Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Applications No. 2000-330973, filed Oct. 30, 2000; and No. 2001-308693, filed Oct. 4, 2001, the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a voltage switching circuit and more specifically to a voltage switching circuit for use in non-volatile semiconductor devices that utilize a voltage higher than supply voltages for NAND cells, NOR cells, DINOR cells, or AND cells. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Devices that use a boosted voltage higher than a supply voltage, typically non-volatile semiconductor devices, need a circuit that allows one interconnect line to charge selectively to ground voltage, a supply voltage Vcc, or a high voltage more than the supply voltage. An example of a conventional voltage switching circuit having such a function is illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     The voltage switching circuit of FIG. 1 comprises a first circuit consisting of a P-channel transistor Q P1  and an N-channel transistor Q N1  which are enhancement-mode devices and connected together at a node N 1 , a second circuit, or a high voltage output circuit, connected to an output node N 2 , and a third circuit consisting of an N-channel transistor Q D3  which is a depletion-mode device having a thick gate insulating film and connected between the nodes N 1  and N 2 . The thick gate insulating film of the transistor Q D3  is intended to withstand a high voltage output from the high-voltage output circuit  20  to the drain side of Q D3 . 
     In the first circuit, the transistor Q P1  has its source and substrate connected together to the supply voltage Vcc, its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 1 , and its drain connected to the node N 1 , while the transistor Q N1  has its source connected to ground (0 V), its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 2 , and its drain connected to the node N 1 . 
     In the second circuit, or the high voltage output circuit  20 , a signal Sig 3  is input and a high voltage V PP  is output to the node N 2 . The high voltage V PP  is used as a program voltage for a non-volatile semiconductor device. 
     In the third circuit, the transistor Q D3  has its source connected to the node N 1 , its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 6 , and its drain connected to the node N 2 . The third circuit consisting of Q D3  is closely related to the main part of the voltage switching circuit of the present invention as will be shown later and is therefore particularly indicated enclosed by broken line  10 . 
     The operation of the voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 1 will be described next. The signals Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3  and Sig 6  are set to go from Vcc (high level) to 0 volts (low level) or vice versa. In some cases, the signal Sig 6  can take a voltage # higher than 0 volts as its high level. 
     In the first circuit, when both the signals Sig 1  and Sig 2  go high, Q P1  turns off and Q N1  turns on, causing the node N 1  to go to 0 volts. On the other hand, when the signals Sig 1  and Sig 2  go low, Q P1  turns on and Q N1  turns off, so that the node N 1  goes to Vcc. When the signal Sig 1  goes high and the signal Sig 2  goes low, both Q P1  and Q N1  turn off, so that the node N 1  is placed in the floating (high impedance) state. In this manner, 0 volts, Vcc or high-impedance state can be output to the node N 1  through the use of the signals Sig 1  and Sig 2 . 
     In the second circuit, when the input signal Sig 3  to the high-voltage output circuit  20  is raised to the high level, a high voltage V PP  is output to the node N 2 . On the other hand, when the signal Sig 3  goes low, the node N 2  is placed in the high-impedance state. 
     In the third circuit, when the signal Sig 6  goes high, the transistor Q D3  turns on, so that the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  is rendered conductive. When the signal Sig 6  goes low, the transistor Q D3  goes into the nonconductive state, causing the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  to be cutoff. 
     Although the operation of each of the first, second and third circuits has been described separately, the correspondence between the levels of the signals Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3  and Sig 6  and the output voltages of the conventional voltage switching circuit can be represented as follows: 
     (a) [Vcc, 0V, 0V, #]=&gt;[no output voltage (high-impedance state)] 
     (b) [Vcc, Vcc, 0V, #]=&gt;[output voltage=0V] 
     (c) [0V, 0V, 0V, Vcc]=&gt;[output voltage=Vcc] 
     (d) [0V, 0V, Vcc, 0V]=&gt;[output voltage=V PP ] 
     The voltages within [ ] correspond to Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3 , and Sig 6 , respectively. In the case of (a) and (b), the voltage level # of Sig 6  has only to be higher than 0 volts. 
     The feature of the voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 1 is the provision of the depletion transistor Q D3  between the output node N 2  to which the high voltage V PP  is output and the node N 1  to which voltages of Vcc or less are applied. The implementation of cutoff of the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  through a single transistor allows the circuit pattern area to be reduced. 
