicals profoundly affect your mood and response to stress.
Exercising with realistic goals is also important. You don’t want to bring on anxious feelings by “failing” at an enormous exercise goal like running a marathon right away when you’ve never run before. Keeping your goals realistic – say running a around a quarter-mile track once and walking another 3 laps – can boost your confidence and give you a sense of accomplishment. These are great weapons against stress and anxiety.
3. Positive Self-Talk
You may need help in learning how to break negative self-talk patterns. Many of us have developed patterns of thought that automatically involve self-abasement. For example, if you make a mistake on a piece of paperwork, your mind may automatically begin “beating you up,” and you’ll have thoughts that you can’t do anything right, you are terrible at paperwork, and so forth. Learning to recognize this pattern and redirect your thoughts to more positive ones can help prevent further stress and anxiety.
4. Deep Breathing
It may seem silly to focus on breathing as part of preventing stress and anxiety. Everyone knows how to breathe, right? Yes, everyone knows how to breathe, but few people know how to breathe properly. Deep breathing is the deliberate taking in of breath that helps focus your thoughts and energy. It also promotes the circulation of oxygen throughout the body. Exhaling deeply and fully is also important, as this more thoroughly eliminates toxins from the body.
Getting adequate sleep is essential for helping your body cope with stress. Everything seems bigger, scarier, and more worrisome when you are exhausted.
6. Know the Symptoms
Learn to recognise your body’s cues that it’s experiencing too much stress and its resulting anxiety. Pay attention to things like feelings of restlessness, fatigue, anxious thoughts, and muscle tension. Once you learn to recognise the stressful trend, you can stop it before it takes hold. | <urn:uuid:7055d515-88a6-428c-9f88-a8f87e098c3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://thespiritfactory.co.uk/how-to-head-off-stress-anxiety-before-they-happen/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146160.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225202625-20200225232625-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.954857 | 669 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Like many viruses, HIV can affect different people in different ways. If someone contracts HIV, they might experience persistent or occasional symptoms. Also, their symptoms might be mild or severe.
Their overall health, the stage of their HIV, and the steps they take to manage their condition can all affect their symptoms.
One of the most common symptoms of HIV is fever. Fever occurs when the body temperature is higher than normal. Several different things can cause HIV-related fever. Here are some of the potential causes and when a person should seek treatment for a fever.
People with HIV can develop a fever for a variety of reasons. They can develop a fever as part of an adverse reaction to medications. Fevers can also be a symptom of many conditions unrelated to HIV, such as the flu.
Other causes include:
A person with HIV will likely begin to show symptoms of HIV within two to four weeks after contracting it. Recurrent or persistent fevers may be one of the first symptoms they experience. Their fever may also be accompanied by additional symptoms, such as:
Fevers are a normal immune response to viral infections. If someone has an acute HIV infection, persistent fever is a sign that their immune system is still functioning relatively well.
An opportunistic infection is one that occurs because of a weakened immune system. When the immune system is healthy, it can fight off many infections. When it’s impaired by HIV, it may be less able to fend off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. As a result, a person living with HIV may develop an opportunistic infection.
There are several different types of opportunistic infections. They can range from minor to extremely serious. Examples include:
- some types of bronchitis
- cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- herpes simplex
- candidiasis, also known as thrush
- herpes esophagitis
An effective immune system is able to seek out and destroy some types of cancer before they can grow and cause problems. With an ineffective immune system,
Some of these cancers may include:
The length of a fever will depend on its cause and the steps taken to manage it.
The initial stage of HIV can last from months to years. Within that time period, a person may experience intermittent fevers that last anywhere from two to four weeks.
If a fever is related to an opportunistic infection, its length will depend on the type of infection, the treatment a person receives, and their overall condition.
If a fever is caused by medication, its length will depend on the medication, how long someone takes it, and their overall condition.
Most fevers aren’t serious and resolve on their own. But in some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious issue that requires treatment. A healthcare provider can help someone identify the cause of a fever and prescribe appropriate treatment.
If someone suspects they’ve been exposed to HIV, they should make an appointment with their healthcare provider and ask about HIV testing. If they’re experiencing recurrent fevers or nonspecific symptoms, it may be a sign of an acute HIV infection.
If someone’s already received an HIV diagnosis, they should make an appointment with their healthcare provider as soon as they develop a fever. It may be a sign of an opportunistic infection or problems with their medication regimen. If left untreated, their condition might become worse.
