Patent Document

[0001]    The invention is based on a priority application EP 00 440 300.2 which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates to a system comprising a terminal and a network-entity for coupling said terminal to an int(e)r(a)net, which terminal comprises a terminal-generator for generating a first code for activating a coupling to said int(e)r(a)net via said network-entity, which system comprises a system-generator for generating a second code for deactivating at least a part of said coupling, and which network-entity comprises a detector for detecting said first code and said second code.  
           [0003]    Such a system is known in general, with said terminal for example being a wired (analog, digital, ISDN etc.) or wireless (cordless: DECT etc. or mobile: GSM, CTS, UMTS etc.) terminal like a telephone, a pc or a screenphone etc., with said network-entity for example being (a part of) a switch or a router or a bridge etc., and with said int(e)r(a)net for example being (a part of) an Internet or Intranet etc. Said first code comprises for example a telephone number and an access number and a service number, and said coupling for example corresponds with a wired (analog, digital, ISDN, xDSL etc.) or wireless or mobile (WAP, UMTS etc.) IP (Internet Protocol) connection; for example in case of a so-called always-on IP connection said first code no longer needs to comprise said telephone number but will just comprise said service number and possibly said access number due to said telephone number and possibly said access number then being superfluous. For example in case of said system-generator corresponding with said terminal-generator, said second code comprises for example a so-called off-line instruction for finishing an on-line session. For example in case of said system-generator corresponding with a network-entity-generator (for example in case of said always-on IP connection) said second code no longer comprises such an off-line instruction due to always being online, but it for example will comprise a kind of an end-of-service-provider instruction to finish communication with a service provider, thereby returning to (always-on) communication with an access provider, and/or it for example will comprise a timing instruction for indicating an elapse of a time-interval.  
           [0004]    Such a system is disadvantageous, inter alia, due to providing user possibilities insufficiently.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    It is an object of the invention, inter alia, to provide a system described in the preamble, which provides more user possibilities.  
           [0006]    Thereto, the system according to the invention comprises a memory to be coupled to said detector for storing coupling-information in relation to at least a part of said second code and for generating at least a part of said coupling-information in response to at least a third code.  
           [0007]    By introducing the memory (located in the terminal or located in the network-entity or located partly in the terminal and partly in the network-entity), storage of coupling-information (for example a destination like a URL or an IP address and/or for example content information exchanged via said coupling and/or for example a history of visited sites or links used and/or for example an expected duration of a deactivation) in relation to at least a part of said second code (possibly further related to for example said first code) becomes possible. In response to at least said third code (and possibly further in response to for example (a part of) said first code and/or second code), at least a part of said coupling-information is generated, which offers many more user possibilities.  
           [0008]    The invention is based on the insight, inter alia, that codes may correspond to asking questions, whereby a memory may be used to store responses to these questions.  
           [0009]    The invention solves the problem, inter alia, of providing more user possibilities, by introducing the storage of coupling-information in relation to at least a part of said second code and the generation of the third code.  
           [0010]    Said detector in said network-entity may be in one part for detecting first and second codes and may comprise a first subdetector for detecting first codes and a second subdetector for detecting second codes. Said third code may originate from the same terminal (generated via the same terminal-generator), but may further originate from another terminal (generated via another terminal-generator), in which case for the generation of (the part of) the coupling-information said first code and/or second code will be required, unless said third code already comprises corresponding code information.  
           [0011]    In a first embodiment of the system according to the invention the second code comprises a subcode indicating a deactivation-type.  
           [0012]    By introducing one or more subcodes in said second code, the deactivation-type is indicated, with for example a first subcode indicating a call-on-hold situation (short interruption) and a second subcode indicating a session-park situation (storage of history).  
           [0013]    In a second embodiment of the system according to the invention a fourth code is generated for security reasons in addition to at least one of said first and third codes.  
           [0014]    By using said fourth code, security is introduced, for example by encrypting certain codes and/or certain information in dependence of said fourth code.  
           [0015]    Each one of said (sub)codes mentioned is generated by a user, and/or generated in response to a user action, and/or generated automatically etc.  
           [0016]    The invention further relates to a terminal for use in a system comprising said terminal and a network-entity for coupling said terminal to an int(e)r(a)net, which terminal comprises a terminal-generator for generating a first code for activating a coupling to said int(e)r(a)net via said network-entity, which system comprises a system-generator for generating a second code for deactivating at least a part of said coupling, and which network-entity comprises a detector for detecting said first code and said second code.  
