Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/035,538 filed Aug. 11, 2014 entitled “Methods and Systems for Generating Graphical Content Through Physical System Modelling”, the entire contents of which are included by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to digital imagery and more particularly to reducing visual perceptions of digital generation and providing mark making tools simulating physical systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Digital graphics and digital image editing are the processes of creating and/or modifying digitally generated or digitally acquired and stored image data. Using specialized software programs, users may create, generate, manipulate, edit and transform images in a variety of ways. These digital image editors may include programs of differing complexity, such as limited-purpose programs associated with acquisition devices (e.g., digital cameras and scanners with bundled or built-in programs for managing brightness and contrast); limited editors suitable for relatively simple operations such as rotating and cropping images; and professional-grade programs with large and complex feature sets. Similarly, digital graphics editors may include programs of differing complexity, such as limited-purpose programs associated with acquisition devices (e.g., digital cameras and scanners with bundled or built-in programs for managing colour balance or applying specific graphics effects); limited editors suitable for relatively simple graphics generation (e.g., for example as part of general suites of software for business and/or residential users); and professional-grade programs with large and complex feature sets (e.g., simulating different artistic formats such as watercolour, calligraphy, pastels, oils, etc. with various applicators including various brushes, pens, air brushes, markers, sponges and knives). 
     Digital graphics and digital images may include, for example, “formatted” graphics and/or graphics data for use in generating an image with a digital graphics editor suite prior to “printing” the final or interim image. Accordingly, such graphics and images may include raster graphics, vector graphics, or a combination thereof. Raster graphics data (also referred to herein as bitmaps) may be stored and manipulated as a grid of individual picture elements called pixels. A bitmap may be characterized by its width and height in pixels and also by the number of bits per pixel. Commonly, a colour bitmap defined in the RGB (red, green blue) colour space may comprise between one and eight bits per pixel for each of the red, green, and blue channels. Another commonly used representation is a CMYK colour space. In these and other colour space representations, an alpha channel may be used to store additional data such as per-pixel transparency values (or the inverse-opacity values). For example, per-pixel data representing paint on a brush tool or on a canvas may include a set of colour values (e.g., one per channel) and an opacity value for the paint. In contrast vectors graphics are generally characterized by the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygons, all of which are based on mathematical expressions, to represent images along with boundary information (e.g. stroke line style and colour) and fill information (e.g. fill style and colour). 
     An operation often provided by digital graphics and digital image editors is the use of a virtual “paintbrush” (also referred to herein as a “brush”, “brush tool”, or mark making tool) to modify a digital image by depositing virtual paint or virtual ink. Various prior approaches have attempted to model a real-world brush and its behavior in the context of such an operation. For example, a two-dimensional (2D) raster image may be created to represent the shape of the brush as it contacts the canvas, and the 2D image may be stamped repeatedly along the input path. In another approach, a vector representation of the brush tip has been used instead of a 2D raster image. 
     Some existing digital painting applications create strokes by repeatedly applying a stamp at incremental positions along a path. The stamp consists of a 2D array of pixels that represent what the “brush” looks like at an instant in time. By repeatedly applying the stamp at close spacing, the effect of the brush being dragged continuously across the canvas is created, in the form of an elongated stroke. Some existing applications provide multiple settings for users to control the appearance of the stroke, e.g. size, opacity, mark making tool, and brush style. However, such applications led to uniform marks being made by the mark making tool along the stroke as the same process as applied by the software application at each point along the stroke. Accordingly, most existing applications in order to increase the realism of strokes by simulating varying user tool handling, pressure, angle of tool, etc. provide for the application of predefined functions and/or jitter to the values of the mark making tool within the stroke. Predefined functions address, for example, the initial or final stages of a stroke for the application of a brush to canvas whilst jitter addresses the intervening section of the stroke. In this manner, a brush stroke may be simulated as having increasing pressure at the beginning of stroke, some variability in pressure during the stroke, and decreasing pressure at the end of the stroke. 
     However, a problem with this approach is that the results can often yield, either through combining it with variations in other aspects of the stroke or solely, to strokes with mark making tools that are rendered by the software application being unnatural and appearing artificial despite the goal of the software application being to simulate as realistically as possible physical graphics image generating techniques such as painting with watercolours. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide either users or the software application with a mechanism to remove or reduce artifacts indicative of artificial generation, e.g. rapid transitions. 
     In a wide variety of applications the graphic images being generated and/or manipulated refer to imagined environments or have elements that are physical in nature. For example, science fiction art can represent anything from an alien character through to an imagined view of a galaxy, solar system etc. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide users with a range of mark making tools that do not mimic a mark making tool such as a brush, air brush, pen, etc. but rather represent marks made by mark making tools comprising multiple elements following physical laws. 
     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to address limitations within the prior art relating to digital imagery and more particularly to reducing visual perceptions of digital generation and providing mark making tools simulating physical systems. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of generating a mark making tool impression having a characteristic determined by a pseudo-random variable during its generation comprising adding a predetermined noise function to an original mark making tool impression generated in dependence upon at least the pseudo-random variable. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of generating a mark making tool impression comprising:
     establishing a mark making tool comprising at least one particle of a plurality of particles;   associating a property to each particle of the plurality of particles;   applying at least one physical effect to the plurality of particles during the generation of an impression using the mark making tool.   

     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of generating a mark making tool impression comprising:
     establishing a mark making tool comprising at least one particle of a plurality of particles;   associating a property to each particle of the plurality of particles;   applying at least one physical effect to the plurality of particles during the generation of an impression using the mark making tool; and   varying an aspect of the at least one physical effect in dependence upon a characteristic of a controller being used by a user to generate the mark making tool impression.   

