Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to techniques of logic emulation constituting one of the processes for developing integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention relates to a logic emulation module and a logic emulation board for carrying out logic emulation efficiently. 
     Heretofore, there were techniques of software emulation (logic simulation) designed to improve accuracy in logically verifying logic elements that make up large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) for use in information processing equipment. Such software emulation techniques have since been supplemented by techniques of hardware emulation (logic emulation) that utilize FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) forming programmable LSI. Logic emulation involves programming, by use of a plurality of FPGAS, a pseudo-LSI device that emulates the logic of a target LSI to be designed (i.e., targeted for logic verification) and generating the programmed pseudo-LSI for checks on its logical performance. One such logic verification device is disclosed illustratively in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. Hei 6-3414. 
     Large-scale integrated circuits targeted for development come most often in the form of a multi-chip module or a CSP (chip size package). A multi-chip module is made up of a plurality of LSI chips mounted in bare fashion on a board. A CSP is constituted by a bare chip mounted on a board called a carrier, the chip being soldered onto the board by ball bonding. 
     Any LSI under development and its corresponding FPGA differ in package sizes, connecting structures and pin assignments. To overcome the differences requires newly designing a logic verification board that will carry the FPGA intended for logic emulation. Package of FPGAs are generally structured as PGA (pin grid array), QFP (quad flat package) or BGA (ball grid array). To combine a plurality of FPGAs thus requires constructing an emulation device wherein the board for carrying the arrays is sufficiently enlarged or wherein the arrays are logically divided into a plurality of boards to be connected by means of a back plane board. In such cases, appropriate connecting means must be provided between the emulation device and the logic board that bears the LSI being developed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a logic module for logic verification and a logic emulation device, whereby the number of logic emulation steps is reduced. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a logic module for logic verification and a logic emulation device, such that there is no need to design a logic verification board anew. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide techniques for implementing efficient cooling of a multi-chip module through heat conduction. 
     In carrying out the invention and according to one aspect thereof, there is provided a logic module comprising: a board; at least one FPGA and at least one switching LSI mounted on at least one side of the board, the FPGA allowing internal gates to be programmed for logic implementation, the switching LSI permitting circuit interconnections to be programmed; connectors attached to the board for electrical connection with the outside; board wiring for directly connecting the FPGA to the connectors; and board wiring for coupling the FPGA to the connectors by way of the switching LSI. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a logic board targeted for logic verification, comprising: connectors for connection with logic modules; and terminal lands on which to mount LSIs to be developed; wherein the connectors and the terminal lands are interconnected on a one-to-one basis. 
     A logic module has its connectors coupled to those of the logic board so that the module is mounted on the board targeted for verification. The logic board, on which an LSI to be developed is to be actually mounted, is thus prepared for logic verification. After the verification, the logic module may be dismounted from the logic board and the target LSI may be mounted on the board for evaluation. 
     If an FPGA is needed, two or more logic modules of the above type may be stacked connectively through external-coupling connectors of the modules. This multiple-stage logic module arrangement makes it possible to expand the logic scale per unit packaging area. 
     If the number of external terminals for LSIs mounted on one side of a logic module differs from the external terminal count on the other side, boards called LSI carriers may be used to arrange the terminal assignments into an identical land layout on both sides. With the two sides of the logic module having the same land layout, through-holes alone on the logic module board may be used to connect the identically located signal terminal lands, power supply lands and ground terminal lands. This provides a considerable improvement in the ease of design. 
     Preferably, radiation plates may be attached to four corners of the inventive logic module with metal spacers interposed therebetween. Between the radiation plates on the one hand and various LSIs such as FPGAs and switching LSIs attached to the logic module on the other hand, there may be provided heat conduction sheets that elastically conform to and snugly contact the shapes of these LSIs. Heat from the LSIs is dissipated through the heat conduction sheets and radiation plates. Because the heat conduction sheets elastically follow the LSI contours, LSIs of different heights mounted on the same board surface may still have their different elevations covered by the sheets. Since the radiation plates are attached to the four corners of the logic module with metal spacers interposed, it is possible to implement a cooling structure that will not interfere with component layout and wiring design. 
