Patent Document

FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention is in the field of electronic/electrical connectors and systems capable of handling high frequencies and providing low-noise while also providing low capacitance, low-inductance with minimal loading. More particularly, the invention relates to multi-connector assemblies in high density arrays including connectors being used as an interposer between high-density and/or miniaturized electronic devices and circuit board assemblies.  
         PRIOR ART  
         [0002]    Present trends in designing microelectronic devices and circuits are toward increased miniaturization, higher component density and greater number of component leads per piece-part that are also capable of being configured in high-density, large-number arrays. Such interconnections must be capable of supporting low-noise signals, signals with fast edges (Δv/Δt) or radio-frequencies (RF) signals. In addition, there is more of a need to provide signal buffering, conditioning, filtering or signal termination to reduce parasitic inductance and capacitance. Techniques known in the art for providing high-density interconnections between an integrated circuit (IC) or multi-chip module (MCM) and a printed wiring board (PWB) include using land grid arrays (LGA&#39;s), ball grid arrays (BGA&#39;s), and flip-chip techniques. LGA&#39;s and BGA&#39;s have become popular in part because production equipment used to mount and solder surface-mount devices onto circuit boards can be easily adapted. This ease of manufacture is enhanced by the tendency of BGAs during soldering to self-align because of the effects of surface tension caused from the molten solder. Flip-chip techniques provide the lower inductance for getting signals in and out of IC&#39;s and MCM&#39;s since thereby allowing higher frequencies and less generated noise.  
           [0003]    As electronic devices and integrated circuits are becoming more complex with increasing signal densities, increasing speeds and with decreasing signal voltage levels, there is a corresponding need to improve signal integrity issues and reduce noise. Consequently, there is an increasing need to provide interconnections with a minimal amount of permutations to reduce generated noise. Such permutations include interconnecting stub lengths and changes in characteristic impedance caused from physical transitions within the connector. In addition, short connections are required to reduce interconnecting inductance and capacitance and to also decrease attenuation at higher frequencies. With this need to accommodate increasing speeds and densities in environments of decreasing voltage levels, there is a need to increase functionality and flexibility within the connector while maintaining or improving signal integrity issues and low noise operation. Such functionality and flexibility include signal buffering, amplification, level-shifting or many miscellaneous functions to include voltage regulation, signal generation (an oscillator) or phase-lock loops.  
         DESCRIPTION OF KNOWN ART  
         [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,590 issued to Michael D. Galloway entitled SHIELDED STACKABLE CONNECTOR ASSEMBLY describes a way to stack contact elements that are shielded from adjacent contact elements and supported by brackets. Even though this connector provides a means to stack contacts the structure is restricted to printed circuit boards, does not lend itself to high density nor does it incorporate any active devices to provide a means to isolate, condition or process signals between connecting members or provide a means to incorporate signal generation.  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,540,558 B1 and B2 issued to Bernardus L. F. Paagman entitled CONNECTOR, PREFERABLY A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR, WITH INTEGRATED PCB ASSEMBLY and ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR WITH INTEGRATED PCB ASSEMBLY consist of contact units mounted on perpendicular printed circuit boards that are stacked together to form an array of contact units. It cannot provide in-line interconnections between signals, and, even though this connector can be adapted to higher density it also does not provide a means to incorporate active circuitry.  
