Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to photolithography and more particularly to proximity correction in the presence of subresolution assist features used in photolithography. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     A very large scale integrated (VLSI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip is manufactured on a silicon wafer by a sequence of material additions (i.e., low pressure chemical vapor depositions, sputtering operations, etc.), material removals (i.e., wet etches, reactive ion etches, etc.), and material modifications (i.e., oxidations, ion implants, etc.). These physical and chemical operations interact with the entire wafer. For example, if a wafer is placed into an acid bath, the entire surface of the wafer will be etched away. In order to build very small electrically active devices on the wafer, the impact of these operations has to be confined to small, well defined regions. 
     Lithography in the context of VLSI manufacturing of CMOS devices is the process of patterning openings in photosensitive polymers (sometimes referred to as photoresists or resists) which define small areas in which the silicon base material is modified by a specific operation in a sequence of processing steps. The process of manufacturing of CMOS chips involves the repeated patterning of photoresist, followed by an etch, implant, deposition, or other operation, and ending with the removal of the expended photoresist to make way for the new resist to be applied for another iteration of this process sequence. 
     The basic lithography system consists of a light source, a stencil or photo mask containing the pattern to be transferred to the wafer, a collection of lenses, and a means for aligning existing patterns on the wafer with patterns on the mask. The aligning may take place in an aligning step or steps and may be carried out with an aligning apparatus. Since a wafer containing from 50 to 100 chips is patterned in steps of 1 to 4 chips at a time, these lithography tools are commonly referred to as steppers. The resolution, R, of an optical projection system such as a lithography stepper is limited by parameters described in Raleigh&#39;s equation:
 
 R=kλ/NA, 
 
where λ represents the wavelength of the light source used in the projection system and NA represents the numerical aperture of the projection optics used. “k” represents a factor describing how well a combined lithography system can utilize the theoretical resolution limit in practice and can range from about 0.8 down to about 0.5 for standard exposure systems. The highest resolution in optical lithography is currently achieved with deep ultra violet (DUV) steppers operating at 248 nm. Wavelengths of 356 nm are also in widespread use and 193 nm wavelength lithography is becoming commonplace.
 