     In FIGS. 2A and 2B there is illustrated the operation of the third circuit  10 . As described previously, in order for the voltage switching circuit to output desired voltages, the transistor Q D3  is required to display such characteristics as indicated by dotted arrows in FIGS. 2A and 2B. 
     Assume here that the gate voltage of Q D3  is Vg, the source voltage is Vs, and the drain voltage is Vd. Then, Vg corresponds to the voltage of Sig 6 , Vs to the voltage at the node N 1 , and Vd to the voltage at the node N 2 . As shown in FIG. 2A, therefore, the transistor Q D3  should be rendered nonconductive when [Vg, Vs, Vd]=[0V, Vcc, V PP ] and, as shown in FIG. 2B, the source supply voltage Vcc should be transferred to the drain when [Vg, Vs]=[Vcc, Vcc]. 
     When the cutoff characteristic of Q D3  shown in FIG. 2A is obtained, leakage current associated with high voltage V PP  will flow from the drain to the source, resulting in the V PP  level dropping. When the conductive characteristic of Q D3  shown in FIG. 2B is not obtained, the output voltage Vcc of the voltage switching circuit is lowered. 
     In general, when Vcc is high, (Vg−Vs)=−Vcc in FIG. 2A increases in the negative direction and as a result the margin for the cutoff characteristic of Q D3  increases, allowing the absolute value of the threshold voltage (a negative value) of the transistor Q D3  to be increased. For this reason, the Vcc transfer state (on state) shown in FIG. 2B can be achieved with a sufficient margin. However, in order to achieve the cutoff characteristic of FIG. 2A with Vcc decreased, it is required to decrease the absolute value of the threshold voltage of Q D3 . Thus, the margin for the threshold voltage of Q D3  for the Vcc transfer state decreases with decreasing Vcc. 
     That is, in FIG. 2A, Vg−Vs (0V−Vcc=−Vcc) required to turn off the depletion transistor Q D3  approaches 0 volts with decreasing Vcc, which requires the threshold voltage of Q D3  to be set close to 0 volts to cut off the third circuit  10 . Therefore, the margin for the Vcc transfer state decreases. 
     In recent years, with decreasing power dissipation of semiconductor integrated circuits, the supply voltage used has been increasingly lowered, which involves difficulties in satisfying the characteristics of the n-channel depletion transistor Q D3  shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. For this reason, such circuits as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 have come into use which involve many components instead of using a depletion transistor. 
     The circuit of FIG. 3 is a voltage switching circuit which uses a third circuit  10   a  that is composed of an n-channel enhancement transistor Q N2  in place of the n-channel depletion transistor Q D3  and a high voltage generation circuit  25  which is responsive to the signal Sig 6  to provide a high voltage to the gate of Q N2 . With the use of the enhancement transistor, the threshold voltage becomes positive, which allows the circumvention of the problem of reduced margin for threshold voltage resulting from lowered supply voltage. 
     The circuit of FIG. 4 is a voltage switching circuit which uses as a third circuit l 0   b  an n-channel enhancement transistor Q N3  having its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 7  in place of the depletion transistor Q D3  and a transfer gate consisting of a p-channel enhancement transistor Q P2  having its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 8  and its substrate connected to the output of an n-well voltage control circuit  30 . In the circuit shown in FIG. 4 as well, an enhancement transistor is used; thus, the threshold voltage becomes positive, allowing the circumvention of the problem of reduced margin for threshold voltage resulting from lowered supply voltage. 
     However, the voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 3 is accompanied by an increase in the pattern area because of the provision of the high voltage generation circuit  25 . Likewise, the pattern area of the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 4 is increased by the n-well voltage control circuit  30 . Both the voltage switching circuits suffer from a significant increase in the pattern area in comparison with the circuit of FIG.  1 . 
     As described above, the conventional voltage switching circuits for use in non-volatile semi-conductor memory devices are not allowed to use a single depletion transistor under low supply voltages because of the reduced threshold voltage margin. On the other hand, the use of an enhancement transistor to increase the threshold voltage margin is accompanied by an increase in the pattern area and consequently in the chip area. 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a voltage switching circuit for use in non-volatile semiconductor devices which is large in operation margin without being accompanied by an increase in the chip area. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A voltage switching circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention is constructed from a minimum number of transistors and is adapted to prevent the threshold voltage margin from being lowered by causing high-voltage cutoff and supply voltage transfer functions heretofore performed by a single depletion transistor to be shared between two series-connected depletion transistors different in gate insulating film thickness or threshold voltage. 
