Model Card for dlite-v2-124m

AI Squared's dlite-v2-124m is a large language model which is derived from OpenAI's smallest GPT-2 model and fine-tuned on a single GPU on a corpus of 15k records (Databricks' "Dolly 15k" Dataset) to help it exhibit chat-based capabilities.

Just like Databricks' Dolly V2 models, dlite-v2-124m (and all other members of the dlite-v2 family) is licensed for both research and commercial use. We are extremely grateful for the work that Databricks has done to create the databricks-dolly-15k dataset, for without it we would not be able to create and release this model under such an open and permissive license.

While dlite-v2-124m is not a state-of-the-art model, we believe that the level of interactivity that can be achieved on such a small model that is trained so cheaply is important to showcase, as it continues to demonstrate that creating powerful AI capabilities may be much more accessible than previously thought.

Model Description

• Developed by: AI Squared, Inc.
• Shared by: AI Squared, Inc.
• Model type: Large Language Model
• Language(s) (NLP): EN
• License: Apache v2.0
• Finetuned from model: GPT-2

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

dlite-v2-124m is not a state-of-the-art language model. dlite-v2-124m is an experimental technology, and as with any experimental technology, AI Squared urges potential users of this technology to test its capabilities thoroughly before usage. Furthermore, the model can sometimes exhibit undesired behaviors. Some of these behaviors include, but are not limited to: factual inaccuracies, biases, offensive responses, toxicity, and hallucinations. Just as with any other LLM, we advise users of this technology to exercise good judgment when applying this technology.

Usage

To use the model with the transformers library on a machine with GPUs, first make sure you have the transformers and accelerate libraries installed. From your terminal, run:

pip install "accelerate>=0.16.0,<1" "transformers[torch]>=4.28.1,<5" "torch>=1.13.1,<2"

The instruction following pipeline can be loaded using the pipeline function as shown below. This loads a custom InstructionTextGenerationPipeline found in the model repo here, which is why trust_remote_code=True is required. Including torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16 is generally recommended if this type is supported in order to reduce memory usage. It does not appear to impact output quality. It is also fine to remove it if there is sufficient memory.

from transformers import pipeline
import torch

generate_text = pipeline(model="aisquared/dlite-v2-124m", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, trust_remote_code=True, device_map="auto")

You can then use the pipeline to answer instructions:

res = generate_text("Who was George Washington?")
print(res)

Alternatively, if you prefer to not use trust_remote_code=True you can download instruct_pipeline.py, store it alongside your notebook, and construct the pipeline yourself from the loaded model and tokenizer:

from instruct_pipeline import InstructionTextGenerationPipeline
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("aisquared/dlite-v2-124m", padding_side="left")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("aisquared/dlite-v2-124m", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)

generate_text = InstructionTextGenerationPipeline(model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)

Model Performance Metrics

We present the results from various model benchmarks on the EleutherAI LLM Evaluation Harness for all models in the DLite family. Model results are sorted by mean score, ascending, to provide an ordering. These metrics serve to further show that none of the DLite models are state of the art, but rather further show that chat-like behaviors in LLMs can be trained almost independent of model size.

Model	arc_challenge	arc_easy	boolq	hellaswag	openbookqa	piqa	winogrande
dlite-v2-124m	0.199659	0.447811	0.494801	0.291675	0.156	0.620239	0.487766
gpt2	0.190273	0.438131	0.487156	0.289185	0.164	0.628945	0.51618
dlite-v1-124m	0.223549	0.462542	0.502446	0.293268	0.17	0.622416	0.494081
gpt2-medium	0.215017	0.490741	0.585933	0.333101	0.186	0.676279	0.531176
dlite-v2-355m	0.251706	0.486111	0.547401	0.344354	0.216	0.671926	0.52723
dlite-v1-355m	0.234642	0.507576	0.600306	0.338478	0.216	0.664309	0.496448
gpt2-large	0.216724	0.531566	0.604893	0.363971	0.194	0.703482	0.553275
dlite-v1-774m	0.250853	0.545875	0.614985	0.375124	0.218	0.698041	0.562747
dlite-v2-774m	0.269625	0.52904	0.613761	0.395937	0.256	0.691513	0.566693
gpt2-xl	0.25	0.582912	0.617737	0.400418	0.224	0.708379	0.583268
dlite-v1-1_5b	0.268771	0.588384	0.624159	0.401414	0.226	0.708379	0.584846
dlite-v2-1_5b	0.289249	0.565657	0.601223	0.434077	0.272	0.703482	0.588003

Limitations

DLite is an experimental technology and is not designed for use in any environment without significant testing and safety consideration. Furthermore, the model can sometimes exhibit undesired behaviors. Some of these behaviors include, but are not limited to: factual inaccuracies, biases, offensive responses, toxicity, and hallucinations. Just as with any other LLM, we advise users of this technology to exercise good judgment when applying this technology.

Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results

Detailed results can be found here

Metric	Value
Avg.	25.01
ARC (25-shot)	23.98
HellaSwag (10-shot)	31.1
MMLU (5-shot)	25.29
TruthfulQA (0-shot)	38.98
Winogrande (5-shot)	50.43
GSM8K (5-shot)	0.0
DROP (3-shot)	5.29