Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to communication. Specifically, the present invention relates to content access. 
   2. Description of the Prior Art 
   Internet technology is pervasive and widely deployed. A large variety of content may be accessed over the Internet. The content is often stored in servers. A client machine communicates with a server to access the content. 
   As the Internet continues to expand, a large volume of clients attempt to access content on the Internet. This may result in a bottleneck if the clients are each attempting to access content from the same server. As a result, in conventional systems, the same content is often deployed on multiple servers. In addition to enabling more clients to get simultaneous access to the data, deploying the content on multiple servers often has ancillary benefits, such as system redundancy, greater security, etc. 
   However, the server is not the only bottleneck. The communication path from the client to the server may also serve as a bottleneck for communication. In addition, while there are some techniques for load balancing, the primary server is often disproportionately loaded relative to the other servers. As a result, the client experiences a slow response time either because of the disproportionate loading of a server or because of bottlenecks in the communication path. 
   Thus, there is a need for a method of discerning which server will provide the best response time to a client. There is the need for a method of determining which communication path will provide the best response time and throughput to a client. Lastly, there is a need for a method of determining which client in combination with the communication path will provide the best response time to a client. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A method is implemented that determines which server in a sequence of servers will provide the best response time for a client accessing the server. A bandwidth probe is implemented. In one embodiment, the bandwidth probe provides a mechanism for testing the server response and the communication path throughput to determine which server and/or communication path will have the best response time. As a result, the probe provides a quick and accurate way of measuring the response time of the server in combination with the communication path. 
   A method of communicating comprises the steps of receiving a communication from a client; instructing at least one server to begin a bandwidth probe in response to receiving the communication from the client; receiving results of the bandwidth probe in response to instructing the at least one server; and sending a redirect message to the client in response to receiving the results of the bandwidth probe. 
   A method of communicating comprises the steps of receiving a start packet; receiving a train of consecutive packets; receiving an end packet; computing time dispersion in response to receiving the start packet, receiving the train of consecutive packets, and receiving the end packet; and communicating a result in response to computing the time dispersion, wherein a server is selected for access in response to communicating the result. 
   A method of accessing a server comprises the steps of receiving an access request from a client; instructing a plurality of servers to each operate a bandwidth method in response to receiving the access request, the bandwidth method determining available bandwidth; receiving a bandwidth indication from each of the plurality of servers; selecting an identified server in response to receiving the bandwidth indication from each of the plurality of servers; and redirecting the client to the identified server. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  displays a network implementing the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  displays a block diagram of a computer implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  displays a flow diagram depicting a method implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  displays a flow diagram depicting a bandwidth probe method implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  displays a message diagram depicting the teachings of the present invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility. 
     FIG. 1  displays a network implementing the teachings of the present invention. Servers  100  and  102  are shown. In one embodiment of the present invention, servers  100  and  102  manage content. As such, servers  100  and  102  receive, store, provide access to, manipulate, and communicate content. 
   Servers  100  and  102  are in communication with network  104 . Information, such as content, is communicated across network  104 . In one embodiment, network  104  is implemented as a packet-switching network. In a second embodiment of the present invention, network  104  may be implemented as a circuit-switching network. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, network  104  may be implemented as an integrated packet and circuit switching network, a Local Area Network, a Wide Area Network, a wireless network, etc. 
   A media controller  106  is in communication with network  104 . The media controller  106  represents any entity capable of controlling access to servers  100  and  102 . The media controller  106  may be implemented in software, hardware, or in a combination of software and hardware. 
   A client  108  is in communication with the network  104 . The client  108  represents a device used by an end-user to access resources in the network  104 . The client  108  may be implemented in software, hardware, or in a combination of software and hardware. 
     FIG. 2  displays a computer architecture implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The computer architecture  200  of  FIG. 2  may used to implement the server  100 , the server  102 , the network  104 , the media controller  106 , and/or the client  108  of  FIG. 1 . A central processing unit (CPU)  202  functions as the brain of the computer architecture  200 . Internal memory  204  is shown. The internal memory  204  includes short-term memory  206  and long-term memory  208 . The short-term memory  206  may be a Random Access Memory (RAM) or a memory cache used for staging information. The long-term memory  208  may be a Read Only Memory (ROM) or an alternative form of memory used for storing information. Storage memory  220  may be any memory residing within the computer architecture  200  other than internal memory  204 . In one embodiment of the present invention, storage memory  220  is implemented with a hard drive. A communication pathway  210  is used to communicate information within computer architecture  200 . In addition, the communication pathway  210  may be connected to interfaces, which communicate information out of the computer architecture  200  or receive information into the computer architecture  200 . 
   Input devices, such as tactile input device, joystick, keyboards, microphone, communication connections, or a mouse, are shown as  212 . The input devices  212  interface with the system through an input interface  214 . Output devices, such as a monitor, speakers, communications connections, etc., are shown as  216 . The output devices  216  communicate with computer architecture  200  through an output interface  218 . 
     FIG. 3  displays a flow diagram depicting a method implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.  FIG. 1  will be discussed in conjunction with  FIG. 3 . At step  300 , the client  108  connects to the media controller  106 . For example, the media controller  106  may be implemented as a proxy so that the client  108  is automatically directed to the media controller  106 . In the alternative, the client  108  may be directed to the media controller  106  based on pre-configured criteria defined in the client  108 . In one embodiment, the client  108  may issue a HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request or a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) request for content on server  100  and/or  102  and is directed to media controller  106 . 