     Specifically, a voltage switching circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first circuit configured to output a first voltage; a second circuit configured to output a second voltage; and a third circuit composed of a plurality transistors each having a gate insulating film and connected between the first and second circuits, the plurality of transistors comprising first and second transistors which are connected in series and have different current driving capabilities. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 shows the arrangement of a conventional voltage switching circuit using a depletion transistor; 
     FIG. 2A is a diagram for use in explanation of the cutoff state of the third circuit in the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 2B is a diagram for use in explanation of the Vcc transfer state of the third circuit in the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 shows the arrangement of a conventional voltage switching circuit using an enhancement transistor; 
     FIG. 4 shows the arrangement of another conventional voltage switching circuit using an enhancement transistor; 
     FIG. 5 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 6A is a diagram for use in explanation of the operation in the cutoff state of the third circuit in the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 6B is a diagram for use in explanation of the operation in the Vcc transfer state of the third circuit in the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7A is a sectional view illustrating the structure of the third circuit portion of the voltage switching circuit of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 7B is a sectional view illustrating the structure of the third circuit portion of the voltage switching circuit of a second embodiment; 
     FIG. 7C is a sectional view illustrating the structure of the third circuit portion of the voltage switching circuit of a third embodiment; 
     FIG. 7D is a sectional view illustrating the structure of the third circuit portion of the voltage switching circuit of a fourth embodiment; 
     FIG. 7E is a sectional view illustrating the structure of the third circuit portion of the voltage switching circuit of a fifth embodiment; FIG. 8 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 9 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 11 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 12 shows a modification of the tenth embodiment. 
     FIG. 13 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail. 
     [First Embodiment] 
     FIG. 5 shows the arrangement of a voltage switching circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention. This voltage switching circuit comprises a first circuit consisting of an enhancement P-channel transistor Q P1  and an enhancement N-channel transistor Q N1  which are connected together at node N 1 , a second circuit consisting of a high voltage output circuit  2  responsive to application of a signal Sig 3  to output a high voltage V PP , and a third circuit consisting of a depletion N-channel transistor Q D1  having its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 4  and its source connected to the node N 1  and a depletion N-channel transistor Q D2  having its gate connected to receive a signal Sig 5 , its source connected to the drain of Q D1 , and its drain connected to node N 2 . 
     Note here that the transistor Q D2  has a gate insulating film thick enough to prevent breakdown thereof even with its gate, source and drain supplied with high voltages. 
     Next, the operation of the voltage switching circuit will be described. The first and second circuits shown in FIG. 5 remain in operation unchanged from those in FIG.  1  and hence descriptions thereof are omitted here. Unlike the third circuit  10  in FIG. 1, in the third circuit  1  in FIG. 5, the two depletion transistors Q D1  and Q D2  have their source-to-drain paths connected in series. 
     As with the signal Sig 6  in FIG. 1, the signals Sig 4  and Sig 5  in FIG. 5 have a high level (supply voltage Vcc) and a low level (0 volts). In some cases, the high level of the signals Sig 4  and Sig 5  may be an arbitrary voltage # of more than 0 volts. 
     In the third circuit, when the signals Sig 4  and Sig 5  are raised to the high level, the depletion N-channel transistors Q D1  and Q D2  are rendered conductive, so that the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  conducts. With the signals Sig 4  and Sig 5  at the low level, on the other hand, the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  are off, so that the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  is cut off. 
     With the voltage levels of Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3 , Sig 4  and Sig 5  put in this order into brackets, the correspondence between the output voltages of the voltage switching circuit of the invention and the voltage levels of the signals Sig 1  to Sig 5  can be represented as follows: 
     (a) [Vcc, 0V, 0V, #, #]=&gt;[high-impedance state] 
     (b) [Vcc, Vcc, 0V, #, #]=&gt;[output voltage=0V] 
     (c) [0V, 0V, 0V, Vcc, Vcc]=&gt;[output voltage=Vcc] 
     (d) [0V, 0V, Vcc, 0V, 0V]=&gt;[output voltage=V PP ] 
     where # in (a) and (b) indicates that the level of the signals Sig 4  and Sig 5  may be any voltage as long as it is more than 0 volts. 
