Patent Document

FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a method of moulding. 
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/SG2012/000379. International Application No. PCT/SG2012/000379 was filed in the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore within one-year of and claims priority to both Singapore Application No. 201107618-9 and International Application No. PCT/SG2012/000295. Accordingly, this application is a filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 as the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/SG2012/000379, filed Oct. 9, 2012, entitled “A METHOD OF MOULDING,” by Chee Seng LEONG, et al., which is a continuation-in-part under 35 U.S.C. 120 of and claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/SG2012/000295, filed Aug. 21, 2012, entitled “A METHOD OF MAKING AN ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCORPORATING A CONTURED FUNCTIONAL FILM,” by Chee Seng LEONG, et al., and claims foreign priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to Singapore Patent Application No. 201107618-9, filed with the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore on Oct. 18, 2011 and entitled “A METHOD OF MAKING AN ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCORPORATING A CONTOURED FUNCTIONAL FILM”, by Ghee Seng LEONG, et al., each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic interfaces are commonly used in a wide range of applications from consumer products including computer systems, game consoles, electrical appliances, in-vehicle systems including automotive consoles or central stacks and wheel mounted controls, portable devices including audio devices, multimedia players, cellular phones or the like, to industrial control consoles, switches, or the like. While mechanical buttons, switches, contacts and the like have typically been used in connection with conventional electronic input devices, there has been a shift away from the use of mechanical buttons, switches and the like toward low activation pressure technologies such as touch sensitive switches. Integrating touch sensor technologies into input devices in connection with products such as touch panels, touch screens, and capacitive keypads and the like has increased due to the development in capacitive sensing technologies. Such technologies generally locate the area of touch sensitivity within the bounds of a flat region on a panel of a device such as a display or the like, which can be glass, plastic, film or the like, and is often located over a display. 
     It will be appreciated however that, while advantages can be gained by the use of touch sensitive controls on computer screens and flat panel input areas, certain limitations exist for integrating touch sensitive technology into moulded articles. Currently, regardless of the desired shape of the device, the design is predominated by the need for a flat area into which or onto which a touch sensitive input device can be mounted. The electronics and plastic parts are generally then assembled to form a product requiring multiple steps of subassembly integration, test, final assembly, final test and the like. Touch sensitive areas are required to be flat because there are generally no known touch sensor switches and or other film based technology that can be readily integrated into a shaped structure having contours within the touch sensitive areas. 
     In recent years, due to the development of better printing methodologies and inks with special functions such as conductive inks, and the like, film insert moulding (FIM) processes have been used to manufacture touch sensor devices and lighting devices, e.g. using electroluminescent (EL) technologies in connection with film articles. Further, FIM process has been used to incorporate elements such as a switches and the like into film articles. After the printing and forming process is completed and a film article is produced, the printed film articles can be further subjected to moulding processes including: injection moulding or thermoforming processes. 
     For example, resistive and shielded elements are disclosed in International Application Publication Number WO 2009/128856, and a capacitive switch is disclosed in International Application Publication Number WO 2008/131305 to Haag, et al. While Haag describes various configurations in which films using conductive inks can be formed, the problem of cracking during formation is acknowledged. Haag fails to describe how to select variables associated with the ink avoid cracking. Haag avoids spanning the inks within the sensing zones and does not propose to substantially solve problems associated with cracking and the like in those zones. 
     Still further, while capacitive switches and lighting materials have been used in electronic devices, integrating known touch sensitive elements and lighting into film structures has posed challenges, although conventional FIM capacitive touch panels are available in 2-dimensional form.  FIG. 1  shows an assembly of parts that make up a prior art touch panel  100 . In particular, touch panel  100  can include a formable film  105 , a graphic layer  104 , and a plurality of layers  101 ,  102 ,  103 . The plurality of layers  101 ,  102 ,  103  may consist of conductive ink printed on the graphic layer  104  to form a touch sensor zone. However, layers formed from such conductive inks are generally brittle and are susceptible to cracking during forming processes as is acknowledged in the art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general terms in a first aspect the invention proposes to minimise the problem of cracking in the conductive tracks in contoured sensing zones. This may have the advantage that the electronic interface can be more attractive and/or user friendly and/or manufacturing can be more cost effective. 
     In an embodiment, a conductive ink or paste layer is printed on a substrate film and cured to form a proximity or touch sensing layer. A transparent grounding layer including conductive ink and primer are printed on the touch sensing layer for grounding. A lighting layer is printed and cured after the grounding layers. The primer layer may aid adhesion between each layer and provide insulation. The grounding layer may eliminate or minimise interference between the touch sensing layer and the lighting layer. The transmissivity of the conductive ink, grounding and/or primer can be set so as to allow a quantity of light from the lighting layer to pass through. 
     In a second aspect the invention proposes an interconnect between a film insert moulded interface and a controller, the interconnect selected from the group consisting of: 
     a conductive ink circuit or pig tail, 
     an anisotropic conductive film adhesive on a side wall, parallel to and/or close to an appearance surface, 
     an anisotropic conductive film adhesive on a side wall, parallel to and/or close to an appearance surface with a compression load, 
     an anisotropic conductive film adhesive behind a decorative surface, 
     an anisotropic conductive film adhesive behind a decorative surface with an elastomeric fastening, 
     an anisotropic conductive film adhesive on a side wall, perpendicular and/or close to an appearance surface, 
     an elastomeric connector behind a decorative surface, and 
     an elastomeric connector on side wall; parallel to and/or close to an appearance surface. 
