Patent Document

FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a temperature-compensated optical fiber pressure detector.  
         [0002]     The detector according to the invention finds applications in many spheres measurement, control, detection-alarm, monitoring, where excellent immunity to the outside environment is sought. It is particularly well-suited notably for measurement of the pressure prevailing in oil production wells. Although it can be used for pressure measurements in general, the detector is more particularly intended for very high precision measurement of the pressure variations within a fluid.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Optical fiber detectors afford many specific advantages: limited space requirement, reduced mass, large passband and low attenuation, immunity to electromagnetic interferences, good resistance to the effects of ionizing radiations, possibility of multiplexed reading of the signals produced by various detectors and considerable measuring point offset, etc.  
         [0004]     The prior art in this sphere can be illustrated notably by the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,262; U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,929; U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,070; WO-99/13,307 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,702); WO-00/00,799; WO-01/14,843 or EP-1,008,840 A1.  
         [0005]     The pressure detectors comprise for example one or more deformable elements (diaphragm, bellows, etc.) one surface of which is subjected to the pressure prevailing in a medium, the other surface being subjected to a reference pressure. The deformations or displacements of these elements under the effect of the pressure variations in the medium are translated into variations in the length of an optical fiber portion with Bragg gratings that connects the mobile element to a fixed housing. A detector of the same type is often associated with these pressure detectors, on an optical fiber portion that is not subjected to a stress where the grating deformations are only due to temperature variations. Standard type Bragg gratings can for example be used, whose mean spectral width is of the order of 200 pm or, for higher precision, phase jump type Bragg gratings whose spectral width is reduced to some picometers (pm), as described for example in patent application WO-9,959,009.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     The optical fiber pressure detector according to the invention allows to detect pressure variations in a medium in relation to a reference medium (the atmospheric pressure for example or a back pressure). It comprises at least one deformable element (a membrane for example, or preferably a bellows whose length increases when the pressure of the medium rises) exposed on one side to the reference medium and, on the opposite side, to a pressure to be measured, and at least one optical fiber at least a portion of which is prestressed. It is therefore connected on one side to the deformable element and, on the opposite side, to a reference point so that its prestress varies with the displacements of the deformable element. This optical fiber portion comprises at least one optical grating and an optical system for detecting the deformations undergone by each optical grating as a result of the pressure variations undergone by the deformable element.  
         [0007]     The detector is first distinguished in that it comprises a device resting on a second rigid element that constitutes the reference point, for applying an adjustable prestress to the or to each fiber portion (this second rigid element being preferably isolated from the medium by the outer housing). By means of this device, the desired prestress to be applied to the fiber can be readily adjusted locally.  
         [0008]     According to an embodiment, the device comprises prestress means resting on the second rigid element (such as one or more rigid parts that can be moved away from this second element) and retention means associated with two opposite ends of each fiber portion which cooperate with the prestress means so as to apply an adjustable prestress to this fiber portion.  
         [0009]     According to an embodiment, the device comprises means for giving each optical fiber portion the shape of an open loop formed between the deformable element and the retention means associated with the prestress means.  
         [0010]     It can therefore comprise a semi-circular path (consisting for example of the groove of a pulley portion whose axle is fastened to the deformable element) associated with the deformable element, said prestress means resting against a wall of the second rigid element.  
         [0011]     According to an embodiment, the device comprises means for giving each optical fiber portion the shape of a rectilinear fiber element formed between the deformable element and the second rigid element, the prestress means resting against this second rigid element.  
         [0012]     Different variants can be applied to the previous two embodiments. The means for prestressing the fiber portion can for example comprise a stop piece resting against the second rigid element, and spacing means (by screwing for example) for moving the stop piece away from said second rigid element, the optical fiber portion retention means being associated with the stop piece. The prestress means can also comprise means for locking the stop piece in relation to the second rigid element.  
         [0013]     The retention means can also comprise two mechanical latching elements suited to keep each fiber portion locked respectively at its opposite ends, one being fastened to the deformable element and the other to a part that can be translated in relation to the second rigid element, and means for adjusting to a predetermined value the prestress applied to the fiber portion.  
