Patent Document

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0161656 filed on Dec. 23, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    Embodiments of the disclosure relate to white LED devices, and a method of fabricating the same. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    White LED devices are used in various illumination apparatuses due to a long life span and low power consumption. In particular, demands of white LED devices which generate white light are growing. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Embodiments of the present disclosure include various white LED devices having higher light emitting efficiency and longer life span, and methods of fabricating the same. 
         [0005]    An embodiment of the disclosure provides a light emitting device. The light emitting device includes an LED chip having a first main surface, a second main surface opposing the first main surface, and one or more side surfaces extending between the first main surface and second main surface. A reflective side layer surrounds the one or more side surfaces of the LED chip. The reflective side layer has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface extending in a first direction, and an opening extending between the first main surface and the second main surface in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The opening surrounds the LED chip. A phosphor film overlies the first main surface of the LED chip and the first main surface of the reflective side layer. At least one electrode is disposed on the second main surface of the LED chip. 
         [0006]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the reflective side layer may have one or more outer side surfaces extending between the first main surface and the second main surface of the reflective side layer in the second direction. The phosphor layer may have a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface, and one or more side surfaces extending between the first main surface and the second main surface of the phosphor film. The outer side surfaces of the reflective side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film may be substantially aligned along the second direction. 
         [0007]    In certain embodiments, the light emitting device may further comprise a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the LED chip. The buffer layer may extend along the side surfaces of the LED chip. 
         [0008]    In certain embodiments, the light emitting device may further comprise a buffer layer. Outer side surfaces of the buffer layer may be substantially aligned with the outer side surfaces of the reflective side layer and side surfaces of the phosphor film along the second direction. 
         [0009]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the phosphor film comprises a first phosphor film layer comprising a first phosphor material and a second phosphor film layer comprising a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment of the disclosure, a light emitting device is provided comprising an LED chip having a first main surface, a second main surface opposing the first main surface, and one or more side surfaces extending between the first main surface and second main surface. A reflective side layer surrounding the one or more side surfaces of the LED chip is provided, wherein the reflective side layer has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface. A phosphor film overlies the first main surface of the LED chip and the first main surface of the reflective side layer. At least one electrode is disposed on the second main surface of the LED chip. The first main surface of the LED chip and the first main surface of the reflective side layer are substantially coplanar. 
         [0011]    In certain embodiment of the light emitting device the phosphor film may comprise a first phosphor film layer comprising a first phosphor material and a second phosphor film layer comprising a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment of the disclosure, a light emitting device comprising an LED chip having a first main surface, a second main surface opposing the first main surface, and one or more side surfaces extending between the first main surface and second main surface is provided. A phosphor side layer surrounds the one or more side surfaces of the LED chip, wherein the phosphor side layer has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface extending in a first direction. A phosphor film overlies the first main surface of the LED chip and the first main surface of the phosphor side layer, wherein the phosphor film has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface extending in the first direction. At least one electrode is disposed on the second main surface of the LED chip. The phosphor film and the phosphor side layer are different from each other. 
         [0013]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the phosphor film and the phosphor side layer have different densities. The density of the phosphor side layer may be less than the density of the phosphor film. The density of the phosphor side layer may be about 35-50% of the density of the phosphor film. 
         [0014]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the phosphor side layer comprises a first phosphor material, and the phosphor film comprises a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0015]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the phosphor side layer may have one or more outer side surfaces extending between the first main surface and the second main surface of the phosphor side layer in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction, and the phosphor film has one or more side surfaces extending in the second direction between the first main surface and the second main surface of the phosphor film. The light emitting device may further comprise a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the phosphor side layer, wherein side surfaces of the buffer layer are substantially aligned with the outer side surfaces of the phosphor side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film along the second direction. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments, the light emitting device may further comprise a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the phosphor side layer. The buffer layer may extend along the side surfaces of the LED chip. 
         [0017]    In certain embodiments of the light emitting device, the phosphor film may comprise a first phosphor film layer comprising a first phosphor material and a second phosphor film layer comprising a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0018]    In another embodiment of the disclosure, a method of fabricating a light emitting device is provide comprising forming a phosphor film and attaching a plurality of LED chips to the phosphor film. Each LED chip has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface. The first main surfaces of the LED chips are attached to the phosphor film, and the LED chips are spaced-apart from each other. After attaching the LED chips, the phosphor film is cured. A reflective material is deposited between the spaced-apart LED chips to form a reflective side layer. A singulation process is performed to form a plurality of separated LED devices. 
         [0019]    In certain embodiments of the method, the first main surface of the LED chip and a main surface of the reflective side layer may be substantially coplanar. 