One reason it’s important to adhere to an HIV medication regimen — and investigate any potential problems — is that people with an undetectable viral load are unable to transmit HIV, according to the
In many cases, hydration and rest are all it takes to treat a fever. Depending on its severity and cause, a healthcare provider may also recommend other treatments. For example, they may recommend over-the-counter medication, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin).
If someone has an opportunistic infection, their healthcare provider may prescribe antivirals, antibiotics, or other types of medication. If they suspect someone’s fever is caused by medication, they may adjust the drug regimen.
A person’s outlook depends on the severity and cause of the fever. In many cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help improve a person’s outlook. A person with HIV fever should ask a healthcare provider for more information about their specific condition, treatment options, and outlook. | <urn:uuid:ce6259a9-6016-4ee5-9802-8d04d347c99a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/fevers-and-hiv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143373.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217205657-20200217235657-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.954362 | 914 | 3.625 | 4 |
Ecologists love species diversity. But it remains a major conundrum why the highest diversity of plants is most often associated with nutrient-poor soils, rather than in the rich, fertile soils where plants grow best. One of the highest counts of plants that I know of was reported for a frequently burned, sandy soil in the Green Swamp in North Carolina, where there was an average of 35 species per square meter. A combination of low fertility and frequent disturbance seems to prevent a few species from dominating the rest at this site.
Not surprisingly, plants have different efficiencies in nutrient uptake. Plants living in nutrient-poor habitats invest more energy in the growth of fine roots, enzymes for nutrient transport, and the symbiotic (mycorrhizal) fungi that aid in nutrient uptake. Plant ecologists express nutrient uptake efficiency as the amount of a nutrient, like nitrogen, taken up per unit of root growth per unit of time. High nutrient uptake efficiency comes at a cost to plants, because energy devoted to root growth and nutrient uptake is energy that cannot be devoted to the growth of leaves that fuel the overall plant growth.
Numerous studies show declines in species diversity when soils are fertilized. The fertilized plot is dominated by a few species that show rapid growth, often shading out all competitors. When you fertilize a nutrient-poor plot of land, the species adapted to low nutrients are outcompeted by species that do not devote as much energy to nutrient uptake, which outgrow the species adapted to nutrient-poor soils. Many grasses are adapted to a high-nutrient diet; home gardeners know that fertilizing a lawn will help keep out the weeds.
All this explains why ecologists are increasingly concerned about higher levels of nitrogen deposition from the deposition of air pollution. The nitrogen deposited from the atmosphere acts as a fertilizer, promoting the dominance of a few profligate species with low nutrient-uptake efficiency at the expense of species with higher nutrient-use efficiency and adapted to nutrient-poor soils. Across European meadows, species diversity has declined in areas where nutrient-deposition is greatest. The effects are subtle, but cumulative, so that a depauperate flora is left behind.
Along with climate change, widespread nitrogen deposition is likely to take its toll on nature’s diversity. Fortunately, if we reduce the deposition of nitrogen air pollutants in nature, much of its biodiversity will return. This should be a clear choice for thoughtful folks.
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Cleland, E.E., and W.S. Harpole. 2010. Nitrogen enrichment and plant communities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1195: 46-61.
Goulson, D. 2013. A Buzz in the Meadow: the Natural history of a French Farm. Picador, New York.
Hautier, Y., P.A. Niklaus, and A. Hector. 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science 324: 636-638.
Huenneke, L.F., S.P. Hamburg, R. Koide, H.A. Mooney, and P.M. Vitousek. 1990. Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in California serpentine grassland. Ecology 71: 478-491.
Kempton, R.A. 1979. The structure of species diversity and measurement of diversity. Biometrics 35: 307-321.
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Walker, J. and R.K. Peet. 1984. Composition and species diversity of pine wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina. Vegetatio 55: 163-179. | <urn:uuid:03730aef-35de-4d2f-9141-925ebef2efb8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/citizenscientist/diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.885779 | 1,004 | 3.78125 | 4 |
A newly agreed ban on several single-use plastic items could soon become “one of the EU’s proudest achievements”, according to NGOs.
EU governments have finally reached an agreement to slash plastic pollution from single-use items after months of negotiations with the European Commission and Parliament.
The final measures, which were first put forward by the European Commission in May, include:
- Bans on several single-use plastic items including plates, straws, beverage stirrers, cutlery, expanded polystyrene food containers and more;
- Ensuring manufacturers pay for waste management and clean-up of several single-use plastic items, including cigarette butts and fishing gear;
- Ensuring all beverage bottles are produced from 25% recycled content by 2025.