     The feature of the voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 5 is the provision of the depletion n-channel transistors Q D1  and Q D2  between the node (the output node) N 2  to which the high voltage V PP  is applied and the node N 1  to which voltages of Vcc or less are applied. The use of two transistors Q D1  and Q D2  allows voltage cutoff to be produced with ease between the node N 2  to which the high voltage V PP  is applied at the high-voltage output time and the node N 1  to which the high voltage is not applied and the pattern area to be reduced in comparison with the conventional circuits shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the operation of the third circuit  1 . In order for the voltage switching circuit to output desired voltages, the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  are required to satisfy such characteristics as indicated by broken arrows. 
     That is, when [Sig 4 , Sig 5 , N 1 , N 2 ]=[0V, 0V, Vcc, V PP ], either of Q D1  and Q D2  must be cut off. When [Sig 4 , Sig 5 , N 1 ]=[Vcc, Vcc, Vcc], the supply voltage Vcc must be transferred through Q D1  and Q D2  to the node N 2 . 
     In the above example, the Q D1 , Q D2  bias condition for cutting off the path between the nodes N 1  and N 2  is set such that Sig 4 =Sig 5 =0V and the bias condition for allowing the transfer of Vcc between the nodes N 1  and N 2  is set such that Sig 4 =Sig 5 =Vcc; however, this is not restrictive. 
     For example, when the threshold voltage (negative value) of Q D1  is lower than that of Q D2  and the cutoff state and the Vcc transfer state between nodes N 1  and N 2  depends solely on the action of Q D2 , it is possible to set the voltage level of the signal Sig 4  to the gate of Q D1  to either 0V or Vcc for both the cutoff state and the Vcc transfer state. It is also possible to set the voltage level of the signal Sig 5  to the gate of Q D2  to either 0V or Vcc for both the cutoff state and the Vcc transfer state when the threshold voltage (negative value) of Q D2  is lower than that of Q D1  and the cutoff state and the Vcc transfer state between nodes N 1  and N 2  depends solely on the action of Q D1  When the characteristics of the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  as shown in FIG. 6A are not satisfied, leakage current associated with the high voltage V PP  will flow through Q D1  and Q D2 , so that the level of V PP  drops. When the characteristics of the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  as shown in FIG. 6B are not met, the Vcc transfer function of Q D1  and Q D2  fails, causing the level of output voltage Vcc to drop. 
     Here, a description is given of the reason why the provision of two depletion transistors Q D1  and Q D2  as in the inventive circuit allows both the cutoff state shown in FIG.  6 A and the transfer state shown in FIG. 6B to be fulfilled easily in comparison with the case where only one depletion transistor Q D3  is provided as in the conventional circuit. 
     FIG. 7A shows the sectional structure of the third circuit comprised of the depletion n-channel transistor Q D1  and Q D2  formed in a semiconductor substrate. In FIG. 7A, there are illustrated a P-well (or a P-type substrate)  3 , N-type diffusion layers  5 , gate electrodes  7 , and gate insulating films (only their thickness is illustrated)  8 . The source diffusion layer  5  of Q D1  forms the node N 1 . The drain diffusion layer  5  of Q D1  which also serves as the source diffusion layer of Q D2  forms the node N 3 . The drain diffusion layer  5  of Q D2  forms the node N 2 . 
     In the third circuit shown in FIG. 7A, the transistor Q D1  having its gate connected to receive the signal Sig 4  and the transistor Q D2  having its gate connected to receive the signal Sig 5  are formed so that their respective gate insulating films  8  have different thicknesses of tox 1  and tox 2 . The transistor Q D2  needs a thick gate insulating film because its drain diffusion layer  5  is connected to the node N 2  to which the high voltage V PP  is output. 
     However, the thickness of the gate insulating film of Q D1  is allowed to be smaller than that of the gate insulating film of Q D2  (i.e., tox 1 &lt;tox 2 ). This is because, since the drain diffusion layer  5  of Q D1  is not directly connected with the node N 2 , and the gate of Q D2  is at 0 volts even when the node N 2  is applied with V PP , the drain diffusion layer  5  (the node N 3 ) of Q D1  is only applied with a voltage of the order of the absolute value of the threshold voltage of Q D2  (assuming the threshold voltage of Q D2  to be −Vtd 2 , the voltage at node N 3  is Vtd 2  (&lt;&lt;V PP )). 
