Patent Document

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/321,984, filed Dec. 29, 2005, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/641,914, filed Jan. 6, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention is broadly concerned with methods and compositions useful for detecting and identifying species of  Candida . More particularly, the present invention relates to methods in which oligonucleotides are used as forward and reverse primers in polymerase chain reactions using nucleic acids from biological samples as templates, as probes for detecting any resultant amplicon, and as nucleotide sequencing primers to determine whether an resultant amplicon is specific to  Candida ablicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis , thereby allowing one to ascertain whehter the samples contains any of these isolates. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Vaginal candidiasis causes 20% to 25% of infectious vaginitis cases, second only to the 40% to 50% of cases caused by bacterial vaginosis (see Sobel, 1997, Vaginitis, N Engl J Med 337:1896-1903).  Candida  vaginitis (CV) is marked by pruritis, soreness, a change in discharge, dyspareunia, vulvar erythema, edema and fissures (see Sobel 1997, Vaginitis, N Engl J Med 337:1896-1903; and Diagnosis of  Candidia  vaginitis, 1985, J Fam Pract 20(1):19-20). The condition is rate before puberty, but by the age of 25, nearly one-half of all women will have had at least on clinician-diagnosed episode of CV. Overall, it is estimated that 75% of women will experience an episode of CV in their lifetime (see Sobel 1997, Vaginitis, N Engl J Med 337:1896-1903; and Sobel, 1988, Pathogenesis and epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis, Ann N Y Acad Sci 544:547-557). Among the  Candida  species causing infections,  Candida ablicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  account for 80% to 90% of fungal isolates encourntered worlwide (see Pfaller, 1996, Nosocomial candidiasis: emerging species, reservoirs, and modes of transmission, Clin Infect Dis 22(2):S89-S94; and Hazen et al., 2003, Comparison of the susceptibilities of  Candida  spp. to fluconazole and voriconazole in a 4-year global evaluation using disk diffusion, J Clin Microbiol 41:5623-5632). Although  Candida albicans  is implicated in 85% to 95% of all cases of CV (see Sobel, 1997, Vaginitis, N Engl J Med 337:1896-1903; and Sobel, 1999, Vulvovaginitis in healthy women, Compr Ther 25:335-346), the widespread use of azole antifungal drugs is postulated to have promoted the shifting of vaginal colonization and selection of more naturally resistant species, such as  Candida glabrata  (see Pfaller et al., 2003, Activities of fluconazole and voriconazole against 1,586 recent clinical isolates of  Candida  species determined by Broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest methods: report from the ARTEMIS Global Antifungal Susceptibility Program, 2001 J Clin Microbiol 41:1440-1446; Snydman, 2003, Shifting patterns in the epidemiology of nosocomial  Candida  infections, Chest 123:500 S-503S; Hazen, 1995, New and emerging yeast pathogens, Clin Microbiol Rev 8:462-478; and Fidel et al., 1999,  Candida glabrata : review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to  C. albicans , Clin Microbiol Rev 12:80-96). Knowledge of the infecting species is highly predictive of likely drug susceptibility and should be used as a guide for selecting therapy (see Pappas et al., 2004, Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis, Clin Infect Dis 38:161-189). Therefore, rapid and specific identification of  Candida  species would facilitate appropriate antifungal selection and improve patient care. 
         [0006]    Commonly,  Candida  in vaginal samples is identified by microscopic examination of a wet mount with potassium hydroxide. This technique detects budding yeast cells in only 50% to 70% of women with CV (see Elliott, 1998, Managing patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, Nurse Pract 23:44-46, 49-53; and 1996, ACOG technical bulletin. Vaginitis. Number 226-July 1996 (replaces No. 221, March 1996). Committee on Technical Bulletins of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 54:293-302) and may fail to detect species other than  Candida albicans  (see 1996, ACOG technical bulletin. Vaginitis. Number 221-March 1996 (replaces no. 135, November 1989). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 53:271-280). Alternatively,  Candida albicans  and  Candida tropicalis  can be distinguished by growth on chromogenic agar medium and other species of  Candida  can be identified by enzymatic tests. However, each of these tests requires isolated organisms to be grown on solid medium for 24 to 48 hours before they can be performed or interpreted (see Odds et al., 1994, CHROMagar  Candida , a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important  Candida  species, J Clin Microbiol 32:1923-1929; and Warren et al., 1995,  Cryptococcus , and other yeasts of medical importance, in: P. R. Murray, E. J. Barton, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (Eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp. 723-737). In addition, the “gold standard” for definitive biochemical identification requires analysis of assimilation and fermentation, taking up to 30 days to complete (see Warren et al., 1995,  Cryptococcus , and other yeasts of medical importance, in: P. R. Murray, E. J. Barton, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (Eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp. 723-737). 
         [0007]    In recent years, numerous DNA-based techniques have been developed to improve the identification of  Candida  species. Amplification of  Candida  target DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is particularly promising because of its simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity (see Chen et al., 2000, Identification of medically important yeasts using PCR-based detection of DNA sequence polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of the rRNA genes, J Clin Microbiol 38:2302-2310; Luo et al., 2002, Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR, J Clin Microbiol 40:2860-2865; Evertsson et al., 2000, Detection and identification of fungi in blood using broad-range 28S rDNA PCR amplification and species-specific hybridisation, Apmis 108:385-392; Tamura et al., 2000, New PCR primer pairs specific for  Candida dubliniensis  and detection of the fungi from the  Candida albicans  clinical isolates in Japan, Clin Lab 46:33-40; Wahyuningsih et al., 2000, Simple and rapid detection of  Candida albicans  DNA in serum by PCR for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, J Clin Microbiol 38:3016-3021; and Elie et al., 1998, Rapid identification of  Candida  species with species-specific DNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 36:3260-3265). However, these strategies require post-amplification analyses and are considered to have lower sensitivity than real-time PCR techniques that directly monitor amplification via fluorescent probes (see Holland et al., 1991, Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of  Thermus aquaticus  DNA polymerase, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7276-7280). Real-time PCR strategies have been developed to identify  Candida  species (see Guiver et al., 2001, Rapid identification of  Candida  species by TaqMan PCR, J Clin Pathol 54:362-366; Borst et al., 2001, Detection of  Candida  spp. in blood cultures using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 39:155-160; Shin et al., 1999, Rapid identification of up to three  Candida  species in a single reaction tube by a 5′ exonuclease assay using fluorescent DNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 37:165-170; and Selvarangan et al., 2003, Rapid identification of commonly encountered  Candida  species directly from blood culture bottles, J Clin Microbiol 41:5660-5664), but these methods were designed and optimized for detection of  Candida  in blood or blood culture. Strategies for the detection of  Candida  species in DNA extracted from vaginal samples, especially without time-consuming culture, are lacking. In addition, current DNA-based  Candida  detection methods do not take into account the fact that DNA sequencing is generally accepted as the most precise method for discriminating among closely related species. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     General Overview of the Present Invention 
