Patent Document

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a fuel lubricity additive, made by a two-step process wherein the first step is co-reacting an unsaturated base oil, predominantly from vegetable oil sources, and a compound having a diene structure and a carboxylic acid group, wherein the second step is esterifying or amidifying the free carboxylic acid group or groups with a poly-hydroxy-containing compound or poly-amine compound to form the final fuel lubricity additive useful in diesel fuels. The fuel lubricity additive formulations and compositions have further utility as dispersants. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Beginning in 1993, all highway diesel fuel in the United States was required to have a minimum sulfur content of 0.05% (by weight). Refineries have been able to meet this standard by hydrotreating. Hydrotreating removes sulfur, nitrogen and other metal-bonding reactive sites as well as seal-swelling and lubricating aromatic compounds. However, a major drawback to the hydrotreating process used to reduce sulfur and aromatic levels is that the diesel fuel product has reduced fuel lubricity. The reduced fuel lubricity increases wear rates in many fuel injection systems, as such injections systems have been designed to utilize natural lubricating properties of traditional diesel fuels (typically containing 0.2 to 0.5% by weight sulfur or 2000-5000 ppm). This has caused a dramatic increase in fuel injection system problems manifest as under run and stalling as the most minor to injector nozzle fouling, to fuel pump failures resulting in a need to replace entire systems. This is causing fuel injection systems to be redesigned even as injection pressures have risen to the detriment of wear and mechanical performance. 
     Distillate petroleum hydrocarbon fractions in the kerosene/diesel fuel range have essentially no lubricity or lubricating value. The high solvent action of the fuel and the constant washing by large volumes of fuel make it impossible to maintain lubricant on pump surfaces. Thus, fuel pumps are subjected to serious wear, leading to pump failure. Fuel compositions have to be treated (formulated) to address wear, erosion and corrosion problems. 
     Petroleum refineries produce 50 to 60 billion gallons of diesel fuel for consumption in the United States each year. Most refineries are producing only low-sulfur diesel fuels to achieve economies of scale. This means that, even though off-road vehicles are currently exempt from the low-sulfur emission requirements, most, including tractor and other farm equipment, will be using low-sulfur diesel fuels. This will result in increased engine wear in agricultural equipment that was designed for the natural lubricating properties of diesel fuels. The EPA is in the process of developing emission standards for off-road engines which will also cause low-sulfur diesel fuels to be used. 
     Traditional fuel lubricity additives contain sulfur, phosphorous, zinc, nitrogen or boron. These are called ash forming or catalyst-poisoning additives. Ash forming additives are thermally activated and form sacrificial chemical bonds to metal surfaces. The additive will then “shear” from the metal surface before the metal itself, resulting in protection of the metal surface from wear. Many additives also contribute to particulate emissions during combustion. Moreover, additives can form SO x , NO x  and PO x  emissions, or emissions which can poison a catalyst used in catalytic converters, causing an increase in particulate and hydrocarbon emissions. 
     Therefore there is a need in the art for diesel fuel additives that impart needed lubricity properties but provide minimal ash or preferably ash-less properties for the purposes of reducing ultimate emissions characteristics. The present invention applies telomer technology to this field of art to provide an improved ashless additive to diesel fuel and kerosene that provides lubricity properties, improved combustion and improved emissions characteristics. The goal, that was achieved by this invention, was to provide a fully fuel-soluble additive molecule, which is derived from renewable sources and contains no ash or deposit-producing elements or catalyst poisons such as sulfur, phosphorous or boron. The invention describes the achievement of that goal. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a fuel lubricity additive compound, comprising an intermediate adduct of a first moiety reacted in a first reaction with a second moiety to form the intermediate adduct and further esterifying or amidifying the intermediate adduct with a third moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1, wherein the first moiety is an unsaturated triglyceride plant oil or a thermal polymer thereof, wherein the second moiety is a diene or conjugated carbon-carbon double bond acid or anhydride moiety, wherein the first reaction comprises mixing the first moiety with the second moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1 at a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 195° C. under an inert atmosphere; and wherein the third moiety is a polyhydroxy compound or a polyamino compound. Preferably, the unsaturated plant oil is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soya oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, safflower oil, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the thermal polymer is selected from the group consisting of thermal (telomer) polymers of canola oil, soya oil, linseed oil, corn oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the second moiety comprises unsaturated compounds having a free carboxylic acid or anhydride group. Most preferably, the second moiety is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, sorbic acid, sorbic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic anhydride, acrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, C 1-10  alkyl, C 2-10  alkenyl, or C 1-10  alkoxy derivatives of the foregoing acids and anhydrides, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the polyhydroxy compound of the third moiety is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sorbitol, hydroxyquinone, glucose, mannose, 6-carbon sugars, pentose, fructose, 5-carbon sugars, pentaerythritol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,4-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl, orthohydroxybenzene, polyhydroxyaromatic compounds having one or two phenyl rings and one or two 5-6 membered aromatic rings having substituted alkyl or alkenyl side chains (C 2-10 ) substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, trimethylolethane, ethyleneglycol, polypropyleneglycol, polyethylated alcohols, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the polyamino compound