Patent Document

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cleaning a process stream. More specifically, this invention provides a method and apparatus for removing micro-organisms and scale from a process stream containing hydrocarbons and water. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Oil and gas pipelines, containing hydrocarbons and water, also contain indigenous micro-organisms. The pipelines are a natural environment for such micro-organisms to reside and flourish over time. The build-up of micro-organisms, or bio-fouling, can lead to a block or clog in the pipeline system. If not treated, the bio-fouling will corrode the pipe and other pipeline equipment through a process known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) or bio-corrosion. In the oil and gas industry, over 20% of annual economic losses are attributable to MIC. 
         [0003]    Various commercial mitigation techniques exist to combat bio-fouling. Mechanical approaches (i.e pigging), chemical approaches (i.e biocides), electrochemical approaches (i.e cathodic protection), and biological approaches (i.e. microbial injection of more beneficial microbiota) are all used to stop or prevent bio-fouling. Biocides are considered the most effective technique. Biocides, however, pose their own concerns. Biocides are expensive, can be toxic, can pose considerable hazards to the environment, and can be difficult to dispose. 
         [0004]    A solution to tackle and prevent bio-fouling that has the efficacy of biocides, but is environmentally friendly is desired. A solution that reduces exposure to and the expense of biocides and corrosion inhibitors, while still controlling microbial and scale corrosion is desired. 
         [0005]    In order to replace biocides, any solution must be capable of addressing bio-fouling on an industrial scale. Industrial scale-up is a considerable part of any process. A solution that exists on a pilot size, or small batch scale, may not function the same as an industrial scale process. Larger vessels dissipate energy, such as energy due to mixing, at a different rate than smaller vessels. Vessel size also affects heat transfer. Additionally, the rate of reaction may not be the same on a larger scale, thus the mixing employed must be carefully considered for scale up. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cleaning a process stream. More specifically, this invention provides a method and apparatus for removing micro-organisms and scale from a process stream containing hydrocarbons and water. 
         [0007]    In a first aspect of the present invention, a method to continuously clean a fouled process stream using a magnetic field is provided. The method includes the steps of feeding the fouled process stream to a magnetic separation unit, the fouled process stream includes a fouling constituent. The magnetic separation unit includes a separation vessel, the separation vessel configured to receive the fouled process stream, the separation vessel having a body with an external surface, the body defining an interior cavity, a mounted magnet partially adjacent to the separation vessel, the mounted magnet configured to generate the magnetic field, the magnetic field operable to reduce a concentration of the fouling constituent. The mounted magnet includes a magnet motor adjacent to the external surface of the separation vessel, the magnet motor configured to rotate a shaft, the shaft connected to the magnet motor and extending into the interior cavity of the body of the separation vessel, the shaft configured to rotate a magnet, and the magnet affixed to the shaft, the magnet having a shape, the magnet configured to generate the magnetic field, wherein the rotation of the magnet generates the magnetic field. The magnetic separation unit also includes a circulation pump fluidly connected to the separation vessel, the circulation pump configured to receive a circulation feed from the separation vessel to produce a circulation return, wherein the circulation return is recycled to the separation vessel, and a sampling point fluidly connected to the separation vessel, the sampling point configured to allow removal of a sample. The method further includes the steps of measuring the concentration of the fouling constituent in the sample, and supplying an effluent stream from the separation vessel to a clean collection vessel when the concentration of the fouling constituent in the sample is below a target concentration. 
         [0008]    In certain embodiments of the present invention, the method further includes additional magnetic separation units, wherein the additional magnetic separation units are connected in a series, with the effluent stream of a first magnetic separation unit in the series fed to a next magnetic separation unit in the series, with the effluent stream of a last magnetic separation unit in the series fed to the clean collection vessel. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the method includes additional mounted magnets within the separation vessel. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the method the process stream comprises water, hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the fouling constituent is selected from the group consisting of micro-organisms, paramagnetic scale, ferromagnetic scale, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the magnet comprises neodymium. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the shape of the magnet is selected from the group consisting of a sphere, a ring, a cylinder, a cube, and a rectangular prism. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the shaft further includes additional magnets, the magnets having an arrangement along the shaft. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the sampling point is located between the separation vessel and the circulation pump. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the target concentration is 100 cells/ml of the sample. 
