Patent Document

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/561,748, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/IB04/02144, filed Jun. 29, 2004, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a sheet-fed or web-fed printing machine, to a printing method and to a security element for paper securities. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the field of paper securities, particularly banknotes, there is an increasing need for security elements as protection against forgery. In the last few years, computers, scanners and photocopiers have undergone appreciable technical improvements and it is currently possible to purchase high-performance equipment at a reasonable price. As the performance of this equipment has become very good, it has become necessary to develop new security elements, which themselves also perform better, for paper securities such as banknotes, checks, credit cards, passports or identity documents and other similar documents so as to protect these documents against forgery and prevent them from being able to be copied by present-day computers, scanners and photocopiers. 
     Known security elements for combating forgery are, for example, formed of combinations of the superposition of lines and/or patterns with colors, which are visible only under certain conditions, for example under UV light, or when held up to the light. The benefit of such security elements is that they are easy to print or to place on the document that is to be protected and can be checked using simple equipment, even using the naked eye, but are impossible to reproduce using present-day printers, scanners and photocopiers. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,606, incorporated by reference into this application, describes a security element for paper securities, for example for banknotes. This security element is formed with a background having at least two juxtaposed regions, each region comprising its own geometric designs, said regions having a different color density. The security element further comprises a pattern corresponding to the region of lowest color density which is printed in superposition on said region in a color chosen so as to compensate for the difference in color density between said two regions. Thus, the security element appears uniform and patternless to the naked eye, but the pattern becomes clearly visible if said element is photocopied. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,579, incorporated by reference into this application, describes another method for printing a latent image on a substrate. According to that patent, the printing of lines in relief is combined with the printing of lines without relief. Thus, a latent color image is created that cannot be reproduced with a photocopier or other photomechanical methods. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,197 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,567, incorporated by reference into this application, display security elements which are not easily visible to the naked eye but which, by contrast, become clearly evident when the element is reproduced by photocopying or scanning. 
     Another specific technique employs watermarks in which the substrate, for example, paper, is marked with lines or a pattern which are visible only when held up to the light. Another development of this technique relates to pseudo-watermarks formed by the creation of a window in the substrate, this technique being used in particular with paper substrates which are not themselves normally transparent, said window for its part being transparent. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,778, the content of which is incorporated by reference into this application, describes an identity card protected against unauthorized copying by photocopiers. In that patent, the idea is to create a security element by combining the protective effect afforded by a thin film of metal with the physical, particularly optical, properties of an additional layer, the combination of the effects of which prevents the card from being reproduced. Under a transparent cover layer there is a layer of metal over the top of a layer having specific optical properties. In a first embodiment, the metal layer is locally demetalized thus exposing the layer with specific optical properties, that is to say rendering it visible in the demetalized zone. The difference in contrast between the layers renders the marks formed by demetalization easy to recognize with the naked eye. In one particular embodiment, the layer with specific optical properties has a dark color, for example is black. The combination of direct reflection of the metalized zone and of a layer with high absorption (black layer) prevents the difference in contrast from being detected such that the information formed by the demetalization completely disappears on a copy of this security element. 
     In another embodiment, the layer with specific optical properties contains fluorescent or phosphorescent substances which, when irradiated with the light of a photocopier, do not emit any light at a wavelength in the visible spectrum, which means that that zone is not reproduced either. 
     According to other techniques known in the state of the art, use is made of a laser either to mark the substrate directly or to mark a layer applied to said substrate and thus create security elements that are impossible to reproduce using a photocopier or scanner. 
     Other security elements use optically variable devices (“OVDs”®) in the form of metalized patches (known as “foils”) or holograms and also moirés and other similar patterns, all of these being, on the one hand, very difficult if not impossible to copy with current equipment but also, on the other hand, very easy to check visually using appropriate means or with the naked eye. 
     It is also known practice to use special inks such as optically variable inks for printing particular patterns or geometric shapes on the paper security substrate. These inks, known per se in the state of the art, contain pigments with a varying optical effect and change color according to the angle from which they are viewed. By way of example, publications US 2002/0160194 A1, US 2002/0182383 A1 and EP 1 239 307 disclose such inks and their contents are incorporated by reference into this application inasmuch as they describe the principle and composition of such inks. 
     When such inks are used, it has been found that the pigments with a varying optical effect containing an additional magnetic layer could be orientated by the application of a magnetic field, thus creating particular effects. This particular technique is described in publications U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,361, U.S. Pat. No. 5,630,877, WO 03/000801 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,689 and incorporated by reference into this application. 