         [0020]    In certain embodiments of the method, the reflective side layer may have a first main surface and an opposing second main surface extending in a first direction, and one or more outer side surfaces extending between the reflective side layer first main surface and second main surface in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The phosphor film may have a first main surface and an opposing second main surface extending in the first direction, and one or more side surfaces extending between the phosphor film first main surface and second main in the second direction. The outer side surfaces of the reflective side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film may be substantially aligned in the second direction. 
         [0021]    In certain embodiments of the method, the curing the phosphor layer may comprise a partial cure before depositing the reflective material, and a further cure after depositing the reflective material. 
         [0022]    In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise forming a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the LED chip. The buffer layer may extend along the side surfaces of the LED chip. The buffer layer may be applied to the phosphor film by spraying a buffer material on the phosphor film or stamping a buffer material on the phosphor film. The buffer layer may be formed after partially curing the phosphor film. 
         [0023]    In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise forming a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the LED chip, wherein side surfaces of the buffer layer are substantially aligned with the outer side surfaces of the reflective side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film in the second direction. 
         [0024]    In certain embodiments of the method, the forming the phosphor film may comprise forming a first phosphor film layer comprising a first phosphor material and a forming a second phosphor film layer comprising a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0025]    In certain embodiments of the method, the phosphor film may be cured by heating the phosphor film. 
         [0026]    In certain embodiments, the method may further comprises forming a releasing layer prior to forming the phosphor film. The phosphor film may be applied to the releasing layer using a blade or a roller. 
         [0027]    In another embodiment of the disclosure, a method of fabricating a light emitting device is provided comprising forming a phosphor film and attaching a plurality of LED chips to the phosphor film. Each LED chip has a first main surface and a second main surface opposing the first main surface, wherein the first main surfaces of the LED chips are attached to the phosphor film, and the LED chips are spaced-apart from each other. After attaching the LED chips, phosphor film is cured. A phosphor material is deposited between the spaced-apart LED chips to form a phosphor side layer. A singulation process is performed to form in a plurality of separated LED devices. 
         [0028]    In certain embodiments of the method, the phosphor film and the phosphor side layer may be different from each other. The phosphor film and the phosphor side layer may have different densities, and the density of the phosphor side layer may be less than the density of the phosphor film. The density of the phosphor side layer may be about 35-50% the density of the phosphor film. 
         [0029]    In certain embodiments of the method, the second main surface of the LED chip and a main surface of the phosphor side layer are substantially coplanar. 
         [0030]    In certain embodiments of the method, the curing the phosphor layer comprises a partial cure before depositing the phosphor material, and a further cure after depositing the phosphor material. 
         [0031]    In certain embodiments of the method, the phosphor side layer has a first main surface and an opposing second main surface extending in a first direction, and one or more outer side surfaces extending between the first main surface and the second main surface in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The phosphor film may have a first main surface and an opposing second main surface extending in the first direction, and one or more side surfaces extending between the first main surface and the second main surface in the second direction. The outer side surfaces of the phosphor side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film may be substantially aligned in the second direction. In certain embodiments, a buffer layer may be formed between the phosphor film and the LED chip, wherein outer side surfaces of the buffer layer are substantially aligned in the second direction with the outer side surfaces of the phosphor side layer and the side surfaces of the phosphor film. 
         [0032]    In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise forming a buffer layer between the phosphor film and the LED chip. The buffer layer may extend along the side surfaces of the LED chip. The buffer layer may be applied to the phosphor film by spraying a buffer material on the phosphor film or stamping a buffer material on the phosphor film. The buffer layer may be formed after partially curing the phosphor film. 
         [0033]    In certain embodiments of the method, the forming the phosphor film may comprise forming a first phosphor film layer comprising a first phosphor material and a forming a second phosphor film layer comprising a second phosphor material, wherein the second phosphor material is different from the first phosphor material. 
         [0034]    In certain embodiments of the method, the phosphor film may be cured by heating the phosphor film. The phosphor film may be applied to the releasing layer using a blade or a roller. 
         [0035]    In certain embodiments, the method further comprises forming a releasing layer prior to forming the phosphor film. 
         [0036]    Still other embodiments of the disclosure provide a illumination module and an illumination system having white LED devices. 
         [0037]    The technical objectives of the disclosure are not limited to the above disclosure; other objectives may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art based on the following descriptions. 
         [0038]    Details of other embodiments are included in the detailed description and drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]    The foregoing and other features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the more particular description of preferred embodiments of the disclosure, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals denote the same respective parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosure. 
