metadata

language:
  - en
  - de
  - es
  - fr
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
  - tiiuae/falcon-refinedweb
inference: false
model-index:
  - name: falcon-40b
    results:
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: AI2 Reasoning Challenge (25-Shot)
          type: ai2_arc
          config: ARC-Challenge
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 25
        metrics:
          - type: acc_norm
            value: 61.86
            name: normalized accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: HellaSwag (10-Shot)
          type: hellaswag
          split: validation
          args:
            num_few_shot: 10
        metrics:
          - type: acc_norm
            value: 85.28
            name: normalized accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MMLU (5-Shot)
          type: cais/mmlu
          config: all
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 5
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 56.89
            name: accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: TruthfulQA (0-shot)
          type: truthful_qa
          config: multiple_choice
          split: validation
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: mc2
            value: 41.65
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: Winogrande (5-shot)
          type: winogrande
          config: winogrande_xl
          split: validation
          args:
            num_few_shot: 5
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 81.29
            name: accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: GSM8k (5-shot)
          type: gsm8k
          config: main
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 5
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 21.46
            name: accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard?query=tiiuae/falcon-40b
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard

🚀 Falcon-40B

Falcon-40B is a 40B parameters causal decoder-only model built by TII and trained on 1,000B tokens of RefinedWeb enhanced with curated corpora. It is made available under the Apache 2.0 license.

Paper coming soon 😊.

🤗 To get started with Falcon (inference, finetuning, quantization, etc.), we recommend reading this great blogpost fron HF!

Why use Falcon-40B?

It is the best open-source model currently available. Falcon-40B outperforms LLaMA, StableLM, RedPajama, MPT, etc. See the OpenLLM Leaderboard.
It features an architecture optimized for inference, with FlashAttention (Dao et al., 2022) and multiquery (Shazeer et al., 2019).
It is made available under a permissive Apache 2.0 license allowing for commercial use, without any royalties or restrictions.
⚠️ This is a raw, pretrained model, which should be further finetuned for most usecases. If you are looking for a version better suited to taking generic instructions in a chat format, we recommend taking a look at Falcon-40B-Instruct.

💸 Looking for a smaller, less expensive model? Falcon-7B is Falcon-40B's little brother!

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import transformers
import torch

model = "tiiuae/falcon-40b"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model)
pipeline = transformers.pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model=model,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    trust_remote_code=True,
    device_map="auto",
)
sequences = pipeline(
   "Girafatron is obsessed with giraffes, the most glorious animal on the face of this Earth. Giraftron believes all other animals are irrelevant when compared to the glorious majesty of the giraffe.\nDaniel: Hello, Girafatron!\nGirafatron:",
    max_length=200,
    do_sample=True,
    top_k=10,
    num_return_sequences=1,
    eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
)
for seq in sequences:
    print(f"Result: {seq['generated_text']}")

💥 Falcon LLMs require PyTorch 2.0 for use with transformers!

For fast inference with Falcon, check-out Text Generation Inference! Read more in this blogpost.

You will need at least 85-100GB of memory to swiftly run inference with Falcon-40B.

Model Card for Falcon-40B

Model Details

Model Description

Developed by: https://www.tii.ae;
Model type: Causal decoder-only;
Language(s) (NLP): English, German, Spanish, French (and limited capabilities in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish);
License: Apache 2.0 license.

Model Source

Paper: coming soon.

Uses

Direct Use

Research on large language models; as a foundation for further specialization and finetuning for specific usecases (e.g., summarization, text generation, chatbot, etc.)

Out-of-Scope Use

Production use without adequate assessment of risks and mitigation; any use cases which may be considered irresponsible or harmful.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Falcon-40B is trained mostly on English, German, Spanish, French, with limited capabilities also in in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish. It will not generalize appropriately to other languages. Furthermore, as it is trained on a large-scale corpora representative of the web, it will carry the stereotypes and biases commonly encountered online.

Recommendations

We recommend users of Falcon-40B to consider finetuning it for the specific set of tasks of interest, and for guardrails and appropriate precautions to be taken for any production use.

