Patent Document

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is directed, in general, to massively parallel routers and, more specifically, to a protocol recovery mechanism for use in a loosely coupled massively parallel router. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   A packet data serving node (PDSN) provides packet data services that support high-speed two-way data communications in wireless networks. The new 3G networks that are now being developed and deployed utilize Simple IP and Mobile IP to allow a mobile subscriber to use a mobile station (e.g. personal computer (PC), personal digital Assistant (PDA), web browsing cell phone) transparently, whether the subscriber is accessing information on a corporate LAN, the Internet or other IP-based network. A PDSN provides these capabilities to the wireless network. 
   In particular, 3G packet data serving node provides users with the following: 
   1) Two-way mobile communications utilizing packet segmentation of the user data stream; 
   2) Mobile IP or Simple IP to data networks such as the Internet, corporate Intranets and Extranets; 
   3) Secure access to corporate data networks; 
   4) Transport for support of all applications available to the user over corporate networks and public services such as the Internet; and 
   5) Raw data rates from 1.2 Kbps to 153.6 Kbps to over 1 Mbps as 3G evolves. 
   The PDSN is a network element whose primary function is interworking 3G wireless mobile packet sessions with other IP packet data networks (e.g., the Internet). A PDSN performs two basic functions: 1) the exchange of packets with the mobile station over the radio network and 2) the exchange of packets with other IP networks. To perform these functions, the PDSN interfaces with the base station controller (BSC), the Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA) servers, Home Agent servers, and packet data networks. 
   The PDSN communicates to the mobile station (MS) using a point-to-point protocol (PPP) session originated by the mobile station. The PDSN must also communicate with the radio network (i.e., BSC) during handoffs to maintain the PPP session. While the mobile station is exchanging information, the PDSN collects accounting information, which it forwards to an AAA server. It also interacts with the AAA server to receive user profiles to authenticate the mobile user. When Mobile IP is supported in a wireless network, the PDSN performs the necessary Foreign Agent functions to communicate with Home Agents to locate and authenticate mobile users. This includes establishing a secure tunnel to Home Agents for receiving and sending subscriber information. 
   The PDSN provides the following functions in a typical 3G wireless network architecture: 
   1) Terminating PPP sessions and forwarding IP packets to the Packet Data Network (PDN); 
   2) Facilitating Mobile IP session operating as a Foreign Agent (FA); 
   3) Maintaining communication with the Home Agent (HA) by keeping IP sessions active when mobile users move from a first cell serviced by a first PDSN to a second cell serviced by a second PDSN; 
   4) Supporting the user Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA) services by collecting this information and forwarding it to the appropriate end device and terminating the connection upon authentication failure; 
   5) Supporting static and dynamic IP addressing schemes; 
   6) Supporting Simple IP and Mobile IP protocols; and 
   7) Supporting Virtual Private Networking (VPN). 
   For a variety of reasons, however, session information associated with a data session can be lost by a failure of a network element. In particular, a failure of a PDSN service processor located in a wireless network gateway router can cause all session information associated with a data call to be lost. This decreases network reliability and increase use of network resources as a subscriber reconnects to the wireless network and reestablishes a session with a network server via a PDSN. 
   Therefore, there is a need in the art for an improved packet data serving nodes for use in wireless networks. In particular, there is a need for a massively parallel router having a distributed architecture that implements an efficient apparatus and method for recovering a communication session in a wireless network gateway. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a wireless network gateway capable of bidirectionally transmitting data between a wireless network and a packet data network associated with the wireless network. According to an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the wireless network gateway comprises: 1) N input-output processors capable of receiving data packets from, and transmitting data packets to, the wireless network and the packet data network; 2) M service processors capable of performing packet data serving node (PDSN) functions associated with data sessions between the packet data network and mobile stations communicating with the wireless network; 3) a switch fabric capable of bidirectionally coupling the N input-output processors and the M service processors; and 4) P switch modules, each of the P switch modules capable of bidirectionally transferring data packets between the switch fabric and at least one of the N input-output processors, wherein a first one of the P switch modules stores session bindings information associated with a first data session between a first mobile station and the packet data network. 
   According to one embodiment of the present invention, the wireless network gateway in response to a failure of a first service processor performing PDSN functions associated with the first data session, the first switch module is capable of using the stored session bindings information to configure a second service processor to continue to perform the PSDN functions associated with the first data session. 
