Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/296,482 filed Jun. 8, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
   This application is related to the following U.S. Patent Applications: 
   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/710,238 filed Nov. 9, 2000; and 
   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/780,179 filed Feb. 9, 2001. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention is generally related to communication systems. More particularly, the present invention is related to cable modem systems and methods for ranging cable modems. 
   2. Related Art 
   In conventional cable modem systems, a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network provides a point-to-multipoint topology for supporting data communication between a cable modem termination system (CMTS) at the cable headend and multiple cable modems (CM) at the customer premises. In such systems, information is broadcast downstream from the CMTS to the cable modems as a continuous transmitted signal in accordance with a time division multiplexing (TDM) technique. In contrast, information is transmitted upstream from each of the cable modems to the CMTS as short burst signals in accordance with a time division multiple access (TDMA) technique. The upstream transmission of data from the cable modems is managed by the CMTS, which allots to each cable modem specific slots of time within which to transfer data. 
   Conventional cable modem systems utilize DOCSIS-compliant equipment and protocols to carry out the transfer of data packets between multiple cable modems and a CMTS. The term DOCSIS (Data Over Cable System Interface Specification) refers to a group of specifications published by CableLabs that define industry standards for cable headend and cable modem equipment. The most recent version of DOCSIS is DOCSIS 2.0. In part, DOCSIS sets forth requirements and objectives for various aspects of cable modem systems including ranging, operations support systems, management, data interfaces, as well as network layer, data link layer, and physical layer transport for data over cable systems. 
   Ranging is the process used to adjust transmit levels and time offsets of individual cable modems in order to make sure the data coming from the different modems line up in the right time slots and are received at the same power level at the CMTS. Ensuring that data arrives at the same power level is essential for detecting collisions. If two Cable Modems transmit at the same time, but one is weaker than the other one, the CMTS will only hear the strong signal and assume everything is okay. However, if the two signals have the same strength, the signal will garble and the CMTS will know a collision occurred. Carrier frequency adjustments are also made during the ranging process. Adjustments to the carrier frequency are made to ensure that the CM and CMTS are exchanging transmissions at an agreed upon frequency. 
   Pre-equalization is a process for reducing distortion over the transmission path between the CM and the CMTS and is a part of the above described ranging process. Pre-equalization is achieved using pre-equalization coefficients. The DOCSIS specification provides guidelines for how the pre-equalization coefficients are utilized; however, it does not stipulate as to how the coefficient values are derived. 
   It has been observed that cable modem systems have not been operated according to their greatest potential. Accordingly, what is desired is a system and method for optimizing the ranging process. In this way robust operation between the multiple cable modems and the cable modem termination system in the HFC network can be achieved. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides a system and method for performing ranging operations in a cable modem system. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a ranging request burst is transmitted from a cable modem (CM) to a cable modem termination system (CMTS). The ranging request is comprised of a long preamble portion and a payload portion which includes MAC headers. The characteristics of received power, timing, and carrier frequency offsets of the ranging request are estimated by the CMTS from the received ranging request burst waveform. The CMTS also estimates the combined effects of the cable modem&#39;s pre-equalizer and the Hybrid-Fiber-Cable channel distortions. This estimation results in the generation of equalizer coefficients. The resulting equalizer coefficients are then sent back to the originating CM so that the CM can update its pre-equalizer coefficients. 
   In response to transmitting the ranging request, the cable modem receives a ranging response. The ranging response is comprised of a plurality of ranging parameters including an upstream communications parameter, a timing adjust parameter, a power level adjust parameter, a carrier frequency offset parameter, and a plurality of equalization parameters. The equalization parameters include the generated ranging response equalizer coefficients. 
   Subsequent to receipt of the ranging response at the CM, the current pre-equalizer coefficients for the main tap and non-main taps are set equal to the ranging response equalizer coefficients to generate new pre-equalizer coefficients. In the case where additional ranging responses are received, the ranging response equalizer coefficients are used to convolve the current pre-equalizer coefficients for the main tap and non-main taps according to the algebraic equation EQ1. EQ1 is used to generate new pre-equalizer coefficients. The new pre-equalizer coefficients are then derotated so that an imaginary part of the main tap is equal to zero. 
   Next, each non-main tap having a determined magnitude squared value below a specified threshold is identified. For each identified non-main tap, the new pre-equalizer coefficient for a real part and an imaginary part is set equal to zero. 