       [0008]    The aforementioned drawbacks in the detection of species of  Candida  are avoided by the two methods of the present invention. Specifically, in each of these methods, a sample (e.g., a biological sample such as a vaginal secretion) is tested for the presence of an isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis  by attempting to generate amplicons specific to one or more of these isolates using oligonucleotides as primers in a polymerase chain reaction. Each amplicon may be detected using an oligonucleotide as a probe. Additionally, each amplicon may be identified by determining its nucleotide sequence. The nucleotide sequence of each amplicon may be determined individually by conducting a single nucleotide sequencing reaction in a vessel. Alternatively, a composite nucleotide sequence composed of the nucleotide sequences of multiple amplicons may be generated by conducting a plurality of nucleotide sequencing reactions in a single vessel. Each nucleotide sequencing reaction may employ an oligonucleotide as a sequencing primer which is extended during the reaction. The present invention also is directed to three compositions (e.g., reaction mixtures or kits) utilized in the methods of the present invention, wherein each of the compositions contains a combination of oligonucleotides, and each oligonucleotide is useful either as a probe, or as a primer for a polymerase chain reaction or a nucleotide sequencing reaction. 
       The First Method of the Present Invention 
       [0009]    The first method of the present invention is a method for determining whether a sample contains an isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis , wherein the method comprises 
         [0010]    (a) providing a vessel containing (1) a nucleic acid from the sample, (2) at least two primers selected from the group consisting of first, second, third, and fourth primers, and (3) a fifth primer, wherein the first and fifth primers are capable of priming, in a polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a first amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans , and wherein the first and fifth primers are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the second and fifth primers are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a second amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida glabrata , and wherein the second and fifth primers are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the third and fifth primers are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a third amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis , and wherein the third and fifth primers are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the fourth and fifth primers are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a fourth amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida tropicalis , and wherein the fourth and fifth primers are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata , or  Candida parapsilosis , and wherein the nucleotide sequences of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons diverge from each other, 
         [0011]    (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of (1) the first amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida albicans , (2) the second amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida glabrata , (3) the third amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis , or (4) the fourth amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida tropicalis , and 
         [0012]    (c) determining that the sample contains (1) the isolate of  Candida albicans  if the first amplicon is produced in (b), (2) the isolate of  Candida glabrata  if the second amplicon is produced in (b), (3) the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis  if the third amplicon is produced in (b), or (4) the isolate of  Candida tropicalis  if the fourth amplicon is produced in (b); or determining that the sample does not contain any of the isolates of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  if none of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons are produced in (b). 
         [0013]    In a preferred embodiment, in (b), the first primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; the fourth primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and the fifth primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons, and the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
         [0014]    Advantageously, the first primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters (see below), and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; the fourth primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and the fifth primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameter&#39;s, and the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
         [0015]    Pairwise nucleotide sequence alignments and determination of percent identities are performed using the default parameters of the Clustal V algorithm or the Clustal W algorithm, wherein both algorithms are incorporated into the Power Macintosh MegAlign 6.1 program (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). The default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal V algorithm are as follows: Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, window=5, and diagonals=5. The default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal W algorithm are as follows: gap penalty=10.00 and gap length=0.10. The Clustal V algorithm is described in Higgins et al., 1989, Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 5:151-153. The Clustal W algorithm is described in Thompson et al., 1994, CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22:4673-80. 
         [0016]    Preferably, the plus strand of the first amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the minus strand of the first amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; the plus strand of the second amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and the minus strand of the second amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; the plus strand of the third amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 and the minus strand of the third amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; and the plus strand of the fourth amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the minus strand of the fourth amplicon comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8. More preferably, the plus strand of the first amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the minus strand of the first amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; the plus strand of the second amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and the minus strand of the second amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; the plus strand of the third amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 and the minus strand of the third amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; and the plus strand of the fourth amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the minus strand of the fourth amplicon consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8. 
         [0017]    Each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons preferably is specific to a ribosomal RNA gene such as a ribosomal RNA gene encoding a 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and more preferably is specific to an internal transcribed spacer of a ribosomal RNA gene such as an internal transcribed spacer 2. 
         [0018]    Advantageously, each of the first, second, third, and fourth primers is a forward primer, and the fifth primer is a reverse primer; or each of the first, second, third, and fourth primers is a reverse primer, and the fifth primer is a forward primer. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth primers preferably is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long. 
         [0019]    Preferably, the first primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 
         [0020]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon using an oligonucleotide probe. The oligonucleotide probe preferably is from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 25 to 35 nucleotides long. The oligonucleotide probe is preferably included in the vessel in (b). 
         [0021]    In another preferred embodiment, in (b), the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:1; the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:3; the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:5; and the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0022]    Advantageously, the oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:3, nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:5, or nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0023]    In another preferred embodiment, in (b), the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the first amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 133-157 of SEQ ID NO:2; the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the second amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 171-195 of SEQ ID NO:4; the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the third amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 123-147 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the fourth amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 120-144 of SEQ ID NO:8. 
