Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to an optical system in which an optical material with extraordinary partial dispersion is used, or an optical system that is suitable for an image taking optical system of a silver halide film camera, a digital still camera or a video camera, or a projection optical system of a liquid crystal projector.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     Conventionally, a retrofocus type lens has been known as a type of lens having a short focal length and a long back focus. In the retrofocus type lens, a long back focus can be realized by arranging a lens unit having negative refractive power as a whole in the front side (i.e. the magnification side: the object side in the case of a image taking optical system of camera and or the like, or the screen side in the case of a projection optical system of a projector or the like) of the optical system and arranging a lens unit having a positive refractive power as a whole in the rear side (i.e. the reduction side: the image side in the case of a image taking optical system of a camera or the like, or the original side in the case of a projection optical system of a projector or the like) of the optical system. In order to obtain a long back focus, it is necessary to enhance both the positive refractive power and the negative refractive power, which results in an optical system having an asymmetrical refractive power arrangement. Problems the retrofocus type lens suffers in correcting aberrations are that barrel type distortion is liable to occur, that significant chromatic aberration of magnification (lateral chromatic aberration) is liable to occur, and that secondary spectrum of chromatic aberration of magnification tends to become large.  
         [0005]     As a conventional method for improving the chromatic aberration of magnification, a method of using a low dispersion lens made of extraordinary partial dispersion material such as fluorite and a method of using a diffraction optical surface have been proposed.  
         [0006]     On the other hand, diffraction optical elements have an Abbe number equivalent value of as small as 3.45 (in the absolute value), and accordingly it is possible to change chromatic aberration greatly while scarcely affecting spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism etc. only by slightly changing the optical power (which is the reciprocal of the focal length) achieved by diffraction. In addition, since diffracted light is used, the optical power changes linearly depending on the wavelength of incident light, and the wavelength characteristics of the chromatic aberration coefficient is completely linear. Therefore, in order to shorten the total length of the system, aberration corrections should be mainly directed to spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism. As to chromatic aberration, since correction thereof is effected using a diffraction optical element, what is required in designing the system is only to optimize the material and optical power of the constituent lenses so as to realize linearity in the wavelength characteristics of the chromatic aberration without taking into consideration the absolute amount of the chromatic aberration that has been deteriorated by the length reduction. Thus, an optical system having excellent performance can be obtained as a consequence.  
         [0007]     It has been proposed to use a resin material mixed with inorganic oxide fine particles such as ITO fine particles in a diffraction grating to improve the diffraction efficiency (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-074901 (a counterpart: EP A2 1065531).  
         [0008]     Furthermore, a liquid material having relatively high dispersion and showing relatively extraordinary partial dispersion characteristics has been known as a material having a chromatic aberration correction effect similar to diffraction gratings, and an achromatic optical system using the same has been proposed (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,535).  
         [0009]     Since the refractive index of a low dispersion lens with extraordinary partial dispersion such as a fluorite lens is low, its position in an optical system is limited when used, or it is sometimes necessary to increase the number of the lenses in the system. In addition, such lenses are very expensive and they cannot be used frequently in view of the cost.  
         [0010]     Although diffraction optical elements have sufficient chromatic aberration correction effects, they suffer from the problem that diffracted light of useless diffraction orders different from the designed diffraction order becomes colored flare light that deteriorates imaging performance. Although in some cases, a so-called laminated diffraction optical element composed of a plurality of blazed diffraction gratings stacked along the optical axis direction is used so as to concentrate energy on the designed diffraction order and to reduce useless diffracted light greatly, there still remains the problem that diffracted flare is generated when an object having high luminance is photographed.  
         [0011]     In manufacturing a diffraction optical element, a method of molding an ultraviolet curing resin or the like using a metal mold has been known. However, diffraction efficiency of a diffraction optical element is extremely sensitive to the manufacturing accuracy, and a very high degree of precision in the metal mold and in the molding process is required. This leads to high manufacturing costs.  
         [0012]     The material disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,535 is liquid, and a structure for sealing it is necessary and manufacturing thereof is not easy. In addition, it suffers from the problem of changes in characteristics, such as refractive index and dispersion characteristics, depending on the temperature, namely, it does not have sufficient environmental tolerance. In addition, that material suffers from the defect that it cannot achieve a sufficient chromatic aberration correction effect due to its relatively large Abbe constant, relatively small extraordinary partial dispersion and absence of interface with the air.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     The present invention has been made in view of the above-described difficulties in the conventional arrangements. An object of the present invention is to provide a retrofocus type optical system that achieves favorable corrections of various aberrations represented by chromatic aberration, is easy to manufacture and has excellent environmental tolerance.  
         [0014]     In an exemplary optical system according to the present invention, the height at which a paraxial marginal ray passes through the frontmost lens surface is smaller than the maximum value of the height at which the paraxial marginal ray passes through a lens surface on the rear side of the intersection P of the optical axis and a paraxial chief ray, and the optical system includes a refractive optical element made of a solid material that satisfies the following conditions concerning the Abbe constant νd and partial dispersion ratios θgd and θgF. 
 
νd&lt;30 
 
θ gd &lt;−3.333×10 −3   ·νd+ 1.40 
 
θ gF &lt;−2.615×10 −3   ·νd+ 0.67 
 
 In this connection, in the case that this refractive optical element is disposed on the front side of (i.e. anterior to) the intersection P, the refractive optical element is designed to have a positive refractive power, and in the case that the refractive optical is disposed on the rear side of (i.e. posterior to) the intersection P, the refractive optical element is designed to have a negative refractive power. 
 
         [0015]     In the present invention, the definitions of the Abbe constant νd and partial dispersion ratios θgd and θgF are the same as those commonly known, that is, they are represented as follows using the refractive indices Ng, NF, Nd and NC for the g-line, F-line, d-line and C-line respectively, 
 
ν d =( Nd −1)/( NF−NC ), 
 
θ gd =( Ng−Nd )/( NF−NC ), 
 
θ gF =( Ng−NF )/( NF−NC ). 
 
         [0016]     In the present invention, the term “solid material” refers to a material that is solid in the state used in the optical system, but it does not refers to the state in a stage (such as a manufacturing stage) prior to its use in the optical system. For example, even if a material is liquid in its manufacturing stage, a solid material obtained by solidifying it will constitutes what is called a solid material in this invention. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]      FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 1.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  shows aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 1  
         [0019]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 2.  
         [0020]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 2.  
         [0021]      FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 3.  
         [0022]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 3.  
         [0023]      FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 4.  
         [0024]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  show aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 4.  
         [0025]      FIG. 9  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 5.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  show aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 5.  
         [0027]      FIG. 11  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 6.  
         [0028]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  show aberration diagrams for the optical system according to numerical embodiment 5.  
         [0029]      FIGS. 13A, 13B  and  13 C are graphs schematically illustrating dispersion characteristics of ITO.  
         [0030]      FIG. 14  is a diagram showing a paraxial configuration of a retrofocus type optical system.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0031]     Prior to descriptions of embodiments of the optical system according to the present invention, effects of high dispersion optical materials in correcting aberrations in an optical system will be firstly described.  
         [0032]     Let Δφ represent the optical power variation of a refractive lens surface, let ν represent the Abbe constant, let h represent the height, from the optical axis, of the point at which an paraxial marginal ray passes the lens surface, and let H represent the height, from the optical axis, of the point at which a paraxial chief ray passes a lens surface, then the change ΔL in the coefficient of the on-axis chromatic aberration (longitudinal chromatic aberration) and the change ΔT in the coefficient of the chromatic aberration of magnification (lateral chromatic aberration) of this lens surface can be expressed as follows. 
 