     If a plurality of logic modules are stacked connectively, the heat from a lower-stage logic module may be thermally conducted through the flexibly bending heat conduction sheets to the radiation plates of an upper-stage logic module. The structure permits efficient cooling of the multiple-stage logic module setup. 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon a reading of the following description and appended drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a top view of a logic module practiced as a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the logic module embodying the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on line A—A of the logic module shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; 
     FIGS. 4 and 5 are schematic views showing how the inventive logic module is typically wired; 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B are a partial cross-sectional view and a plan view of a logic board where a logic module is to be mounted; 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a logic board carrying an LSI under development; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the inventive logic module mounted on a logic board; 
     FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic views of multiple-stage logic module setups according to the invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view indicating how logic circuits of the logic module are typically wired; 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic view of internal circuits in a switching LSI; 
     FIG. 12 is a conceptual view illustrating how control circuits of the logic module are typically wired; 
     FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a logic module practiced as a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic views of a cooling structure and a metal spacer for use with the inventive logic module; 
     FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a cooling structure for a multiple-stage logic module arrangement; 
     FIG. 16 is a spread view of radiation plates on which a flexible heat conduction sheet is pasted; and 
     FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of radiation plates to which a flexible heat conduction sheet is attached 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preferred -embodiments of this invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 1 through 3 show the first embodiment of a logic module according to the invention. FIG. 1 is a top view of the logic module; FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the logic module; and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on line A-A′ in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     As shown in FIG. 1, the face of a module board  2  supports four programmable LSIs  4   a  (typically FPGAS), with boards  36  called carriers interposed between the board and the LSIs. The carriers  36  will be described later with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. The periphery of the module board  2  carries connectors  3  for electrically and physically connecting the programmable LSIs  4   a  and switching LSIs  4   b  (in FIG. 2) to entities outside the logic module. 
     As depicted in FIG. 2, the back of the module board  2  supports four programmable LSIs  4   b  with the carriers  36  interposed therebetween. There are four connectors  3  for electrically and physically connecting the programmable LSIs  4   a  and switching LSIs  4   b  to the outside. A plurality of connectors including the many connectors for connection to external entities permit higher degrees of freedom in designing pseudo-LSIs. Although the face of the logic board has only two connectors, this is not limitative of the invention. As with the board back, the face may have more connectors mounted on its two remaining sides. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on line A-A′ of the logic module  1 . The first embodiment has the programmable LSIs  4   a  and switching LSIs  4   b  arranged in a ball grid array (BGA), i.e., laid out at constant intervals apart and connected by ball bonding. The solder ball spacing of this BGA is made smaller than the conventional 1.27 mm interval to reduce packaging area in order to expand the logic scale per unit area. This type of BGA is called FBGA (fine pitch BGA) or CSP (chip size package). LSI manufacturers have proposed ball-to-ball distances of 1.0 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.65 mm and 0.5 mm to JEDEC and EIJA. Large-scale logic verification may be implemented by mounting a plurality of LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  on both sides of the module board  2 , as is the case with the first embodiment. 
     In FIG. 3, the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  as well as the connectors are mounted in opposite fashion on both sides of the module board  2 . How the components are supported by the face and back of the board is described below with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. FIGS. 4 and 5 are enlarged cross-sectional views of the logic module  1  in FIG. 3, showing how the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  are wired. 
     FIG. 4 depicts a case in which the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  mounted in opposite fashion on both sides of the board are interconnected on a one-to-one basis. The face and back of the module board  2  support lands  31  and external wiring layers  32  connected to terminals of the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  with the carriers  36  interposed therebetween. The external wiring layers  32  are located illustratively between the four LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  for connection therewith in the middle of the module board. The LSIs on both sides of the module board  2  are interconnected across the board by through-holes  34  which are positioned where appropriate and which connect the lands  31  with the external wiring layers  32 . 
     FIG. 5 shows how to connect not only the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  positioned in opposite relation with one another on both sides of the module but also LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  otherwise located. Blind holes  35  are provided on the two sides to connect the external and internal wiring layers  32  and  33 . The logic LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  in asymmetrically opposed relation to one another are interconnected by the internal wiring layers  33 , with blind holes  35  connected to through-holes  34  inside the module board  2 . 