     In a third aspect the invention proposes a film insert moulded electronic interface with touch and/or proximity sensors including haptic feedback, the haptic feedback selected from the group consisting of: lighting of the sensors, mass/weight of sensor threshold, stiffness/detents, viscosity/damping, roughness/texture of the sensor, pulses, waveforms, vibrations and any combination thereof. 
     In a specific expression of the invention there is provided a method as claimed in claim  1 . Embodiments may be implemented according to one of claims  2  to  18 . 
     In an embodiment, a surface characteristic can be achieved by pre-processing the film or by surface coating, eg: Spray, dipping or a mixture integration such as adding of master-batch prior the plastic moulding process. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order that embodiments of the invention may be fully and more clearly understood by way of non-limitative examples, the following description is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals designate similar or corresponding elements, regions and portions, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a prior art touch panel; 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a touch panel assembly having a 3-dimensional shape; 
         FIG. 2B  is a part cut-out view of the touch panel assembly; 
         FIG. 2C  is a cross-sectional view of the touch panel assembly; 
       FIG.  2 D 1  is an exploded view of the touch with regular FIM panel assembly having the various layers; 
       FIG.  2 D 2  is an exploded view of the touch with reversed FIM panel assembly having the various layers; 
         FIG. 3A  is a perspective view of an electronic apparatus; 
         FIG. 3B  is a perspective view of an electronic apparatus; 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded view of an electroluminescent layer; 
         FIG. 5  is an exploded view of an electronic apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  is an exploded view of a connector assembly; 
         FIG. 7A  is an exploded view of an electronic apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments including a lighting layer and a touch sensor layer; 
         FIG. 7B  is an exploded view of an electronic apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments including a touch sensor layer; 
         FIG. 7C  is an exploded view of an electronic apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments including a lighting layer; 
         FIGS. 8-10  are exploded views and a part cut-out view of the pig tail interconnect; 
         FIGS. 11-14  are exploded views and part cut-out views of the ACF on side wall, parallel to (Close to) appearance surface interconnect; 
         FIGS. 15-16  are an exploded view and part cut-out views of the ACF behind decorative surface with elastomeric fastening; 
         FIGS. 17-18  are an exploded view and a part cut-out view of the ACF behind decorative surface interconnect; 
         FIGS. 19-21  are an exploded view and a part cut-out view of the ACF behind decorative surface with elastomeric fastening; 
         FIGS. 22-25  are exploded views and part cut-out views of the ACF on side wall, perpendicular (Close to) to appearance surface interconnect; 
         FIGS. 26-27  are an exploded view and a part cut-out view of the elastomeric connector behind decorative surface interconnect; 
         FIGS. 28-29  are an exploded view and a part cut-out view of the elastomeric connector on side wall, parallel to (Close to) appearance surface interconnect; 
         FIG. 30  is a schematic diagram of the haptic functionality; and 
         FIG. 31  is a flows chart illustrating a process for manufacturing a 3-dimensional shaped film. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In an embodiment, a true 3-D moulded article including contours spanning sensing is shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . A touch panel assembly  200  includes a moulded panel  201  having a functional layer  202 , such as an electrical layer made from conductive paste. The functional layer  202  can be a paste configured so as to allow additional flexibility and workability while maintaining characteristics such as conductivity. FIM processes are commonly used for printing decorative designs; the decorative printed surface can be used to apply the functional layer  202 , such as by a silkscreen printing process or inkjet printing. 
     After the printing process for the functional layer  202  is completed, the functional layer  202  can be formed and worked, such as moulded into the moulded panel  201  to form the touch panel assembly  200 . Initial forming or shaping can refer to processes that are used to shape the film permanently include processes such as high pressure forming, thermoforming and the like. The formed articles can then be subject to additional moulding such as injection moulding processes that can be used to over-mould the formed films into a more conventional plastic package. Connector areas may be left exposed or un-encapsulated. 
       FIG. 2B  shows a cut-away section of the touch panel assembly  200  of  FIG. 2A . In an embodiment, the functional ink layer  202  can be printed with a plurality of electrodes  203 , and a plurality of traces  204  connecting the electrodes  203  to form an electrical circuit. The functional ink layer  202  can be a touch sensor layer and/or lighting layer. The functional ink on the functional ink layer  202  has an ink material characteristic which can be set by controlling an admixture of the ink and one or more additional constituents according to a specific ratio or ratios, so as to enable the functional ink layer to be shaped while maintaining an acceptable level of conductivity after the forming. If the functional ink layer is a touch sensor layer, this acceptable level of conductivity is a range in which the touch sensor retains its touch sensitive capability. If the functional ink layer is a lighting layer, this acceptable level of conductivity is a range in which the lighting layer can emit light. 