Δ L=h   2 ·Δφ/ν  (a) 
 
Δ T=h·H ·Δφ/ν  (b) 
 
         [0033]     In connection with this, the paraxial marginal ray is such a paraxial ray that is incident in parallel to the optical axis of the optical system with a height of  1 , where the focal length of the whole optical system is normalized to  1 . The paraxial chief ray is such a paraxial ray that is incident at an angle of 45° to the optical axis and passes through the intersection of the optical axis and the entrance pupil of the optical system. The incident angle is indicated by a positive value when measured in the clockwise direction from the optical axis, and by a negative value when measured in the anticlockwise direction. Here, it is assumed that the object is present in the left side of the optical system, and rays that enter the optical system from the object side travel from left to right.  
         [0034]     As will be apparent from equations (a) and (b), the smaller the absolute value of the Abbe constant is (in other words, the larger the dispersion is), the larger changes in each aberration coefficient relative to changes in the power of the lens surface are. Therefore, when a high dispersion material with a small Abbe constant in absolute value is used, the change in the optical power for achieving required chromatic aberration can be made small. This means, from the standpoint of aberration theory, that chromatic aberration can be controlled without greatly affecting spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism etc. and independency of chromatic aberration correction is enhanced. In contrast, when a low dispersion material is used, the change in the power for obtaining required chromatic aberration becomes large, which involves significant changes in various aberrations such as spherical aberration. Thus, independency of chromatic aberration correction is degraded. In view of the above, it is important, from the standpoint of aberration correction, that at least one lens surface in the lenses constituting the optical system be a refractive lens surface formed by a high dispersion material.  
         [0035]     Next, on the basis that the refractive lens is made of high dispersion material, effects of the optical material with a low partial dispersion ratio in correcting aberrations in an optical system will be described.  
         [0036]     Concerning wavelength dependency characteristics (i.e. dispersion characteristics) of the refractive index of optical materials, it is well known that the Abbe constant represents the gradient of the dispersion characteristics curve as a whole and the partial dispersion ratio represents the curvature of the dispersion characteristics curve.  
         [0037]     In optical materials in general, the refractive index is greater in the short wavelength range than in the long wavelength range (the Abbe constant is a positive value), the dispersion characteristics curve is convex downward (the partial dispersion ratio is a positive value), and changes in the refractive index relative to changes in the wavelength become larger as the wavelength decreases. In addition, the smaller the Abbe constant of an optical material is, the larger its partial dispersion ratio is, and the acuter the downwardly convex curve of the dispersion characteristics tends to be.  
         [0038]     The wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the chromatic aberration coefficient of a surface of a lens made of an optical material with a large partial dispersion ratio shows a stronger curve in the short wavelength range than in the case in which an optical material with a small partial dispersion ratio is used. When the optical power of the lens is changed in order to control chromatic aberration, the overall inclination of the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the chromatic aberration coefficient changes with a rotation center at the position of the design standard wavelength. In connection with this, changes in the short wavelength range, in particular, are large in the case of materials with large partial dispersion ratios than in the case of materials with small partial dispersion ratios, and the overall inclination will vary while involving significant changes in the curvature. For this reason, it is difficult to configure the optical system to achieve cancellation in both the overall inclination and the curvature in the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the chromatic aberration coefficient, even if glass materials in other diffractive system portions are changed. Therefore, chromatic aberration cannot be corrected all over the wavelength range.  
         [0039]     This fact will be specifically described taking chromatic aberration correction (achromatism) in an optical system composed of a refractive optical system portion GIT using a high dispersion material and the other refractive optical system portion G as an example.  
         [0040]     In achromatism using high dispersion optical materials, relatively large chromatic aberration coefficients of the portion GIT and the portion G are adapted to cancel each other to produce chromatic aberration of the whole system. To this end, starting from the state in which the chromatic aberration of the portion G as a partial system is corrected to some extent, material for the a positive lens is set to a material having relatively high dispersion, and material for a negative lens is set to a material having relatively low dispersion. Then, the overall inclination of the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of chromatic aberration coefficient of the portion G changes with its linearity being improved as compared to the prior state.  
         [0041]     In this state, an appropriate optical power is assigned to the portion GIT to cancel the overall inclination of the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the chromatic aberration coefficient of the portion G. However, if the portion GIT is made of an optical material with a large partial dispersion ratio, the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the aberration coefficient of the portion GIT has a curvature opposite to and larger than that of the portion G. Accordingly, it is not possible to cancel the curvature component even if the overall inclination component can be cancelled.  
         [0042]     In contrast, if the portion GIT is made of an optical material with a small partial dispersion ratio, since the wavelength dependency characteristic curve of the chromatic aberration coefficient of the portion GIT is relatively linear, it is possible to change its inclination about the rotation center at the position of the design wavelength while maintaining its relative linearity. Therefore, it is possible, relatively easily, to cancel both the inclination component and the curvature component of the wavelength dependency characteristic of the chromatic aberration.  
         [0043]     To sum up, it is important that the portion GIT be made of a material having a small partial dispersion ratio in addition to high dispersion. The following conditions (1), (2) and (3) specified by the present invention define the relationship between the Abbe constant and partial dispersion ratios with which chromatic aberration can be excellently corrected based on the principle described in the foregoing. 
 
νd&lt;30  (1) 
 
θ gd &lt;−3.333×10 −3   ·νd +1.40  (2) 
 
θ gF &lt;−2.615×10 −3   ·νd +0.67  (3) 
 
 Here, νd is the Abbe constant of the refractive optical system portion (i.e. lens or layer) GIT, which is represented by the following equation using the refractive indices Nd, NF and NC for the d-line, F-line and C-line respectively. 
 
ν d =( Nd− 1)/( NF−NC ) 
 
         [0044]     In addition, θgd and θgF are the partial dispersion ratios of the refractive optical system portion (lens or layer) GIT, which are represented by the following equations respectively, using the refractive indices Ng, NF, Nd and NC the g-line, F-line, d-line and C-line respectively. 
 
θ gd =( Ng−Nd )/( NF−NC ) 
 
θ gF =( Ng−NF )/( NF−NC ) 
 
         [0045]     Values that do not satisfy any of the above conditions (1) to (3) are not desirable, since it is difficult to achieve good chromatic aberration with such values.  
         [0046]     The following modification to the numerical range of condition (1) will further enhance effects of independent chromatic aberration correction to realize improved optical performance. 
 
νd&lt;20  (1a) 
 
         [0047]     The following condition is more preferable. 
 
νd&lt;18  (1b) 
 
         [0048]     The following condition is still more preferable. 
 
νd&lt;16  (1c) 
 
         [0049]     The following condition is still more preferable. 
 
νd&lt;14  (1d) 
 
         [0050]     The following modifications to the numerical range of conditions (2) and (3), under the assumption that condition (1), (1a), (1b), (1c) or (1d) is satisfied, can realize more excellent optical performance. 
 
θ gd &lt;−3.333×10 −3   ·νd +1.30  (2a) 
 
θ gF &lt;−2.615×10 −3   ·νd +0.59  (3a) 
 
         [0051]     The following modifications are more preferable. 
 
θ gd &lt;−3.333×10 −3   ·νd +1.25  (2b) 
 
θ gF &lt;−2.615×10 −3   ·νd +0.56  (3b) 
 
         [0052]     The following modifications are still more preferable. 
 
θ gd &lt;−3.333×10 −3   ·νd +1.2375  (2c) 
 
θ gF &lt;−2.615×10 −3   ·νd +0.55  (3c) 
 
         [0053]     The following modifications are still more preferable. 
 
θgd&lt;1.1137  (2d) 
 
θgF&lt;0.47  (3d) 
 