   Scaled coefficients are then generated using a second algebraic equation, such as for example EQ2A or EQ2B which are also described in greater detail below. EQ2A can be used for absolute sum scaling, while EQ2B can be utilized for Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) scaling. Finally, adjustments to the transmit power of the cable modem are made using an equalizer coefficient gain change value. The equalizer coefficient gain change value is determined from a current equalizer coefficient gain value and a new equalizer coefficient gain value in accordance with equations EQ3 and EQ4. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
       FIG. 1  is a high level block diagram of a cable modem system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of a cable modem termination system (CMTS) in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic block diagram of a cable modem in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are flowcharts of a method for performing ranging in a cable modem system according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a method for initializing a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate ranging response encoding in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a method for performing pre-equalization during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a flowchart of a method for calculating delay offsets during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a flowchart of a method for performing convolution during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  is a flowchart of a method for performing coefficient clipping during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart a method for performing coefficient scaling during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  is a flowchart of a method for performing power corrections during ranging of a cable modem according to embodiments of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Table of Contents 
   
       
       A. Cable Modem System in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
       B. Example Cable Modem System Components in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
       C. Ranging Cable Modems In A Cable Modem System
       1. Example Initialization Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   2. Example Ranging Request and Example Ranging Response in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   3. Timing Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   4. Power Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   5. Carrier Frequency Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   6. Pre-Equalization
           (a) Example Delay Offset Calculation Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   (b) Example Convolution Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   (c) Example Coefficient Clipping Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   (d) Example Coefficient Scaling Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   (e) Example Power Correction Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention   
           
     
       D. Conclusion 
     
  
   While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art with access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility. 
   A. Cable Modem System in accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
     FIG. 1  is a high level block diagram of an example cable modem system  100  in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The cable modem system  100  enables voice communications, video and data services based on a bi-directional transfer of packet-based traffic, such as Internet protocol (IP) traffic, between a cable system headend  102  and a plurality of cable modems over a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) cable network  110 . In the example cable modem system  100 , only two cable modems  106  and  108  are shown for clarity. In general, any number of cable modems may be included in the cable modem system of the present invention. 
   The cable headend  102  is comprised of at least one cable modem termination system (CMTS)  104 . The CMTS  104  is the portion of the cable headend  102  that manages the upstream and downstream transfer of data between the cable headend  102  and the cable modems  106  and  108 , which are located at the customer premises. The CMTS  104  broadcasts information downstream to the cable modems  106  and  108  as a continuous transmitted signal in accordance with a time division multiplexing (TDM) technique. Additionally, the CMTS  104  controls the upstream transmission of data from the cable modems  106  and  108  to itself by assigning to each cable modem  106  and  108  short grants of time within which to transfer data. In accordance with this time division multiple access (TDMA) technique, each cable modem  106  and  108  may only send information upstream as short burst signals during a transmission opportunity allocated to it by the CMTS  104 . 
   The HFC network  110  provides a point-to-multipoint topology for the high-speed, reliable, and secure transport of data between the cable headend  102  and the cable modems  106  and  108  at the customer premises. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art(s), the HFC network  110  may comprise coaxial cable, fiberoptic cable, or a combination of coaxial cable and fiberoptic cable linked via one or more fiber nodes. 
   Each of the cable modems  106  and  108  operates as an interface between the HFC network  110  and at least one attached user device. In particular, the cable modems  106  and  108  perform the functions necessary to convert downstream signals received over the HFC network  110  into IP data packets for receipt by an attached user device. Additionally, the cable modems  106  and  108  perform the functions necessary to convert IP data packets received from the attached user device into upstream burst signals suitable for transfer over the HFC network  110 . For clarity, in the example cable modem system  100 , each cable modem  106  and  108  is shown supporting only a single user device  114 . In general, each cable modem  106  and  108  is capable of supporting a plurality of user devices for communication over the cable modem system  100 . User devices may include personal computers, data terminal equipment, telephony devices, broadband media players, network-controlled appliances, or any other device capable of transmitting or receiving data over a packet-switched network. 
   In the example cable modem system  100 , cable modem  106  and  108  represent a conventional DOCSIS-compliant cable modem. In other words, cable modem  106  and  108  transmit data packets to the CMTS  104  in formats that adhere to the protocols set forth in the DOCSIS specification. 
