Patent Document

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to the field of well logging apparatus and methods, and in particular, to processing of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals to estimate physical properties of an oil or gas reservoir. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Estimating physical parameters such as effective and total porosity, pore-size distribution, and the determining hydrocarbon types, are principal purposes for NMR log interpretation. The underlying rationale that NMR logging may provide such information is based on evidence that NMR relaxation times in porous media depend on texture (e.g., pore and grain-size distributions, in single wetting fluid phase saturated systems) and additionally on fluid types (oil/water/gas) in multiphase fluid-saturated porous media. Observed NMR log data (e.g., Carr, Purcell, Meiboom and Gill [CPMG] echo trains) represent the contributions from multiple fluid phases as well as fluids in different sized pores and thus, typically, exhibit a multiexponential behavior, with transverse relaxation times, T 2  components spanning from approximately one millisecond (ms) to over one second. The practical challenge for NMR log interpretation is to discriminate between contributions due to texture and fluid saturations and to quantify fluid saturations. Moreover, the NMR log signal typically is weak, and the instrumentation systems and the logging environment contribute significant noise that may be comparable to the signal. The resulting poor signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) gives rise to significant uncertainty in the estimated petrophysical parameters. 
     Prior art methods of NMR log interpretation generally use an inversion technique to estimate a relaxation distribution, i.e., a T 2  spectrum, from the acquired CPMG echo train data fit to a multiexponential decay relaxation distribution model. Different fluid phases may have different relaxation times, depending on the fluid molecular interaction, the rock surface properties, the reservoir environment, the fluid wetting characteristics of the formation and other physical properties known in the art. Distinctive features on the T 2  spectra, often reveal fluid saturations and pore structures—information on which petrophysical interpretation is based. For example, in the case of a water-wet reservoir with multiphase saturation, the non-wetting, and light, oil signal distributes into long relaxation bins. Water, on the other hand, in a water-wet reservoir, interacts strongly with pore surfaces, and thus has a short relaxation time. On a T 2  spectrum, water is identified from the short T 2  region, that is, initial bins. Gas, which is also non-wetting but diffuses faster than oil and water, may be identified in the intermediate region on a T 2  spectrum, since faster diffusion of gas reduces the apparent T 2  relaxation. From the estimated T 2  spectrum, partial porosities associated with different parts of the T 2  spectrum are identified for estimating the fluid saturations in a multiphase zone. In a single wetting fluid phase zone, for example, a water zone, with relative homogenous rock mineralogy, a T 2  spectrum approximately represents the porosity distribution in terms of pore sizes. Therefore, reliable interpretation depends heavily on accurate T 2  spectrum estimation. 
     It is well known that inverting echo train data to the T 2  domain distribution is an ill-conditioned problem, particularly when noise is present. Although regularization methods may help to stabilize the solutions, they also smooth the T 2  distribution estimate considerably, causing most of the distinguishing features of the T 2  distribution to be lost. The possible distortion of the resulting T 2  distribution estimate makes it difficult to separate the saturating fluid types. Furthermore, when a distribution involves short and long T 2  components, the standard procedure of using the method of minimization of least squares residuals in the inversion process often fails to weight all of the T 2  components equally. The short T 2  components are effectively represented by fewer echoes than the long T 2  components. When a T 2  distribution is dominated by a very short T 2  component and a second, long T 2  component, the technique can fail to fit the short component faithfully. 
     FIG. 1A shows data from a synthesized noisy echo train fitted to a multiexponential model using a singular value decomposition (SVD) inversion algorithm, as is common in prior art methods. For an example of an application of SVD to NMR echo trains, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,115 issued to Prammer. The solid circles in FIG. 1 are the samples of the noisy echo train at the echo interval of 1.2 milliseconds (ms). The noisy signal is generated from a multiexponential model NMR signal in accordance with Equation (1) below, and added zero-mean Gaussian noise, as in Equation (2) below. The standard deviation of the noise is 1.2. 
     The solid curves plot the underlying time-dependent noise-free multiexponential signal (thin line), and the fit to the noisy signal obtained using the SVD inversion method of the prior art (bold line). When the standard deviation of the random noise is high, the estimate noticeably misrepresents the actual spectrum. The short components of the input data, t 10 ms, suffer most, underestimating the effective porosity. This is also seen in the T 2  spectrum. 
     FIG. 1B shows an underlying bimodal distribution (dual peak) (∘) and the estimated T 2  spectrum (×). The underlying distribution is bimodal with peaks near a T 2  of 3 ms and 150 ms. The multiexponential model includes seventeen terms, of which five have zero amplitude. The resulting fit to the spectrum from the SVD inversion has a single, broad, peak near T 2  equal to 100 msec. The T 2  spectrum below approximately  11  ms significantly underestimates the actual spectrum, and in the range of approximately 20-90 ms overestimates the actual spectrum. 
