Patent Document

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application is a Divisional Application of application Ser. No. 10/116,132, filed Apr. 5, 2002, currently pending, and incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for decoding data that has been encoded by conventional concatenated block and convolutional encoding. The method and apparatus provide improved system performance in the presence of pulsed and continuous interference. Error correction of conventionally encoded data is improved, and the overhead rate (number of code/parity bits) is not increased.  
         [0003]     Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a common method of achieving data transmission with low error rates. FEC coding techniques transmit data in encoded form by encoding the data with added redundancy or parity data, which is used by a decoding device to detect and correct errors introduced during transmission or passage of the data between a source and a destination. Generally, data does not have to be retransmitted to correct errors.  
         [0004]     The ability of FEC systems to correct errors without retransmission makes them suitable for use in satellite communications systems. Many satellite communications systems use a conventional form of FEC coding; concatenated Viterbi and Reed Solomon coding. Convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding is capable of correcting disperse, scattered errors, as caused, for example, by white noise. Reed Solomon (block) coding is capable of correcting limited-size burst errors, as caused, for example, by pulsed noise. In combination, concatenated convolutional and Reed Solomon coding improve system performance in the presence of pulse and scattered interference. Nevertheless, communications systems using such coding that are near multiple or high duty cycle radars often suffer from performance degradation. There is a need for a mitigation technique that allows FEC coding systems to compensate for pulse error patterns, as for example, are typically introduced by multiple interfering and/or high duty cycle radars.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for decreasing the bit error rate (BER) of decoded concatenated Reed Solomon and convolutionally encoded data.  
         [0006]     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a system for predicting when a Viterbi decoder in a concatenated decoder is likely to erroneously decode a portion of data.  
         [0007]     It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a system for using bit quality information to both use soft-decision Viterbi decoding and to predict or detect when a segment of convolutionally encoded data is likely to be erroneously decoded by a Viterbi soft-decision decoder.  
         [0008]     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a system for tagging for erasure decoded symbols output by a Viterbi soft-decision decoder that will be further decoded by Reed Solomon decoding using erasure.  
         [0009]     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a decoding unit with a Viterbi decoder providing input to Reed Solomon decoder, where both decoders perform soft-decision based decoding according to bit-quality data of the bits being decoded.  
         [0010]     It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a system with a concatenated Reed Solomon and Viterbi decoder, having a sliding window detector that identifies or detects bursts of low quality bits in the Viterbi input, where the system tags for erasure Viterbi decoder output that corresponds to the identified bursts.  
         [0011]     It is also an aspect of the present invention to provide a system capable of improved decoding of data encoded with conventional concatenated Reed Solomon and Viterbi decoders, without requiring modifications of existing encoders.  
         [0012]     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a concatenated decoding unit where a first decoder is concatenated with a second decoder, and both decoders perform soft-decision decoding based directly or indirectly on the correctness of bits of data before they are decoded by the first decoder.  
         [0013]     The above aspects may be attained by a system that identifies a portion of data with a probability of being erroneously decoded by a convolutional decoder, that decodes the data with the convolutional decoder, and that further decodes the data with a second decoder by taking into account that the data has a portion that has been identified to have a probability of having been erroneously decoded by the convolutional decoder. The further decoding may be performed by a blocked decoder, and the convolutional decoder and the blocked decoder perform soft-decision decoding according to quality information derived from the quality of a signal from which decoded data has been obtained. The soft-decision convolution decoding may be carried out with soft-decision Viterbi decoding, and the block decoding may be carried out with Reed Solomon decoding. The above aspects may also be carried out by identifying or detecting a portion of data with a probability of being erroneously decoded by a convolutional decoder; decoding the data with the convolutional decoder; and further decoding the data with a second decoder by taking into account that the data has a portion that has been detected or identified to have a probability of having been erroneously decoded by the convolutional decoder.  
         [0014]     These, together with other aspects and advantages which will be subsequently apparent, reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a conventional Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding system.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a detailed version of a conventional FEC decoder  14 .  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  shows a decoding unit  60 .  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  shows a decoding process carried out by the decoding unit  60 .  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of the process shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0020]      FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of a decoder of the present invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 7  shows an embodiment of a process of the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  shows a process by which operating parameters of the M of N detector  130  may be determined.  
         [0023]      FIG. 9  shows bit quality thresholds  210  and  212 .  