           [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,146 (&#39;146) entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS OF MAKING AN ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTION ON A CIRCUIT BOARD by the present inventor, discloses a process and apparatus for forming double-helix contact receptacles directly from insulated wire for interconnecting components independent of printed circuitry. Some of the apparatus disclosed therein, specifically the wire processing mechanism including cutting, stripping, and handling assemblies, is readily adaptable to the present invention which, like the ‘146’ patent, is capable of handling and incorporating both single and twisted-pair insulated wire. Alternatively, coaxial cable can be used with the center conductor in lieu of a single conductor, provided the shield does not contact the center conductor.  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,759 (&#39;759), also by the present inventor, for SURFACE MOUNT COMPONENT PADS, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; &#39;759 discloses a method to form pads for surface-mount electronic components by inserting a stripped portion of insulated wire into an elongated rectangular opening, and anchoring the U-shaped loop thus formed into place with epoxy or a plug. Although the pads disclosed in the &#39;759 patents can be used with area arrays, their elongated pads will not mesh well geometrically with the square pads normally used in arrays. In addition, due to their shape, elongated pads cannot be disposed sufficiently dense in planar arrays to meet the close proximity requirements of LGA&#39;s or BGA&#39;s.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,596, also by the present inventor, for a HIGH-DENSITY COMPRESSION CONNECTOR, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a method to form contact receptacles for high-density area arrays and connectors from sections of insulated wire. In this patent a stripped section of insulated wire is formed into a short loop, this loop inserted into an insulating sleeve, and this insulating sleeve is inserted into a receptacle of a housing. In an allowed continuation-in-part of &#39;596, entitled SLEEVELESS HIGH-DENSITY COMPRESSION CONNECTOR, the insulation portion of insulated wire takes the place of the insulating sleeve.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,342 also by the present inventor, for a SLEEVELESS HIGH-DENSITY COMPRESSION CONNECTOR, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a method to form contact receptacles for high-density area arrays and connectors from sections of insulated wire, but does not use the sleeve of the &#39;596 patent. This patent, also using a stripped section of insulated wire to form an interconnecting loop, is inserted into an insulating housing.  
           [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,383, also by the present inventor, for a IMPEDANCE CONTROLLED HIGH-DENSITY COMPRESSION CONNECTOR, and also incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method to fabricate an impedance-controlled element within a high-density connector array by the insertion of central plugs into a metal housing, where this connector is capable of incorporating series and parallel resistive elements into each connector element.  
           [0011]    The above referenced patents &#39;146, &#39;626, &#39;759, &#39;342 and &#39;596, are cited for the use of insulated wire to interconnect formed component receptacles; they cannot be stacked or incorporate active circuitry. Although U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,383 and the present invention are similar in construction, U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,383 incorporates a metal housing and neither provides for intermediate connections within the connector nor does it support any active circuitry but instead incorporates passive devices for the central element.  
         OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a multi-unit connector assembly providing a means to reduce signal degradation within any signal&#39;s interconnect by buffering or isolating a signal adjacent to the input of an electronic device.  
           [0013]    It is another object to provide an ability to process a signal being input or output from an electronic device.  
           [0014]    Another object is to provide a multi-unit connector assembly capable of stacking, thereby providing increasing functionality to the electronic device.  
           [0015]    Another object is to provide a multi-unit connector that is simple to manufacture.  
           [0016]    Another object is to achieve high density and ability to interconnect to microelectronic circuits such as area-arrayed electronic devices including ball-grid arrays, land-grid array, chip-scale or flip-chip packages.  
           [0017]    Yet another object is to provide a multi-unit connector that is capable of generating a signal for input to an electronic device.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0018]    These and other objects are achieved by the present invention, a compression-contact connector assembly having a plurality of cylindrical electronic active elements mounted in an array of cylindrical through-openings in a housing panel. The housing panel incorporates alternating layers of traces or planes of electrically conductive material separated by layers of dielectric material. These layers of electrically conductive material provide power and ground to the connector elements while traces of conductive material etched in the conductive layers can serve to interconnect the connector elements. The active connector elements can include digital or analog, differential or single-ended drivers or receivers. Digital devices can include latches, logic gates, level-shifting devices (for translating voltage levels from one logic family