   At  302 , the media controller  106  communicates with each server ( 100 ,  102 ) that has the content to begin a bandwidth probe. At step  304 , the servers contacted by the media controller  106 , such as servers  100  and  102 , each launch software and/or hardware that probe communication bandwidth (i.e., bandwidth probe). Once the servers  100  and  102  have completed the bandwidth probe, each server  100  and  102  communicate the results of the bandwidth probe to the media controller  106  as stated at step  306 . At step  308 , the media controller  106  selects a server ( 100 ,  102 ). The media controller  106  may select the server  100  or  102  based on a variety of criteria. At step  310 , the media controller  106  sends a redirect message to the client  108 . The redirect message identifies which server  100  or  102  that the client  108  should use. As a result of the redirect message communicated at step  310 , the client  108  contacts the identified server ( 100 ,  102 ) as stated at  312 . At  314 , the identified server  100  or  102  communicates the content to client  106 . 
     FIG. 4  displays a flow diagram depicting a bandwidth probe method implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method depicted in  FIG. 4  implements the step  304  of  FIG. 3  where the servers probe bandwidth. In one embodiment, the bandwidth probe method is implemented with a combination of hardware and/or software in a server, such as servers  100  and  102  of  FIG. 1 . However, it should be appreciated that the bandwidth probe may be implemented in other locations, such as in the media controller  106 , the network  104 , or in the client  108  of  FIG. 1 . 
   In one embodiment of the present invention, a bandwidth probe consists of a short “train” of packets transmitted at the speed of the outgoing interface to a given endpoint. The endpoint reports back on the arrival time of the start and end of the train. The spacing between the packets at the receiving endpoint is reflective of the available bandwidth along the path, allowing an estimate to be formed. There are several different variants of the bandwidth probe depending on the environment of the endpoint being probed. The variations of the bandwidth probe differ in the method used to record the time differences between packets in the train. For example, four variations of the bandwidth probe are presented: (1) an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo with ICMP Timestamp Record may be used, (2) ICMP echo with Internet Protocol (IP) Timestamp Record may be used, (3) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Push/Reset with sender-based time recording may be used, and/or (4) ICMP echo with sender-based time recording may be used. It should be appreciated that although four bandwidth probe variations have been defined and described, other variations of bandwidth probes may be implemented and are within the scope of the present invention. 
   Referring to  FIG. 4 , at step  400 , start-of-train packets are transmitted.  FIG. 1  will be discussed in conjunction with  FIG. 4 . For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, the start-of-train packets are start packets compliant with one of the four bandwidth probe variations. For example, server  100  or  102  may send the start-of-train packets to client  108 . The client  108  timestamps the start-of-train packets. At step  402 , a train of N consecutive packets is transmitted. The train of N consecutive packets is consistent with one of the bandwidth probe variations. In one embodiment, the servers  100  and  102  send a train of consecutive packets to the client  108 . 
   At step  404 , end-of-train packets are sent. For example, end-of-train packets are sent from servers  100  and  102  to client  108 . In one embodiment, the end-of-train packets are defined by one of the bandwidth probe variations. At  406 , the servers  100  and  102  receive roundtrip packets communicated from the client  108 . In one embodiment, the roundtrip packets are time stamped, for example, the receivers&#39; timestamp the roundtrip packets. At  408 , the servers  100  and  102  then use the roundtrip packets to compute bandwidth performance measures, such as throughput, delay, and packet loss. 
     FIG. 5  displays a message flow diagram depicting the teachings of the present invention. In  FIG. 5 , vertical bar  501  represents a server machine, vertical bar  503  represents an intermediate communication device, vertical bar  505  represents an intermediate communication device, and vertical bar  507  represents a client machine. During operation, a packet is communicated from the server machine  501 , through the intermediate communication device  503 , to the intermediate communication device  505 , and then to the client machine  507 . 
   In  FIG. 5 , a train-of-packets is communicated from a server machine to a client machine and then returned back to the server machine. The train-of-packets is communicated between the server machine  501  and the intermediate communication device  503  as  500 ,  502 , and  504 . The train-of-packets is then communicated between intermediate communication device  503  and intermediate communication device  505  as  506 ,  508 , and  510 . As shown by the separation of  506 ,  508 , and  510 , the speed between intermediate communication device  503  and intermediate communication device  505  is slower. Lastly, the train-of-packets is communicated between the intermediate communication device  505  and the client machine  507  as  512 ,  514 ,  516 , and  518 . The train-of-packets is then communicated back from the client machine to the server machine where the train-of-packets is time stamped as shown by  524  and  526 . 
   In one embodiment of the present invention, the train-of-packets  500 ,  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  512 ,  514 ,  516 , and  518  are used to represent start-of-train packets, a train of N consecutive packets, and end-of-train packets. The start-of-train packets and the end-of-train packets are time stamped at the client machine  507  and then again at the server machine  501 . Using the start-of-train packets and the end-of-train packets at the client machine  507 , the receiver time dispersion shown as  520  may be calculated. In addition, using the start-of-train packets and the end-of-train packets at the server machine  501 , the sender time dispersion  522  may be calculated. For example, in the case where a time stamp is implemented, the time stamp may be used to calculate dispersion. Further, using the receiver time dispersion  520 , number-of-packets sent and size-of-the-packets throughput may be calculated. In the case where the timestamp function is not available on the receiving node, the sender time dispersion  522  is used to calculate the throughput. Round trip delay and packet loss may also be calculated. 
   While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility. 
   It is, therefore, intended by the appended claims to cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Technology Category: 5