     In general, a change in source-drain current with respect to a change in gate voltage, ΔId/ΔVg, increases with decreasing thickness of the gate insulating film. It therefore becomes easy to make the cutoff condition shown in FIG.  6 A and the Vcc transfer condition shown in FIG. 6B compatible with each other. If the cutoff condition is fulfilled by Q D1  in FIG. 7A, Q D2  has only to fulfill the Vcc transfer condition alone. Thus, the Vcc transfer condition can be fulfilled readily by lowering the threshold voltage of Q D2  (to a negative value large in absolute value). 
     For this reason, it becomes possible to provide, at low cost and at high yield, a voltage switching circuit which is large in operation margin and small in chip area without the use of the third circuit  10   a  or  10   b  having a large pattern area as shown in FIG. 3 or  4  even when a low supply voltage Vcc is used. 
     [Second Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 7B, which illustrates the sectional structure of the third circuit in the second embodiment. The first and second circuits remain unchanged from those in the first embodiment and descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     The third circuit of FIG. 7B is provided with a P-type substrate  3   a,  a P-well formed in the P-type substrate, and N-type diffusion layers  5  formed in the P-type substrate  3   a  and the P-well  4 . 
     The source diffusion layer of the depletion N-channel transistor Q D1  formed in the P-well  4  is connected with node N 1  using a wiring  6 . The drain diffusion layer  5  of Q D1  is connected with the source diffusion layer of the depletion N-channel transistor Q D2  formed in the P-type substrate  3   a  using a wiring  6  forming node N 3 . The drain diffusion layer  5  of Q D2  is connected to node N 2  using a wiring  6 . 
     Other portions remain the same as in the first embodiment and descriptions thereof are thus omitted. The surface of the semiconductor substrate is covered with an insulating film  8   a  except areas where the wirings  6  make contact with the diffusion layers  5 . 
     The depletion transistors Q D1  and Q D2  need not necessarily be formed in the same well or substrate but may be formed in a different well or substrate as shown in FIG.  7 B. In this case as well, by setting Q D1  and Q D2  such that tox 1 &lt;tox 2  is the thickness of the gate insulating film, the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition can be made compatible with each other as in the case of FIG.  7 A. 
     [Third Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 7C, which illustrates the sectional structure of the third circuit in the third embodiment. The sectional structure of FIG. 7C is the same as that in FIG. 7A except that tox 1 =tox 2  and a description of the structure is thus omitted. 
     In the third circuit of FIG. 7C, Q D1  and Q D2  are formed to have gate insulating films of equal thickness (tox 1 =tox 2 ) but have different threshold voltages as a result of changing channel ion implantation conditions. The provision of a degree of freedom in setting the threshold voltages of Q D1  and Q D2  results in a high degree of freedom in the voltage at the node N 3 . Thus, the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition can be made compatible with each other with ease in comparison with the prior arts. 
     [Fourth Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 7D, which illustrates the sectional structure of the third circuit in the fourth embodiment. The sectional structure of FIG. 7D is the same as that in FIG. 7B except that the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  are formed in P-well  1  ( 4 ) and P-well  2  ( 4   a ), respectively, in a P-type substrate (or N-type substrate)  3   b  and a further description of the structure is thus omitted. 
     In general, the lower the impurity concentration of a well or substrate in which a transistor is formed, the greater the change in source-drain current with respect to change in gate voltage, ΔId/ΔVg, becomes. For this reason, by setting the impurity concentration of the P-well  2  ( 4   a ) in which the transistor Q D1  is formed higher or lower than that of the P-well  1  ( 4 ), the degree of freedom in combination of threshold voltages of transistors can be increased; thus, it becomes easy to make the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition compatible with each other. 
     Particularly when P-well  1 &lt;P-well  2  in impurity concentration, ΔId/ΔVg of Q D1  can be made greater than when P-well  1 =P-well  2 . Thus, the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition can easily be made compatible with each other for Q D1 . 
     [Fifth Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 7E, which illustrates the sectional structure of the third circuit in the fifth embodiment. The sectional structure of FIG. 7E is the same as that in FIG. 7B except that the transistor Q D1  is formed in the P-type substrate  3   a  and the transistor Q D2  is formed in P-well  2  ( 4   a ) in the P-type substrate  3   a  and a further description of the structure is thus omitted. 