     Conventional photo masks consist of chromium patterns on a quartz plate, allowing light to pass wherever the chromium has been removed from the mask. Light of a specific wavelength is projected through the mask onto the photoresist coated wafer, exposing the resist wherever hole patterns are placed on the mask. Exposing the resist to light of the appropriate wavelength causes modifications in the molecular structure of the resist polymers which, in common applications, allow a developer to dissolve and remove the resist in the exposed areas. Such resist materials are known as positive resists. (Negative resist systems allow only unexposed resist to be developed away.) The photo masks, when illuminated, can be pictured as an array of individual, infinitely small light sources which can be either turned on (points in clear areas) or turned off (points covered by chrome). If the amplitude of the electric field vector which describes the light radiated by these individual light sources is mapped across a cross section of the mask, a step function will be plotted reflecting the two possible states that each point on the mask can be found (light on, light off). 
     These conventional photo masks are commonly referred to as Chrome-on-Glass (COG) binary masks, due to the binary nature of the image amplitude. The perfectly square step function of the light amplitude exists only in the theoretical limit of the exact mask plane. At any given distance away from the mask, such as in the wafer plane, diffraction effects will cause images to exhibit a finite image slope. At small dimensions, that is, when the size and spacing of the images to be printed are small relative to the λ/NA, electric field vectors of adjacent images will interact and add constructively. The resulting light intensity curve between the image features is not completely dark, but exhibits significant amounts of light intensity created by the interaction of adjacent features. The resolution of an exposure system is limited by the contrast of the projected image, that is, the intensity difference between adjacent light and dark image features. An increase in the light intensity in nominally dark regions will eventually cause adjacent features to print as one combined structure rather than discrete images. 
     The quality with which small images can be replicated in lithography depends largely on the available process latitude; that is, that amount of allowable dose and focus variation that still results in correct image size. 
     Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAF), also known as scattering bars, intensity leveling bars and assist bars, referred to hereinafter as SRAF elements have been demonstrated to yield significant improvement in the lithographic process window when used in conjunction with Off-Axis Illumination (OAI) J. Bruce, M. Cross, L. Liebmann, S. Mansfield, and A. McGuire, entitled “Assist Features—Challenges and Opportunities”, Proceedings of the Microlithography Symposium Interface 2000 Sponsored by Arch Chemicals, Inc. Nov. 5–7, 2000 San Diego, Calif. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,770 of Chen et al. for “Mask for Photolithography” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,014 of Chen for “Optical Proximity Correction Method for Intermediate-pitch Features Using Sub-Resolution Scattering Bars on a Mask”. 
     Methodologies for generating rules for the placement and size of SRAF elements are known and have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,421,820 of Mansfield et al. entitled “Semiconductor Device Fabrication Using a Photomask with Assist Features” and in an article by Mansfield et al. entitled “Lithographic Comparison of Assist Feature Design Strategies” Proc. of SPIE Vol. 4000, Optical Microlithography XIII (March, 2000) pp. 63–76 
     Challenges in fitting the inherently one-dimensional SRAF elements into two-dimensional circuit layouts are described in: Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features,” in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 4346, SPIE, (2001). This article describes clean up rules for insuring manufacturability and good image quality and describes the negative effects of locally missing SRAF elements on the print quality of the primary circuit patterns. Also mentioned are challenges in integrating the SRAF design with model-based approaches. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,683 Liebmann et al. for “Method for Incorporating Sub Resolution Assist Features in a Photomask Layout” describes style options used to clean up mask designs to insure manufacturability and image quality. 
     Also, see Liebmann et al. “TCAD Development for Lithography Resolution Enhancement” IBM J. RES. DEV. VOL. 45, No. 5, September 2001 pages 651–665 shows a partial SRAF rules table. In addition, see Liebmann, L. W. “Resolution Enhancement Techniques in Optical Lithography, It&#39;s Not Just a Mask Problem”, Proceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering Vol. 4409 (2001) p. 23–32. 
     None of the above patents or the above articles discusses proximity correction of subresolution assist features used in photolithography. 
     PROBLEM SOLVED BY THE INVENTION 
     Semiconductor manufacturing employs computer-aided-design (CAD for the accurate printing of patterns on the surface of a device substrate. The printing process employs optical lithography followed by a variety of subtractive (e.g., etch) and additive (e.g., deposition) processes. A quartz plate coated with metallic patterns known as a photomask which contains a magnified image of the computer generated pattern to be etched into the metallic layer. An illuminated image projected from the photomask is focused onto a photoresist thin film formed on the substrate. In the past, when lithography required less precision, the circuit layout equaled the mask pattern which equaled the wafer pattern. 
     As a result of the interference and processing effects which occur during pattern transfer, images formed on the substrate do not faithfully reproduce the patterns on the photomask and deviate from their ideal dimensions and shape as represented by the design computer images. These deviations depend on the characteristics of the patterns as well as on a variety of process conditions. Because these deviations can significantly effect the performance of the semiconductor device, many approaches have been pursued which focus on CAD compensation schemes which ensure a resultant ideal image. 
     A known compensation technique employed in connection with this invention is to add Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs), otherwise known as scattering bars or intensity leveling bars, to the photomask. SRAF&#39;s are sub-lithographic features placed adjacent to a feature that is to be printed. Since these additional features are sub-lithographic, they will not be transferred to the resist during printing. They will, however, aid in sharpening the image that is printed. 
     It is well known that the addition of SRAFs to a photomask can help to improve the Process Window (PW) for printing isolated features, where the Process Window is the range of lithographic process conditions (e.g. a range of expouse dose and defocus conditions) under which one can print a feature reliably. It is also known that the number of SRAFs that should be placed in the space between two critical features and the size of the assist features should be adjusted depending on the spacing between the critical features, among other things. What is not well known, however, is how to determine the optimum sizes and spacings for SRAFs in a real design containing critical features of varying size and a continuum of spacings between critical features. This task is complicated by the random nature and large data sizes of semiconductor designs. As dimensions became smaller proximity effects raised problems which caused the wafer pattern produced to diverge from the desired circuit layout. Thus the Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) process was implemented which caused the mask pattern to differ from the circuit layout so that the wafer pattern equaled the circuit layout. Then SRAF features were added which made the mask pattern more complicated and less like the circuit layout, but in some cases the addition of the SRAF features helped to improve the quality of the wafer pattern produced. 
     Currently, software has been designed with two approaches to assist feature generation. One is a straight Rules Based approach, where a simple set of SRAF design rules are used to generate SRAFs, along with applying Rules Based OPC to critical features. Another approach is to try to improve upon the rules based corrections, by using iterative Model Based corrections to the critical features after the SRAFs have been added to the mask layout. The problems with both of these approaches is that they are based on a simple rules based addition of the SRAFs, where generally one or two SRAFs are added in the space between the two critical features and parallel thereto. 
     SRAF features produced by the simple rules above do not necessarily provide the desired result of reproducing the intended design image on the photoresist nor can they necessarily be manufactured reliably on the mask as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Thus, to maintain a manufacturable layout, some of SRAFs need to be erased or legalized “cleaned up”. As shown by  FIG. 3  below, the process of “cleaning up” SRAF elements leaves edge segments that do not get the benefit of SRAF features. These feature segmentss that are missing SRAF features print small and with poor quality. The features print small because the edges appear to be isolated and the proximity effect masks isolated edges which print too thin or too small and/or with poor quality because the lithography is set up to print features assisted with SRAFs, but which are missing in the mask. 
       FIG. 1 , shows an example of a two-dimensional layout  10  of a pattern of vertical and horizontal pattern elements to be exposed and printed photolithograpically. The pattern elements include a horizontal pattern bar H 1  and two vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  which represent the features of hypothetical MOSFET gate electrode patterns. In particular,  FIG. 1  shows three primary features targeted for SRAF shaded elements including a horizontal pattern bar H 1  on the top. Therebelow are two relatively closely spaced parallel vertical pattern bars V 1  and V 2 , on the left and on the right respectively. The tops of the two bars V 1  and V 2  are closely spaced just below the horizontal pattern bar H 1 , extending downwardly. Analysis of the pattern of  FIG. 1  with respect to the y axis and the x axis shown on the lower right indicates that for a series of parallel vertical scans from left to right the scanning system will encounter five segments of the pattern below the horizontal bar H 1 . On the left portion of  FIG. 1 , indicated by “a” the scan will encounter only the leading and trailing edges of the bar H 1 . Then in the segment indicated by “b”, the scan will encounter the leading and trailing edges of bar H 1  followed by a narrow gap between H 1  and the top of bar V 1 . For the middle segment “c” the scan will encounter only the leading and trailing edges of the bar H 1 . For the next segment “d”, the scan will encounter the leading and trailing edges of bar H 1  followed by a narrow gap between H 1  and the top of bar V 2 . The CAD system measures the distances between the bar H 1  and the vertical bars V 1  and V 2  respectively. 
     Unacceptable Designs Due to Unconstrained Interpretation of SRAF Rules Table 
     In two-dimensional layout situations, such as the one illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the interaction of non-projecting edges or the abrupt change in the proximity environment of adjacent features can lead to SRAF designs that are not acceptable as illustrated by  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 2 , the SRAF elements which have been produced are too close together and/or cross over each other producing too dense a pattern of SRAF patterns which will be likely to print unwanted images. 
