Patent Document

CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/218,393 filed on Aug. 25, 2011 entitled, “ADVANCED LAMINAR FLOW WATER CONDENSATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ULTRAFINE PARTICLES”, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/402,348 filed Aug. 27, 2010, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/709,084 filed Oct. 2, 2012, inventors, Susanne V. Hering, Steven R. Spielman, Gregory S. Lewis and Nathan M. Kreisberg, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS 
     This technology was made with government support under Grant No. RC3ES19081 from the National Institute of Environmental Health, and DE-SC0006312 and DE-SC00469 from the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the technology. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Many applications have utilized the condensational growth of airborne particles to enable their measurement or collection. For ultrafine particles the initiation of this growth requires the creation of a region of vapor supersaturation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,881 describes a method to create this supersaturation in a laminar flow, wherein a flow passes through a wet-walled tube, or other container, the second portion of which is warmer than the first portion. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/218,393 describes a different method in which the temperature profile of the wetted walls has a cold section, a warm section, and a final cold section. These laminar flow systems that create water vapor supersaturation have come to be known as condensation growth tubes 
     These condensation growth tubes work by exposing an air flow to wetted surfaces at different temperatures. The wetted surface is commonly implemented as a wick, which is a porous medium that will readily draw water into its pores via capillary action. During operation of these condensation systems, water evaporates from the warm portion of the wick, and thus the wick must be continually supplied with more water. To accomplish this, various wetting methods have been used. In some systems, water pumped to the outside of a cylindrical wick is drawn to the inside by capillary action. The excess water cascades down the length of the tube via gravity. Other systems use an internal reservoir wetting system, wherein the bottom end of the wick is submerged in a reservoir of water. 
     Disadvantages of this prior art are the complications in the water handling, risk of flooding and sensitivity to being tipped. Protrusions into the flow channel, as required for the reservoir wetting system, are a problem for some applications. 
       FIG. 1  shows one prior art system for passive wetting of a wick  100 . A dike  150  (sometimes called the “standpipe”) having a base  155  is a necessary barrier to prevent water  140  from seeping under or through the wick  100  where it would drip into lower parts of the device. Water  140  is transported up the wick  100  by capillary action. An aluminum housing  110  provides structure and a good thermal connection to the heater or cooler  120 . In the case of a wick that consumes water, a filling system  130  is required, comprised of a water level sensor controlling a pump or valve, and an air vent  125 . The air vent  125  communicates with the inlet flow to provide pressure equalization between the head space of the water reservoir and the flow. The system ensures the reservoir  145  neither fills above the upper edge of the dike  150 , nor goes completely empty. In the case of a cold wick where water vapor condenses, the system must discard water. 
     SUMMARY 
     Technology is presented which provides passive wetting of the wicks which may form the wetted walls of the laminar flow water condensation growth systems. In one aspect, a self-sustaining wick relies on capillary action of the wick material to transport water from colder regions where water vapor condenses onto the wick surface to warmer sections where it evaporates. This approach allows extended operation without a water reservoir, and is insensitive to being tipped. In another aspect, a siphoned wick uses a siphon-like method to maintain a water-filled gap behind the wick on a side of the wick opposite the air flow. This approach may be supplemented with active pumping to accommodate large systems. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a prior art, capillary action wicking system using water from a small reservoir drawing into a porous wick. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a first embodiment of wicking technology comprising a self-sustaining wick. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrates alternate configurations of the self-sustaining wick using a conditioner. 