         [0024]    Advantageously, the oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 133-157 of SEQ ID NO:2, nucleotides 171-195 of SEQ ID NO:4, nucleotides 123-147 of SEQ ID NO:6, or nucleotides 120-144 of SEQ ID NO:8. 
         [0025]    The oligonucleotide probe preferably comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15, and more preferably consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15. 
         [0026]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises isolating the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. Preferably, the method further comprises, determining the nucleotide sequence of at least a portion of the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. More preferably, the method further comprises determining the nucleotide sequence by conducting a nucleotide sequencing reaction using a sequencing primer capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon, wherein the sequencing primer is extended during the nucleotide sequencing reaction. Most preferably, the method further comprises determining the nucleotide sequence of at least the portion of the minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon using a first, second, third, or fourth sequencing primer, respectively. The sequencing primer preferably is from 8 to 30 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 10 to 25 nucleotides long. 
         [0027]    In another preferred embodiment, the first sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-259 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 278-297 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; and the fourth sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-247 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0028]    Advantageously, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-259 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 278-297 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; and the fourth sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-247 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0029]    Preferably, the first sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, the second sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, the third sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, and the fourth sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19. More preferably, the first sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, the second sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, the third sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, and the fourth sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19. 
         [0030]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises determining that the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon is respectively specific to an isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis , based upon the nucleotide sequence of at least the portion of the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. Preferably, the method further comprises nucleotide sequencing at least a portion of the plus or minus strand of each of at least two amplicons selected from the group consisting of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons. More preferably, the method further comprises conducting at least two nucleotide sequencing reactions in a single vessel. Most preferably, a sequencing primer is extended in each of the nucleotide sequencing reactions. 
         [0031]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises generating a composite nucleotide sequence from all of the nucleotide sequencing reactions. Preferably, the composite, nucleotide sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. More preferably, the composite nucleotide sequence consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. 
         [0032]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises determining from the composite nucleotide sequence that the sample contains at least two species of  Candida  selected from the group consisting of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis . Preferably, the method further comprises identifying each of the species of  Candida  present in the sample. 
       The Second Method of the Present Invention 
       [0033]    The second method of the present invention is a method for determining whether a sample contains an isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis , wherein the method comprises 
         [0034]    (a) providing a vessel containing (1) a nucleic acid from the sample, (2) a primer selected from the group consisting of a first, second, third, and fourth primer, and (3) a fifth primer; wherein the first primer is capable of hybridizing, in a polymerase chain reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; wherein the second primer is capable of hybridizing, in the polymerase chain reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; wherein the third primer is capable of hybridizing, in the polymerase chain reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; wherein the fourth primer is capable of hybridizing, in the polymerase chain reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; wherein the fifth primer is capable of hybridizing, in the polymerase chain reaction, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2, 
         [0035]    (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of (1) the first amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida albicans , (2) the second amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida glabrata , (3) the third amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis , or (4) the fourth amplicon if the sample contains the isolate of  Candida tropicalis , and 
         [0036]    (c) determining that the sample contains (1) the isolate of  Candida albicans  if the first amplicon is produced in (b), (2) the isolate of  Candida glabrata  if the second amplicon is produced in (b), (3) the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis  if the third amplicon is produced in (b), or (4) the isolate of  Candida tropicalis  if the fourth amplicon is produced in (b); or determining that the sample does not contain any of the isolates of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  if none of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons are produced in (b). 
         [0037]    Advantageously, the first primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters (see below), and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; the fourth primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%; 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and the fifth primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
         [0038]    In a preferred embodiment, each of the first, second, third, and fourth primers is a forward primer, and the fifth primer is a reverse primer; or each of the first, second, third, and fourth primers is a reverse primer, and the fifth primer is a forward primer. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth primers preferably is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long. 
         [0039]    Preferably, the first primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 
         [0040]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon using the oligonucleotide probe described above. Advantageously, the method further comprises isolating the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. Preferably, the method further comprises determining the nucleotide sequence of at least a portion of the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. More preferably, the method further comprises determining the nucleotide sequence by conducting a nucleotide sequencing reaction using a sequencing primer capable of hybridizing, in the nucleotide sequencing reaction, to the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon, wherein the sequencing primer is extended during the nucleotide sequencing reaction. Most preferably, the method further comprises determining the nucleotide sequence of at least the portion of the minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon respectively using the first, second, third, or fourth sequencing primers described above. 
         [0041]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises determining that the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon is respectively specific to an isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis , based upon the nucleotide sequence of at least the portion of the plus or minus strand of the first, second, third, or fourth amplicon. Preferably, the method further comprises nucleotide sequencing at least a portion of the plus or minus strand of each of at least two amplicons selected from the group consisting of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons. More preferably, the method further comprises conducting at least two nucleotide sequencing reactions in a single vessel. Most preferably, a sequencing primer is extended in each of the nucleotide sequencing reactions. 