       FIG. 2  shows a photolithograpic mask  12  patterned for printing the layout  10  of  FIG. 1  using the Rules Based approach, following an unconstrained interpretation of the SRAF rules table. As a result of the scans of the images in  FIG. 1 , using Rules Based approach, the CAD system determines that the horizontal bar required a pair of parallel SRAF bars A 1  and A 2  above the bar H 1  and bars A 3  and A 4  below the bar H 1 . In addition, the vertical SRAF bars include five vertical SRAF bars including vertical SRAF A 5  and A 6  on the left of bar V 1 , vertical SRAF A 7  in the middle and vertical SRAF bars A 8  and A 9  on the right of bar V 2 . The result shown in  FIG. 2  is unacceptable since it can lead to defective patterns in the final product where the SRAFs intersect thereby creating thicker more concentrated features which may be printed adjacent to the pattern of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  in more detail, in addition to the three primary features (horizontal pattern bar H 1  and vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2 ), horizontal SRAF bars and five vertical SRAF bars are shown. The upper two parallel horizontally extending SRAF elements A 1 /A 2  parallel with the horizontal pattern bar H 1  stacked thereabove are spaced very closely thereto. In addition, the two parallel horizontally extending SRAF elements A 3 /A 4  parallel with the horizontal pattern bar H 1  stacked therebelow are also spaced very closely thereto. The vertical SRAF elements include two vertically extending SRAF elements A 5 /A 6  parallel with the vertical pattern bar V 1  to the left thereof and spaced very closely thereto, two vertically extending SRAF elements A 8 /A 9  parallel with the vertical pattern bar V 2  to the right thereof and spaced very closely thereto, and one vertically extending SRAF elements A 7  parallel with the vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  therebetween and spaced very closely thereto. The two horizontally extending SRAF elements A 3 /A 4  (clear) form unacceptable designs in that they extend horizontally across other elements and features unacceptably extending between the tops of the vertically extending SRAF elements A 6 /A 7 /A 8 , and the vertical pattern bars V 1  and V 2 .  FIG. 2  is described in more detail below. 
     Horizontal SRAF Elements 
     In  FIG. 2  the four horizontal SRAF bars A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4  combined with the horizontal pattern bar H 1  form a horizontal grating pattern of five horizontal bars. In particular, the horizontal grating is formed by the horizontally extending elements of the pattern-shown, which include the two upper horizontal SRAF bars A 1 /A 2  parallel with the horizontal bar H 1  thereabove and two lower horizontal SRAF bars A 3  and A 4  parallel with the horizontal pattern bar H 1  therebelow. The SRAF features on the mask are, by definition as SRAF elements, below the exposure system resolution, i.e. sub-resolution. Thus the four horizontal SRAF bars A 1 –A 4  are sufficiently narrower than the primary features (horizontal pattern bar H 1  and vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2 ) to be left unprinted by the exposure system being employed. In summary, the horizontal SRAF bars A 1 –A 4  which are Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAF) will not print, but they can influence the optical performance of the exposure system, by forming a horizontally extending optical grating, as will be well understood by those skilled in the art. 
     Vertical SRAF Elements 
     In  FIG. 2 , the five vertical SRAF lines A 5 , A 6 , A 7 , A 8  and A 9  qualify as Sub Resolution Assist Features (SRAF); and the five vertical SRAF lines A 5 , A 6 , A 7 , A 8  and A 9  combined with vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  form a vertical grating pattern of seven vertical bars. As indicated above the two vertical SRAF bars A 5 /A 6  extend in parallel with the vertical pattern bars V 1 , to the left thereof, and the two vertical SRAF lines A 8 /A 9  extend in parallel with the vertical pattern bars V 2 , to the right thereof. In addition, the vertical SRAF bar A 7  is parallel with the vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  located midway therebetween. In summary, the vertical SRAF bars A 5 –A 9  which are Sub Resolution Assist Features (SRAF) will not print, but they can influence the optical performance of the exposure system, by forming a vertically extending optical grating, as will be well understood by those skilled in the art. 
     The problem with the mask  12  of  FIG. 2  is that the lower horizontal SRAF bars A 3 /A 4  intersect/overlap the vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  as well as the five vertical SRAF bars A 5 –A 9 , which will not produce the result desired, as will be explained below. The problematic pattern shown in  FIG. 2  is the;kind of result obtained by the use of a simple algorithm for the creation of an SRAF pattern. Accordingly,  FIG. 2  illustrates how the narrow gaps between SRAF elements and intersecting SRAF elements can cause unwanted images on the wafer and make masks unsuitable for manufacturable. 
     Careful optimization of style options is necessary to obtain a manufacturable mask and to prevent lithography yield loss through generation of unwanted residual SRAF images, while maximizing the density of the SRAF elements. The goal when optimizing style options is to attempt placement of SRAF elements for all critical features while maintaining manufacturable configurations of SRAF elements. 
     Layout with Optimized Pattern of SRAF Elements 
       FIG. 3  shows the result of the step of legalization or cleaning up the pattern of SRAFs in  FIG. 2  in an attempt to achieve the goal of optimizing style options is to attempt placement of SRAF elements for all critical features while maintaining manufacturable configurations of SRAF elements. In  FIG. 3  the photolithograpic mask  14  is a “cleaned up” modification of the mask  12  of  FIG. 2 . The mask  14  is patterned for printing the layout  10  of  FIG. 1  with an optimized pattern of the SRAF elements which can produce mask patterns which are manufacturable under some circumstances. 
     In  FIG. 3 , a sample two-dimensional layout is shown with an optimized pattern of the SRAF elements of  FIG. 2  with similar elements of the drawing being identified by the same reference indicia. Elements A 1 /A 2  of  FIG. 2  remain unchanged, but the central portion of horizontal SRAF bar A 3  has been removed leaving in its place the pair of short horizontal .SRAF bars A 3 ′ remaining from the left and right ends of SRAF bar A 3 . The short horizontal SRAF bars A 3 ′ terminate at the intersections with unshortened elements A 6 /A 8  leaving a gap therebetween (in comparison to  FIG. 2 ) above vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  and vertical SRAF bar A 7 . 
     Similarly, the central portion of horizontal SRAF bar A 4  has been removed leaving the pair of even shorter horizontal SRAF bars A 4 ′ remaining from the left and right ends of SRAF bar A 4 . The short horizontal SRAF bars A 4 ′ terminate at the intersections with shortened vertical SRAF elements A 5 ′/A 9 ′ leaving a gap in place of SRAF bar A 4  therebetween, as contrasted to  FIG. 2 . That is to say that the horizontal SRAF bar A 4  has been has been replaced by horizontal SRAF bars A 4 ′ which terminate at the intersections with elements A 5 ′/A 9 ′. This leaves a gap where bar A 4  extended between the vertical elements A 5  and A 9 , since the SRAF bars A 4 ′ do not cross the other vertical bars A 6 , V 1 , A 7 ′, V 2 , and A 8 . Note that the vertical SRAF bar A 7 ′ has been lowered to the level of the tops of the two vertical bars V 1 /V 2  of the layout pattern of  FIG. 1 . 
     Above the tops of pattern bars V 1 /V 2  and SRAF bar A 7  there is now a wider open “feature missing” space FM where SRAF features are missing since the gap between the lower edge of the horizontal pattern bar H 1  and the upper ends of the vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  and SRAF bar A 7  exceeds the parameters of TABLE I, as will be discussed in further detail below. The problem with the wider space FM between bar H 1  and the tops of bars V 1 , A 7 ′ an V 2  is that H 1  has not SRAFs where they should be and so H 1  is likely to print too narrowly with a poor Process Window (PW). 
     To solve the problem of  FIG. 3  where the “feature missing” space fM adjacent to bar H 1  is too wide, the system may widen the bar H 1  where the SRAFs are missing due to the legalization “clean up” process. Rules Based and Model Based methods of solving this problem are described in connection with  FIGS. 4 and 5  below. However those solutions lead to the problems described in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 7  below leading to the improved methods of this invention described with respect to  FIGS. 8 ,  9 ,  10 A and  10 B below. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of this invention to present a method and software implementation to compensate for image size deviation and lithographic process window degradation in areas of localized SRAF elements-loss due to legalization to conform to manufacturability and other imaging constraints. 
     The inventive method, hereinafter referred to as Binary OPC, is a process used to identify all critical edge segments that are problem edge segments in that after SRAF legalization (cleanup) of a pattern of SRAF features, there is a spacing from the edge segment in question to its nearest projecting neighbor (primary-or assist-feature) that exceeds the maximum allowable spacing according to an SRAF rules table, e.g. Table I below. This maximum spacing is derived from the larger of either the largest unassisted feature spacing or the largest inner assist feature placement. Having identified the problem edge segments, binary OPC applies the largest feature bias called for in the rules table to the feature edge segment in question. 
     Implemented in the rules-based OPC SRAF design flow, the effect of binary OPC is to widen critical feature edges to compensate for the under-biasing resulting from the shortcomings of the one-dimensional SRAF rules table below. While this simple binary sort-and-widen approach of critical edge correction cannot promise to reproduce the original feature size accurately, it prevents catastrophic failures due to feature pinching. Binary OPC still has utility when using model-based OPC. Even though in model-based OPC, the line width at best focus will be corrected, the limited Depth of Focus (DOF) of an unassisted line can cause catastrophic failures. Thus, binary OPC in conjunction with optimized SRAF style options, yields a superior gate level process whether rule-based or modelOPC is used. 
     Thus there is a need for a solution to that problem which is provided by the present invention which provides a way to find edge segments of primary features that should have SRAF features which are missing, to bias the primary features so that they print large (although with poor process window) rather than small and with poor process window. Thus, the present invention (binary OPC) makes the pattern a little more robust, since small and poor quality edge segments have a tendency to break. Two ways of biasing these primary edge segments: 1) go in and “push the edge out”; i.e. move the edge out by a certain amount; or 2) provide the model-based OPC tool with a target -pattern having a target edge pushed out to indicate that the line to be printed is wider thereby causing the model-based OPC tool to move the edge in the desired direction to produce a suitable result. The benefit of this process of causing the model based OPC to widen the line by pushing the edge to widen the image is that the model-based OPC tool keeps track of all the surrounding features and will help prevent turning one problem (a small/narrow and poor quality line) into a new problem which would result in features that are too wide and/or and merged with neighboring features. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Glossary 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Circuit layout 
                 = 
                 collection of polygons representing the desired 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wafer images 
               