     However, one of the problems encountered when printing with optically variable ink lies in the fact that this ink is often used to print the value of the paper security (e.g. banknote), this value being generally indicated parallel to the length of the banknote. In addition, there is still a search to create an optical effect that is visible when the paper security is turned about an axis parallel to the length of said paper security (up-down movement) rather than an axis parallel to the width (left-right) movement, the first movement being more intuitive to a user. 
     Conventionally, the sheets bearing impressions of paper securities arranged in matrix form move in the widthwise direction of said impressions so that the integration of stationary magnets in a conventional printing machine entails a movement parallel to the width of the impressions in order to create a visible effect (the left-right movement mentioned above). Creating an effect in the desired direction (the up-down movement mentioned above) entails change to the direction of travel of the sheets if the particular effect is to be obtained in the desired direction (the up-down movement mentioned above). Thus, existing machines need to be modified significantly, and this is of little economic benefit and increases the time needed for printing. 
     Hence, one object of the invention is to improve the known methods and devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Another object of the invention is to propose a printing machine and a method employed by this machine that increases the security of the printing. 
     More specifically, it is an object of the invention to propose a printing system, particularly for paper securities, that can be incorporated into existing machines in a simple way. 
     Another object of the invention is to make available a particular printing method for paper securities. 
     An additional object of the invention is to propose an improved security element. 
     The invention is defined by the characteristics of the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be better understood from the description of several embodiments thereof and by reference to the attached drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic depiction of a screen-printing machine; 
         FIG. 2  shows one embodiment of an impression cylinder according to the invention; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  show two variants of the embodiment of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  shows an operating diagram for the effect obtained by the invention; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  schematically show a first configuration of orientation of magnetic pigments of varying optical effect; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  schematically show a second configuration of orientation of magnetic pigments of varying optical effect; and 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  schematically show a third configuration of orientation of magnetic pigments of varying optical effect. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A conventional sheet-fed printing machine is described first of all with reference to  FIG. 1 . This known machine was described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,172 and its content is incorporated by reference into this application inasmuch as regards the operating principle of a screen-printing machine. The machine comprises a magazine  1  containing sheets for printing, a feed device  2  for successively transferring sheets along the path  3  toward a feed cylinder  4 , a transfer cylinder  5  for conveying the successive sheets onto an impression cylinder  6 , two screen cylinders  7  and  8  with doctor blades and collaborating with the impression cylinder  6  and a chain gripper system  9  which, once the sheets have been printed, transports the sheets to outlet magazines  10 . 
     Since the machine comprises two screen cylinders  7  and  8  with doctor blades  55 ,  56 , it is capable of screen-printing in two colors on the successive sheets. On the impression cylinder  6  the sheets pass first of all over the first screen cylinder  7 , where they are screen-printed in a first color, then they pass over the second screen cylinder  8  where they are screen-printed in a second color. This second impression may be printed in a different zone to the impression printed by the first screen cylinder  7  or in the same zone. In the latter instance, it is necessary to add a system for drying the ink deposited by the first screen cylinder  7 , for example UV lamps or some other equivalent system. 
       FIG. 2  shows an impression cylinder  6  in section according to the present invention in the configuration of  FIG. 1 , namely surrounded by a feed cylinder, two screen cylinders  7  and  8 , an unloading system  9 , for example a gripper chain, and a drying system  10 , for example UV lamps. 
     According to the invention, the impression cylinder  6  comprises a plurality of magnets  12 ,  13  and  14  placed in a distribution corresponding to the impressions on the substrate sheets, each set of magnets being separated by notches  15 ,  16 ,  17  in the impression cylinder  6 , in which grippers for holding the sheets on the cylinder  6  are positioned. These magnets may be fixed to the cylinder by any appropriate means, particularly by bonding, screwing or some equivalent means. 
     According to a first variant of the invention, the magnetic elements  59  (for example magnets) are positioned not directly in the impression cylinder  6  but in an unloading cylinder  57 . 
     According to a second variant of the invention, the magnetic elements  60  (for example magnets) are placed in an intermediate cylinder  58  situated between the unloading cylinder and the UV lamps  10 , in the direction of travel of the substrate. 
     According to another variant, the magnets are positioned both in the impression cylinder  6  and/or in the unloading cylinder  57  and/or in the intermediate cylinder  58 . 
     The benefit of the two variants is that they make it possible to keep a conventional impression cylinder without the risk of creating lumps or recesses in the impressions as a result of an uneven surface of the impression cylinder  6 . 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  schematically depict two partial views of an impression cylinder with two variants of magnets. In the first variant ( FIG. 3A ), the impression cylinder  6  comprises at least one notch  18  in which the gripper system  19  holding the substrate  1  which is being printed is located. 