         FIG. 4  depicts the mechanical construction of a system following the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate exemplary performance data for a self-sustaining wick employed as part of a condensation particle counter. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate exemplary data for inverted operation of a condensation particle counter employing a self-sustaining wick. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate exemplary data for a self-sustaining wick, in a configuration that uses a humidity exchange membrane on the incoming flow. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an alternate configuration of a self-sustaining wick in which water is injected, and any overflow is removed, via secondary air flows. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of the technology comprising a siphoned wick of this technology. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an embodiment of the siphon wick system applied to a three-stage condensational growth system. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an embodiment of the siphon wick system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Technology is presented which provides novel systems and methods of providing wetted walls of water condensation systems used to produce water vapor supersaturation in a flow of air or other gas. In one aspect, a self-sustaining wick relies on capillary action of the wick material to transport water from colder regions where water vapor condenses onto the wick surface to warmer sections where it evaporates. In another aspect, a siphoned wick uses a siphon-like method to maintain a water-filled gap behind the wick on a side of the wick opposite the air flow. This approach may be supplemented with active pumping to accommodate large systems. The prior art utilizes an internal reservoir for wetting of the wick, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . This requires a dike that protrudes into the flow, a problem for some applications. Additionally, it requires mostly upright operation so that water in the internal reservoir does not spill into the air flow. It also requires a vent to equalize the pressure in the head space of the internal and external reservoirs with the pressure of the flow inside the tube. If these conditions are not met, the system can flood. The self-sustaining wick of this technology is designed to overcome these limitations. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a self-sustaining wick  200  providing a wick spanning several temperature zones ( 210 ,  220 ,  230 ), wherein the downstream colder section  230  recovers water vapor released from the warm section  220 , and this water is returned to the warmed section by capillary action, where it evaporates to create supersaturation in the cooler flow at  215  entering from the upstream cold section  210 . Additionally, if the temperature of the first stage  210  is lower than the dew point of the sample air flow, water from the air flow will condense onto the wick in this first stage and will be transported to the warmed section by capillary action. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , a self-sustaining wick uses a three stage growth system, with a single, wetted wick  200  spanning all three stages. The first stage  210  is a “conditioner.” The second stage  220  and third stage  230 , referred to as the “initiator” and “equilibrator”, respectively, form a two-part condenser, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/218,393. The conditioner  210  including cooler  212  is generally operated with slightly cooled walls, and is used to bring the flow  205  to near the temperature of the conditioner walls, with a relative humidity near 100%. The second, “initiator” stage  220  includes heater  222  and has walls which are maintained warmer than that of the conditioner  210 . The third, equilibrator stage  230  includes cooler  232  and is operated cooler than the initiator stage  220 . As the cooler flow from the conditioner enters the warm, wet walled initiator section, water vapor diffuses from the walls into the cooler flow. Likewise the flow slowly warms. Yet, because of its high diffusion constant relative to the thermal diffusivity of air, water vapor diffuses more quickly. As a result, the flow becomes supersaturated, with its peak supersaturation along the centerline of the flow. With the two-stage condenser  240 , this region of water vapor supersaturation forms in the initiator section, and extends into the equilibrator section  230 . 
     This water vapor supersaturation activates the condensational growth on small particles, which because of their surface curvature and associated surface tension have equilibrium vapor pressures that are greater than that over a flat surface of the same composition. As described by the Kelvin relation, the required equilibrium vapor pressure is higher for smaller particles, increasing as the inverse of the particle diameter. The warm wetted wall of the initiator provides the water vapor that creates the supersaturation. Further downstream, in the equilibrator, much of this water vapor from the supersaturated flow condenses onto the wick, reducing the water vapor content, as reflected in the reduction of the dew point. However, the flow remains supersaturated, and particles continue to grow via condensation, producing droplets that may be detected optically, or collected by inertial means. As shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/218,393, the equilibrator of this configuration reduces the dew point and temperature of the flow, with minimal effect on extent of vapor supersaturation. 
     With this the self-sustaining wick  200 , evaporated water from the wick in the warm initiator section  220  is carried by the flow into the equilibrator section  230 . The colder walls of the equilibrator  230  cause much of the water vapor to condense onto the wick  200 . This recovered water, now in liquid state, is then transported back through the wick to the warmed mid-section  220  via capillary action. The conditioner  210  may supply additional water to the initiator section  220  of the wick if the incoming sampled air has a dew point that is higher than the conditioner temperature. 
     When the entering flow has a dew point above about 10° C., as is often the case for summertime ambient conditions, then it is possible to set the temperature of the walls of the equilibrator such that the dew point of the flow exiting the system matches that at the inlet. Under these conditions the rate of water condensation onto the wick in the conditioner and equilibrator sections will match that rate of evaporation in the initiator section (as the water lost to the droplet formation is small). This provides a self-sustaining wick. If one starts with a fully wetted wick, and the dew point of the exiting flow is slightly higher than that of the entering flow, the system will still produce supersaturation and droplet growth needed for particle detection or capture, yet will operate for several days without needing to be replenished. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates an alternate configuration of a self-sustaining wick wherein the entering flow  305  passes through a temperature controlled humidifier  350 . The system of  FIG. 3A  includes a conditioner stage  310 , initiator stage  320  and equilibrator stage  330 . Conditioner stage  310  includes a cooler  312 . Initiator stage  320  includes a heater  322 . Equilibrator stage  330  includes a cooler  332 . A droplet collector or droplet detector  390  is positioned at the outlet  385  of the growth flow region. 