         [0024]      FIG. 10  shows an example of bit error rate predictions based on different M, N, and low-quality voltage threshold values. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0025]     Before discussing the invention in detail, the operation of a conventional system will be described.  FIG. 1  shows a conventional Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding system. Data input  10  is passed to an FEC encoder  12 . The FEC encoder  12  includes a first encoder  16 , and a second encoder  18 . The first encoder  16  and the second encoder  18  perform concatenated linear FEC encoding. The first encoder  16 , sometimes called the outside encoder, is typically a block encoder. The data input  10  is block encoded by the first encoder  16 , whose output is passed to the second encoder  18 . The second encoder  18 , sometimes referred to as the inner encoder, typically performs convolutional encoding of the data output by the first encoder  16 . The convolutionally and block encoded data  20  is output by the FEC encoder  12 .  
         [0026]     The FEC encoded data  20  is transferred across a data transfer path  22 . The data transfer path  22  is typically a radio transmission link, a data network path, a databus, etc. Noise is typically introduced in the data transfer path, which makes reception of the correct data difficult. A storage device, such as a digital optical storage disk, may also be used as a data transfer path  22 . In such a case, FEC encoded data  20  is stored on the disk, and is read from device and passed to an FEC decoder  14 .  
         [0027]     The FEC decoder  14  is equipped with a first decoder  24  and a second decoder  26 . The first decoder  24 , often referred to as the inner decoder, decodes the FEC encoded data  20  with a decoding process corresponding to the encoding performed by the second encoder  18 . Output of the first decoder  24  is processed by the second decoder  26 , also known as the exterior decoder. The second decoder  26  performs a decoding process corresponding to the encoding performed by the first encoder  16 . The resulting FEC decoded data output  28  is approximately equal to the data input  10 , where effects of noise added to the FEC encoded data  20  introduced during transfer across the data transfer path  22  are mitigated by either the first decoder  24  or the second decoder  26 . Perfect error correction is not generally guaranteed, and some bits in the decoded data output  28  may not equal their counterparts in the data input  10 .  
         [0028]      FIG. 2  shows a detailed version of a conventional FEC decoder  14 . Analog amplifiers  40  amplify a received analog signal. The amplified signal is fed to a rectifying analog digital converter  42 . The AGC circuit  48  maintains the amplifier level so as to not overdrive the converter. The converter  42  derives from the amplified signal digital data, which is passed to a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) demodulator  44 . The QPSK demodulator  44  uses variations in 90 degree phase shift intervals in the amplified digital signal to weight or rank the quality of a bit corresponding to a given 90 degree interval. The QPSK demodulator  44  outputs three bits for each one-bit data value, where the three bits indicate whether the data value is 0 or 1, and also indicate the level of correctness of the 0 or 1 value. There are eight possible levels of correctness or quality, for example, zero through seven. A level of zero would indicate a high level of correctness that a binary zero was sent and at the same time a very low level of correctness that a binary one was sent. A level of seven would indicate a high level of correctness that a binary one was sent and at the same time a very low level of correctness that a binary zero was sent. Most importantly, a level of three or four would indicate high uncertainty for either a binary zero or a binary one. Thus, levels of correctness of three or four typically indicate low quality bits. The 3 bit units outputted by the QPSK demodulator  44  are received by the automatic gain control (AGC)  48 , which adjusts the gain of the amplifiers  40 .  
         [0029]     A Viterbi decoder  50  (inner decoder) receives the correctness-weighted data bits and performs conventional soft-decision Viterbi decoding. The first decoded output of the Viterbi  50  is passed to the de-interleaver  52 , which may form Reed Solomon symbols by forming 8-bit groups from the Viterbi output, and which de-interleaves the output of the Viterbi decoder  50 . When the de-interleaver is used to form the symbols for Reed Solomon decoding, the de-interleaver  52  may be considered part of the Reed Solomon decoding process. The output of the de-interleaver  52  flows to the Reed Solomon decoder  54  (outer decoder). The Reed Solomon decoder  54  performs Reed Solomon decoding without erasure and without referring to the correctness level of the data decoded by the Viterbi decoder  50 . This feature is discussed in detail below. The Reed Solomon decoder  54  outputs decoded output data  56 , which approximately equals the data input  10 .  
         [0030]     The conventional concatenated Viterbi and Reed Solomon decoder described above may be implemented with available hardware. For example, an L64704 satellite decoder, produced by LSI logic, may be used.  
         [0031]     It has been observed by the present inventors that conventional concatenated convolutional and block decoders sometimes produce bursts of errors at the convolutional decoding stage when low quality bits occur in bursts or groups. Such bursts may occur randomly as a result of receiver noise, or they may occur regularly as a result of nearby pulse sources, such as pulse radar.  