         [0042]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises generating a composite nucleotide sequence from all of the nucleotide sequencing reactions. Preferably, the composite nucleotide sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. More preferably, the composite nucleotide sequence consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, or SEQ ID NO: 29. 
         [0043]    In another preferred embodiment, the method further comprises determining from the composite nucleotide sequence that the sample contains at least two species of  Candida  selected from the group consisting of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis . Preferably, the method further comprises identifying each of the species of  Candida  present in the sample. 
       The First Composition of the Present Invention 
       [0044]    The first composition of the present invention comprises (a) at least two oligonucleotides selected from the group consisting of first, second, third, and fourth oligonucleotides, and (b) a fifth oligonucleotide, wherein the first and fifth oligonucleotides are capable of priming, in a polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a first amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans , and wherein the first and fifth oligonucleotides are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the second and fifth oligonucleotides are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a second amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida glabrata , and wherein the second and fifth oligonucleotides are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the third and fifth oligonucleotides are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a third amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida parapsilosis , and wherein the third and fifth oligonucleotides are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata , or  Candida tropicalis ; wherein the fourth and fifth oligonucleotides are capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of a fourth amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida tropicalis , and wherein the fourth and fifth oligonucleotides are not capable of priming, in the polymerase chain reaction, the synthesis of an amplicon specific to the isolate of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata , or  Candida parapsilosis , and wherein the nucleotide sequences of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons diverge from each other. 
         [0045]    In a preferred embodiment, the first oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions (see below), to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; the fourth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and the fifth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
         [0046]    Highly stringent hybridization conditions include at least one of the following conditions: 6×SSC and 65° C.; hybridization conditions described in Ausubel et al., 2002, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1 and 2, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference; and hybridization conditions described in Ausubel et al., 1997, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Third Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0047]    Advantageously, the first oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; the second oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; the third oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; the fourth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and the fifth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
         [0048]    Each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons preferably is specific to a ribosomal RNA gene such as a ribosomal RNA gene encoding a 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and more preferably is specific to an internal transcribed spacer of a ribosomal gene such as an internal transcribed spacer 2. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth oligonucleotides preferably is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long. 
         [0049]    Preferably, the first oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 
         [0050]    In another preferred embodiment, the first composition further comprises a sixth oligonucleotide useful as a probe for detecting the first, second, third, or fourth amplicons. The sixth oligonucleotide preferably is from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 25 to 35 nucleotides long. 
         [0051]    In another preferred embodiment, the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:1; the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:3; the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:5; and the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0052]    Advantageously, the sixth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:3, nucleotides 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:5, or nucleotides 104-128 of SEQ ID NO:7. 
         [0053]    In another preferred embodiment, the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the first amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 133-157 of SEQ ID NO:2; the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the second amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 171-195 of SEQ ID NO:4; the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the third amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 123-147 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the sixth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of the fourth amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 120-144 of SEQ ID NO:8. 
         [0054]    Advantageously, the sixth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and the segment consists of nucleotides 133-157 of SEQ ID NO:2, nucleotides 171-195 of SEQ ID NO:4, nucleotides 123-147 of SEQ ID NO:6, or nucleotides 120-144 of SEQ ID NO:8. 
         [0055]    The sixth oligonucleotide preferably comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15, and more preferably consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15. 
       The Second Composition of the Present Invention 
       [0056]    A second composition of the present invention comprises (a) a first, second, third, or fourth oligonucleotide, and (b) a fifth oligonucleotide; wherein the first oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the first amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO: l; wherein the second oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the second amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; wherein the third oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the third amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; wherein the fourth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the plus strand of the fourth amplicon, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and wherein the fifth oligonucleotide is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of the minus strand of each of the first, second, third, and fourth amplicons, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth oligonucleotides preferably is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long. 
         [0057]    Preferably, the first oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 
         [0058]    Preferably, the second composition further comprises the sixth oligonucleotide described above. 
       The Third Composition of the Present Invention 
       [0059]    The third composition of the present invention comprises (a) a first, second, third, or fourth oligonucleotide, and (b) a fifth oligonucleotide; wherein the first oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 240-261 of SEQ ID NO:1; wherein the second oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 268-298 of SEQ ID NO:3; wherein the third oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 227-251 of SEQ ID NO:5; wherein the fourth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 223-247 of SEQ ID NO:7; and wherein the fifth oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 242-261 of SEQ ID NO:2. Each of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth oligonucleotides preferably is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, and more preferably is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long. 
         [0060]    Preferably, the first oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the second oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, the third oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the fourth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and the fifth oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13. 