         [0054]     An example of the optical material that satisfies the above mentioned conditions (1) to (3) is a mixture formed by dispersing inorganic oxide (selected from those listed below) fine particles in a synthetic resin. The inorganic oxide may be TiO 2  (nd=2.2652, νd=11.8), Nb 2 O 5  (nd=2.367, νd=14.0), ITO (nd=1.8581, νd=5.53), Cr 2 O 3  (nd=2.2178, νd=13.4), or BaTiO 3  (nd=,2.4362 νd=11.3) etc.  
         [0055]     ITO (indium-tin oxide) is especially preferable for its small Abbe constant as compared to the other materials. In ITO, free carriers of conductivity have an influence on the refractive index, unlike with the other materials. The dispersion characteristics of ITO (shown in  FIG. 13C ) are determined by a combination of changes in the refractive index in the short wavelength range due to ordinary electron transition (shown in  FIG. 13A ) and refractive index dispersion in the infrared range caused by free carriers. Thus, it shows wavelength dependency of dispersion characteristics having an extraordinary large gradient with an Abbe constant of 5.53.  
         [0056]     The refractive index dispersion due to electron transition ( FIG. 13A ) steeply changes in the short wavelength side of the visible light range. In contrast, the refractive index dispersion due to free carriers ( FIG. 13B ) steeply changes in the long wavelength side of the visible light range. The combination of these effects makes the partial dispersion ratio small as compared to ordinary cases.  
         [0057]     In connection with this, transparent materials expected to be influenced by free carriers include SnO 2 , ATO (SnO 2  doped with antimony) and ZnO.  
         [0058]     ITO is known as a material used for making a transparent electrode, ant is commonly used in a liquid crystal display device or an EL (electroluminescent) device etc. Furthermore, ITO is also used in an infrared shielding element and an ultraviolet shielding element. The thickness of ITO in conventionally known applications is limited within the range of 50 to 500 nm, and it has by no means been used as fine particle mixture for correcting chromatic aberration of optical systems.  
         [0059]     It is preferred that the mean diameter of the ITO fine particles be approximately 2 nm to 50 nm, in view of influences of dispersion. Dispersing agent or the like may be added to prevent aggregation.  
         [0060]     The medium for dispersing ITO may preferably be a monomer, which can be formed with high mass productivity by means of photo-induced polymerization or thermal polymerization using a mold.  
         [0061]     From the view point of optical constant characteristics of the monomer, a monomer with a relatively small Abbe constant, a monomer with a relatively small partial dispersion ratio or a monomer with both a small Abbe constant and a small partial dispersion ratio is preferable. N-polyvinylcarbazole, styrene, and polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic) are examples of such a monomer. In the embodiments to be described later, acrylic is used as the medium for dispersing the ITO fine particles, but the medium to be used is not limited to this.  
         [0062]     The dispersion characteristic N(X) of the mixture in which nano file particles are dispersed can be easily calculated using the following equation that has been derived from the well known Drude equation.  
               N   ⁡     (   λ   )       =       [     1   +     V   ⁢     {         N   ITO   2     ⁡     (   λ   )       -   1     }       +       (     1   -   V     )     ⁢     {         N   p   2     ⁡     (   λ   )       -   1     }         ]       1   /   2               (   c   )             
 
 In the above equation, λ is the wavelength, N ITO  is the refractive index of the particulate material such as ITO, N p  is the refractive index of the polymer, V is the percentage of the sum of the volume of the fine particles relative to the volume of the polymer. 
 
         [0063]     In this embodiment, it is proposed that a material that satisfies conditions (1) to (3) be used for a lens or a layer formed on a lens surface in an optical system. In addition, by designing the refractive surface formed by this material as an aspherical surface, it is possible to correct chromatic aberration flare such as chromatic spherical aberration. Furthermore, it is preferred that an interface is formed between this material and the ambient atmosphere such as air or a material with a relatively low refractive index, since in that case chromatic aberration can be changed relatively greatly with a slight variation in the curvature of the interface.  
         [0064]     In the foregoing, the description has been made of conditions that the optical material constituting the refractive optical system portion GIT is required to satisfy.  
         [0065]     Next, conditions for the refractive optical system portion GIT that are required for correcting chromatic aberration of a retrofocus type optical system will be described in the following.  
         [0066]      FIG. 14  is a schematic diagram showing a paraxial refractive power arrangement for illustrating effects of chromatic aberration correction in a retrofocus type optical system. In  FIG. 14 , reference signs Gn and Gp designate a front unit having a negative refractive power and a rear unit having a positive refractive power that constitute the retrofocus type optical system respectively. Reference signs GIT 1  and GIT 2  designate refractive optical system portions GIT (which will be simply referred to as components, hereinafter) included in the front unit Gn and the rear unit Gp respectively. For the sake of simplicity, we assume that all of the lenses constituting the front unit Gn and the rear unit Gp are thin single lenses and arranged on the optical axis with no gaps therebetween respectively in the front unit Gn and the rear unit Gp. We also assume that the component GIT 1  and the component GIT 2  are thin single lenses and respectively arranged on the optical axis with no intervals from the front unit Gn and the rear unit Gp respectively. What is designated by reference character Q is a paraxial marginal ray, and what is designated by reference character R is a paraxial chief ray. P is the intersection of the paraxial chief ray and the optical axis, which point coincides with the center of the aperture stop in ordinary cases.  
         [0067]     Firstly, we consider an optical system in which the component GIT has not been introduced. The equations expressing the aberration coefficient of on-axis chromatic aberration (L) and the aberration coefficient of chromatic aberration of magnification (T) for the front unit Gn and the rear unit Gp are as follows:  
               L   ⁡     (   λ   )       =           h   Gn   2     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     L     ⁢         ϕ   Gni     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       /       ν   Gni     ⁡     (   λ   )             +             (   d   )                       ⁢           h   Gp   2     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       ∑     j   =   1     M     ⁢         ϕ   Gpj     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       /       ν   Gpj     ⁡     (   λ   )             ,                               T   ⁡     (   λ   )       =           h   Gn     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       H   Gn     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     L     ⁢         ϕ   Gni     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       /       ν   Gni     ⁡     (   λ   )             +             (   e   )                       ⁢           h   Gp     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       H   Gp     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       ⁢       ∑     j   =   1     M     ⁢         ϕ   Gpj     ⁡     (     λ   0     )       /       ν   Gpj     ⁡     (   λ   )             ,                           
 
 where, 
 
ν Gni (λ)={ N   Gni (λ 0 )−1 }/{N   Gni (λ)− N   Gni (λ 0 )}ν Gpj (λ)={ N   Gpj (λ 0 )− 1 }/{ N   GPj (λ)− N   GPj (λ 0 )}, 
    φφ Gni : refractive power (optical power) of each thin single lens constituting the front lens unit Gn,     φ Gpj : refractive power (optical power) of each thin single lens constituting the rear lens unit Gp,     ν Gni : Abbe constant of each thin single lens constituting the front lens unit Gn,     ν Gpj : Abbe constant of each thin single lens constituting the rear lens unit Gp,     h Gn : height of paraxial marginal ray incident on the front lens unit Gn,     h Gp : height of paraxial marginal ray incident on the rear lens unit Gp,     H Gn : height of paraxial chief ray incident on the front unit Gn,     H Gp : height of paraxial chief ray incident on the rear unit Gp,     N Gpi : refractive index of each thin single lens constituting the rear unit Gp     N Gnj : refractive index of each thin single lens constituting the front unit Gn,     λ: wavelength,     λ 0 : design wavelength.    
 
         [0080]     In order to correct chromatic aberration of magnification more effectively using a material that satisfies conditions (1) to (3), it is preferred that the following condition be satisfied: 
 
2 &lt;OTL/f&lt; 15  (4), 
 
 where OTL is the optical total length of the optical system and f is the focal length thereof. In the case that the optical system is a zoom lens, OTL and f shall refer to the values at the wide-angle end. 
 
         [0081]     Condition (4) means that the optical system is a retrofocus type lens.  
         [0082]     Furthermore, it is preferred that the component GIT disposed on the front side of the intersection P satisfy the following condition: 
 
0.01 &lt;φGIT /φ&lt;0.12  (5) 
 
 where, 
    φGIT: refractive power (optical power) of the component GIT for the d-line under the assumption that the two refractive surface of the component GIT are exposed to air,     φ: refractive power (optical power) of the whole optical system for the d-line (in the case that the optical system is a zoom lens, refractive power (optical power) at the wide-angle end).    
 