     Thus, there is a need in the art for improved methods of NMR signal processing for the recovery of T 2  spectra and thereby subterranean petrophysical characteristics in a oil or gas reservoir. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The previously described needs are addressed by the invention. Accordingly, a first form of the invention is a method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) well log processing. The method includes the steps of forming a wavelet decomposition of NMR data signal, thereby obtaining a set of first coefficient values having a preselected first maximum scale and preselected first minimum scale; and windowing a preselected subset of the set of first coefficient values, thereby forming a windowed set of first coefficient values. A first reconstruction of the NMR signal is formed by generating an inverse wavelet transform of the windowed set of first coefficient values. 
     There is also provided, in a second form of the invention a computer software product for NMR well log processing including programming for forming a wavelet decomposition of NMR data, thereby obtaining a set of first coefficient values having a preselected first maximum scale and preselected first minimum scale, and programming for windowing a preselected subset of the set of first coefficient values, thereby forming a windowed set of first coefficient values. The computer software product also includes programming for generating an inverse wavelet transform of the windowed set of first coefficient values to form a first reconstruction of the NMR signal. 
     The method of the invention particularly addresses the need for resolving bimodal distributions involving short and long T 2  components, and for narrow monomodal distributions (often related to gas or light oil in a formation) that are broadened by noise and regularization. Improved bimodal distributions are useful for hydrocarbon typing involving either oil and gas, water and gas, or oil and water saturations. Sharpening monomodal distributions is useful in determining the T 2  value of the fluid phase thereby improving viscosity estimation. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a graph showing data from a simulated noisy echo train fitted using an SVD inversion method in accordance with the prior art; 
     FIG. 1B illustrates a simulated multiexponential T 2  spectrum and the corresponding fit obtained from the noisy echo train using an SVD inversion method according to the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates, in flowchart form, an NMR log process in accordance with a method of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates, in block diagram form, a data processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 4A graphically illustrates the effective porosity obtained from a simulated noisy NMR echo train according to an embodiment of the method of the invention; 
     FIG. 4B graphically illustrates the mean effective porosity obtained from a simulated noisy NMR echo train according to an embodiment of the method of the invention; 
     FIG. 4C graphically illustrates a T 2  spectrum obtained from a simulated noisy NMR echo train according to an embodiment of the method of the invention; and 
     FIG. 4D graphically illustrates the simulated noisy NMR echo train and a fitted NMR signal obtained according to an embodiment of the method of the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention provides a method for processing NMR well log signals. A wavelet transform of the NMR signal is generated and noise reduction is effected by windowing a preselected set of values in the wavelet decomposition. A denoised signal is reconstructed from the windowed wavelet decomposition and the reconstructed signal is fit to a multiexponential representation in order to obtain a relaxation, T 2 , spectrum. The output signal resulting from the fit is then subject to iterated wavelet decomposition, reconstruction, and fitting sequences in which the level of the decomposition increases at each iteration. After a preselected number of iterations, a final T 2  spectrum and fitted NMR log signal is output. From this signal, and the T 2  spectrum, petrophysical parameters may be estimated. 
     In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without such specific details. 
     Refer now to FIG. 2 which illustrates a flowchart of a method of NMR log processing  200  in accordance with the principles of the present invention. Process  200  starts in step  202  with an initialization of a counter. In step  204 , the NMR log signal is input. 
     Typical NMR log data consists of a series of echoes acquired at different times. Ideally, the echo train can be represented by a multiexponential relaxation model:                      M        (     nT   E     )       =                    A   1        exp                   (     -       nT   E       T   21         )       +       A   2        exp                   (     -       nT   E       T   22         )       +   …              +                                  A   k        exp                   (     -       nT   E       T     2      k           )       +   …              +       A   K        exp                   (     -       nT   E       T     2      k           )                       (   1   )                                
     M is the echo amplitude, which may constitute a preselected number, k, of decaying exponential terms, each having an associated amplitude A k  corresponding to a respective partial porosity. T E  represents the echo interval, and M(nT E ) represents the echo amplitude of the nth echo. T 2k  is the kth transverse relaxation time. 
     The observed signal, Y(nT E ), is an echo amplitude as in Equation (1), corrupted by noise: 
     