         [0014]     The retention means can comprise at least one locking part embedded in the stop piece which cooperates with at least one local oversize of the optical fiber portion or at least one part set on the fiber portion, or mechanical latching elements suited to keep each fiber portion locked respectively at its opposite ends, one fastened to the deformable element and the other to the stop piece, or at least one locking part embedded in the stop piece pierced with a calibrated hole, each fiber portion being associated with each locking part by any known means (notably by sticking).  
         [0015]     According to a preferred embodiment, the deformable element comprises a base secured to the body and a movable part (such as a bellows with corrugations of various possible shapes: symmetrical or asymmetrical, helical, with corrugation amplitudes of the inner and outer helices that can be equal or different) secured to the base, and the second rigid element comprises a rigid tube secured to the base and inside the body. Protection means are preferably added to limit deformation of the deformable element.  
         [0016]     The detector can comprise an outer sheath made of a thermally insulating material.  
         [0017]     According to a possible embodiment, the body is made of a material of low thermal conductivity and the elements of the detector inside the body are made of materials whose thermal conductivities are selected to best minimize the formation of thermal gradients.  
         [0018]     According to a preferred embodiment, the detector comprises at least a second optical grating on another fiber portion that is not subjected to a prestress, so as to compensate for the stress variations due to temperature variations.  
         [0019]     In order to best correct the effects of the temperature on the pressure measurements, the detector can comprise a plurality of optical gratings distributed over at least one fiber portion that is not subjected to a prestress, so as to detect thermal gradients inside the body, the optical system being suited to combine the measurements of the various gratings.  
         [0020]     In order to best limit the measurement biases due to imperfections in the latching system, it is in any case preferable that the base length of the prestressed optical fiber portion is sufficiently great. The thermal expansion coefficients of the constituent elements of the detector are also preferably selected to best minimize the length variations of the prestressed fiber portion under the effect of the temperature variations.  
         [0021]     The detector according to the invention can be readily adapted to measure relative or differential pressure variations while keeping the same adjustability performance as regards the prestress applied to the or to each fiber portion.  
         [0022]     According to a first embodiment suitable for measuring the absolute value of a difference between two pressures, the detector comprises for example two deformable elements exposed on one side to the reference medium and, on the opposite side, respectively to two pressures to be measured, at least one optical fiber portion subjected to a prestress, which is connected on one side to one of the deformable elements and, on the opposite side, to a rigid part of the other deformable element forming said second rigid element, and whose stress varies with the displacements of the two deformable elements, this prestressed optical fiber portion comprising at least one optical grating.  
         [0023]     According to a second embodiment suitable for measuring the amplitude and the sign of the relative variation, the detector comprises for example two deformable elements exposed on one side to the reference medium and, on the opposite side, respectively to two pressures to be measured, at least two optical fiber portions each subjected to a prior prestress, which are connected on one side respectively to the two deformable elements and, on the opposite side, to at least one reference point that is fixed, and whose respective stresses vary separately with the displacements of the two deformable elements, each one of these prestressed optical fiber portions comprising at least one optical grating.  
         [0024]     The detector can of course comprise on each optical fiber a plurality of gratings so as to increase its resolution.  
         [0025]     Optical fibers provided with standard or phase jump type Bragg gratings are for example used.  
         [0026]     The pressure detector according to the invention is notably advantageous in that: 
    the desired fiber prestress can be readily adjusted locally by moving away a locking element,     with some of the embodiments described, it is possible, without reflection-generating parallel connection or discontinuity, to arrange several detectors in series at a distance from one another,     the mechanical elements forming the fixed reference point are preferably located within a housing and insulated from the outside pressure (not subjected to deformations).   