       FIG. 2C  shows a sectional view A-A from  FIG. 2B , where the touch panel assembly  200  can include a film  205 , a decorative layer  206  printed on the film  205 , a functional ink layer  202  which can be a touch sensor layer  207  and/or a lighting layer  208 . The touch sensor layer  207  can be configured and applied as an electrical circuit that includes, for example, capacitive switches capable of detecting a change in capacitance when an object such as a finger comes into contact or proximity thereto. Such a switch can perform functions of a mechanical switch such as a rotary switch, a slider switch, a push button switch, or the like, with greatly reduced friction and the elimination of moving parts, which can become an expensive liability. Such touch sensor switches can be widely used in home appliances, such as in touch panels for dishwashers, washing machines, coffee makers, and the like, photocopiers, space heaters, audio systems, and the like, portable devices such as iPods, mobile phones, and the like, and automotive electronics systems such as audio systems, handles and controls located, for example within the central stack. In particular, the functional ink layer  202  (i.e. the touch sensor layer  207  and/or the lighting layer  208 ) can be advantageously configured to be formed into a three-dimensional shape, including contours that span sensing zones, without cracking or otherwise losing its electrical integrity for the purposes of touch sensor, emitting light or the like. 
     To better illustrate the configuration of moulding process prior completion of touch panel assembly, FIG.  2 D 2  shows an exploded view of a touch panel assembly  200  having a 3-dimensional shape; arranged or structured in reverse FIM configuration. 
     The touch panel assembly  200  has a film substrate  205 . The decorative ink layer  210  and a functional ink layer  202  are printed on the film substrate  205 . A thermoplastic moulding  209  is moulded on the A-surface of the film substrate  205 . 
     FIG.  2 D 1  illustrates an exploded view of a touch panel assembly  200  having a 3-dimensional shape; in regular FIM configuration. The touch panel assembly  200  has a film substrate  205 . The decorative ink layer  210  and a functional ink layer  202  are printed on the film substrate  205 . A thermoplastic moulding  209  is moulded on the B-surface of the film substrate  205 . 
     Decorative graphics  210  and a decorative layer  206  can be printed on the film  205 , or the functional ink layer  202  can be printed directly on the decorative layer  206 . In some instances, the electrodes  203  are printed with transparent conductive ink, such that they are transparent and conductive. The traces  204  are translucent or opaque. 
     To better understand how various layers can be combined to form a functional article,  FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate an electronic apparatus  300  having a 3-dimensional shape according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus  300  has a moulded panel  301  including a functional ink layer, which is not directly shown. The printed and formed film substrate can be moulded so as to have a functional area  303 ,  306 . The functional areas  303 ,  306  may be spanned by a contoured portion associated with the 3-dimensional shape. Each of the functional areas  303  and  306  can include a backlighting area  304  and symbol  305 . 
     The film layer  302  can be formed after printed a decorative ink layer and functional ink layer on a plastic film substrate. A material which compatible with the film substrate can be used for moulding processes, such as for example thermoplastic materials including polycarbonate, polyester, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3B , the electronic apparatus  300  can be provided with a surface characteristic of a surface  307  in accordance with different applications such as anti-microbial, and the like. For example, the surface characteristic may be configured or modified by applying an independent film layer such as for example, through a spray application, film application, or by integrating a chemical characteristic into the material itself as an admixture, on a molecular level, or by applying material inside the mould cavity or thermoforming equipment that can be used to infuse a chemical, such as an antimicrobial agent, hydrophilic or hydrophobic agent, or the like, into the material during forming. 
     A layer of material  311  may be applied on the surface  307  such as by spraying or the like, as shown in view  308 , may be embedded within the surface  307  for example in a molecular infusion, as shown in view  309 , or can be applied as a separate integrated film layer on the surface  307  as shown in view  310 . Various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, instead of a spray application, an agent may be mixed into the resin that is used in the injection moulding process of the electronic apparatus  300 . Alternatively, the surface characteristic can be associated with a material characteristic of the independent film layer. 
     The above described functional surface layer can further include an anti-fingerprint property, an oleophobic property or the like, through surface modification. By treating the surface  307  of the electronic apparatus  300 , such as by applying an oleophobic chemical, additional properties can be realized. For example, a coating can be used to create a hard surface on the electronic apparatus  300  thus increasing resistance to wear, scratches, and the like. 
     In some examples, as described, the surface  307  of the electronic apparatus  300  can be coated with a layer of antimicrobial agent. An agent, such as a silver based agent, a zinc pyrithione based agent, or the like can be applied so as to kill microbes, fungus, bacteria, or the like, greatly reducing the risk of cross contamination or infections for articles that are handled by multiple users. An antimicrobial effect can be achieved on the surface on the electronic apparatus  300  by mixing the antimicrobial agent into the resin used in the injection moulding process or a direct spray on surface  307  of the electronic apparatus  300  or earlier in the manufacturing process by integrating the agent into film substrate and the like. The surface can be further treated for easy cleaning by coating the surface  307  with a layer of hydrophobic materials like fluorine chemistry or aliphatic urethane or the like. Hydrophobic surface characteristics cause water to easily roll off the surface of the article and by doing so carries away the dirt and other contaminant from the apparatus  300  surface. 
     Different layers can be incorporated into a film substrate that can be formed and moulded. Various layers such as those enumerated in  FIG. 4 , which show a lighting layer  400 , can be formed into a 3-dimensional shape to be used in manufacturing of electronic products as described herein. The lighting layer  400  can be printable with lighting elements, such as AC electroluminescent, DC electroluminescent, organic LED and the like. 