         [0085]     Furthermore, it is preferred that the component GIT disposed on the rear side of the intersection P satisfy the following condition: 
 
−0.2&lt;φ GIT /φ&lt;−0.02  (6) 
 
         [0086]     Condition (5) is a condition for limiting the refractive power of the component GIT relative to the refractive power of the whole system in the case that the component GIT is disposed on the front side of the intersection P. When the positive refractive power of the component GIT is so weak as to be lower than the lower limit value of condition (5), chromatic aberration correction effects will be insufficient. On the other hand, when the positive refractive power of the component GIT is so strong as to be higher than the upper limit value of condition (5), the balance of the chromatic aberration generated by ordinary glass materials and the chromatic aberration generated by the component GIT will be deteriorated to make chromatic aberration worse.  
         [0087]     Condition (6) is a condition for limiting the refractive power of the component GIT relative to the refractive power of the whole system in the case that the component GIT is disposed on the rear side of the intersection P. When the negative refractive power of the component GIT is so strong as to be lower than the lower limit value of condition (6), the balance of the chromatic aberration generated by ordinary glass materials and the chromatic aberration generated by the component GIT will be deteriorated to make chromatic aberration worse. On the other hand, the negative refractive power of the component GIT is so weak as to be higher than the upper limit value of condition (6), chromatic aberration correction effects become insufficient.  
         [0088]     Next, embodiments in which materials satisfying conditions (1) to (3) are employed in actual optical systems will be described in the following. Here, materials in which ITO fine particles are dispersed as mentioned above are used as materials that satisfy conditions (1) to (3).  
         [0089]      FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of an optical system according to numerical embodiment 1, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a retrofocus type optical system with a focal length of 9 mm. In this example, a resin material for replicas in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 1 , reference sign GIT 1  designates the lens (layer) including ITO, and reference sign S designates an aperture stop.  FIG. 2  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 1 in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity. In  FIG. 1 , the left side is the object side (front side), while the right side is the image side (rear side). This orientation also applies to numerical embodiments 2 to 4.  
         [0090]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 1, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in the object side portion, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 1  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a positive refractive power to mainly correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0091]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view showing an optical system according to numerical embodiment 2, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a wide angle zoom lens with the focal length range of 17 mm to 40 mm. In this example, acrylic in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 3 , reference sign GIT 2  designates the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles, reference sign S designates an aperture stop, reference sign L 1  designates the first lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 2  designates the second lens unit having a positive refractive power, reference sign L 3  designates the third lens unit having a negative refractive power, and reference sign L 4  designates the fourth lens unit having a positive refractive power. Upon zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the lens units are adapted to move following the loci represented by the arrows in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 4A  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 2 at the wide-angle end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  FIG. 4B  shows aberration diagrams at the telephoto end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  
         [0092]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 2, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed on the image side of the aperture stop S, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 2  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a negative refractive power to intensively correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0093]      FIG. 5  is a cross sectional view showing an optical system according to numerical embodiment 3, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a wide angle zoom lens with the focal length range of 20 mm to 35 mm. In this example, a resin material for replicas in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 5 , reference sign GIT 2  designates the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles, reference sign S designates an aperture stop, reference sign L 1  designates the first lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 2  designates the second lens unit having a negative refractive power, and reference sign L 3  designates the third lens unit having a positive refractive power. Upon zooming from the wide angle end to the telephoto end, the lens units are adapted to move following the loci represented by the arrows in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 6A  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 3 at the wide-angle end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  FIG. 6B  shows aberration diagrams at the telephoto end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  
         [0094]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 3, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed on the image side of the aperture stop S, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 2  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a negative refractive power to intensively correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0095]      FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view showing an optical system according to numerical embodiment 4, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a wide angle zoom lens with the focal length range of 22 mm to 55 mm. In this example, a resin material for replicas in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 7 , reference sign GIT 1  designates the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles, reference sign S designates an aperture stop, reference sign L 1  designates the first lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 2  designates the second lens unit having a positive refractive power, and reference sign L 3  designates the third lens unit having a negative refractive power. Upon zooming from the wide angle end to the telephoto end, the lens units are adapted to move following the loci represented by the arrows in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8A  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 4 at the wide-angle end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  FIG. 8B  shows aberration diagrams at the telephoto end in the state in which the optical system is focused at infinity.  
         [0096]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 4, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed on the object side of the aperture stop S, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 1  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a positive refractive power to intensively correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type wide-angle optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0097]      FIG. 9  is a cross sectional view showing an optical system according to numerical embodiment 5 in its wide-angle end state, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a projection optical system with the focal length range of 28 mm to 35 mm. The optical system of this example is a projection optical system for use in a projector for projecting an original image displayed on a liquid crystal panel onto a screen. In this example, acrylic in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 9 , reference sign GIT 2  designates the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles, reference sign S designates an aperture stop, reference sign L 1  designates the first lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 2  designates the second lens unit having a positive refractive power, reference sign L 3  designates the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, reference sign L 4  designates the fourth lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 5  designates the fifth lens unit having a positive refractive power, and reference sign L 6  designates the sixth lens unit having a positive refractive power. Upon zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the lens units are adapted to move following the loci represented by the arrows in  FIG. 9 . In  FIG. 9 , the left side is the screen side (front side), while the right side is the original image side (rear side). This orientation also applies to numerical embodiment 6.  
         [0098]      FIG. 10A  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 5 at the wide-angle end (i.e. in the shortest focal length state).  FIG. 10B  shows aberration diagrams at the telephoto end (i.e. in the longest focal length state).  
         [0099]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 5, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in the original image side of the aperture stop S, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 2  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a negative refractive power to intensively correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type projection optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0100]      FIG. 11  is a cross sectional view showing an optical system according to numerical embodiment 6 in its wide-angle end state, in which a lens (or layer) made of a mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in a projection optical system with the focal length range of 28 mm to 35 mm. In this embodiment, acrylic in which ITO fine particles are mixed at a proportion of 20% is used. In  FIG. 11  reference sign GIT 1  designates the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles, reference sign S designates an aperture stop, reference sign L 1  designates the first lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 2  designates the second lens unit having a positive refractive power, reference sign L 3  designates the third lens unit having a positive refractive power, reference sign L 4  designates the fourth lens unit having a negative refractive power, reference sign L 5  designates the fifth lens unit having a positive refractive power, and reference sign L 6  designates the sixth lens unit having a positive refractive power. Upon zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the lens units are adapted to move following the loci represented by the arrows in  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 12A  shows aberration diagrams of the optical system according to numerical embodiment 6 at the wide-angle end.  FIG. 12B  shows aberration diagrams at the telephoto end.  
         [0101]     In the optical system of numerical embodiment 6, the lens (layer) made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is employed in the screen side of the aperture stop S, in which the height, from the optical axis, of the path of the paraxial chief ray is relatively high. In addition, the lens (layer) GIT 1  made of the mixture containing ITO fine particles is designed to have a positive refractive power to intensively correct chromatic aberration of magnification, so that a retrofocus type projection optical system in which chromatic aberration of magnification is excellently corrected is realized.  
         [0102]     Specific numerical data of numerical embodiments 1 to 6 are presented in the following. In the data of each numerical embodiment, the suffix i generally refers to the element number (or surface number) counted from the object side, namely, ri represents the radius of curvature of the i-th optical surface (the i-th surface), di represents the on-axis distance between the i-th surface and the (i+1)-th surface, and ni and νi respectively represent the refractive index for the d-line and the Abbe constant of the i-th optical member. In addition, f represents the focal length, Fno represents the F-number and ω represents the half angle of view.  
         [0103]     Furthermore, let x be the shift amount along the optical axis from the vertex, let h be the height measured along the direction perpendicular to the optical axis from the optical axis, let r be the paraxial radius of curvature, let k be the conic constant, and let B, C, D, E . . . be the aspherical coefficients of the respective orders, then the aspherical shape is expressed by the following formula.  
         x   ⁡     (   h   )       =           (     1   /   r     )     ⁢     h   2         1   +       {     1   -       (     1   +   k     )     ⁢       (     h   /   r     )     2         }           +     Bh   4     +     Ch   6     +     Dh   8     +       Eh   10     ⁢           ⁢   …           
 