     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts a network environment within which embodiments of the invention may be employed; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts a wireless portable electronic device supporting communications to a network such as depicted in  FIG. 1A  and as supporting embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 1C  depicts home screen of a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 2, 3A and 3B  depict examples of effect naturalization applied to different marks generated with a mark making tool according to embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 4A  depicts user help screen and general particle interface for particle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4B  depicts examples of particle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  depicts examples of flow particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 6  depicts examples of gravity particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 7  depicts examples of spring based mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 8  depicts examples of marks generated by a pair of spring based mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 9A  depicts an effect of an expression, force, upon a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 9B  depicts the effects of position jitter and randomized chaos on flow particle mark making tool strokes according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 10  depicts an effect of particle count upon a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIGS. 11 to 14  depicts the effect of global and local chaos onto a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 15  depicts the particles with increasing particle count for a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 16  depicts the effect of flow mapping upon flow particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIGS. 17 and 18  depict the effects of spin and velocity expression of spin respectively for gravity particles within a gravity particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 19  depicts spring particle configurations for spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 20  depicts the effect of spring stiffness upon a mesh spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 21A  depicts the effect of global chaos upon a mesh spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 21B  depicts the effects of opacity and spring length upon a spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; 
         FIG. 22  depicts the effects of global and local chaos upon particle positioning for particles within a ring spring particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application; and 
         FIG. 23  depicts the effects of global and local chaos upon particle positioning for particles within a particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is directed to digital imagery and more particularly to reducing visual perceptions of digital generation and providing mark making tools simulating physical systems. 
     The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. 
     A “portable electronic device” (PED) as used herein and throughout this disclosure, refers to a wireless device used for communications and other applications that requires a battery or other independent form of energy for power. This includes devices, but is not limited to, such as a cellular telephone, smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computer, pager, portable multimedia player, portable gaming console, laptop computer, tablet computer, and an electronic reader. 
     A “fixed electronic device” (FED) as used herein and throughout this disclosure, refers to a wireless and/or wired device used for communications and other applications that requires connection to a fixed interface to obtain power. This includes, but is not limited to, a laptop computer, a personal computer, a computer server, a kiosk, a gaming console, a digital set-top box, an analog set-top box, an Internet enabled appliance, an Internet enabled television, and a multimedia player. 
     A “software application”, also referred to as an “application” or “app”, as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a “standalone software application”, an element of a “software suite”, a computer program designed to allow an individual to perform an activity, a computer program designed to allow an electronic device to perform an activity, and a computer program designed to communicate with local and/or remote electronic devices. An application thus differs from an operating system (which runs a computer), a utility (which performs maintenance or general-purpose chores), and a programming tools (with which computer programs are created). Generally, within the following description with respect to embodiments of the invention an application is generally presented in respect of software permanently and/or temporarily installed upon a PED and/or FED. 
     An “enterprise” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a provider of a service and/or a product to a user, customer, or consumer. This includes, but is not limited to, a retail outlet, a store, a market, an online marketplace, a manufacturer, an online retailer, a charity, a utility, and a service provider. Such enterprises may be directly owned and controlled by a company or may be owned and operated by a franchisee under the direction and management of a franchiser. 
     A “service provider” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a third party provider of a service and/or a product to an enterprise and/or individual and or group of individuals and/or a device comprising a microprocessor. This includes, but is not limited to, a retail outlet, a store, a market, an online marketplace, a manufacturer, an online retailer, a utility, an own brand provider, and a service provider wherein the service and/or product is at least one of marketed, sold, offered, and distributed by the enterprise solely or in addition to the service provider. 
     A ‘third party’ or “third party provider” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a so-called “arm&#39;s length” provider of a service and/or a product to an enterprise and/or individual and/or group of individuals and/or a device comprising a microprocessor wherein the consumer and/or customer engages the third party but the actual service and/or product that they are interested in and/or purchase and/or receive is provided through an enterprise and/or service provider. 
     A “user” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, an individual or group of individuals whose biometric data may be, but not limited to, monitored, acquired, stored, transmitted, processed and analysed either locally or remotely to the user wherein by their engagement with a service provider, third party provider, enterprise, social network, social media etc. via a dashboard, web service, website, software plug-in, software application, graphical user interface acquires, for example, electronic content. This includes, but is not limited to, private individuals, employees of organizations and/or enterprises, members of community organizations, members of charity organizations, men, women, children, teenagers, and animals. In its broadest sense the user may further include, but not be limited to, software systems, mechanical systems, robotic systems, android systems, etc. that may be characterised by providing a gesture or data relating to a gesture to a software application. 
     A “wearable device” or “wearable sensor” relates to miniature electronic devices that are worn by the user including those under, within, with or on top of clothing and are part of a broader general class of wearable technology which includes “wearable computers” which in contrast are directed to general or special purpose information technologies and media development. Such wearable devices and/or wearable sensors may include, but not be limited to, smartphones, smart watches, e-textiles, smart shirts, activity trackers, smart glasses, environmental sensors, medical sensors, biological sensors, physiological sensors, chemical sensors, ambient environment sensors, position sensors, neurological sensors, drug delivery systems, medical testing and diagnosis devices, and motion sensors. 
     “Electronic content” (also referred to as “content” or “digital content”) as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, any type of content that exists in the form of digital data as stored, transmitted, received and/or converted wherein one or more of these steps may be analog although generally these steps will be digital. Forms of digital content include, but are not limited to, information that is digitally broadcast, streamed or contained in discrete files. Viewed narrowly, types of digital content include popular media types such as MP3, JPG, AVI, TIFF, AAC, TXT, RTF, HTML, XHTML, PDF, XLS, SVG, WMA, MP4, FLV, and PPT, for example, as well as others, see for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats. Within a broader approach digital content mat include any type of digital information, e.g. digitally updated weather forecast, a GPS map, an eBook, a photograph, a video, a Vine™, a blog posting, a Facebook™ posting, a Twitter™ tweet, online TV, etc. The digital content may be any digital data that is capable of being at least one of generated, selected, created, modified, and transmitted with a software application allowing a user of the software application to generate, select, create, modify, and edit visual and/or audiovisual content within the digital content. 
     Reference to a “document” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, any machine-readable and machine-storable work product. A document may be a file, a combination of files, one or more files with embedded links to other files, etc. The files may be of any type, such as text, audio, image, video, etc. Parts of a document to be rendered to an end user can be thought of as “content” of the document. A document may include “structured data” containing both content (words, pictures, etc.) and some indication of the meaning of that content (for example, e-mail fields and associated data, HTML tags and associated data, etc.). In the context of the Internet, a common document is a Web page. Web pages often include content and may include embedded information (such as meta-information, hyperlinks, etc.) and/or embedded instructions (such as Javascript, etc.). In many cases, a document has a unique, addressable, storage location and can therefore be uniquely identified by this addressable location such as a universal resource locator (URL) for example used as a unique address used to access information on the Internet. “Document information” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, may include any information included in the document, information derivable from information included in the document (referred to as “document derived information”), and/or information related to the document (referred to as “document related information”), as well as an extensions of such information (e.g., information derived from related information). An example of document derived information is a classification based on textual content of a document. Examples of document related information include document information from other documents with links to the instant document, as well as document information from other documents to which the instant document links. 
     A “mark making tool”, also referred to as a “mark tool” or “marking tool”, as used herein may refer to, a tool for applying a visual effect to a graphics image within a software application including, for example, a graphics generating tool, a graphics editing tool, and an image processing tool. Accordingly, a mark making tool may simulate real and unreal systems for the application, removal, or modification of information including, but not limited to, colour, texture, and content to a graphics image. As such a mark making tool may include, but is not limited to, a brush, an air brush, a pen, a pencil, a nib, a spray can, a sprayer, a sponge, a knife, a mathematical algorithm, a physical system of elements obeying physical laws, and a physical system obeying non-physical laws. 
     A “gesture”, also referred to as a “motion” or “input”, as used herein may refer to, an action resulting in the movement and/or action of a mark making tool relative to a graphics image within a software application including, for example, a graphics generating tool, a graphics editing tool, and an image processing tool. As such a gesture may include, but not be limited to, a swipe, a tap, a motion, a press, and a click captured by the software application through an interface including, but not limited to, image processing, image capture, audio command, a user interface and a haptic interface. 
     A “gesture characteristic”, also referred to as a “gesture expression” or an “expression”, as used herein may refer to an aspect of a gesture exploited within a software application to modify a value relating to a mark making tool within the software application. As such as a gesture characteristic or expression may include, but not be limited, to velocity, direction, pressure, wheel, tilt, bearing, rotation, source of the gesture, and random. A source of the gesture may include, but not be limited to, a touchpad, a stylus, a mouse, keypad, keyboard, accelerometer or accelerometer derived data, tracked motion of a user or a predetermined portion of a user, an external image source, an external audiovisual source, an external multimedia source, biometric data of a user, and an item of environmental data. An expression or gesture characteristic may be applied to one or more behaviours/aspects of a mark making tool including, but not limited to, global chaos, local chaos, smoothness, damping, jitter, number, count, weighting, force, direction, mapping, colour, colour variability, resaturation, bleed, feature, grain, concentration, setting rate, viscosity, wetness, opacity and hardness. 
     A “user interface”, also referred to as a “controller” or “haptic interface”, as used herein may refer to a device and/or system capturing one or more actions of a user and providing these to a software application. Accordingly, a user interface may include an image capture/processing system, a gesture recognition system, a stylus, a wearable device, a touchscreen, a keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a tablet, an accelerometer, and a motion recognition system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A  there is depicted a network environment  100  within which embodiments of the invention may be employed supporting graphics editing systems and graphics editing applications/platforms (GESGEAPs) according to embodiments of the invention. Such GESGEAPs, for example including digital graphics editor and digital painting applications. As shown first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B respectively interface to a telecommunications network  100 . Within the representative telecommunication architecture a remote central exchange  180  communicates with the remainder of a telecommunication service providers network via the network  100  which may include for example long-haul OC-48/OC-192 backbone elements, an OC-48 wide area network (WAN), a Passive Optical Network, and a Wireless Link. The central exchange  180  is connected via the network  100  to local, regional, and international exchanges (not shown for clarity) and therein through network  100  to first and second cellular APs  195 A and  195 B respectively which provide Wi-Fi cells for first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B respectively. Also connected to the network  100  are first and second Wi-Fi nodes  110 A and  110 B, the latter of which being coupled to network  100  via router  105 . Second Wi-Fi node  110 B is associated with Enterprise  160 , e.g. Disney Pixar™, within which are other first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B. Second user group  100 B may also be connected to the network  100  via wired interfaces including, but not limited to, DSL, Dial-Up, DOCSIS, Ethernet, G.hn, ISDN, MoCA, PON, and Power line communication (PLC) which may or may not be routed through a router such as router  105 . 