     An exemplary lighting layer  400  using AC electroluminescent (EL); the lighting functional layer can be configured a transparent conductive ink  401 , a phosphor ink layer  402 , three layers and above of dielectric ink layer  403 , a second conductive ink layer  404 , and transparent primer ink  405 . The phosphor ink layer  402  is sandwiched between the conductive ink layer  401  and the dielectric ink layer  403  which acting as an electrodes cause the phosphor ink layer  402  to release light when an alternative current is applied. The phosphorous ink layer  402  can be printed with any phosphor material like zinc sulphide or the like, that will release light when an electrical current is applied. The dielectric layer  403  is printed with any dielectric ink that is compatible with EL application. The silver conductive ink layer  404  acts as the second or back electrode for the EL layer used for the conducting of electricity. A transparent primer is printed over the silver conductive ink layer to protect the silver circuitry during injection moulding and handling. 
     An exemplary touch sensor layer can be further configured with electrodes and traces printed using conductive inks, such as silver conductive ink, PEDOT conductive ink, and the like. The conductive electrodes so formed, can act as a sensing zone whereby, for example, as in the case of capacitive touch sensor, an electric field can be applied there across that will experience a charge capacitance change when a finger for example is placed in the range of the electric field or in direct contact with the sensing zone. The change in electric field will then be detected and interpreted by a micro-processor. 
     The high transmissivity of the transparent conductive ink layer will allow light from the lighting layer to pass through the plastic films and provide a visible indication to a user, while the various insulation layers separate the functional layers and prevent any short circuits between differently charged layers. It will be appreciated that the grounding layer is printed with a transparent conductive ink that will not impair the transmissivity of light produced by the lighting layer and yet shield the electrical field generated by the lighting layer so as to prevent electric field interference being induced into the capacitive sensing zone. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an electronic apparatus  500  according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus  500  comprises of a Film-Insert-Moulding Technology (FIM) part and a connector assembly  507 . The FIM part includes a transparent moulded plastic section  501 , a film  502 , a decorative layer  503 , a touch sensor layer  504 , a grounding layer  510 , a lighting layer  505  and an over-moulded thermoplastic  506 . The connector assembly  507  can be configured to connect the touch sensor layer  504  to an external driver or a controller that is accessible through a physical platform such as a printed circuit board or the like, which can also accommodate other components such as a power inverter for providing power to an lighting layer  505  or the like. 
     The transparent moulded plastic section  501  includes a layer of moulded plastic, which in accordance with embodiments, can be provided, for example, with a thickness of less than 5 mm over the film  502 . The film  502  can be made of a plastic material including polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or any thermoplastic material that can withstand the processing parameters in some manufacturing processes that includes injection moulding, thermoforming, high pressure forming, hydroforming, and insert moulding processes. The processing parameters can include pressure, temperature, and cycle time. 
     The film  502  also acts as a substrate for the printing of decorative inks and functional inks or pastes such as conductive paste, conductive inks, lighting inks or the like, which can be used to form the decorative layer  503 . The decorative layer  503  consists of a plurality of decorative ink layers. The functional inks can be printed on either side of the film  502 . The touch sensor layer  504  can include electrodes  508  and traces  509  printed using conductive inks to form capacitive switches. 
     The grounding layer  510  is printed with a transparent conductive and isolative ink that will not impair the transmissivity of light produced by the lighting layer and yet will shield the electric field generated by energizing the lighting layer so as to prevent interference from being induced into the capacitive sensing zone. 
     The lighting layer  505  can be made up of different functional layers: transparent conductive ink Layer, lighting element Layer, silver conductive ink layer 
     The touch sensor layer  504  is the front electrode for the electronic apparatus  500 . The high transmissivity of the touch sensor layer  504  allows light from the lighting layer  505  to be readily visible to a viewer. The printed lighting layer will release light when an electrical current is applied. 
     The thermoplastic moulding  506  is a layer of plastic that provides structural strength to the FIM part. The thermoplastic moulding  506  has openings  511  for the traces  509  to come out. The substrate has a front surface and a back surface, either the front surface or the back surface can be printed with layers of decorative inks and cured to produce the designed graphic. Conductive ink can be printed over the graphic layer to produce the capacitive sensing zone. Layers of dielectric can be printed over the capacitive sensing zone and a layer of lighting material printed over the dielectric layer. The lighting layer along with the other layers where appropriate can be cured to create a light source to illuminate the region of the film switches or other area that required backlighting. The functionalized film can then be die cut and formed into the desired shape via high pressure forming, blow forming, and the like, and injection moulded to produce the final product. After which a connector such as a tail connector, zebra connector or the like, can be attached. 
       FIG. 6  is an exploded view of a connector assembly  600  according to an embodiment. The connector assembly  600  has a connector  601 , a connector holder  602 , a printed circuit board (PCB)  604 . Connector  601  can be a zebra connector or the like. The connector holder  602  has a pair of plate holes  607 , each plate hole  607  for receiving a screw  606 . The printed circuit board  604  has four PCB holes  605 , each PCB hole  605  for receiving a screw  606 . 
     In an embodiment, conductive traces are formed by the conductive inks during printing. These conductive traces can be connected to outer mating connection points. A cavity  511  can be created in the thermoplastic moulding  506  to fit a connector  601 , such as a zebra connector so as to connect conductive traces with external connecting points. A series of conductive fingers can be printed on the film  502  can then be connected to a printed circuit board  604 . The PCB will then fasten to the FIM part using a conventional fastening method such as by a screw  606 . 