         [0104]     Incidentally, in the data of the aspherical coefficients, the expression “e±X” means “×10 ±X ”.  
         [0105]     In all of the numerical embodiments, ITO is used in the state dispersed in acrylic (PMMA) at a volume fraction of 20%. The refractive index of the mixture of ITO and acrylic is calculated based on the value obtained by calculation using equation (c) mentioned before.  
         [0106]     Sign Gi represents the i-th element, and the refractive indices for the d-line, the g-line, the C-line and the F-line, the Abbe constant and the partial dispersion ratios are also presented.  
         [0107]     In the spherical aberration diagrams shown in  FIGS. 2, 4A ,  4 B,  6 A,  6 B,  8 A and  8 B, the solid lines are for the d-line, the two-dot chain lines are for the g-line, the chain lines are for the C-line and the broken lines are fore the F-line. In the astigmatism diagrams, the solid lines are for the d-line sagittal image plane, the broken lines are for the d-line meridional image plane, the chain lines are for the g-line sagittal image plane, and the two-dot chain lines are for the g-line meridional image plane. The distortion diagrams are presented for the d-line. In the chromatic aberration of magnification diagrams, the two-dot chain lines are for the g-line, the chain lines are for the C-line and the broken lines are for the F-line.  
         [0108]     In the spherical aberration diagrams shown in  FIGS. 10A, 10B ,  12 A and  12 B, the solid lines are for the wavelength of 550 nm, the two-dot chain lines are for the wavelength of 440 nm, the chain lines are for the wavelength of 620 nm and the broken lines are for the wavelength of 470 nm. In the astigmatism diagrams in  FIGS. 10A, 10B ,  12 A and  12 B, the solid lines are for the sagittal image plane at the wavelength of 550 nm, the broken lines are for the meridional image plane at the wavelength of 550 nm, the chain lines are for the sagittal image plane at the wavelength of 440 nm, and the two-dot chain lines are for the meridional image plane at the wavelength of 440 nm. In the distortion diagrams are presented for the wavelength of 550 nm. In the chromatic aberration of magnification diagrams, the two-dot chain lines are for the wavelength of 440 nm, the chain lines are for the wavelength of 470 nm, and the broken lines are for the wavelength of 620 nm.  
         [0109]     The values related to conditions (4) to (6) are presented in Table 1 for each of the numerical embodiments.  
                                                                                                                                   (Numerical Embodiment 1)       f = 8.9 FNo = 1: 2.9 2ω = 113.5°                    r1 = 28.900   d1 = 2.00   n1 = 1.69680   ν1 = 55.5       r2 = 16.733   d2 = 7.05       *r3 = 41.159   d3 = 3.50   n2 = 1.60311   ν2 = 60.7       r4 = 24.855   d4 = 0.50   n3 = 1.59629   ν3 = 13.9       r5 = 27.428   d5 = 0.10       r6 = 22.550   d6 = 1.00   n4 = 1.69680   ν4 = 55.5       r7 = 11.640   d7 = 4.00       r8 = 24.419   d8 = 0.90   n5 = 1.77250   ν5 = 49.6       r9 = 12.204   d9 = 5.20       r10 = 92.038   d10 = 0.95   n6 = 1.69680   ν6 = 55.5       r11 = 13.058   d11 = 6.40   n7 = 1.59551   ν7 = 39.2       r12 = −41.643   d12 = 2.10       r13 = 37.448   d13 = 5.10   n8 = 1.57501   ν8 = 41.5       r14 = −6.427   d14 = 1.00   n9 = 1.77250   ν9 = 49.6       r15 = −9.282   d15 = 0.55       r16 = −10.232   d16 = 0.90   n10 = 1.77250   ν10 = 49.6       r17 = −29.514   d17 = 0.30       r18 = (stop)   d18 = 0.85       r19 = 37.309   d19 = 5.50   n11 = 1.62299   ν11 = 58.2       r20 = −10.365   d20 = 2.50   n12 = 1.74320   ν12 = 49.3       r21 = 33.296   d21 = 0.43       r22 = −141.615   d22 = 0.50   n13 = 1.92286   ν13 = 18.9       r23 = 25.888   d23 = 3.70   n14 = 1.51728   ν14 = 69.6       r24 = −11.329   d24 = 0.12       r25 = 176.338   d25 = 2.10   n15 = 1.81600   ν15 = 46.6       r26 = −26.764                        Focal Length   8.94                        Aspherical Coefficient       3rd surface                        b: 4.101813e−05   c: 2.006611e−08   d: −2.784478e−10           e: 1.312873e−12                        Refractive Index at Each Wavelength                d   g   c   f   νd   θgd   θgF               G1   1.69680   1.71234   1.69297   1.70552   55.5   1.238   0.543       G2   1.60311   1.61539   1.60008   1.61002   60.7   1.235   0.540       G3(GIT)   1.59629   1.63830   1.58040   1.62342   13.9   0.976   0.346       G4   1.69680   1.71234   1.69297   1.70552   55.5   1.238   0.543       G5   1.77250   1.79196   1.76780   1.78337   49.6   1.250   0.552       G6   1.69680   1.71234   1.69297   1.70552   55.5   1.238   0.543       G7   1.59551   1.61498   1.59103   1.60621   39.2   1.283   0.578       G8   1.57501   1.59275   1.57090   1.58476   41.5   1.280   0.576       G9   1.77250   1.79196   1.76780   1.78337   49.6   1.250   0.552       G10   1.77250   1.79197   1.76780   1.78337   49.6   1.250   0.552       G11   1.62299   1.63630   1.61974   1.63045   58.2   1.243   0.546       G12   1.74320   1.76205   1.73865   1.75372   49.3   1.251   0.553       G13   1.92286   1.98972   1.90916   1.95800   18.9   1.369   0.649       G14   1.51728   1.52638   1.51499   1.52242   69.6   1.225   0.533       G15   1.81600   1.83800   1.81075   1.82825   46.6   1.257   0.557                  
 
         [0110]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (Numerical Embodiment 2) 
               
               
                 f = 7.5-38.5 Fno = 1: 4.1 2ω = 102.0°-58.7° 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 *r1 = 1381.812 
                 d1 = 3.50 
                 n1 = 1.58313 
                 ν1 = 59.4 
               
               
                 r2 = 20.079 
                 d2 = variable 
               
               
                 r3 = −119.765 
                 d3 = 1.30 
                 n2 = 1.77250 
                 ν2 = 49.6 
               
               
                 *r4 = 26.434 
                 d4 = 1.32 
               
               
                 r5 = 23.868 
                 d5 = 4.35 
                 n3 = 1.84666 
                 ν3 = 23.9 
               
               
                 r6 = 50.526 
                 d6 = variable 
               
               
                 r7 = 0.000 
                 d7 = 0.50 
               
               
                 r8 = 36.740 
                 d8 = 1.20 
                 n4 = 1.84666 
                 ν4 = 23.9 
               
               
                 r9 = 20.162 
                 d9 = 4.99 
                 n5 = 1.51633 
                 ν5 = 64.1 
               
               
                 r10 = −54.769 
                 d10 = 0.15 
               
               
                 r11 = 33.954 
                 d11 = 3.19 
                 n6 = 1.67790 
                 ν6 = 55.3 
               
               
                 r12 = −122.644 
                 d12 = variable 
               
               
                 r13 = (stop) 
                 d13 = 1.50 
               
               
                 r14 = −50.807 
                 d14 = 1.00 
                 n7 = 1.86300 
                 ν7 = 41.5 
               
               
                 r15 = 51.180 
                 d15 = 0.67 
               
               
                 r16 = 161.213 
                 d16 = 1.00 
                 n8 = 1.72342 
                 ν8 = 38.0 
               
               
                 r17 = 17.174 
                 d17 = 3.49 
                 n9 = 1.80518 
                 ν9 = 25.4 
               
               
                 r18 = −4559.135 
                 d18 = variable 
               
               
                 r19 = 55.808 
                 d19 = 5.68 
                 n10 = 1.48749 
                 ν10 = 70.2 
               
               
                 r20 = −25.763 
                 d20 = 0.50 
                 n11 = 1.57159 
                 ν11 = 13.5 
               
               
                 *r21 = −30.372 
                 d21 = 0.15 
               
               
                 r22 = 134.832 
                 d22 = 1.20 
                 n12 = 1.83400 
                 ν12 = 37.2 
               
               
                 r23 = 18.611 
                 d23 = 6.95 
                 n13 = 1.48749 
                 ν13 = 70.2 
               
               
                 r24 = −56.393 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Focal Length 
                 17.51 
                 28.00 
                 38.50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Variable Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d2 
                 13.74 
                 13.74 
                 13.74 
               
               
                   
                 d6 
                 24.65 
                 11.15 
                 5.55 
               
               
                   
                 d12 
                 1.01 
                 6.28 
                 10.73 
               
               
                   
                 d18 
                 10.95 
                 5.68 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Aspherical Coefficient 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1st surface 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 b: 1.541946e−05 
                 c: −1.703973e−08 
                 d: 1.550544e−11 
               
               
                   
                 e: −3.917946e−15 
               
             
          
           
               