     Within the cell associated with first AP  110 A the first group of users  100 A may employ a variety of PEDs including for example, laptop computer  155 , portable gaming console  135 , tablet computer  140 , smartphone  150 , cellular telephone  145  as well as portable multimedia player  130 . Within the cell associated with second AP  110 B are the second group of users  100 B which may employ a variety of FEDs including for example gaming console  125 , personal computer  115  and wireless/Internet enabled television  120  as well as cable modem  105 . First and second cellular APs  195 A and  195 B respectively provide, for example, cellular GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) telephony services as well as 3G and 4G evolved services with enhanced data transport support. Second cellular AP  195 B provides coverage in the exemplary embodiment to first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B. Alternatively the first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B may be geographically disparate and access the network  100  through multiple APs, not shown for clarity, distributed geographically by the network operator or operators. First cellular AP  195 A as show provides coverage to first user group  100 A and environment  170 , which comprises second user group  100 B as well as first user group  100 A. Accordingly, the first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B may according to their particular communications interfaces communicate to the network  100  through one or more wireless communications standards such as, for example, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, UMTS, GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GPRS, ITU-R 5.138, ITU-R 5.150, ITU-R 5.280, and IMT-1000. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that many portable and fixed electronic devices may support multiple wireless protocols simultaneously, such that for example a user may employ GSM services such as telephony and SMS and Wi-Fi/WiMAX data transmission, VOIP and Internet access. Accordingly portable electronic devices within first user group  100 A may form associations either through standards such as IEEE 802.15 and Bluetooth as well in an ad-hoc manner. 
     Also connected to the network  100  are Social Networks (SOCNETS)  165 , first and second graphics editors  170 A and  170 B respectively, e.g. Corel™ Painter™ and Adobe™ Illustrator, first and second web based graphic editors  170 C and  170 D respectively, e.g. PhotoCommander™ and FatPaint™, and first and second video editing tools  175 A and  175 B respectively, e.g. Corel™ MobileStudio™ and Cinnerla™, as well as first and second servers  190 A and  190 B which together with others, not shown for clarity. First and second servers  190 A and  190 B may host according to embodiments of the inventions multiple services associated with a provider of graphics editing systems and graphics editing applications/platforms (GESGEAPs); a provider of a SOCNET or Social Media (SOME) exploiting GESGEAP features; a provider of a SOCNET and/or SOME not exploiting GESGEAP features; a provider of services to PEDS and/or FEDS; a provider of one or more aspects of wired and/or wireless communications; an Enterprise  160  exploiting GESGEAP features; license databases; content databases; image databases; content libraries; customer databases; websites; and software applications for download to or access by FEDs and/or PEDs exploiting and/or hosting GESGEAP features. First and second primary content servers  190 A and  190 B may also host for example other Internet services such as a search engine, financial services, third party applications and other Internet based services. 
     Accordingly, a graphics designer and/or user (GRADUS or user) may exploit a PED and/or FED within an Enterprise  160 , for example, and access one of the first or second primary content servers  190 A and  190 B respectively to perform an operation such as accessing/downloading an application which provides GESGEAP features according to embodiments of the invention; execute an application already installed providing GESGEAP features; execute a web based application providing GESGEAP features; or access content. Similarly, a GRADUS may undertake such actions or others exploiting embodiments of the invention exploiting a PED or FED within first and second user groups  100 A and  100 B respectively via one of first and second cellular APs  195 A and  195 B respectively and first Wi-Fi nodes  110 A. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 1B  there is depicted an electronic device  1204  and network access point  1207  supporting GESGEAP features according to embodiments of the invention. Electronic device  1204  may, for example, be a PED and/or FED and may include additional elements above and beyond those described and depicted. Also depicted within the electronic device  1204  is the protocol architecture as part of a simplified functional diagram of a system  1200  that includes an electronic device  1204 , such as a smartphone  155 , an access point (AP)  1206 , such as first AP  110 , and one or more network devices  1207 , such as communication servers, streaming media servers, and routers for example such as first and second servers  190 A and  190 B respectively. Network devices  1207  may be coupled to AP  1206  via any combination of networks, wired, wireless and/or optical communication links such as discussed above in respect of  FIG. 1  as well as directly as indicated. Network devices  1207  are coupled to network  100  and therein Social Networks (SOCNETS)  165 , first and second graphics editors  170 A and  170 B respectively, e.g. Corel™ Painter™ and Adobe™ Illustrator, first and second web based graphic editors  170 C and  170 D respectively, e.g. PhotoCommander™ and FatPaint™, and first and second video editing tools  175 A and  175 B respectively, e.g. Corel™ MobileStudio™ and Cinnerla™. The electronic device  1204  includes one or more processors  1210  and a memory  1212  coupled to processor(s)  1210 . AP  1206  also includes one or more processors  1211  and a memory  1213  coupled to processor(s)  1210 . A non-exhaustive list of examples for any of processors  1210  and  1211  includes a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a reduced instruction set computer (RISC), a complex instruction set computer (CISC) and the like. Furthermore, any of processors  1210  and  1211  may be part of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or may be a part of application specific standard products (ASSPs). A non-exhaustive list of examples for memories  1212  and  1213  includes any combination of the following semiconductor devices such as registers, latches, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory devices, non-volatile random access memory devices (NVRAM), SDRAM, DRAM, double data rate (DDR) memory devices, SRAM, universal serial bus (USB) removable memory, and the like. 
     Electronic device  1204  may include an audio input element  1214 , for example a microphone, and an audio output element  1216 , for example, a speaker, coupled to any of processors  1210 . Electronic device  1204  may include a video input element  1218 , for example, a video camera or camera, and a video output element  1220 , for example an LCD display, coupled to any of processors  1210 . Electronic device  1204  also includes a keyboard  1215  and touchpad  1217  which may for example be a physical keyboard and touchpad allowing the user to enter content or select functions within one of more applications  1222 . Alternatively the keyboard  1215  and touchpad  1217  may be predetermined regions of a touch sensitive element forming part of the display within the electronic device  1204 . The one or more applications  1222  that are typically stored in memory  1212  and are executable by any combination of processors  1210 . Electronic device  1204  also includes accelerometer  1260  providing three-dimensional motion input to the process  1210  and GPS  1262  which provides geographical location information to processor  1210 . 
     Electronic device  1204  includes a protocol stack  1224  and AP  1206  includes a communication stack  1225 . Within system  1200  protocol stack  1224  is shown as IEEE 802.11 protocol stack but alternatively may exploit other protocol stacks such as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) multimedia protocol stack for example. Likewise AP stack  1225  exploits a protocol stack but is not expanded for clarity. Elements of protocol stack  1224  and AP stack  1225  may be implemented in any combination of software, firmware and/or hardware. Protocol stack  1224  includes an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module  1226  that is coupled to one or more Front-End Tx/Rx &amp; Antenna  1228 , an IEEE 802.11-compatible MAC module  1230  coupled to an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLC module  1232 . Protocol stack  1224  includes a network layer IP module  1234 , a transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module  1236  and a transport layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) module  1238 . 
     Protocol stack  1224  also includes a session layer Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) module  1240 , a Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) module  1242 , a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module  1244  and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) module  1246 . Protocol stack  1224  includes a presentation layer media negotiation module  1248 , a call control module  1250 , one or more audio codecs  1252  and one or more video codecs  1254 . Applications  1222  may be able to create maintain and/or terminate communication sessions with any of devices  1207  by way of AP  1206 . Typically, applications  1222  may activate any of the SAP, SIP, RTSP, media negotiation and call control modules for that purpose. Typically, information may propagate from the SAP, SIP, RTSP, media negotiation and call control modules to PHY module  1226  through TCP module  1238 , IP module  1234 , LLC module  1232  and MAC module  1230 . 
     It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that elements of the electronic device  1204  may also be implemented within the AP  1206  including but not limited to one or more elements of the protocol stack  1224 , including for example an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module, an IEEE 802.11-compatible MAC module, and an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLC module  1232 . The AP  1206  may additionally include a network layer IP module, a transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module and a transport layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) module as well as a session layer Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) module, a Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) module, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) module, media negotiation module, and a call control module. Portable and fixed electronic devices represented by electronic device  1204  may include one or more additional wireless or wired interfaces in addition to the depicted IEEE 802.11 interface which may be selected from the group comprising IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, UMTS, GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GPRS, ITU-R 5.138, ITU-R 5.150, ITU-R 5.280, IMT-1000, DSL, Dial-Up, DOCSIS, Ethernet, G.hn, ISDN, MoCA, PON, and Power line communication (PLC). 
     Now referring to  FIG. 1C  there is depicted a home screen  1100  of a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application, the GESGEAP, according to an embodiment of the invention, e.g. Corel™ Painter 2015. Accordingly, within the home screen  1100  a user has opened a window  1100 A, which may for example be untextured, textured to mimic a paper, canvas, or other surface for “painting.” Optionally, a texture may be applied prior to the user beginning work, during their work, or upon its completion. Similarly, other effects may be added by the user through the menu bar  1110  including employing multiple layers with different effects and/or properties, different illuminations, etc. as known within the art. The user is also presented with a series of menus that can be manipulated, docked, undocked and moved with respect to the home screen  1100  and allowing the user to select, adjust, modify, add, delete, and control various aspects of their interaction with the GESGEAP. These include, but are not limited to: 
     Mark making tool selector and summary settings  1120 ; 
     Main feature menu  1130 ; 
     General particle mark making tool menu  1140 ; 
     Particle mark making tool menu  1150 ; 
     Flow mapping menu  1160 ; 
     Canvas navigator menu  1170 ; 
     Colour menu  1180 ; and 
     Layer/channel management menu  1190 . 
     Accordingly, within the embodiments of the invention described below and in respect of  FIGS. 2 to 22  a user may select features and functionalities according to embodiments of the invention and establish aspects of these at different settings through such menus and others as would be evident to one of skill in the art. 
     As noted supra prior art GESGEAPs in order to improve realism within graphical images generated and/or modified by users with the GESGEAPs mark making tools provide automatic generation options in response to the user&#39;s stroke with the mark making tool. Whilst many, of these automatically generated aspects of the user&#39;s stroke do indeed add perceived realisms such as varying brush pressure on application/removal from a canvas and/or paper or the abrupt application from activation of a spray can nozzle for example. However, in many instances these automatically generated effects within the stroke are implemented through the application of random behaviours to the strokes which actually appear less realistic as they reflect instances that a user, for example, painting with watercolours or oils, could not achieve. Accordingly, the inventors have established a methodology of automatically adding noise to the computer generated mark making tool stroke allowing aspects of the mark making tool generated to be varied. The inventors have associated the terms “feature jitter” and “jitter smoothing” to the concept and refer to mark making tools with such jitter smoothing as jitter mark making tools and may be denoted within a GESGEAP by the addition of “jitter” within the mark making tool nomenclature to denote mark making tools with this feature according to embodiments of the invention. 
     For example, within Corel™ Painter 2015, such a series of mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention are provided within different categories of mark making tools including: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Airbrushes 
                 Coarse Spray Jitter; 
               