       FIG. 7A  shows an electronic apparatus  700  according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus  700  can have six sections including a film  702 , a decorative layer  703 , a touch sensor layer  704 , a grounding layer  708 , a lighting layer  705  to form a lighting area, a moulded plastic  706 , and a connector assembly  707  configured to connect to a external driver or controller mounted on a circuit platform such as a printed circuit board (PCB), which can be provided with a power inverter or the like. 
       FIG. 7B  shows an electronic apparatus  710  according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus  710  has a transparent moulded plastic section  701 , a film  702 , a decorative layer  703 , a touch sensor layer  704 , a moulded plastic  706 , and a connector assembly  707 . Notably absent in electronic apparatus  710  is a lighting layer  705 . A backlighting function can still be provided in the electronic apparatus  710  using an external light source (not shown) such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), fluorescence lighting, CCFL, or the like, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
       FIG. 7C  shows another electronic apparatus  720  according to an embodiment. The electronic apparatus  720  has a transparent moulded plastic section  701 , a film  702 , a decorative layer  703 , lighting layer  705 , a moulded plastic  706 , and a connector assembly  707 . Notably absent in electronic apparatus  720  is a touch sensor layer  704 . Instead, an input function may be achieved through use of a mechanical switch, haptic input device, or the like. However, it will be noted that in accordance with embodiments, the lighting layer  705  can still be contoured as described herein and used as a backlighting source for the mechanical switches or buttons. 
     The interconnection system consists of the cable and connector on both ends. A conductive ink circuit (CIC) is the most straight forward method since the film is a printed circuit, this is the extension of the circuit like a “Pig Tail”. The end of the “Pig Tail” may require printing with carbon ink to protect the ink surface for abrasion and molecular migration. 
     This method can be applied to both regular and reverse FIM design. However, the effectiveness of the design depends on the flexibility of the “Pig Tail” and it is proportional to the thickness of the film used. The “Pig Tail” needs to be designed based on the product system design so that the product system can meet environment validation tests. 
     Alternatively, a Flat Flexible Cable (FFC) or Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) can be used to bridge between film and board. The connectors bridging between the film and the FFC or FPC can be a Zebra connector or ACF (Anisotropic Conductive Film adhesives). ACF may include two types, the Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) or thermoplastic adhesive. 
     The connection between pig tail/CIC, FFC, FPC and the PCB may require a low insertion or zero insertion force (LIF or ZIF) connector soldered or bonded on the PCB. The Flat Flexible Cable may alternatively be directly soldered to the PCB. A mechanical pin or connector receptacle can be crimped directly to the CIC and FPC so that the end of CIC and FPC can be directly soldered to the PCB or plugged into the header on the PCB. 
     The interconnect design also includes the location of the terminal to connect to the PCB. There are three locations, directly behind the film that can serve this purpose. The detail of the locations and methods of connection are shown in  FIG. 8  to  FIG. 39  and will now be described in more detail. 
       FIG. 8  shows the “Pig Tail” with a front injection moulding design. A formed film  802  with decorative  804  and functional  805  ink printing on the top appearance surface (non-printed surface or A surface) and subsequently injection moulded with an opaque plastic  806  on the printed side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic  806  serves as a structure for PCB  807  mounting as well as the light blocker  1006  in  FIG. 10  when an external light source  1007  in  FIG. 10  backlights a graphic printed on the decorative layer  804 . 
     The “Pig Tail”  803  is the extended part from the film substrate  802 , which is printed with conductive traces  805 . The extended portion of the film serve as the connection or bridging the printed sensing switch circuit  805  to the PCB  807  when the free end engages to the connector  808 , either ZIF or LIF. The connector  808  is soldered on the PCB  807 . It may also be mechanically mounted on the PCB  807 . 
     Alternatively, the transparent plastic  905  can be moulded at the printing side of the film and followed by the 2nd moulding  906  which is the opaque plastic over the transparent plastic  905 . The “Pig Tail”  902  bridges the printed switch circuit  904  and the PCB  907  through connectors  908  soldered on the PCB  907 . This configuration is show in  FIG. 9 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the pig tail is shown in  FIG. 10 . Transparent plastic  1002  is injection moulded at the printed surface of the printed film substrate  1004 . A second plastic moulding  1003  which is opaque and serves as a light blocker  1006  for an LED  1007 . 
     An application of ACF is shown in  FIG. 11 . A formed film substrate  1102  with decorative  1103  and functional  1104  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  1101  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  1105  on the printing side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic  1105  serves as a structure for PCB  1108  mounting as well as a light blocker  1306  in  FIG. 13  when an external light source ( 1307  shown in  FIG. 13 ) is being utilized to provide backlighting for graphics printed on the decorative layer  1103 . The printed conductive traces  1104  are partially exposed at the flange  1110 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces  1111  serve as the terminal end. A flexible printed circuit  1107  or flexible cable is attached to the terminal end through ACF  1106 , the other end of the flexible printed circuit or flexible cable will engage to the connector  1109  such as ZIF, LIF soldered on the PCB  1108 . 
     Alternatively, the transparent plastic  1204  can also be moulded at the printing side of the film and followed by the 2nd moulding  1205  which is the opaque plastic over the transparent plastic. The exposed portion  1210  of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces  1211  serve as the terminal end of the part. A flexible printed circuit  1207  or flexible cable attaches to the terminal end through ACF  1206 , either PSA or thermoplastic adhesive; on one end. The other end will engage to the connector  1209 , such as ZIF, LIF soldered on the PCB  1208 . This configuration is show in  FIG. 12 . 