is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriamine, dimethylenetriarine, dipropylnetriamine, ethyenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, butylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tripropylenetetramine, trimethylenetriamine, tributylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, tetramethylenepentamine, tetrapropylenepentamine, tetraethylenepentamine, tetrabutylenepentamine, hexylenediamine, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the first reaction is conducted under continuous mixing. Preferably, the esterification reaction comprises reaction conditions of from about 150° C. to about 190° C. under an inert atmosphere and further comprises adding an esterification catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is an acid catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is selected from the group consisting of p-toluene sulfonic acid, hydrophosphorous acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acid-activated clays, solid acid catalysts, acidic zeolites, and combinations thereof Preferably, the amidification reaction comprises reaction conditions of from about 130° C. to about 150° C. under an inert atmosphere. Most preferably, the fuel lubricity additive compound is made from the first moiety, second moiety and third moiety compounds selected from the group consisting of in order soya oil-maleic anhydride-sorbitol, soya oil-linseed oil combination-maleic anhydride-sorbitol, soya oil-maleic anhydride-ethylenediamine, and soya oil-maleic anhydride-hydroquinone. 
     The present invention further provides a process for synthesizing a fuel lubricity additive compound, comprising 
     (a) reacting an unsaturated triglyceride plant oil or a thermal polymer thereof first moiety with a second moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1 at a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 195° C. under an inert atmosphere to form an intermediate adduct, wherein the second moiety is a diene or conjugated carbon-carbon double bond acid or anhydride moiety; and 
     (b) esterifying or amidifying the intermediate adduct with a third moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1, wherein the third moiety is a polyhydroxy compound or a polyamino compound. 
     Preferably, the unsaturated plant oil is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soya oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, safflower oil, or combinations thereof Preferably, the thermal polymer is selected from the group consisting of thermal (telomer) polymers of canola oil, soya oil, linseed oil, corn oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the second moiety comprises unsaturated compounds having a free carboxylic acid or anhydride group. Most preferably, the second moiety is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, sorbic acid, sorbic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic anhydride, acrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, C 1-10  alkyl, C 2-10  alkenyl, or C 1-10  alkoxy derivatives of the foregoing acids and anhydrides, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the polyhydroxy compound of the third moiety is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sorbitol, hydroxyquinone, glucose, mannose, 6-carbon sugars, pentose, fructose, 5-carbon sugars, pentaerythritol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,4-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,2′-dihydroxybiphenyl, orthohydroxybenzene, polyhydroxyaromatic compounds having one or two phenyl rings and one or two 5-6 membered aromatic rings having substituted alkyl or alkenyl side chains (C 2-10 ) substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, trimethylolethane, ethyleneglycol, polypropyleneglycol, polyethylated alcohols, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the polyamino compound is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriamine, dimethylenetriamnine, dipropylnetriamine, ethyenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, butylenetriamnine, triethylenetetramine, tripropylenetetramine, trimethylenetriamine, tributylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, tetramethylenepentamine, tetrapropylenepentamine, tetraethylenepentamine, tetrabutylenepentamine, hexylenediamine, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the first reaction is conducted under continuous mixing. Preferably, the esterification reaction comprises reaction conditions of from about 150° C. to about 190° C. under an inert atmosphere and further comprises adding an esterification catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is an acid catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is selected from the group consisting of p-toluene sulfonic acid, hydrophosphorous acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acid-activated clays, solid acid catalysts, acidic zeolites, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the amidification reaction comprises reaction conditions of from about 130° C. to about 150° C. under an inert atmosphere. 
     The present invention provides a diesel fuel composition having a fuel lubricity additive compound, comprising a diesel fuel and from about 50 ppm to about 5000 ppm of a fuel lubricity additive, wherein the fuel lubricity additive comprises an intermediate adduct of a first moiety reacted in a first reaction with a second moiety to form the intermediate adduct and further esterifying or amidifying the intermediate adduct with a third moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1, wherein the first moiety is a unsaturated triglyceride plant oil or a telomerized polymer thereof, wherein the second moiety is a diene or conjugated carbon-carbon double bond acid or anhydride moiety, wherein the first reaction comprises mixing the first moiety with the second moiety in a molar ratio of from about 1:2 to about 2:1 at a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 195° C. under an inert atmosphere; and wherein the third moiety is a polyhydroxy compound. Preferably, the unsaturated plant oil is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soya oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, safflower oil, or combinations thereof Preferably, the thermal polymer is selected from the group consisting of thermal (telomer) polymers of canola oil, soya oil, linseed oil, corn oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, tung oil, and combinations thereof Preferably, the second moiety comprises unsaturated compounds having a free calboxylic acid or anhydride group. Most preferably, the second moiety is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, sorbic acid, sorbic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic anhydride, acrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, C 1-10  alkyl, C 2-10  alkenyl, or C 1-10  alkoxy derivatives of the foregoing acids and anhydrides, and combinations thereof Preferably, the polyhydroxy compound of the third moiety is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sorbitol, hydroxyquinone, glucose, mannose, 6-carbon sugars, pentose, fructose, 5-carbon