to another) and analog devices can include signal, RF or power transistors, voltage regulators, phase-lock loops, or any type of amplifier. In fact, for the purpose of this disclosure the term active refers to the use of any semiconductor or a device for the generation of a signal, such as oscillators or transducers. Essentially, what differentiates this interface connector from other types of connectors, interface or otherwise, is that active modules are inserted internal to the housing with each module preselected and installed into individual openings of the housing for the needed functionality. This arrangement ultimately matches the layout of the interfacing device, such as an integrated circuit, multi-chip module, system on a chip (SOC) or a connector of a cable assembly. The connector array is typically situated between a circuit board and integrated circuit or alternatively can be stacked with multiple units between the circuit board and integrated circuit. This stacking can serve to process one or more of the signals as they transition each connector array. In addition the present invention can be used as an interposer between two connector assemblies as described in U.S. Patents ″759, &#39;596, &#39;383 or &#39;342. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is an exploded three-dimensional view of two connector assemblies showing two interface connectors sandwiched between a printed circuit board and a land-grid array integrated circuit.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 is a side view of the exploded three-dimensional view of FIG. 1 to further detail the interconnect pads of the lower surface of the interface connectors.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3 shows a 10×10 array of the present invention with three forward modules slightly elevated.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4A is an enlarged view of the modules of FIG. 3, complete with optional end caps.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 4B is the module of FIG. 4A with the optional end-caps removed.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 5A is a side view of an interface connector showing CMOS buffers and level shifting buffers.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5B shoes the implementation of operational amplifier configured in opposing input/output profiles.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5C is a side view of a possible arrangement of a connector assembly where the intermediate layers interconnect two modules.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5D is a side view of a module of a connector assembly containing a voltage regulator, oscillator or other functional module.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 6A is a 3-D view of a module of a connector assembly containing a surface deposited circuit.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6B is a 3-D view of a module of a connector assembly containing an integrated circuit module that is wire-bonded to internal interconnecting traces.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 6C is a 3-D view of a module of a connector assembly containing an integrated circuit module that is connected to internal interconnecting traces and using direct-chip attach techniques.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 6D is a 3-D view of an alternate method of incorporating an integrated circuit into the module having a cavity to accommodate the integrated circuit.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 7 shows a module having capability to access two signals to support dual-signal functions, such as differential amplifies or phase-lock loops. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0033]    [0033]FIG. 1 shows an exploded three-dimensional view of a complete stacked interface connector system  10  that, in this scenario, consist of two interface connector assemblies  15 A and  15 B that are sandwiched between an area array electronic package  20  which can consist of a land-grid/ball-grid/column-grid array device and circuit board  25 . Interface connectors  15 A and  15 B interface and connect area array  20  to circuit board  25 . As partially detailed in FIG. 1 but best seen in FIG. 2 (the side view of FIG. 1) pad  30 A of interface connector  15 A connects to pad  35  of area array  20 , pad  30 B of interface connector  15 A connects to pad  40 A of interface connector  15 B and pad  40 B of interface connector  15 B connects to pad  45  of circuit board  25 . Other scenarios as an alternative for system  10  can consist of just one interface connector assembly (either  15 A or  15 B) or alternatively three or more interface connector assemblies (to make  15 C,  15 D, etc.—not shown) between area array  20  and circuit board  25 .  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 shows interface connector assembly  15  with three forward interface connector modules  50 A,  50 B and  50 C that are elevated from housing  55 . Each module is retained in separate cavities within housing  55  and thus modules  50 A,  50 B and  50 C are retained in cavities  60 A,  60 B, and  60 C. Optional lower end caps  65 A,  65 B and  65 C which in this figure are separated from modules  50 A,  50 B and  50 C provide the mechanical and electrical interface to the opposing contact (not shown). Housing  55  is constructed of alternating layers of electrical conductive material  70  and dielectric material  75  and can be similar in construction to that used within printed-circuit boards. The layers of electrically conductive material can be used to supply electrical power and grounds to the modules or be used to interconnect the modules with etched traces of conductive material. The dielectric material can serve to separate the power and ground planes or can be used to separate a trace from a reference plane as used with signal traces in a strip-line or micro-strip configuration, thereby providing interconnecting one or more modules with traces of a pre-determined characteristic impedance. During manufacture, specific modules ( 60 A,  60 B,  60 C, etc.) are inserted into predetermined locations within interface connector assembly  15 , where the function of each nodule is determined by the particular function needed at that location. The modules are retained within the cavities of interface connector assembly  15  by epoxy or can be pressed-fit into place.