     The connectors, programmable LSIs and switching LSIs constituting the logic module are linked by the throughholes  34  shown in FIG. 4, and by the blind holes  35  and internal wiring layers  33  in FIG.  5 . 
     In FIGS. 4 and 5, if the number of external terminals of LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  on one side of the logic module  1  differs from the external terminal count on the other side, the carriers  36  may be used to arrange the terminal assignments into an identical land layout on both sides. This provides a correspondingly opposite packaging setup on the face and back of the board, making connections easier by use of the through-holes  35 . Illustratively, the LSIs  4   a  on the face and the LSIs  4   b  on the back may be mounted on lands which are arranged in opposite fashion across the board and which accommodate the signal terminals of the same signals, terminals of the same power supply, and ground terminals of the LSIs in question. This arrangement allows the connectors to be coupled directly by means of through-holes  34 , which makes wiring design easier. If the lands for the above-described terminals are not located in opposite relation with one another across the board, they are connected by means of blind holes  35  spanning the internal wiring layers  33  and by appropriately located through-holes  34 , as shown in FIG.  5 . The same also applies to the connectors positioned in opposite fashion on both sides of the board. 
     Although not shown for the first embodiment, the LSIs mounted on the same surface are connected by means of the external wiring layers  32  through the blind holes  35  and internal wiring layers  33 . Thus the regions for wiring between the LSIs  4   a  and  4   b  are constituted by element placement lands  31  and by regions for wiring with the through-holes  34  connected to the blind holds  35  via the internal wiring layers  33 . The structure boosts packaging efficiency and contributes to reducing the size of the logic, module. 
     The first embodiment adopts a hole-on-pad arrangement in which through-holes are formed directly under the element placement lands  31 . Alternatively, the through-holes may be located in offset relation with the lands  31 . 
     The module board  2  is a serially layered board pierced with through-holes and made up of two multi-layer boards bonded together, each multi-layer board having an external wiring layer  32  and at least one internal wiring layer  33  interconnected by through-holes. Alternatively, the module board  2  may be a build-up board having both through-holes and blind holes for linearly connecting the external wiring layer with desired internal wiring layers. FIGS. 6A and 6B depict a logic board  21  for supporting the logic module  1 . FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of the logic board  21  on which to mount the logic module  1 . The logic board  21  comprises stacking type receptacle connectors  22  to which to connect the logic module  1 , lands  63  carrying the connectors, and a land  62  for upholding an LSI  61  targeted for development. The logic module  1  is equivalent in size to the LSI  61  being developed. The land  62  is located under the module  1 . 
     Suppose that in FIG. 6A, a terminal (e.g., ground terminal) of the target LSI  61  connected to a land  62   a  has the same function as a terminal  63   a  of the connector  22  coupled to the logic module  1 . In such a case, the land  62   a  is linked to the connector  22  via through-holes  64  and wiring  65  on the back of the logic board  21 . Similarly, a land  62   b  is connected to a terminal  63   b  via wiring  66  on the face of the logic board  21 . In other words, the lands  63  carrying the connectors and the lands  62  supporting the target LSIs  61  are interconnected on a one-to-one basis. By such an arrangement wherein the land  62  carrying the logic module  1  is connected to the land  63  supporting the connectors on a one-to-one basis, it is possible to mount both the logic module  1  and the target LSI  61  on the same logic board  21 . 
     FIG. 6B is a plan view of the logic board  21 . The logic board  21  has four connectors  22  with respect to one logic module  1 . The logic board  21  also carries other elements  67 ,  68  and  69  for use in logic verification of non-targeted LSIs such as processors and memories connected to the connector lands  63  and the target LSI lands  62 . 