               
                 Artists 
                 Coarse Sargent Brush Jitter, Impressionist Brush 
               
               
                   
                 Jitter, and Sargent Super Jitter; 
               
               
                 Chalks 
                 Real Chalk Jitter; 
               
               
                 Gel 
                 Gel Fractal Jitter; 
               
               
                 Gouache 
                 Gouache Rake Jitter; 
               
               
                 Impasto 
                 Captured Impasto Blender Jitter, Coarse Impasto 
               
               
                   
                 Jitter, and Heavy Impasto Stamp Jitter; 
               
               
                 Markers 
                 Worn Marker Jitter; 
               
               
                 Palette Knives 
                 Pointed Palette Knife Brush Jitter, Pointed Palette 
               
               
                   
                 Knife Plow Jitter; 
               
               
                 Real Watercolour 
                 Light Fringe Jitter, and Real Wet Jitter Sponge; and 
               
               
                 Sponges 
                 Grainy Jitter Sponge. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The user may through a user interface, i.e. pop-up menu, associated with their selected mark making tool adjust the jitter smoothing applied to the randomness of their mark making tool impressions given them a more natural, organic look. Accordingly, the user may control the amount of jitter that their brush produces and, in general, the jitter control the user can modify are determined by the jitter brush variant the user selects. For example, if the user selects “Coarse Spray Jitter” variant from the Airbrushes category then the user can adjust the following characteristics: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Size Jitter 
                 via Size brush control panel; 
               
               
                 Feature Jitter and Flow Jitter 
                 via Airbrush brush control panel; 
               
               
                 Opacity Jitter 
                 via Opacity brush control panel; and 
               
               
                 Stroke Jitter 
                 via Stroke brush control panel. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Other mark making tool controls with jitter control may include, but are not limited, to Grain. Size, Angle, Color Expression, and Impasto. Referring to  FIG. 2  there are depicted first to sixth GESGEAP effects  210  to  260  respectively wherein the upper image represents the graphical image generated without jitter smoothing and the lower image represents the graphical image resulting from application of the jitter smoothing according to embodiments of the invention. These being: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 First effect 210 
                 Airbrush Feature; 
               
               
                   
                 Second effect 220 
                 Airbrush Flow; 
               
               
                   