       
           Y ( nT   E )= M ( nT   E )+ v   (2)  
       
     
     A random noise signal is represented by P. The observed signal, Y of Equation (2) corresponds to the signal input in step  204 . It is understood that Equation (2) is representative in that only the measured, or observed, signal Y is available. There is no independent measurement of either the noise, p, or the uncorrupted echo amplitude, M. An inversion technique, which may employ a singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm, may be used to obtain the partial porosities, A k , and the relaxation spectrum, T 2k , in Equation (1). The inversion step will be discussed further below, in conjunction with step  212 . 
     In step  206 , a N-level wavelet decomposition of the signal input in step  204  is formed. Step  206  outputs a set of detail coefficients having N members, cD N , CD N-1 , cD N-2 , . . . c D1 . N is a preselected integer value. The wavelet decomposition in step  206  may be formed from a discrete wavelet transform (“DWT”). Additionally, step  206  outputs an approximation coefficient, cA N . Each of the detail coefficients cD i (j), i=1,2, . . . ,N, and the approximation coefficient cA N (j), depend on a scaled time that takes on discrete values, indexed by the index j. The index j takes values in the set [0,1, . . . , j max (i)] where, at each level, j takes on a maximum value, j max  that depends on the level i. For an NMR echo train extending to a maximum time, T max , j max (i) is the nearest integer value less than T max /2 i . 
     Alternatively, in step  206 , a wavelet decomposition of the signal input in step  204  may be formed from a continuous wavelet transform (“CWT”). In such an embodiment, step  206  outputs a coefficient, C(a,b) that is a function of two continuous variables, the scale a, and a position in time b. Although a and b are continuous, it would be understood that any realization of a data processing system for continuous wavelet transformations necessarily implicates a discrete approximation because of the finite precision arithmetic therein. 
     Moreover, both the DWT and CWT may be encompassed within a general framework of wavelet transforms. In the DWT, the index i indexes a discrete scale set which is in a one—one correspondence with the set of coefficient values, cD i . In other words, the set of coefficient values cD i  is a range set with the domain set being the set of scales indexed by i. Similarly, in the CWT, a may be considered a continuous scale index indexing a set of coefficient values, C(a,b). In the DWT, i indexes the scale between preselected minimum and maximum scales, corresponding to i=1, and i=N, respectively. Likewise, in the continuous case, the scale a may span a preselected interval (a min , a max ) between preselected minimum and maximum scales. In an embodiment of the present invention, a min  may be zero. It would be understood that any practical realization of a wavelet transform necessitates that a max  be finite, although formal definitions in the art may admit scales extending to infinitely large values. 
     In step  208 , in a DWT embodiment, the detail coefficients obtained in step  206  are windowed. The preselected subset of the cD i  define a first index, i l  and an integer L corresponding to a maximum index in the subset. (See, for example, Equation (3), below). In an embodiment of the present invention, the windowing function may be the function which maps each member of the preselected subset into the value 0. A preselected subset of the detail coefficients CD N , cD N-1 , CD N-2 , . . . cD i  are multiplied by a predetermined windowing function, w. That w is defined by: 
     
       
         w=0 , iε{i   1   , i   1 +1 , . . . , i   1   +L}   (3)  
       
     
     where i indexes the cD i  and 
     
       
         1 i   1   , i   1   +L&lt;N    
       
     
     Alternatively, in an embodiment employing a CWT in step  206 , the corresponding windowing function would take the value zero in a preselected interval of the variable a, (a 1 , a 2 ), and the coefficient C(a,b) is windowed by multiplying C(a,b) by w. Outside of the interval (a 1 , a 2 ) the corresponding windowing function takes the value one, thus: 
     
       
           w ( a )=0 , a ε( a   1   , a   2 )  (4)  
       