               
                   
                 = 
                 initial target pattern 
               
               
                 Critical 
                 = 
                 For a given semiconductor device the CD is the 
               
               
                 Dimension 
                   
                 narrowest width of a line or narrowest space be- 
               
               
                 (CD) 
                   
                 tween two lines is referred to as the of the device. 
               
               
                 Main pattern 
                 = 
                 Polygons that are rendered on the photomask and 
               
               
                 features 
                   
                 on the wafer 
               
               
                 Mask Layout 
                 = 
                 collection of polygons to be patterned on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 photomask 
               
               
                 Mask Pattern 
                 = 
                 Mask Layout 
               
               
                 Minimum pitch 
                 = 
                 The minimum total of the width of a feature plus 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the distance to the adjacent feature edge. 
               
               
                 Model-based 
                 = 
                 feature selective biasing of the mask patterns to 
               
               
                 OPC 
                   
                 compensate for systematic patterning errors based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on iterative movement of feature edges to reduce 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the difference between a simulated contour that is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 calculated using a calibrated process model and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the desired wafer pattern, also known as the target 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pattern. In most cases, the target pattern is identical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to the circuit layout. 
               
               
                 OPC 
                 = 
                 Optical Proximity Correction 
               
               
                 Rules-based 
                 = 
                 feature selective biasing of the mask patterns to 
               
               
                 OPC 
                   
                 compensate for systematic patterning errors based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on pre-computed bias values that are communi- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cated to the OPC tool in form of rules tables 
               
               
                 SRAF elements 
                 = 
                 Polygons that are added to a layout to improve 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PW, rendered on the photomask but not on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wafer. 
               
               
                 SRAF 
                 = 
                 Sub-Resolution Assist Features 
               
               
                 Wafer Pattern 
                 = 
                 collection of polygons that result on the wafer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as a result of the lithography operation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In accordance with this invention, a method and a system are provided for forming a photolithographic mask layout with Sub-Resolution Assist Feature (SRAF) elements on a mask for correcting for proximity effects for a pattern imaged comprising the following steps. Develop a layout of mask features for printing main pattern features. Provide a table of SRAF element data including spacing of main pattern features and SRAF elements, applying SRAF elements to the mask layout as a function of spacing of main pattern features and SRAF elements, legalizing the SRAF elements as a function of style options to result in a modified mask layout. Analyze the modified layout for the mask, identifying problem edge segments of a primary element of the mask layout that is at risk of causing a printing defect, applying a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the mask pattern where there are areas of SRAF element loss. Finally, provide an output of a modified mask pattern with modified SRAF elements. 
     In accordance with another aspect of this invention employing a rules-based approach, the system can provide SRAF elements to apply a bias to circuit features for the mask as a function of main feature spacing according to SRAF rules based on data from the SRAF table. The selected bias is applied to modify the mask pattern locally in areas of SRAF loss. 
     As an alternative aspect of this invention, in a model based approach the system can apply model based OPC in the presence of SRAF elements by biasing problem edge segments in the target pattern provided as input to the process model, to form modified target patterns using data from the SRAF table. 
     With respect to the function of applying a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the pattern, the invention employs the following functions:
     (h) identifying each critical edge of a feature,   (i) testing whether an edge segment is spaced from its nearest projecting neighboring feature that exceeds the maximum allowable spacing according to said table of SRAF rules,   (j) if the answer to the test in step (i) is YES, then proceed to step (k) if the answer to the step in test (i) is NO then proceeding to step (l),   (k) applying a largest feature bias called for in said table of SRAF rules to the feature edge segment in question and then the system proceeds to step (l),   (l) testing whether all critical edges of a feature have been tested and if a NO answer is obtained return to step (h) or if a YES answer is obtained, then end the binary OPC process. Preferably, the function of applying a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the pattern, the invention employs the following function. If the answer in step (i) is YES, then test whether the segment in question is connected to an orthogonal feature or a corner and if the answer is YES, then proceeding to step (k) and if the answer is NO, then proceeding to step (l).   

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other aspects and advantages of this invention are explained and described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of a two-dimensional layout of a pattern to be exposed and printed photolithograpically including a horizontal bar and two vertical bars therebelow. 
         FIG. 2  shows a photolithograpic mask patterned for printing the layout of  FIG. 1  which shows that an unconstrained interpretation of the SRAF rules table can produce unacceptable results. 
         FIG. 3  shows a photolithograpic mask modified from the mask of  FIG. 2  which is patterned for printing the layout of  FIG. 1  with an optimized pattern of the SRAF elements which can produce mask patterns which are manufacturable under some circumstances. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart based upon a completely Rules-Based SRAF approach to designing a photolithographic mask in which primary feature biases and assist features are applied based on primary feature spacing directly from SRAF rules. 
         FIG. 5  is a Model-based SRAF flow chart for generating SRAF features only from rules, with main feature bias being applied by iterative model-based OPC. 
         FIG. 6  is a mask layout that shows that even the most careful optimization of SRAF style options inevitably leads to layout regions in which critical feature segments are inadequately enhanced due to SRAF-loss in the cleanup process. 
         FIG. 7  shows image notching caused by SRAF elements-loss using the mask of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a flow chart illustrating an application of a selected bias to the problem edge segments (as in Binary OPC) of the Rules-Based SRAF elements, which incorporates main feature sizing as part of the SRAF design. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating an application of a selected bias to the problem edge segments (as in Binary OPC) of the Model-Based SRAF flow, which incorporates main feature sizing as part of the SRAF design. 
         FIG. 10A  is a flow chart of a subroutine for application of a selected bias to problem edged segments in accordance with this invention which is applied to enlarge portions of a mask to improve lithographic performance. 
         FIG. 10B  is a flow chart of a modification of the subroutine of  FIG. 10A  for application of a selected bias to problem edged segments in accordance with this invention which is applied to enlarge portions of a mask to improve lithographic performance, where a step of determining whether a segment is connected to an orthogonal feature or a corner. 
         FIG. 11  shows a pair of L-shaped pattern features with SRAF elements including overlapping corner SRAF elements illustrating how SRAF elements might be placed without the enhanced features of this invention with SRAF elements crossing in a manner which may print unwanted elements between the L-shaped pattern features. 
         FIG. 12A  shows a modification of  FIG. 11  where after cleaning up the SRAFs in  FIG. 11 , a bias pattern in the form of small L shaped pattern has been added to the inner corner of the outer L shaped feature. 
         FIG. 12B  shows the result of use of the pattern of  FIG. 12A  with the pattern features L 1  and L 2  rounded into pattern features L 1 ′ and L 2 ′. 
         FIG. 12C  shows a pattern of SRAF elements which are provided to print the L-shaped pattern features of  FIG. 11  with the pattern of  FIG. 11  including no feature biasing in accordance with the algorithm of  FIG. 10B , but with the result of the legalization (clean up) of the overlapping SRAFs removed from the final pattern of SRAF elements. 
         FIG. 13  shows a photolithograpic mask pattern which is a modification made in accordance with this invention of the pattern of  FIG. 3  patterned to print the layout of  FIG. 1  with an optimized pattern of the SRAF elements which can produce mask patterns which are manufacturable with improved results. 
         FIG. 14  shows a print of the pattern produced using the mask of  FIG. 13  with the widened feature on the lower edge of the horizontal bar. 
     