     The configuration of  FIG. 3A  does not require matching the exiting dew point to that of the entering flow. In this configuration, a temperature controlled humidifier  350  adjusts the dew point of the flow, entering the conditioner to match that which exits an equilibrator  330 . Humidifier  350  can be a simple Nafion tube system such as those available commercially from Perma Pure LLC, Toms River N.J. This is a membrane system that provides humidification via chemical transport through the membrane, and without physical contact between the supply water and the flow. Thus the tube is spill-proof and completely tippable. This provides a means to balance the input and output dew points under conditions when the sample flow dew point is low, e.g. below 5° C. With this approach, the system of  FIG. 3A  can be operated for long period of time without addition of water, except as required for the inlet humidifier  350 . 
     Optionally, a transport flow  365  and a secondary flow  355  may be provided, as shown, that can carry away excess condensate, so that longer periods of operation are possible. Typically, these flows may comprise 5% to 20% of the total flow  305 . The transport flow  365  is extracted from the annular region surrounding the inlet tube  305 B, before the flow  307  enters the conditioner stage  310 . In addition to providing a means to carry away excess water, flow  365  helps to provide more efficient transport of ultrafine particles to inlet, as is often provided for condensation particle counters. At the opposite, downstream end of the growth tube, a secondary outlet flow  355  is provided that draws air from that portion of the flow  307  that is closest to the walls. This may be accomplished through use of a fluted design of the outlet nozzle  385  that provides passageway from the air flow channel to the secondary outlet chamber  356 . Only the remaining portion of the flow  375  passes through the droplet detector or collector  390 . The particles in the flow  375  are subject to measurement. Optionally a sponge or other absorbent material can be placed in the transport flow outlet chamber  360  to avoid spillage should the system be tipped during operation. 
       FIG. 3B  shows an alternative use of the Nafion humidity exchange membrane  350  shown in  FIG. 3A . The airflow  378  exiting the droplet detector or collector  385  is directed into the shell space  395  of the Nafion humidity conditioner  350 A. This shell space is the region outside the Nafion tubes  383  through which the sample stream  305  flows. Due to the unique properties of the Nafion, which actively transports water molecules based on the difference in relative humidity across the Nafion membrane, water will be transferred in or out of the sample flow  305  so as to equalize the humidity of the two streams  305  and  378 . In this way the inlet flow  305  is approximately conditioned to the same dew point as the exit flow  378 . This provides a self-sustaining system that operates for long periods of time without the need to introduce additional water. This approach performs under a wide range of ambient relative humidity conditions. Because there are no water reservoirs, it is tolerant to motion. 
     To test this system, a condensation particle counter was constructed using components from the commercial condensation particle counter, the TSI Model 3783. A system using the conditioner, initiator and equilibrator was created with all three stages lined with a single, continuous wick. The wick was formed by rolling a sheet of Nylasorb™ filter media into a cylindrical tube measuring approximately 5 mm ID and 9 mm OD. The cooling of the conditioner and equilibrator walls was achieved by two sets of thermal electric devices (Peteltier type coolers) and heating was done using a film heater. The overall length of the system is 250 mm and the sample flow rate was generally controlled to 0.3 L/min. The droplets formed from this system were counted using the optics head and electronics from the TSI Model 3783. Results were compared to commercial bench top counters, the TSI Model 3787 and TSI Model 3788. 
       FIG. 4  shows another embodiment of a system using a self-sustaining wick. This system has a cylindrical shape, and is designed to accommodate an air flow rate of 0.1-0.2 L/min. The air stream  401  that is being sampled enters at an inlet at  405 , and passes through conditioning stage  410 , initiator stage  420  and equilibrator stage  430 . Insulation sections  406  thermally isolate these stages. A wick  450  formed by rolling a length of Nylasorb filter material spans all three sections. The flow exits through a nozzle  411  which may be coupled to an optics head for particle counting, or to an impaction stage for particle collection. The temperature of the conditioner stage is controlled by a thermoelectric device  407  which is coupled to cooling fins  408 . A similar thermoelectric device and cooling fins are used to cool the conditioner stage. The initiator stage is heated by means of a cartridge heater, which is not shown in the drawing. The active lengths of the conditioner  410  and equilibrator  420  are lengthened by means of an foot  409  that extends under the insulator sections  406 . The active lengths of the conditioner  410 , initiator  420  and equilibrator  430  are 28 mm, 13 mm, and 42 mm respectively, separated by 2.5 mm long insulator sections. The inside diameter of the wick  450  is 5 mm. The overall length, including an optics head is 150 mm. 