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4A shows a interface connector module  50  with end caps  65  and  80  attached. The entire surface area  85  of the end cap can be conductive or a confined area  90  can be the only conductive area. A limited conductive area may be necessary under certain conditions, such as if end caps  80  touch each other or to electrically isolate the caps from an conductive surface of the interface connector assembly. End caps  65  and  80  can help increase the conductive area to contact an opposing contact area or can be used to help retain module  50  within housing  55 . The conductive contact surface can also be plated with a noble metal in order to impede oxidation of the contact surface.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 4B shows an alternate interface connector module  100  without end caps  65  and  80  of FIG. 4A. Module  100  can be an alternative to module  50  but at a cost of losing conductive surface area or a means of retaining the module. As with end cap  80  of module  50 , the entire surface area  105  can be conductive or the conductive area can be confined to an area  110 . In both modules  50  and  100  of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B conductive bands  115  and  120  provide an electrical interface between one of the conductive planes  70  of housing  55  and modules  50  and  100 , wherein they are connected to transfer power, ground, or signals between housing  55  and the modules. Each module consists of a minimum of two or more connection bands in order to supply power to any active device (e.g. VCC and ground) and additional bands would be required to connect to additional traces within the housing. Bands  115  and  120  are bonded to one of the conductive layers  70  during manufacture either by an air-tight press fit, a conductive epoxy, or by the use of solder. When using the solder technique, one possible method is to pre-deposited solder onto conductive bands  115  and  120  of the modules and inserting the modules into the cavities of housing  55  after which the assembly is elevated in temperature to flow the solder, thereby electrically bonding conductive bands  115  and  120  to the conductive layers  70 . The cavity which retains a module can be unkeyed (e.g. circular) to allow unfettered rotational positioning of the module within the cavity or be keyed to provide specific positioning of the module within the cavity, thereby enabling bands  115  or  120  to contact conductive plane  70  only at a specific location.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 5A through FIG. 5D are sectioned side views of different functional configurations of modules represented with electronic schematic symbols that are situated within housing  55  of FIG. 3.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 5A is a sectioned side view of a interface connector assembly showing circuit schematics of three types of modules consisting of a type CMOS FET transistor buffer  125 . In module  130 A the flow of the signal is from end cap  30 A to end cap  40 A while in module  130 B the signal flow is from  40 B to  30 B. Module  130 C consists of two stages of CMOS FET transistors where input logic level at end cap  30 C is translated to a different logic level at the output at end cap  40 C. Such a two-stage buffer can be used for level shifting from one logic family to another, such as from TTL to PECL or vise-versa. Power and ground for modules  130 A,  130 B and  130 C are tapped off through conductive bands at  115 A,  120 A,  115 B,  120 B,  115 C,  120 C, and  115 D,  120 D. In module  130 A the positive connection is transferred from the conductive plane at  70 A to the source of the FET via conductive band  115 A and the negative or ground connection is from conductive plane  70 B via conductive band  120 A. In module  130 B the negative or ground connection is transferred from the conductive plane at  70 C to the source of the FET via conductive band  115 B and the positive connection is from conductive plane  70 D via conductive band  120 B. All power and ground connections to bias the active devices in the modules are connected in a similar manner, except the particular planes to which the active devices are connected are dependent on the voltage levels at which the active devices require and the pre-determined arrangement of the stack-up of the planes.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 5B is a sectioned side view of a interface connector assembly schematic showing two modules consisting of two analog amplifiers. Module  130 D serves as an output buffer where the signal flow goes from end cap  30 D to end cap  40 D and module  130 E serves as an input amplifier where the signal flow goes from end cap  40 E to end cap  30 E. Operational amplifiers  130 D and  130 E can include any type of analog amplifier including a generic operational amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, trans-impedance amplifier or isolation amplifier.