How to Get Started with the Model

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import transformers
import torch

model = "tiiuae/falcon-40b"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model)
pipeline = transformers.pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model=model,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    trust_remote_code=True,
    device_map="auto",
)
sequences = pipeline(
   "Girafatron is obsessed with giraffes, the most glorious animal on the face of this Earth. Giraftron believes all other animals are irrelevant when compared to the glorious majesty of the giraffe.\nDaniel: Hello, Girafatron!\nGirafatron:",
    max_length=200,
    do_sample=True,
    top_k=10,
    num_return_sequences=1,
    eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
)
for seq in sequences:
    print(f"Result: {seq['generated_text']}")

Training Details

Training Data

Falcon-40B was trained on 1,000B tokens of RefinedWeb, a high-quality filtered and deduplicated web dataset which we enhanced with curated corpora. Significant components from our curated copora were inspired by The Pile (Gao et al., 2020).

Data source	Fraction	Tokens	Sources
RefinedWeb-English	75%	750B	massive web crawl
RefinedWeb-Europe	7%	70B	European massive web crawl
Books	6%	60B
Conversations	5%	50B	Reddit, StackOverflow, HackerNews
Code	5%	50B
Technical	2%	20B	arXiv, PubMed, USPTO, etc.

RefinedWeb-Europe is made of the following languages:

Language	Fraction of multilingual data	Tokens
German	26%	18B
Spanish	24%	17B
French	23%	16B
Italian	7%	5B
Portuguese	4%	3B
Polish	4%	3B
Dutch	4%	3B
Romanian	3%	2B
Czech	3%	2B
Swedish	2%	1B

The data was tokenized with the Falcon-7B/40B tokenizer.

Training Procedure

Falcon-40B was trained on 384 A100 40GB GPUs, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=8, PP=4, DP=12) combined with ZeRO.

Training Hyperparameters

Hyperparameter	Value	Comment
Precision	`bfloat16`
Optimizer	AdamW
Learning rate	1.85e-4	4B tokens warm-up, cosine decay to 1.85e-5
Weight decay	1e-1
Z-loss	1e-4
Batch size	1152	100B tokens ramp-up

Speeds, Sizes, Times

Training started in December 2022 and took two months.

Evaluation

Paper coming soon.

See the OpenLLM Leaderboard for early results.

Technical Specifications

Model Architecture and Objective

Falcon-40B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).

The architecture is broadly adapted from the GPT-3 paper (Brown et al., 2020), with the following differences:

Positionnal embeddings: rotary (Su et al., 2021);
Attention: multiquery (Shazeer et al., 2019) and FlashAttention (Dao et al., 2022);
Decoder-block: parallel attention/MLP with a two layer norms.

For multiquery, we are using an internal variant which uses independent key and values per tensor parallel degree.

Hyperparameter	Value	Comment
Layers	60
`d_model`	8192
`head_dim`	64	Reduced to optimise for FlashAttention
Vocabulary	65024
Sequence length	2048

Compute Infrastructure

Hardware

Falcon-40B was trained on AWS SageMaker, on 384 A100 40GB GPUs in P4d instances.

Software

Falcon-40B was trained a custom distributed training codebase, Gigatron. It uses a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO and high-performance Triton kernels (FlashAttention, etc.)

Citation

Paper coming soon 😊. In the meanwhile, you can use the following information to cite:

@article{falcon40b,
  title={{Falcon-40B}: an open large language model with state-of-the-art performance},
  author={Almazrouei, Ebtesam and Alobeidli, Hamza and Alshamsi, Abdulaziz and Cappelli, Alessandro and Cojocaru, Ruxandra and Debbah, Merouane and Goffinet, Etienne and Heslow, Daniel and Launay, Julien and Malartic, Quentin and Noune, Badreddine and Pannier, Baptiste and Penedo, Guilherme},
  year={2023}
}

To learn more about the pretraining dataset, see the 📓 RefinedWeb paper.

@article{refinedweb,
  title={The {R}efined{W}eb dataset for {F}alcon {LLM}: outperforming curated corpora with web data, and web data only},
  author={Guilherme Penedo and Quentin Malartic and Daniel Hesslow and Ruxandra Cojocaru and Alessandro Cappelli and Hamza Alobeidli and Baptiste Pannier and Ebtesam Almazrouei and Julien Launay},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.01116},
  eprint={2306.01116},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116},
  year={2023}
}

License

Falcon-40B is made available under the Apache 2.0 license.

Contact

falconllm@tii.ae

Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results

Detailed results can be found here

Metric	Value
Avg.	58.07
AI2 Reasoning Challenge (25-Shot)	61.86
HellaSwag (10-Shot)	85.28
MMLU (5-Shot)	56.89
TruthfulQA (0-shot)	41.65
Winogrande (5-shot)	81.29
GSM8k (5-shot)	21.46