    
    
     PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED IN MASK DESIGN 
     Rules governing the number, size, and placement of SRAF elements, as well as primary feature biasing, are derived from one-dimensional test-patterns which represent the spectrum of spacings over which critical features will have to be imaged in the IC manufacturing process as described in Mansfield et al. “Lithographic Comparison of Assist Feature Design Strategies” Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 4000, Optical Microlithography (XIII) (March 2000) p 63–76. These SRAF rules are communicated in the process of designing integrated circuits to the EDA/CAD (Electronic Design Automation (EDA),/Computer Aided Design (CAD)) tool, which adds the SRAF elements to an existing chip layout, by means of a table such as TABLE I below which is similar to a table on page 658 of the paper of Liebmann et al. “TCAD Development for Lithography Resolution Enhancement” IBM J. RES. DEV. VOL. 45, No. 5, September 2001 pages 651–665 which shows an illustrative example of a partial SRAF rules table. The SRAF rules table lists the desired number, size, and placement of SRAF elements, as well as main feature biasing as a function of primary feature spacing. Several rows in TABLE I are marked with the tilde “˜”, which indicates that ranges of table entries have been eliminated from the complete SRAF TABLE for convenience of explanation. The only variable governing the number, size, and placement of the SRAF elements is the primary feature spacing (in some cases, primary feature width is also taken into account, but affects primary feature bias only, not the SRAF parameters). Note that the edge bias is lower 8.75 when TABLE I calls for more SRAFs, i.e. 2, 3 or 4 SRAFS whereas the edge bias is maximum 43.75 nm for 0 SRAFS with a spacing of 437.5 nm. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Outer 
               
               
                 Line 
                   
                 Edge 
                 # of 
                 SRAF 
                 Inner SRAF 
                 SRAF 
               
               
                 Width 
                 Spacing 
                 Bias 
                 SRAF 
                 Width 
                 Placement 
                 Placement 
               
               
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 Elements 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 175 
                 245 
                 26.25 
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ~ 
               
               
                 175 
                 437.5 
                 43.75 
                 0 
               
               
                 175 
                 455 
                 17.5 
                 1 
                 78.75 
                 315 
               
               
                 ~ 
               
               
                 175 
                 577.5 
                 26.25 
                 1 
                 87.5 
                 376.25 
               
               
                 175 
                 595 
                 8.75 
                 2 
                 65.63 
                 277.81 
               
               
                 ~ 
               
               
                 175 
                 822.5 
                 8.75 
                 2 
                 70 
                 286.56 
               
               
                 175 
                 840 
                 8.75 
                 3 
                 65.63 
                 260.31 
                 507.5 
               
               
                 ~ 
               
               
                 175 
                 1,032.5 
                 8.75 
                 3 
                 74.38 
                 286.56 
                 603.75 
               
               
                 175 
                 1,050 
                 0 
                 4 
                 65.63 
                 260.31 
                 461.56 
               
               
                 ~ 
               
               
                 175 
                 1,225 
                 8.75 
                 4 
                 74.38 
                 277.81 
                 492.19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameters 
               
               
                 Line Width (nm) . . . width of primary feature (feature receiving assist feature) 
               
               
                 Spacing . . . space of primary feature edge which is receiving assist feature element to its neighbor 
               
               
                 Edge Bias (nm) . . . feature size correction (per edge) applied to primary feature 
               
               
                 # of SRAF Elements . . . number of assist features which need to be added for a given primary feature space 
               
               
                 SRAF Width (nm) . . . Width of SRAF feature elements that is/are being added 
               
               
                 Inner SRAF Placement (nm) . . . position of assist feature closest to primary feature 
               
               
                 Outer SRAF Placement (nm) . . . position of assist feature farther away from primary feature 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     There are two observations regarding TABLE I and SRAF rules in general, that are important to make at this point, which are as follows:
     1) The large ‘Edge Bias’ for unassisted line widths (top two entries in the SRAF TABLE I) illustrate the significant amount of overexposure typical for an optimized SRAF lithography process. i.e. the maximum obtainable process window exists at a point where features on the photo mask are biased larger and the exposure dose is set higher than nominal to compensate for this feature biasing for opaque SRAF elements, (the opposite is true for clear SRAF elements).   2) Features for which the SRAF rules indicate one or more SRAF elements, in most cases, obtain much less primary feature biasing than assisted features, i.e. for assisted feature spacings, the edge bias applied to the primary feature is relatively small.   