   According to another embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module transfers data packets between the switch fabric and a first input-output processor that receives data packets from, and transmits data packets to, the first mobile station. 
   According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module is capable of receiving from the wireless network an initial registration request message associated with the first mobile station requesting to initiate the first data session. 
   According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module, in response to the initial registration request message, transmits to the wireless network a registration reply message denying the initial registration request message requesting to initiate the first data session. 
   According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module further transmits to the wireless network an address the first service processor performing the PDSN functions associated with the first data session. 
   According to a still further embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module is further capable of receiving from the wireless network a subsequent registration request message associated with the first mobile station directed to the first service processor requesting to initiate the first data session with the first service processor. 
   According to a yet further embodiment of the present invention, the first switch module is further capable of forwarding the subsequent registration request message to the first service processor. 
   The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form. 
   Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many, if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior, as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 
   Furthermore, the following definitions apply to the particular wireless Internet protocol (IP) terms and acronyms used in the Detailed Description of the Invention that follows: 
   R-P Session—A Radio Network-to-Packet Data Network (R-P) session is a logical connection established over the R-P interface for a particular Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) session. If a user changes radio networks during a packet data service session, the R-P session is moved from the old radio network to the new radio network, but is still connected to the same packet data serving node (PDSN). If the user changes to a new PDSN during a packet data service session, a new R-P session is established and the previous R-P session is released. 
   PPP Session—A Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) session describes the time during which a particular PPP connection instance is maintained in the open state in both the mobile station and the corresponding PDSN. The PPP session is maintained during periods when the mobile station is dormant. If a mobile station is handed-off from one radio network to another radio network but is still connected to the same PDSN, the PPP session remains. If a user changes to a new PDSN, a new PPP session is created at the new PDSN. 
   AAA Server—An Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA) is a server that processes mobile station authentication requests from the PDSN. An AAA server has different responsibilities, depending on whether the AAA server is acting on requests from mobile stations in a home network, a service provider network, or a broker network. An AAA server also receive Airlink accounting records from PDSNs. A detailed description of AAA server functions can be found in reference PN-4286-A (TIA/EIA/TSB-115)—Wireless IP Architecture based on IETF Protocols, Jun. 6, 2000. 
   Packet Data Session—A packet data session describes an instance of use of packet data service by a mobiles station. A packet data session begins when the mobiles station invokes a packet data service. A packet data session ends when the mobile station or the wireless network terminates the packet data service. During a particular packet data session, the user may change locations but the same IP address is maintained. For Simple IP service, moving from the coverage area of one PDSN to another PDSN constitutes a change in a packet data session. For Simple IP service, a packet data session and a PPP session occur at the same time. For Mobile IP service, a packet data session can span several PDSNs as long as the user continuously maintains mobility bindings at the Home Agent and there is no lapse in Mobile IP registration or re-registration. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers designate like objects, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary communication network using a wireless network gateway router according to the principles of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a high level block diagram of the wireless network gateway router according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a detailed block diagram of the wireless network gateway router according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a message flow diagram illustrating the operation of the wireless network gateway router according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 5  is a detailed block diagram illustrating selected software modules in the wireless network gateway router according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIGS. 1 through 5 , discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present invention in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention may be implemented in any suitably arranged wireless network gateway. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates exemplary communication network  100 , which implements wireless network gateway router  150  according to the principles of the present invention. Communication network  100  comprises a plurality of base transceiver subsystems, including exemplary base transceiver subsystem (BTS)  111 , BTS  112 , and BTS  113 . The base transceiver subsystems communicate wirelessly with a plurality of wireless terminals, including mobile stations  101 – 104 , which are located in the coverage areas of BTS  111 – 113 . 
   The wireless network portion of communication network  100  also comprises a plurality of base station controllers, including exemplary base station controller (BSC)  121 , BSC  122 , and BSC  123 . BTS  111 – 113  are coupled to and controlled by base station controller  122 . Each one of BSC  121 , BSC  122  and BSC  123  transmits voice data to, and receives voice data from, public switched telephone network (PSTN)  160  via mobile switching center (MSC)  140 . Also, each one of BSC  121 , BSC  122  and BSC  123  transmits packet data to, and receives packet data from, the public Internet  170  (or a similar Internet protocol (IP) based network) via packet control facility (PCF)  130  and gateway router  150 . 