     A complete interconnection system using ACF on side wall, parallel to (close to) appearance surface is shown in  FIGS. 13 &amp; 14 . Transparent plastic  1302  is injection moulded at the printed surface of the printed film substrate  1304 . A second plastic moulding  1303  which is opaque and serves as a light blocker  1306  for light source LED  1307 .  FIG. 14  shows the concept of ACF and FPC or FFC assembled together. 
       FIG. 15  shows the combination of ACF PSA application and elastomer connector application. A formed film substrate with decorative  1503  and functional  1504  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  1501  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  1505  on the printing side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic  1505  serves as a structure for PCB  1511  mounting as well as the light blocker ( 1601  shown in  FIG. 16 ) when an external light source ( 1602  shown in  FIG. 16 ) backlights the graphic printed on the decorative layer. In this assembly, the printed conductive traces are partially exposed at the flange of the part  1506 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive trace  1504  serve as the terminal end. A flexible printed circuit  1508  or flexible cable attached to the terminal end through ACF on one end and the other end engage to the connector  1512 , either ZIF or LIF, on the PCB  1511 . 
     An elastomer spacer  1509  is placed on top of the FPC  1508  or FFC. This elastomer spacer  1509  provides a spring compression on the ACF with PSA  1507 , i.e. enhancing the contact between the terminal end of the moulded part  1504  and the connection FPC or FFC  1508 . The elastomer spacer  1509  can be constrained via a holder from the opaque plastic moulding  1505  or independent part  1510  attached to the opaque plastic moulding  1505 . The other end of the FPC or FFC  1508  engages to the connector  1512  such as ZIF, LIF soldered or bonded on the PCB  1511 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the ACF on side wall, parallel to (Close to) appearance surface with Compression Load interconnect is shown in  FIG. 16   
       FIG. 17  shows another configuration of ACF application. A formed film substrate  1702  with decorative  1703  and functional  1704  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  1701  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  1705  on the printing side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic  1705  serves as a structure for PCB  1708  mounting as well as the light blocker  1801  for an external light source  1802  that backlights a graphic printed on the decorative layer. The printed conductive traces  1704  are partially exposed at the back of the decorative layer as show in  1710 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces  1704  serve as the terminal end. A flexible printed circuit  1707  or flexible cable attach to the terminal end through ACF  1706 , either PSA, thermoplastic adhesive; and the other end engages to the connector  1709 , either ZIF, or LIF soldered on the PCB  1708 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the ACF behind decorative surface interconnect is shown in  FIG. 18 . 
       FIG. 19  shows the combination of an ACF PSA application and elastomer connector application. A formed film  1902  with decorative  1903  and functional  1904  inks layers, has a transparent plastic injection moulding  1901  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  1905  on the printing side of the film. 
     This opaque plastic  1905  serves as a structure for PCB  1910  mounting as well as a light blocker  2001  in  FIG. 20  when an external light source ( 2002  shown in  FIG. 20 ) backlights graphics printed in the decorative layer. The printed conductive traces  1913  are exposed with an opening  1912  at the back of the decorative layer. The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive trace  1913  serves as the terminal end. A flexible printed circuit  1907  or flexible cable attached to the terminal end through ACF PSA  1906 , and the other end engage to the connector  1911 , either ZIF or LIF, on the PCB  1910 . 
     An elastomer spacer  1908  is placed on top of the FPC  1907  or FFC. This elastomer spacer  1908  provides a spring compression on the PSA  1906 , i.e. enhancing the contact between the terminal end and the connection FPC  1907  or FFC. The elastomer spacer  1908  can be constrained via a holder on the opaque plastic moulding  1905  or an independent part  1909  attached to the opaque plastic moulding  1905 . The other end of the FPC  1907  or FFC engages to the connector  1911  such as ZIF, LIF soldered or bonded on the PCB  1910 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the ACF behind decorative surface with elastomeric fastening interconnect is shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . 
       FIG. 22  shows another configuration of ACF application. A formed film substrate  2202  with decorative  2203  and functional  2204  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  2201  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  2205  on the printing side of the film. This opaque plastic  2205  serves as a structure for PCB  2209  mounting as well as the light blocker  2401  in  FIG. 24  when an external light source  2402  in  FIG. 24  backlights a graphic printed on the decorative layer  2203 . In this assembly, the circuit traces  2204  are partially exposed at the side wall  2206 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces  2204  serves as the terminal end of the part. A flexible printed circuit  2208  or flexible cable attaches to the terminal end through ACF  2207 , either PSA or thermoplastic adhesive; the other end engage to the connector  2210 , either ZIF or LIF or the like, on the PCB  2209 . 
     The transparent plastic  2304  on the appearance surface of the film can also be moulded at the printing side of the film and follow by the 2nd moulding which is the opaque plastic  2306 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive trace  2303  serve as the terminal end of the part. A flexible printed circuit  2308  or flexible cable attached to the terminal end through ACF  2307 , either PSA or thermoplastic adhesive; the other end engage to the connector  2310 , either ZIF or LIF or the like, on the PCB  2309 . This configuration is show in  FIG. 23 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the ACF on side wall, perpendicular (Close to) to appearance surface interconnect is shown in  FIGS. 24 &amp; 25 . 