         [0009]    In a second aspect of the present invention, a microbiological treatment unit for cleaning a fouling constituent from a fouled process stream using a magnetic field is provided. The microbiological treatment unit includes a magnetic separation unit, the magnetic separation unit configured to reduce a concentration of the fouling constituent in the fouled process stream to create an effluent stream. The magnetic separation unit includes a separation vessel, the separation vessel configured to receive the fouled process stream, the separation vessel having a body with an external surface, the body defining an interior cavity, a mounted magnet partially adjacent to the separation vessel, the mounted magnet configured to generate the magnetic field, the magnetic field operable to remove the fouling constituent, the mounted magnet includes a magnet motor adjacent to the external surface of the separation vessel, the magnet motor configured to rotate a shaft, the shaft connected to the magnet motor and extending into the interior cavity of the body of the separation vessel, the shaft configured to rotate a magnet, and the magnet connected to the shaft, the magnet having a shape, the magnet configured to generate the magnetic field, wherein the rotation of the magnet generates the magnetic field. The magnetic separation unit further includes a circulation pump fluidly connected to the separation vessel, the circulation pump configured to receive a circulation feed from the separation vessel to produce a circulation return, wherein the circulation return is recycled to the separation vessel. The microbiological treatment unit further includes a sampling point fluidly connected to the separation vessel, the sampling point configured to allow removal of a sample and a clean collection vessel, the clean collection vessel configured to receive the effluent stream. 
         [0010]    In certain embodiments of the present invention, the microbiological treatment unit further includes additional magnetic separation units, wherein the additional magnetic separation units are connected in series, where the effluent stream of a first magnetic separation unit is fed to a next magnetic separation unit in the series, where the effluent stream of a last magnetic separation unit in the series is fed to the clean collection vessel. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the microbiological treatment further includes additional mounted magnets within the separation vessel. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the process stream comprises water, hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the fouling constituent is selected from the group consisting of biological micro-organisms, paramagnetic scale, ferromagnetic scale, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the magnet comprises neodymium. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the shape of the magnet is selected from the group consisting of a sphere, a ring, a cylinder, a cube, and a rectangular prism. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the further includes additional magnets, the magnets having an arrangement along the shaft, wherein the arrangement along the shaft is continuous, rows, or patterned. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the sampling point is located between the separation vessel and the circulation pump. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following descriptions, claims, and accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only several embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention&#39;s scope as it can admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of an embodiment of microbiologic treatment unit  1 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is an image of the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) at maximum growth. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is graphical representation of the size and distribution of the SRB. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a graphical representation of the zeta potential measurements for SRB. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6   a  is an image of a magnetic tower assembly. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6   b  is an image of the magnetic field strength in the magnetic tower assembly of  FIG. 6   a.    
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is an image of a sample of the SRB next to a magnet. 
           [0020]      FIG. 8   a  is a graphical representation of the coagulation efficiency (%) as a function of exposure time. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8   b  is a graphical representation of the coagulation efficiency (%) as a function of iron oxide nano-particle concentration. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    While the invention will be described with several embodiments, it is understood that one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that many examples, variations and alterations to the apparatus and methods described herein are within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention described herein are set forth without any loss of generality, and without imposing limitations, on the claimed invention. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  provides an embodiment of microbiological treatment unit  1 . Microbiological treatment unit  1  removes the fouling constituent present in fouled process stream  10  to produce clean stream  40 . Microbiological treatment unit  1  treats a process stream on an industrial scale. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  is a continuous process. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  is a batch process. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  is in the absence of a batch process. 
         [0024]    Fouled process stream  10  is any process stream containing hydrocarbons, water, and combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is a multi-phase stream of hydrocarbons and water. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is in the absence of potable water. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is crude oil. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is part of a waste water treatment process. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is part of a water purification process. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is a waste stream from a mining operation. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is a stream from a process involving ferromagnetic materials. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is a stream from a hydro-metallurgical process involving magnetic materials. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, fouled process stream  10  is from a pipeline transportation process. 
         [0025]    The fouling constituent is any element that can cause structural changes to the inside of a pipe or vessel. Exemplary structural changes include corrosion and deposits on the surface. In at least one embodiment, the corrosion is due to bio-corrosion. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the deposits are due to scale. Exemplary fouling constituents include micro-organisms, paramagnetic scale, ferromagnetic scale, and combinations thereof. As used herein “micro-organisms” encompasses biological micro-organisms, indigenous micro-organisms, micro-flora, and other minute biological organisms occurring in fluids that can cause bio-fouling and/or bio-corrosion. Exemplary micro-organisms include Arachea, bacteria, and fungi. In one embodiment of the present invention, the fouling constituent is picked up by the process stream along the flow path of the process stream. 