   In alternate embodiments, PCF  130  may be integrated into BSC  122 . The operation of BSC  122  and PCF  130  is well known by those skilled in the art and has been well-defined in telecommunication standards, including the TIA/EIA/IS-2001 standard. The connection between PCF  130  to gateway router  150  comprises the Radio Network-to-Packet Data Services Network (R-P) interface (IF). The R-P interface comprises the A10 and A11 interfaces defined in the TIA/EIA/IS-2001 standard. The A10 interface transfers mobile data bidirectionally between the wireless network and the packet data network. The All interface comprises the control signaling for the R-P sessions. The R-P interface may include one or more of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) links, frame relay (FR) links, and Ethernet links, among others. 
     FIG. 2  is a high level block diagram of wireless network gateway router  150  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Gateway router  150  is a massively parallel distributed router comprising master switch module (SWM)  205 , gigabit Ethernet (E-Net) switch fabric  210 , and a plurality of physical media devices (PMD)  215  with forwarding engines (FE), including exemplary PMD-FE  215 A, PMD-FE  215 B, PMD-FE  215 C, and PMD-FE  215 D. According to one embodiment of the present invention, each one of PMD-FE  215 A, PMD-FE  215 B, PMD-FE  215 C, and PMD-FE  215 D frames an incoming packet (or cell) from an IP network (or ATM switch) to be processed in an input-output processor (IOP) and performs bus conversion functions. 
   Gateway router  150  also comprises a plurality of input-output processors (IOPs), including exemplary IOP  220 A, IOP  220 B, IOP  220 C, IOP  220 D, IOP  220 E, and IOP  220 F. Each one of IOP  220 A, IOP  220 B, IOP  220 C, IOP  220 D, IOP  220 E, and IOP  220 F buffers incoming Internet protocol (IP) packets from subnets or adjacent routers. Each one of IOP  220 A, IOP  220 B, IOP  220 C, IOP  220 D, IOP  220 E, and IOP  220 F also classifies requested services, looks up destination addresses from packet headers, and forwards packet to the outbound IOP. 
   Finally, gateway router  150  comprises a plurality of physical media device-wireless access gateway (PMD-WAG) service processors  230 , including exemplary PMD-WAG service processors  230 A and  230 B. PMD-WAG service processors  230  process the R-P sessions and the corresponding point-to-point protocol (PPP) sessions, including compression and encryption requirements. 
     FIG. 3  is a detailed block diagram of wireless network gateway router  150  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Gateway router  150  comprises a plurality of racks  310 , including exemplary racks  310 A and  310 B. The racks  310  are coupled to one another by gigabit Ethernet switch fabric  210 . Exemplary rack  310 A comprises a plurality of input-output physical media devices  315 , including exemplary input-output physical media device (IO PMD)  315 A, IO PMD  315 B, IO PMD  315 C, and IO PMD  315 D. Each IO PMD  315  is coupled to one of a plurality of input-output processors  320 , including exemplary input-output - processor (IOP)  320 A, IOP  320 B, and IOP  320 C. Input-output processors  320  are equivalent to input-output processors  220  in  FIG. 2 . Input-output physical media devices  315  are equivalent to PMD-FE  215 A-PMD-FE  215 D in  FIG. 2 . 
   Gateway router  150  also comprises two switch modules  330 , namely switch module (SWM)  330 A and SWM  330 B, one of which functions as a master switch module. Gateway router  150  further comprises two switch interface physical media devices  340 , namely switch interface physical media device (SW IF PMD)  340 A and SW IF PMD  340 B, and at least one PMD-WAG service processor (SP)  230 . 
   According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, gateway router  150  may comprise up to thirty-eight (38) input-output processors  320 , many of which are coupled to two (2) input-output physical media devices  315  by separate 64-bit IX buses. At least one IOP  320  is coupled to at least one PMD-WAG service processor (SP)  230  by a 64-bit IX bus. Each IO PMD  315  has up to eight (8) ports for bidirectionally transferring packet data with external devices according to one or more protocols, including 10/100 Ethernet connections. According to the advantageous embodiment, each IOP  320  is coupled to SWM  330 A by a first 1 Gbps full duplex connection and to SWM  330 B by a second 1 Gbps full duplex connection. 
   SWM  330 A is further coupled to SW IF PMD  340 A by up to four 10 Gbps electrical connections and SWM  330 B is coupled to SW IF PMD  340 B by up to four 10 Gbps electrical connections. Finally, SW IF PMD  340 A is coupled to Gigabit Ethernet switch fabric  210  by up to four 10 Gbps optical connections and SW IF PMD  340 B is coupled to Gigabit Ethernet switch fabric  210  by up to four 10 Gbps optical connections. 
