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Follow the link for more information.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png\" width=\"19\" height=\"20\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"180\" data-file-height=\"185\" /></A></DIV>\n</DIV>\n<H1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Trade winds</H1>\t\t\t<DIV id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<DIV id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>\t\t\t\t<DIV id=\"contentSub\"></DIV>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<DIV id=\"jump-to-nav\" class=\"mw-jump\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJump to:\t\t\t\t\t<A href=\"#mw-head\">navigation</A>, \t\t\t\t\t<A href=\"#p-search\">search</A>\n\t\t\t\t</DIV>\n\t\t\t\t<DIV id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><DIV class=\"mw-parser-output\"><DIV role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see <A href=\"/wiki/Tradewind_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-redirect mw-disambig\" title=\"Tradewind (disambiguation)\">Tradewind</A>.</DIV>\n<DIV class=\"thumb tright\">\n<DIV class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png\" class=\"image\"><IMG alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png/300px-Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png/450px-Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png/600px-Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1425\" data-file-height=\"625\" /></A>\n<DIV class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<DIV class=\"magnify\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></A></DIV>\nThe <A href=\"/wiki/Westerlies\" title=\"Westerlies\">westerlies</A> (blue arrows) and trade winds (yellow and brown arrows)</DIV>\n</DIV>\n</DIV>\n<P>The <B>trade winds</B> are the <A href=\"/wiki/Prevailing_winds\" title=\"Prevailing winds\">prevailing pattern</A> of easterly surface <A href=\"/wiki/Wind\" title=\"Wind\">winds</A> found in the <A href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">tropics</A>, within the lower portion of the <A href=\"/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth's atmosphere\">Earth's atmosphere</A>, in the lower section of the <A href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</A> near the Earth's <A href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</A>. The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the <A href=\"/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Northern Hemisphere\">Northern Hemisphere</A> and from the southeast in the <A href=\"/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Southern Hemisphere\">Southern Hemisphere</A>, strengthening during the winter and when the <A href=\"/wiki/Arctic_oscillation\" title=\"Arctic oscillation\">Arctic oscillation</A> is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of <A href=\"/wiki/Sailing_ship\" title=\"Sailing ship\">sailing ships</A> to cross the world's oceans for centuries, and enabled <A href=\"/wiki/Colonial_empire\" title=\"Colonial empire\">European empire</A> expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the <A href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_ocean\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atlantic ocean\">Atlantic</A> and <A href=\"/wiki/Pacific_ocean\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pacific ocean\">Pacific oceans</A>.</P>\n<P>In <A href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</A>, the trade winds act as the <A href=\"/wiki/Prevailing_winds\" title=\"Prevailing winds\">steering flow</A> for <A href=\"/wiki/Tropical_storms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tropical storms\">tropical storms</A> that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern <A href=\"/wiki/Indian_Ocean\" title=\"Indian Ocean\">Indian Oceans</A> and make landfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar and eastern Africa, respectively. Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the <A href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"Atlantic Ocean\">Atlantic Ocean</A> into the <A href=\"/wiki/Caribbean_Sea\" title=\"Caribbean Sea\">Caribbean Sea</A>, as well as portions of southeastern <A href=\"/wiki/North_America\" title=\"North America\">North America</A>. Shallow <A href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">cumulus clouds</A> are seen within trade wind regimes, and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the <A href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">subtropical ridge</A>. The weaker the trade winds become, the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses.</P>\n<P></P>\n<DIV id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\">\n<DIV class=\"toctitle\">\n<H2>Contents</H2>\n<SPAN class=\"toctoggle\"> [<A role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"togglelink\">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>\n<UL>\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><A href=\"#History\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">1</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">History</SPAN></A></LI>\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><A href=\"#Cause\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">2</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">Cause</SPAN></A></LI>\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><A href=\"#Weather_effects\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">3</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">Weather effects</SPAN></A></LI>\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><A href=\"#See_also\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">4</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">See also</SPAN></A></LI>\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><A href=\"#References\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">5</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">References</SPAN></A></LI>\n</UL>\n</DIV>\n<P></P>\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History\">History</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&action=edit&section=1\" title=\"Edit section: History\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\n<DIV class=\"thumb tright\">\n<DIV class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:202px;\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Spanish_Galleon.jpg\" class=\"image\"><IMG alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg/200px-Spanish_Galleon.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"275\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Spanish_Galleon.jpg 1.5x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"412\" /></A>\n<DIV class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<DIV class=\"magnify\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Spanish_Galleon.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></A></DIV>\nA Spanish galleon</DIV>\n</DIV>\n</DIV>\n<DIV role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <A href=\"/wiki/Age_of_Discovery\" title=\"Age of Discovery\">Age of Discovery</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Volta_do_Mar\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Volta do Mar\">Volta do Mar</A>, and <A href=\"/wiki/Age_of_sail\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Age of sail\">Age of sail</A></DIV>\n<P>The term <I>trade winds</I> originally derives from the early fourteenth century late <A href=\"/wiki/Middle_English\" title=\"Middle English\">Middle English</A> word 'trade,' meaning "path" or "track."<SUP id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]</A></SUP> The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the <I><A href=\"/wiki/Volta_do_mar\" title=\"Volta do mar\">Volta do mar</A></I>, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-2\">[2]</A></SUP> From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the <A href=\"/wiki/Azores\" title=\"Azores\">Azores</A> islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere. In the Pacific ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude <A href=\"/wiki/Westerlies\" title=\"Westerlies\">Westerlies</A>, was unknown to Europeans until <A href=\"/wiki/Andres_de_Urdaneta\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Andres de Urdaneta\">Andres de Urdaneta</A>'s voyage in 1565.