sugars, pentaerythritol, orthohydroxybenzene, polyhydroxyaromatic compounds having one or two phenyl rings and at least two hydroxyl groups (e.g., having a phenyl moiety substituted in any of the foregoing polyhydroxy compounds), trimethylolpropane, polyethoxylated alcohols, and combinations thereof Preferably, the polyamino compound is selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriarine, dimethylenetriamine, dipropylnetriamine, ethyenediamine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, butylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tripropylenetetramine, trimethylenetriamine, tributylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, tetramethylenepentamine, tetrapropylenepentamine, tetraethylenepentarnine, tetrabutylenepentamine, hexylenediarnine, and combinations thereof Preferably, the first reaction is conducted under continuous mixing. Preferably, the esterification reaction comprises reaction conditions of from about 150° C. to about 190° C. under an inert atmosphere and further comprises adding an esterification catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is an acid catalyst. Most preferably, the esterification catalyst is selected from the group consisting of p-toluene sulfonic acid, hydrophosphorous acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acid-activated clays, solid acid catalysts, acidic zeolites, and combinations thereof Most preferably, the fuel lubricity additive compound is made from the first moiety, second moiety and third moiety compounds selected from the group consisting of in order soya oil-maleic anhydride-sorbitol, soya oil-linseed oil combination-maleic anhydride-sorbitol, soya oil-maleic anhydride-ethylenediamine, and soya oil-maleic anhydride-hydroquinone. 
     A fuel lubricity additive or a dispersant comprising the product of a first and a second reaction, (a) wherein the first reaction is an adduction reaction of a base oil and a dienophile having a carboxylic acid moiety selected from a formula I or a formula III:                           
     wherein R, R 1  and R 2  are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, a straight chain or branched chain C 1-12  alkyl, C 1-12  acyl, C 1-12  aryl, C 4-12  cycloalkyl, or C 1-12  alkoxy; and wherein R 3  is hydrogen, a straight chain or branched chain C 1-12  alkyl, C 1-12  acyl, C 1-12  aryl, C 4-12  cycloalkyl, or C 1-12  alkoxy, or formula II                           
     or formula III                           
     wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same as in formula I; and 
     (b) wherein the second reaction is an esterifying or an amidifying of the carboxylic acid functional moiety of the aliphatic intermediate product of the first reaction with a polyol compound or polyamino compound having from 2 to 10 free hydroxyl groups and selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-sugars, glycerols, glycols, pentaerythrols, and combinations thereof, wherein the substitutions are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, oxo, halogen (chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro), straight chain or branched chain C 1-12  alkyl, C 1-12  acyl, C 1-12  aryl, C 4-12  cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, and C 1-12  alkoxy. Pr the dienoid carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, sorbic acid, acrylic acid, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the base oil is selected from the group consisting of HEAR (high erucic acid rapeseed oil), linseed oil, soybean oil, canola oil, telomer oil having a kinematic viscosity of 6000 SUS, and combinations thereof Preferably, wherein the base oil is either a triglyceride (all straight chain) with at least one of the acyl chains being unsaturated, or a straight chain wax ester of from about 18-48 carbons atoms in length and being at least monounsaturated. Most preferably, the base oil acyl fatty acid chains of the triglyceride are from 3 to 24 carbon atoms in length (straight) and have from one to three double bonds. Most preferably, the base oil unsaturated fatty acid acyl chains have from 10-24 carbons atoms. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 shows a chemical structure of the product of a reaction between an unsaturated fatty acid and a dienoid adduct and then further esterification or amidification. Specifically, the structure shown in FIG. 1 is the reaction product, according to the present invention, of HEAR (high erucic acid rapeseed oil), maleic anhydride and trimethylolpropane. 
     FIG. 2 shows the results of a 4 ball wear test of rapeseed oil as the base oil, maleic anhydride or sorbic acid as a carboxylic acid-containing adduct and sorbitol or glycerine as the esterified polyol. These data shown are for low viscosity polyalphaolefin (POA, a synthetic paraffinic oil with no sulfur), which can serve as an extreme model of hydrotreated diesel oil. Moreover, addition of the inventive additive (5% by weight) provided significant antiwear properties to PAO as measured by decreased wear scar size. 
     FIG. 3A shows improvement in SLBOCLE loads with increasing concentrations of HEAR-sorbic acid-sorbitol and soy oil-sorbic acid-sorbitol additives at the concentrations noted. FIG. 3B shows improvement in HFRR scars with increasing concentration of the same additives. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Synthetic Process 
     The synthetic process for the production of the inventive dispersants is a two-step process. The first step reacts the triglyceride with a dieneophile in a Diels-Alder reaction. This first step is an adduction reaction accomplished by reacting an unsaturated site of an unsaturated triglyceride oil, such as HEAR, with a dieneophile having conjugation of the double bonds and carboxylic acid group. Examples of the dieneoids are maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). All of the adducts are characterized by having a conjugated double bond moiety that is not sterically hindered for the Diels-Alder reaction and a free carboxylic acid moiety available for reaction in the second process step. 
     The Diels-Alder reaction is initiated, for example, by mixing the unsaturated triglyceride and the dieneophile on a 1:1 molar basis and adding a small amount (0.5% to 5% by weight of the dienophile)of di-t-butylperoxide and heat (range of 120° C. to 180° C.). The Diels Alder reaction proceeded until there was no further evolution of vapor phase of water, butanol (from the catalyst di-t-butylperoxide) and unreacted adduct component. The results of the first reaction step using HEAR as the unsaturated triglyceride and either styrene, maleic anhydride, acrylic acid or sorbic acid at various molar ratios is provided in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 molar ratio 
                 exotherm, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 copolymer:H 
                 max delta, 
                 acid 
                 iodine 
                 % complete 
               