   Furthermore, in the example cable modem system  100 , the CMTS  104  operates to receive and process data packets transmitted to it in accordance with the protocols set forth in the DOCSIS specification. The manner in which the CMTS  104  operates to receive and process data will be described in further detail herein. 
   B. Example Cable Modem System Components in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
     FIG. 2  depicts a schematic block diagram of an implementation of the CMTS  104  of cable modem system  100 , which is presented by way of example, and is not intended to limit the present invention. The CMTS  104  is configured to receive and transmit signals to and from the HFC network  110 , a portion of which is represented by the optical fiber  202  of  FIG. 2 . Accordingly, the CMTS  104  will be described in terms of a receiver portion and a transmitter portion. 
   The receiver portion includes an optical-to-coax stage  204 , an RF input  206 , a splitter  214 , and a plurality of burst receivers  216 . Reception begins with the receipt of upstream burst signals originating from one or more cable modems by the optical-to-coax stage  204  via the optical fiber  202 . The optical-to-coax stage  204  routes the received burst signals to the radio frequency (RF) input  206  via coaxial cable  208 . In embodiments, these upstream burst signals having spectral characteristics within the frequency range of roughly 5-42 MHz. 
   The received signals are provided by the RF input  206  to the splitter  214  of the CMTS  104 , which separates the RF input signals into N separate channels. Each of the N separate channels is then provided to a separate burst receiver  216  which operates to demodulate the received signals on each channel in accordance with either a Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) technique to recover the underlying information signals. The burst receiver  216  contains an equalizer which estimates channel distortions. Each burst receiver  216  also converts the underlying information signals from an analog form to digital form. This digital data is subsequently provided to the headend media access control (MAC)  218 . 
   The headend MAC  218  operates to process the digital data in accordance with the DOCSIS specification. The functions of the headend MAC  218  may be implemented in hardware or in software. In the example implementation of  FIG. 2 , the functions of the headend MAC  218  are implemented both in hardware and software. Software functions of the headend MAC  218  may be stored in either the random access memory (RAM)  220  or the read-only memory (ROM)  218  and executed by the CPU  222 . The headend MAC is in electrical communication with these elements via a backplane interface  221  and a shared communications medium  232 . In embodiments, the shared communications medium  232  may comprise a computer bus or a multiple access data network. 
   The headend MAC  218  is also in electrical communication with the Ethernet interface  224  via both the backplane interface  221  and the shared communications medium  232 . When appropriate, Ethernet packets recovered by the headend MAC  218  are transferred to the Ethernet interface  224  for delivery to a packet-switched network via a router. 
   The transmitter portion of the CMTS  104  includes a downstream modulator  226 , a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter  228 , an amplifier  230 , an intermediate frequency (IF) output  212 , a radio frequency (RF) upconverter  210  and the optical-to-coax stage  204 . Transmission begins with the generation of a digital broadcast signal by the headend MAC  218 . The digital broadcast signal may include data originally received from the packet-switched network via the Ethernet interface  224 . The headend MAC  218  outputs the digital broadcast signal to the downstream modulator  226  which converts it into an analog form and modulates it onto a carrier signal in accordance with either a 64-QAM or 256-QAM technique. 
   The modulated carrier signal output by the downstream modulator  256  is input to the SAW filter  228  which passes only spectral components of the signal that are within a desired bandwidth. The filtered signal is then output to an amplifier  230  which amplifies it and outputs it to the IF output  212 . The IF output  212  routes the signal to the RF upconverter  210 , which upconverts the signal. In embodiments, the upconverted signal has spectral characteristics in the frequency range of approximately 54-860 MHz. The upconverted signal is then output to the optical-to-coax stage  204  over the coaxial cable  208 . The optical-to-coax stage  204  broadcasts the signal via the optical fiber  202  of the HFC network  110 . 
     FIG. 3  depicts a schematic block diagram of an implementation of the cable modem  106  of cable modem system  100 , which is presented by way of example, and is not intended to limit the present invention. The cable modem  106  is configured to receive and transmit signals to and from the HFC network  110  via the coaxial connector  332  of  FIG. 3 . Accordingly, the cable modem  106  will be described in terms of a receiver portion and a transmitter portion. 