         [0032]     Viterbi decoding is accurate at correcting intermittent or interspersed corrupted bits. The value of a Viterbi output bit (a “hard” 1 or 0) depends in part on the quality measure of the H previous input bits, where H is the code history size. When a number of low quality bits appear sequentially or nearly sequentially, the Viterbi decoder generates output errors, usually without any indication of such error.  
         [0033]     Reed Solomon decoding is well suited to correct these bursts of errors. Typically, bits are grouped into 8 bit symbols, groups of which form codewords. The codewords (or blocks) of 8 bit symbols contain redundancy data symbols, or parity symbols, which are used to correct a number of symbol errors equal to one-half the number of redundant, or parity, symbols (when erasure, discussed below, is not used). If any bit in a symbol is corrupted, then the entire symbol is corrupted. For example, if a Reed Solomon decoder is capable of correcting up to 10 symbol errors, and an error burst of 11 bit in error occurs, only 2 or 3 Reed Solomon symbols in a codeword might be in error, which the exemplary Reed Solomon decoder can easily correct. However, if the 11 bit errors were dispersed evenly throughout the code word, up to 11 symbols could be in error. The Reed Solomon decoder can correct no more than 10 symbol errors, and therefore the codeword containing the 11 bit/symbol errors would be in error or corrupt. That is to say, the Reed Solomon decoder could not correct the codeword.  
         [0034]     With Reed Solomon decoders, if symbol errors are known before decoding, Reed Solomon decoding with erasure may be performed. With erasure, symbols in error are ignored. Error symbols may be ignored or erased because the Reed Solomon decoder decides which codeword was intended or sent based on the minimum distance between the received codeword and each of the set of possible matching codewords. This symbol difference count is sometimes referred to as the Hamming distance.  
         [0035]     If L is defined to be the number of symbols in a codeword containing 1 or more bit errors, and S is defined to be the number of symbols erased from the codeword, then D, the number of parity symbols included with the codeword, is greater than or equal to two times L plus S. This relation may also be expressed by the formula number 2L+S&lt;D. It can be seen that if all error symbols in a codeword could be identified and erased, twice as much interference duty cycle would be mitigated. In other words, if all symbols with errors were known and ignored (erased), then the distance to the correct Reed Solomon codeword would be 0. However, there is a limit on the number of erasures within a codeword; too many symbol erasures may lead to a Hamming distance of 0, resulting in the unacceptable possibility of matching multiple codewords. Thus, the correct codeword could not be accurately selected or determined.  
         [0036]     In conventional concatenated Reed Solomon Viterbi decoders, Reed Solomon decoding with erasure is not used. Viterbi decoded output received by the Reed Solomon decoder does not include bit quality or correctness information. In previous systems there has been no readily apparent way to associate or identify error-prone groups of low quality bits received by the Viterbi decoder with low quality Reed Solomon symbols. Furthermore, if all Reed Solomon symbols containing bits corresponding to low quality Viterbi input bits are erased, system performance suffers, because many of those low quality bits (and corresponding symbols) would be corrected by the Viterbi decoder before they are received by the Reed Solomon decoder.  
         [0037]     By predicting which Viterbi input bits are likely to fail to be corrected by the Viterbi decoder, we have made it is possible to perform Reed Solomon erasure on symbols containing or corresponding to those pre-identified Viterbi error-prone bits, thereby improving throughput and/or reducing the overall bit BER.  
         [0038]     One aspect of the present invention enables near optimum Reed Solomon decoding with erasure in concatenated Viterbi and Reed Solomon coding systems. Characteristics or parameters of low quality bit groupings that are likely to be erroneously Viterbi decoded, are determined in advance. These characteristics are used to identify error patterns, information of which is used for Reed Solomon erasure. A process of determining these characteristics or parameters is discussed in detail further below, with reference to  FIGS. 8-10 .  
         [0039]     When bursts of input noise occur, a string or sequence of input bits will have a high concentration of bits with a low correctness level or quality measure. When the noise pulse is long enough, there is a high probability that the Viterbi output will produce a corresponding error burst. Because, as discussed above, the convolutional or Viterbi decoder decodes an output bit based on a limited number of consecutive previous input bits (bit history H), a Viterbi error output is expected. Viterbi error correction fails when the Viterbi decoder is supplied with a string of consecutive, or nearly consecutive, low-quality bits. The length of a pulse of low quality bits that will have a high probability of erroneous Viterbi decoding depends on a number of factors, discussed further below with reference to  FIGS. 8-10 . Knowing such factors in advance, the Reed Solomon decoder can be notified when the Viterbi decoder is likely to break down due to an error burst.  