     FIG. 7 schematically shows the logic board  21  carrying the LSI  61  under development. After logic verification, the logic module  1  may be dismounted from the board  21  and the target LSI  61  may be attached to the board for evaluation. There is no need for designing a logic board  21  anew for evaluating the target LSI following its logic verification. The connectors  22 , left intact on the logic board  21 , may be used as terminals for waveform observation while the target LSI  61  is being evaluated. 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the inventive logic module  1  as it is mounted on the logic board  21 . The logic module  1  and the logic board  21  are connected by means of connectors  23  located on the back of the logic module  1 , and by the connectors  22  furnished on the logic board  21  in opposite relation with the connectors  23 . In the first embodiment, the connectors  23  on the back of the logic module  1  are stacking type plug connectors while the connectors  22  on the logic board  21  are stacking type receptacle connectors. 
     With the first embodiment, the face of the logic module  1  also has connectors  22   b  for stacking another logic module  1 . The stacking connectors  22   b  need not be of the same type as the connectors on the logic board  21 . However, it is preferred that the face of the module have stacking type receptacle connectors  22  of the same type as that of the connectors on the logic board  21  in opposite relation with the connectors on the back side. The arrangement facilitates the connection of signal lines in stacking two more logic modules  24  of the same function or a plurality of logic modules  25  having different functions. Such a multi-stage module makeup promotes expansion of the logic scale and extensions in functionality. 
     FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic views of multiple-stage logic module setups according to the invention. FIG. 9A shows a case in which one side of the logic board  21  supports logic modules  1 ,  24  and  25 . The logic modules to be stacked need not have the same function. These modules may illustratively comprise a logic module of circuits for setting a configuration upon logic verification, and a logic module made up of memory circuits. 
     As described above, the connectors on the face of the logic module  1  and those on the back side may be located so that terminals of the same power supply, ground terminals, and control terminals of clock, reset and other signals may correspond to one another in opposite fashion on the two sides of the module. The arrangement permits a plurality of logic modules to be stacked in any desired sequence. 
     Furthermore, the connectors on the face of the topmost logic module  25  may be used as terminals for waveform observation in logic verification. 
     FIG. 9B shows a case wherein logic modules  1  are mounted on both sides of the logic board  21 . The logic board  21  has the connectors on one side located in opposite relation with those on the other side, the connectors allowing logic modules  1  to be mounted on both sides of the logic board  21 . Although the back of the logic board  21  for the first embodiment is shown supporting one logic module, this is not limitative of the invention. Alternatively, the back side may have a plurality of modules stacked in the same manner as the face side. 
     Logical connections of the inventive logic module  1  will now be described with reference to FIGS. 10 through 12. FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view indicating how logic circuits of the logic module  1  are typically wired. 
     The logic module  1  comprises programmable LSIs  4   a  ( 101   a  to  102   d ) for programming logic circuits such as FPGAs switching LSIs  4   b  ( 102   a  to  102   d ) for programming connections between external terminals, interface connectors  3  ( 103   a  to  103   d ) for interfacing with a logic board or other device external to the logic module  1 , interface connectors  3  ( 104   a ,  104   b ) for interfacing with another logic module or like external device, and logic signal lines  108  through  112  for interconnecting the components. 
     The programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  have a plurality of logic data programmed to represent divided logic circuits of the target LSI so that large-scale logic verification is carried out using the logic module  1 . To connect the divided logic circuits in the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  requires setting up connections between the LSIs  101   a  through  101   d . A one-to-one network connecting two of the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  is implemented by use of logic signal lines  107  for such network purposes. A one-to-two network and other networks involving the connection of more than two programmable LSIs requires using signal lines  108  by way of the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d.    
     The switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d  interconnect by programming the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  or the interface connectors  103   a  through  103   d ,  104   a  and  104   b . FIG. 11 is a schematic view of internal circuits in the switching LSI  102   a . The switching LSI  102   a  is made up of MOS transistors  200   a  through  200   d  and storage elements  201   a  through  201   d . Logic signal wires  108   a  through  108   d , connected to the switching LSI  102   a , are also coupled to the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  respectively. 