           [0040]      FIGS. 1A to 4E  are bottom views and longitudinal-sectional views conceptually showing white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0041]      FIGS. 5A to 12B  are views for describing various methods of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0042]      FIG. 13A  is a diagram conceptually showing an LED module including at least one of white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure, and  FIG. 13B  is a diagram conceptually showing an illumination system including at least one of white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0043]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  show illumination angles of light emitted from white LED devices. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0044]      FIGS. 1A to 4E  are bottom views and longitudinal-sectional views conceptually showing white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. 
         [0045]      FIG. 1A  is a bottom view of a white LED device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, and  FIG. 1B  is a longitudinal-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 1A . 
         [0046]    Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a white LED device  11   a  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , and a reflective side layer  30 . 
         [0047]    The LED chip  20  may generate blue light. For example, the LED chip  20  may include a blue LED. The LED chip  20  may include (+)/(−) electrodes  21  and  22  disposed on a surface thereof. The electrodes  21  and  22  may have a polygonal mesa shape protruding from a lower surface (or an upper surface) of the LED chip  20 . Otherwise, the surfaces of the electrodes  21  and  22  may be planar to be coplanar with the lower surface (or the upper surface) of the LED chip  20 , or buried in the LED chip  20  so that the surfaces thereof are recessed from the lower surface of the LED chip  20 . When the electrodes  21  and  22  are buried, reference numerals  21  and  22  may indicate bumps. The electrodes  21  and  22  may include metals such as W, Al, Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, or another. 
         [0048]    The phosphor film  40  may be disposed on the upper surface of the LED chip  20 . A part of a lower surface of the phosphor film  40  may be in direct contact with the entire upper surface of the LED chip  20 . The phosphor film  40  may be a single-layered film type or single-layered sheet type which has a substantially uniform thickness. The phosphor film  40  may include a yellow phosphor material and a base resin. For example, the phosphor material may include phosphor particles or phosphor powders, and the base resin may include silicon resin. 
         [0049]    The reflective side layer  30  may surround side surfaces of the LED chip  20  in a top view or a bottom view. An upper surface of the reflective side layer  30  may be in direct contact with the lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The upper surface of the LED chip  20  may be planar and coplanar with the upper surface of the reflective side layer  30 . The lower surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the reflective side layer  30  may be substantially planar. Side surfaces of the phosphor film  40  and side surfaces of the reflective side layer  30  may be planar and vertically aligned to form an outer side surface of the LED chip  20 . The reflective side layer  30  may include a reflective material and a base resin in a ratio of about 40:60. For example, the reflective material may include a white-colored metal oxide, such as TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or ZrO 3 . The base resin may include a transparent material such as silicon. The TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or ZrO 3  may exist in a particle or powder state in the reflective side layer  30  or the base resin. 
         [0050]    When the white LED device  11   a  and the LED chip  20  are assumed to have a cubic shape, a horizontal width W 1  of the white LED device  11   a  or the phosphor film  40  may be about 1.25 to 1.4 mm, a horizontal width W 2  of the LED chip  20  may be about 0.7 to 0.9 mm, a horizontal width W 3  of the reflective side layer  30  may be about 0.23 to 0.27 mm, a vertical thickness T 1  of the phosphor film  40  may be about 0.9 to 1.1 mm, and a vertical thickness T 2  of the LED chip  20  or the reflective side layer  30  may be about 0.14 to 0.18 mm. The above-mentioned values are optimized through various experiments in order for the white LED device  11   a  to generate optimal white light. 
         [0051]    In the white LED device  11   a  in accordance with the embodiment of the disclosure, since light emitted and lost in a lateral direction of the LED chip  20  is reduced by the reflective side layer  30 , an effective light emitting angle is improved to about 110°. 
         [0052]      FIG. 1C  is a bottom view of a white LED device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, and  FIG. 1D  is a longitudinal-sectional view taken along II-II′ of  FIG. 1C . 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIGS. 1C and 1D , a white LED device  11   b  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with upper and side surfaces of the LED chip  20 , and a part of a lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may fully cover the upper surface of the LED chip  20 , and partly cover the side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . The buffer layer  50  may substantially conformably cover the upper and side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . The buffer layer  50  may have a superior adhesion than the phosphor film  40 . Accordingly, the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40  may have improved adhesion. The buffer layer  50  may include a hardened silicon resin or solidified silicone. 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 1E , a white LED device  11   c  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 , and between the reflective side layer  30  and the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be conformably interposed between an upper surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the phosphor film  40 , and between an upper surface of the reflective side layer  30  and the lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with the upper surface of the LED chip  20 , the upper surface of the reflective side layer  30 , and the lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may have a shape of a thin film such as a coated film. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 1F , a white LED device  11   d  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with an upper surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may fully cover the upper surface of the LED chip  20 , and substantially not cover side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . In addition, the buffer layer  50  may protrude outward than the side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . 