                 Third effect 230 
                 Grain; 
               
               
                   
                 Fourth effect 240 
                 Impasto; 
               
               
                   
                 Fifth effect 250 
                 Opacity; and 
               
               
                   
                 Sixth effect 260 
                 Size. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIG. 3A  there are depicted first to sixth GESGEAP effects  310  to  360  respectively wherein the upper image represents the graphical image generated without jitter smoothing and the lower image represents the graphical image resulting from application of the jitter smoothing according to embodiments of the invention. These being: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 First effect 310 
                 Angle Hose; 
               
               
                   
                 Second effect 320 
                 Angle; 
               
               
                   
                 Third effect 330 
                 Colour Expression; 
               
               
                   
                 Fourth effect 340 
                 Colour Variability from Set; 
               
               
                   
                 Fifth effect 350 
                 Colour Variability; and 
               
               
                   
                 Sixth effect 360 
                 Stroke Jitter. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Now referring to  FIG. 3B  there are depicted baseline airbrush effect  370  together with first and second feature jitter images  380 A and  380 B respectively and first and second jitter smoothing images  390 A and  390 B. Accordingly, first and second smoothing images  390 A and  390 B represent 50% and 100% smoothing settings within Corel™ Painter 2015 for the airbrush feature wherein the smoothing function would represent a feature known to one of skill in the art. In contrast, first and second feature jitter images  380 A and  380 B depict the 50% and 100% feature jitter settings within Corel™ Painter 2015 for the airbrush feature. Accordingly, it is evident that the impact of feature jitter is different to that of smoothing. 
     The jitter feature/jitter smoothing acts differently to smoothing as evident from Equations (1) to (3) below. Referring to Equation (1) the value of a feature characteristic of a mark making tool, ℑ, is the sum of an initial value, ℑ 0 , and a randomly generated value having upper and lower limits wherein the randomly generated value is determined in dependence upon an expression, e.g. sequentially generated for each impression of the mark making tool or element of the mark making tool. In contrast, smoothing as defined in Equation (2) takes the current generated value and then applies an average value over a number of applications of the mark making tool or element of the mark making tool. Accordingly, the randomness is smoothed out. In contrast, the feature jitter function as defined, for example, by Equation (3) adds a noise value to the sum of an initial value, ℑ 0 , and a randomly generated value having upper and lower limits wherein the noise value added is dependent upon the feature jitter setting established within the GESGEAP automatically by the GESGEAP or manually by the user. Equations (1) to (3) are exemplary equations only to demonstrate the prior art in Equations (1) and (2) and the invention, Equation (3). It would be evident that a variety of mathematical processes for the addition of a noise function to a randomly generated characteristic of a mark marking tool or effect generated by a mark making tool may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention.
 
ℑ=ℑ 0   +RND   LOWER   UPPER (Expression)  (1)
 
ℑ=ℑ 0   +RND   LOWER   UPPER (Expression)+AVG −N   +N ( RND   LOWER   UPPER (Expression))  (2)
 
ℑ=ℑ 0   +RND   LOWER   UPPER (Expression)+             NOISE   _   LOWER   NOISE   _   UPPER (Espression,Jitter_Setting)  (3)

     The noise function employed,              NOISE   _   LOWER   NOISE   _   UPPER (Expression,Jitter_Setting), may for example be gradient noise (such as Perlin noise and Simplex noise for example), value noise, Wavelet noise, power-law noise, white noise, pink noise, brown noise, blue noise, violet noise, grey noise, red noise, green noise, black noise, noisy white noise, noisy black noise and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).
     Now referring to  FIG. 4A  there are depicted user help screen  4000 A and general particle interface  4000 B for particle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention. As depicted user help screen  4000 A provides a user with an overview of features of particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention. As depicted these features are split into three sections  400 A to  400 C respectively and are linked within  FIG. 4A  to the fields within general particle interface  4000 B presented to the user when employing particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, first to third fields  410  to  425  are associated with number and weight of particles as described in first section  400 A, fourth to seventh fields  430  to  445  with particle chaos as described in second section  400 B, and eighth to ninth fields  450  and  455  relating to particle damping and as described in third section  400 C. 
     In summary the fields within general particle interface  4000 B are: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 First field 410 
                 Count 
                 Adjusts number of particles and hence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the number of paths rendered during a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 stroke of the mark making tool. 
               
               
                 Second field 420 
                 Weight 
                 Adjusts opacity of individual particle 
               
               
                   
                   
                 paths within the mark. 
               
               
                 Third field 425 
                 Weight Jitter 
                 Degree of randomness added to opacity of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 individual particle paths within the mark. 
               
               
                 Fourth field 430 
                 Global Chaos 
                 Degree of randomness applied to particle set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 overall so that move chaotically but in unison. 
               
               
                 Fifth field 435 
                 Smoothness 
                 Degree of smoothing applied to global chaos. 
               
               
                 Sixth field 440 
                 Local Chaos 
                 Degree of randomness applied to each particle 
               
               
                   
                   
                 individually within the mark. 
               
               
                 Seventh field 445 
                 Smoothness 
                 Degree of smoothing applied to local chaos. 
               
               
                 Eighth field 450 
                 Damping 
                 Damping/inertia of particles to an applied force 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inducing their motion such that low damping 
               
               
                   
                   
                 allows particles to move faster and be more 
               
               
                   
                   
                 responsive to forces affecting their movement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 whilst high damping reduces forces acting and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particle movement is slower/heavier. 
               
               
                 Ninth field 455 
                 Damping Jitter 
                 Variability in damping/inertia with the set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of particles. 
               
               
                 Tenth field 460 
                 Force 
                 Applies a global directional force to all particle 
               
               
                   
                   
                 movement, and can be considered an effect 
               
               
                   
                   
                 such as wind, fluid flow, uniform gravity etc. 
               
               
                 Eleventh field 465 
                 Direction 
                 Allows direction of the force to be specified. 
               
               
                 Twelfth field 470 
                 Flow (Force) Map 
                 Adjusts the weighting applied to a stored map 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of force which may be applied to the particle 
               
               
                   
                   
                 set during motion of the mark making tool, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 e.g. local gravity variations etc. 
               
               
                 Thirteenth field 475 
                 Flow Map Control Panel 
                 Allows selection of the force map from presets 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and/or user generated or selected images. 
               
               
                 Fourteenth field 480 
                 Expression - Force 
                 Allows the force value to be dynamically 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled through an expression factor. 
               
               
                 Fifteenth field 485 
                 Expression - Direction 
                 Allows the direction value to be dynamically 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled through an expression factor. 
               
               
                 Sixteenth field 490 
                 Expression - Global Chaos 
                 Allows the global chaos value to be dynamically 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled through an expression factor. 
               