           [0017]    The terminal according to the invention comprises a memory for storing coupling-information in relation to at least a part of said second code and for generating at least a part of said coupling-information in response to at least a third code.  
           [0018]    In a first embodiment of the terminal according to the invention the second code comprises a subcode indicating a deactivation-type.  
           [0019]    In a second embodiment of the terminal according to the invention a fourth code is generated for security reasons in addition to at least one of said first and third codes.  
           [0020]    The invention yet further relates to a network-entity for use in a system comprising a terminal and said network-entity for coupling said terminal to an int(e)r(a)net, which terminal comprises a terminal-generator for generating a first code for activating a coupling to said int(e)r(a)net via said network-entity, which system comprises a system-generator for generating a second code for deactivating at least a part of said coupling, and which network-entity comprises a detector for detecting said first code and said second code.  
           [0021]    The network-entity according to the invention comprises a memory for storing coupling-information in relation to at least a part of said second code and for generating at least a part of said coupling-information in response to at least a third code.  
           [0022]    In a first embodiment of the network-entity according to the invention the second code comprises a subcode indicating a deactivation-type.  
           [0023]    In a second embodiment of the network-entity according to the invention a fourth code is generated for security reasons in addition to at least one of said first and third codes.  
           [0024]    The invention also relates to a method for coupling a terminal via a network-entity to an int(e)r(a)net, which method comprises the steps of generating a first code for activating a coupling from said terminal via said network-entity to said int(e)r(a)net and of generating a second code for deactivating at least a part of said coupling and of detecting said first code and said second code.  
           [0025]    The method according to the invention comprises the further steps of storing coupling-information in relation to at least a part of said second code and of generating at least a part of said coupling-information in response to at least a third code.  
           [0026]    Embodiments of the method according to the invention correspond with embodiments of the system according to the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0027]    The invention will be further explained at the hand of an embodiment described with respect to drawings, whereby  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 1 discloses a system according to the invention comprising a wired terminal  1  according to the invention and a wireless (cordless or mobile) terminal  2  according to the invention and a network-entity  4  according to the invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0029]    Terminal  1  according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a processor  11  coupled to a decoder  12  and to a transceiver  13  and to a coder  14 , and comprises a man-machine-interface (for example a mouse, a keyboard, a display, a loudspeaker, a microphone etc.) or mmi  15  coupled to a memory  16  and to a terminal-generator  17 . Decoder  12  is coupled via a connection  61  to mmi  15 , processor  111  is coupled via a connection  62  to memory  16  and via a connection  63  to mmi  15  and via a connection  64  to terminal-generator  17 , and coder  14  is coupled via a connection  65  to mmi  15 . Transceiver  13  is coupled via a connection  31  to a network-entity or switch  4 .  
         [0030]    Terminal  2  according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a processor  21  coupled to a decoder  22  and to a transceiver  23  and to a coder  24 , and comprises a man-machine-interface (for example a mouse, a keyboard, a display, a loudspeaker, a microphone etc.) or mmi  25  coupled to a memory  26  and to a terminal-generator  27 . Decoder  22  is coupled via a connection  71  to mmi  25 , processor  21  is coupled via a connection  72  to memory  26  and via a connection  73  to mmi  25  and via a connection  74  to terminal-generator  27 , and coder  24  is coupled via a connection  75  to mmi  25 . Transceiver  23  is coupled via a basestation  3  and a connection  35  to said network-entity or switch  4 .  
         [0031]    Network-entity  4  according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a processor  41  coupled to a detector  42  and to a switch-generator  43 , and comprises a coupler  44  and a memory  45  coupled to a first part  46  and to a second part  47 . Processor  41  is coupled via a connection  81  to coupler  44 , detector  42  is coupled via a connection  82  to coupler  44 , and switch-generator  43  is coupled via a connection  83  to coupler  44 . Coupler  44  is coupled to said connections  31  and  35 , and is further coupled to connections  32 - 34  and  36 - 40 , whereby connections  37 - 39  flow into int(e)r(a)net  5 . Memory  45  is coupled via a connection  84  to coupler  44 , first part  46  is coupled via a connection  85  to coupler  44 , and second part  47  is coupled via a connection  86  to coupler  44 .  