   The receiver portion includes a diplex filter  302 , an RF tuner  304 , a SAW filter  306 , and amplifier  308 , and a downstream receiver  310 . Reception begins with the receipt of a downstream signal originating from the CMTS  104  by the diplex filter  302 . The diplex filter  302  operates to isolate the downstream signal and route it to the RF tuner  304 . In embodiments, the downstream signal has spectral characteristics in the frequency range of roughly 54-860 MHz. The RF tuner  304  downconverts the signal and outputs it to the SAW filter  306 , which passes only spectral components of the downconverted signal that are within a desired bandwidth. The filtered signal is output to the amplifier  308  which amplifies it and passes it to the downstream receiver  310 . Automatic gain controls are provided from the downstream receiver  310  to the RF tuner  304 . 
   The downstream receiver  310  demodulates the amplified signal in accordance with either a 64-QAM or 256-QAM technique to recover the underlying information signal. The downstream receiver  310  also converts the underlying information signal from an analog form to digital form. This digital data is subsequently provided to the media access control (MAC)  314 . 
   The MAC  314  processes the digital data, which may include, for example, Ethernet packets for transfer to an attached user device. The functions of the MAC  314  may be implemented in hardware or in software. In the example implementation of  FIG. 3 , the functions of the MAC  314  are implemented in both hardware and software. Software functions of the MAC  314  may be stored in either the RAM  322  or the ROM  324  and executed by the CPU  320 . The MAC  314  is in electrical communication with these elements via a shared communications medium  316 . In embodiments, the shared communications medium may comprise a computer bus or a multiple access data network. 
   The MAC  314  is also in electrical communication with the Ethernet interface  318  via the shared communications medium  316 . When appropriate, Ethernet packets recovered by the MAC  314  are transferred to the Ethernet interface  318  for transfer to an attached user device. 
   The transmitter portion of the cable modem  108  includes an upstream burst modulator  326 , a digital to analog converter  327 , a low pass filter  328 , a power amplifier  330 , and the diplex filter  302 . Transmission begins with the construction of a data packet by the MAC  314 . The data packet may include data originally received from an attached user device via the Ethernet interface  318 . In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the MAC  314  may format the data packet in compliance with the protocols set forth in the DOCSIS specification. The MAC  314  outputs the data packet to the upstream burst modulator  326  which converts it into analog form and modulates it onto a carrier signal in accordance with either a QPSK or QAM technique. 
   The upstream burst modulator  326  also performs pre-equalization of the modulated carrier signal using a pre-equalizer  325 . The pre-equalizer  325  is provided with a number of filter “taps” through which the modulated carrier signal is passed. One tap is designated the main tap. The remaining taps are referred to as non-main taps. Each tap has both a real part and an imaginary part. Each real part and each imaginary part are assigned equalizer coefficients that are used to cancel inter-symbol interference within the modulated carrier signal. The modulated carrier signal is passed from the pre-equalizer  325  to the low pass filter  328  which passes signals with spectral characteristics in a desired bandwidth. In embodiments, the desired bandwidth is within the frequency range of approximately 5-42 MHz. The filtered signals are then introduced to the power amplifier  330  which amplifies the signal and provides it to the diplex filter  302 . The gain in the power amplifier  330  is regulated by the burst modulator  326 . The diplex filter  302  isolates the amplified signal and transmits it upstream over the HFC network  110  during a scheduled burst opportunity. 
   C. Ranging Cable Modems in a Cable Modem System 
   When a new cable modem is added to the network and periodically thereafter, a ranging process is performed to determine the network delay between the cable modem and the cable modem termination system. This ranging process is also used to establish and maintain the power transmission level, carrier frequency, and transmission times used by the cable modem. 
     FIG. 4A  depicts a flowchart  400  of a method for performing ranging operations in a cable modem system comprised of multiple cable modems and a cable modem termination system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The invention, however, is not limited to the description provided by the flowchart  400 . Rather, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings provided herein that other functional flows are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The flowchart  400  will be described with continued reference to the example CMTS  104  and cable modem  106  of the cable modem system  100 , as well as in reference to the example hardware implementation of the cable modem  106  of  FIG. 3 . 
   Prior to making an initial ranging request, a cable modem that is newly added to the cable modem system  100  must first be initialized (step  405 ). 
   1. Example Initialization Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
     FIG. 5  illustrates an initialization routine  500  for initializing the CM  106  according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
   In step  505 , the modulator of the CM  106  is preset according to default settings determined during manufacture. 
   The pre-equalizer  325  has a number of taps designated herein as F 1  to F N . One tap is designated as the main tap and the others are referred to as non-main taps. Each tap has both a real part and an imaginary part to which a pre-equalizer coefficient is assigned for performing filtering of the carrier signal. 