               
                 dieneophile 
                 EAR 
                 °C. 
                 number 
                 number 
                 (calculated) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 maleic 
                 0.5:1   
                  9 
                 24.6 
                 74.7 
                 100 
               
               
                 anhydride 
               
               
                 maleic 
                 1:1 
                 24 
                 65.9 
                 58.7 
                 85 
               
               
                 anhydride 
               
               
                 acrylic acid 
                 1:1 
                 liquid 
                 100 
                 66.3 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                 addition 
               
               
                 sorbic acid 
                 1:1 
                 &lt;5 
                 32.0 
                 95.0 
                 62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The second step reacts the carboxylic acid moiety on an aliphatic ring intermediate with either a polyol or polyamine polar reactant (in a esterification or amidification reaction, depending upon the reactant) to form final products that are dispersants or diesel fuel lubricity additives. Illustrative polyols include glycerol (three hydroxyl groups) and the sugar derivative sorbitol with six chiral hydroxyl groups. Illustrative polyamines included ethylenediamine (EDA) having two anine moieties and tetraethylene pentamine having five amine groups. The second reaction step was carried out in the presence of hypophosphorous acid (and could also include, for example, solid acids such as silica gel, alumina or acid-activated clays, or combinations thereof) and an optional esterification catalyst (preferably at the lower reaction temperatures) at a temperature within the range of from about 150° C. to about 230° C. 
     The Diels-Alder reaction products that retained acid functionality were the base stocks for ester and amide reactions used to add functional, polar compounds to the acid site that resulted in anti-wear properties. The second process step comprises a reaction of the active carboxylic acid site on the intermediate product with polyols or polyamines to form the anti-wear products. Two each of the polyols and polyamines were chosen to illustrate the breadth of the chemistry involved. The first example represents a few active sites and the second example represents many active sites. Glycerine (three hydroxyls) and ethylenediamine (EDA) (two amine groups) were chosen as having few active sites on a polyol and a polyamine, respectively. Sorbitol (six hydroxyls) and tetraethylene pentamine (five amine groups) were used as the reagents having many active sites. 
     The second process step comprises a reaction of the active carboxylic acid site on the intermediate product with polyols or polyamines to form dispersant products or with hydroquinone to form antioxidants. Two each of the polyols and polyamines were chosen to illustrate the breadth of the chemistry involved. The first example represents a few active sites and the second example represents many active sites. Glycerine (three hydroxyls) and ethylenediamine (EDA) (two amine groups) were chosen as having few active sites on a polyol and a polyamine, respectively. Sorbitol (six hydroxyls) and tetraethylene pentamine (five amine groups) were used as the reagents having many active sites. 
     The resulting copolymers were tested and characterized for determination of the best molar ratio for use in the second step of the synthesis as well as for reference. The results are presented in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 20% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Solubility 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity 
                 Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mole 
                 Specific 
                 Data 
                 MVI 
                 Canola 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Adduct 
                 Ratio 
                 Gravity 
                 40 C 
                 100 C 
                 VI 
                 100 N 
                 Oil 
                 PAO 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 NA 
                 0.92 
                 35 
                 7 
                 210 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Maleic 
                 0.5:1 
                 .942 
                 244.9 
                 31.9 
                 174 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
                 1:1 
                 1.01 
                 3460 
                 173.2 
                 152 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1.25:1 
                 Semi Solid at 40 C 
                 2892 
                 NA 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Acrylic 
                 0.5:1 
                 0.94 
                 156.4 
                 23.5 
                 181 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Acid 
                 1:1 
                 0.947 
                 652.4 
                 65.7 
                 174 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 2:1 
                 Competing acrylic polymerization reaction controls 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Styrene 
                 1:1 
                 0.906 
                 84.7 
                 15.0 
                 187 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
                 2:1 
                 0.939 
                 166.4 
                 30.4 
                 226 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3:1 
                 0.941 
                 Competing styrene polymerization reaction controls 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 0.6:1 
                 .911 
                 117.6 
                 16.0 
                 145 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The reaction of the polyols was carried out in the presence of hypophosphorous acid, an esterification catalyst, at temperatures in the range of 170-230° C. Glycerine was added as a pure liquid and the reaction continued until the water ceased to boil off. Sorbitol was added as a solid and heated to 230° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of catalyst. The resulting sorbitol ester products were not clear and considerable unreacted sorbitol was filtered out of the solution. The filtration process was made difficult because of the high viscosity of the polyol products. 
     The polyamines were liquid and added slowly to the heated intermediates. Temperatures of the reactions ranged between 150° C. and 180° C. with exotherms of 30° C. for ethylenediamine and 10° C. for tetraethylene pentamine. No catalyst was necessary for the amide reaction. The product were amine waxes that ranged from solid in the case of the ethylenediamine products to viscous fluids in the case of tetraethylene pentamine. All the amine products were filtered hot to remove solid reaction by-products. 
     A summary of the process observations for making the polar products and product chemical properties are presented in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Results of Polar Product Manufacture 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Acid 
                 Viscosity 
                 % Reacted 
               