       FIG. 5  shows data from the system of  FIG. 3A  without use of a humidifier, secondary or transport flows. The wick was wetted at the beginning of the tests, and then run without replenishment. The operating temperatures were around 5° C. for the conditioner, 45° C. for the initiator, and 12-15° C. for the equilibrator, and 45° C. for the optics head. Consistent operation was obtained for more than two weeks of continuous operation, until the test was stopped. 
       FIG. 6  shows a similar test with inverted operation. For this data set a linear regression against the bench top counter gave a correlation coefficient of R 2 =0.99, and a slope of 1.02. This 2% discrepancy is considered within the error of the flow measurement. 
     For sustained operation, it is advantageous that the input and output water content be well-balanced, or that there is a mechanism for removing excess water that may accumulate. Under extreme conditions of very dry, or very wet relative humidity, the system as configured in  FIG. 2  may be used with a balancing component. In the case of sampling dry air, the equilibrator may not be able recover sufficient moisture to fully replenish the initiator portion of the wick. In the case of sampling extremely moist air, it is possible to flood the system from water vapor that is removed from the incoming air. Balancing improves operation under these extreme conditions. 
     Tests were conducted with the configuration of  FIG. 3B , wherein the flow exiting the optics head is recirculated through the shell of a Nafion humidity conditioner. The Nafion is a non-permeable membrane material that transports water molecules from the high to low humidity side of the membrane via chemical reaction. For this application, a tube of the Nafion from Perma Pure, (Toms River, N.J.) was utilized. Prior to entering the conditioner, the sample flow is directed through this tube, while the sample flow exiting the optics head (or droplet collector) is directed in a counterflow direction through the she space surrounding the Nafion tube. This allows for exchange of water content between the two flows without otherwise mixing. This system was tested with laboratory air that was dried to 5-23% RH using a large diffusion dryer prior to entering the system. This approach provided more than one day of continuous operation, as shown by the data of  FIG. 7 . However, the good agreement with the bench top counter seen in the data of  FIG. 7  is not observed when sampling directly from ambient air. We find that the Nafion preconditioner removes about 10% of the ambient particles, leading to a corresponding reduction in the values for the particle number concentration. These losses were not seen in  FIG. 7  as the smaller particles that are lost in the Nafion system were already removed by the large dryer used upstream to create the low humidity for the tests. 
     For long-term operation, this self-sustaining wicking concept of  FIG. 3A  can be adapted to system in wherein a small amount of water is injected at the initiator stage, and excess water is removed with a secondary flow, as shown in  FIG. 8 . In the system of  FIG. 8 , like numbers represent like parts presented in the above discussion of  FIG. 3A . In the system of  FIG. 8 , a water fill line  802  is provides a means to inject water onto the wick. The tube  810  which is inserted into the base of the wick is equipped with a slightly recessed lip  810  or fluted section which provide a passage way so that excess water that accumulates on the wick can be carried away by a secondary flow drawn through port  804 . This secondary flow can be 5-10% of the total aerosol flow. The water injected can be programmed based on the incoming relative humidity and temperature measurement, such that the total water consumption is minimized. Experimental results show that at relative humidity conditions above about 40% RH at 20° C., with a equilibrator operated at 14° C., the water injection required is less than 5 μL/hour per L/min of sample flow. This approach, while requiring an upright orientation, provides robust operation over weeks of operation. 
     The self-sustaining wick offers a number of advantages over the prior art approach of  FIG. 1 . Long term operation without a water reservoir is provided. Elimination of the water reservoir also eliminates the need for pressure equalization, and eliminates water spillage. Overall the water handling is much simpler than in the prior art design of  FIG. 1 . Elimination of the water reservoir permits operation at multiple orientations. No dike or other object protruding into the flow, which is important for maintaining laminar flow in applications such as coupling to particle separation devices. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the technology comprising a siphoned wick system. Water is drawn up in to a sealed space behind the wick and held at slightly negative pressure. The system includes a housing  940  surrounding a wick  920  with a gap  910  formed between the wick  920  and the housing  940 . O-rings  970  at the upper and lower ends of the housing  940  seal water in the gap  910 . Water in the gap is fed from a reservoir  950  and feed line  965 . A vent  955  is provided on the reservoir  950 . A check valve  930  and air purge valve  935  are provided on outlet line  975  from the gap  910 . A heater or cooler  925  surrounds the aluminum housing  940 . 