       FIG. 26  shows an example of the elastomeric connector application. A formed film  2602  with decorative  2603  and functional  2604  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  2601  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  2605  on the printing side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic serves as a structure for PCB  2607  mounting as well as the light blocker  2701  in  FIG. 27  for external light source  2702  in  FIG. 27  backlights a graphic printed on the decorative layer. The printed conductive traces are partially exposed  2608  at the back of the decorative layer. The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces  2609  serve as the terminal end. An elastomeric connector  2606 , such as Zebra connector, connects the printed conductive traces  2609  to the PCB  2607  traces. The elastomeric connector  2606  can be constrained via a holder on the opaque plastic moulding  2605  or an independent holder attaches to the opaque plastic moulding  2605  as shows in  FIG. 26 . 
     The Zebra connector  2606  is a zero insertion force connector that does not require soldering that provides a compliant surface-to-surface compression connector when deflected between opposing mirror-image pad patterns. Elastomeric connectors are composed of alternating layers of conductive and nonconductive silicone rubber. Silicone rubber is the base material because it has excellent aging properties, chemical stability, electrical reliability and superior performance in shock and vibration. It also provides a gasket-like seal to protect the contact surfaces. 
     The conductive layers consist of tiny conductive particles dispersed in silicone rubber. Within each of the conductive layers, the conductive particles create thousands of conductive paths. Therefore, each conductive layer provides multiple points of contact at the substrate interface. While the conductive layers ensures contact between mating pads, the non-conductive layers isolate the conductive layers from each another. These multiple layers coupled with the thousands of conductive paths ensure reliable electrical connection. 
     A complete interconnection system using the elastomeric connector behind decorative surface interconnects is shown in  FIG. 27 . 
     This method provides many options to locate a suitable area for interconnect. It has better mechanical stress control on connection area. Clamping force is controlled by screws. 
     Another application of elastomeric connector is shown in  FIG. 28 . A formed film substrate with decorative  2803  and functional  2804  ink layers has a transparent plastic injection moulding  2801  on the top appearance surface (non-printing surface or A-surface) and is subsequently moulded with an opaque plastic  2805  on the printing side (B-surface) of the film. This opaque plastic  2805  serves as a structure for PCB  2808  mounting as well as the light blocker  2901  when an external light source  2902  backlights a graphic printed on the decorative layer. The circuit printed conductive traces  2804  are partially exposed at the flange part  2809 . The exposed portion of the film&#39;s printed conductive traces serve as the terminal end. An elastomeric connector  2806 , such as Zebra connector, will be used to connect the printed conductive traces  2804  to the PCB  2808  traces directly. The elastomeric connector  2806  can be constrained via a holder on the opaque plastic moulding  2805  or an independent holder  2807  attached to the opaque plastic moulding  2805 . 
     A complete interconnection system using the Elastomeric connector on side wall, parallel to (Close to) appearance surface interconnect is shown in  FIG. 29 . 
     This method provides many options to locate a suitable area for interconnect. It has better mechanical stress control on connection area. Clamping force is controlled by screws. 
     Haptic feedback takes advantage of our sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, and/or motions to the user through a device. 
     Touch is the first sense to develop when we are born and the last sense used before death. 
     It is 20 times faster than vision. 
     No need of continuous user interaction with the device. 
     Humans are highly sensitive to vibrations up to 1000 Hz (most sensitive at 250 Hz). 
     The user can interact with the real environment and people around rather than the mobile device. 
     Haptic feedback can be used as an effective mode of communication using the vibration alarm with varying frequency and sensitivity. Haptics involves both proprioceptive and tactile senses, in concert with other senses, or the science of applying touch (tactile) sensation and control to interaction with electronics applications. 
     The Haptic Technology Spectrum may include 
     Mass/Weight 
     Stiffness/Detents 
     Viscosity/Damping 
     Roughness/Texture 
     Pulses 
     Waveforms 
     Vibrations 
     Simultaneous Compound Effects 
     The surface of the electronics apparatus can be designed with various contours to represent certain predetermined function from the printed film. A single touch on the round recess area will activate the touch pad on the film and the specific signal will channel to the controller through the interconnection. The recess at the rotary area guides the user&#39;s finger around the touch pads which is located below the rotary area. Similarly, the recess area for the slider area guides the finger move along the slider to vary the control parameters. User can feel the contour of the surface and at the same time the user can feel the roughness/texture or specific designed protrusion on the surface so as to recognize the specific function of the touch area. A detention can be added to the surface to provide better recognition of touch pad location.  FIG. 30  shows the detent and frictional haptic feedback when a finger touches the surface. 
     An audio device can be added to the system by mounting a buzzer at the back of the opaque plastic moulding. The buzzer will be activated when the finger touch the surface at the area where the touches pad is located. 
     When the finger is near or touching the touch pad surface, the microcontroller generates a PWM signal to drive a buzzer to produce an audible feedback to user. The audible sound can be pre-programmed with music, song or any warning sound to alert the user. The sound turns off automatically when the finger move away from the sensing area. 