               
                 Seventeenth field 495 
                 Expression - Local Chaos 
                 Allows the local chaos value to be dynamically 
               
               
                   
                   
                 controlled through an expression factor. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A force (flow) map as described and depicted in respect of Expressions may include, but are not limited to, velocity (i.e. speed of user stroke motion), direction, pressure (e.g., stylus upon tablet measuring pressure/force as well as location. motion, wheel, tilt, bearing, rotation, source of the gesture, and random. It would also be evident that other expressions, and a source of the gesture, may be employed including, but not be limited to, accelerometer or accelerometer derived data, tracked motion of a user or a predetermined portion of a user, an external image or image source, an external audiovisual source or audiovisual content, an external multimedia source or multimedia content, biometric data of a user, and an item of environmental data. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4B  there are depicted examples of particle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention. Such particle mark making tools are physics-inspired mark making tools that emit particles from a predetermined point, e.g. the centre, and the particles draw a pattern of lines (paths) as they cross the working area (e.g. screen or virtual canvas). As depicted there are three types of particle mark making tools, namely flow  4100 , gravity  4200 , and spring embodied by first to third spring tools  4300  to  4500  respectively which depict radial, ring, and mesh particle distributions. It would be evident that other particle spring configurations may be employed according to embodiments of the invention including, for example, those derived from geometric shapes, geometric patterns, and user defined shapes. Similarly, the gravity  4200  may employ alternate particle configurations such as those depicted in first to third spring tools  4300  to  4500  respectively as well as others not depicted as would be evident to one skilled in the art. It would be further evident that other physical forces and effects may be employed within alternate particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention including, for example, magnetism, electromagnetism, pendula, and gears/chains. Further, such particle mark making tools are examples of physics-inspired or physical effect controlled mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention that either emit particles from a point or points, e.g. the centre, or the particles form part of a grouping then these may generate a pattern of points, isolated elements, paths, patterns of lines, mesh, mesh fills, or other rendering methods as they and their associated mark making tools cross the working area, e.g. the display screen and/or virtual canvas. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5  there are depicted examples of flow particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images  500 A to  500 C flow particle mark making tools are basically defined within the embodiment of the invention depicted by a position jitter and chaos (first image  500 A) wherein the positional jitter, an expression of positional jitter, and flow map characteristics are set through a flow menu depicted in second image  500 B. Third image  500 C depicts a list of flow particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention which are then depicted in negative in fourth to sixth images  500 D to  500 F respectively and positive in seventh to ninth images  500 G to  500 I respectively. These being entitled: 
     Flow Aurora; 
     Flow Colour Expression; 
     Flow Flare; 
     Flow Map Dancer; 
     Flow Map Enhancer; 
     Flow Organic Texture; 
     Flow Rainbow Sprinkler; 
     Flow Sparkler Glow; 
     Flow Water Effect; and 
     Flow Fur. 
     Accordingly, each flow particle mark making tool preset in addition to setting the flow menu depicted in second image  500 B sets the count, weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos, smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within the particle general menu such as depicted supra in general particle interface  4000 B in  FIG. 4A . Optionally, flow particle mark making tool presets may differ only in settings within the flow menu  500 B or general particle interface  4000 B rather than both. 
       FIG. 6  depicts examples of gravity particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images  600 A to  600 C gravity particle mark making tools are basically defined within the embodiment of the invention depicted by velocity, acceleration, and spin rate (first image  600 A) wherein the velocity, acceleration, and spin rate are set through a gravity particle menu depicted in second image  600 B. Third image  600 C depicts a list of gravity particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention which are then depicted in negative in fourth to fifth images  500 D and  500 E respectively and positive in sixth and seventh images  600 F and  600 G respectively. These being entitled: 
     Gravity Bristle; 
     Gravity Concept Build; 
     Gravity Deco Streamline; 
     Gravity Grainy Orbiter; 
     Gravity Jagged Light Pen; 
     Gravity Lazy Sketch; and 
     Gravity Sketch. 
     Accordingly, each gravity particle mark making tool preset in addition to setting the gravity particle menu depicted in second image  600 B sets the count, weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos, smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within the particle general menu such as depicted supra in general particle interface  4000 B in  FIG. 4A . Optionally, gravity particle mark making tool presets may differ only in settings within the gravity particle menu  600 B or general particle interface  4000 B rather than both. 
       FIG. 7  depicts examples of spring based mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images  700 A to  700 C spring particle mark making tools are basically defined within the embodiment of the invention depicted by path opacity, link opacity, stiffness of springs, length jitter of individual springs, and minimum spring length (first image  700 A) wherein the path opacity, link opacity, stiffness of springs, length jitter of individual springs, and minimum spring length characteristics are set through a spring particle menu depicted in second image  700 B together with the format of the spring particle set, as in radial, ring, or mesh, such as described supra in respect of first to third spring tools  4300  to  4500  respectively in  FIG. 4B . Third image  700 C depicts a list of spring particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention which are then depicted in negative in fourth to sixth images  700 D to  700 F respectively and positive in seventh to ninth images  700 G to  7001  respectively. These being entitled: 
     Spring Chain Smokey; 
     Spring Chunky; 
     Spring Cobweb; 
     Spring Concept Creature; 
     Spring Concept Scribble; 
     Spring Feather Sketch; 
     Spring Fireball; 
     Spring Flame Glow; 
     Spring Frayed Rope Glow; 
     Spring Jelly Tube; 
     Spring Mesh Concept; 
     Spring Nucleus Smokey; 
     Spring Rainbow Silk; 
     Spring Silk Flower; 
     Spring Silk Ribbon; and 
     Spring Variable Dream. 
     Accordingly, each spring particle mark making tool preset in addition to setting the spring menu depicted in second image  500 B sets the count, weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos, smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within the particle general menu such as depicted supra in general particle interface  4000 B in  FIG. 4A . Optionally, spring particle mark making tool presets may differ only in settings within the flow menu  500 B or general particle interface  4000 B rather than both. 
     Examples of marks generated by a pair of spring based mark making tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP are depicted in  FIG. 8  for the “Spring Chunky”  800 A and “Spring Variable Dream”  800 B presets together with their general particle interfaces where it can be seen that the tools differ primarily in global and local chaos. Whilst they are depicted in black and white it would not be apparent to a reader of the specification that the two also differ in their treatment of colour as evident from the first and second colour variability menu settings for the “Spring Chunky”  800 A and “Spring Variable Dream”  800 B respectively. 
     Flow particle mark making tools emit short-lived particles which “flow” from the centre of the mark making tool across the workspace and gradually fade. In effect they may be considered to resemble rockets or fireworks which as they flow encounter forces that change their path resulting in chaotic or controlled movement according to the force and its characteristics. Alternatively, they may be thought of as short-lived particles of a fluid. As such flow mark making tools are easily influenced by force, chaos, and flow maps as evident from the figures and descriptions below. As evident from the flow menu depicted in second image  500 B in  FIG. 5  specific flow particle mark making tool controls include:
         Position Jitter—allows the starting position of the particles to be varied as evident from first and second images  900 D and  900 E in  FIG. 9B  respectively for low and high position jitter settings respectively. Further this may be linked to an expression;   Randomize Chaos—allows the chaos applied to the flow particles to be randomized for a more organic look as evident from third and fourth images  900 F and  900 G respectively with randomized chaos off and on respectively; and   Enhance Flow Map—including Edge and Brightness sliders which modify the mark making tool stroke based upon the edge and brightness of the flow map selected.       