     Even when only Q D1  is formed in the P-type substrate and Q D2  is formed in the P-well as shown in FIG. 7E, the impurity concentration of the P-type substrate is usually lower that of the P-well, allowing easy fulfillment of the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition through Q D1  as in the case of FIG.  7 D. Even if Q D1  and Q D2  have their gate insulating film set such that tox 1 =tox 2  in the fourth and fifth embodiments, a significant improvement will be made over the conventional circuit shown in FIG.  1 . With tox 1 &lt;tox 2 , a still further improvement will be obtained owing to the combined effect of the impurity concentration and the gate insulating film thickness. 
     In the first through fifth embodiments described in conjunction with FIGS. 5 through 7, basically each of the first and second depletion transistor Q D1  and Q D2  has its own function. That is, the transistor Q D1  serves the function of making the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition between the nodes N 1  and N 2  compatible with each other, and the transistor Q D2  serves the function of fulfilling only the Vcc transfer condition while causing the maximum of the voltage level transferred to node N 3  to fall below V PP . 
     [Sixth Embodiment] 
     Next, a method of manufacturing the depletion transistors Q D1  and Q D2  will be described as a sixth embodiment of the present invention. In general, in fabricating a transistor, impurities are ion implanted into the channel portion of that transistor in order to set its threshold voltage to a desired value. This process is referred hereinafter to as the channel ion implantation. In many cases, the channel ion implantation is performed separately on each of transistors that are to have different threshold voltages Vt. Thus, as many channel ion implantation masks as there are types of transistors are needed. The fewer the masks, the lower the chip manufacturing cost becomes. 
     As described previously, in the present invention the first depletion transistor Q D1  is intended to make the cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition between nodes N 1  and N 2  compatible with each other and the second depletion transistor Q D2  is intended to fulfill the Vcc transfer condition alone; therefore, it is desirable that the threshold voltage of Q D2  be relatively low (particularly lower than the threshold voltage of Q D1  ; i.e., Vt(Q D1 )&gt;Vt(Q D2 )). 
     When, as shown in FIG. 7A, Q D1  and Q D2  are formed in the same well (or the same substrate) and their gate insulating film thickness is set such that tox 1 &lt;tox 2 , if Q D1  and Q D2  are subjected to the same channel ion implantation process, then the absolute value of the threshold voltage (V td1 ) of Q D1  will usually become smaller than that of the threshold voltage (V td2 ) of Q D2  (Vtd 1 &lt;Vtd 2 ); thus, Vt(Q D1 )=−Vtd 1 &gt;Vt(Q D2 )=−Vtd 2 . It therefore becomes possible to subject Q D1  and Q D2  to the same channel ion implantation process. 
     Thus, when Q D1  and Q D2  have their gate insulating film thickness related such that tox 1 &lt;tox 2 , by making the channel ion implantation process common to Q D1  and Q D2 , the masks and the manufacturing processes can be reduced in number, allowing the chip manufacturing cost to be reduced. In the structures of FIGS. 7B,  7 D and  7 E as well, the transistors Q D1  and Q D2  may be subjected to the same channel ion implantation process with the same effect as in the case of FIG.  7 A. 
     [Seventh Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.  8 . As the seventh embodiment a description is given of a modification of the voltage switching circuit of the first embodiment. 
     In the voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 8, a third circuit la consisting of depletion N-channel transistors Q D4  and Q D5  is connected between the node N 1  and the enhancement P-channel transistor Q P1  in the first circuit in the first embodiment shown in FIG.  5 . 
     In this circuit, V PP  from the second high-voltage output circuit in the first embodiment is directly output to node N 1  and at most, the supply voltage Vcc (&lt;&lt;V PP ) is merely applied to node N 5  between the transistors Q P1  and Q D4 ; therefore, the gate insulating film of Q D4  connected to node N 5  is made smaller in thickness than that of Q D5  connected to node N 1 . Input signals Sig 8  and Sig 9  are applied to the gates of Q D4  and Q D5 , respectively. The correspondence between the voltage levels of the respective input signals [Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3 , Sig 8 , Sig 9 ] and the output voltages is represented as follows: 
     (a) [Vcc, 0V, 0V, #, #]=&gt;[high-impedance state] 
     (b) [Vcc, Vcc, 0V, #, #]=&gt;[output voltage=0V] 
     (c) [0V, 0V, 0V, Vcc, Vcc]=&gt;[output voltage=Vcc] 
     (d) [0V, 0V, Vcc, 0V, 0V]=&gt;[output voltage=V PP ] 
     The outputs in (a) to (d) remain unchanged from those in the first embodiment. 