         [0026]    Fouled process stream  10  feeds into separation vessel  105  of magnetic separation unit  100 . Magnetic separation unit  100  reduces the concentration of the fouling constituent in fouled process stream  10  to create effluent stream  18 . Separation vessel  105  is any vessel having an external surface and a body with an interior cavity that is capable of receiving fouled process stream  10 . Exemplary separation vessels  105  include separators, horizontal separators, multi-phase separators, and vessels with a settling area for solids collection. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, separation vessel  105  is a horizontal separator. 
         [0027]    Mounted magnet  130  generates the magnetic field in separation vessel  105 . Mounted magnet  130  includes magnet motor  132 , shaft  134 , and magnet  136 . The number of mounted magnets  130  mounted partially adjacent to separation vessel  105  depends on the fluid capacity of separation vessel  105  and the volume of fouled process stream  10  to be cleaned. Separation vessel  105  can have one mounted magnet, alternately more than one, alternately one or two, alternately between one and three, alternately between one and four, alternately between one and five, alternately two or three, alternately between two and four, alternately between two and five, alternately three or four, alternately between three and five, alternately four or five, alternately five or more. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, separation vessel  105  has three mounted magnets  130 . 
         [0028]    Magnet motor  132  rotates shaft  134 . Magnet motor  132  is adjacent to the external surface of separation vessel  105 . Magnet motor  132  can be any type of motor capable of rotating a shaft. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnet motor  132  is an electric motor. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnet motor  132  is a variable speed electric motor. 
         [0029]    Shaft  134  rotates magnet  136 . Shaft  134  is connected to magnet motor  132  and extends into the interior cavity of the body of separation vessel  105 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, shaft  134  is anchored to separation vessel  105  at a point opposite magnet motor  132 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, shaft  134  is vertically oriented. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, shaft  124  extends vertically into the interior cavity of separation vessel  105  and is anchored at a point opposite magnet motor  132 , such that the anchor allows shaft  134  to rotate around the vertical axis, but does not allow shaft  134  to shift in a plane perpendicular to the vertical axis. 
         [0030]    The rotation of magnet  136  generates the magnetic field. Magnet  136  is affixed to shaft  134 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnet  136  is permanently affixed to shaft  134 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnet  136  is removably affixed to shaft  134 . In one embodiment of the present invention, shaft  134  runs through magnet  136 . In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, shaft  134  is equipped with magnet  136  without shaft  134  passing through a plane of magnet  136 . Magnet  136  can have any shape capable of generating the magnetic field. Exemplary shapes include a sphere, a ring, a cylinder, a cube, a rectangular prism, and other polyhedrons. In at least one embodiment, the shape of magnet  136  is a ring. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnet  136  is a cylinder with shaft  134  running through the center of the cylinder, such that magnet  136  is affixed around shaft  134 . In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, magnet  136  is a rectangular prism. Magnet  136  can be of any material capable of generating a magnetic field. Exemplary materials include neodymium, samarium, cobalt, boron, iron, ceramics, and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, magnet  136  is neodymium. 
         [0031]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, shaft  134  has additional magnets  136  attached. The total number of magnets  136  affixed to a single shaft  134  is dictated by the length and size of shaft  134 , the size of magnets  136 , the size of separation vessel  105 , and the density of the magnetic field desired. Additional magnets  136  are affixed to shaft  134  in arrangements along shaft  134 . Exemplary arrangements include a continuous line, rows, and patterns. Exemplary patterns include alternating sides of shaft  134  and alternating shapes of magnets  136 . The arrangement of magnets  136  is determined by the size and shape of the magnetic field needed, the size of shaft  134 , and the size of separation vessel  105 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the size, shape, material, and arrangement of magnets  136  are determined in consideration of the flow rate of fouled process stream  10  and clean stream  40 , along with the coagulation efficiency of magnetic separation unit  100  required. In a preferred embodiment, shaft  134  includes multiple rectangular prism shaped magnets  136  affixed surrounding shaft  134 , with each magnet  136  connected by a dismantling joint to another magnet  136 . 