         [0056]    Referring to  FIG. 1G , a white LED device  11   e  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 , and between the reflective side layer  30  and the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be conformably interposed between an upper surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the phosphor film  40 , and between an upper surface of the reflective side layer  30  and the lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with the upper surface of the LED chip  20 , the upper surface of the reflective side layer  30 , and the lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . The buffer layer  50  may have a predetermined thickness as being formed by a spreading, plasting, or stamping method. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 2A , a white LED device  12   a  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , and a reflective side layer  30 . The multilayered phosphor film  45  may include an upper phosphor film  46  and a lower phosphor film  47 . The upper phosphor film  46  may be stacked directly on the lower phosphor film  47 . The lower phosphor film  47  may be in contact with, abut, or be adjacent to the LED chip  20  and the reflective side layer  30 . The upper phosphor film  46  may include a green phosphor material and the lower phosphor film  47  may include a red phosphor material. For example, the upper phosphor film  46  may include a green phosphor film and the lower phosphor film  47  may include a red phosphor film. The upper phosphor film  46  and the lower phosphor film  47  may include yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), silicate, or silicon. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIG. 2B , a white LED device  12   b  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . The buffer layer  50  may be conformably formed on upper and side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with the upper and side surfaces of the LED chip  20 , and a part of a lower surface of a lower phosphor film  47 . 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 2C , a white LED device  12   c  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 , and between the reflective side layer  30  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . The buffer layer  50  may be conformably interposed between an upper surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of a lower phosphor film  47 , and between an upper surface the reflective side layer  30  and the lower surface of the lower phosphor film  47 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with the upper surface of the LED chip  20 , the upper surface of the reflective side layer  30 , and the lower surface of the lower phosphor film  47 . The buffer layer  50  may have a thin film shape such as a coated film. 
         [0060]    Referring to  FIG. 2D , a white LED device  12   d  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . The buffer layer  50  may be in direct contact with an upper surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of a lower phosphor film  47 . 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 2E , a white LED device  12   e  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a reflective side layer  30 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 , and between the reflective side layer  30  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . The buffer layer  50  may have an appropriate conformal thickness. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIG. 3A , a white LED device  13   a  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , and a phosphor side layer  60 . The phosphor side layer  60  may surround side surfaces of the LED chip  20  in a top view or a bottom view. An upper surface of the phosphor side layer  60  may be in direct contact with a lower surface of the phosphor film  40 . An upper surface of the LED chip  20  and the upper surface of the phosphor side layer  60  may be planar and coplanar. A lower surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the phosphor side layer  60  may be substantially planar. Side surfaces of the phosphor film  40  and side surfaces of the phosphor side layer  60  may be planar and vertically aligned. The phosphor side layer  60  may include the same material as the phosphor film  40 . When the phosphor side layer  60  and the phosphor film  40  include the same material, a boundary therebetween may disappear. 
         [0063]    A vertical thickness T 3  of the phosphor side layer  60  may be substantially the same as the reflective side layer  30 . 
         [0064]    In the white LED device  12   a  in accordance with the embodiment of the disclosure, since light emitted and lost in a lateral direction of the LED chip  20  is used as an effective light by the phosphor side layer  60 , an effective light emitting angle is improved to about 130°. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIG. 14A , in certain embodiments of the white LED device  300   a , the light emitting device has a light emitting angle α. In certain embodiments there may be some yellowing of the white light at peripheral portions γ of the light emitting angle α. 
         [0066]    In certain embodiments of the white LED device  300   b , peripheral yellowing is prevented, thereby providing white light across the entire light emitting angle α, as shown in  FIG. 14B , by forming phosphor film  40  and the phosphor side layer  60  having different densities. In certain embodiments, the density of the phosphor side layer may be less than the density of the phosphor film. The density of the phosphor side layer may be about 35-50% the density of the phosphor film. 
         [0067]    Referring to  FIG. 3B , a white LED device  13   b  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0068]    Referring to  FIG. 3C , a white LED device  13   c  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 , and between the phosphor side layer  60  and the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0069]    Referring to  FIG. 3D , a white LED device  13   d  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0070]    Referring to  FIG. 3E , a white LED device  13   e  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a phosphor film  40 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the phosphor film  40 , and between the phosphor side layer  60  and the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0071]    Referring to  FIG. 4A , a white LED device  14   a  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , and a phosphor side layer  60 . 
         [0072]    Referring to  FIG. 4B , a white LED device  14   b  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . 
         [0073]    Referring to  FIG. 4C , a white LED device  14   c  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 , and between the phosphor side layer  60  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . 
         [0074]    Referring to  FIG. 4D , a white LED device  14   d  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . 