                 4th surface 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 b: 1.588787e−05 
                 c: −1.398091e−08 
                 d: 7.979067e−11 
               
             
          
           
               
                 21st surface 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 b: 8.893654e−06 
                 c: 4.019287e−08 
                 d: −2.818461e−10 
               
               
                   
                 e: 7.971370e−13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Refractive Index at Each Wavelength 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d 
                 g 
                 c 
                 f 
                 νd 
                 θgd 
                 θgF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1 
                 1.58313 
                 1.59528 
                 1.58013 
                 1.58995 
                 59.4 
                 1.237 
                 0.543 
               
               
                 G2 
                 1.77250 
                 1.79197 
                 1.76780 
                 1.78337 
                 49.6 
                 1.250 
                 0.552 
               
               
                 G3 
                 1.84666 
                 1.89386 
                 1.83655 
                 1.87193 
                 23.9 
                 1.334 
                 0.620 
               
               
                 G4 
                 1.84666 
                 1.89386 
                 1.83655 
                 1.87193 
                 23.9 
                 1.334 
                 0.620 
               
               
                 G5 
                 1.51633 
                 1.52621 
                 1.51386 
                 1.52191 
                 64.1 
                 1.227 
                 0.534 
               
               
                 G6 
                 1.67790 
                 1.69314 
                 1.67419 
                 1.68644 
                 55.3 
                 1.244 
                 0.547 
               
               
                 G7 
                 1.86300 
                 1.88938 
                 1.85682 
                 1.87760 
                 41.5 
                 1.269 
                 0.567 
               
               
                 G8 
                 1.72342 
                 1.74800 
                 1.71782 
                 1.73688 
                 38.0 
                 1.290 
                 0.583 
               
               
                 G9 
                 1.80518 
                 1.84729 
                 1.79611 
                 1.82777 
                 25.4 
                 1.330 
                 0.617 
               
               
                 G10 
                 1.48749 
                 1.49596 
                 1.48534 
                 1.49228 
                 70.2 
                 1.220 
                 0.530 
               
               
                 G11(GIT) 
                 1.57159 
                 1.61267 
                 1.55583 
                 1.59815 
                 13.5 
                 0.970 
                 0.343 
               
               
                 G12 
                 1.83400 
                 1.86278 
                 1.82738 
                 1.84982 
                 37.2 
                 1.283 
                 0.578 
               
               
                 G13 
                 1.48749 
                 1.49596 
                 1.48534 
                 1.49228 
                 70.2 
                 1.220 
                 0.530 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0111]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (Numerical Embodiment 3) 
               
               
                 f = 20.6-34.1 Fno = 1: 3.6-4.6 2ω = 92.8°-64.8° 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 r1 = 77.005 
                 d1 = 4.10 
                 n1 = 1.62299 
                 ν1 = 58.1 
               
               
                 r2 = 236.410 
                 d2 = 0.10 
               
               
                 r3 = 57.918 
                 d3 = 1.70 
                 n2 = 1.78590 
                 ν2 = 44.2 
               
               
                 r4 = 22.654 
                 d4 = variable 
               
               
                 r5 = 39.007 
                 d5 = 1.40 
                 n3 = 1.80610 
                 ν3 = 41.0 
               
               
                 r6 = 16.676 
                 d6 = 4.68 
               
               
                 r7 = 116.102 
                 d7 = 1.30 
                 n4 = 1.77250 
                 ν4 = 49.6 
               
               
                 r8 = 32.443 
                 d8 = 2.80 
               
               
                 r9 = 25.533 
                 d9 = 3.00 
                 n5 = 1.84666 
                 ν5 = 23.8 
               
               
                 r10 = 62.480 
                 d10 = variable 
               
               
                 r11 = 62.563 
                 d11 = 2.20 
                 n6 = 1.58313 
                 ν6 = 59.4 
               
               
                 r12 = −61.416 
                 d12 = 1.78 
               
               
                 r13 = (stop) 
                 d13 = 0.92 
               
               
                 r14 = 42.340 
                 d14 = 6.90 
                 n7 = 1.62606 
                 ν7 = 39.2 
               
               
                 r15 = −67.037 
                 d15 = 3.50 
               
               
                 r16 = −16.291 
                 d16 = 2.50 
                 n8 = 1.84666 
                 ν8 = 23.8 
               
               
                 r17 = −75.129 
                 d17 = 3.80 
                 n9 = 1.78590 
                 ν9 = 44.2 
               
               
                 r18 = −19.960 
                 d18 = 0.20 
               
               
                 r19 = 50.544 
                 d19 = 1.20 
                 n10 = 1.83481 
                 ν10 = 42.7 
               
               
                 r20 = 24.163 
                 d20 = 1.73 
               
               
                 r21 = −148.267 
                 d21 = 2.50 
                 n11 = 1.48749 
                 ν11 = 70.2 
               
               
                 r22 = −25.814 
                 d22 = 0.20 
               
               
                 r23 = 117.509 
                 d23 = 2.15 
                 n12 = 1.48749 
                 ν12 = 70.2 
               
               
                 r24 = −61.461 
                 d24 = 0.50 
                 n13 = 1.59629 
                 ν13 = 13.9 
               
               
                 r25 = −109.320 
                 d25 = variable 
               
               
                 r26 = ∞ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Focal Length 
                 20.62 
                 24.00 
                 34.07 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Variable Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d4 
                 7.85 
                 9.85 
                 7.85 
               
               
                   
                 d10 
                 16.78 
                 10.47 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 d25 
                 0.00 
                 4.31 
                 15.31 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Refractive Index at Each Wavelength 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d 
                 g 
                 c 
                 f 
                 νd 
                 θgd 
                 θgF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1 
                 1.62299 
                 1.63630 
                 1.61974 
                 1.63045 
                 58.2 
                 1.243 
                 0.546 
               
               
                 G2 
                 1.78590 
                 1.80839 
                 1.78059 
                 1.79837 
                 44.2 
                 1.265 
                 0.564 
               
               
                 G3 
                 1.80610 
                 1.83115 
                 1.80025 
                 1.81994 
                 40.2 
                 1.272 
                 0.569 
               
               
                 G4 
                 1.77250 
                 1.79196 
                 1.76780 
                 1.78337 
                 49.6 
                 1.250 
                 0.552 
               
               
                 G5 
                 1.84666 
                 1.89421 
                 1.83649 
                 1.87210 
                 23.8 
                 1.335 
                 0.621 
               
               
                 G6 
                 1.58313 
                 1.59530 
                 1.58014 
                 1.58996 
                 59.4 
                 1.239 
                 0.544 
               
               
                 G7 
                 1.62606 
                 1.64655 
                 1.62135 
                 1.63732 
                 39.2 
                 1.283 
                 0.578 
               
               
                 G8 
                 1.84666 
                 1.89421 
                 1.83649 
                 1.87210 
                 23.8 
                 1.335 
                 0.621 
               
               
                 G9 
                 1.78590 
                 1.80839 
                 1.78059 
                 1.79837 
                 44.2 
                 1.265 
                 0.564 
               
               
                 G10 
                 1.83481 
                 1.85953 
                 1.82897 
                 1.84851 
                 42.7 
                 1.265 
                 0.564 
               
               
                 G11 
                 1.48749 
                 1.49596 
                 1.48534 
                 1.49228 
                 70.2 
                 1.220 
                 0.530 
               
               
                 G12 
                 1.48749 
                 1.49596 
                 1.48534 
                 1.49228 
                 70.2 
                 1.220 
                 0.530 
               
               
                 G13(GIT) 
                 1.59629 
                 1.63830 
                 1.58040 
                 1.62342 
                 13.9 
                 0.976 
                 0.346 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0112]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (Numerical Embodiment 4) 
               
               
                 f = 22.9-52.9 Fno = 1: 3.9-5.9 2ω = 86.8°-44.5° 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 r1 = 36.615 
                 d1 = 1.44 
                 n1 = 1.80610 
                 ν1 = 40.9 
               
               
                 r2 = 15.544 
                 d2 = 0.54 
                 n2 = 1.59629 
                 ν2 = 13.9 
               
               
                 r3 = 16.027 
                 d3 = 7.39 
               
               
                 r4 = 165.372 
                 d4 = 1.20 
                 n3 = 1.71999 
                 ν3 = 50.2 
               