     A system  900  utilizing a water-filled gap  910  behind a wick  920 , wherein the water is held at a slightly reduced pressure relative to that of the air flow  915 . This pressure difference is less than the bubble point of the wick material, and thus there is no air transport through the wick. Water condensing on a cold wick is immediately pulled through the wick by this negative pressure, where it can then drain into a reservoir  950 . Similarly, as water evaporates from a hot wick, replacement water is drawn up from the reservoir  950 . Materials that are found to work as a siphoned wick include alumina bisque, or metal fiber filters, such as are available from Beckaert Corp. 
     Prior to operation, an air purge pump  935  primes the system by pulling air out of the gap  910 , causing it to fill with water from the reservoir  950 . Alternatively, the system may be primed prior to operation by injecting water directly injected into the gap  910  through one ports  965  or  975 . The check valve  930  prevents air from being drawn back into the gap  910 , and the pump  935  can then be shut off. In some cases, dissolved air can come out of solution to be trapped, so in some embodiments the pump may be run intermittently or at a low speed to purge bubbles. The hydraulic head of the water in contact with the wick is lower than the altitude  960  of any point on the wick. The slightly negative pressure eliminates the need for the dike of the prior art because any excess water on the wick surface is immediately drawn into the porous material, preventing drips. This action also allows a cold wick to collect condensed water vapor and carry the liquid into the reservoir. The vent  955  is connected to the air flow space  915  to equalize the pressure in the air space of the reservoir. 
     In another variation, the air-purge pump is replaced by a continuously-running pump, circulating the water in a closed loop. In this variation, the water flow is high enough to carry the necessary heating or cooling power. Instead of controlling the housing temperature, a separate device heats or cools the water itself before it is brought to the wick. In this embodiment, the housing need not be a good thermal conductor. With this approach it is possible to the circulating water stream a means of water filtration, or purification, or removal of soluble gases. 
     In yet another embodiment, a growth tube may have two or more sections similar to those shown in  FIG. 9  at different temperatures. The multiple sections could share a single wick and/or water gap. However, to reduce heat leaks between hot and cold sections, it can be advantageous use separate wicks. 
       FIG. 10  shows the siphoned wick concept applied to a system with three wicks sharing a single reservoir. The system includes a housing  1040  surrounding a wick  1022 ,  1024 ,  1026  with three gaps  1010   a ,  1010   b  and  1010   c  formed between the wick sections  1022 ,  1024 ,  1026  and the housing  1040 . O-rings  1070  separate at the upper and lower ends of each section of housing  1040  and seal water in the gaps  1010   a ,  1010   b , and  1010   c  relative to wick section  1022 ,  1024 ,  1026 . Water in the gaps is fed from a reservoir  1050  and feed line  1065 . A vent  1065  is provided on the reservoir  1050  check valves  1031 ,  1032 ,  1034  and air purge valves  1035 ,  1036  and  1037  are provided on an outlet line  1075  from the gaps  1010   a ,  1010   b ,  1010   c . The three stages of the system may be operated as a conditioner  1010 , the initiator  1020  and equilibrator  1030 , with insulators  1066  separating each respective temperature section of the housing  1040 . 
     Despite the negative pressure in the water gap, air is not drawn through the wick to form bubbles in the water. The force preventing this leak is the surface tension of the water adhering to the small pores in the wick. The maximum air pressure a wetted porous material is able to resist is called the “bubble point pressure”, given by 
     
       
         
           
             
               P 
               = 
               
                 
                   4 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   γ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   k 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   cos 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   θ 
                 
                 d 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where 
     d is the pore size 
     γ is the surface tension of water, 70×10 −3  N/m 
     θ is the contact angle between water and the solid, a measure of how hydrophilic the material is; 
     k is the shape correction factor of order unity, accounts for non-cylindrical pores 
     Surface tension, pore size and contact angle are the same factors that enable capillary action to draw water up into the wick when the bottom end is placed in water reservoir as shown in  FIG. 1  in the prior art. Therefore, wick material that is suitable in the prior art is a good candidate for the siphoned wick technology. Note that the siphoned wick method depends on the size of the largest pore in the wicking material and hence a defect in the wick can allow air to bubble into the water gap. 