         [0075]    Referring to  FIG. 4E , a white LED device  14   e  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include an LED chip  20 , a multilayered phosphor film  45 , a phosphor side layer  60 , and a buffer layer  50  disposed between the LED chip  20  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 , and between the phosphor side layer  60  and the multilayered phosphor film  45 . 
         [0076]    Since the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure include a reflective side layer  30  or a phosphor side layer  60  formed on side surfaces of the LED chips  20 , light generation efficiency is excellent. For example, since light emitted from the LED chip  20  in a lateral direction is reflected by the reflective side layer  30  or emitted by the phosphor side layer  60 , intensity of light emitted outward from the LED chip may increase. 
         [0077]    In the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with all embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1A to 4E , the electrodes  21  and  22  may be planar and coplanar with the lower surface (or upper surface) of the LED chip  20 , or buried such that the surfaces of the electrodes  21  and  22  are recessed from the lower surface of the LED chip  20 . When the electrodes  21  and  22  are buried, reference numerals  21  and  22  may indicate bumps. 
         [0078]    The white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with all embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1A to 4E  may include a lens (not shown) disposed on the phosphor film  40  so as to obtain a preferred shape of light distribution at a light-emitting side. The lens may fully cover the upper surface of the phosphor film  40 . The lens may include a transparent material, such as hardened silicon or an organic polymer resin. 
         [0079]    Since some of the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure include the buffer layer  50 , adhesive strengths of the LED chip  20 , the phosphor film  40 , the reflective side layer  30 , and/or the phosphor side layer  60  are improved, and thus physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics are improved, and life span increases. 
         [0080]    Since some of the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure include the buffer layer  50 , the phosphor film  40  are less affected by heat generated from the LED chip  20 . 
         [0081]    By adjusting the refractive index of the phosphor film  40  and the buffer layer  50 , emission efficiency of light generated from the LED chip  20  may increase. 
         [0082]      FIGS. 5A to 12B  are views for describing various methods of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. 
         [0083]    Referring to  FIG. 5A , a method of fabricating a white LED device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include forming a releasing layer  2  on a supporting substrate  1 . The supporting substrate  1  may include a transparent polymer compound. For example, the supporting substrate  1  may include polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In other embodiment, the supporting substrate  1  may include a hard film, such as glass. The releasing layer  2  may include fluorine (F). For example, the forming the releasing layer  2  may include coating a material containing fluorine (F) on the supporting substrate  1 . In other embodiments, the releasing layer  2  may be omitted. 
         [0084]    Referring to  FIG. 5B , the method may include forming a phosphor layer  40   a  on the releasing layer  2  of the supporting substrate  1 . The forming the phosphor layer  40   a  may include providing a paste-state phosphor resin  40   r  on the releasing layer  2 , and forming the phosphor resin  40   r  in an appropriate thickness on the releasing layer  2  of the supporting substrate  1  using a blade BL. In addition, the phosphor layer  40   a  may be formed by a spreading and plasting method. The phosphor layer  40   a  and/or the phosphor resin  40   r  may include a phosphor powder, silicon, and a solvent. In other embodiments, the phosphor resin  40   r  may be a form of a tape or sheet having softness. Accordingly, the phosphor layer  40   a  may be directly formed in the form of a film on the releasing layer  2  of the supporting substrate  1 . In this embodiment, the phosphor layer  40   a  may include a yellow phosphor material. 
         [0085]    Referring to  FIG. 5C , the method may include pre-curing the phosphor layer  40   a . The pre-curing of the phosphor layer  40   a  may include loading the supporting substrate  1  on which the phosphor layer  40   a  is formed into a curing oven OV, and heating for several tens of minutes. For example, the phosphor layer  40   a  may be heated at about  125  t for about  30  minutes in the curing oven OV. In this process, the solvent component in the phosphor layer  40   a  may be partially removed, and thus the phosphor layer  40   a  may be cured and converted into a soft pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b . In another embodiment, when the phosphor resin  40   r  is a form of a tape or a sheet, this process may be substantially omitted. The pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  may have a thickness of about 100 μm. 
         [0086]    Referring to  FIG. 5D , the method may include arranging and mounting a plurality of LED chips  20  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  of the supporting substrate  1 . The arranging and mounting of the LED chips  20  may include lightly pressing and attaching the LED chip  20  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b . (+)(−) electrodes  21  and  22  may be disposed on a surface of each of the LED chips  20 . The plurality of LED chips  20  may include blue LED chips which generate blue light. The LED chips  20  may be singulated from a wafer state to a single chip state through a dicing process. 