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0030]     Other features and advantages of the method according to the invention will be clear from reading the description hereafter of a non limitative embodiment example, with reference to the accompanying figures wherein:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  diagrammatically shows a first embodiment of the pressure detector in axial section, comprising a prestressed optical fiber loop,  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a radial cross-sectional view of the pulley round which the optical fiber runs,  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the baseplate of the inner tube,  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the stop plate,  
         [0035]      FIG. 5  diagrammatically shows a first embodiment variant of the fiber-loop pressure detector, suitable for differential pressure measurement,  
         [0036]      FIG. 6  diagrammatically shows an embodiment variant of the fiber-loop pressure detector, suitable for differential pressure measurement,  
         [0037]      FIG. 7  diagrammatically shows a second embodiment of the pressure detector in axial section, comprising a prestressed linear fiber portion,  
         [0038]      FIG. 8  diagrammatically shows an embodiment variant of the pressure detector with a linear fiber portion, suitable for differential pressure measurement,  
         [0039]      FIG. 9  diagrammatically shows a mode of forming optical gratings for measuring stress and temperature variations, on two coupled optical fiber portions,  
         [0040]      FIG. 10  diagrammatically shows a variant of the mode of  FIG. 9 ,  
         [0041]      FIG. 11  diagrammatically shows a second mode of forming optical gratings on two portions of a single optical fiber,  
         [0042]      FIG. 12  diagrammatically shows a mode of multipoint measurement of the thermal gradients within the detector body, and  
         [0043]      FIG. 13  diagrammatically shows another mode of prestressing a rectilinear fiber element. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0044]     The detector according to the invention is suited to measure pressure variations in a fluid medium. It essentially comprises an outer rigid tubular housing  1  containing an element  2  deformable at least along the axis of the housing under the action of pressure variations, a stress transmission device  3  (described below) for applying a stress to at least one optical fiber portion F 1  provided with at least one optical grating B 1  consisting of a Bragg grating, stressed between deformable element  2  and another, fixed element isolated from the medium by rigid housing  1 , and an optical system for optically detecting the deformations undergone by the optical grating as a result of the pressure variations undergone by the deformable element.  
         [0045]     The body is preferably included in a sheath G made of a thermally insulating material so as to minimize the effects, on the measurements, of thermal gradients within the detector. This is useful in any application where the temperature of the outside medium is low or the time of exposure of the detector to a medium of relatively high temperature is short.  
         [0046]     Deformable element  2  comprises a base  4  fastened to housing  1  inside the latter and a movable (mobile) part whose deformation is linked as it is known in the art with the pressure variations to be measured. It can be a membrane or, as shown in the preferred example, a tubular bellows  5  forming a continuation of base  4  towards the inside of housing  1  and ended by a bottom  6 . The axial displacement of bottom  6  of the bellows is substantially proportional to the pressure variations. Its radial displacement is low. Its elongation variations are stable, which provides good reproducibility of the measurements in time as a function of the pressure and of the temperature.  
         [0047]     However, if the elongation variations are not stable, it is possible to add additional temperature measurement points by means of Bragg gratings, all along the detector body, whose number is predetermined according to the desired measuring accuracy and to a known rule, so as to quantify the effect of the differential expansions induced by a temperature gradient and to correct the effects on the hydrostatic pressure measurement.  
         [0048]     The shape and the dimensions of bellows  5 , and the material from which it is made, are of course suited for the axial displacement of the deformable part to be compatible with the measurement possibilities of the Bragg grating B 1  used and of the associated measuring device, and with the pressure range to be measured. The walls of bellows  5  can be of variable thickness so as to limit the stresses towards the inside in the hollows of the corrugations without penalizing the amplitude of the axial extensions. The bellows can be ring-shaped, saw-toothed, castellated, etc. The folds of bellows  5  can be axially symmetrical (forming rings) or helix-shaped to facilitate implementation.  
         [0049]     A threaded passage  7  is provided through base  4 , thus communicating the inside of bellows  5  with the medium. This communication can be direct or it can be provided by means of a more or less long tube T (fitting the threaded opening) connecting the detector to the medium where pressure P is measured.  
         [0050]     Device  3  comprises a rigid tube  8  arranged inside housing  1 . Tube  8  is fastened to base  4  at a first end and ended by a baseplate  9  at the opposite end. Bellows  5  is arranged inside rigid tube  8 . Radial stops  10  can be arranged between the part and inner tube  8  so as to limit its radial deformation under the action of the outside pressure and to prevent frictions. In the case of a bellows, these radial stops  10  can be rings made of two parts housed in the corrugations of the bellows. Inner tube  8  also comprises an axial safety stop  11  to limit axial extension of the bellows under the effect of the outside pressure.  