     Typically, the logic signal line  108   a  is connected via the MOS transistors  200   a  through  200   d  to the logic signal lines  108   b  through  108   d  inside the switching LSI  102   a . To establish a one-to-two network wherein the logic signal line  108 a is to be connected to the logic signal lines  108   b  and  108   c  requires writing logic data to the storage elements  201   a  and  201   b  so as to turn on the MOS transistors  200   a  and  200   b . It is also necessary to write logic data to the storage elements  201   c  and  201   d  in order to activate the MOS transistors  200   c  and  200   d . This connects the logic signal lines  108   a ,  108   c  and  108   d . That is, a desired connective setup is acquired by writing appropriate connection data to the storage elements  201   a  through  201   d  in the switching LSI  102   a.    
     Returning to FIG. 10, the device interface connectors  103   a  through  103   d  serve to connect the logic module  1  with the logic board. Signal lines  109  from the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  are directly connected to the device interface connectors  103   a  through  103   d . If there are constraints on connector pin assignments, signal lines  111  may be selected by the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d  for the connection by way of the signal lines  108 . 
     As with the device interface connectors  103   a  through  103   d , the external interface connectors  104   a  and  104   b  may be connected in one of two ways: either signal lines  110  directly connectable to the programmable LSIs are used for the connection, or signal lines  112  are selected by the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d  for the connection by way of the signal lines  108 . 
     When an oscilloscope is connected to any one of the external interface connectors  104   a  through  104   d  to observe signals between a RAM module on the one hand and the FPGAS  101   a  through  101   d  on the other hand, it is possible to establish the connection through the signal lines  110  and  108   a  through  108   d.    
     Conventionally, where all lines between the FPGAs  101   a  through  103   d  were connected to the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d  via the signal lines  108   a  through  108   d , there was a bottleneck: the degree of freedom in wiring was increased but the number of I/O pins on the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d  became limited. Where only the logic signal lines  107  were used to wire the FPGAs  101   a  through  101   d , there was the problem of losing the degree of freedom in pin assignments on the FPGAs  101   a  through  101   d , which lowered logic packaging density. According to the invention, the FPGAs and the switching LSIs are mounted on both sides of the logic module  1  in opposite relation with one another. This makes it possible to achieve an optimum trade-off between the above-described two connecting methods, allowing a high degree offreedom in wiring while minimizing the number of pins on the switching LSIs. 
     Where the first embodiment is implemented, as is in general practice these days, with  380  pins for the programmable LSIs,  320  pins for the switching LSIs, and  112  pins for the connectors, the external interface connectors are connected to the following lines:  38  out of the lines between the programmable LSIs,  55  of the lines between the programmable LSIs on the one hand and the switching LSIs on the other hand,  75  of the lines between the device interface connectors on the one hand and the switching LSIs on the other hand,  37  of the lines between the device interface connectors on the one hand and the programmable LSIs on the other hand,  25  of the lines between the switching LSIs on the one hand and the external interface connectors on the other hand, and  31  of the lines between the programming LSIs on the one hand and the paired switching LSIs on the other hand. There is an optimal trade-off in terms of divided wiring between the direct coupling of the interface connectors to the programmable LSIs for high-speed network performance on the one hand, and a high degree of freedom in pseudo-LSI design on the other hand. 
     The lines whose numbers were mentioned above include control line such as “WRITE COMMAND” and “WRITE DATA” for the mapping of divided logic circuits of pseudo-LSIs into the programmable LSIs and switching LSIs, as well as power supply and ground lines for use by the programmable and switching LSIS. Aside from the power supply lines, the embodiment of the invention is particularly noted for the fact that, of the data lines (user pins) used for data and control signal exchanges during emulations following the mapping of pseudo-LSI data, the lines directly linking the connectors to the programmable LSIs are located in mixed fashion with those connected through the switching LSIs to one of the programmable LSIs. The switching LSIs and the programmable LSIs are interconnected in a crossbar connection arrangement. 
     FIG. 12 shows a multiple-layer logic emulation device similar to one of those in FIG. 9, wherein a logic module  1   b  and a log control board  160  are mounted on top of a logic module  1   a , the components being in turn mounted on a logic board  21 . 
     In the logic module  1   a , the lines for logic data write control signals are constituted by control signal lines  130   a  through  136   a  for the programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d  and by control signal lines  120   a  through  126   a  for the switching LSIs  102   a  through  102   d . 
