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juanlofer
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bge-base-fastdds-summaries-20epochs-666seed

Sentence Similarity
sentence-transformers
Safetensors
English
bert
feature-extraction
Generated from Trainer
dataset_size:3877
loss:MatryoshkaLoss
loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
Eval Results
text-embeddings-inference
Inference Endpoints
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BGE base Fast-DDS summaries

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

  • Model Type: Sentence Transformer
  • Base model: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
  • Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
  • Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
  • Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
  • Language: en
  • License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

Full Model Architecture 

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("juanlofer/bge-base-fastdds-summaries-20epochs-666seed")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'The transport layer provides communication services between DDS entities, using UDPv4, UDPv6, TCPv4, TCPv6, and SHM transports.',
    '* **TCPv4**: TCP communication over IPv4 (see TCP Transport).',
    'The following table shows the supported primitive types and their\ncorresponding "TypeKind". The "TypeKind" is used to query the\nDynamicTypeBuilderFactory for the specific primitive DynamicType.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy@1 0.3341
cosine_accuracy@3 0.4455
cosine_accuracy@5 0.5035
cosine_accuracy@10 0.5661
cosine_precision@1 0.3341
cosine_precision@3 0.1485
cosine_precision@5 0.1007
cosine_precision@10 0.0566
cosine_recall@1 0.3341
cosine_recall@3 0.4455
cosine_recall@5 0.5035
cosine_recall@10 0.5661
cosine_ndcg@10 0.4437
cosine_mrr@10 0.4054
cosine_map@100 0.416

Information Retrieval

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy@1 0.3364
cosine_accuracy@3 0.4478
cosine_accuracy@5 0.4965
cosine_accuracy@10 0.5777
cosine_precision@1 0.3364
cosine_precision@3 0.1493
cosine_precision@5 0.0993
cosine_precision@10 0.0578
cosine_recall@1 0.3364
cosine_recall@3 0.4478
cosine_recall@5 0.4965
cosine_recall@10 0.5777
cosine_ndcg@10 0.4463
cosine_mrr@10 0.4057
cosine_map@100 0.4154

Information Retrieval

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy@1 0.3271
cosine_accuracy@3 0.4478
cosine_accuracy@5 0.4988
cosine_accuracy@10 0.5754
cosine_precision@1 0.3271
cosine_precision@3 0.1493
cosine_precision@5 0.0998
cosine_precision@10 0.0575
cosine_recall@1 0.3271
cosine_recall@3 0.4478
cosine_recall@5 0.4988
cosine_recall@10 0.5754
cosine_ndcg@10 0.4414
cosine_mrr@10 0.3997
cosine_map@100 0.4105

Information Retrieval

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy@1 0.3155
cosine_accuracy@3 0.4292
cosine_accuracy@5 0.4803
cosine_accuracy@10 0.5754
cosine_precision@1 0.3155
cosine_precision@3 0.1431
cosine_precision@5 0.0961
cosine_precision@10 0.0575
cosine_recall@1 0.3155
cosine_recall@3 0.4292
cosine_recall@5 0.4803
cosine_recall@10 0.5754
cosine_ndcg@10 0.4328
cosine_mrr@10 0.389
cosine_map@100 0.3994

Information Retrieval

Metric Value
cosine_accuracy@1 0.2854
cosine_accuracy@3 0.4153
cosine_accuracy@5 0.4687
cosine_accuracy@10 0.5568
cosine_precision@1 0.2854
cosine_precision@3 0.1384
cosine_precision@5 0.0937
cosine_precision@10 0.0557
cosine_recall@1 0.2854
cosine_recall@3 0.4153
cosine_recall@5 0.4687
cosine_recall@10 0.5568
cosine_ndcg@10 0.4098
cosine_mrr@10 0.3641
cosine_map@100 0.3744