The EU also agreed to introduce labels informing consumers about the presence of plastics in products and about the environmental impact of littering.
Meadhbh Bolger of Friends of the Earth said:
“The EU deserves praise for being the first region to introduce new laws to reduce single-use plastics and slash plastic pollution in our fields, rivers and oceans.”
“What’s less laudable is that the plastics lobby – backed up by some governments – was able to delay and weaken the ambition,” she added.
Campaigners complained about the lack of binding targets to reduce the consumption of food containers and cups. They also regretted that collection targets for beverage containers were delayed by 4 years, and that the companies will still be able to rely on voluntary agreements to reduce the consumption of plastic items.
A leaked letter recently exposed how major plastic polluters such as Coca-Cola, Nestlé, PepsiCo and Danone have been lobbying national environment ministers to water down Europe’s strategy to counter the plastic pollution crisis.
Coca-Cola, Nestlé and PepsiCo have also recently been listed as responsible for the most plastic pollution in the world, according to a global analysis of 239 clean-ups and brand audits in 42 countries on six continents.
But popular support for the agreed laws has grown across Europe. Three in four Europeans agree that they are worried about the impact on their heath of plastics, a Eurobarometer survey found last year.
“If we don’t stop the plastic pollution crisis now, we’ll regret it forever,” said Jean-Pierre Schweitzer of the European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
“Today’s decision could soon become one of Europe’s proudest achievements, but national governments must introduce these laws swiftly,” he added.
EU governments will have two years to transpose the agreement into national laws, which should come into force by the beginning of 2021.
A race to the top?
The news came only one day after the decision by the UK to make retailers and producers of packaging pay for the full cost of collection and recycling.
The UK is due to leave the EU block in March 2019, but whether the government will decide to retain EU environmental laws will depend on the final agreement with the EU.
The UK, just like many other countries, has also been discussing whether to ban certain single-use plastic items.
Political commentators have hinted at a potential ‘race to the top’ among member states and the European Commission itself. Enjoy this Twitter thread, courtesy of UK environment minister Michael Gove and European Commission vice-president Frans Timmermans:
.@michaelgove One step ahead of you. EU legislation on single-use plastics coming before the summer. Maybe you can align with us? #EUDoesntSuck #StrongerTogether #PlasticsStrategy https://t.co/hbBBXT1eGa
— Frans Timmermans (@TimmermansEU) February 23, 2018 | <urn:uuid:20484eab-8b0e-48c3-ba10-b285b34c3d09> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://meta.eeb.org/2018/12/19/official-europe-welcomes-new-laws-to-slash-single-use-plastic-items/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143805.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218180919-20200218210919-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.946344 | 788 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What's In a Name?
Brook stickleback: refers to the spines on its back and the small
streams where it lives
Culaea (kul-lay´-ah) a name created for this fish
inconstans (in-kon´-stans) means "variable" in Latin
Where Do They Live?
The brook stickleback is common throughout the state of Minnesota.
It favors areas of rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds that have cool,
unclouded (not turbid) waters with large amounts of vegetation. They
often are found living with white suckers, creek chubs, fathead minnows,
finescale dace, northern redbelly dace, and central mudminnows.
How Big Do They Get?
How Long Do They Live?
Brook sticklebacks are minnow-sized fish. They usually do not grow
much bigger than 60 mm (2.4 in). The biggest ones reach about 80 mm
(a little over 3 in). The brook stickleback is like many of the smaller
species in Minnesota in that it lives for only 1 to 2 years, occasionally
for 3 years.
What Do They Eat?
Brook Sticklebacks are mainly carnivorous ("meat eaters"),
but they also sometimes eat algae. The usual diet includes acuatic
(water) insect larvae, terrestrial (land) insects, waterfleas, worms,
snails, and sometimes fish eggs.
What Eats Them?
Despite the sharp spines on their backs, brook sticklebacks are eaten
by many other fish species. These include brook trout, largemouth
and smallmouth bass, northern pike, yellow perch, walleyes, and bowfins.
Fish-eating birds are also a big predator of this fish. They include
herons, kingfishers, mergansers, and terns.
How Do They Reproduce?