     Likewise, in the logic module  1   b , the lines for logic data write control signals are constituted by control signal lines  130   b  through  136   b  for the programmable LSIs  101   e  and  101   f  and by control signal lines  120   b  through  126   b  for the switching LSIs  102   e  and  102   f.    
     The control circuit logic board  160  is made up of ROMs  164   a  and  164   b  in which logic data are written, and of control circuits  163   a  and  163   b.    
     Logic data programmed in the programmable LSIs  101   e  through  101   h  are output illustratively from the ROM  164   a  to the control signal line  134   b  through the control circuit  163   b ., control signal line  130   b , and programmable LSI  101   e . From the control signal line  134   b , the data are sent to the programmable LSIs  101   f  through  101   h  in the next stage. Then the data are forwarded from the logic module  1   b  to the logic module  1   a  through the control signal line  131   a . In the logic module  1   a , as in the logic module  1   b , the data are transferred from the control signal line  130   a  to the programmable LSIs  101   a  and  101   b  via the control signal lines  134   a  through  136   a . Past an external line  141  and through the control signal lines  132   a  and  132   b , the data are returned to the control circuit logic board  160 . Control signals to be input parallelly into the programmable LSIs  101  are conveyed over the control signal lines  133   b  and  133   a  by way of the control circuit logic board  160 . 
     In the manner described, logic write operations are made possible where a plurality of logic modules are mounted on one logic module. The same control signal lines are connected as terminals to both the external interface connectors  104   a  and  104   b  and the device interface connectors  103   a  and  103   b . This setup allows the logic circuits of the control circuit logic board  160  to be mounted and controlled on a device board  170 . Where the control signals are connected to both the device interface connector  103  and the external interface connector  104 , control operations may be effected through the two connectors. 
     If a single logic module la is to be controlled, continuous control signals are input to the control circuit logic board  170  by way of the control signal line  130   a , programmable LSIs  101   a  through  101   d , and control signal line  131   a . This arrangement eliminates the need for the external line  141  of the device board  170 . 
     Although handling of logic data was shown limited to the control circuit logic board  160  above, this is not limitative of the invention. Alternatively, a terminal of a personal computer or like equipment may be connected to an external terminal  151 . In that case, the control circuit logic board  160  is taken over by the PC for control purposes. 
     FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a logic module practiced as the second embodiment of the invention. A logic module  81  has cavities  83  formed on one or both sides of a module board  82 . A plurality of logic LSIs  4  are installed in the cavities. Peripheral portions of the board are furnished with terminal lands  84  for electrical connection to the outside. The height of the logic LSIs  4  is accommodated by the depth of the cavities. The external connection terminal lands provide connection to a logic board and permit stacking a plurality of logic modules of the same or different functions. 
     The terminal lands  84  are positioned so that power supply and ground terminals, as well as control terminals for clock, reset, and other signals may be positioned in opposite relation with one another on the board. This arrangement allows a plurality of modules to be stacked in any order desired. The terminal lands  84  are connected to the corresponding terminals illustratively by soldering. 
     In making connections by soldering, it is possible to take advantage of the substance possessing a property of self-alignment by surface tension. That is, slight misalignments of connections are absorbed by solder with its self-aligning characteristic. For example, if the connective misalignment is up to one-third of the land diameter, the self-alignment effect is expected to fully compensate the discrepancy. 
     A cooling structure for the logic module  1  will now be described with reference to FIGS. 14A through 17. FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic views of a typical cooling structure for use with the inventive logic module. 
     In FIG. 14A, four corners of the logic module  1  are furnished with radiation plates  42  with metal spacers  43  interposed therebetween. The radiation plates  42  are topped with cooling fins or a cooling fan  44 . Heat conduction sheets  41  are interposed between the radiation plates  42  on the one hand and the logic LSIs  4  such as FPGAs mounted on the logic module  1  on the other hand. The heat conduction sheets  41  elastically conform to and snugly contact the shape of each logic LSI  4 . Heat from the LSIs  4  is dissipated through the heat conduction sheets  42  which in turn are cooled by the cooling fins or cooling fan  44 . A heat conduction sheet  41  is typically made of silicon rubber having metal particles of silver or like metal of high thermal conductivity dispersed as fillers in the elastic substance. A radiation plate is illustratively formed by copper or aluminum. The metal spacer is typically composed of brass plated with nickel. 
     FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view of a metal spacer  43 . The metal spacers  43 , each having a tapped hole  47  as well as a tap  48 , may be connected one after another in series. Screws  45  are used to attach a radiation plate  42  to metal spacers  43 . The metal spacers  43  are also used to fix the logic module  1  to the logic board  21 , with the logic board  21  fastened with nuts  46  on its back. 
     As indicated, the heat conduction sheets  41  accommodate different heights of multiple LSIs on the same surface for collective cooling. Such a heat conduction-based cooling structure alleviates mechanical stress exerted on LSI chips mounted face down in flip-chip packaging. 
     If the radiation plate  42  and the module board  2  are arranged to approximate each other in terms of thermal expansion coefficient, both are protected against deflection due to a difference of the coefficient. Such an arrangement also enhances the radiation effect by increasing the adhesion between the LSI chips and heat conduction sheets as well as between the heat conduction sheets and the radiation plates. For example, common glass epoxy plates have a thermal expansion coefficient of about 15 ppm/C while copper plates have the coefficient of 17 ppm/C. With their thermal expansion coefficients in approximate coincidence, the two substances may be used advantageously to provide effective cooling. 
     The metal spacers are located in the four corners of the module board. The locations of the spacers do not interfere with the layout of parts and wiring, which makes logic module design easier. 
     Although the cooling structure example shown in FIG. 14A addresses a single logic module, this is not limitative of the invention. The same structure may also be applied to a multiple-stage logic module setup. 
     FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a cooling structure for a multiple-stage logic module arrangement. In FIG. 15, the cooling structure on the face of a lower-stage logic module  1  is the same as that of FIG.  14 A and thus will not be described further. Heat generated by LSIs on the back of an upper-stage logic module  1  is thermally conducted to a radiation plate  42  on the face of the lower-stage logic module  1 . One edge of a freely flexible heat conduction sheet  51  is attached to the radiation plate  42  by means of heat conduction adhesive  52 . Another edge of the heat conduction sheet  51  is attached to a radiation plate on the face of the upper-stage logic module also using the heat conduction adhesive  52 . This structure ensures efficient heat conduction. The freely flexible heat conduction sheet  51  is illustratively structured as a flexible board, e.g., a polyimide tape plated with copper foil about hundreds of micrometers thick, or a graphite sheet made from a polymer plastic sheet turned into a crystal structure at high temperature. A graphite sheet called PGS (pyrolytic graphite sheet) is available from Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. in Japan. 
     FIG. 16 is a spread view of radiation plates on which a flexible heat conduction sheet is pasted. FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of such a sheet-plate combination. 
     In the manner described above, the heat from the lower-stage logic module  1  and the heat from the LSIs on the back of the upper-stage logic module  1  are thermally conducted to the radiation plates of the upper-stage logic module  1  via the flexible heat conduction sheet  51 . The heat thus conveyed is dissipated by the cooling fins or cooling fan  44  attached to the radiation plates. 
     As described and according to the invention, a plurality of logic LSIs are mounted on a single logic module, and these LSIs are interconnected either directly or by way of switching LSIs. This provides a module setup that ensures efficient wiring in the smallest possible space for element placement. Where an external connector arrangement is used, a multiple-stage module setup is made available for further logic expansion per unit area. The logic LSIs are directly connected to the logic board targeted for logic verification. After the logic verification, the LSI under development is mounted on the board with no need to design another logic board. In addition, a cooling structure that enhances heat conductivity while alleviating stress on LSI chips without obstructing the component layout is provided to cool efficiently not only an individual module but also a multiple-stage module setup. Where logic modules are configured by programmable LSIs for programming logic and by switching LSIs for programming connections, the inventive arrangement permits a high degree of freedom in wiring while minimizing the number of pins on the switching LSTs. With control signals connected to both the device interface connector and the external interface connector, control operations are made possible through the two connectors. 
     As many apparently different embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims.

Technology Category: 5