         [0040]     The soft-decision bit quality data (correctness bits) already being supplied to the Viterbi decoder is processed in parallel by a detector, while or before being processed by the Viterbi decoder. This sliding window detector identifies bit quality patterns or groupings that are likely to result in Viterbi failure, and such identification is used by the Reed Solomon decoder to perform erasure on corresponding symbols likely to contain corresponding Viterbi errors.  
         [0041]      FIG. 3  shows a decoding unit  60 . FEC encoded data is received by the decoding unit  60 . A bit quality evaluator  62  assigns a quality or correctness weighting to each input bit. The correctness-weighted data is processed by a detector  64  and a first decoder  66 . A second decoder  68  decodes the output of the first decoder  66 , based on or according to error identification information received by the detector  64 . The second decoder  68  outputs FEC decoded data output  28 , which is approximately equal to data input  10 ; the source data before being FEC encoded. In a preferred embodiment, a demodulator may serve as the bit quality evaluator, the first decoder  66  may be a convolutional or Viterbi decoder, the detector  64  may perform error detection on a sliding window of M of N bits, and the second decoder  68  may be a Reed Solomon decoder using erasure based on information provided by the detector  64 .  
         [0042]      FIG. 4  shows a decoding process carried out by the decoding unit  60 . A portion of FEC encoded data  20  being evaluated by the bit quality evaluator  62  is identified  80  to be prone to erroneous decoding by the first decoder  66 . The output of the first decoder  66  is further decoded  84  with the second decoder  68 , by taking into account a portion of encoded data  20  that has been identified as prone to be erroneously decoded.  
         [0043]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of the process shown in  FIG. 4 . The decoding unit  60  receives  100  a signal with convolutional and Reed Solomon encoded data. A rank or level of correctness is assigned  102  to bits according to the quality of the signal. The quality rated bits are assessed  104  in the detector  64 . A portion of quality ranked data in the decoder  64  or sliding window is identified  106  as having a probability of being erroneously convolutionally decoded by the first decoder  66 . After or during the assessing  104  and the identifying  106 , the quality ranked bit data generated by the assigning  102  is convolutionally decoded  108  by the first decoder  66 . A portion of the data identified  106  is convolutionally decoded  108  along with the other quality ranked data. The convolutionally decoded data generated by the convolutional decoding  108  is block decoded by applying erasure to the identified portion (or the convolutionally decoded portion corresponding to the same).  
         [0044]      FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of a decoder of the present invention. Items  40 - 52 , and  56  are discussed above with reference to  FIG. 2 . The relations and interactions between items  40 - 50  are essentially described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . In the detector shown in  FIG. 6 , the correctness-rated output of the QPSK demodulator  44  is received by both the input of the AGC  48  and the input of an M of N detector  130 . The M of N detector  130  passes tagging information to a delay  132 , and a tagging unit  134  receives the delayed tagging information from the delay  132 . The delay  132  enables the output of the Viterbi decoder  50 , delayed by such decoding, to catch up with and synchronize with the tagging information generated by the M of N detector  130 . This synchronization enables the tagging unit  134  to tag symbols output by the Viterbi decoder  50  that correspond to bits determined by the M of N detector  130  to be in a group or burst of quality ranked bits that are likely to or have a probability of being incorrectly decoded by the Viterbi decoder  50 .  
         [0045]     A de-interleaver  52  receives the delayed tagging information from the tagging unit  134  and the first decoded output from the Viterbi decoder  50 . Because Reed Solomon decoding with erasure is usually performed by erasing (ignoring) any symbol which contains a bit in error, the de-interleaver  52  marks for erasure any symbol to be input to the Reed Solomon decoder  136  which contains a bit output by the Viterbi output  50  and tagged by the tagging unit  134 .  
         [0046]     The Reed Solomon decoder  136  receives the tagged and untagged symbols from the de-interleaver  52  and performs Reed Solomon decoding with erasure. Generally, Reed Solomon decoding is performed on codeword units that are made up of a fixed number of symbols. Some of the symbols in a codeword represent data, and other symbols in a codeword contain parity information that is used to correct errors in the data symbols. Reed Solomon decoders generally decide which codeword is the correct codeword based on the minimum of the distances between the received codeword and each of the set of possible matching codewords. Therefore, by enabling concatenated Viterbi soft-decision decoding and Reed Solomon soft-decision decoding, the present invention can correct twice as many symbol errors as a concatenated decoder using Reed Solomon hard decision decoding (decoding without erasure).  