         [0032]    Circulation feed  12  exits separation vessel  105  and is returned through circulation pump  120  as circulation return  14 . Circulation pump  120  recycles fluid from and to separation vessel  105 . The circulation creates a circulating fluid within separation vessel  105 . The circulating fluid has a flow profile to ensure the fluid interacts with the magnetic field. Exemplary flow profiles include laminar flow and turbulent flow. 
         [0033]    The magnetic field removes the fouling constituent from the circulating fluid inside separation vessel  105 . The magnetic field has a magnetic field strength or magnetic flux density. The magnetic field strength can be between greater than about 1 miliTesla (mT), alternately between about 1 mT and about 0.1 T, alternately between about 0.1 T and about 1 T, alternately between 0.1 T and about 0.5 T, alternately between about 0.5 T and about 1 T, alternately greater than 1 T, alternately greater than 5 T, alternately greater than 10 T. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic field strength is 0.5 T. The magnetic field reduces the concentration of the fouling constituent in the circulating fluid. The magnetic field attracts scale to the magnets, causing the scale to remain adjacent to the magnet and leave the circulating fluid. The magnetic field kills micro-organisms causing them to drop out of the circulating fluid. The dead micro-organisms that drop out of the circulating fluid form a solid. The solid collects in separation vessel  105  and is periodically removed by chemicals or by cleaning. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, effluent stream  18  passes through a filter (not shown) before exiting separation vessel  105 . The filter prevents solids from leaving the separation vessel in stream  18 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, stream  18  passes through a filtration system (not shown) after exiting separation vessel  105 . 
         [0034]    The fouling constituent is present in the circulating fluid at a concentration. As the fouling constituent is removed from the circulating fluid by the magnetic field, the concentration of fouling constituents is reduced. In at least one embodiment, the removal of fouling constituents is dependent on the exposure time of the circulating fluid to the magnetic field. Coagulation efficiency is a measure of the concentration of fouling constituents before treatment and after treatment. 
         [0035]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic separation unit  100  is run in batch mode, where effluent stream  18  is not continuously withdrawn and circulation pump  120  ensures that the fluid moves through and contacts the magnetic field, so that the fouling constituent in the fluid comes into contact with the magnetic field. 
         [0036]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnetic separation unit  100  includes sampling point  110 . Sampling point  110  allows removal of sample  16 . Sampling point  110  can be located in any part of magnetic separation unit  100  where sample  16  can be collected. Sample  16  contains fluid from magnetic separation unit  100  where sampling point  110  is located. The fluid in sample  16  has a concentration of the fouling constituent. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, sampling point  110  is located between separation vessel  105  and circulation pump  120 , so that sampling point  110  allows removal of sample  16  from circulation feed  12 . In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, sampling point  110  allows sample  16  to be removed from the interior cavity of the body of separation vessel  110 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, sampling point  110  includes a valve that is opened only when sample  16  is removed. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnetic separation unit  100  contains more than one sampling point  110 , with at least one located on fouled process stream  10 . Having more than one sampling point  110  provides means for determining efficiency of the separation process. Efficiency of the separation process is measured using the most probable number (MPN) method. The MPN method is a serial dilution method where 1 mL from the original sample is subdivided into 10 test tubes (or other container). Each subdivision is then diluted by a known factor. A separation process of the present invention is considered efficient when micro-organism count is less than or equal to 10 3  cells/ml. 
         [0037]    Sample  16  can be subjected to lab tests to obtain information about the fluid and the fouling constituent in the fluid. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, a measure of the concentration of the fouling constituent in sample  16  is obtained. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, sampling point  110  includes an analyzer system capable of measuring the concentration of fouling constituents in sample  16 . 
         [0038]    Effluent stream  18  exits separation vessel  105 . Effluent stream  18  contains a reduced concentration of the fouling constituent as compared to fouled process stream  10 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, effluent stream  18  is withdrawn when a target concentration is measured in sample  16 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, effluent stream  18  feeds clean collection vessel  400 . Clean collection vessel  400  receives effluent stream  18  and discharges clean stream  40 . Clean stream  40  can be incorporated into other processes as needed. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, clean stream  40  is fed into a water distribution system. 