         [0032]    Terminals  1  and  2  according to the invention and switch  4  according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 function as follows.  
         [0033]    According to a first embodiment, a user operating terminal  1  decides to go surfing the web. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a first code (for example comprising a telephone number and an access number and a service number) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said first code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the first code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal coupling information like one or more parts of said first code), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said first code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to an internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user is visiting a website defined by (a part of) said first code.  
         [0034]    Then said user decides to visit his intranet for example, thereby realising that later said user will wish to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a second code (for example indicating a call-on-hold situation and possibly for example further comprising a further access number and a further service number) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said second code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the second code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal coupling information like one or more parts of said first code together with one or more parts of said second code like a call-on-hold indicator), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said internet website via connection  37  is interrupted, and at least a part of said second code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  39  to an intranet for getting company information. As a result, said user is visiting an intranet site defined by (a part of) said second code.  
         [0035]    Then said user decides to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a third code (for example indicating to reverse said call-on-hold situation) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said third code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the third code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said intranet site via connection  39  is interrupted and/or finished, and at least a part of said coupling information, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to said internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user has returned to visiting said website (defined by (a part of) said first code).  
         [0036]    According to a first alternative to said first embodiment, a user operating terminal  1  decides to go surfing the web. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a first code (for example comprising a telephone number and an access number and a service number) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said first code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the first code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal coupling information like one or more parts of said first code), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said first code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to an internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user is visiting a website defined by (a part of) said first code.  
         [0037]    Then said user decides to leave terminal  1 , for example due to going to travel, thereby realising that while being mobile, said user will wish to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a second code (for example indicating a call-on-hold situation) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said second code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the second code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal coupling information like one or more parts of said first code together with one or more parts of said second code like a call-on-hold indicator), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said internet website via connection  37  is interrupted.  
         [0038]    Then said user activates his mobile terminal  2  and while being mobile, said user decides to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  25 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  73 , processor  21  and connection  74 , are supplied to terminal-generator  27 . In response, terminal-generator  27  generates a third code (for example indicating to reverse said call-on-hold situation) which via mmi  25  and connection  75  is supplied to coder  24 . Said third code is coded and via transceiver  23  and base station  3  and connection  35  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the third code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said coupling information, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to said internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user, but now via his mobile terminal  2 , has returned to visiting said website (defined by (a part of) said first code).  
         [0039]    According to a second alternative to said first embodiment, a user operating terminal  1  decides to go surfing the web. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a first code (for example comprising a telephone number and an access number and a service number) which first code is supplied to and stored in memory  16  (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user coupling information like one or more parts of said first code) and which first code via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said first code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the first code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said first code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to an internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user is visiting a website defined by (a part of) said first code.  
         [0040]    Then said user decides to visit his intranet for example, thereby realising that later said user will wish to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a second code (for example indicating a call-on-hold situation and possibly for example further comprising a further access number and a further service number) which second code is supplied to and stored in memory  16  (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user coupling information like one or more parts of said first code together with one or more parts of said second code like a call-on-hold indicator) and which second code via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said second code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the second code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said internet website via connection  37  is interrupted, and at least a part of said second code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  39  to an intranet for getting company information. As a result, said user is visiting an intranet site defined by (a part of) said second code.  
         [0041]    Then said user decides to return to said internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a third code (for example indicating to reverse said callon-hold situation) which third code via memory  16  is provided with at least a part of said coupling information. Said third code then is supplied via mmi  15  and connection  65  to coder  14 . Said third code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the third code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said intranet site via connection  39  is interrupted and/or finished, and at least a part of said coupling information, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to said internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user has returned to visiting said website (defined by (a part of) said first code).  
         [0042]    According to a third alternative to said first embodiment, in addition to said first codes and/or to said second codes and/or to said third codes, at least one fourth code is generated, via user actions and/or automatically, for example comprising a pin code and/or in repsonse to a finger print detection or voice recognition etc. for security reasons, like checking the identity and/or authority of the user etc.  
         [0043]    According to a second embodiment, a user operating terminal  1  decides to go surfing the web. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a first code (for example comprising a telephone number and an access number and a service number) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said first code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the first code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal coupling information like one or more parts of said first code), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said first code, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to an internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user is visiting a website defined by (a part of) said first code.  