Brook sticklebacks spawn in late spring and early summer in Minnesota
(late May through June). Water temperatures must be above 10°
C (50° F) but below 20° C (68° F) for good spawning. Males
pick sites in the weeds and create their territories. There, they
use algae, sticks, other plant matter, and their own sticky secretion
to build a nest almost the size and shape of a golf ball. It has an
opening at one end and is attached to the stem of a plant. When a
female enters the male's territory, he rushes up to get her to go
into the nest. He will even push her in the direction of the nest.
Once inside of the nest the female lays her eggs and then forces her
way out the other side of the nest. The male then enters the nest
and fertilizes the eggs. Once he is done with that, he usually repairs
the nest to receive other spawning females. Sometimes a male builds
a second, larger nest and transfers the eggs to it (carrying them
in his mouth). Each female that visits the nest may lay 50 to 100
eggs. The male will guard the nest and young until he loses control
of the school of young fish.
Conservation and Management
Brook sticklebacks have no special conservation status in Minnesota.
They are probably important as natural controls for mosquitoes and
make an interesting aquarium fish. | <urn:uuid:e9088a8b-fab8-4be1-84ac-0f9e1b82efac> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.lakesuperiorstreams.org/understanding/brookstickleback.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142603.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217145609-20200217175609-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.938203 | 718 | 3.53125 | 4 |
University of Phoenix/Adam Bandy
July 27, 2015
SOC/110: Stephen Eckstone
People communicate in the world every second of the day. Communication plays a huge part in the world people live in. There are as few ways of communication. People communicate by facial expressions, gesturing, writing, pointing or using their hands. People communicate by drawing, touching, and eye contact. In the new era, technology has help people communicate more effectively by using computers and cellphones.
Verbal communication is the sharing of information between people using speech. www.businessdictionary.com Verbal communication can be used by using sentences and talking with others. Also, verbal communication is used to convey a message to someone else with also a tone of voice. For instance, one can have a conversation with another person and begin to talk about what one day was like. One can elaborate with the receiver about the day about bringing in details far as the weather.
Verbal communication is a way that someone conveys messages to someone else. Verbal communication also relies on how a person uses and languages while communicating. Another example of verbal communication is jargon. Jargon is a verbal shorthand professionals use to speak to each other clearly and efficiently. (Engleberg, Wynn, 2012) One was younger, growing up when one’s grandmother and mother would speak another language, so the children would not understand the message being conveyed. The language is called pig-latin.
Non-verbal communication is not verbal; as a: being other than verbal; b. using a minimum amount of language. www.Merriandictionary.com Non -verbal communication is opposite of verbal communication. The difference with verbal and non- verbal is one uses words (verbal), and the other does not. Examples of non-verbal communication are facial expressions, hand gestures, body posture, body language, sign language, writing, eye contact. One can communicate non- verbally by using hand gestures. One can communicate non- verbally by using effective eye contact. For example one is at a meetings. I can make sure to pay attention to the speaker. I can give eye contact and make sure my body posture is correct. One can show correct body posture by not folding one’s arms together and staying alert at all times. It can also be helpful by standing instead of sitting while attending a meeting.
Knowledge of non-verbal communication is helpful in communicating to others. One way knowledge is helpful is by allowing the person that is understanding exactly what the other person is conveying. For example, a person can be giving non-verbal cues while attending a meeting. The person looking at the other person can understand what the other person by reading the person’s body language, posture, and other non-verbal cues. Knowledge of non-verbal communication can help an individual understand what the person is saying as well.
The results on the assessment of “Student Listening Inventory” was taken. The score is 112. The results stated, “You perceive yourself to be a good… | <urn:uuid:cadcf39f-9e11-43be-b965-b26acc9b4096> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Verbal-And-Non-Verball-Communciation-Ab-611395.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.936125 | 627 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The recipe for proteins — the fundamental building blocks of tissues, muscles, enzymes, and antibodies — is encoded in DNA. It’s these genetic dictionaries that define proteins’ three-dimensional structures and determine their functions, but predicting how their amino acid components will interact is notoriously difficult. DNA only contains information about chains of amino acid residues, not those chains’ final form. In fact, scientists estimate it would take more than 13.8 billion years to figure out all the possible configurations of a typical protein’s thousands of amino acids in order to identify the right structure.
Encouragingly, scientists at Harvard Medical School have made progress toward an AI system that is capable of predicting the structure of effectively any protein and can spit out predictions upwards of a million times faster than current state-of-the-art systems without sacrificing accuracy. The work is detailed in a report published this week in the journal Cell Systems, and both the software and the results are freely available via GitHub.