               
                   
                 Polar 
                 Exotherm 
                 Num- 
                 cps @ 
                 (calcu- 
               
               
                 Adduct 
                 Reactant 
                 Process 
                 ber 
                 100 C 
                 lated) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Maleic 
                 Glycerine 
                 Liquid addition 
                 6.7 
                 156 
                 82 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitol 
                 Difficult to filter 
                 5.7 
                 128 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 EDA 
                 50 C-Medium 
                 N/A 
                 197 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wax 
               
               
                   
                 TEPA 
                 Uncontrollable 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 polymerization 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 Glycerine 
                 Liquid addition 
                 7.3 
                 21.7 
                 71 
               
               
                 Acid 
                 Sorbitol 
                 Filtration required 
                 8.6 
                 21.3 
                 71 
               
               
                   
                 EDA 
                 30 C-Hard wax 
                 N/A 
                 720 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 TEPA 
                 10 C-Semi solid 
                 N/A 
                 400 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fluid 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 Glycerine 
                 Liquid addition 
                 7.1 
                 21.2 
                 48 
               
               
                 Acid 
                 Sorbitol 
                 Filtration required 
                 6.8 
                 19.0 
                 49 
               
               
                   
                 EDA 
                 30 C-Medium 
                 N/A 
                 117 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wax 
               
               
                   