         [0044]    In response to further user actions, via mmi  15 , (one or more further mouse clicks and/or one or more further key signals), further instructions are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates further first codes (for example further service numbers) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  are supplied to coder  14 . Said further first codes are coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the further first codes flow via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain coupling and/or per certain user and/or per certain terminal further coupling information like one or more parts of said further first codes), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least parts of said further first codes, possibly after a coding process, are sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to said internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user is visiting further websites defined by (parts of) said further first codes.  
         [0045]    Then said user decides to finish this internet session, thereby realising that later said user will wish to return to for example the further internet website visited lastly. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  111  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a second code (for example indicating a session-park situation) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said second code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the second code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes (thereby storing for example in a table memory per certain user and/or per certain terminal (further) coupling information like one or more parts of said (further) first code(s) together with one or more parts of said second code like a session-park indicator), all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, the visiting of said internet website via connection  37  is finished. As a result, said user is no longer visiting (further) websites, with coupling information being stored defining (at least a part of) the last websites.  
         [0046]    Then said user decides to return to for example said last internet website. Thereto, via mmi  15 , user actions (one or more mouse clicks and/or one or more key signals) are converted into instructions which, possibly via connection  63 , processor  11  and connection  64 , are supplied to terminal-generator  17 . In response, terminal-generator  17  generates a third code (for example indicating to continue said session-park situation) which via mmi  15  and connection  65  is supplied to coder  14 . Said third code is coded and via transceiver  13  and connection  31  supplied to switch  4 . In switch  4 , the third code flows via coupler  44  to detector  42  via connection  81  for detection purposes and to memory  45  via connection  84  for storage purposes, all under control of processor  41 , both possibly after a decoding process. In response to detection, at least a part of said further coupling information, possibly after a coding process, is sent via coupler  44  and for example connection  37  to said internet for surfing purposes. As a result, said user has continued to visiting said last website, thereby using the session-park feature.  
         [0047]    According to a first alternative to said second embodiment, said third code is generated via said mobile terminal  2 .  
         [0048]    According to a second alternative to said second embodiment, storage is done via said memory  16 .  
         [0049]    According to a third alternative to said second embodiment, said fourth code is generated, in addition to said first codes and/or to said second codes and/or to said third codes.  
         [0050]    All embodiments are just embodiments and do not exclude other embodiments not shown and/or described. All alternatives are just alternatives and do not exclude other alternatives not shown and/or described. Each (part of an) embodiment and/or each (part of an) alternative can be combined with any other (part of an) embodiment and/or any other (part of an) alternative. Terms like “in response to K” and “in dependence of L” and “for doing M” do not exclude that there could be a further “in response to N” and a further “in dependence of O” and a further “for doing P” etc.  
         [0051]    Each one of said codes, instead of sometimes comprising many subcodes (like said first code for example comprising a telephone number and an access number and a service number; and like said second code for example comprising a deactivation-subcode indicating a call-on-hold situation and possibly for example further comprising a further access number and a further service number, or for example comprising a deactivation-subcode indicating a session-park situation), can of course be replaced by one or more of said subcodes (for example in response to one or more user actions). Said second code, however, will always at least comprise a deactivation-indication, preferably a deactivation-type.  
         [0052]    Each one of said terminals  1  and  2  may be a wired terminal, a wireless terminal (cordless, mobile etc.) etc. in the form of a communication apparatus (telephone, screenphone etc.) and/or an information apparatus (pc, etc.) etc. Said network-entity may be a switch, a router, a bridge or a base station etc. Said terminals and/or network-entities may form part of a public network, a private network, a LAN etc. and further network-entities not shown are not to be excluded. Each connection between terminals and/or network-entities may be circuit switched and/or packet switched. Each one of said codes may comprise an identifier for identifying a terminal and/or a user and/or a network-entity, and/or may be accompanied by such an identifier, and/or may be linked to an identifier due to a predefined wired connection being used and/or a predefined timeslot being used and/or a predefined channel being used etc. Each numbered block shown in FIG. 1 forms part of a larger group of blocks, always comprising an unnumbered block, to indicate that each block may be 100% hardware, or 100% software, or a mixture of both, with an unnumbered block defining a kind of an interface function. Each two or more blocks can be integrated into a new larger block, and each block can be cut into separate smaller blocks, independently of whether a block comprises hardware or software and independently of a function of such a block.

Technology Category: h