     
     
       
         =1, otherwise  
       
     
     Windowing functions such as in Equation (3) and Equation (4) may be suitable for NMR signals having a T 2  distribution lying in a range that is larger than the window length. In a DWT embodiment, having a windowing function in accordance with Equation (3), the window length is L. A CWT embodiment with a window function according to Equation (4) has a window length of a 2 −a 1 . 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, a windowing function defined in Equation (5) may be used: 
     
       
         {overscore ( y +L )}=sign( y )(| y |−Λ m ), | y|&gt;Λ   m   (5)  
       
     
     
       
         =0 , |y|≦Λ   m   , m= 1, 2 , . . . , n≦N    
       
     
     In Equation (5), m indexes the preselected subset of detail coefficients that are to be windowed. The subset of detail coefficients includes a number, n, of members, and n is less than or equal to N, the number of detail coefficients. The Λ m  are a set of threshold values which, in an embodiment of the present invention, may have a different preselected value for each member of the subset of detail coefficients to be windowed. 
     The corresponding windowing function in an embodiment wherein the wavelet decomposition of step  206  is a CWT is defined by: 
     
       
           {overscore (y)} =sign( y )(| y |−Λ( a )), | y |&gt;Λ( a ),  (6)  
       
     
     In such an embodiment, Λ(a) is a preselected threshold function that may depend on the scale, a. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, yet another windowing function may be used which yields detail coefficients in accordance with Equation (7): 
     
       
         {overscore ( cD   i +L )}( j   i )= cD   i ( j   i )exp(− j   i /τ), j=1,2, . . . ,j max ( i )  (7)  
       
     
     In an embodiment using a CWT in step  206 , the corresponding windowed coefficients becomes: 
     
       
         {overscore ( C +L )}( a,b )= C ( a,b )exp(− b /τ) b   1 ( a )&lt; b&lt;b   2 ( a )  (8)  
       
     
     
       
         = C ( a, b ), otherwise  
       
     
     where b 1  and b 2  are preselected functions of a that define a temporal region, depending on the scale a, over which the coefficient C(a,b) is to be windowed. 
     In both Equation (7) and Equation (8), τ is a preselected window decay constant. In one embodiment of the present invention, τ may have the value 4. 
     A reconstruction of the NMR signal is generated in step  210 . The reconstruction is formed, in an embodiment using a DWT for generating the decomposition, by taking the inverse discrete wavelet transform (“IDWT”) of the set of windowed detail coefficients formed in step  208 , and the approximation coefficient from the signal decomposition in step  206 . In an embodiment wherein a CWT decomposition was formed in step  706 , the reconstruction is generated from the inverse continuous wavelet transform (“ICWT”) of the windowed coefficient C(a,b) from step  208 . 
     The reconstructed signal from step  210  is inverted in step  212  to provide an estimate of the T 2k  spectrum and the set of partial porosities, A k . Substitution of the values of the relaxation spectrum and partial porosities obtained in the inversion step  212  into the multiexponential model of the form in Equation (1) provides a fitted NMR signal, in step  213 . 
     If, in step  214 , the spectrum from step  212 , and the fitted signal from step  213 , are the first order estimates, the spectrum and fitted signal are output in step  216 . 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, additional refinements of the spectrum and fitted NMR signal may be had. If further refinements are not desired, step  217 , method  200  stops in step  219 . Otherwise, the counter is incremented in step  218 , and in step  220  if the counter has not exceeded a preselected maximum number of iterations, method  200  continues in step  224  by forming a wavelet decomposition of the fitted NMR signal from step  213 . otherwise, in step  222  the “p max th” estimation of the relaxation spectrum, T 2k , and fitted NMR signal are output in step  222 , and method  200  stops in step  223 . 
     In the case that the current iteration has not exceeded a preselected maximum, and the “pth” fitted signal is decomposed in step  224 , a new set of detail coefficients, and a new approximate coefficient is obtained. The number of detail coefficients in the new set depends on the level of the decomposition in step  224 . In an embodiment of the present invention, the level of the decomposition in step  224  may depend on the iteration number. That is, the levels in step  224  constitute a preselected set of levels, N p , indexed by p with p=2, . . . , p max . The wavelet decomposition in step  224  yields a set of detail coefficients having N p  members, cD N     p     p , cD N     p     -1   p , . . . , cD 1   p . The wavelet decomposition in step  224  also yields an approximation coefficient, cA N     j     p . 
     In step  226 , the first N p  detail coefficients from the previous, “(p-1)st”, iteration are replaced by the detail coefficients obtained in step  224 . 
     Alternatively, in an embodiment in which the decomposition, in step  206 , is performed using a CWT further refinements are generated by forming iterated CWTs of successive fitted NMR signals. In step  224 , a CWT of the fitted signal is performed to form a coefficient C p (a,b) with the scale a in an interval (0, a maxp ) where a mapx &lt;a max  is a preselected maximum scale at the pth iteration. At the pth iteration, a maxp &gt;a max(p-1) . 
     In step  226 , the coefficient from the (p-1)st iteration, is replaced, for aε(0, a maxp ) by C p (a,b). That is, at the pth iteration, the refined coefficient C′ p (a,b) is defined by: 
     