                 TEPA 
                 10 C-Viscous 
                 N/A 
                 115 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fluid 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Adduction of vegetable oils and dieneophiles with conjugated double bonds results in several structures via the same general reaction mechanism. The Diels-Alder reaction is the best example of the mechanism, but even if the reactant is not specifically a dieneophile, such as maleic anhydride or acrylic acid, an intermediate ring structure of 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms was produced. 
     The presence of this ring structure and the presence of the reactants that were chemically added to it in the following ester/amide reaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. FTIR reveals the types of organic chemical bond structures by their absorption of energy in the infra red wavelengths (2.5-20 micro meters). High absorption of radiation at a particular wavelength reveals many of a particular bond in the sample. The lowest point of the spike is the reference wave number of the absorption. 
     All of the FTIR spectra for the adduct products show the aliphatic ring peaks at 1000 and 900 cm −1  indicating that the reaction proceeded according to the expected mechanism. Furthermore, all the spectra showed the carbonyl (C═O) absorption at 1750, although the peak was weakened considerably and adopted to lower wavelengths, typical of amide linkages. The polyol and hydroquinone products showed a hydroxyl (O—H) peak at 3500 and the polyamines the N—H peak at 3200 as expected showing that these products contained at least some of the reactants. 
     Dispersency 
     The first requirement for determining dispersency is to determine a test to show differentiation of the materials in the three oils being tested. The procedure involved a 0.2% level of candidate additive was dissolved in each basestock and then a fixed level of ˜0.5% fumed carbon black (lamp black) was dispersed in the mixture. The materials were all tested in a controlled temperature oven at 100° C. for consistency and to expedite settling. The temperature of the oil and the temperature of the oven being equal minimized convection flow in the oil stirring the particulates. Measurement of the residual suspended carbon in the oil over a set settling time is a measure of the dispersency of the fluid. 
     A straight side tube was prepared, using a Kimax tube Art No: 32501, a gallon jug lid drilled for ¼ inch rod and for syringe access, a ¼″ OD polished steel rod, a 10 ml glass syringe, and a rubber stopper. An oven was preheated to 100° C., and 99.8 g of base stock plus 0.2 g of sample were placed in a 150 ml beaker. A charge of 0.5 g carbon black was added to the oil and the mixture was heated and stirred on a hot plate with 1.5 inch stirring bar at speed 1 to 2 for 10 min while heating to 100° C. Using the glass syringe, a 10 ml sample was pulled for sediment from the top of the agitated beaker just before charging to the settling tube. A straight sided tube was filled to the bottom of the KIMAX labeling, and the filled tube was placed into the oven. The first 10 ml sample, as per ASTM D 4807, was filtered with 56 mm Whatman 934AH glass microfiber filter media, and 56 mm Whatman 41 analytical ashless filter paper. At assigned intervals, samples were pulled using a clean glass syringe and filtered as described above. When the samples no longer showed significant change in the solids content, the lid and rod are carefully removed as a unit from the tube. The rod was allowed to dry in the oven draining onto a drip pan for 24 hours before examining. The carbon deposition pattern on the polished steel rod was recorded. 
     Samples were taken and analyzed for dispersed carbon at the start of the test, after two hours, and after 23 hours of settling, for each of the dispersant candidates in canola oil, MVI 100 N and 2 cSt PAO base stocks. Included in the study as references were samples of each of the base stocks without additives (NEAT), with 0.2% HEAR oil as a dispersant, a widely recognized commercial lubricant dispersant, a standard, mineral oil based engine oil and a synthetic based engine oil. Successful candidate dispersants were found to have settling profiles similar to the commercial dispersant and much slower than the NEAT base stock. 
     These data from each base stock was ranked by 2 hour results and by 23 hour results. In general, there was not a significant difference between the rankings at the two sampling times, especially in the ranks of strong dispersants. There were some surprises when a few of the products turned out to be effective coagulants that flocculated the carbon black and settled it quickly from the liquid. Finally, cross studies on concentration were conducted to determine if any of the coagulants became dispersants at different concentrations. 
     In canola oil, only the maleic anhydride-glycerine product performed as well as the commercial reference material for dispersency. The NEAT canola oil was not a good dispersant for the carbon black and the products that did not improve the dispersency stayed very close to the NEAT fluid in settling rates. The additives showed the following order of dispersant effectiveness: maleic anhydride&gt;sorbic acid&gt;acrylic acid and the polyols out-performed the polyamines. The study of reactive sites showed that few sites were more effective than many in every case. Finally, lowering the concentration of the ethylenediamine adduct of the maleic anhydride/HEAR copolymer by two orders of magnitude did not change the dispersency significantly. 
     The NEAT MVI 100N oil was very effective at dispersing and holding the carbon in suspension all by itself. The commercial dispersant, the MVI 100N with 0.2% HEAR, and the complete motor oil were equivalent. Only one of the candidates, the sorbitol/maleic anhydride/HEAR, was not actually harmful to the dispersency of this base stock. On the other hand the tetraethylene pentamine products showed the greatest coagulant properties in the mineral oil, with polyamines generally showing strong coagulant properties and polyols not having much effect either way. The concentration of the tetraethylene pentamine/sorbic acid/HEAR product was varied upward and it coagulated more effectively at low concentrations, but reducing the level of ethylenediamine/maleic anhydride/HEAR, another coagulant, caused the dispersency to approach the NEAT line. 
     The NEAT PAO showed the poorest dispersency except for the coagulants. The polyol products of maleic anhydride were the most effective dispersants of the candidates made. They were not equal to the synthetic motor oil or the commercial dispersant tested, but were 2 orders of magnitude over the values of the NEAT base stock. Again, the polyols tended toward being dispersants and the polyamines, especially the tetraethylene pentamine materials, were effective coagulants. The effect of active sites showed improvement with number in maleic anhydride or sorbic acid polyols. All other products became coagulants as the number of active sites goes up. A study of dispersency with the concentration of the tetraethylene pentamine adduct of sorbic acid/HEAR, showed little difference down to 20 ppm. At that point, a small dispersency was established. Ethylenediamine in maleic anhydride/HEAR did not show any increase in dispersency as the concentration was reduced. 
     The steel rods from each dispersion sample were evaluated. The expected result was multiple bands of uniform deposits, increasing in thickness with depth. The rod was present as the suspension was introduced, and then, as the level changed incrementally by sampling, only the part of the rod still in the liquid would pick up more carbon deposits. The reason for this rod was to make certain that a candidate did not show high dispersency and yet cause all of the carbon to deposit on steel surfaces. A rod would show this by a series of shaded bands, getting darker the longer that part of the rod was exposed to the suspension. This part of the experiment showed that such a concern was unfounded. 
     The darkest steel rod, showing the most distinct bands, belonged to the mineral oil based engine oil. The other samples were faint and had to be evaluated by reflected light at an oblique angle. The deposits were of four types: Multiple bands of a uniform shade each, a single shade down the entire rod, a single gradient, lighter to darker up or down the rod, and gradients in each band of multiple bands. The relative shade ranged from none discernible, very light (LL), light (L), medium (M), dark medium (DM), and dark (D). Even the “dark” samples were not very heavy in deposits after 23 hours. The distribution of the small sample population is generally normal, tending toward between Light and Medium. Individually, the PAO tended to have more occurrences of the median shades, the MVI 100N next, and the canola oil a flatter, more diverse group. 
     These dispersency studies showed that the polyols esters of the maleic anhydride/HEAR copolymer are the most efficient dispersants. They also showed properties of coagulation in an oil system that may be useful in oil recycle and filtration. 
     Emulsion Characteristics 
     Demulsibility and water mixture characteristics of the products in a MVI 100N were studied 20 as an indicator of detergency. An adduct product was dissolved in the MVI 100N at 0.2% by weight and the solution mixed 50:50 by volume with water. The mixture was emulsified in a high speed blender and allowed to separate in a glass cylinder. The results are presented in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Emulsion Characteristics of Adducts 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Polar 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Adduct 
                 Reactant 
                 Concentration 
                 Emulsion @ 12 Hours 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Control 
                 N/A 
                 100% MVI 
                 Complete water separation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100N 
                 2 mm oil separation from 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WIO emulsion 
               