     Similarly, other haptic devices, such as a vibrator can be mounted at the back of the opaque plastic moulding. The pulses from vibration can be felt by the finger tip when it touches or slides on the surface of the electronics apparatus where the touch pads are printed so that addition feedback to user can be achieved. The vibrator can be a DC motor with an unbalanced counter weight mounted on the shaft. When the finger touches the surface of the apparatus when the touch pad is located, the microcontroller will switch on the motor and when the finger leaves the touch pad, the motor will turn off automatically. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates the FIM process to produce electronic apparatus such as a touch sensor, lighting or both. It also illustrates different configurations for forming and moulding. 
     At  3110  the film substrate is cut to size from a roll form. The film substrate can be of polycarbonate or PET. Film thickness varies from 0.175 to 0.5 mm. The surface finish of film substrate includes glossy-glossy, glossy-matt, matt-matt and other special texture such as bushed line. 
     At  3120  the decorative (graphic) inks layer are printed on B-surface of film substrate. The decorative inks are specially formulated for high pressure thermal forming and meanwhile able to withstand thermoplastic injection moulding without being washed-off. 
     At  3131  to  3133  the electrical or functional layers may include touch sensor  3131 , lighting  3132  or combination of touch sensor &amp; lighting  3133 . At  3131  the touch sensor functional layer is printed using electrically conductive ink/paste, including translucent and opaque. The touch sensor functional layer consists of traces and electrodes. The trace width may be &gt;0.2 mm or &gt;0.3 mm at bending or stretching areas depending on product design and other trace parameters, which may minimise the chance of cracking. The trace and/or electrode can be silver paste e.g.: EA-510, manufactured by Advance Electronic Material Inc. In order to thicken (not widen) the trace, the same trace can be printed two layers and above. The curing process needs to complete prior the subsequent printing of new layer. The thickness of each layer varies from 8 to 14 μm. 
     At  3132  the lighting layer is printed; for example if EL is to be used as a light source, the printing includes a translucent conductive  401 , phosphor  402 , dielectric  403  and conductive electrode  404 . 
     At  3133  the touch sensor and lighting require a grounding layer in between to block the interference generated by lighting layer; otherwise the touch sensor will not be able to function. The grounding layer consists of a transparent primer and conductive trace (translucent or opaque). The transparent primer may protect against cracking as well as preventing conductive trace wear and oxidation. The primer may be the same family or same manufacturer of the decorative ink. The primer insulates, allows transmission of light, adheres two incompatible layers, protects the conductive trace from wear &amp; corrosion and adheres the printing layer and moulding layer. 
     At  3140  after printing and curing the functional layer, one to two layers of primer are printed on top. The primer may provide a protection to the functional layer and enable strong adhesion between the functional layer and thermoplastic moulding interface. 
     At  3151  regular shaping or forming results in a printed film substrate with B-surface or printed surface in contact with the forming tool and the other side of the film substrate exposed to high pressure air. The film substrate will be formed to create the desired shape or contour. In order to minimize the trace circuitry print mark reveal in A-surface, glossy-matt film substrate with thickness 0.25 mm and above can be used. 
     At  3152  reversed shaping or forming is the opposite to regular forming, so the printed film substrate is formed with A-surface or non-printed surface in contact with the forming tool and the other side of the film substrate exposed to high pressure air. The film substrate will be formed to create desired shape or contour. For this forming method, the thickness of film substrate is 0.25 mm and above. 
     For single layer conductive trace with a trace width 0.3 mm; the bending radius of any contoured sensing regions may be twice the thickness of the film substrate. For double layer conductive trace with a trace width of 0.3 mm; the bending radius can be slightly reduced. For tighter geometry thicker traces or more trace layers may be required. 
     At  3160  the formed film substrate is singulated or trimmed to desired size to be mounted in the injection mould cavity. At  3170  the singulated formed film is inserted into injection mould for the thermoplastic moulding process. 
     At  3181  regular FIM or overmoulding can minimize unpleasant printing marks on A-surface, by using reverse forming film substrate  3152 . Thermoplastic material is injected into the mould to fill the B-surface of the film substrate. Typically, the thermoplastic material for this stage is transparent/translucent thermal plastic material; the thickness is more than 1 mm. To avoid decorative ink “wash-off”, the gating locating of the injection mould should be appropriately chosen and/or the decorative ink should be adequately cured. 
     At  3182  reverse FIM or overmoulding injects thermoplastic material into the mould to fill the A-surface of the film. Typically, the thermoplastic material for this stage is transparent/translucent thermal plastic material; the thickness is less than 3 mm. 
     At  3191  a second thermoplastic moulding is injected over the first moulding layer. Typically the 2nd moulding is opaque. The selective area not moulded with opaque plastic allows light to pass through as backlighting for touch activation points or lighting feedback from an LED. 
     At  3192  thermoplastic is injected on B-surface, similar to  3191 . The 2nd moulding is opaque but moulding is on the opposite side of the transparent moulding. The selective area not moulded with opaque plastic allows light to pass through as backlighting for touch activation points or lighting feedback from an LED. 
     At  3193  the FIM part is completed. Depending on different requirement and application;  3191 ,  3181 ,  3192  or  3182  can be the final stage of electronic apparatus. At  3194  the connector is attached to the electronic apparatus and connected to the PCB. 
     While exemplary embodiments pertaining to the invention have been described and illustrated, it will be understood by those skilled in the technology concerned that many variations or modifications involving particular design, implementation or construction are possible and may be made without deviating from the claims.

Technology Category: 4