         [0061]    Preferably, the third composition further comprises the sixth oligonucleotide described above. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0062]      FIG. 1  illustrates agarose gel electrophoresis of real-time PCR products. The end products from real-time PCR amplification with 5×10 6  copies of a positive-control plasmid (plas), 10 ng of DNA extracted from an isolate purchased from ATCC (the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) (gen), 0.5 μg of DNA extracted from a positive vaginal sample (confirmed by conventional PCR, clin) of each  Candida  species (CA= Candida albicans , CG= Candida glabrata , CP= Candida parapsilosis , CT= Candida tropicalis ), 0.5 μg of DNA extracted from a negative vaginal sample (confirmed by conventional PCR, neg), and nuclease and pyrogen-free water (NTC) as a template were analyzed on a 2% agarose gel containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide. 
           [0063]      FIG. 2  illustrates a positive-control plasmid DNA standard curve for real-time PCR.  FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 2C ,  FIG. 2E , and  FIG. 2G : Real-time PCR amplification curves from duplicate ten-fold dilutions of a positive-control plasmid (10 8  to 10 2  or 10 copies per reaction, from left to right) containing the target for  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis , respectively.  FIG. 2B ,  FIG. 2D ,  FIG. 2F , and  FIG. 2H : The corresponding standard curves for  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis , respectively. 
           [0064]      FIG. 3  illustrates real-time PCR and pyrosequencing identification of  Candida  species in DNA extracted from vaginal samples.  FIG. 3A : Representative real-time PCR amplification curves from reactions using DNA extracted from clinical samples, with  Candida albicans  positive-control plasmid standards (dashed lines; 10 6 , 10 4 , and 10 2  copies per reaction, from left to right). Figures B through F: Representative pyrograms and resolved sequence (dispensations boxed and corresponding sequence shown below) for  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis , and a combination of  Candida albicans  and  Candida parapsilosis  (with sequence from  Candida albicans  in bold and  Candida parapsilosis  in italics), respectively. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0065]    The following examples illustrate the use of four pairs of oligonucleotide primers to generate four  Candida -specific amplicons in polymerase chain reactions using nucleic acid isolated from biological samples as templates. Each of these pairs of oligonucleotides primed the synthesis of an amplicon specific to only one of the following species:  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis . The forward primers of the four primer pairs have identical nucleotide sequences, while each reverse primer has a unique sequence relative to the other three reverse primers. This divergence is responsible for the specificity of the resultant amplicon. These examples also illustrate the use of an oligonucleotide probe which detected each of the four amplicons. Finally, these examples illustrate the use of four oligonucleotides as nucleotide sequencing primers, wherein each sequencing primer is specific to one of the four amplicons. Each of these sequencing primers was used in a nucleotide sequencing reaction to confirm that the respective amplicon was specific to  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis . These examples are set forth by way of illustration only, and nothing therein shall be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Clinical Samples and DNA Extraction 
       [0066]    A total of 231 vaginal samples from female subjects were tested. The subjects&#39; symptoms, HIV status, and clinician diagnoses were not disclosed. Patient care providers collected specimens from a vaginal sampling using a Cellmatics swab (BD, Sparks, Md.), which was then placed in 2 ml of its accompanying transport medium. Upon receipt, swabs were immediately processed for analysis by PCR. Established procedures for SDS/proteinase K lysis and phenol/chloroform DNA extraction from 470 μl of swab transport media were used (see Ausubel et al., 1997, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Third Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.). DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance 260/280 readings and was adjusted to 0.2 μg/μl prior to PCR analysis. 
       Conventional PCR Assay 
       [0067]    The primers utilized for species-specific amplification of  Candida  ribosomal DNA and reaction conditions were previously described (see Luo et al., 2002, Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR, J Clin Microbiol 40:2860-2865). All PCR reactions were carried out with 1 μg of extracted DNA in 50 μl total volume and were analyzed by electrophoresis through a 2% agarose gel containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide. Positive controls consisted of DNA extracted from  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  purchased from ATCC. Negative controls consisted of the substitution of nuclease and pyrogen-free water for DNA. 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity of these PCR amplifications were previously reported (see Luo et al., 2002, Rapid identification of pathogenic fungi directly from cultures by using multiplex PCR, J Clin Microbiol 40:2860-2865). Additionally, PCR amplifications with each primer pair exhibited no cross-reactivity among the four  Candida  species or a panel of genomic DNA extracted from 34 different bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens (data not shown). 
       Primer and Fluorescent Probe Design 
       [0068]    All primers, probes, and modifications were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, Iowa). Sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region flanked by the 5.8S and 28S rDNAs of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis , and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (GenBank accession numbers L07796, AF218994, L11352, L47112, and AJ275936, respectively) were aligned using MegAlign version 5.51 software (Lasergene suite, DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). The sequence of the real-time PCR and Pyrosequencing primers and probes are listed in Table 1 (see below). Successful amplification of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , or  Candida tropicalis  resulted in a 261 bp, 298 bp, 251 bp, or 249 bp product, respectively (see  FIG. 1 ). Sequencing primers were selected within the regions amplified by the PCR primers for each of the four  Candida  species. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Primers and Probes for  Candida  Real-Time PCR and Pyrosequencing. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Method 
                 Function 
                 Name 
                 Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Real-Time PCR 
                 Primer 
                 bio-ITS3 1   
                 5′-bio 2 -gcatcgatgaagaacgcagc-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13 with the addition of the bio 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 moiety) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CA-SHIN 3   
                 5′-ggacgttaccgccgcaagcaat-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CG-JPT2L 
                 5′-ccgagttggtaaaacctaatacagtattaac-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CP-SHIN 3   
                 5′-tggaagaagttttggagtttgtacc-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CT-SHIN 3   
                 5′-ggccactagcaaaataagcgttttg-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Probe 
                 CANFAM 3   
                 5′-6-FAM 4 -aaaygacgctcaaacaggcatgccc- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BHQ1 5 -3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14 with the addition of the 6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FAM and BHQ1 moieties) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pyrosequencing 
                 Primer 
                 CA-MOD 
                 5′-acgttaccgccgcaagcaat-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CG-seq1 
                 5′-cgagttggtaaaacctaata-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CP-SHIN 3   
                 5′-tggaagaagttttggagtttgtacc-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CT-MOD 
                 5′-ggccactagcaaaataagcgt-3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Redesigned from a previously described primer (see White et al., 1990, Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, in: M. A. Innis, D. H. Helfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. White (Eds.), PCR protocols, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, pp. 315-322). 
               