   The CM must initialize the pre-equalizer coefficients to a default setting prior to making an initial ranging request. Therefore, in step  510 , the coefficient value of the real part of the first tap (F 1real ) is set equal to one (1). 
   Following step  510 , in a next step  515 , the remaining pre-equalizer coefficients (F 1imaginary ) to (F N ) are set equal to zero (0). 
   Finally, in a step  520 , the first tap (F 1 ) is stored as the current main tap location. As would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, the main tap location refers to the position of the zero delay tap between 1 and N. 
   2. Example Ranging Request and Example Ranging Response in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   Referring again to  FIG. 4A , following the initialization step  405 , in step  410 , a ranging request (RNG-REQ) is transmitted by the CM  106  to the CMTS  104 . The RNG-REQ is comprised of a long preamble portion and a payload portion which includes MAC headers, transmitted at default settings for the power transmission level, carrier frequency, and pre-equalizer coefficients. The default settings for the pre-equalizer coefficients for the main tap and non-main taps are set during the initialization routine  500 . Upon receiving the RNG-REQ, the CMTS  104  generates a ranging response (RNG-RSP). 
     FIG. 6A  provides an illustration of the RNG-RSP message encoding according to the DOCSIS specification. The RNG-RSP includes parameters addressing, among other things, upstream communications channels, timing, power, frequency, and equalization. The upstream communications parameter  605  is used to indicate the upstream channel on which the CM  106  must transmit. 
   The timing adjust parameter  610  is used to indicate the time amount by which the CM 106  must advance or delay its transmissions so that subsequent bursts will arrive at the CMTS  104  at the appropriate times. The power level adjust parameter  615  is used to indicate the change in transmission power level that is required in order for transmissions from the CM  106  to arrive at the CMTS  104  at the proper power level. The carrier frequency offset parameter  620  is used to indicate any changes in the transmission frequency that are needed to ensure that the CM  106  and CMTS  104  are properly aligned. The equalization parameters  625  provide the equalization coefficients used by the CM  106  to perform pre-equalization. 
   Referring to  FIG. 6B , as required by the DOCSIS specification, the number of forward taps per symbol  630  must be either 1, 2, or 4. The main tap location  635  refers to the position of the zero delay tap, between 1 and N. For a symbol-spaced equalizer, the number of forward taps per symbol field  630  must be set to one (1). The number of reverse taps  640  (M) must be set to zero (0) for a linear equalizer. The total number of taps  645  may range up to sixty-four (64). As stated above, each tap (F 1 -F N ) consists of a real coefficient  650  and an imaginary coefficient  655  entry in the table. 
   An exemplary method for generating the RNG-RSP in accordance with embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 4B . 
   In a step  415 , CMTS  104  receives the RNG-REQ from the CM  106 . In response, a timing adjust parameter is determined (step  420 ). Following step,  420 , in a step  425 , a power level adjust parameter is determined. Once the power level adjust parameter has been determined, in a step  430 , a carrier frequency offset parameter is determined. Upon the completion of step  430 , in a step  435 , equalization coefficients are determined. 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, the ranging response is set according to the DOCSIS 1.1 specification requirements. Accordingly, the following parameters and values are used: the main tap location (K) is set equal to four (4); the number of forward taps per symbol is set equal to one (1); the number of forward taps (N) is set equal to eight (8); and the number of reverse taps (M) is set equal to zero (0). Further, the equalizer coefficients for the taps (F 1 -F N ) are determined by the equalizer of the burst receiver  216  by estimating the overall channel response. In an alternative embodiment, where there is spectrum inversion in the up/down conversion path, the imaginary parts of the equalizer coefficients are negated. 
   Once the RNG-RSP is generated, it is transmitted to the CM  106  (step  440 ). 
   Returning to  FIG. 4A , the RNG-RSP is subsequently received by the CM  106  (step  445 ). 
   3. Timing Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   The CMTS  104  requires that transmissions from each cable modem in the cable modem system  100  be received at a specified time. In a step  450 , initial and periodic timing adjustments are made to maintain the timing sequence between the CM  106  and the CMTS  104 . The ranging response sent to the cable modem  106  includes a timing adjust parameter. The transmission time parameter in the cable modem  106  is adjusted by an amount equal to the timing adjust parameter. By transmitting in accordance with the adjusted transmission time parameter, the cable modem  106  can expect that its subsequent transmissions will arrive at the CMTS  104  at the appropriate times. 