       
           C′   p ( a,b )= C   p ( a,b ), 0 &lt;a&lt;a   maxp    
       
     
     
       
         0&lt;b&lt;b max   (9)  
       
     
     
       
         = C ( a,b ),  a   maxp   &lt;a&lt;a   max    
       
     
     
       
         0&lt;b &lt;b max    
       
     
     where C(a,b) is the coefficient from step  206 . 
     Method  200  then continues with the “pth” iteration, in step  210 . Steps  210 ,  212 ,  213 ,  214  complete the pth iteration. Steps  218 ,  220 ,  224 ,  226 ,  210 ,  212 ,  213 ,  214  and  218  repeat until the preselected number of iterations, p max , have been carried out. In an embodiment of the present invention, the relaxation spectrum output at each iteration, in step  217 , may be averaged, in step  222 . Averaging, which may also be referred to as stacking, may be taken over as subset of a set of iteration spectra output in step  217 . The subset of spectra included in the average, or stack, may have a preselected number of members, N dep , where p max ≧N dep ≧2. N dep  is referred to as the stack depth. Method  200  then terminates in step  223 . 
     Referring first to FIG. 3, an example is shown of a data processing system  300  which may be used for the invention. The system has a central processing unit (CPU)  310 . The CPU  310  is coupled to various other components by system bus  312 . Read only memory (“ROM”)  316  is coupled to the system bus  312  and includes a basic input/output system (“BIOS”) that controls certain basic functions of the data processing system  300 . Random access memory (“RAM”)  314 , I/O adapter  318 , and communications adapter  334  are also coupled to the system bus  312 . I/O adapter  318  may be a small computer system interface (“SCSI”) adapter that communicates with a disk storage device  320 . Communications adapter  334  interconnects bus  312  with an outside network enabling the data processing system to communication with other such systems. NMR signals for processing by the methods of the present invention may be input via communications adapter  334  from a logging tool for real-time processing, or from a database for post processing. Input/Output devices are also connected to system bus  312  via user interface adapter  322  and display adapter  336 . Keyboard  324 , track ball  332 , mouse  326  and speaker  328  are all interconnected to bus  312  via user interface adapter  322 . Display monitor  338  is connected to system bus  312  by display adapter  336 . In this manner, a user is capable of inputting to the system throughout the keyboard  324 , trackball  332  or mouse  326  and receiving output from the system via speaker  328  and display  338 . Additionally, an operating system is used to coordinate the functions of the various components shown in FIG.  3 . 
     Preferred implementations of the invention include implementations as a computer system programmed to execute the method or methods described herein, and as a computer program product. According to the computer system implementation, sets of instructions for executing the method or methods are resident in the random access memory  314  of one or more computer systems configured generally as described above. Until required by the computer system, the set of instructions may be stored as a computer program product in another computer memory, for example, in disk drive  320  (which may include a removable memory such as an optical disk or floppy disk for eventual use in the disk drive  320 ). Further, the computer program product can also be stored at another computer and transmitted when desired to the user&#39;s work station by a network or by an external network such as the Internet. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the physical storage of the sets of instructions physically changes the medium upon which it is stored so that the medium carries computer readable information. The change may be electrical, magnetic, chemical or some other physical change. While it is convenient to describe the invention in terms of instructions, symbols, characters, or the like, the reader should remember that all of these and similar terms should be associated with the appropriate physical elements. 
     Note that the invention may describe terms such as comparing, validating, selecting, identifying, or other terms that could be associated with a human operator. However, for at least a number of the operations described herein which form part of at least one of the embodiments, no action by a human operator is desirable. The operations described are, in large part, machine operations processing electrical signals to generate other electrical signals. 