     The cylinder comprises in addition a second notch  20  in which magnets  21 ,  22  are positioned in a distribution corresponding to that of the impressions on the substrate (not depicted). The magnets  21 ,  22  are covered by a sheet  24  of nonmagnetic material, for example of aluminum or stainless steel. In this variant, the magnets  21 ,  22  are permanent magnets. 
     In the variant of  FIG. 3B , the identical elements are referenced in the same way as in  FIG. 3A , and the difference is in the means used by way of magnets. In this variant, use is made of coils  25 ,  26 . 
     The principles set out with reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B  in the case of the impression cylinder  6  apply of course in the same way to the variants of the invention indicated hereinabove, when it is the unloading cylinder  57  and/or the intermediate cylinder  58  which supports the magnetic elements. 
     The principle used in the present invention is shown schematically in  FIG. 4 . This figure depicts a substrate  27 , for example a sheet of paper, on which an impression of optically variable ink has been deposited. The impression cylinder  6  comprises, as depicted, a permanent magnet  28  which creates magnetic field lines  29 ,  30  depicted in this figure. Furthermore, since the optically variable ink contains magnetic pigments of varying optical effect, the magnetic field lines  29 ,  30  will orientate these pigments in the directions indicated in this  FIG. 4 . In a central zone  31 , the pigments will be aligned vertically whereas in the lateral zones  32  and  33 , the pigments will adopt a more horizontal configuration, as depicted. Thus, according to the angle from which the impression is viewed, the apparent color of the impression will change and a change in orientation will have a dynamic result on the impression with changes in color followed in the impression. 
     One of the advantages of the system according to the invention is that since the sheet is stationary with respect to the magnets, the abovementioned problem associated with the habitual direction of travel of the sheets with respect to the direction in which the optical effect is to be created is avoided. It is now possible to create this effect without changing the directions of travel of the successive sheets, or even, on one and the same sheet, to create security elements with optical effects in different directions (which may or may not be mutually perpendicular) with no influence over the direction of travel of the successive sheets or the need to print successive impressions using optically variable ink. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show a first optical effect that can be obtained with the machine according to the invention. In  FIG. 4A , an impression  40  in ink containing magnetic pigments with a varying optical effect forms the numeral “100”. In order to depict the obtained effect correctly, the upper half of this impression  40  is paler and its lower half is darker. 
     The impression  41  in  FIG. 4A  depicts the same impression as the impression  40  but having undergone rotation about the axis X so as to vary the angle from which the impression is viewed. From this position, it is now the lower half which is paler and the upper half which is darker. 
     In order to obtain this effect, the pigments are oriented by means of a magnet as in the section A-A depicted in  FIG. 4B , that is to say approximately at 45° in the left-hand part  42  and approximately at 135° in the right-hand part  43 . 
     Thus, by rotating in both directions about the axis X, a determined variation in the colors in the two halves of the impression is obtained and results in a dynamic optical effect that is impossible to copy using conventional means such as scanners or photocopiers. 
     A second optical effect that can be created with the invention is described with reference to  FIGS. 5A and 5B . The impression  44  forms the numeral “100” and comprises a lighter zone in its upper part. By turning the impression about the axis X, the lighter zone then moves within the impression, as shown in the impressions  45  and  46 , to move into the central part of the impression (impression  45 ) and into the lower part thereof (impression  46 ). 
     This optical effect is obtained by orientating the pigments as depicted in  FIG. 5B  which corresponds to section B-B of  FIG. 5A . As depicted (from left to right), the pigments are first of all orientated practically vertically (zone  47 ) then gradually arrive in horizontal orientation (zone  48 ) then finally return to a practically vertical orientation (zone  49 ). 
     Thus, by rotations in two directions about the axis X, the visual effect of a movement of a pale zone within the impression is obtained and this results in a dynamic optical effect that is impossible to copy by photocopying or scanning. 
     A third optical effect is depicted in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . This effect is obtained by two superposed impressions created using the same optically variable ink. When the impression is viewed at right angles (impression  50 ), the impression is bright and the background is matt. If the impression is turned in any direction whatsoever there is then a reversal of the bright and matt zones (impression  51 ). In addition, if the orientation is changed laterally (impression  52 ), a variation in color is also obtained. 
     These optical effects are obtained by the impressions as depicted in the section C-C of the  FIG. 6B  in which there is a first layer  53  with pigments orientated in a first direction and a second layer  54  with pigments orientated in a second direction, the two directions being different. These layers are deposited successively on the substrate and the first layer  53  has to be dried before the second is deposited, so as to maintain the orientation of the pigments in said first layer. 
     The invention is not restricted to the embodiments described but variations can be made within the scope of the claimed protection. For example, the screen may be borne by a cylinder (as in the machine of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) or may also be flat. 
     Various types of ink are also possible, provided that they contain magnetically orientable pigments.

Technology Category: b