   The remaining racks  310  of gateway router  150 , including rack  310 B, are functionally identical to rack  310 A and need not be described in further detail. 
   Gateway router  150  takes advantage of the distributed, massively parallel routing architecture and the error recovery mechanisms in the base router design. This design implements support for the R-P and PPP protocols in the PMD-WAG service processor  230  and utilizes the master switch module (SWM)  330  for resource allocation and error (failure) recovery. The R-P and PPP sessions are distributed across the one or more PMD-WAG service processors  230  by the master SWM  330 . 
   Gateway router  150  treats PMD-WAG service processors  230  as a family of parallel packet data serving nodes (PDSNs). R-P/PPP sessions are allocated to PMD-WAG service processors  230  in a round robin fashion, except where an active binding already exists and is reassigned to the previous PMD-WAG service processor  230  where the session existed previously. This architecture for resource allocation and assignment ensures the elimination of ghost sessions within gateway router  150  and the ability to recover from hardware or software failures while providing the capacity to handle the required traffic. R-P and PPP sessions are routed to the assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230 . Each PMD-WAG service processor  230  processes the R-P and PPP protocols and forwards the resulting IP packets back to the corresponding IOP  230 , where the IOP  230  native routing functionality routes the traffic. 
   Each PMD-WAG service processor  230  acts as an independent PDSN managed by the master SWM  330  within a single logical PDSN that is connect to the wireless network portion of communication network  100 . The published IP address of the PDSN is that of the master SWM  330 . Thus, the initial R-P session communication establishing a session between the wireless network and the wireless access gateway router  150  is always with the master SWM  330 . The master SWM  330  keeps track of the binding information that identifies the mobile station (MS) and re-directs the session to one of the PMD-WAG service processors  230 . The master SWM  330  uses a round robin algorithm to allocate the mobile station R-P and PPP sessions. In the event the MS binding is already known to the master SWM  330 , the master SWM  330  directs the session back to the PMD-WAG service processor  230  that last managed the session. 
   Advantageously, since the master SWM  330  maintains and updates a redundant copy of all of the mobile station (MS) binding information for each mobile station, if a PMD-WAG service processor  230  providing services to a particular mobile station fails, the communication session can still be saved. Since the master SWM  330  contains all of the MS binding information, master SWM  330  can transfer the MS binding information to a new PMD-WAG service processor  230 , which then resumes the communication session in place of the failed PMD-WAG service processor  230 . 
   An All R-P session registration message comes into the wireless access gateway router  150  from the wireless network via PCF  130  and is addressed to the master switch module (SWM)  330 . The master SWM  330  responds with a Registration-Denial message and the IP address of an available PMD-WAG service processor  230 . The wireless network responds with another registration request sent to the assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230 . The assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230  establishes an R-P session with the wireless network. Next, the mobile station negotiates a PPP session with the assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230 . 
   The assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230  then performs AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) functions and subsequent data compression and/or encryption for the on-going session. Thus, the assigned PMD-WAG service processor  230  receives PPP packets from the mobile station and forwards the resulting IP packet(s) to the appropriate IOP  320  for routing to Internet  170 . The PMD-WAG service processor  230  receives IP packets from internet  170  from an IOP  320  and converts the packets to PPP messages that are forwarded to the correct IOP card for routing to the mobile station. 
   The link layer/network layer frames pass over the A10 connection between PCF  130  and wireless access gateway router  150  in both directions via, for example GRE framing. Gateway router  150  accepts the frames, strips the GRE header, and processes them as normal incoming frames for the appropriate interface and protocol. Packets traveling in the reverse direction are processed in the reverses manner, with wireless access gateway router  150  encapsulating the link layer/network layer data packets in GRE frames and PCF  130  stripping the GRE header before passing the frames over to the upper layer. At this point, there is a point-to-point link layer/network layer connection between the mobile station and wireless access gateway router  150 . 
     FIG. 4  depicts message flow diagram  400 , which illustrates the operation of wireless network gateway router  150  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 4  shows a mobile station-originated packet call setup. The message sequence in  FIG. 4  is utilized by wireless access gateway router  150  to establish every R-P and PPP session. This approach allows the incoming MS sessions to be distributed across the PMD-WAG service processors  230 . Only the R-P messages used to setup and close a session with wireless access gateway  150  are detailed below (see TIA/EIA/IS-2001 for a description of the other messages). 