     The method of the present invention may be further appreciated by referring now to FIGS. 4A-4D in which are depicted examples of synthetic NMR CPMG signals corrupted by random noise, and, T 2  spectra obtained therefrom in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4A displays the effective porosity obtained from a simulated noisy NMR echo train. The solid line is the effective porosity of the underlying noise-free NMR signal, in porosity units. (Porosity units (pu) measure the porosity as a percentage.) The noise-free signal is a multiexponential model echo train in accordance with Equation (1), as will be discussed further in conjunction with FIG.  4 C. The effective porosity is the sum of the coefficients A K , and is approximately 10.2 for the NMR echo train displayed in FIGS. 4A-4D. The data points display the average porosity determined from fifty realizations of the noisy signal. The results are from a SVD inversion method in accordance with the prior art (∘), and the method of the present invention (×). Zero-mean Gaussian noise with a standard deviation of 1.2 has been added, in accordance with Equation (2), to a synthetic multiexponential NMR signal according to Equation (1). The deviation of the average porosity values as determined by the present invention from the noise-free value are seen to be smaller than the deviation using the direct inversion SVD method. This also obtains when the effective porosity is averaged over all fifty realizations. 
     The mean effective porosity is shown in FIG.  4 B. The mean effective porosity is the effective porosity averaged over the fifty realizations of the noisy signal, as displayed in FIG.  4 A. The mean effective porosity is shown as a function of the iteration number of the method of the present invention. Iteration number “0” corresponds to the prior art direct inversion SVD method. It is seen that the mean effective porosity asymptotes to a value of approximately 9.5 which underestimates the effective porosity of the underlying noise-free signal by seven percent (7%). This is a significant improvement over the direct inversion SVD value of approximately 7.6 which underestimates the actual value by twenty-five percent (25%). 
     The T 2  spectrum, averaged over the fifty realizations of the noisy signal is illustrated in FIG.  4 C. The underlying noise-free multiexponential in accordance with Equation (1) includes seventeen components (∘), of which five have partial porosities with the value zero. The spectrum is bimodal with maxima at T 2  of 5 msec and 250 msec. The short-time peak corresponds to relaxation spectra due to water, and the long-time peak corresponds to relaxation spectra from oil. The averaged spectrum recovered from a direct inversion SVD (⋄) does not reproduce the two-peaked, bimodal, spectrum of the underlying synthesized NMR signal. The spectrum obtained using the method of the present invention with five iterations (p max  corresponding to five iterations in step  220 , FIG. 1) generates a bimodal distribution approximating that of the uncorrupted signal. 
     The NMR signals are shown in FIG.  4 D. The signal amplitude is displayed as a function of time out to 100 echo times, or 120 msec. A single realization of the noisy signal is represented by the data points (). The underlying synthetic NMR signal is shown by the dashed curve. The fitted signal, as described in conjunction with step  213  in FIG. 1 is shown by the solid curve. The fitted signal has been averaged over the fifty realizations to better reveal any systematic bias that might be introduced by the signal recovery methods, and corresponds to five iterations, as before. The signal resulting from the prior art direct inversion SVD is shown by the dot-dash curve. The short-time components of the NMR signal are especially misrepresented by the prior-art fit, resulting in an underestimation of the effective porosity. The fit generated by the method of the present invention yields a better reproduction of the underlying noise-free signal, particularly for times less than approximately 25 msec. 
     The advantages of the present method are revealed in the illustrations of FIGS. 4A-4D. Systematic biases are reduced relative to the direct inversion SVD method of the prior art. The resulting effective porosity estimates, which are of geophysical importance, are improved thereby. The method is particularly advantageous in resolving bimodal T 2  spectra, reducing ambiguity in hydrocarbon typing. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Technology Category: g