         [0039]    The target concentration is the acceptable level of the fouling constituent in sample  16 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the target concentration is a target microorganism concentration. The target concentration can be set by the efficiency of microbiological treatment unit  1 , by the design parameters of magnetic separation unit  100 , or by the use to be made of clean stream  40 . For micro-organisms, the target concentration is less than about 10,000 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 1000 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 500 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 100 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 50 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 10 cells/ml of sample  16 , alternately less than about 5 cells/ml, and alternately less than about 1 cell/ml of sample  16 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the target concentration is less than about 100 cells/ml of sample  16 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the target microorganism concentration is 100 cells/ml of sample  16 . 
         [0040]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  includes a holding vessel upstream of magnetic separation unit  100 . Fouled process stream  10  feeds the holding vessel and a separation unit feed stream exits the holding vessel to magnetic separation unit  100 . The holding vessel enables magnetic separation unit  100  to be operated as a batch process, while microbiological treatment unit  1  is a continuous process. 
         [0041]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  includes additional magnetic separation units  100 . Microbiological treatment unit  1  can include one magnetic separation unit, alternately two magnetic separation units, alternately three magnetic separation units, alternately four magnetic separation units, alternately five magnetic separation units, and alternately more than five magnetic separation units. The number of additional magnetic separation units depends on the composition of fouled process stream  10 , the types of fouling constituent present in fouled process stream  10 , the target concentration of fouling constituent, and the process in which clean stream  40  will used. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the additional magnetic separation units are arranged in series with the effluent stream from one magnetic separation unit feeding the next separation vessel in the series and the effluent stream from the last magnetic separation unit fed to clean collection vessel  400 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  provides a flow diagram of an embodiment of the present invention containing additional magnetic separation units arranged in series. With reference to the elements previously described with reference to  FIG. 1 , fouled process stream  10  feeds separation vessel  105  of magnetic separation unit  100 . Effluent  18  feeds separation vessel  205  of magnetic separation unit  200 , magnetic separation unit  200  being the next magnetic separation unit in the series. Circulation pump  220  receives circulation feed  22  and recycles the fluid as circulation return  24 . Sampling point  210  allows removal of sample  26 . Effluent  28  feeds separation vessel  305  of magnetic separation unit  300 , magnetic separation unit  300  being the next magnetic separation unit in the series. Circulation pump  320  receives circulation feed  32  and recycles the fluid as circulation return  34 . Sampling point  310  allows removal of sample  36 . Effluent  38  feeds collection vessel  400 , magnetic separation unit  300  being the last magnetic separation unit in the series. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, effluents  18 ,  28 , and  38  exit separation vessels  105 ,  205 , and  305 , respectively, only when the concentration of fouling constituent as measured in samples  16 ,  26 , and  36  are at or below the target concentration, with each magnetic separation vessel having a distinct target concentration. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, each separation vessel  105 ,  205 ,  305 , has a bypass line (not shown) that allows effluents  18 ,  28 , or  38  to feed collection vessel  400  and by-pass the next magnetic separation unit in the series. 
         [0043]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the additional magnetic separation units are arranged in parallel with a portion of fouled process stream  10  feeding each individual magnetic separation unit and the effluent stream from each individual magnetic separation unit being collected in collection vessel  400 . 
         [0044]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, each effluent from each magnetic separation unit feeds an individual collection vessel. 
         [0045]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, multiple samples  16  are taken during the process to reduce the concentration of the fouling constituent. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, magnetic separation unit  100  operates for an exposure time and then sample  16  is removed. The exposure time is determined based on the nature of fouled process stream  10 , the nature and concentration of fouling constituents in the circulating fluid, and the total number of magnetic separation units  100 . In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the exposure time is greater than 1 hour. 
         [0046]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  reduces the concentration of fouling constituent in clean stream  40  as compared to fouled process stream  10  in the absence of biocide. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  is in the absence of biocide or other chemical means for treating process streams containing micro-organisms. 
         [0047]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, a standby magnetic separator unit aids in maintenance and cleaning of the operation magnetic separation unit. When the solids of dead microbes build-up in magnetic separation unit  100 , fouled process stream  10  is redirected to the standby magnetic separator unit. The standby magnetic separator unit then operates as described with reference to magnetic separation unit  100 , while cleaning operations are conducted on magnetic separation unit  100 . 