   Initially, a mobile station (i.e., MS  101 ) begins a packet data call by transmitting an Origination message  405  to BSC  122  (and PCF  130 ) via BTS  111 . BSC  122  responds by transmitting a Base Station Acknowledgment (BS ACK) order message  410  back to MS  101 . BSC  122  also transmits the complete L 3  information for the call to MSC  140  in a CM Service Request message  415 . MSC  140  responds by transmitting Assignment Request message  420  back to BSC  122 , thereby assigning wireless network resources to the packet data call. Thereafter, MS  101  and BSC  122  exchange messages (generally designated  425 ) that set up a traffic channel. 
   PCF  130  recognizes that no A10 connection associated with mobile station  101  is available and selects a PDSN (i.e., master SWM  330  in wireless access gateway router  150 ) for the packet data call. In response, PCF  130  sends A11-Registration Request message  430  to the selected PDSN and starts a timer T(RegReq). The A11-Registration Request is validated and the PDSN (master SWM  330 ) rejects the connection and proposes PDSN-Tn (one of PMD-WAG service processors  230 ). Master SWM  330  does this by transmitting to PCF  130  an A11-Registration Reply message  435  with a reject code of 88H (i.e., Registration Denied—Unknown PDSN address) and the address of the PDSN-Tn in the Home Agent address field of the A11-Registration Reply message  435 . PCF  130  then stops the T(RegReq) timer. 
   Next, PCF  130  initiates establishment of the A10 connection with the PDSN-Tn (PMD-WAG service processor  230 ) by sending an A11-Registration Request message  440  to gateway router  150 . PCF  130  then starts the timer T(RregReq). The A11-Registration Request is validated and the PDSN-Tn (PMD-WAG service processor  230 ) accepts the connection by returning an A11-Registration Reply message  445  with an “Accept” indication and the Lifetime value set to the configured Trp value. Both the PDSN-Tn (PMD-WAG service processor  230 ) and PCF  130  create a binding record for the A10 connection. PCF  130  then stops timer T(RegReq). 
   Thereafter, PCF  130  transmits Assignment Complete message  450  to MSC  140 . At this point, PMD-WAG service processor  230 , acting as PDSN-Tn, establishes a PPP connection and performs Mobile IP registration (generally designated  455 ). User data is then transmitted bi-directionally between PMD-WAG service processor  230  and MS  101  (generally designated  460 ). 
   The mobile session is closed when PCF  130  transmits A11-Registration Request message  465  (with Accounting data values) to PMD-WAG service processor  230 . PMD-WAG service processor  230  responds by transmitting A11-Registration Reply message  470  back to PCF  130 . 
   After the mobile session is closed, PMD-WAG service processor  230  clears the R-P session binding kept by the master SWM  330  by transmitting to the master SWM  330  an A11-R-P Registration Request message  475  in which the Lifetime value is set to zero. The Master SWM  330  responds to PMD-WAG service processor  230  with an A11-Registration Reply message  480 , which indicates the mobile binding has been cleared. 
     FIG. 5  is a detailed block diagram illustrating selected software modules in wireless network gateway router  150  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. A mobile station, via PCF  130 , establishes R-P and PPP sessions to communicate with the PDSN in wireless access gateway router  150 . The R-P and PPP protocols are performed by software modules running in the PMD-WAG service processor  230 . The master SWM  330 A manages all PMD-WAG service processors  230 . R-P and PPP session management is accomplished through R-P messages (i.e., IP protocol  505 , management R-P protocol  510 ) from the master SWM  330 A. 
   When a mobile station session is terminated, the PMD-WAG service processor  230  informs the master SWM  330 A so that the session information can be removed from MS bindings table  515 A. Again, the R-P protocol is used to accomplish clearing mobile session entries from the MS bindings table  515 A. PMD-WAG service processor  230  generates a R-P registration request with a Lifetime equal to zero, in the same manner that the mobile network ends mobile session with PMD-WAG service processor  230 , and forwards the message to master SWM  330 A. The mobiles station and PMD-WAG service processor  230  binding data in MS bindings table  515 A must remain in synchronization with the corresponding data in redundant backup SWM  330 B so that failure of master SWM  330 A is recoverable. SYNC software modules  520 A and  520 B perform the needed synchronization between master SWM  330 A and redundant backup SWM  330 B. 
   Although the present invention has been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.

Technology Category: 5