Patent Document

PRIORITY INFORMATION 
   This patent application claims priority from German patent application 10 2005 028 461.2 filed Jun. 17, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to testing a semiconductor wafer, and in particular to testing a Hall magnetic field sensor. 
   Magnetic fields are used for testing of semiconductor wafers, especially Hall magnetic field sensors, during a production test as part of the manufacturing process. Generating precise magnetic fields suitable for a test with commercially available mixed-signal testing systems is not possible without additional devices, so an additional and undesirable hardware expense is incurred. Since different magnetic field strengths are usually needed for a test, one must expect relatively long transient times for the coils producing them, or a complicated mechanical system. In addition, because the homogeneous region of the magnetic field produced in this way is relatively small, only a few sensors can be tested at the same time on a wafer. 
   Since a Helmholtz layout is not possible for the coils producing such a magnetic field for a wafer test with a thermochuck, one can only provide an inexact magnetic field for the testing or sampling. Such a thermochuck provides a desired wafer temperature, and the wafer lies on it over its entire surface. Currents flow in the thermochuck, generating disruptive magnetic fields. Furthermore, the thermochuck normally contains magnetic materials that distort the desired magnetic measuring field. In particular, for a Helmholtz layout one would require a coil in the thermochuck, which would be difficult to implement, so that in the final analysis there are many problems with magnetic measurements of a wafer in conjunction with a thermochuck. 
   There is a need for an improved technique of testing a semiconductor wafer such as a Hall effect sensor. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to an aspect of the present invention, a wafer is tested by current flow produced in the wafer to determine electrical resistance. The wafer may include a Hall magnetic field sensor. 
   The wafer may include at least one Hall plate, a matrix switch, and taps for applying and/or picking off currents and/or voltages, wherein the taps have taps for applying a metering current and taps for measuring a current flow and/or a voltage based on the metering current in order to determine an electrical resistance of the wafer, the Hall plate, and/or a signal pathway including the Hall plate. The wafer may be configured as a Hall sensor. 
   Test techniques of the present invention enable the testing of wafers or Hall magnetic field sensors in the absence of an applied magnetic field. That is, the technique of the present invention proceeds without the need for magnetic fields to be applied from the outside. This saves on testing time, reduces the testing hardware expense, and provides improved possibilities for parallel tests. 
   The resistance of the wafer or the Hall plate may be determined. For example, the resistance of a signal pathway including the Hall plate and a matrix switch may be determined. The matrix switch may be configured to actuate the Hall plate to measure a magnetic field. 
   The technique for measuring magnetic sensitivity may be performed in the absence of an applied magnetic field. The layout with at least the Hall plate may be screened off from external magnetic fields. 
   An additional measurement may be performed with a direction of current flow through the wafer or the Hall plate that differs from the direction of current flow of the first of preceding measurement. 
   A metering current may be applied to the wafer or at least to the Hall plate. A copy of the metering current used internally in the wafer or at least in the Hall plate may be switched to the outside for the measuring process. A voltage equivalent to the Hall voltage and induced by the current flow may be picked off to perform the measuring process. The resistance may be determined by an applied and/or measured applied current and a measured voltage. Currents measured in the layout may be amplified within the layout and output in the amplified state for the evaluation. The behavior of an evaluation circuit contained in the signal pathway may also be determined to carry out the measurement process. Components contained in the signal pathway downstream from the Hall plate may be included in the evaluation circuit. 
   A wafer or Hall sensor with an evaluation circuit in the signal pathway of the Hall plate, wherein the determined electrical resistance also detects the influence of the evaluation circuit. The evaluation circuit in the signal pathway of the Hall plate enables testing of the evaluation circuit by an applied Hall current. In this way, it is also possible to check the further signal pathway by generating a signal, such as would also be generated by a magnetic field. 
   The entire signal pathway of a transmitter IC is tested by an electric stimulation. For this, additional currents are impressed in a test mode in the Hall plates, or alternatively it is also possible to impress a voltage which induces such a test current or metering current. These currents may be advantageously generated in the sensor itself. The precise value of these currents may be determined in that these currents or copies of these currents are switched to the outside in an additional test mode, or alternatively they are assigned from the outside. In this way, it is possible to test not only the Hall plates but also the entire signal pathway of such an integrated sensor. 
   To test the Hall plates themselves, one can determine their electrical resistance or another parameter indicative of the magnetic sensitivity. For this, for example the activating Hall plate current or a copy or fraction thereof can be switched to the outside and measured. In combination with the voltage then dropping across the Hall plate, one can subsequently determine the electrical resistance. For a given semiconductor material and a given geometry of the Hall plate, one can thereby determine the concentration of dopants and thus also the Hall sensitivity. The same holds for a varying geometry and a given concentration of dopant. 