         [0087]    Referring to  FIG. 5E , the method may include fully curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  on which the LED chips  20  are arranged. The fully curing of the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  may include further heating the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  in the curing oven OV for several tens of minutes. For example, the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  may be further heated in the curing oven OV at about 150° C. for about 20 minutes. In this process, the solvent components in the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  may be substantially fully removed, and thus the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  may be fully cured and converted to a hard cured phosphor film  40 . In other embodiments, the phosphor film  40  may be a form of a sheet. 
         [0088]    Referring to  FIG. 5F , the method may include providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips  20  on the phosphor film  40 . Thy providing of the reflective side material  30   a  may include dispensing the reflective side material  30   a  having fluidity between the LED chips  20  using a dispenser DP such as a nozzle, etc. The reflective side material  30   a  may include a reflective material and a base resin in a ratio of about 40:60. For example, the reflective material may include a white-colored metal oxide powder, such as TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or ZrO 3 , and the base resin may include a transparent material such as silicon. The reflective side material  30   a  may further include a solvent to obtain fluidity or viscosity. The reflective side material  30   a  may have viscosity of about 1500 to 2000 centipoises (cP). An upper surface of the viscous reflective side material  30   a  may become substantially flat over time. 
         [0089]    Referring to  FIG. 5G , the method may include forming a reflective side layer  30  by curing the reflective side material  30   a . The curing of the reflective side material  30   a  may include heating the reflective side material  30   a  at about 170° C. for about 30 minutes in the curing oven OV. In this process, the solvent components in the reflective side material  30   a  may be substantially fully removed, and thus the reflective side material  30   a  may be cured to be the solid-state reflective side layer  30 . An upper surface of the reflective side layer  30  may be substantially planar with or have a similar height to upper surfaces of the LED chips  20 . 
         [0090]    Referring to  FIG. 5H , the method may include performing a singulation process in which the reflective side layer  30  is diced. Thereby, each of the LED chips  20  are diced and separated into white LED devices  10 . The white LED device  10  may include the LED chip  20 , the reflective side layer  30  surrounding side surfaces of the LED chip  20 , and the phosphor film  40  disposed on a lower surface of the LED chip  20  and a lower surface of the reflective side layer  30 . In a top view, the reflective side layer  30  may fully surround four side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . The singulation process may include cutting the reflective side layer  30 , the phosphor film  40 , and the releasing layer  2 , and partially cutting the supporting substrate  1 , using a cutter CT or a blade. 
         [0091]    Referring to  FIGS. 5I and 5J , the method may include replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4  by performing a transfer process. 
         [0092]    Referring to  FIG. 5I , the transfer process may include attaching a transitional substrate  3  on the LED chips  20  and the reflective side layers  30  such that the transitional substrate  3  is opposite to the supporting substrate  1 , and physically separating the phosphor film  40  from the releasing layer  2  on the supporting substrate  1 . The transitional substrate  3  may include an acryl-based resin or a polymer compound which has a higher flexibility and thermal expansion than the supporting substrate  1 . The process may be performed in a state in which the supporting substrate  1  and the white LED devices  10  are overturned such that the white LED chips  20  face down. 
         [0093]    Referring to  FIG. 5J , the transfer process may include attaching the transfer substrate  4  on the phosphor film  40 , and separating the transitional substrate  3 . The transfer substrate  4  may also include an acryl-based resin or a polymer compound which has a higher flexibility and thermal expansion than the supporting substrate  1 . The process may be performed in a state in which the transitional substrate  3  and the white LED devices  10  are overturned such that the LED chips  20  face up. 
         [0094]    Referring to  FIG. 5K , the method may further include testing the white LED device  10 . The test of the white LED device  10  may include picking up and transferring the white LED device  10  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED devices  10  by contacting probes PB onto the electrodes  21  and  22  of the LED chips  20  of the white LED device  10  on the test system TS. Next, the method may include listing non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  depending on the result of the test. 
         [0095]      FIG. 5L  is a view for describing another method of forming the phosphor layer  40   a  on the releasing layer  2 , with reference further to  FIG. 5B . The forming the phosphor layer  40   a  may include providing a phosphor resin  40   r  on the releasing layer  2 , and spreading and plasting the phosphor resin  40   r  in an appropriate thickness on the releasing layer  2  of the supporting substrate  1  using a roller RL. 
         [0096]    Referring to  FIG. 6A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , forming a releasing layer  2  on a supporting substrate  1 , and stacking a multilayered phosphor layer  45   a  including a first phosphor layer  46   a  and a second phosphor layer  47   a  on the releasing layer  2 . For example, the first phosphor layer  46   a  may be directly formed on the releasing layer  2  of the supporting substrate  1 , and the second phosphor layer  47   a  may be directly formed on the first phosphor layer  46   a . The first phosphor layer  46   a  may include a green phosphor material, and the second phosphor layer  47   a  may include a red phosphor material. The first phosphor layer  46   a  and the second phosphor layer  47   a  may include one of a CaSiN phosphor material, an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor material, and/or a silicate phosphor material. Each of the first phosphor layer  46   a  and/or the second phosphor layer  47   a  may be provided in a form of a resin, a film, or a sheet. 