               
                 r5 = 21.580 
                 d5 = 0.09 
                 n4 = 1.51282 
                 ν4 = 50.9 
               
               
                 *r6 = 18.642 
                 d6 = 2.62 
               
               
                 r7 = 24.450 
                 d7 = 4.30 
                 n5 = 1.74077 
                 ν5 = 27.8 
               
               
                 r8 = 152.272 
                 d8 = variable 
               
               
                 r9 = 25.619 
                 d9 = 2.60 
                 n6 = 1.51742 
                 ν6 = 52.4 
               
               
                 r10 = −62.378 
                 d10 = 0.60 
               
               
                 r11 = (stop) 
                 d11 = 0.60 
               
               
                 r12 = 20.136 
                 d12 = 3.50 
                 n7 = 1.51742 
                 ν7 = 52.4 
               
               
                 r13 = −177.115 
                 d13 = 0.43 
               
               
                 r14 = −37.539 
                 d14 = 7.50 
                 n8 = 1.72825 
                 ν8 = 28.5 
               
               
                 r15 = 17.433 
                 d15 = 1.93 
               
               
                 r16 = 58.669 
                 d16 = 2.50 
                 n9 = 1.57099 
                 ν9 = 50.8 
               
               
                 r17 = −21.352 
                 d17 = variable 
               
               
                 r18 = 0.000 
                 d18 = variable 
               
               
                 r19 = −36.137 
                 d19 = 1.00 
                 n10 = 1.71999 
                 ν10 = 50.2 
               
               
                 r20 = 70.937 
                 d20 = 0.63 
               
               
                 r21 = 236.020 
                 d21 = 3.40 
                 n11 = 1.71300 
                 ν11 = 53.9 
               
               
                 r22 = −29.793 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Focal Length 
                 22.90 
                 35.05 
                 52.88 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Variable Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d8 
                 26.27 
                 10.86 
                 1.07 
               
               
                   
                 d17 
                 0.00 
                 4.13 
                 10.20 
               
               
                   
                 d18 
                 1.80 
                 7.88 
                 16.80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Aspherical Coefficient 
               
               
                 6th surface 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 b: −2.238197e−05 
                 c: −1.062584e−07 
                 d: 3.098938e−10 
               
               
                   
                 e: −1.455066e−12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Refractive Index at Each Wavelength 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d 
                 g 
                 c 
                 f 
                 νd 
                 θgd 
                 θgF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1 
                 1.80610 
                 1.83117 
                 1.80025 
                 1.81994 
                 40.9 
                 1.273 
                 0.570 
               
               
                 G2(GIT) 
                 1.59629 
                 1.63830 
                 1.58040 
                 1.62342 
                 13.9 
                 0.976 
                 0.346 
               
               
                 G3 
                 1.71999 
                 1.73795 
                 1.71568 
                 1.73001 
                 50.2 
                 1.253 
                 0.554 
               
               
                 G4 
                 1.51282 
                 1.52552 
                 1.50980 
                 1.51988 
                 50.9 
                 1.260 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G5 
                 1.74077 
                 1.77599 
                 1.73309 
                 1.75975 
                 27.8 
                 1.321 
                 0.609 
               
               
                 G6 
                 1.51742 
                 1.52980 
                 1.51444 
                 1.52431 
                 52.4 
                 1.254 
                 0.556 
               
               
                 G7 
                 1.51742 
                 1.52980 
                 1.51444 
                 1.52431 
                 52.4 
                 1.254 
                 0.556 
               
               
                 G8 
                 1.72825 
                 1.76200 
                 1.72086 
                 1.74645 
                 28.5 
                 1.319 
                 0.608 
               
               
                 G9 
                 1.57099 
                 1.58514 
                 1.56762 
                 1.57886 
                 50.8 
                 1.259 
                 0.559 
               
               
                 G10 
                 1.71999 
                 1.73795 
                 1.71568 
                 1.73001 
                 50.2 
                 1.253 
                 0.554 
               
               
                 G11 
                 1.71300 
                 1.72943 
                 1.70897 
                 1.72221 
                 53.9 
                 1.241 
                 0.545 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0113]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (Numerical Embodiment 5) 
               
               
                 f = 28.8-34.4 Fno = 1: 1.8-2.1 2ω = 46.9°-39.9° 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 r1 = 479.991 
                 d1 = 2.39 
                 n1 = 1.77534 
                 ν1 = 50.2 
               
               
                 r2 = −174.256 
                 d2 = 0.15 
               
               
                 r3 = 113.827 
                 d3 = 1.50 
                 n2 = 1.78000 
                 ν2 = 50.0 
               
               
                 r4 = 28.536 
                 d4 = 4.08 
               
               
                 r5 = −142.555 
                 d5 = 1.50 
                 n3 = 1.83417 
                 ν3 = 37.0 
               
               
                 r6 = 54.349 
                 d6 = variable 
               
               
                 r7 = 250.553 
                 d7 = 3.40 
                 n4 = 1.77562 
                 ν4 = 50.2 
               
               
                 r8 = −52.927 
                 d8 = 0.29 
               
               
                 r9 = 36.084 
                 d9 = 1.50 
                 n5 = 1.48700 
                 ν5 = 70.4 
               
               
                 r10 = 17.823 
                 d10 = 4.71 
                 n6 = 1.73822 
                 ν6 = 39.4 
               
               
                 r11 = 71.782 
                 d11 = variable 
               
               
                 r12 = (stop) 
                 d12 = 0.00 
               
               
                 r13 = 47.077 
                 d13 = 2.43 
                 n7 = 1.49198 
                 ν7 = 69.8 
               
               
                 r14 = −259.854 
                 d14 = variable 
               
               
                 r15 = −83.027 
                 d15 = 1.50 
                 n8 = 1.54337 
                 ν8 = 65.1 
               
               
                 r16 = 36.053 
                 d16 = variable 
               
               
                 r17 = −13.389 
                 d17 = 1.50 
                 n9 = 1.85000 
                 ν9 = 23.0 
               
               
                 r18 = −47.648 
                 d18 = 4.77 
                 n10 = 1.76938 
                 ν10 = 50.5 
               
               
                 r19 = −18.838 
                 d19 = 0.15 
               
               
                 r20 = −345.897 
                 d20 = 4.40 
                 n11 = 1.78000 
                 ν11 = 50.0 
               
               
                 r21 = −37.216 
                 d21 = variable 
               
               
                 *r22 = 84.335 
                 d22 = 0.01 
                 n12 = 1.57160 
                 ν12 = 13.5 
               
               
                 r23 = 66.832 
                 d23 = 4.81 
                 n13 = 1.78000 
                 ν13 = 50.0 
               
               
                 r24 = −96.327 
                 d24 = 1.82 
               
               
                 r25 = ∞ 
                 d25 = 41.50 
                 n14 = 1.62299 
                 ν14 = 58.2 
               
               
                 r26 = ∞ 
                 d26 = 2.60 
                 n15 = 1.51633 
                 ν15 = 64.1 
               
               
                 r27 = ∞ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Focal Length 
                 28.82 
                 31.32 
                 34.44 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Variable Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d6 
                 4.27 
                 3.07 
                 1.75 
               
               
                   
                 d11 
                 11.15 
                 10.85 
                 8.44 
               
               
                   
                 d14 
                 1.85 
                 4.76 
                 8.77 
               
               
                   
                 d16 
                 11.74 
                 8.55 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                 d21 
                 0.50 
                 2.29 
                 4.55 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Aspherical Coefficient 
               
               
                 22nd surface 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 k: −7.027492e+00 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 b: −1.183492e−06 
                 c: 2.606798e−10 
                 d: −5.197561e−12 
               
               
                   
                 e: 6.728677e−15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Refractive Index at Each Wavelength 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d 
                 g 
                 c 
                 f 
                 νd 
                 θgd 
                 θgF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1 
                 1.77534 
                 1.79482 
                 1.77071 
                 1.78617 
                 50.2 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G2 
                 1.78000 
                 1.79968 
                 1.77533 
                 1.79094 
                 50.0 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G3 
                 1.83417 
                 1.86331 
                 1.82755 
                 1.85013 
                 36.9 
                 1.291 
                 0.584 
               