         [0048]    In at least one embodiment of the present invention, microbiological treatment unit  1  is in the absence of any protective covering over shaft  134  and magnets  136 . Fluid in separation vessel  105  is in direct contact with magnets  136   
       Examples 
     Example 1 
       [0049]    In example 1, mixed cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) of  Desulfovibrio africanus  sp. and  Desulfovibrio alaskensis  were used. Freeze-dried samples of both cultures were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The SRB cultures were cultivated in a modified Baar&#39;s medium (ATCC medium 1250). One (1) L of growth medium was used according to the composition of Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Growth Medium 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amount Added(g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Magnesium Sulfate 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Sulfate di-Hydrate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Chloride 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 di-Potassium Hydrogen Orthophosphate 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Lactate 60% Syrup 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 Yeast Extract 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    The pH of the growth medium was adjusted to 7.5 using 5 M sodium hydroxide. The medium was then sterilized in an autoclave at 121° C. for 20 minutes. A filter-sterilized 5% ferrous ammonium sulfate was added to the medium before inoculation at a ratio of 0.1 ml ferrous ammonium sulfate to 5.0 ml of the growth medium. The SRB were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. under an oxygen-free nitrogen headspace. Iron oxide, in nano-particle form, was introduced to the growth medium at different concentrations up to a maximum value of 0.6 mg/ml growth medium. 
         [0051]    To prepare the test samples, serum vial glass bottles were autoclaved at 121° C. for 20 minutes and dried. In a sterilized laminar flow hood, 50 ml of sterilized modified Baar&#39;s growth medium was added to each bottle. The bottles were sealed with fitted rubber caps, purged for 30 minutes with pure nitrogen gas to establish an anaerobic environment, then inoculated with 1 ml of the SRB at 10 8  cells/ml. Temperatures were maintained at 32° C. throughout the experiments. 
         [0052]      FIG. 3  is an image of the SRB at maximum growth. The microbial density was measured using optical density measurements via a digital spectrophotometer, see  FIG. 4 . The SRB zeta potential along with sizes were measured at a pH of 7 and a temperature of 37° C. using a microelectrophoretic apparatus Zeta Meter (Powereach Model JS94G), see  FIG. 5 . 
         [0053]    The conditions of a separation vessel and magnets were approximated using magnetic tower assemblies. Six different magnetic tower assemblies were used. In each assembly, rectangular neodymium magnetic blocks measuring 50.8 mm×50.8 mm×25.4 mm were stacked on a base support facing each other. The stacks were fixed on the base support with a 50 mm exposure gap in between each stack. The mounted stacks produced a 500 mT static magnetic field at the center of the assembly (between the stacks). See  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b.    
         [0054]    When the SRB growth in the bottles reached a concentration of 10 10  cells/ml, the bottles were positioned in middle of a magnetic tower assembly for testing. Each different bottle was tested in a magnetic tower assemblies for a different exposure time to the magnetic field.  FIGS. 8   a  and  8   b  relate the coagulation efficiency to exposure time and iron oxide nano-particle concentration.  FIG. 7  shows the attraction between the SRB and the magnet. Without being bound to a specific theory, it is believed that the ferromagnetic iron oxide nano-particles added to the growth medium coat the SRB, and cause the SRB to be attracted to the magnetic tower assembly. In addition, it is believed that the SRB themselves have negative surface charges that cause the SRB to be attracted to the magnetic field of the magnetic tower assembly. 
         [0055]    Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made hereupon without departing from the principle and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be determined by the following claims and their appropriate legal equivalents. 
         [0056]    The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0057]    Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances can or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur. 
         [0058]    Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range. 
         [0059]    Throughout this application, where patents or publications are referenced, the disclosures of these references in their entireties are intended to be incorporated by reference into this application, in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains, except when these references contradict the statements made herein. 
         [0060]    As used herein and in the appended claims, the words “comprise,” “has,” and “include” and all grammatical variations thereof are each intended to have an open, non-limiting meaning that does not exclude additional elements or steps. 
         [0061]    As used herein, terms such as “first” and “second” are arbitrarily assigned and are merely intended to differentiate between two or more components of an apparatus. It is to be understood that the words “first” and “second” serve no other purpose and are not part of the name or description of the component, nor do they necessarily define a relative location or position of the component. Furthermore, it is to be understood that that the mere use of the term “first” and “second” does not require that there be any “third” component, although that possibility is contemplated under the scope of the present invention.

Technology Category: c