     Thus, the voltage switching circuit of the seventh embodiment has the same function as the voltage switching circuit of the first embodiment. However, since the high voltage V PP  is output to the node N 1 , the enhancement N-channel transistor Q N4  should have its gate insulating film set to substantially the same thickness as Q D5 . 
     [Eighth Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.  9 . As the eighth embodiment a description is given of a modification of the voltage switching circuit of the seventh embodiment. 
     In the voltage switching circuit of the eighth embodiment shown in FIG. 9, a depletion N-channel transistor Q D6  is further connected between the node N 1  and the enhancement N-channel transistor Q N4  in the seventh embodiment shown in FIG.  8 . In FIG. 9, the portion corresponding to the transistor circuit  1   a  in FIG. 8 is indicated as a transistor circuit  1   b.    
     In the transistor circuit  1   b  of FIG. 9, not only are two depletion N-channel transistors Q D 4   and Q D 5   , adapted to improve the V PP  cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition, connected between the nodes N 1  and N 5 , but a single depletion n-channel transistor Q D6  adapted to improve the V PP  cutoff condition is also connected between the nodes N 1  and N 8 . 
     In this circuit, the node N 1  is directly supplied with V PP  from the second high-voltage output circuit in the first embodiment and the node N 5  is merely supplied with, at a maximum, the supply voltage Vcc (&lt;&lt;V PP ); therefore, the gate insulating film of Q D4  connected to the node N 5  is made smaller in thickness than that of Q D5  and Q D6  connected to the node N 1 . Input signals Sig 10  and Sig 11  are applied to the gates of Q D4  and Q D5 , respectively, and an input signal Sig 12  is applied to the gate of Q D6 . The correspondence between the voltage levels of the respective input signals [Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3 , Sig 10 , Sig 11 , Sig 12 ] and the output voltages is represented as follows: 
     (a) [Vcc, 0V, 0V, #, #, #]=&gt;[high-impedance state] 
     (b) [Vcc, Vcc, 0V, #, #, #]=&gt;[output voltage=0V] 
     (c) [0V, 0V, 0V, Vcc, Vcc, #]=&gt;[output voltage=Vcc] 
     (d) [0V, 0V, Vcc, 0V, 0V, 0V]=&gt;[output voltage=V PP ] 
     The outputs in (a) to (d) remain unchanged from those in the seventh embodiment. 
     Thus, the voltage switching circuit of the eighth embodiment has the same function as the voltage switching circuit of the seventh embodiment. However, since the high voltage V PP  is output to the node N 1 , the depletion N-channel transistor Q D6  should have its gate insulating film set to substantially the same thickness as Q D5 . Instead, Q N2  is allowed to have substantially the same gate insulating film thickness as Q N1  in FIG.  5 . 
     [Ninth Embodiment] 
     Next, a voltage switching circuit according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.  10 . As the ninth embodiment a description is given of a modification of the voltage switching circuit of the eighth embodiment. 
     In the voltage switching circuit of the ninth embodiment shown in FIG. 10, a depletion N-channel transistor Q D7  is further connected between the depletion N-channel transistor Q D6  and the enhancement N-channel transistor Q N2  in the eighth embodiment shown in FIG.  9 . In FIG. 10, the portion corresponding to the transistor circuit  1   b  in FIG. 9 is indicated as a transistor circuit  1   c.    
     In the transistor circuit  1   c  of FIG. 10, not only are two depletion N-channel transistors Q D4  and Q D5 , adapted to improve the V PP  cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition, connected between the nodes N 1  and N 5 , but two depletion N-channel transistor Q D6  and Q D7  adapted to improve the V PP  cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition are also connected between the nodes N 1  and N 7 . 
     In this circuit, the node N 1  is directly supplied with V PP  from the second high-voltage output circuit in the first embodiment and the node N 5  is merely supplied with, at a maximum, the supply voltage Vcc (&lt;&lt;V PP ); therefore, the gate insulating film of Q D4  connected to the node N 5  is made smaller in thickness than that of Q D5  and Q D6  connected to the node N 1 . Likewise, the gate insulating film of Q D7  connected to the node N 7  is made smaller in thickness than that of Q D5  and Q D6 . 