               
                 G4 
                 1.77562 
                 1.79511 
                 1.77099 
                 1.78646 
                 50.2 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G5 
                 1.48700 
                 1.49541 
                 1.48486 
                 1.49178 
                 70.4 
                 1.215 
                 0.524 
               
               
                 G6 
                 1.73823 
                 1.76233 
                 1.73271 
                 1.75146 
                 39.4 
                 1.285 
                 0.579 
               
               
                 G7 
                 1.49198 
                 1.50055 
                 1.48980 
                 1.49685 
                 69.8 
                 1.216 
                 0.525 
               
               
                 G8 
                 1.54337 
                 1.55361 
                 1.54081 
                 1.54916 
                 65.1 
                 1.227 
                 0.533 
               
               
                 G9 
                 1.85000 
                 1.89888 
                 1.83941 
                 1.87638 
                 23.0 
                 1.322 
                 0.608 
               
               
                 G10 
                 1.76938 
                 1.78861 
                 1.76482 
                 1.78007 
                 50.4 
                 1.260 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G11 
                 1.78000 
                 1.79968 
                 1.77533 
                 1.79094 
                 50.0 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G12(GIT) 
                 1.57315 
                 1.61272 
                 1.55531 
                 1.59810 
                 13.4 
                 0.925 
                 0.342 
               
               
                 G13 
                 1.78000 
                 1.79968 
                 1.77533 
                 1.79094 
                 50.0 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G14 
                 1.62299 
                 1.63630 
                 1.61974 
                 1.63045 
                 58.2 
                 1.242 
                 0.546 
               
               
                 G15 
                 1.51633 
                 1.52621 
                 1.51386 
                 1.52191 
                 64.1 
                 1.228 
                 0.535 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0114]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (Numerical Embodiment 6) 
               
               
                 f = 28.8-34.4 Fno = 1: 1.8-2.0 2ω = 46.9°-39.9° 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 r1 = −1000.000 
                 d1 = 3.12 
                 n1 = 1.77583 
                 ν1 = 44.6 
               
               
                 r2 = −75.204 
                 d2 = 0.30 
                 n2 = 1.57160 
                 ν2 = 13.5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 *r3 = −52.577(aspherical surface) 
                 d3 = 0.15 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 r4 = 95.547 
                 d4 = 1.50 
                 n3 = 1.72355 
                 ν3 = 52.7 
               
               
                 r5 = 22.798 
                 d5 = 5.43 
               
               
                 r6 = −47.470 
                 d6 = 1.50 
                 n4 = 1.83007 
                 ν4 = 37.9 
               
               
                 r7 = 143.093 
                 d7 = variable 
               
               
                 r8 = −466.401 
                 d8 = 2.77 
                 n5 = 1.82288 
                 ν5 = 39.2 
               
               
                 r9 = −49.985 
                 d9 = 0.15 
               
               
                 r10 = 32.665 
                 d10 = 1.50 
                 n6 = 1.48700 
                 ν6 = 70.4 
               
               
                 r11 = 22.659 
                 d11 = 3.20 
                 n7 = 1.83364 
                 ν7 = 34.0 
               
               
                 r12 = 53.494 
                 d12 = variable 
               
               
                 r13 = 25.138 
                 d13 = 3.72 
                 n8 = 1.48700 
                 ν8 = 70.4 
               
               
                 r14 = −177.500 
                 d14 = variable 
               
               
                 r15 = (stop) 
                 d15 = 2.04 
               
               
                 r16 = 104.736 
                 d16 = 1.50 
                 n9 = 1.66301 
                 ν9 = 30.9 
               
               
                 r17 = 19.977 
                 d17 = variable 
               
               
                 r18 = −13.506 
                 d18 = 1.50 
                 n10 = 1.79814 
                 ν10 = 28.5 
               
               
                 r19 = 82.460 
                 d19 = 6.03 
                 n11 = 1.59085 
                 ν11 = 61.9 
               
               
                 r20 = −19.280 
                 d20 = 0.52 
               
               
                 r21 = −2066.276 
                 d21 = 5.05 
                 n12 = 1.78000 
                 ν12 = 50.0 
               
               
                 r22 = −32.904 
                 d22 = variable 
               
               
                 r23 = 66.123 
                 d23 = 4.50 
                 n13 = 1.80841 
                 ν13 = 42.1 
               
               
                 r24 = −132.913 
                 d24 = 1.82 
               
               
                 r25 = ∞ 
                 d25 = 41.50 
                 n14 = 1.62299 
                 ν14 = 58.2 
               
               
                 r26 = ∞ 
                 d26 = 2.60 
                 n15 = 1.51633 
                 ν15 = 64.1 
               
               
                 r27 = ∞ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Focal Length 
                 28.82 
                 31.27 
                 34.43 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Variable Interval 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d7 
                 4.86 
                 3.37 
                 1.87 
               
               
                   
                 d12 
                 8.34 
                 5.82 
                 2.50 
               
               
                   
                 d14 
                 1.85 
                 3.68 
                 5.80 
               
               
                   
                 d17 
                 8.57 
                 8.38 
                 7.95 
               
               
                   
                 d22 
                 0.50 
                 2.87 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Aspherical Coefficient 
               
               
                 3rd surface 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 k: −8.785724e+00 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 b: 1.117266e−06 
                 c: 2.767939e−09 
                 d: −1.361241e−11 
               
               
                   
                 e: 2.009707e−14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Refractive Index at Each Wavelength 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 d 
                 g 
                 c 
                 f 
                 νd 
                 θgd 
                 θgF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G1 
                 1.77583 
                 1.79800 
                 1.77067 
                 1.78807 
                 44.6 
                 1.273 
                 0.570 
               
               
                 G2 
                 1.57315 
                 1.61272 
                 1.55531 
                 1.59810 
                 13.4 
                 0.925 
                 0.342 
               
               
                 G3 
                 1.72355 
                 1.74078 
                 1.71942 
                 1.73315 
                 52.7 
                 1.255 
                 0.556 
               
               
                 G4 
                 1.83008 
                 1.85834 
                 1.82364 
                 1.84557 
                 37.8 
                 1.289 
                 0.582 
               
               
                 G5 
                 1.82288 
                 1.84991 
                 1.81670 
                 1.83773 
                 39.1 
                 1.286 
                 0.580 
               
               
                 G6 
                 1.48700 
                 1.49541 
                 1.48486 
                 1.49178 
                 70.4 
                 1.215 
                 0.524 
               
               
                 G7 
                 1.83364 
                 1.86549 
                 1.82648 
                 1.85103 
                 34.0 
                 1.297 
                 0.589 
               
               
                 G8 
                 1.48700 
                 1.49541 
                 1.48486 
                 1.49178 
                 70.4 
                 1.215 
                 0.524 
               
               
                 G9 
                 1.66301 
                 1.69104 
                 1.65677 
                 1.67826 
                 30.9 
                 1.304 
                 0.595 
               
               
                 G10 
                 1.79814 
                 1.83478 
                 1.79006 
                 1.81803 
                 28.5 
                 1.310 
                 0.599 
               
               
                 G11 
                 1.59085 
                 1.60264 
                 1.58794 
                 1.59749 
                 61.9 
                 1.234 
                 0.539 
               
               
                 G12 
                 1.78000 
                 1.79968 
                 1.77533 
                 1.79094 
                 50.0 
                 1.261 
                 0.560 
               
               
                 G13 
                 1.80841 
                 1.83296 
                 1.80274 
                 1.82194 
                 42.1 
                 1.279 
                 0.574 
               
               
                 G14 
                 1.62299 
                 1.63630 
                 1.61974 
                 1.63045 
                 58.2 
                 1.242 
                 0.546 
               
               
                 G15 
                 1.51633 
                 1.52621 
                 1.51386 
                 1.52191 
                 64.1 
                 1.228 
                 0.535 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0115]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conditional 
                 Embodiment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Expression 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (4) 
                 9.14 
                 7.58 
                 5.41 
                 4.72 
                 4.18 
                 4.18 
               
               
                 (5) 
                 0.022 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.038 
                 — 
                 0.096 
               
               
                 (6) 
                 — 
                 −0.057 
                 −0.087 
                 — 
                 −0.052 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]     This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-132609 filed on Apr. 28, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein

Technology Category: g