               
                   2 5′ biotin modification. 
               
               
                   3 Redesigned from a previously described primer (see Shin et al., 1999, Rapid identification of up to three  Candida  species in a single reaction tube by a 5′ exonuclease assay using fluorescent DNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 37: 165-170). 
               
               
                   4 5′ 6-carboxy-fluorescein modification. 
               
               
                   5 3′ Black Hole Quencher 1 modification. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Positive-Control Plasmids 
       [0069]    Positive controls for each  Candida  species were generated by subcloning amplicons derived from the use of the ITS3 and ITS4 universal fungal primer pair (see White et al., 1990, Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, in: M. A. Innis, D. H. Helfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. White (Eds.), PCR protocols, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pp. 315-322) and template DNA extracted from  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  ATCC-purchased controls. Amplicons were subcloned into the pCRII-TOPO vector of the TOPO TA Cloning Dual Promoter kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. DNA concentration was calculated by 260/280 absorbance readings. 
       Real-Time PCR Assay 
       [0070]    Each 25 μl reaction contained 0.5 μg of extracted DNA, 300 nM each of bio-ITS3, CA-SHIN, CG-JPT2L, CP-SHIN, and CT-SHIN, 200 nM of CANFAM, and 12.5 μl of 2× concentration Platinum Quantitative PCR Supermix-UDG (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The real-time PCR reactions were performed on a Rotor-Gene 3000 instrument (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia) and included an initial incubation at 50° C. for 2 minutes followed by 95° C. for 2 minutes. Next, 45 cycles of denaturation (95° C., 20 seconds) and annealing/extension (60° C., 60 seconds) were performed with fluorescence acquisition (470 nM source/510 nM detection) immediately following each annealing/extension step. A final extension (72° C., 10 minutes) was performed. Positive controls consisted of positive-control plasmid DNA at 10 6 , 10 4 , and 10 2  copies per reaction. Negative controls consisted of the substitution of nuclease and pyrogen-free water for DNA. Normalized fluorescence was analyzed on the Rotor-Gene 3000 Software, Version 5 (Build 47) with dynamic tube normalization and slope correction. 
       Pyrosequencing 
       [0071]    For PCR product purification prior to Pyrosequencing analysis, the bio-ITS3 primer (see Table 1) was synthesized with a 5′ biotin modification which was incorporated into the amplicon during the amplification process. The biotinylated PCR product was captured with streptavidin Sephadex (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden), then purified and denatured with a vacuum prep workstation according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden). For the Pyrosequencing reaction, 0.5 μM of each sequencing primer in the sequencing primer pool (see Table 1) was utilized to prime the biotinylated amplification products. A Pyrosequencing 96MA System (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) was programmed with 10 cycles of an AGCT dispensation order. The resulting Pyrosequencing data, termed “pyrograms,” were analyzed with the PSQ 96MA version 2.0.2 software. The best quality DNA sequence resolved was used in subsequent analyses. 
       Analysis of Real-Time PCR Conditions 
       [0072]    To confirm amplification quality, the real-time PCR products generated from 5×10 6  copies of the positive-control plasmid, 10 ng of DNA extracted from an isolate purchased from ATCC, and 0.5 μg of DNA extracted from a positive vaginal sample (confirmed by conventional PCR) of each  Candida  species were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis (see  FIG. 1 ). The product generated from each template type was a single band of the expected size and lacked the formation of any primer dimers. This indicates the ability of the real-time PCR to efficiently amplify a specific target not only from the positive-control plasmids, but also from more complex DNAs (isolated  Candida  genomic DNA) and mixtures of complex DNAs (DNA extracted from a vaginal sample). To further validate the specificity of the real-time PCR, DNA was extracted from 42 potentially cross-reacting human pathogens of bacterial, viral, and fungal origin, including potentially cross-reacting  Candida, Aspergillus , and  Saccharomyces  species purchased from ATCC. Two hundred nanograms of genomic DNA from each pathogen were examined under test conditions for cross-reactivity and none was observed (data not shown). 
         [0073]    To determine the sensitivity of the real-time PCR for the target, the positive-control plasmid was ten-fold serially diluted from 10 8  to ten copies and each dilution added as a template to duplicate PCR reactions (see  FIG. 2 ). The linear detection range for the  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata , and  Candida parapsilosis  plasmids was from 10 8  to 100 copies per reaction with r 2  values of 0.995, 0.995, and 0.998, respectively. The linear detection range for the  Candida tropicalis  plasmid was from 10 8  to ten copies per reaction with an r 2  value of 0.996. To verify that components of a clinical vaginal sample DNA extraction do not alter the efficiency of detection, 0.5 μg of a  Candida -negative DNA extract (confirmed by conventional PCR) were added to PCR reactions of each positive-control plasmid dilution series. In their respective linear ranges, no significant difference in C T  score was apparent between the presence and absence of the vaginal DNA extract (data not shown). 
       Analysis of Pyrosequencing Conditions 
       [0074]    To determine the ability of the primer pool to specifically discriminate among the four  Candida  species, 0.2 μg of genomic DNA extracts from  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei , and  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  isolates purchased from ATCC were amplified in separate real-time PCR reactions using the PCR primer and probe pool (see Table 1). The products of each PCR reaction were then sequenced using the Pyrosequencing primer pool (see Table 1). Sequences obtained from  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis  were identical to the expected sequences shown in Table 2 (see below), except for the stretch of 6 A&#39;s in  Candida parapsilosis , which was occasionally resolved as 5 A&#39;s. The resolution of homopolymeric stretches is a known limitation of the Pyrosequencing technique (see Ronaghi et al., 1998, A sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate, Science 281:363-365). No readable sequence was obtained from  Candida krusei  or  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . To determine the minimum copy number initially present in a PCR reaction necessary to generate readable sequence, PCR products of each positive-control plasmid dilution series (as in  FIG. 2 ) were sequenced with the Pyrosequencing primer pool. Readable sequence was obtained for all four species with as few as 100 copies of positive-control plasmid initially present in the PCR reaction (data not shown). The lengths of the best quality sequences were significantly shorter than those from purified genomic DNA, but provided enough sequence ( Candida albicans,  15 nucleotides;  Candida glabrata,  18 nucleotides;  Candida parapsilosis,  8 nucleotides; and  Candida tropicalis,  12 nucleotides) to differentiate the four  Candida  species by identity to the expected sequences. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Expected DNA Sequences for Pyrosequencing Identification of  Candida  Species. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Species 
                 Sequence (reverse complement) 1   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 GT 5 /G 2 T 2 /AG/AC 2 T/A 2 GC 2 /AT 2 /GT/C/A 3 GC/G 
               