     Now referring to  FIG. 9B  depicts an effect of an expression, force, upon a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images  900 A to  900 B the value of force for a mark making tool preset was varied at 0%, 50%, and 100% values. Accordingly, for approximately similar motion in the user&#39;s stroke the resulting movement of the particles within a flow particle mark making tool can be seen to increase as the effective force applied to the particles increases. Optionally, the force may be subject to an expression such that a characteristic of the user&#39;s stroke defines the force, e.g. the direction of the stroke, the velocity of the stroke, etc. In other embodiments of the invention the force may, for example, be linked to other external controls including, but not limited, multimedia file content, audiovisual content, audio content, audio volume, pseudo-random number generator, database values, environmental parameters, and user biometric data. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10  depicts an effect of particle count upon a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP as the count is varied at 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% wherein the weight jitter was set to 50%. Accordingly, the count sets the number of particles in a mark making tool stroke and hence the number of paths rendered during the mark making tool stroke. Particle count is a control common to all particle mark making tools described within this specification, flow, gravity and spring. With other mark making tools rendering according to other physical and/or non-physical rules particle count may or may not be a control. It would be evident that the actual setting of the particle count may be set at any integer value between 0% and 100% or alternatively the range may be specified by other means and/or the user may enter either a range value numerically or the count directly numerically. 
     Similarly, all particle mark making tools described within this specification, flow, gravity and spring, also share global chaos and local chaos as common controls. Global chaos refers to the chaos applied to all particles equally so that they move chaotically but in unison. Local chaos then applies chaos randomly to individual particles within the mark making tool. Each of the global chaos and local chaos also has an associated smoothing control for smoothing the chaos for a more organic look and each of the global and local chaos may be associated with an expression, e.g. global chaos may be direction of controller motion whilst local chaos is velocity of controller or vide-versa or other combinations according to the characteristics of the mark making tool controller. As such referring to  FIGS. 11 to 14  there are depicted the effects of global and local chaos onto a flow particle mark making tool, Flow Flare, according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP, wherein for each from upper to lower the settings were for &lt;GlobalChaos:LocalChaos&gt;: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 FIG. 11 
                 &lt;0%:0%&gt; 
                 &lt;50%:0%&gt; 
                 &lt;100%:0%&gt;;   
               
               
                 FIG. 12 
                 &lt;50%:0%&gt;  
                  &lt;50%:50%&gt; 
                 &lt;50%:100%&gt;; 
               
               
                 FIG. 13 
                 &lt;100%:0%&gt;  
                 &lt;100%:50%&gt; 
                   &lt;100%:100%&gt;; and 
               
               
                 FIG. 14 
                 &lt;0%:0%&gt; 
                  &lt;0%; 50%&gt; 
                  &lt;0%:100%&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It would be evident that the actual setting of the global and/or local chaos values may be set at any integer value between 0% and 100% using a control such as the slider depicted in the images or alternatively the range may be specified by other means and/or the user may enter either a range value numerically or the count directly numerically. 
     Referring to  FIG. 15  depicts the particles with increasing particle count for a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP as the count is varied at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100% respectively. Accordingly, the count sets the number of particles in a mark making tool stroke and hence the number of paths rendered during the mark making tool stroke. Particle count is a control common to all particle mark making tools described within this specification, flow, gravity and spring. With other mark making tools rendering according to other physical and/or non-physical rules particle count may or may not be a control. These particles are only depicted, in some embodiments of the invention, during activity with the mark making tool and are not stored and maintained although their paths are either maintained as the mark itself or influence the mark itself. However, they provide a visual indicator to the user during use of the particle mark making tool as to the effects of various common particle mark making tool controls and particle type specific particle mark making tool controls. It would be evident that the actual setting of the particle count may be set at any integer value between 0% and 100% or alternatively the range may be specified by other means and/or the user may enter either a range value numerically or the count directly numerically. However, in other embodiments of the invention the particles and/or the paths of the particles may generate a pattern of points, isolated elements, paths, patterns of lines, mesh, mesh fills, or other rendering methods as they and their associated mark making tools cross the working area, e.g. the display screen and/or virtual canvas. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 16  depicts the effect of flow mapping upon flow particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. Flow maps allow the user to create textured surfaces that direct the flow of particles and hence the paths they generate. The flow map may be one from a library, e.g. paper textures, metal finishes, etc. or it may generated from scratch or based upon a variant of an existing flow map. With any such flow map the scale and contrast may be varied. First and second images  1600 A and  1600 B depict the application of a flow map to a Flow Fur Tail flow mark making tool with a flow map at 0% and 100% weighting wherein the effect of the flow map can be clearly seen in respect of generating the structure present within the second image  1600 B. A flow (force) map may be one or more forms of digital content either stored in the appropriate format for the GESGEAP to load and employ according to its specifications, stored in a different format and converted by the GESGEAP or generated by the GESGEAP directly. 
     A force (flow) map as described and depicted in respect of embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to, data associated with a one dimensional data set, two dimensional data set, or a three dimensional data set or a subset of a N-dimensional data set. For example, one dimensional data may be velocity (i.e. speed of user stroke motion), direction, pressure (e.g., stylus upon tablet measuring pressure/force as well as location. motion, wheel, tilt, bearing, rotation, source of the gesture, or randomly generated. Alternatively, a force (flow) map may be derived from an axis or multiple axis data associated with, for example, an accelerometer or accelerometer derived data, tracked motion of a user, and the tracked motion of an object or array of objects. A force (flow) map may also be derived from an external image, an external image source, a GESGEAP acquired image, external audiovisual source, external audiovisual content, external multimedia source, external multimedia content, biometric data of a user, and an item or items of environmental data. Within other embodiments of the invention the force (flow) map may be generated via a mathematical formula or mathematical formulae in which case no storage of the force (flow) map may be required although a generated “map” may be cached temporarily for use to remove the need for repeated recalculation of the force (flow) map. 
     Third to seventh images  1610  to  1630  respectively depict the same Flow Fur Tail mark making tool applied to a different flow map at weightings of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. In contrast eighth to thirteenth images  1650  to  1675  respectively depict the same Flow Fur Tail mark making tool applied to a different flow maps with constant 50% weighting. Tenth image  1660  and third to seventh images  1610  to  1630  respectively were actually generated with the same flow map but at two different scales for the tenth image  1660  and the third to seventh images  1610  to  1630  respectively. 
     Gravity particle mark making tools create sweeping marks that shrink and grow with movement. The particles of a gravity particle mark making tool effect the movement of planetary system such that the motion of the particles are influence by velocity, acceleration and other forces. Depending upon mark making tool stroke speed, for example, particles may stay tight within the mark making tool or they can be pulled apart by forces, inertia, etc. As such gravity particle mark making tools are influenced by forces and flow maps for example as less by chaos. In addition to the common particle mark making tool commands then as evident from the gravity flow menu depicted in second image  600 B in  FIG. 6  specific gravity particle mark making tool controls include:
         Velocity—allows the base speed of all the particles to be set and is used in conjunction with the acceleration control to control the forward movement of the particles within the gravity mark making tool;   Acceleration—sets the distance between the gravity particle paths; and   Spin Rate—sets the speed at which gravity particles spin around the mark making tool. Slower spin rates allow the particles to track the mark making took controller closely whilst higher spin rates allow the particles to travel further away from the mark making tool controller.       

     Referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18  depict the effects of spin and velocity expression of spin respectively for gravity particles within a gravity particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP. Within  FIG. 17  in first image  1700  there are depicted Grainy Orbiter gravity mark making tool marks as the spin rate is varied from 0% to 30%, 60%, and 100%. Second image  1750  depicts the same Grainy Orbiter gravity mark making tool marks but now with the expression velocity applied to spin as the mark making tool controller is moved from slow to fast (left to right). In  FIG. 18  depict a mark making tool mark for low velocity and acceleration in first image  1800 A and with high velocity and acceleration in second image  1800 B. Similarly, third image  1800 C depicts a mark making tool mark set to low spin rate whilst fourth image  1800 D depicts the same mark making tool but at high spin rate. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 19  there are depicted spring particle configurations for spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP wherein these are radial  1910 , ring  920 , and mesh  1930 . These spring particle mark making tool configurations represent just three of a plurality of designs wherein a set of particles are held together by elastic springs. As such spring particle mark making tools create marks that do not spread out across the workspace but rather absent any other force or controller action bounce back towards the centre of the mark making tool. The characteristics of the mark making tool exploiting spring particles is determined both by the number and interconnection of the particles but also the stiffness/flexibility of the springs between adjacent particles. Within the presets described with respect to embodiments of the invention the interconnection of particles is predefined. However, optionally a user may define the interconnections and/or import a particle sequence defining the particles and their interconnections. 
     In addition to the common particle mark making tool commands then as evident from the spring particle menu depicted in second image  700 B in  FIG. 7  specific spring particle mark making tool controls include:
         Appearance—allows the design, for example, to be radial (nucleus)  1910 , ring (chain)  1920 , and mesh (geometric)  1930 ;   Path Opacity sets the opacity of the particle paths, i.e. the mark that each particle makes as part of the spring particle mark making tool;   Spring Opacity sets the opacity of the springs between the particles, i.e. invisible=0%, full opacity=100%;   Stiffness allows the user to control the strength of the springs wherein low values produce more relaxed spring which allow the particles to move more freely in relation to one another. Stiffness can also be associated with an expression.   Stiffness Jitter establishes variability in the stiffness of the springs such that the jitter is applied to all springs yielding a series of interconnections with varying stiffness;   Length Jitter provides a random variation in the length of the springs between particles; and   Minimum Length establishes an initial length for the springs.       

     Referring to  FIG. 20  depicts the effect of spring stiffness upon a mesh spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP as the spring stiffness is varied from 100% to 50% to 0% in first to third images  2010  to  2030  respectively. As spring stiffness reduces then the mark collapses under motion. Now referring to  FIG. 21A  there is depicted the effect of global chaos upon a mesh spring particle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP wherein the global chaos is increased from 100% to 50% to 0% in first to third images  2110  to  2130  respectively. Accordingly, as the mark making tool is moved with low stiffness the particles take time to react and respond unlike the case where the springs have high stiffness as evident in fourth and fifth images  2110 D and  2110 E respectively where a mesh spring particle mark making tool is moved with low stiffness in fourth image  2110 D and high stiffness in  2110 E such that in the latter the resulting mark is tighter to the stroke of the mark making tool than in fourth image  2110 D wherein as the mark making tool changes direction particles do not react as quickly maintaining their trajectory and leading to larger more open mark. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 21B  there are depicted the effects of effects of opacity and spring length upon a spring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. Accordingly, first and second images  2170  and  2175  respectively depict mark making tool strokes of a stiff ring mesh for high path opacity—low spring opacity and low path opacity—high spring opacity respectively. Accordingly, surfaces can be shown essentially in different manners through simple adjustment of opacity. Also depicted in  FIG. 21B  are the effects of length jitter upon a mark making tool impression wherein third image  2180  depicts an impression made with a mark making tool with low length jitter and fourth image  2185  depicts an impression made with a mark making tool with high length jitter wherein it is evident that the increasing length jitter results in a non-uniform ring mark making tool compared with nearly circular mark making tool generating the impression in third image  2180 C. Fifth and sixth images  2190  and  2195  respectively depict the effect of spring length on the mark making tool. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22  there are depicted the effects of global and local chaos upon particle positioning for particles within a ring spring particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP. In first image  2200  a gravity particle mark making tool has been configured with the expression of direction against spin rate and the direction angle set to 0°. Accordingly in the horizontal direction the particles within the gravity particle mark making tool spin around the mark making tool stroke whereas in the vertical direction no such spinning is evident. Similarly, setting velocity to spin rate yields second image  2250  wherein at low velocity motion of the mark making tool the spin is “low” yielding larger loops compared to the high velocity motion of the mark making tool wherein the spin is “high” yielding tighter smaller loops. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the spin as well as other settings associated with the gravity particle menu, e.g. as depicted in second image  600 B in  FIG. 6 , and upper right corners of first and second images  2200  and  2250  respectively, may defined by numerical ranges, figurative ranges (e.g. “low” to “high”) or others. Optionally, spin may be subject to an expression such as described supra in respect of other aspects and embodiments of the invention. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 23  there are depicted the effects of global and local chaos upon particle positioning for particles within a particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a GESGEAP as captured at initial motion of the mark making tool wherein the particle positions are from marks made with small controller motions between them. According as depicted in first and second images  2310  and  2320  low global chaos and low local chaos results in particle configurations that are similar to one another but as evident from third and fourth images  2330  and  2340  high global chaos with low local chaos results in substantial displacement between the mark making tools but the overall positioning of the particles within each mark making tool impression is ordered due to the low chaos. 
     Correspondingly as depicted in fifth and sixth images  2350  and  2360  low global chaos and high local chaos results in particle configurations that are centered close to one another but the specific particle distributions are now different and no apparent structure of the mark making tool appears. This is then accentuated as evident from seventh and eighth images  2370  and  2370  where high global chaos with high local chaos results in substantial displacement between the mark making tools and different particle distributions within each mark making tool impression. 
     Within the descriptions supra in respect of embodiments of the invention particles may be short-lived particles generated at least one of at the initial selection of the mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark making tool, and during use of the mark making tool. Alternatively, the lifetime (or half-life) and rate of renewal of the particles may be set through a setting of the mark making tool. Similarly physical and/or non-physical links between particles, such as springs for example, may be short lived springs generated at least one of at the initial selection of the mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark making tool, and during use of the mark making tool. Alternatively, the lifetime (or half-life) and rate of renewal of the springs may be set through a setting of the mark making tool such that whilst initially bound over the stroke the particles become unbound. Further, such physical and/or non-physical links between particles, such as springs for example, may be connected to the same sub-set of the plurality of particles during the use of the mark making tool or alternatively they may be connected to different sub-sets of the plurality of particles during the use of the mark making tool. 
     Specific details are given in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
     Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means described above may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques, blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described above and/or a combination thereof. 
     Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages and/or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, scripting language and/or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium, such as a storage medium. A code segment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters and/or memory content. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor and may vary in implementation where the memory is employed in storing software codes for subsequent execution to that when the memory is employed in executing the software codes. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more devices for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels and/or various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. 
     The methodologies described herein are, in one or more embodiments, performable by a machine which includes one or more processors that accept code segments containing instructions. For any of the methods described herein, when the instructions are executed by the machine, the machine performs the method. Any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine are included. Thus, a typical machine may be exemplified by a typical processing system that includes one or more processors. Each processor may include one or more of a CPU, a graphics-processing unit, and a programmable DSP unit. The processing system further may include a memory subsystem including main RAM and/or a static RAM, and/or ROM. A bus subsystem may be included for communicating between the components. If the processing system requires a display, such a display may be included, e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD). If manual data entry is required, the processing system also includes an input device such as one or more of an alphanumeric input unit such as a keyboard, a pointing control device such as a mouse, and so forth. 
     The memory includes machine-readable code segments (e.g. software or software code) including instructions for performing, when executed by the processing system, one of more of the methods described herein. The software may reside entirely in the memory, or may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the RAM and/or within the processor during execution thereof by the computer system. Thus, the memory and the processor also constitute a system comprising machine-readable code. 
     In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected, e.g., networked to other machines, in a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. The machine may be, for example, a computer, a server, a cluster of servers, a cluster of computers, a web appliance, a distributed computing environment, a cloud computing environment, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. The term “machine” may also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The foregoing disclosure of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents. 
     Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Technology Category: g