               
                 Maleic 
                 Glycerine 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 Glycerine 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Acid 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 Glycerine 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Acid 
               
               
                 Maleic 
                 Sorbitol 
                 0.2% 
                 1/2 water volume 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
                   
                   
                 separation 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 No oil separation from 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WIO emulsion 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 Sorbitol 
                 0.2% 
                 1/2 water volume 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 separation 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 No oil separation from 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WIO emulsion 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 Sorbitol 
                 0.2% 
                 1/2 water volume 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 separation 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 No oil separation from 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WIO emulsion 
               
               
                 Maleic 
                 EDA (meda) 
                 Did not 
                 Wax dropped out of 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
                   
                 dissolve 
                 emulsion as solid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sludge by 12 hours 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 EDA (aeda) 
                 0.2% 
                 No water separation from 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 OIW emulsion 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1/2 oil separated on top 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 EDA (seda) 
                 Did not 
                 Same as Control, 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                 dissolve 
                 no wax drop out 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 TEPA (atepa) 
                 Did not 
                 Same as Control, 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                 dissolve 
                 no wax drop out 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 TEPA (stepa) 
                 0.2% 
                 2 mm water separation 
               
               
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 1 mm oil separation 
               
               
                 Maleic 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 Acrylic 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Acid 
               
               
                 Sorbic 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 0.2% 
                 Same as Control 
               
               
                 Acid 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These data indicate that, at the dosage of study, the products made with sorbitol remain soluble in the MVI 100N and pick up water into a water-in-oil emulsion. This capability at low concentrations is an important to a lubricant detergent/dispersant combination product. These data indicate that the sorbitol esters are the best candidates to act as lubricant dispersant/detergent combinations. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This example summarizes the data presented herein. Intermediate products with a number of dienes and dienoids with HEAR oil as the exemplary base oil were synthesized to form the resultant intermediate product in three molar ratios. The optimum molar ratio was chosen by testing of the viscosity, viscosity index (VI), acid number, iodine number, solubility, 4-ball wear properties. The molar ratios chosen from these tests were HEAR:maleic anhydride @ 1:0.5, HEAR:acrylic acid @ 1:1, and HEAR:sorbic acid @ 1:0.6. 
     The anti-wear properties of the sorbic acid/HEAR were the best of the above-noted intermediate products, improving the polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock by 30%. All the intermediate products were soluble in the three base stocks up to at least 5%. 
     The intermediate products were further reacted with polar compounds to produce candidate polyol and polyanine products. The intermediate products were esterified with polyols glycerine (three hydroxyls), and sorbitol (six hydroxyls). They were also reacted with ethylenediamine (EDA) and tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) to form polyamines. The polyols and polyamines were tested for anti-wear properties. They were evaluated for solubility in base stocks and for emulsibility in water as a condition of detergency. 
     The liquids (polyol esters) and waxes (polyamine amides) that were made were verified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometry for chemical structure. All the requisite structures for the expected products were present. 
     The solubility of the products was altered drastically depending on the polar compound added. Polyamines displayed the lowest solubility problems in all base stocks. The sorbitol esters were the only polyols that had problems dissolving, and then, only, in PAO. 
     A level of 0.2% of the candidate compounds in MVI 100N was emulsified 50:50 with water and allowed to separate. None of the glycerine esters had an effect on the oil/water separation. The sorbitol esters formed stable water-in-oil emulsions and are candidates for a anti-wear dispersant/detergent compound. The polyamine waxes had solubility problems with oil and produced unstable emulsions. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This provides a summary of nine compositions made showing each or the tree materials, molar ratios and reaction conditions to illustrate the extent and breadth of the invention. The following Table 5 sumrnarizes these reactions and data. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Esterification/ 
                 Adduction 
                 Product Formation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Mol 
                 Amidification 
                 Time 
                 Temp 
                 Cat- 
                 Time 
                 Temp 
               
               
                 Base Oil 
                 Adduct 
                 Ratio 
                 Reactants 
                 Min 
                 C 
                 alyst 
                 Min 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Maleic 
                 1:0.5 
                 Glycerol 
                 240 
                 120 
                 HPA* 
                 240 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Maleic 
                 1:0.5 
                 Sorbitol 
                 240 
                 120 
                 HPA* 
                 240 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Maleic 
                 1:0.5 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 240 
                 120 
                 HPA* 
                 300 
                 190 
               
               
                   
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Maleic 
                 1:0.5 
                 Ethylene diamine 
                 240 
                 120 
                   
                 120 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 Anhydride 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Acrylic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Sorbitol 
                 360 
                 170 
                 HPA* 
                 240 
                 160 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Ethylene diamine 
                 360 
                 200 
                   
                 120 
                 120 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Tetraethylene 
                 360 
                 200 
                   
                 120 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 penatmine 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Acrylic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 360 
                 170 
                 HPA* 
                 300 
                 190 
               
               
                 HEAR 
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Hydroquinone 
                 360 
                 200 
                 HPA* 
                 300 
                 190 
               