“Protein-folding has been one of the most important problems for biochemists over the last half-century, and this approach represents a fundamentally new way of tackling that challenge. What’s compelling about the problem is that it’s fairly easy to state: Take [an amino acid] sequence and figure out the shape,” said Dr. Mohammed AlQuraishi, research lead and instructor in systems biology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS, in a statement. “A protein starts off as an unstructured string that has to take on a 3D shape, and the possible sets of shapes that a string can fold into is huge … [but] we now have a whole new vista from which to explore protein-folding, and I think we’ve just begun to scratch the surface.”
Proteins, AlQuraishi explains, are constructed from a library of 20 different amino acids. These are combined into loops, spirals, sheets, twists, and other substructures in 3D space in close physical proximity, and they’re far from random. Amino acids respect the laws of physics, seeking out “energetically favorable” states, which makes them predictable.
Previous methods have mapped new amino acid sequences onto predefined templates or sifted through genomic data to identify sequences that might have evolved together. Alphabet subsidiary DeepMind’s AlphaFold, for instance, which beat 98 competitors in the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) protein-folding competition last year, used the latter technique to suss out the structure of 25 out of 43 proteins.
But, as AlQuraishi notes, these systems can’t determine structures for which we lack prior knowledge, because they don’t predict protein structures solely from sequences. He and colleagues instead employed differentiable learning — a machine learning method in which a model tunes and adjusts itself by feeding data samples forward and backward through its components — to discover the relationships between a protein sequence and its structure. Their recurrent geometric network, which is made up of only a few thousand lines of computer code, can predict both the most likely angle of the chemical bonds connecting amino acids and the angle of rotation around these bonds.
Trained over the course of months on thousands of proteins, the AI system outperformed all other methods from several recent years of CASP at predicting protein structures for which there are no preexisting templates, and it leapfrogged all but the best models that made use of preexisting templates. Moreover, it made its predictions — which it compares against ground truth protein structures to check accuracy — in milliseconds, or around six to seven orders of magnitude faster than prior art, which can take hours.
The model isn’t accurate enough for commercial applications; currently, it falls around six angstroms, which is equal to 0.1 nanometer. (About one to two angstroms are needed to resolve the full atomic structure of a protein.) But AlQuraishi says there are plenty of opportunities to optimize the approach, like further integrating chemical and physical rules. And he says the system can complement existing computational and physical methods to determine a wider range of protein structures than previously possible.
“Accurately and efficiently predicting protein-folding has been a holy grail for the field, and it is my hope and expectation that this approach, combined with all the other remarkable methods that have been developed, will be able to do so in the near future,” AlQuraishi added. “We might solve this soon, and I think no one would have said that five years ago. It’s very exciting and also kind of shocking at the same time.” | <urn:uuid:4c42309c-e25e-4196-b78b-85a3de2a8280> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/17/harvard-medical-schools-ai-estimates-protein-structures-up-to-seven-times-faster-than-previous-methods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145839.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223185153-20200223215153-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.944735 | 977 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Pursuing a change in the operational management of Lake Okeechobee–like lowering lake levels in the dry season to protect human and environmental health as the Army Corps did this year–is one way to reverse Florida’s toxic tide now.
During the summer of 2018, algae discharged into the St. Lucie River from Lake Okeechobee tested positive for microsystin at a level of 495.06 parts per billion, which is nearly 50 times more toxic than the level considered safe for human contact.
The public responded in force. Thousands weighed in as the Corps began to deliberate a new Lake Okeechobee System Operating Manual (LOSOM), demanding water management that considered the harmful impacts to their communities. Bullsugar has worked with state and federal legislators since then, including Rep. Brian Mast, to focus on operational changes that acknowledge this human health crisis and seeks to protect all Floridians from toxic blooms by updating the existing priorities of the 1948 Central and Southern Florida Project. By proposing the protection of human health and safety as the primary consideration for operational management of Lake Okeechobee, Florida has a historic chance at a unified solution with immediate impacts for three critically important waterways.
The best part is, we already know that it works. As a result of the Army Corps holding the lake lower this year, neither coast experienced the nightmarish, toxic qualities that scored Florida national headlines the past several summers. Securing a policy change that sends more water south and west in the dry season–when the system and treatment areas have capacity–protects the environment, the economy, and human health around Lake O and the estuaries, safeguards Miami’s drinking water supply, and protects Everglades National Park and Florida Bay from seagrass dieoffs like the one that contributed to a massive fishery collapse in 2015.