               
                 
                   albicans 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-gtttttggttagacctaagccattgtcaaagcg-3′; 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 C/AGT/AT 2 /A 2 C 5 /GC 2 /GCT/C/GC/GC/A 3 C 
               
               
                 
                   glabrata 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-cagtattaacccccgccgctcgcgcaaac-3′; 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 A 2 T/G/AGT/G 2 /A 6 C 2 T/AT/C 2 /AT 2 /AGT 3 /AT 
               
               
                 
                   parapsilosis 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-aatgagtggaaaaaacctatccattagtttat-3′; 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 T 3 /G 2 /AT/A 3 C 2 T/A 2 GT/C/GCT 2 /A 4 T/A 2 GT 3 /C 2   
               
               
                 
                   tropicalis 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-tttggataaacctaagtcgcttaaaataagtttcc-3′; 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 23) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 GCT 5 /AG 3 T 3 /A 2 GT 2 /A 3 C 7 T/A 2 G 2 C 4 /AGCT 3 /GCT/GC 2 /A 3 G 2 C 2 /A 3 GC 
               
               
                 
                   albicans 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-gctttttagggtttaagttaaaccccccctaaggccccagctttgctgccaaaggccaaagc- 
               
               
                 + 
                 3′; 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 SEQ ID NO: 24) 
               
               
                 
                   glabrata 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 A 2 GT 6 /G 3 T 2 /A 2 G 2 T/AG 2 C 2 T/A 8 GC 4 T/A 2 T 3 /GC 2 T/ACT 2 /A 4 G 2 CT 3 /AGT 
               
               
                 
                   albicans 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-aagttttttgggttaaggtaggcctaaaaaaaagcccctaatttgcctacttaaaaggctttagt- 
               
               
                 + 
                 3′; 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 SEQ ID NO: 25) 
               
               
                 
                   parapsilosis 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 GT 8 /G 4 T 2 /A 2 GT/A 4 C 4 T 2 /A 4 G 2 C 2 T/ACT 2 /G 2 CT 3 /A 4 CT/A 5 G 2 CT 3 /GC 2   
               
               
                 
                   albicans 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-gttttttttggggttaagtaaaaccccttaaaaggcctacttggctttaaaactaaaaaggctttgcc-3′; 
               
               
                 + 
                 SEQ ID NO: 26) 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   tropicalis 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 A 2 CT/AG 2 T/A 2 GT 3 /A 2 G 2 C 5 /A 6 GC 4 T/AGCT 2 /C 3 /AGCT 2 /AG 2 CT 3 /A 4 CT 
               
               
                 
                   glabrata 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-aactaggtaagtttaaggcccccaaaaaagcccctagcttcccagcttaggctttaaaact-3′; 
               
