What is BERT?

BERT, or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a natural language processing (NLP) pre-training technique. It's not just a named entity recognition (NER) model but can be used for various NLP tasks, including NER. BERT was introduced by Google in 2018 and has since become a significant advancement in the field of NLP.

Unlike traditional models that read text in a sequential manner, BERT reads the entire input text bidirectionally (considering both the left and right context in all layers). This bidirectional approach allows BERT to understand the full context of a word in a sentence, capturing nuances and relationships between words.

For NER specifically, BERT can be fine-tuned on labeled NER datasets to identify and classify entities such as names of people, organizations, locations, dates, and more within a given text. The pre-training of BERT involves training on a large corpus of text to learn contextualized representations of words, and the fine-tuning process adapts these pre-trained representations to specific tasks like NER.

In summary, BERT is a powerful transformer-based model designed for pre-training on large text corpora, and it can be fine-tuned for various NLP tasks, including named entity recognition.

Model Details

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a transformer-based neural network architecture for natural language processing (NLP). Here are some key details about BERT:

Architecture: BERT is based on the transformer architecture, which was introduced by Vaswani et al. in the paper "Attention is All You Need." Transformers use self-attention mechanisms to process input data in parallel, making them highly efficient for sequence-based tasks.
Bidirectional Context: Unlike previous NLP models that processed text in a left-to-right or right-to-left manner, BERT reads input text bidirectionally. This allows the model to consider the context from both directions when making predictions, capturing more comprehensive contextual information.
Pre-training: BERT is pre-trained on a large corpus of text data. During pre-training, the model learns to predict missing words in sentences, considering the surrounding context. This process helps BERT create contextualized word representations that capture the meaning of words based on their context.
Layers: BERT consists of multiple layers of self-attention mechanisms and feedforward neural networks. The number of layers and the dimensionality of the model are configurable, and there are commonly used variants like BERT-base and BERT-large with different sizes.
Parameter Size: BERT models can have a substantial number of parameters. For example, BERT-base has around 110 million parameters, and BERT-large has around 340 million parameters. The large number of parameters contributes to BERT's ability to learn complex patterns and relationships in language.
Fine-Tuning: After pre-training, BERT can be fine-tuned for specific downstream tasks, such as named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, question answering, etc. During fine-tuning, task-specific labeled data is used to adapt the pre-trained model to the particular task.
Applications: BERT has been widely used in various NLP applications and has achieved state-of-the-art results on multiple benchmarks. Its ability to capture context and semantics from large amounts of unlabeled data makes it a versatile tool for a wide range of natural language understanding tasks.
BERT Variants: Besides the original BERT model, there are several variants and improvements, including RoBERTa, ALBERT, DistilBERT, and more, each with its own modifications and enhancements.

It's important to note that BERT is just one example of transformer-based models, and these models have become the backbone of many advancements in NLP. The architecture's flexibility and effectiveness have led to its widespread adoption in research and industry.

Model Description

BERT, or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a groundbreaking natural language processing (NLP) model that revolutionized the field since its introduction by Google in 2018. Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Transformer Architecture: BERT is built upon the Transformer architecture, a type of neural network architecture introduced in the paper "Attention is All You Need" by Vaswani et al. The Transformer architecture relies on self-attention mechanisms, allowing the model to weigh the importance of different parts of the input sequence when making predictions.
Bidirectional Context: What sets BERT apart is its bidirectional processing of text. Unlike previous models that processed text in a unidirectional manner (either left-to-right or right-to-left), BERT considers both directions simultaneously. This bidirectional context is crucial for understanding the full meaning of words in a sentence.
Pre-training: BERT is pre-trained on massive amounts of unlabeled text data. During pre-training, the model learns to predict missing words in sentences, considering the entire context. This unsupervised pre-training phase allows BERT to capture rich contextualized representations of words.
Tokenization: BERT tokenizes input text into smaller units, typically using WordPiece tokenization. This helps the model handle out-of-vocabulary words and creates a more flexible representation of the language.
Embedding Layers: BERT consists of embedding layers that convert words into vectors. These embeddings are contextualized, meaning the representation of a word depends on its context in the sentence.
Layer Stacking: BERT is typically composed of multiple layers. The number of layers can vary, with BERT-base having a fewer number of layers compared to BERT-large. Each layer refines the contextualized representation of the input.
Parameter Size: BERT models can be quite large in terms of parameters. BERT-base has around 110 million parameters, while BERT-large has around 340 million parameters. The large parameter size contributes to BERT's ability to learn intricate patterns in language.
Fine-Tuning: After pre-training, BERT can be fine-tuned for specific downstream tasks. This involves using task-specific labeled data to adapt the pre-trained model to perform tasks such as named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, and more.
State-of-the-Art Performance: BERT and its variants have consistently achieved state-of-the-art results on various NLP benchmarks and tasks, showcasing their effectiveness in capturing complex language patterns and semantics.
Versatility: BERT's versatility has led to its widespread adoption in both research and industry. It serves as a foundational model for a range of NLP applications, and its success has inspired the development of numerous variants and improvements in the transformer-based model family.

Uses

Direct Use

You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:

Use a pipeline as a high-level helper

from transformers import pipeline

pipe = pipeline("token-classification", model="rouabelgacem/jira-bert-nerr")

Load model directly

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForTokenClassification

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rouabelgacem/jira-bert-nerr") model = AutoModelForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("rouabelgacem/jira-bert-nerr")

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Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).

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