               
                 SOY 
                 Sorbic Acid 
                 1:1 
                 Sorbitol 
                 360 
                 200 
                 HPA* 
                 240 
                 160 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *HPA = Hypophosphorus Acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     This provides a summary of data evaluating various diesel fuel lubricity additives for lubricity, fuel properties, combustion and deposits. Lubricity was measured using an industry standard Scuffing Load Ball on Cylinder (SLBOCLE), ASTM D-6078, and High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR), ASTM D-6079 tests. The data compare no lubricity additive with three different concentrations of inventive lubricity additive SSS-1.7.7, which is a soy oil-sorbic acid-sorbitol product at 1:1 molar ratios. The data are provided in Table 6. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SSS-1.7.7 
               
             
          
           
               
                 FUEL OIL 
                   
                 PASSING 
                 NO ADD- 
                 2000 
                 500 
                 100 
               
               
                 GRADE 
                 TEST 
                 VALUE 
                 ITIVE 
                 ppm 
                 ppm 
                 ppm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 #1 Diesel 
                 SLBOCLE 
                 &gt;3100 
                 1250 
                 5350 
                 3650 
                 2250 
               
               
                 Fuel 
                 HFRR 
                 &lt;450 
                 675 
                 176 
                 303 
                 656 
               
               
                 (kerosene) 
               
               
                 Source A 
                 SLBOCLE 
                 &gt;3100 
                 4200 
                 NT 
                 5050 
                 4100 
               
               
                 #2 Diesel 
                 HFRR 
                 &lt;450 
                 531 
                 NT 
                 261 
                 500 
               
               
                 Fuel 
               
               
                 Source T 
                 SLBOCLE 
                 &gt;3100 
                 4000 
                 NT 
                 5400 
                 4875 
               
               
                 #2 Diesel 
                 HFRR 
                 &lt;450 
                 502 
                 NT 
                 178 
                 222 
               
               
                 Fuel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NT denotes Not Tested  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In addition, the fuel properties of a diesel fuel containing 500 ppm of the inventive SSS-1.7.7 fuel lubricity additive showed that the fuel properties were not affected by addition of 500 ppm of the inventive fuel lubricity additive. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 500 ppm SSS 1.7.7 
               
               
                 TEST 
                 REFERENCE 
                 ADDED 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Cetane Number 
                 47.2 
                 47.8 
               
               
                 Cold Filter Plugging Point 
                 −20 C 
                 −20 C 
               
               
                 ASTM D 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     An emissions and combustion test was conducted on a 276 CID, John Deere 4276T turbocharged, direct-injected, 4 cylinder diesel engine mounted on a dynamometer. The engine speed and torque output were varied in three sections during the 125 hour test. Any problems with combustion or injector deposits show up as high final values of Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide (CO) and smoke (BSN) in the exhaust. The diesel fuel used had 500 ppm of SSS-1.7.7 added. The data provided in Table 8 show that the fuel with additive did not affect any change in engine operation. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TEST CONDITIONS 
                 EMISSIONS 
                 INITIAL 
                 FINAL 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Section 1-Peak 
                 CO, ppm 
                 129 
                 101 
               
               
                 Torque 
               
               
                 1400 RPM 
                 CO 2 , % 
                 8.0 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 220 ft-lb Torque 
                 Hydrocarbons, ppm 
                 32.6 
                 31.6 
               
               
                   
                 C 6   
               
               
                   
                 Smoke (BSN) 
                 1.77 
                 1.83 
               
               
                 Section 2-Rated 
                 CO, ppm 
                 95 
                 85 
               
               
                 Power 
               
               
                 2100 RPM 
                 CO 2 , % 
                 7.5 
                 7.3 
               
               
                 187 ft-lb Torque 
                 Hydrocarbons, ppm 
                 27.9 
                 24.8 
               
               
                   
                 C 6   
               
               
                   
                 Smoke (BSN) 
                 0.67 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 Section 3-Light Load 
                 CO, ppm 
                 252 
                 268 
               
               
                 1200 RPM 
                 CO 2 , % 
                 2.9 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 30 ft-lb Torque 
                 Hydrocarbons, ppm 
                 55.9 
                 51.2 
               
               
                   
                 C 6   
               
               
                   
                 Smoke (BSN) 
                 0.63 
                 0.60 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The values are within experimental error for each of the initial and final readings, indicating little or no change in the engine operation. 
     A Cummins L-10 deposits test was run with a Cummins 6 cylinder diesel engine in accordance with Cummins Test Method 60032. The fuel used was Howell 0.4% (4000 ppm) Sulfur fuel, the only reference fuel available for the method. (Cummins has not chosen a low-sulfur reference fuel as of this study.) The results of the Cummins L-10 deposit test in Table 9 show that the inventive diesel fuel lubricity additive did not affect the deposit characteristics of the fuel to any significant degree. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 REFERENCE FUEL 
               
               
                 TEST PARAMETER 
                 REFERENCE 
                 PLUS 250 PPM 
               
               
                 Change at End of Test 
                 FUEL 
                 SSS-1.7.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Average Flow Rate Loss 
                 6.0% Maximum 
                 5.8% 
               
               
                 Average CRC Rating of 6 
                 21.2-28.6 Range 
                 23.6 
               
               
                 Injectors

Technology Category: 8