     Input signals Sig 10  and Sig 11  are applied to the gates of Q D4  and Q D5 , respectively, and input signals Sig 12  and Sig 13  are applied to the gates of Q D6  and Q D7 , respectively. The correspondence between the voltage levels of the respective input signals [Sig 1 , Sig 2 , Sig 3 , Sig 10 , Sig 11 , Sig 12 , Sig 13 ] and the output voltages is represented as follows: 
     (a) [Vcc, 0V, 0V, #, #, #, #]=&gt;[high-impedance state] 
     (b) [Vcc, Vcc, 0V, #, #, #, #]=&gt;[output voltage=0V] 
     (c) [0V, 0V, 0V, Vcc, Vcc, #, #]=&gt;[output voltage=Vcc] 
     (d) [0V, 0V, Vcc, 0V, 0V, 0V, 0V]=&gt;[output voltage=V PP ] 
     The outputs in (a) to (d) remain unchanged from those in the eighth embodiment. 
     Thus, the voltage switching circuit of the ninth embodiment has the same function as the voltage switching circuit of the eighth embodiment. Since the high voltage V PP  is output to the node N 1  as in the eighth embodiment, the depletion N-channel transistor Q D6  has its gate insulating film set to substantially the same thickness as Q D5 . 
     The ninth embodiment is larger in the number of transistors used than the seventh and eighth embodiments. In the ninth embodiment, however, since two depletion transistors are used not only between the nodes N 1  and N 5  on the Vcc side but also between the nodes N 1  and N 7  on the ground side, the V PP  cutoff condition and the Vcc transfer condition can be optimized. Accordingly, a voltage switching circuit can be provided which operates stably with a low supply voltage Vcc. 
     [Tenth Embodiment] 
     Next, voltage switching circuits according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12. The voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 11 is arranged such that only the upper portion of the circuit of FIG. 10 between the node N 1  and Vcc is connected to the node N 1 , whereas The voltage switching circuit shown in FIG. 11 is arranged such that only the lower portion of the circuit of FIG. 10 between the node N 1  and ground is connected to the node N 1 . 
     From the description of FIG. 10 it is evident that the output of the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 11 is at Vcc, V PP , or in the high-impedance state, while the output of the voltage switching circuit of FIG. 12 is at 0 volts, V PP , or in the high-impedance state. Depending on the circuit arrangement of semiconductor devices to which the present invention is applied, a voltage level of Vcc or ground may not be required. In such a case, the voltage switching circuits of the tenth embodiment will be effective. 
     The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described so far. For example, although the embodiments have been described as one node of the third circuit being applied with the high voltage V PP  and the other node being applied with voltages of less than the supply voltage Vcc, this is not restrictive. The present invention is also effective in the case where the other node is applied with an intermediate voltage Vm (Vcc&lt;Vm&lt;V PP ). 
     In the first through fourth embodiments, descriptions have been given of the arrangement of series connection of multiple depletion transistors having gate insulating films different in thickness, the manufacture of the depletion transistors under the same channel ion implantation conditions, and the formation of the depletion transistors in different wells or a well and a substrate. The invention is not limited to the use of depletion transistors. Those arrangement and process can be equally applied to enhancement transistors. 
     In the above voltage switching circuits, even if the conductivity type (polarity) of constituent elements used is reversed, the same circuit function can be implemented. For example, the function of the third circuit shown in FIG. 5 may be implemented with two depletion P-channel transistors Q PD1  and Q PD2  as illustrated in a further embodiment depicted in FIG.  13 . In such a configuration, the polarities of the voltages are inverted from the corresponding voltages of FIG.  5 . More specifically, signals Sig 1  to Sig 5  are changed to inverted signals /Sig 1  to /Sig 5 , whereas the high voltage output circuit is changed to a negative voltage output circuit. The Vcc and GND terminals are exchanged in positions. In the above embodiments, the function of the third circuit that is composed basically of two depletion transistors that are series connected has been mainly described; however, three or more depletion transistors may be used to implement the same function. The present invention may be practiced or embodied in still other ways without departing from the scope and sprit thereof. 
     According to the present invention, as described above, voltage switching circuits adapted for nonvolatile semiconductor storage devices can be provided which, even if the supply voltage used is low, allow the operation margin to be large with no increase in chip area.

Technology Category: 5