     A considerable challenge in the layout design of SRAF elements is presented by the need to add SRAF elements, which were optimized for one-dimensional test-structures, to two-dimensional chip layouts. 
     As stated above, Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features,” in Proc. SPIE, vol 4346, SPIE, 2001 describes how SRAF style options are used to fine-tune the behavior of SRAF elements in complex two-dimensional layout situations. The goal in enhancing lithographic process window is to ensure that every critical edge receives a corresponding assist feature. 
       FIG. 4  shows a Rules-Based SRAF process flow chart and  FIG. 5  shows a Model-Based SRAF process flow chart, respectively for generating SRAF-enhanced mask designs from existing circuit layouts such as the layout  10  in  FIG. 1 . The Rules-Based SRAF process flow chart of  FIG. 4  is arranged for side-by-side comparison with the enhanced Rules-Based process illustrated by  FIG. 8 . The Model-Based SRAF process flow chart of  FIG. 5  is arranged for side-by-side comparison with the enhanced Model-Based flow chart illustrated by  FIG. 9 , as well as the flow chart of  FIG. 4 . 
     Rules-Based SRAF 
     The flow chart shown in  FIG. 4  is based upon a completely Rules-Based approach to designing a photolithographic mask in which primary mask feature biases as well as assist features are applied based on primary feature spacing directly from a rules table, which are illustrated by TABLE I above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the SRAF elements cleanup (block  110 ) is a step in the design process and ensures manufacturable and lithographically safe SRAF designs. The Rules-Based SRAF elements flowchart of  FIG. 4  incorporates main feature sizing as part of the SRAF design. 
     The program START begins with step  100  which leads to step  102  in which the data processing system develops a circuit layout of main pattern features of a chip that are input into the CAD system that includes;(as will be well understood by those skilled in the art) a data entry unit such as a keyboard, a Central Processing Unit (CPU) and a Data Storage Device (DSD), e.g. a hard drive, inter alia. 
     Next in step  104 , the function is to apply bias to the circuit features for the mask as a function of main feature spacing according to the SRAF rules stored in tables  106  of SRAF rules (stored in the DASD) as indicated by line  107  from the tables of SRAF rules  106  to step  104 . The rules in tables  106  relate to the placement of SRAF elements adjacent to main pattern features such as horizontal pattern bar H 1  and vertical pattern bars V 1 /V 2  as a function of the SRAF rules. The SRAF rules in the SRAF rules table relate to sizes and placement of SRAF elements, as well as biasing of the main pattern features to compensate for proximity effects as a function of spacing of the main pattern features. 
     Then in step  108 , the system applies SRAF elements (features) to the circuit features for the mask according to SRAF rules supplied to the system from the DASD as indicated by line  109  extending from the tables of SRAF rules  106  to step  108 . 
     Next, in step  110  the system legalizes (cleans up) the SRAF elements as a function of factors which in this case include style options and manufacturabiltiy constraints as indicated by the discussion of “Hierarchical prioritization” as described in Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features”, supra. 
     Then in step  118  the CAD system provides an output of an SRAF enhanced, proximity corrected mask layout, and finally in step  120 , the “Rules-Based SRAF Flow” reaches the END. 
     Model-Based SRAF 
     As an alternative to the process of  FIG. 4 , a modified Rules-Based SRAF design can also be combined with conventional model-based Optical Proximity Correction (OPC), as shown in the flowchart of  FIG. 5 . 
     In model based OPC, a target pattern to be formed at the wafer is provided as input to a simulation model of the lithographic process. Using an initial mask layout as input, the model simulates the image formed at the wafer plane. The image could be any wafer image such as an aerial, a latent image in resist, or an etched pattern. The model based OPC tool compares the simulated image to the target image and computes errors in critical feature sizes. These errors are used to modify and bias the critical features of the mask layout, and then the simulation and compare steps are repeated until the errors in critical feature sizes no longer excede a tolerance value. This yields a final modified mask layout having appropriately biased primary features. 
     The flow chart of  FIG. 5  shows that a modified rules-based SRAF design can be combined with conventional model-based OPC.  FIG. 5  includes Model-Based OPC step  116  in the flow chart, while omitting the step  104  of applying feature bias as a function of main feature spacing by skipping to step  108  instead. In this model-based SRAF design Flow Chart, only the SRAF elements size and placement is directly transferred to the Computer Assisted Design (CAD) layout. The main feature biasing information is communicated to the model-based OPC tool by means of adjusting the simulated exposure dose appropriately. Main feature mask bias is then applied by iterative model-based OPC. The iteration occurs internally within the model-base OPC function shown in step  116 . 
     The program START begins with step  100  which leads to step  102 . In step  102 , the data processing system develops a circuit layout of main pattern features of a chip that are input into the CAD system that includes a data entry unit such as a keyboard, a CPU and a DSD, e.g. a hard drive, inter alia. 
     Then in step  108 , the system applies SRAF elements to the circuit features for the mask according to SRAF rules stored in tables  106  and supplied to the system from the DASD as indicated by line  109  extending from tables of SRAF rules  106  to step  108 . The table of SRAF rules are discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4 . 
     Next, in step  110  the system legalizes “cleans up” the SRAF elements as a function of style elements and manufacturabiltiy constraints as indicated by the discussion of “Hierarchical prioritization”, described in Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features”, supra, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The following step  116 , which is the recursive Model-Based OPC method, is applied in the presence of SRAF elements and using the original target patterns. The original target patterns may be stored in the SRAF tables in block  106  supplied to step  116  on line  111  from the DASD storage device where the SRAF tables are stored. As is well understood by those skilled in the art the Model-Base OPC method repeats its modeling of patterns recursively until it appears that a satisfactory result will be obtained. The Model-Based OPC method is described in Liebmann et al. “TCAD Development for Lithography Resolution Enhancement”, supra. Also, see Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features”, supra which also discusses Model Based OPC. 
     The Model-Based OPC subroutine of the program simulates an image expected from a pattern simulating a latent image in the photoresist or another image (areal or the like) and provides feature biasing to correct for proximity effects. The subroutine performs the functions as follows:
     (1) comparison of the simulated pattern with a desired pattern.   (2) As a result of the comparison if an error is detected the program generates an error signal, and modifies the mask pattern to compensate for the error.   (3) the step  116  returns to the beginning of step thereof   (4) the system repeats function (1),   (5) the system repeats function (2),   (6) when no error is detected, step  116  is stopped for the given feature. The system repeats step  116  for various other locations.   

     Then in step  118  the CAD system provides an output of an SRAF enhanced, proximity corrected mask layout. Finally in step  120 , the “Model-Based SRAF Flow” reaches the END. 
     Since the model-based OPC program of  FIG. 5  is applied after the SRAF design and cleanup are complete, the model-based SRAF design flow can compensate, to a certain degree, for the localized SRAF-loss by appropriately modeling the reduced printed feature size, but cannot compensate for losses in process window. 
     Since the model-based OPC process of  FIG. 5  is applied after the SRAF design and legalization (cleanup) of step  110  are complete, the model-based SRAF design flow can compensate, to a certain degree, for the localized SRAF-loss by appropriately modeling the reduced printed feature size. However, model-based OPC process in step  116  of  FIG. 5  has no knowledge of the lithographic process window enhancement afforded by the SRAF, nor can it calculate or compensate for process window loss associated with localized SRAF-loss. Thus, a substantial need exists for proximity correction of SRAF features used in photolithography to be provided by a system which can calculate or compensate for process window loss associated with localized SRAF-loss. 
     Optimized SRAF Layout Illustrating SRAF-Loss along Critical Feature Segment 
       FIG. 6  shows a mask  16  with an optimized layout of SRAF elements that illustrates SRAF elements-loss along critical feature segment.  FIG. 6 , illustrates that even the most careful optimization of SRAF style options inevitably leads to layout regions in which critical feature segments are inadequately enhanced due to SRAF-loss in the cleanup process as indicated by the double arrow line EL that is located centrally below horizontal bar H 1  at the top of the wider open space FM shown in FIGS.  3 / 6  where SRAF features are missing in  FIG. 3  and there is a loss of shading because there are no assist features in the space FM in  FIG. 3 . This is an area in which the program should provide a biasing or widening of the pattern on the mask because the space filled by the arrow EL with no SRAFs to provide assistance will tend to narrow or neck down the lower edge of line H 1 . The problem edge segment EL is determined by analyzing the cleanup mask layout of  FIG. 3  in a manner similar to that described with reference to  FIG. 1 . Note that edge segments that are too short (such as segments B, C and D from  FIG. 1 ) are merged into one segment due to constraints similar to those provided in a cleanup algorithm (see block  110 ). 
     In the rules-based design flow, the region of SRAF-loss marked by double arrow line EL in  FIG. 6  represents a critical feature edge that receives primary feature biasing under the assumption that the appropriate assist features will be placed in accordance with the SRAF tables. However, because of manufacturability constraints, the SRAF elements are missing for portions of that edge in the final layout. 
       FIG. 7  shows a print of the main feature elements H 1 /V 1 /V 2  of  FIG. 1  as H 1 ′/V 1 ′/V 2 ′ which is an example of image notching PE of horizontal bar H 1 ′ caused by SRAF elements-loss using the mask of  FIG. 6  because of the absence of an SRAF in the double arrow region EL. The image notching PE is the result of such ‘under-biasing’ of the critical feature edge in the region of SRAF elements-loss, which causes severe image notching (i.e. localized feature width reduction in the printed patterns). In the case of a conductor such as a gate electrode of an MOSFET device this notch could cause a poor connection or increased resistance of the gate electrode. In the case of a conductor line the increased resistance could modify operating characteristics of the MOSFET device. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Binary-OPC with Rules-Based SRAF or Model-Based SRAF 
     The basic approach to this invention is to modify the Rules-Based process of  FIG. 4  and Model-Based process of  FIG. 5  by adding functions shown in the enhanced Rules-Based process of  FIG. 8  and the Model-Based OPC of  FIG. 9  as two new steps  112 / 114  and  112 / 114 ′ respectively which are added to the flow charts following the “Legalized (Clean-Up) SRAF as a Function of ‘Style Options’” step  110 . Furthermore, a modified step  116 ′ is employed in the Model-Based OPC of  FIG. 9 . 
     In  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the two new steps (collectively referred to herein as binary OPC) added to the flow charts are as follows:
     1. Step  112 : ( FIGS. 8 and 9 ):
 
“Identify Problem Edge Segments with Insufficient SRAF Element Coverage”, i.e. Identify problem/critical edge segments of the main pattern features based on insufficient SRAF element coverage) and
   2. Step  114  ( FIG. 8 ):
 
“Apply a selected bias to the problem edge segment to modify the mask pattern locally in areas of SRAF-loss”; or
   Step  114 ′ ( FIG. 9 ):
 
“Apply a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the initial target pattern locally in areas of SRAF-loss”.
   