         [0051]     I—Prestressed Fiber Loop Detector  
         [0052]     The bottom or base  6  of the bellows comprises a semi-circular path  12  through which an optical fiber  13  is passed. Path  12  can be delimited, for example, by the groove of a pulley portion  14  (a half pulley for example) housed in a hollow provided in the wall of bottom  6  of bellows  5 . This pulley portion, whose axis is orthogonal to the axis of the bellows, is held in place on hollowed bottom  6  by fastening means that are not shown but known to the man skilled in the art, such as corner plates. It is also possible to substantially lengthen grooved bottom  6  in relation to the non limitative representation of  FIG. 1 , so that it reaches the position of the axle of the pulley. In this case, stop  11  has to be moved back accordingly. The pulley and its groove are dimensioned so as to induce as little friction as possible and to leave it perfectly free in rotation in order to best limit the measuring errors that might result therefrom. Pulley  14  is massive and rigid, and tightly secured to the wall of bottom  6  once set in place. Pulley portion  14  has a diameter compatible with the optical signal attenuation due to the curvature of the fiber, which is acceptable for this type of measurement.  
         [0053]     Device  3  also comprises a plate forming a stop  15  arranged on the side of baseplate  9  opposite bellows  5 . Baseplate  9  and stop plate  15  are respectively provided with holes  16 ,  17  that are laterally offset and facing one another, allowing passage of the strands of fiber  13  coming from either side of pulley  14 . Fiber locking means  18  are used to tightly secure the fiber at the level of holes  17 .  
         [0054]     These locking means  18  can comprise, for example, local oversizes S of the core of the fiber in form of a ball or sphere cooperating with tubular elements  19  of limited inside diameter that lodges itself in holes  17  of the stop plate. These locking means  18  can also comprise for example mechanical elements such as ferrules (not shown) set on the fiber, that lock into holes  17  of stop plate  15 .  
         [0055]     It is also possible to stick the optical fiber in parts such as tubular elements  19  provided at the center thereof with a calibrated hole whose diameter is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the optical fiber, so as to limit the measurement bias induced by the shearing under stress of the glue and the fiber sheathing, this diameter of the hole being sufficient to allow the glue to flow therethrough.  
         [0056]     The measurement bias due to the sheath or glue shear, whatever the solution selected for fastening the optical fiber, can be reduced by increasing the length of the base of prestressed fiber F 1  by a sufficient length, this error being, at the first order, inversely proportional to this length.  
         [0057]     It is also possible to use a capstan type locking device by closing one or more times the fiber loop coming from the semi-circular path (around pulley  14 ) by means of an opposite pulley nearby.  
         [0058]     The stop plate comprises several bores for tension screws  20  resting against baseplate  9 , allowing to move stop plate  15  away from baseplate  9  and thus to prestress the fiber in its part F 1  contained in rigid inner tube  8 . It is in this part that the stressed optical fiber comprises at least one optical grating B 1  (Bragg grating for example) whose deformations under the effect of the pressure variations to be measured are converted to measuring signals by optical system  25 . One or more lock screws  21  allow to lock stop plate  15  in relation to baseplate  9  after prestressing fiber portion F 1 .  
         [0059]     Base  6  is sufficiently thick to remain practically non-deformable when the bellows deforms. This base can be added (by welding for example) to the end of the bellows. This added part can include pulley portion  14  used to send the optical fiber towards stop plate  15 .  
         [0060]     In addition to the first Bragg grating B 1  sensitive both to the stress variations and to the temperature variations, the fiber preferably comprises at least a second Bragg grating B 2  in a portion F 2  that is not subjected to a stress, as described in connection with  FIGS. 9-11 . This allows to measure the local temperature variations and incidentally their gradient if the number of gratings is sufficient, and to eliminate the biases of the pressure measurements obtained by means of optical grating(s) B 1  under the effect of the temperature variations.  
         [0061]     At its end opposite base  4 , the cylindrical housing is connected to a connecting tube  22 . This tube is made of stainless steel for example. When the housing is externally exposed to the pressure to be measured, tube  22  is welded to the housing or connected thereto by a pressure-tight connection. On the other hand, a simple connection is sufficient if the detector is not directly exposed to the medium and receives the pressure to be measured by means of a tube T connected to base  4 .  