   4. Power Level Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   The CMTS  104  also requires that transmissions from each cable modem in the cable modem system  100  be received at a specified power level. In a step  455 , initial and periodic power level adjustments are made to maintain the appropriate power level at the CM  106 . The ranging response sent to the cable modem  106  includes a power level adjust parameter. The power transmission level parameter in the cable modem  106  is adjusted by an amount equal to the power level adjust parameter. By transmitting in accordance with the adjusted power transmission level parameter, the cable modem  106  can expect that its transmissions will arrive at the CMTS  104  at the appropriate power level. 
   5. Carrier Frequency Adjustment in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   The CMTS  104  also requires that transmissions from each cable modem in the cable modem system  100  be received at a specified upstream carrier frequency. In a step  460 , initial and periodic carrier frequency adjustments are made to maintain the appropriate carrier frequency settings. The ranging response sent to the cable modem  106  includes a carrier frequency offset parameter. The upstream carrier frequency parameter in the cable modem  106  is adjusted by an amount equal to the carrier frequency offset parameter. In an embodiment of the present invention, the carrier frequency offset parameter can be averaged over multiple periodic ranging iterations in either the CM  106  or the CMTS  104  in order to improve the accuracy of the carrier frequency offset parameter. 
   6. Pre-Equalization 
   In a step,  465 , pre-equalization is performed. Pre-Equalization is used to reduce noise and improve the overall quality of transmissions exchanged between the cable modem  106  and the CMTS  104 .  FIG. 7  provides an exemplary pre-equalization routine in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
   (a) Example Delay Offset Calculation Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   In step  715 , the CM  106  determines a delay offset. The delay offset represents the time by which frame transmission should be offset so that frames transmitted by the CM  106  arrive at the CMTS  104  at the appropriate time. 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , if this is the first RNG-RSP received by the CM  106  after initialization (step  805 ), then in a step  810 , the delay offset is calculated as —(Main tap location−1)*(10.24 MHz/sym_rate). 
   In a step  815 , the delay offset value determined in step  810  is added to the timing adjust parameter provided in the RNG-RSP message. 
   When a subsequent RNG-RSP message is received, in a step  820 , the delay offset is calculated as the (current main tap location-the main tap location specified in the ranging response)*(10.24 MHz/Sym_rate). 
   In a step  825 , the current main tap location is set equal to the main tap location specified in the subsequent RNG-RSP message. 
   (b) Example Convolution Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   Once the delay offset has been determined, convolution is performed ( FIG. 7 , step  720 ). An exemplary convolution routine in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 9 . 
   In a step  905 , a determination is made as to whether the RNG-RSP message is the first ranging response received since the CM  106  was initialized. 
   In response to receiving the first RNG-RSP the current pre-equalizer coefficients are set equal to the ranging response equalizer coefficients transmitted in the RNG-RSP (step  910 ). 
   As subsequent RNG-RSP messages are received, the CM  106  must convolve the current pre-equalizer coefficients set during initialization or previous ranging iterations with the ranging request equalizer coefficients received in the RNG-RSP message. Accordingly, in a step  915 , the current pre-equalizer coefficients are convolved in an embodiment of the present invention using the equation: 
                   C   j   ′     =       ∑     i   =   1     N     ⁢       F   i     ⁢     C     j   -   i   +   K                   (EQ1)               
where Cj and Cj′ are the respective current and new pre-equalizer coefficients. K is the main tap location, N is the number of feedforward taps (for example, N=8), and F(i) are the ranging request equalizer coefficients in the RNG-RSP message sent by the CMTS  104  and i and j are integers. In the present example where N=8, the value of C i  outside the range (i=1−8) of the equalizer tap span should be set to zero (0). It therefore follows that the coefficients C −6  to C 0  and C 9  to C 15  would be set equal to zero (0).
 
   Phase noise in the vector summation occurring during the convolution process produces phase rotation. Therefore, after each convolution (step  910  or  915 ), the main tap must be derotated so that the imaginary part of the main tap=0. In this way the gain loss is minimized. Thus, in a step  920 , where the value of the imaginary part of the main tap is small, the imaginary value is simply reset to zero (0). Alternatively, where the imaginary part value is not small, the main tap angle must be calculated and derotated according to steps that would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after reading the disclosure provided herein. 