               
                 + 
                 SEQ ID NO: 27) 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   parapsilosis 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 CT 3 /AG 3 T/A 2 T 3 /A 5 C 2 T/A 2 G 2 C 2 T/GC 2 T/GC 2 T 2 /A 4 GCT/A 2 G 2 CT 3 /A 3 C 3   
               
               
                 
                   glabrata 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-ctttagggtaatttaaaaaccccccctaaggcctgcctgccttaaaagctaaggctttaaaccc- 
               
               
                 + 
                 3′; 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 SEQ ID NO: 28) 
               
               
                 
                   tropicalis 
                 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 A 2 T 4 /G 3 /A 2 GT 2 /A 3 G 2 C 2 T/A 8 GC 2 T 2 /ACT/GC 3 T 2 /A 5 T 3 /A 3 G 2 T 6 /AC 2 T 
               
               
                 
                   parapsilosis 
                 
                 (i.e., 5′-aattttgggaagttaaaggcctaaaaaaaagccttactgcccttaaaaatttaaaggttttttacct- 
               
               
                 + 
                 3′; 
               
               
                 
                   Candida 
                 
                 SEQ ID NO: 29) 
               
               
                 
                   tropicalis 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Subscript numbers indicate the number of repeats of the preceding nucleotide in the expected sequence. Slashes divide the expected sequence by Pyrosequencing AGCT nucleotide dispensation cycles. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Clinical Application of the Real-Time PCR and Pyrosequencing Assay 
       [0075]    To access the quality of the real-time PCR and Pyrosequencing method for identifying  Candida  species from clinical samples, DNA extracts from 231 vaginal samples were analyzed. Typical real-time PCR (see  FIG. 3A ) and Pyrosequencing results (see  FIG. 3B  through F) from clinical samples were similar to the results obtained from genomic DNA isolated from purified  Candida  isolates. The lengths of the best quality sequences resolved from the pyrograms of clinical samples were usually shorter than those from purified genomic DNA, but provided enough sequence to differentiate the four  Candida  species by identity to the expected sequences. 
         [0076]    To assist in rapid speciation, sequencing primers and the nucleotide dispensation order were chosen to provide easily identifiable pyrogram patterns within the first dispensation cycle. As expected from Table 2, each sequence generated species-specific peaks within the first cycle of four nucleotide dispensations:  Candida albicans  is identified by a G and T peak (see  FIG. 3B ),  Candida glabrata  is identified by a C peak (see  FIG. 3C ),  Candida parapsilosis  is identified by an A and T peak (see  FIG. 3D ), and  Candida tropicalis  is identified by a T peak (see  FIG. 3E ). As shown in  FIG. 3F , it is also possible to resolve the sequences of two  Candida  species present in a clinical sample by inspection of the pyrogram. The A, G, and T peaks in the first cycle of four nucleotide dispensations positively identify a combination of  Candida albicans  and  Candida parapsilosis . As shown in Table 2, a combination of  Candida albicans  and  Candida tropicalis  is not as easily identified in the first dispensation cycle due to similarities with  Candida albicans . However, a T peak in the third dispensation cycle (dispensation 12), which is absent in  Candida albicans , positively identifies a combination of  Candida albicans  and  Candida tropicalis.    
         [0077]    To access the specificity and sensitivity of the real-time PCR and Pyrosequencing method for identifying  Candida  species from clinical samples, the results were compared to those obtained from conventional PCR identification of  Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis , and  Candida tropicalis . The two PCR-based methods amplify different regions of the rDNA. As shown in Table 3 (see below), the real-time PCR method generated no false negatives or false positives with respect to the absence (96/96) or presence of DNA from any of the four  Candida  species (135/135). When speciated by Pyrosequencing, results from 133 of the 135 positive samples agreed. The two discordant samples were found to contain  Candida albicans  by both identification methods, but the sequencing data obtained from Pyrosequencing unambiguously identified a second  Candida  species. One sample contained both  Candida albicans  and  Candida parapsilosis  (see  FIG. 3F ) and the other contained both  Candida albicans  and  Candida tropicalis . A separate species-specific real-time PCR (see Shin et al., 1999, Rapid identification of up to three  Candida  species in a single reaction tube by a 5′ exonuclease assay using fluorescent DNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 37:165-170) confirmed the presence of the second species in both samples and agreed with the Pyrosequencing results (data not shown). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Agreement of Real-Time PCR and Pyrosequencing with 
               
               
                 Conventional PCR for  Candida  Species Identification. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONVENTIONAL PCR 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CA + 
                 CA + 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NEG 1   
                 CA 2   
                 CG 3   
                 CP 4   
                 CT 5   
                 CP 
                 CT 
                 TOTAL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REAL-TIME PCR 
                 NEG 
                 96 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 96 
               
               
                 AND PYRO- 
                 CA 
                   
                 67 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 67 
               
               
                 SEQUENCING 
                 CG 
                   
                   
                 32 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 CP 
                   
                   
                   
                 18 
                   
                   
                   
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 CT 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 13 
                   
                   
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 CA + CP 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 CA + CT 
                   
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 96 
                 69 
                 32 
                 18 
                 13 
                 2 
                 1 
                 231 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 NEG = negative 
               
               
                   2 CA =  Candida albicans   
               
               
                   3 CG =  Candida glabrata   
               
               
                   4 CP =  Candida parapsilosis   
               
               
                   5 CT =  Candida tropicalis

Technology Category: 8