       FIG. 13  shows a photolithograpic mask pattern, which is a modification in accordance with this invention of the pattern of  FIG. 3 , patterned to print the layout of  FIG. 1  with an optimized pattern of the SRAF elements and a widened primary feature which can produce mask patterns which are manufacturable with improved results.  FIG. 13  shows a modified mask  20 , modified from mask  14  in  FIG. 3 , which includes a biased portion EB along the identified problem edge segment EL in accordance with the present invention. The horizontal bar H 1  has been biased (widened) on top of the space FM in  FIG. 3  to leave an acceptable maximum spacing between bar H 1  and bars V 1 /A 7 /V 2  therebelow to assure a robust image of the bar H 1  when it is printed, without the risk of narrowing where the SRAFs had been removed in the legalization process. 
       FIG. 14  shows a print of the pattern produced using the mask of  FIG. 13  with the widened feature PC on the lower edge of the horizontal bar H 1 ′. The resulting image shown in  FIG. 14  insures that the problem edge segments PC will tend to print wider and will not print to narrowly (pinch down). Note that the ends of the horizontal bar H 1 ′ and vertical bars V 1 A/V 2 A are rounded and that the spacings between the three bars fall within the maximum acceptable spacing parameter. 
     First Embodiment of the Invention 
     Rules-Based Binary-Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) with SRAF 
       FIG. 8  is a flow chart illustrating an application of Binary OPC steps to the Rules-Based SRAF elements, which incorporates main feature sizing as part of the SRAF design, which is a modification of the flow chart of  FIG. 4 , with the addition of steps  112  and  114 . As in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the program START begins with step  100  which leads to step  102 . In step  102 , the first data processing system develops a circuit layout of main pattern features of a chip that are input into the CAD system that includes a data entry unit such as a keyboard, a CPU and a DSD, inter alia. The steps  102 ,  104 ,  108  and  110  as well as rules table  106 , are identical to those described above in connection with the Rules Based SRAF process described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
     The first new step of the method of this invention is step  112  in which the system identifies problem (critical) edge segments of a main pattern feature based upon insufficient SRAF element coverage to avoid the risk of a defect in printing. Step  112  comprises a rules based process for identifying each edge at risk of defective printing, in which the system identifies a problem edge segment at risk, i.e. an edge which has a proximity error which needs to be corrected because the space between adjacent edges exceeds the spacing at which one or more SRAF bars should be added to avoid a printing error. In step  112 , the CAD system must apply rules to determine which edges of which pattern features and which SRAF elements of the current design of the mask being developed by the CAD system are at risk of being spaced too far apart and therefore require performance of the proximity correction function of this invention. Thus in step  112 , the CAD system identifies such an edge and provides an output to the next step  114 . 
     Step  114  is a simplified rules-based step which is the second new step of this invention. In step  114 , “Apply a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the mask pattern locally in areas of SRAF-loss” a secondary rules-based proximity correction step is performed. Step  114  locates critical feature edges that are lacking SRAF elements and compensates for the SRAF elements-loss by providing a bias by expanding the width of a localized feature. That is to say that step  114  increases the primary feature size along the identified problem edge segment, in areas of SRAF-loss.  FIGS. 10A and 10B , which show flow charts illustrating alternative versions of the subroutines  114 / 114 ′ of the flow charts of  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , are described in greater detail below. 
     Then in step  118 ′ the CAD system provides an Output of an SRAF enhanced, proximity corrected mask layout with locally modified mask patterns to recover the lithographic process window in areas of SRAF element loss. 
     Finally in step  120 , the “Rules-Based SRAF Flow” reaches its END. 
     Second Embodiment of the Invention 
     Model-Based Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) with SRAF 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating a Binary OPC implementation in the Model-Based SRAF elements flow chart of  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 9  a modified step  114 ′ based on the selective bias step  114  of  FIG. 8  is applied to the Model-Based SRAF flow chart of  FIG. 5 . As in  FIGS. 4 ,  5  and  8 , the START step  100  leads to step  102 . The steps  102 ,  108  and  110  as well as the table of SRAF rules  106 , are the same as in  FIG. 5  and step  112  which is the same as in  FIG. 8  follows step  110  as in  FIGS. 5 and 8 . The process of  FIG. 9  omits the step  104  of FIGS.  4 / 8  and performs the step  108  in place thereof. 
     In step  112 , the CAD system must apply rules to identify the problem edge segments of the main pattern features based upon insufficient SRAF element coverage, i.e. which SRAF elements of the current design of the mask being developed by the CAD system are at risk of being spaced too far apart and therefore require performance of the proximity correction function of this invention. Thus in step  112 , the CAD system identifies such an edge and provides an output to the next step  114 ′. 
     Step  114 ′, which follows step  112 , is a simplified rules-based step which is the second new step of this invention. In step  114 ′, “Apply a selected bias to the problem edge segments to modify the initial target pattern locally in areas of SRAF-loss” a secondary rules-based proximity correction step is performed. Step  114 ′ locates critical feature edges that are lacking SRAF elements and compensates for the SRAF elements-loss by providing expansion of a localized feature of the initial target pattern along the problem edge segments. That is to say that step  114 ′ increases the primary feature size in areas of SRAF-loss in the target pattern. Thus the image simulated by the pprocess model will be compared to a biased target pattern to insure that the output mask is robust and will not print too narrow along the problem edge segments.  FIGS. 10A and 10B , which show flow charts illustrating alternative versions of the subroutines  114 ′ of the flow charts of  FIG. 9 , are described in greater detail below. 
     After step  114 ′, the flow chart of  FIG. 9  includes a modified Model-Based OPC step  116 ′ based on step  116  in  FIG. 5 . Step  116 ′, which is the recursive Model-Based OPC method, is applied in the presence of SRAF elements and uses the modified target patterns (not the original target patterns as in the embodiment of  FIG. 8 ), as dictated by SRAF tables in block  106  supplied to step  116  on line  111  from the DASD storage device where the SRAF tables are stored. As is well understood by those skilled in the art the Model-Base OPC method repeats its modeling of patterns recursively until it appears that a satisfactory result will be obtained. The Model-Based OPC method is described in Liebmann et al. “TCAD Development for Lithography Resolution Enhancement”, supra. Also, see Liebmann et al. “Optimizing Style Options for Sub-Resolution Assist Features”, supra which also discusses Model Based OPC. The  FIG. 9  SRAF elements are generated using rules, main feature bias, which is applied by iterative model-based OPC. 
     Then in step  118 ′ the CAD system provides an output of an SRAF enhanced, proximity corrected mask layout with locally modified primary features to insure that the problem edges will not print too narrowly in areas of SRAF element loss. 
     Finally in step  120 , the “Model-Based SRAF Flow” reaches the END. 
     Binary OPC 