         [0062]     The two strands of fiber F entering and coming from tube  8  are connected by optical connectors  23  of a well-known type or preferably welded to transmission fibers  24  running through the inside of this connecting tube  22  and are connected to an optical measuring device  25  of a well-known type suited for converting the deformations of fiber portion F 1  to measurements of the medium pressure variations. The inner volume of housing  1  is brought for example to a reference pressure which can be, for example, the atmospheric pressure transmitted through the inside of connecting tube  22 .  
         [0063]     Rigid inner tube  8  is not in contact with the inner wall of housing  1  likely to deform under the action of the outside pressure. Thus, the distance variations between the bottom of deformable element  2  and inside tube  8  secured to base  4  of said element are not likely to be affected by the pressure variations outside housing  1 .  
         [0064]     An embodiment using an inner tube  8  isolated against possible deformations due to the effects of the outside pressure possibly exerted around housing  1  has been described. Locking plate  15  could however rest directly against the wall of the housing in the case where this wall is either not exposed to pressure variations or sufficiently massive to withstand them without departing from the scope of the invention.  
         [0065]     Consider for example the case of a standard Bragg grating fiber of diameter 125 μm, exclusive of sheathing. In the absence of any pressure applied to the deformable element, the fiber is brought under permanent stress with a force of the order of 0.5 daN for example, within the limit of the allowable elongation of the fiber which is of the order of 0.5% for the planned working times, considering the aging of the stressed optical fiber. The shape and the dimensions of the bellows are so selected that, at the maximum pressure to be measured, the residual stress is reduced by half for example. Any increase in the pressure of the medium is translated into a stress decrease, a shortening of fiber portion F 1  and correlatively a change in the deformation of optical grating B 1 , which the associated measuring system  25  is going to measure. During all the stages of exposure to pressure, the stresses exerted on the fiber are lower, which contributes to reducing the effects of aging and therefore to increasing the life of the detector.  
         [0066]     Zero adjustment of the detector is carried out for the maximum stress applied. If the zero shifts, as a result of an initial prestress variation, it can be readily corrected by acting upon plate  15 .  
         [0067]     By correlating in a well-known way the variations affecting grating B 1 , sensitive to both the pressure and the temperature, and grating B 2  sensitive to the temperature only, separate measurements of one and the other are obtained.  
         [0068]     I-1 Differential Pressure Detector  
         [0069]     The pressure detector that has been described can work as a differential detector by communicating the inside of the housing with a back pressure in relation to which the pressure variations of the medium are to be measured. This is possible only if the medium exerting the back pressure is not likely to deteriorate the stressed fiber, its prestress mechanism  3  and communication fibers  24 .  
         [0070]     In the opposite case, two identical pressure detectors are used, each with a deformable element, a fiber prestressing assembly comprising at least one or two optical gratings, separately connected to the same measuring device suited to combine the measurements of the two detectors to deduce the pressure difference between their measurements.  
         [0071]     According to the variant diagrammatically shown in  FIG. 5 , the differential pressure detector comprises, in a single housing  1 , a central compartment  26  in which a stable reference pressure P 0  prevails and two lateral compartments  27 ,  28  communicating respectively with two media under respective pressures P 1 , P 2 . The two lateral compartments  27 ,  28  are respectively separated from central compartment  26  by bellows  30 ,  31  similar to the previous bellows  5 . A device  3  (similar to the previous device  3 ) allows to form and to stress, between bellows  30  and  31 , a open optical fiber loop F 1  provided with at least two Bragg gratings B 1 , B 2  (in layouts such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 9-11 ) from a fiber F entering central compartment  26 , connected to an optical measuring system similar to system  25 . This embodiment is suitable for applications where only measurement of the absolute value of pressure difference |P 2 −P 1 | is sought.  
         [0072]     In the variant diagrammatically shown in  FIG. 6 , two identical pressure detectors are used, possibly in a single housing  1 , each with a deformable element such as a bellows  30 ,  31 , a device  3 A,  3 B for prestressing an optical fiber portion F 1  forming an open loop and comprising at least one or preferably at least two optical gratings B 1 , B 2  which are separately connected to a single measuring device  25  suited to combine the measurements of the detectors in order to deduce the positive or negative pressure difference between their respective measurements.  