   These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The FIGURE is a block diagram illustration of components for testing a Hall sensor on a wafer. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The FIGURE illustrates a block diagram illustration of a layout of components on a wafer or a corresponding Hall sensor configured in such a way that a metering current may be applied to check individual components, and especially the components of a signal pathway with respect to their electrical resistance R. From the electrical resistance the quality of the investigated segment can be determined, without having to apply an external magnetic field. One application which is advantageous is integrated Hall sensors with evaluation circuits. 
   A portion of a wafer  10  is shown for configuring an integrated circuit sensor. A reference current from a bias generator is input to a Hall current generator  14 . Thus, the currents are generated in the bias generator, which provides reference currents and reference voltages for practically all the analog circuits on the sensor. The Hall current generator  14  outputs a Hall current as a metering current Ihall on a line  16  to a matrix switch  18 . The Hall current generator  14  outputs via a preferably independent output an additional current Ihall/ 10  on a line  20  to a metering current tap Ithall. The current switched in this way to the outside is a copy of the testing or metering currents Ihall on the line  16  used internally, to avoid interference coupled in from the outside. 
   The matrix switch  18  may be connected by a plurality of lines  22  to a Hall plate  24 , and the terminals on the Hall plate  24  preferably lie at its corners. With this matrix switch  18 , a Hall plate current Itmagn 1  produced by the Hall current Ihall on the line  16  can be switched in to enable a current flow in the 0° direction or 90° direction through the Hall plate  24 . The matrix switch  18  may be used to switch the taps for picking off a Hall voltage. Preferably, switching in the 0° direction, 90° direction, 1800 direction and 270° direction relative to the applied Hall plate current Itmagn 1 , Itmagn 2  or the picked-off Hall voltage is made possible by the matrix switch  18 , to avoid a magnetic offset caused by mechanical stresses or non-ideal features of the Hall plates. 
   Preferably, from each of the lines between the matrix switch  18  and the Hall plate  24  a line branches off to a corresponding tap  28  (e.g., a four-pole tap). These four taps allow for the provision of corresponding signals  0  to  3 , which are used to determine Hall plate resistance R. Depending on the settings of the matrix switch  18  (i.e., which two lines apply the Hall plate current Itmagn 1 , 2  to the Hall plate  24 ) two of the four measuring taps  28  pick off the resulting generated Hall plate voltage Vtmagn 1 -Vtmagn 2 . From the Hall current Ithall and the Hall plate voltage Vtmagn 1 -Vtmagn 2 , one can now determine the Hall plate resistance. 
   Advantageously, such a layout allows one to measure the Hall plate  24  with two independent measurements in the vertical and horizontal direction relative to its resistance. 
   The circuit layout may also have an analog-digital converter (ADC)  30 , being connected to the matrix switch  18 , to convert the Hall voltage into a proportional current. Such an ADC input offers advantages, but it is not necessary to realize the inventive technique of the present invention. 
   During an additional test measurement, the impressed metering current Itmagn 1 , 2  produces, on account of the resistance of the Hall plate  24 , a voltage equivalent to the Hall voltage, which through the ADC  30  may stimulate the entire signal processing chain. 
   In the case of disruptive magnetic fields present in the surroundings of the measurement layout, one may use differential measurements with different metering currents to calculate the impact of such existing magnetic fields. 
   Depending on the strength of the imposed or measured currents, it may be desirable to amplify or attenuate such currents for measurement purposes. Determination of the resistance R is preferably performed by bringing to the outside a possibly scaled copy of the Hall plate current Itmagn 1 , 2  and the voltage drop Vtmagn 1 , 2  across the Hall plate  24 , this being configured, depending on the design, as a parallel measuring tap or serially across an individual connection pin as the measuring terminal. 
   Due to the resistance determined in one or more directions, one can determine the geometry of the Hall plate  24 , as well as the resulting dopant concentration or, through this, the Hall sensitivity of the Hall plate  24 . Fluctuations and errors in the geometry of the Hall plate  24 , as well as fluctuations in the dopant concentration of the Hall plate  24 , can therefore be detected by deviations of the resistance. 
   The foregoing describes, in particular, the inspection of the Hall plate  24  by determining its resistance. However, one may determine not just the electrical resistance of the Hall plate  24  or, in a hierarchical arrangement with several Hall plates  24 , the electrical resistance of a plurality of Hall plates. It is especially advantageous to determine the electrical resistance not only of the Hall plate  24 , but also the entire signal pathway, including the Hall plates  24  and the matrix switch  18 , for which one uses, when determining the resistance, also and in particular the metering current Ithall that can be picked off from the metering current tap. Since test signals and the metering current Ithall are also routed through the matrix switch  18 , this also is checked as part of the signal pathway. Thus, a complete signal pathway (e.g., a Hall sensor with evaluation circuit) can be checked in its entirety by an electrical stimulation. The evaluation circuit in this case includes the structural elements on the wafer  10 , especially those downstream from the Hall plate  24 . 
   Although the present invention has been illustrated and described with respect to several preferred embodiments thereof, various changes, omissions and additions to the form and detail thereof, may be made therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Technology Category: 3