     Bubble point pressure is commonly expressed in terms of hydraulic head, the height of a column of water that can be supported by that pressure. The bubble point pressure must exceed the altitude difference between the top of the wick and the water surface in the reservoir. Porous materials are readily available with bubble points in excess of one meter of water, which provides plenty of margin in the height of the device and the altitude of the reservoir. 
     The siphoned wick method has been implemented using alumina bisque, with the configuration shown in  FIG. 10 . This implementation has been used to enlarge particles in a parallel plate configuration to enable ultrafine particle counting by optical means. The method has also been applied using as the wick a system constructed from stainless steel fiber filters (Bekipore 3AL3, Beckaert, Marietta, Ga.) welded to a solid stainless steel frame. The Bekipor 3AL3 has a bubble point of about 1 m. This pure stainless construction can be treated with a passivation coating (e.g. Inertium™, AMCX, Tyrone, Pa.) to facilitate the removal of deposited organic material. This latter application is used when enlarging particles to enable collection for chemical analysis while avoiding contamination. 
       FIG. 11  is an enlarged view drawing of the initiator stage  1020  of the three-stage system illustrated in  FIG. 10 . This is a parallel plate system, wherein the air flows through a 11 mm×60 mm channel  1101 . Each wall is lined with 6 mm thick alumina bisque  1102  which serves as the wick. The initiator housing  1103  is constructed of aluminum, which is a good thermal conductor. This is heated by means of cartridge heater  1104 . The initiator is isolated from the upstream conditioner section by means of insulator  1105 . The wick  1102 , is pressed against the housing  1103  by means of clamps located at either end of the channel, not shown in the drawing. A relief in the housing along the central region creates a gap  1106  which is approximately 1 mm deep, and extends most of the length of the initiator. In operation this gap is filled with water, by means of the water inlet ports  1107 , and purge ports  1108 . The overall length of the initiator and its insulator is about 60 mm. This initiator is 50 mm long, and mates with a 150 mm long conditioner upstream, and a 120 mm long equilibrator downstream. The conditioner stage  1010  and equilibrator section  1030  may be constructed at longer lengths, and are cooled instead of heated, but have the similar wick and wick-wetting features as the initiator. The typical flow rate for this system is around 15 L/min. 
     The siphoned wick technology illustrated herein offers several engineering advantages. Reservoir level control is provided automatically, while the prior art requires active control of the reservoir level. Surface tension and the typically small length scales can complicate this task in the prior art. For example, refilling can be impacted if the vent gets plugged by a small amount of water. Also, the level sensor can be fooled by an unfortunately located bubble or by tipping the device. These issues are eliminated with the embodiments shown herein. In addition, in systems operating at high temperature or high air flow rate, the viscous pressure drop due to water flowing through the porous medium can become important. In the prior art, large upward transport favors a thick wick, yet good thermal contact between the air and the aluminum favors a thin wick. With the present technology, water is brought to the high altitude by the water-filled gap. A thin wick only makes transport through the wick easier. 
     Priming is improved in the present technology. Despite having a low (good) contact angle when wet, some materials exhibit a much larger contact angle when completely dry. This can make some otherwise hydrophilic materials “stubborn” to wet initially. In the prior art, water must initially “crawl” up several inches of dry wick. The siphoned wick technology allows use of more difficult-to-wet materials, because the water is actively brought in contact with most of the wick. In addition, in the prior art, the surface of the dike exposed to the air has the potential to degrade the performance. For example, if conditioned (cold) air flows upwards into a growth (hot) section, it will first encounter the warm, dry surface of the dike. The rise in temperature with no added water vapor will reduce the supersaturation that can be achieved. Similarly, in the case of a cold wick, water will tend to condense onto the dike, forming beads that disturb the flow and have the potential to drip. Such situations favor a thick, thermally insulating dike wall. However, minimizing the disturbance of the laminar flow favors a thin dike wall. The present technology, which requires no dike at all allows for an abrupt transition to a new temperature with no dry section and no protrusion into the flow. In addition, in the prior art, making the system robust against flooding would favor a tall dike. However, as mentioned above, time spent inside the non-wetted dike degrades the performance of the growth tube. This is avoided with the present technology. 
     Thermal conductance between wick and housing is improved with the present technology. The growth tube operation depends on providing heat or cold to the wick, which is improved by good thermal contact with the housing. Thermal contact can be achieved by clamping objects together, but it can be difficult to actively press the wick against the housing. The water-filled gap in the present technology ensures good thermal contact between wick and housing without any mechanical force. 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Technology Category: f