         [0073]     II Prestressed Rectilinear Fiber Portion Pressure Detector  
         [0074]     In the second embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the same reference numbers designate the same elements as in  FIG. 1 . It differs from the first one essentially in that fiber portion F 1  forming a loop is here replaced by a prestressed rectilinear fiber portion F′ 1 . At a first end, it is kept locked in a first mechanical latching means  32  of a well-known type fastened to bottom  6  of tubular bellows  5 . At the opposite end, fiber portion F′ 1  is kept locked in a second latching element  33  fastened to mobile stop plate  15 . Fiber prestress is obtained by moving the stop plate away from fixed baseplate  9  of inner tube  8 . Similarly, a first Bragg grating B 1  is formed on fiber portion F′ 1 , and a second grating B 2  is formed on another non-stressed portion of the fiber (see  FIG. 9-11 ). It can be noted that the number of gratings can be increased to increase the measuring accuracy, whether pressure or temperature measurements, and to calculate the gradients.  
         [0075]     In order to maintain fiber portion F 1  stressed, it is possible to use as latching element  32  parts such as tubular elements  19  (see  FIG. 1 ) provided at the center thereof with a calibrated hole of diameter slightly larger than the outside diameter of the optical fiber, and to immobilize the ends of the fiber portion by sticking, the diameter of the hole being sufficient to allow the glue to flow therethrough. The measurement bias induced by the shearing under stress of the glue and of the fiber sheathing is thus limited.  
         [0076]     Similarly, the increase, by a sufficient length according to a known rule, of the base length of prestressed optical fiber F 1  allows these measurement biases to be reduced.  
         [0077]     According to the embodiment of  FIG. 13 , tube  8  is here open at its end opposite that resting on base  4  ( FIG. 1 ). A first element Al for latching fiber portion F′ 1  is similarly secured to bottom  6  of bellows  5 . The opposite fiber portion latching element A 2  is secured to a cylindrical part  34  comprising a head  35  whose diameter is substantially equal to the inside diameter of tube  8 , and a cylindrical extension  36  threaded over part of its length, itself continued by a terminal part  37 . An axial canal  38  runs right through part  34 , allowing passage of the fiber towards the outside. When part  34  is engaged in tube  8 , tube  8  is closed behind it by means of an annular plate  39  that is fastened to tube  8  by radial fastening screws  40 . Belleville type washers are interposed between head  35  and plate  34 . A nut  42  screwed on threaded part  36  of part  34  allows, by moving the latter back, to exert an adjustable prestress on fiber portion F′ 1 . During tightening, terminal part  37  is held in place so that the prestressed fiber portion undergoes no torsion. When the prestress is set at the predetermined value, radial screws  43  allow cylindrical part  34  to be immobilized in relation to tube  8 . Nut  42  can then be immobilized by means of a counternut (not shown).  
         [0078]     The Bragg grating B 2  allowing temperature compensation of the length variations of fiber portion F′ 1  measured by Bragg grating B 1  can be placed on a fiber portion connected (by a connector C) or welded in parallel to the non-prestressed fiber F′ 2 . It is also possible to connect this grating B 2  in series with grating B 1  on a non-prestressed portion of the fiber, preferably as close as possible thereto.  
         [0079]     The length of optical fiber F′ 1  between latching elements A 1 , A 2  can be readily changed by changing the length of tube  8 . This allows to minimize the influence of a possible sliding of prestressed fiber portion F′ 1  inside the latching elements and to increase the resolution of the detector.  
         [0080]     II-1 Differential Pressure Detector  
         [0081]     In the variant shown in  FIG. 8 , two identical pressure detectors are used, possibly in a single housing  1 , each with a deformable element such as a bellows  30 ,  31 , a device  3 A,  3 B for prestressing a rectilinear optical fiber portion F 1 , each prestressed between two latching elements  32 ,  33 , which comprises at least one or preferably at least two optical gratings B 1 , B 2 , and are separately connected to a single measuring device  25  suited to combine the measurements of the two detectors so as to deduce therefrom the positive or negative pressure difference between their respective measurements.  