The following excerpt from Monte Burke’s “The Everglades’ Wild Hope,” paints a picture of a critical crossroads in Florida’s history. He bluntly reminds us that our water crisis, decades in the making, is approaching the point of no return. There is hope–but only if we seize hold of opportunities like the one in front of us and fight for it with all we’ve got.
(Original work written by Monte Burke. Published in the October/November 2019 edition of Garden and Gun, available online here. )
The Everglades are dying. On this matter, there is no debate. A century’s worth of dewatering, as well as pollution, dam and canal building, corporate welfare, and indifferent (at best) or bought-and-paid-for (at worst) politicians, has led to one of the greatest ecological tragedies in the country’s history, a fall from Eden that has serious ramifications for human and economic health. The question now for the Everglades—the matter still up for debate—is whether redemption remains possible.
For the first time in two decades, there is, perhaps, reason for guarded optimism, thanks to a rare alignment of interests and events: the unified effort of moderate and radical advocacy groups, some fed-up fishermen, attention-grabbing (and interrelated) environmental devastation on both coasts of Florida, bold corporate activism, and (surprise!) even a few enlightened politicians.
That hope is the good news.
The bad news: We’ve been here before, only to see hope dashed.
We still think that redemption is possible. And with the help of bullsugar supporters across the state and beyond, we’re committed to bringing the entire system, from the lake to the keys, back to health.
For you chance to weigh in on the next LOSOM Project Delivery meeting, tune in, in-person on online, on October 24th. Your participation in these events is crucial as the Army Corps develops the new Lake O System Operating Manual. For more info, click the graphic below. | <urn:uuid:faeee2d9-0138-40c9-bf76-de6329d3a42a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bullsugar.org/everglades_wild_hope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145839.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223185153-20200223215153-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.934317 | 824 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Section 2: Indian Reorganization Act
When Franklin D. Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1933, he appointed John Collier as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Collier’s office had responsibility for administering law, health care, education and many other matters on American Indian reservations. Collier was known as a person who wanted to see some reforms in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the federal government. He admired Indian cultures. Collier helped to establish the Indian Emergency Conservation Program, or the Indian CCC. He asked that other federal work programs hire American Indians.
In 1934, Collier presented to Congress the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA). This new law ended the allotment program (the 1887 Dawes Act), allowed tribes to purchase land, repealed the ban on tribal languages and customs, and allowed tribes to write constitutions.
The IRA was controversial on many reservations. Collier thought that if tribes wrote constitutions, they would be able to govern their own reservations without federal interference. The tribes would also be able to establish businesses. The IRA required that each tribe vote on the law. If the tribe accepted the IRA, the tribe would write a constitution (subject to approval by tribal members) and set up a tribal council that would have responsibility for governing the reservation. The tribal council could, with approval from tribal members, become a business corporation and conduct tribal business.
Many tribes saw this part of the IRA as an attempt to end traditional tribal leadership systems. Some said that voting, a process in which the majority rules, was foreign to traditional methods of tribal decision-making. Many tribes had previously made decisions by consensus or general agreement. In a voting society, the majority wins, but one (maybe more) group of people doesn’t win. These people may feel their views are not taken into consideration. This political division often leads to “factionalism.” A faction, a group of people who share a particular idea, may be in conflict with other factions. After tribes adopted constitutions and majority voting, factionalism often led to discord on the reservations.
Other problems weakened the IRA. Tribal members who had no experience with constitutions and voting may not have understood their role in approving the IRA. It is also possible that some federal agents assigned to the tribes did not support the IRA because it would weaken their control over the tribes. Nationwide, about half of the tribes accepted the IRA and wrote constitutions. In North Dakota, only the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation voted to accept the IRA. At Standing Rock, Turtle Mountain, and Fort Totten (now Spirit Lake) reservations, tribal members voted against the IRA.
Why is this important? The Indian Reorganization Act was a turning point for American Indian tribes. It created in law the idea that tribes could govern themselves and that tribal cultural traditions had value and should be preserved. Though the law was flawed, it held out hope for changes in the relationship between the federal government and American Indians in the twentieth century. | <urn:uuid:19722d25-649c-485a-b038-b5af776aafc5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iv-modern-north-dakota-1921-present/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-1-indian-citizenship-and-indian-reorganization-act/section-2-indian-reorganization-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146809.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227191150-20200227221150-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.973862 | 630 | 3.875 | 4 |
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