         [0047]     Although the M of N detector  130  has been described with reference to a fixed-length sliding window, other configurations may also be used. For example, the parameters of the M of N detector  130  may be dynamically set based on conditions within the decoding unit  60 . The operations of the M of N detector  130  may also be externally configurable or programmable. Furthermore, the delay  132 , the tagging unit  134 , and the de-interleaver  52 , may be arranged in various configurations, or may not be required depending on the other components of the decoding unit  60 . Any number of hardware or software arrangements may be used to enable Reed Solomon soft-decision decoding with erasure based on predictable patterns of Viterbi decoding errors. Furthermore, although Viterbi decoding failure-prediction has been described with reference to a ratio or concentration of low quality bits within a sliding window (M out of N), other tests or algorithms may be used to identify in advance patterns or sequences of error prone quality ranked bits that are to be decoded by a Viterbi decoder  50 .  
         [0048]      FIG. 7  shows an embodiment of a process of the present invention. An analog signal carrying FEC decoded data that has been subject to burst and/or random noise during transmission is received  150 . The signal is amplified  152  and converted  154  to a digital signal. The digital signal is demodulated  156 , using, for example, binary or quadrature phase shift keying, and is quantized into 3 bit units representing the correctness of a 1 or 0 data value. The quantized or correctness ranked digital data is channeled to two different parallel processing paths. In a first path, within a sliding window of the quality ranked bits, it is determined  160  whether bits in the window are prone to erroneous Viterbi decoding. This determination may be based on the size of the window (e.g., the number of bits in the window), and also on the number or concentration (M/N) of bits in the window at a given time that have a quality level below a given bit quality threshold. The bit stream, including the bits (or corresponding bits) detected or determined  160  to be prone to erroneous Viterbi decoding, are delayed  164  and tagged  166 .  
         [0049]     In the second parallel quantized bit processing path, the quantized or quality ranked bits are digitally filtered  158  and Viterbi decoded  162  using soft-decision decoding according to the correctness of individual data bits as indicated by the 3 bit units. Generally, the Viterbi soft-decision decoding  162  consumes or does not output the quality ranking, and outputs hard (unranked) Viterbi decoded bits, which have no inherent quality or correctness value or rating.  
         [0050]     The bits output by the Viterbi decoding  162  that correspond to bits determined  160  to be prone to erroneous Viterbi decoding are tagged for erasure  168 . The Viterbi decoded  162  output, including the bits tagged for erasure  168 , are Reed Solomon soft-decision decoded  170  by erasing symbols that contain tagged bits. Accordingly, the second-decoded output of the Reed Solomon decoding  170  has been error corrected.  
         [0051]      FIG. 8  shows a process by which operating parameters of the M of N detector  130  may be determined. The operating parameters of the detector  130  may include, for example, the size of the sliding window (N), the number of low quality bits (M) which indicate a maximum portion of the window that is allowed to contain low-quality ranked bits before bits in that window (some or all) should be tagged for erasure, and a quality or correctness threshold level parameter which the M bits fall below. Initially, a parameter affecting the BER of the decoding unit  60 , is selected and assigned  190  an initial value. The initial value of the selected parameter is used to predict  192  the bit error rate. The value of the selected parameter is modified  194  and the predicting  192  and modifying  194  is repeated until predicted bit error rates over a range of values of the parameter is completed  196 . This process is performed until various parameters affecting the BER have been tested  198 . The parameter values that resulted in an optimal predicted BER are selected  200  and used  202  for decoding.  
         [0052]     Other patterns, configurations, or distributions of low-quality bits in the window may also be used to trigger tagging. For example, bit-quality groupings may be used (e.g. 4 medium quality bits, and 2 low-quality bits). Statistical distributions may be used. Patterns or arrangements may also be used to detect error-prone portions.  
         [0053]      FIG. 9  shows bit quality thresholds  210  and  212 . The thresholds  210  and  212  are used to determine the M number of low quality bits within a given window. The process for deriving prediction parameters (moving them along the axis), discussed above with reference to  FIG. 8 , may be used to determine the voltage thresholds  210  and  212 .  
         [0054]      FIG. 10  shows an example of bit error rate predictions based on different M, N, and low quality voltage threshold values. In the example of  FIG. 10 , the M=8, N=7 curve carries the lowest bit error rate, and M=8 and N=7 would be used as sliding window parameters in accordance with a corresponding low quality voltage threshold.  
         [0055]     The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

Technology Category: h