         [0082]     III Detectors Setup  
         [0083]     The second Bragg grating B 2  must imperatively be formed on an optical fiber portion free from any stress so as to detect only the variations linked with the temperature variations. A setup such as those diagrammatically illustrated in  FIGS. 9, 10  is used for example, where second grating B 2  is formed in the vicinity of the end of a fiber portion F 3  connected to fiber portion F 1  (stressed between the two points A 1 , A 2 ) by an optical coupler C of a well-known type. The fiber portion where grating B 2  is formed can be freely installed in a microtube ( FIG. 9 ) or stuck, prestressed, in a metal tube ( FIG. 10 ). If there is enough room for installing Bragg grating B 2  on the same fiber as grating B 1 , the embodiment of  FIG. 11  can be selected. Grating B 2  is here on the end of fiber portion F 1  outside the fiber portion stressed between the two points A 1 , A 2 . This embodiment saves using an optical coupler C which causes considerable optical losses.  
         [0084]     IV Measuring Accuracy Improvements  
         [0085]     IV-1 Detector Sensitivity  
         [0086]     In order to improve the sensitivity of the detector, it is possible to multiply the number of gratings and the number of optical fibers, the resolution being improved as 1/√{square root over (n)} where n is the number of gratings used to provide the measurement.  
         [0087]     In order to limit the measurement biases introduced by the imperfections of the latching points of prestressed fiber F 1 , F′ 1 , it is advisable to best increase its length, the measurement biases being, at the first order, inversely proportional to this length.  
         [0088]     IV-2 Correction of the Measurement Biases Due to Thermal Stresses  
         [0089]     Body  1 , rigid inner tube  8 , base  4  serving as fixed reference for the elongation measurements and bellows  5  fastened thereto do not have the same length and therefore have different expansions, which may have the effect of applying parasitic differential stresses to prestressed fiber portion F 1 . They can be minimized by judiciously selecting the materials used for manufacturing them respectively, so that the distance between base  4  and bottom  6  of bellows  5  only depends on the pressure variations exerted on the bellows.  
         [0090]     D and L being the unequal distances in relation to base  4  ( FIG. 1 ) respectively of latching points A 1  and A 2 , it is advisable to select the expansion coefficients k 1 , k 2  of the metals from which bellows  5  on the one hand and tube  8  on the other are respectively made in such a way that  
         L   D     ≈         k   2       k   1       .         
 
         [0091]     The constituent materials of the various parts of the detector are generally selected according to their thermal conductivity coefficient c so as to reduce the thermal exchanges with the outside medium and to prevent formation of thermal gradients within the detector. Materials having a high thermal conductivity are thus selected for the parts inside the detector, and materials having a lower thermal conductivity are selected for the parts in thermal contact with the outside medium.  
         [0092]     If the compensation obtained is considered to be insufficient, considering the high measuring accuracy expected, additional compensations can be introduced by means of systematic measurements of the specific thermal expansion of each part inside the detector, using for example other Bragg gratings.  
         [0093]     In the simplified diagram of  FIG. 12 , a non-stressed optical fiber portion F 3  along which several gratings BT 1 , BT 2 , . . . , BTn allowing to precisely measure the thermal variations of the different parts are inscribed is interposed between each bellows  5  and body  1  or intermediate rigid tube  8  ( FIG. 1 ), this fiber portion being connected to stressed fiber portion F 1  by an optical coupler C. Optical system  25  is suited to combine the measurements of the various gratings B 2  in order to generate the fine correction to be applied to the pressure measurements produced by each grating B 1 .  
         [0094]     V Multipoint Pressure Measurements  
         [0095]     Several similar pressure detectors can be installed in series on transmission fibers  24  connected to measuring system  25 . Each one, because of the specific pitch of the Bragg gratings B 1 , B 2  engraved thereon, has an individual feature which allows to discriminate by multiplexing its own contribution in the light spectrum reflected by the various detectors to measuring device  25 .  
         [0096]     VI Isolation of the Bellows in Relation to the Measurement Medium  
         [0097]     The medium in which the detector is dipped may be corrosive (chemical or electrochemical corrosion for example) to the point where the characteristics of the deformable element (membrane, bellows) change, which might distort the measurements. It is possible, in this case, to isolate the bellows from the outside fluid by using an intermediate fluid providing transmission of the pressure. This intermediate fluid is isolated from the corrosive outside fluid by a deformable membrane or bellows consisting of a material withstanding the corrosive fluid and which is in equipressure with the corrosive fluid for which the pressure is measured.

Technology Category: 3