   (c) Example Coefficient Clipping Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   Referring again to  FIG. 7 , once convolution has been completed, in a step  725 , coefficient clipping is performed. Coefficient clipping is used to reduce the self noise effect resulting from the convolution process. An exemplary routine for performing coefficient clipping in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 10 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 10 , in an embodiment of the present invention, the magnitude squared value from both the real and imaginary parts of any non-main taps is determined (step  1005 ). 
   Next, in step  1010 , for all non-main tap values of the real and imaginary parts of the new pre-equalizer coefficients whose magnitude squared value (F ireal   2 +F i imaginary   2 ) is less than a determined threshold (for example, −36 dB, 0.00025 in linear representation) is reset to zero (0). In this way any noise resulting from the new pre-equalizer coefficients and the convolution process is reduced. 
   (d) Example Coefficient Scaling Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   Referring again to  FIG. 7 , in a step  730 , coefficient scaling is performed. Coefficient scaling is used to prevent overloading of the CM modulator. An exemplary routine for performing coefficient scaling according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIG. 11 . 
   In a step  1105 , scaled coefficients are determined using the equation: 
                     C   _     i     =       (     C   i     )     /       ∑     i   =   1     N     ⁢     (            C   i   real          +          C   i   imag            )                 (EQ2A)               
Where C i  refers to either the real or imaginary part of the new equalizer coefficients. In this way the new pre-equalizer coefficients are normalized in an absolute-sum sense.
 
   In an alternative embodiment, Root Mean Squared (RMS) or equivalently L(2)-norm scaling is used. Accordingly, scaled coefficients can also be determined using the equation: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     _ 
                   
                   i 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       C 
                       i 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   / 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       sqrt 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 i 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                               N 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   C 
                                   i 
                                   real 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               2 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 C 
                                 i 
                                 image 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 (EQ2B) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Once the scaled coefficients  C   i  have been determined, they are loaded into the pre-equalizer  325  of CM  106  (step  1110 ). 
   Next, in a step  1115 , the current coefficient values are set equal to the scaled coefficients. The current coefficient values are then used for subsequent convolution iterations. 
   (e) Example Power Correction Method in Accordance with Embodiments of the Present Invention 
   Following step  730 , power correction is performed. (Step  735 ) The equalizer coefficients produce a change in the overall transmit power of the CM. 
   This change needs to be compensated for in the output power of the CM. The changes made to the output power to compensate for the equalizer coefficients are in addition to any power adjustments indicated in the power level adjust field of the received RNG-RSP message. An exemplary method for performing power correction is explained with reference to  FIG. 12 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 12 , in an embodiment of the present invention, in step  1205 , output power change corresponding to an equalizer coefficient gain change value (ΔP) is calculated in dB using the equation:
 
Δ P (dB)=10 log 10 ( P   cur   /P   new )  (EQ3)
 
Where P new  represents a new equalizer coefficient gain value and is derived from the equation:
 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 P 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     N 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 C 
                                 _ 
                               
                               real 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             i 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 C 
                                 _ 
                               
                               imag 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             i 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 (EQ4) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   P cur  is a current equalizer gain value and  C   i  refers to the final, scaled coefficients. In an embodiment, P cur  is set to be one (1) during initial ranging or whenever the pre-equalizer is reset to a default setting. Otherwise, P cur  refers to the equalizer coefficient gain value determined in a previous iteration. In step  1210 , the new equalizer coefficient gain value is stored along with the new pre-equalizer coefficients. The absolute transmit power level may need to be calculated or tabulated during each ranging to make sure that its level does not exceed the maximum limit allowed in the specification (e.g. 58 dBmV for QPSK and 55 dBmV for 16 QAM. For the overall power calculation, the new equalizer coefficient gain value determined above should also be accounted for along with the power amp gain in the RF section. Accordingly, the overall transmission power (Overall_TX_power) is set as the result of new equalizer coefficient gain value+the power amp gain in dB. 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, the ranging process  400  should be performed in accordance with the order presented (i.e., time, power, carrier frequency, and pre-equalization). One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the operations can be performed in a different sequential order. For example, time and power can be corrected in parallel with carrier frequency and pre-equalization. However, the pre-equalizer coefficient routine should follow after the carrier frequency correction. Further, in an embodiment, the pre-equalization step should be performed for at least two iterations. 
   CONCLUSION 
   The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Technology Category: h