       FIG. 10A  is a flow chart of Binary OPC  112  and  114 / 114 ′ applied in accordance with this invention to enlarge portions of a mask to improve lithographic performance. In  FIG. 10A  after cleanup  110  in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the binary OPC process  112  and  114 / 114 ′ begins with step  112 . 
     In step  112 , the system  114 / 114 ′ identifies each problem edge of a feature, one a time using an algorithm similar to that described with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     In step  114 C, a test is made as to whether the problematic edge segment is spaced from the nearest projecting neighboring feature (primary-or assist feature) that exceeds the maximum allowable spacing according to the SRAF rules table. The maximum spacing value is derived from the larger of either the largest unassisted feature spacing or the largest inner assist feature placement. 
     If the answer to the test in step  114 C is YES, the binary OPC system proceeds to step  114 D where the CAD system applies the largest feature edge bias called for in the SRAF table (TABLE I) to the feature edge segment in question which would be 43.75 nm. Then the system proceeds to step  114 E. 
     Alternatively, if the result of the test in step  114 C is NO, the system proceeds from step  114 C directly to step  114 E, bypassing step  114 D. 
     In step  114 E, the CAD system tests whether all critical edges of a feature have been tested. If the answer is NO, the Binary OPC subroutine returns to step  112  and repeats the cycle through the subroutine until the result of the test in step  114 E is a YES answer. If YES, the Binary OPC subroutine proceeds to the END in step  114 F. 
     The goal of binary OPC in the model-based SRAF design flow is to widen the target shape locally, i.e. the reference shape used by the iterative model based OPC tools to arrive at an ideal mask shape. The object of this localized widening is, again, to compensate for the lithographic performance of the feature segment despite the lack of enhancement by. SRAF elements, and insure that the problem segment does not print too narrowly or pinch out altogether. 
     An alternative to the subroutine of  FIG. 10A  is shown in  FIG. 10B  with a new test  114 G following a YES answer to the test  114 C. In step  114 G, the program tests whether the segment being considered is connected to either an orthogonal feature or a corner. If the answer is YES, then the program goes directly to test  114 E, but if the segment is a corner or orthogonal, then the answer is NO and the test goes to step  114 D to apply the largest feature bias in the SRAF table to the feature segment. 
       FIG. 11  shows an example of a two-dimensional layout  30  of a pattern to be exposed and printed photolithograpically a further detail of this invention. In particular,  FIG. 11  shows primary features targeted for SRAF shaded elements including two nested L-shaped bars L 1 /L 2  rotated 90 degrees clockwise. The L-shaped bar L 1  and relatively closely spaced parallel L-shaped bar L 2 , on the upper left and on the lower right respectively include legs which extend to the right and downwardly. 
     Above L-shaped bar L 1 , two horizontal SRAF elements A 10 /A 11  are shown parallel with the horizontal leg of bar L 1 . Similarly, below the horizontal leg of L-shaped bar L 2 , two horizontal SRAF elements A 13 /A 14  are shown parallel with the horizontal leg of bar L 2 . A horizontal SRAF element A 12  is shown in parallel between the horizontal legs of bars L 1 /L 2 , ending at the upper/left corner of bar L 2 . A short horizontal SRAF element A 15  is shown extending parallel to the horizontal leg of bar L 1  between the vertical legs of L-shaped bars L 1 /L 2 , near the upper left corners thereof reaching between the corner of leg L 2  and the vertical leg of bar L 1  crossing over vertical SRAF element A 22  near the upper end thereof. 
     To the left of L-shaped bar L 1 , two vertical SRAF elements A 20 /A 21  are shown parallel with the vertical leg of bar L 1 . Similarly, to the right of the L-shaped bar L 2 , two vertical SRAF elements A 23 /A 24  are shown parallel with the vertical leg of bar L 2 . A vertical SRAF element A 22  is shown in parallel between the vertical legs of bars L 1 /L 2 , ending at the upper left corner of bar L 2 , and crossing slightly over the end of bar A 15 . A short vertical SRAF element A 25  is shown extending parallel to the vertical leg of bar L 1  between the horizontal legs of L-shaped bars L 1 /L 2 , near the corners thereof reaching between the upper left corner of leg L 2  and the horizontal leg of bar L 1 , crossing over horizontal SRAF element A 12  near the left end thereof 
       FIG. 11  shows a pair of L-shaped pattern features with SRAF elements including corner SRAF elements which illustrates the kind of feature to which  FIG. 10B  is directed. The cleanup step  110  would recognize that the SRAFs shown with bars A 15  and A 25  crossing over features A 12  and A 22  and contacting the bars L 1  and L 2  would tend to cause unwanted images to be printed because of the excessive concentration of SRAFs between the corners and cleanup the crossing SRAF features A 12 /A 25  and A 15 /A 22 . The unconstrained binary OPC (of  FIG. 10A ) would bias the problem edge segment in the corner of feature L 1  and add biased feature LF as shown in  FIG. 12A . 
     It is well known to those skilled in the art that corners have a tendency to round in the lithography process, effectively adding area to the printed image in inside corners. The widely accepted approach to compensate for this corner rounding is to add corner serifs as suggested by A. Starikov “Use of a Single Size Square Serif for Variable Print Bias Compensation in Microlithography: Method, Design, and Practice”, pp. 34–46, SPIE Vol. 1088 Optical/Microlithography (1989), that locally cut back the mask image. By recognizing special layout configurations, such as inside corners, binary OPC can further optimize the resulting layout, in this case by not widening the region of SRAF elements loss, effectively letting the natural rounding of corner images to provide the desired bias. This widening of the rounded images (features L 1  and L 2 ) results in the pattern seen in  FIG. 12B . 
       FIG. 12A  shows a pattern of SRAF features formed by using step  114 D in  FIG. 10A  would provide a selected bias to the problem edge segments at the corner by widening the L shaped pattern at the inside corner of the L-shaped pattern feature L 1  of  FIG. 11  in accordance with binary OPC. 
       FIG. 12C  shows a legalized (cleaned up) pattern of SRAF elements which are provided to print the L-shaped pattern features L 1  and L 2  of  FIG. 11  with the pattern of  FIG. 11  including no feature biasing in accordance with the algorithm of  FIG. 10B . The resulting image would print in a fashion similar to that shown in  FIG. 12B  which has widened corners, as desired. 
     This invention can be implemented on a general purpose workstation. Examples of a suitable platforms on which the invention may be implemented are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,508 to Phillip J. Russell and Glenwood S. Weinert for “System and Method for Verifying a Hierarchical Circuit Design”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,628 to Phillip J. Russell and Glenwood S. Weinert for “System and Method for Formulating Subsets of A Hierarchical Circuit Design”, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,473 to Young O. Kim, Phillip J. Russell and Glenwood S. Weinert for “System and Method for Building Interconnections in a Hierarchical Circuit Design”. 
     While this invention has been described in terms of the above specific embodiment(s), those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modifications within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, i.e. that changes can be made in form and detail, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly all such changes come within the purview of the present invention and the invention encompasses the subject matter of the claims which follow.

Technology Category: g