         [0097]    The method may include, by fully or selectively performing the processes with reference to  FIGS. 2A , and  5 C to  5 K, pre-curing the first phosphor layer  46   a  and the second phosphor layer  47   a , arranging and mounting a plurality of LED chips  20  on the pre-cured second phosphor layer  47   a , forming a first phosphor film  46  and a second phosphor film  47  by fully curing the pre-cured first phosphor layer  46   a  and the pre-cured second phosphor layer  47   a , providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips  20 , forming a reflective side layer  30  by curing the reflective side material  30   a , and/or cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0098]    The method may further include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5I to 5L , and  6 B, replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  on the test system TS using a probe PB, etc. 
         [0099]    Referring to  FIG. 7A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5A to 5F , forming a releasing layer  2  on a supporting substrate  1 , forming a phosphor layer  40   a  on the releasing layer  2 , pre-curing the phosphor layer  40   a , arranging and mounting a plurality of LED chips  20  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b , fully curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  to form a phosphor film  40 , and providing a phosphor side filling material  60   a  between the LED chips  20  on the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0100]    The phosphor side filling material  60   a  may include a phosphor powder, silicon, and a solvent. The phosphor side filling material  60   a  may include a yellow phosphor material, or a green-red mixed phosphor material, etc. For example, the phosphor side filling material  60   a  may include the same materials as the phosphor resin  40   r.    
         [0101]    The method may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 3A , and  5 G to  5 H, curing the phosphor side filling material  60   a  to form a phosphor side layer  60 , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0102]    The method may further include, with reference further to  FIGS. 51 ,  5 J, and  7 B, replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED device  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  using probes PB. 
         [0103]    Referring to  FIG. 8A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5A to 5F ,  6 A, and  7 A, forming a releasing layer  2  on a supporting substrate  1 , stacking a multilayered phosphor layer  45   a  including a first phosphor layer  46   a  and a second phosphor layer  47   a  on the releasing layer  2 , pre-curing the multilayered phosphor layer  45   a , arranging and mounting a plurality of LED chips  20  on the pre-cured second phosphor layer  47   a , fully curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  45   a  to form a phosphor film  40 , and providing a phosphor side filling material  60   a  between the LED chips  20  on the phosphor film  40 . 
         [0104]    The method may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 4A , and  5 G to  5 H, curing the phosphor side filling material  60   a , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0105]    The method may further include, with reference to  FIGS. 5I ,  5 J, and  8 B, replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  using probes PB on the test system TS. 
         [0106]    Referring to  FIG. 9A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include partly forming a buffer layer  50  on parts of surfaces of the LED chips  20 . The forming the buffer layer  50  may include partially dipping the LED chips  20  in a vessel VS which contains a buffer material  50   a , to form the buffer layer  50  on the entire lower surface and parts of side surfaces of the LED chip  20 . The buffer material  50   a  may include adhesive silicon resin. The buffer material  50   a  may be a liquid state having an appropriate fluidity, or a paste state having an appropriate viscosity. 
         [0107]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 5D , and  9 B, arranging and mounting the LED chips  20  having the buffer layer  50  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b.    
         [0108]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5E and 9C , fully curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b , and providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips  20 . 
         [0109]    The method may include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5G and 5H , curing the reflective side material  30   a  to form a reflective side layer  30 , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0110]    The method may further include, with reference further to  FIGS. 5I to 5K , replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  using probes PB on the test system TS. 
         [0111]    Referring to  FIG. 10A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 5C , forming a buffer layer  50  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b . The forming the buffer layer  50  may include spraying a buffer material  50   a  onto the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  by performing a spraying process using a nozzle NZ. 
         [0112]    The method may further include drying or heating the buffer material  50   a . Accordingly, the buffer material  50   a  may be dried or heated and converted to the buffer layer  50  in a form of a film or a sheet. 
         [0113]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5D and 5E , arranging and mounting the LED chips  20  on the buffer layer  50 , and curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  and the buffer layer  50 . 
         [0114]    Referring to  FIG. 10B , the method may include providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips  20  using a dispenser DP, etc. 
         [0115]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5G and 5H , curing the reflective side material  30   a  to form a reflective side layer  30 , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0116]    The method may further include, with reference to  FIGS. 5I to 5K , replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED devices  10  using probes PB on the test system TS. 