Training Details

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

  • eval_strategy: epoch
  • per_device_train_batch_size: 16
  • per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
  • gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
  • learning_rate: 2e-05
  • num_train_epochs: 20
  • lr_scheduler_type: cosine
  • warmup_ratio: 0.1
  • fp16: True
  • tf32: False
  • load_best_model_at_end: True
  • optim: adamw_torch_fused
  • batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand
  • overwrite_output_dir: False
  • do_predict: False
  • eval_strategy: epoch
  • prediction_loss_only: True
  • per_device_train_batch_size: 16
  • per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
  • per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
  • per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
  • gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
  • eval_accumulation_steps: None
  • learning_rate: 2e-05
  • weight_decay: 0.0
  • adam_beta1: 0.9
  • adam_beta2: 0.999
  • adam_epsilon: 1e-08
  • max_grad_norm: 1.0
  • num_train_epochs: 20
  • max_steps: -1
  • lr_scheduler_type: cosine
  • lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
  • warmup_ratio: 0.1
  • warmup_steps: 0
  • log_level: passive
  • log_level_replica: warning
  • log_on_each_node: True
  • logging_nan_inf_filter: True
  • save_safetensors: True
  • save_on_each_node: False
  • save_only_model: False
  • restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
  • no_cuda: False
  • use_cpu: False
  • use_mps_device: False
  • seed: 42
  • data_seed: None
  • jit_mode_eval: False
  • use_ipex: False
  • bf16: False
  • fp16: True
  • fp16_opt_level: O1
  • half_precision_backend: auto
  • bf16_full_eval: False
  • fp16_full_eval: False
  • tf32: False
  • local_rank: 0
  • ddp_backend: None
  • tpu_num_cores: None
  • tpu_metrics_debug: False
  • debug: []
  • dataloader_drop_last: False
  • dataloader_num_workers: 0
  • dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
  • past_index: -1
  • disable_tqdm: False
  • remove_unused_columns: True
  • label_names: None
  • load_best_model_at_end: True
  • ignore_data_skip: False
  • fsdp: []
  • fsdp_min_num_params: 0
  • fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
  • fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
  • accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
  • deepspeed: None
  • label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
  • optim: adamw_torch_fused
  • optim_args: None
  • adafactor: False
  • group_by_length: False
  • length_column_name: length
  • ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
  • ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
  • ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
  • dataloader_pin_memory: True
  • dataloader_persistent_workers: False
  • skip_memory_metrics: True
  • use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
  • push_to_hub: False
  • resume_from_checkpoint: None
  • hub_model_id: None
  • hub_strategy: every_save
  • hub_private_repo: False
  • hub_always_push: False
  • gradient_checkpointing: False
  • gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
  • include_inputs_for_metrics: False
  • eval_do_concat_batches: True
  • fp16_backend: auto
  • push_to_hub_model_id: None
  • push_to_hub_organization: None
  • mp_parameters:
  • auto_find_batch_size: False
  • full_determinism: False
  • torchdynamo: None
  • ray_scope: last
  • ddp_timeout: 1800
  • torch_compile: False
  • torch_compile_backend: None
  • torch_compile_mode: None
  • dispatch_batches: None
  • split_batches: None
  • include_tokens_per_second: False
  • include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
  • neftune_noise_alpha: None
  • optim_target_modules: None
  • batch_eval_metrics: False
  • batch_sampler: no_duplicates
  • multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch Step Training Loss dim_128_cosine_map@100 dim_256_cosine_map@100 dim_512_cosine_map@100 dim_64_cosine_map@100 dim_768_cosine_map@100
0.6584 10 5.9441 - - - - -
0.9877 15 - 0.3686 0.3792 0.3819 0.3414 0.3795
1.3128 20 4.7953 - - - - -
1.9712 30 3.77 0.3854 0.3963 0.3962 0.3682 0.3995
2.6255 40 2.9211 - - - - -
2.9547 45 - 0.3866 0.3919 0.3958 0.3759 0.3963
3.2798 50 2.4548 - - - - -
3.9383 60 2.0513 - - - - -
4.0041 61 - 0.3808 0.4018 0.3980 0.3647 0.3962
4.5926 70 1.5898 - - - - -
4.9877 76 - 0.3829 0.4029 0.4035 0.3625 0.4014
5.2469 80 1.4677 - - - - -
5.9053 90 1.1974 - - - - -
5.9712 91 - 0.3918 0.4006 0.4041 0.3654 0.4033
6.5597 100 0.9285 - - - - -
6.9547 106 - 0.3914 0.4019 0.4033 0.3678 0.4014
7.2140 110 0.9214 - - - - -
7.8724 120 0.8141 - - - - -
8.0041 122 - 0.3914 0.3993 0.4071 0.3670 0.4027
8.5267 130 0.6706 - - - - -
8.9877 137 - 0.3903 0.4033 0.4060 0.3721 0.4060
9.1811 140 0.6388 - - - - -
9.8395 150 0.5466 - - - - -
9.9712 152 - 0.3915 0.4020 0.4079 0.3673 0.4046
10.4938 160 0.466 - - - - -
10.9547 167 - 0.3963 0.4069 0.4112 0.3697 0.4078
11.1481 170 0.4709 - - - - -
11.8066 180 0.437 - - - - -
12.0041 183 - 0.4003 0.4051 0.4096 0.3701 0.4059
12.4609 190 0.3678 - - - - -
12.9877 198 - 0.3976 0.4075 0.4088 0.3713 0.4080
13.1152 200 0.3944 - - - - -
13.7737 210 0.361 - - - - -
13.9712 213 - 0.3966 0.4091 0.4096 0.3724 0.4107
14.4280 220 0.2977 - - - - -
14.9547 228 - 0.3979 0.4102 0.4149 0.3744 0.4143
15.0823 230 0.3306 - - - - -
15.7407 240 0.3075 - - - - -
16.0041 244 - 0.3991 0.4102 0.4156 0.3726 0.4148
16.3951 250 0.2777 - - - - -
16.9877 259 - 0.3990 0.4101 0.4154 0.3743 0.4167
17.0494 260 0.3044 - - - - -
17.7078 270 0.2885 - - - - -
17.9712 274 - 0.3991 0.4099 0.4153 0.3746 0.4167
18.3621 280 0.2862 - - - - -
18.9547 289 - 0.3994 0.4105 0.4154 0.3743 0.4156
19.0165 290 0.2974 - - - - -
19.6749 300 0.2648 0.3994 0.4105 0.4154 0.3744 0.4160
  • The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

  • Python: 3.10.13
  • Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
  • Transformers: 4.41.2
  • PyTorch: 2.1.2
  • Accelerate: 0.30.1
  • Datasets: 2.19.1
  • Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers 

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss 

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning}, 
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss 

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
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