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5C shows a sectioned side view of a interface connector assembly schematic where modules  130 F and  130 G are interconnected through trace  131  within conductive layer  70 G. Within module  130 F a signal enters cap  30 F from the interconnecting electronic package, connector or circuit board, is buffered with an active device in module  130 F, enters trace  131  from contact  133 A, enters the active device in module  130 G from contact  133 B, and is then output from the active device in module  130 G. From active device in module  130 G the signal then reenters the interconnecting electronic package, connector or circuit board at cap  30 G. Within modules  130 F and  130 G the signal exiting the active device of module  130 F or being input into module  130 G can optionally connect to pads  40 F and  40 G as indicated with connections represented with the dashed lines  135 A or  135 B. Other applications of using a conductive trace  131  within one of the conductive layers not only can convey data information but also can convey control signals, such as a device enable, 3-state enable, reset, strobe, or any other control functions.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5D shows a sectioned side view of a module  130 H that represents any active device, as designated with a box at  140 . Module  130 H can output at  30 H and having an optional input at  40 H or alternatively can output at  40 H and having an optional input at  30 H. Module  130 H can be a voltage regulator, a voltage reference, a delay line, a one-shot, a logical inverter, or any other active function that receives their input at either cap  30 H or  40 H and output at the opposing cap. Module  130 H can also be an output-only device such as a temperature transducer or an oscillator, where power and ground are connected to conductive planes  70 H and  70 J via connections  115 E and  120 E and the output can exist at either cap  30 H or  40 H. The voltage regulator and voltage reference can also function as an output-only device (the input-end not used) when the voltage is input from conductive planes  70 H and  70 J via connections  115 E or  120 E.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIGS. 6A through 6D and FIG. 7 show different methods of implementing active circuitry into or onto a module. In each of these methods caps  30 ,  40 ,  65  or  80  may be included to connect to the opposing connection point/contact or optionally be not included, as shown.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 6A shows module  150  which is one method to implement active circuitry onto a module. Module  150  has a CMOS FET transistor deposited on the surface and can be similar in function to the CMOS FET of module  130 A in FIG. 5A. In this representation, one layer of deposition is shown on surface  155  of module  150 . In practice multiple layers can be sequentially deposited to increase the complexity and functionality of the module. As shown on module  150 , conductor  160  connects end conductive pad area  110  to the gate region  165 . Conductor  170  transfers current from one of the conductive bands at  175  to one of the source terminal of the CMOS FET and conductor  180  transfers current from the conductive band at  185  to the other source terminal of the CMOS FET connection. The drain terminals of the CMOS FET are tied together and connected to conductive trace  190  which connects the drain terminals to conductive metal  195  (not visible in this view) at the end of the module. This conductive metal  195  at the end of the module in turn connects to the next module, circuit board pad or the pad of the electronic package.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 6B shows another method to apply active circuitry within a module. Module  200  retains an active device  205  within slot  210  of the module where pad  215  of the active device connects to pad  220  of the module through wire bonds  225 . Internal interconnections within the module (not shown) connect conductive bands  230  and  235  to the appropriate pads of the active device  205 . In addition, end conductive pad area  110  and end conductive pad area  195  (not visible in this view) each have a connection to one of the pads  220  (these connection also are not shown).  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 6C shows module  250 , yet another method to apply active circuitry within a module, where active device  255  is shown elevated away from module  250  in order to better view the pads of the device and module. Interconnecting pads located on the bottom of active device  255  (pads not shown) are placed against pads  260  of the module and are electrically connected using direct-chip attach or flip-chip methods. Direct-chip attach and flip-chip attachment methodology are known in the electronics industry and the are an alternative to wire bonding techniques when bonding electronic packages to a circuit board or a substrate. As with module  200  of FIG. 6B internal interconnections within the module (interconnections are not shown) connect conductive bands  265  and  270  to the appropriate pads of the active device  255  and end conductive pad area  110  and end conductive pad area  195  (not visible in this view) each have a connection to one of the pads  260  through one of the conductive traces  275 .  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 6D is an exploded view of module  300  which is yet another method to implement active circuitry within a module. Active device  305  as shown is elevated away from module  300  with the pads for the active device (device pads are not shown) that connects to module pads  310  with the use of direct-chip attach or flip-chip techniques, in a manner similar to that of module  250 . In module  300 , module half  315 A folds onto module half  315 B, with active device  305  residing within cavity  320 . Internal interconnecting traces  325  connects module pads  310  of the module to conductive band  330  and conductive band  335 , while also connecting module pad  310  to end conductive pad area  340  and end conductive pad area  345  (not visible in this view).  