         [0117]    Referring to  FIG. 11A , a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 5C , providing a buffer material  50   a  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b . The supply of the buffer material  50   a  may include dropping the buffer material  50   a  in the form of an island on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  using a dispensing process. 
         [0118]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5D and 11B , arranging and mounting the LED chips  20  on the buffer material  50   a  using a collet CL. The LED chips  20  may be pressed and attached. Accordingly, the buffer material  50   a  may be spread or plasted on the entire lower surface of the LED chip  20 . For example, the buffer material  50   a  may be converted into a buffer layer  50  having protrusions from side surfaces of the LED chips  20 . A process of partially or fully drying the buffer layer  50  may be more performed. 
         [0119]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5E to 5H , and  10 C, providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips, forming a reflective side layer  30  by curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  and the buffer layer  50 , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10  by performing a singulation process. 
         [0120]    The method may further include, with reference  FIGS. 5I to 5K , replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  using probes PB on the test system TS. 
         [0121]      FIG. 11C , compared to  FIG. 11A , is a view for describing another method of forming a buffer layer  50  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b . Referring to  FIG. 11C , the forming the buffer layer  50  may include stamping a buffer material  50   a  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b  by performing a stamping process using a stamp ST. 
         [0122]    Referring to  FIG. 12A  or  12 B, a method of fabricating white LED devices in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 5C , providing a buffer material  50   a  on the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b , and forming a buffer layer  50  by spreading and/or plasting the buffer material  50   a  using a blade BL or a roller RL. 
         [0123]    The method may include, with reference to  FIGS. 5D to 5H , arranging and mounting a plurality of LED chips  20  on the buffer layer  50 , fully curing the pre-cured phosphor layer  40   b , providing a reflective side material  30   a  between the LED chips  20 , forming a reflective side layer  30  by curing the reflective side material  30   a , and cutting each of the LED chips  20  to be separated into white LED devices  10 . 
         [0124]    The method may further include, with reference  FIGS. 5I to 5K , replacing the supporting substrate  1  with a transfer substrate  4 , picking up and transferring the white LED devices  10  disposed on the transfer substrate  4  to a test system TS using a collet CL, and classifying the white LED devices  10  into non-defective goods B 1  and defective goods B 2  by testing electrical and optical properties of the white LED device  10  using probes PB on the test system TS. 
         [0125]    Regarding to the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  described in  FIGS. 1A to 4E , each of methods of fabricating thereof may be easily anticipated and understood when the various embodiments of the disclosure described with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 12B  are combined. 
         [0126]      FIG. 13A  is a diagram conceptually showing an LED module  100  including at least one of the white LED devices  10 , and  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 13A , the LED module  100  in accordance with the embodiment of the disclosure may include a plurality of white LED devices  120  arranged on a module substrate  110 . The white LED devices  120  may include at least one of the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  described in  FIGS. 1A to 4E . The white LED devices  120  may be arranged on the module substrate  110  using a flip-chip bonding method. Metal interconnections  130  disposed on the module substrate  110  may be in direct contact with the electrodes  121  and  122  of the white LED devices  120 . When the electrodes  121  and  122  are buried to be recessed from lower surfaces of the white LED devices  120 , the electrodes  121  and  122  may include bumps, such as metal pillars or solder balls. 
         [0127]      FIG. 13B  is a diagram conceptually showing an illumination system  200  including at least one of the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 13B , the illumination system  200  in accordance with the embodiment of the disclosure may include a body  210 , an LED module  220 , and a reflector  230 . The body  210  may include screw-type grooves  211  and an electrode  212  so as to be inserted into a socket, etc. The LED module  220  may include a white LED device  222  disposed on a module substrate  221 . The module substrate  221  may include a printed circuit board (PCB), and the white LED device  222  may include one of the white LED devices  11   a  to  14   e  in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure described in  FIGS. 1A to 4E . The reflector  230  may increase light efficiency so that light generated from the LED module  220  is irradiated in a direction. 
         [0128]    Since the white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure include a reflective side layer or a phosphor side layer formed on side surfaces of LED chips, light generation efficiency is excellent. For example, since light radiated in a lateral direction from an LED chip is reflected by a reflective side layer or emitted by a phosphor side layer, intensity of the light emitted outward from the LED chip increases. 
         [0129]    Since the white LED devices in accordance with various embodiments of the disclosure include a buffer layer, adhesion of a LED chip, a phosphor film, and a reflective side layer and/or a phosphor side layer are improved, and the phosphor film is less affected by heat generated from the LED chip. Accordingly, physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics of a device are excellent, and life span of a device increases. 
         [0130]    The foregoing is illustrative of embodiments and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function, and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures.

Technology Category: h