         [0047]    Active circuitry and supporting circuitry can be implemented within modules by a combination of deposition as with module  150  of FIG. 6A and the use of a package as with modules  200 ,  250  and  300  in FIGS. 6B, 6C and  6 D. As an example, the crosshatched area  340  of FIG. 6C is a resistive load and can be deposited between interconnect area  110  and conductive band  265 . Other types of circuitry including semiconductor can be deposited onto the module  250  to add or increase functionality.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 7 shows module  350  which is adapted to the output of differential signals and optionally the input of differential signals. As with active device  305  of module  300  residing within cavity  320 , the active device  355  of module  350  resides within cavity  360  and the pads of active device  355  (pads not shown) directly attached to module pads  365 A through  365 F. Alternative implementations for active circuit implementations can deposit active circuitry onto the surface of module  350  similar to that as implemented with module  150  of FIG. 6A. In this instance for module  350  interconnecting pads  365 A,  365 B  365 E and  365 F respectively connect to traces  370 A,  370 B,  370 E,  370 F (trace  370 E not shown) which in turn respectively connects to pads  375 A,  375 B,  375 C, and  375 D (pads  375 C and  375 D are not shown) which in turn respectively connect to conductive areas  380 A,  380 B,  380 C, and  380 D of caps  385 A,  385 B,  385 C and  385 D. Also shown with active device  355  is a resistive load  390  having pads  395 A and  395 B which are respectively connected to pads  400 A and  400 B which in turn connects to module pads  365 E and  365 F. To transfer power and return current connections to active device  355 , conductive traces  410 A and  410 B within the housing which are bonded and connect to conductive bands  405 A and  405 B once module  350  is installed into cavity  415 . Conductive bands  405 A and  405 B in turn connect to pads  365 C and  365 D via traces  370 C and  370 D. The differential-signal capability of module  350  is needed when connecting to differential signals or when referencing one signal to the next, such as required with phase-lock loops where the coincidence of one frequency source is compared with the coincidence of an opposing frequency source. Other applications of two-inputs for module  350  can be for the inverting and non-inverting inputs of an operational amplifier or two inputs for a logic function such as an OR, AND or XOR logic function. In addition, module  350  can serve as a differential input device with a single-output or a single-input device with differential outputs. Such applications include the translation of differential signals to single-ended signals or the translation of single-ended signals to differential signals. When differential signals enter module  350  from (the ends represented with) caps  385 A and  385 B, single ended signals can be output from either (the ends represented with) caps  385 C or  385 D, or both. Alternatively when differential signals enter module  350  from (the ends represented with) caps  385 C and  385 D, single ended signals can be output from either (the ends represented with) caps  385 A or  385 B, or both. Alternatively a differential-signal input can be processed by an active device and the output connected to another active device in the interface array via a pair of intermediate traces, in a manner similar to that of the single-ended modules  130 F and  130 G of FIG. 5C. Other alternatives for module  350  can include tandem-signal outputs such as an oscillator or temperature-measuring device having differential outputs and requiring no signal inputs.  
         [0049]    In the practice of this invention a method is provided to insert modules into a housing panel comprised of openings to process, isolate, buffer or generate signals being input into an integrated circuit or multi-chip module or process, isolate or buffer signals being output from an integrated circuit or multi-chip module, whether the signals are single-ended or differential in nature. The geometry to which is being interfaced by the interface connector is not restricted to ball-grid, land-grid or column-grid arrays but can easily be adapted to other types of surface-mount devices comprised of leads, including quad flat-pack devices. The only disadvantage of using leaded devices is the penalty in real estate for the number of connections per unit area.  
         [0050]    This invention may be embodied and practiced in other specific forms without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments therefore are considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All variations, substitutions, and changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims therefore are intended to be embraced therein.

Technology Category: h