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-pg18_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-pg18-3\">[3]</A></SUP></P>\n<P>The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]</A></SUP> During the <A href=\"/wiki/Age_of_Sail\" title=\"Age of Sail\">Age of Sail</A>, the pattern of <A href=\"/wiki/Prevailing_winds\" title=\"Prevailing winds\">prevailing winds</A> made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire-building and thus on modern political geography. For example, <A href=\"/wiki/Manila_galleon\" title=\"Manila galleon\">Manila galleons</A> could not sail into the wind at all.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-pg18_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-pg18-3\">[3]</A></SUP></P>\n<P>By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of 'trade', "(foreign) commerce".<SUP id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]</A></SUP> Between 1847 and 1849, <A href=\"/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury\" title=\"Matthew Fontaine Maury\">Matthew Fontaine Maury</A> collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world's oceans.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]</A></SUP></P>\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cause\">Cause</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&action=edit&section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Cause\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\n<DIV class=\"thumb tright\">\n<DIV class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg\" class=\"image\"><IMG alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg/400px-Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg/600px-Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg/800px-Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"835\" /></A>\n<DIV class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<DIV class=\"magnify\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></A></DIV>\n3D map showing <A href=\"/wiki/Hadley_cell\" title=\"Hadley cell\">Hadley cells</A> in relationship to trade winds on the surface.</DIV>\n</DIV>\n</DIV>\n<DIV role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <A href=\"/wiki/Air_mass\" title=\"Air mass\">Air mass</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Hadley_cell\" title=\"Hadley cell\">Hadley cell</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Humidity\" title=\"Humidity\">Humidity</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone\" title=\"Intertropical Convergence Zone\">Intertropical Convergence Zone</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Monsoon\" title=\"Monsoon\">Monsoon</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Monsoon_trough\" title=\"Monsoon trough\">Monsoon trough</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Near-equatorial_trough\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Near-equatorial trough\">Near-equatorial trough</A>, and <A href=\"/wiki/Prevailing_winds\" title=\"Prevailing winds\">Prevailing winds</A></DIV>\n<P>As part of the <A href=\"/wiki/Hadley_cell\" title=\"Hadley cell\">Hadley cell</A> circulation, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the <A href=\"/wiki/Geographic_pole\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Geographic pole\">poles</A>. A <A href=\"/wiki/Low-pressure_area\" title=\"Low-pressure area\">low-pressure area</A> of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the <A href=\"/wiki/Doldrums\" title=\"Doldrums\">doldrums</A>,<SUP id=\"cite_ref-dold_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-dold-7\">[7]</A></SUP> near-equatorial trough,<SUP id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-8\">[8]</A></SUP> intertropical front, or the <A href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone\" title=\"Intertropical Convergence Zone\">Intertropical Convergence Zone</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-9\">[9]</A></SUP> When located within a <A href=\"/wiki/Monsoon\" title=\"Monsoon\">monsoon</A> region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the <A href=\"/wiki/Monsoon_trough\" title=\"Monsoon trough\">monsoon trough</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-10\">[10]</A></SUP> Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as <A href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">subtropical ridges</A>. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the absolute humidity remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-11\">[11]</A></SUP></P>\n<P>The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the <A href=\"/wiki/Coriolis_effect\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Coriolis effect\">Coriolis effect</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-12\">[12]</A></SUP> These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the <A href=\"/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Northern Hemisphere\">Northern Hemisphere</A> and from the southeast in the <A href=\"/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere\" title=\"Southern Hemisphere\">Southern Hemisphere</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-Ralph_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-Ralph-13\">[13]</A></SUP> Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing,<SUP id=\"cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-HOWTOREAD-14\">[14]</A></SUP> these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the <A href=\"/wiki/Doldrums\" title=\"Doldrums\">doldrums</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-dold_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-dold-7\">[7]</A></SUP></P>\n<P>As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans (maritime), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]</A></SUP> Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-16\">[16]</A></SUP> The one region of the <A href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</A> which has an absence of trade winds is the north <A href=\"/wiki/Indian_ocean\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Indian ocean\">Indian ocean</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-17\">[17]</A></SUP></P>\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Weather_effects\">Weather effects</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&action=edit&section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Weather effects\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\n<P>Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres (13,000 ft) in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-18\">[18]</A></SUP> Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles (northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]</A></SUP> As an example, the windy season in the <A href=\"/wiki/Guyana\" title=\"Guyana\">Guianas</A>, which lie at low latitudes in <A href=\"/wiki/South_America\" title=\"South America\">South America</A>, occurs between January and April.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]</A></SUP> When the phase of the <A href=\"/wiki/Arctic_oscillation\" title=\"Arctic oscillation\">Arctic oscillation</A> (AO) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-21\">[21]</A></SUP> When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as <A href=\"/wiki/Central_America\" title=\"Central America\">Central America</A>.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]</A></SUP></P>\n<P>During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere (July), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving <A href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">subtropical ridge</A> expand northwestward from the <A href=\"/wiki/Caribbean_sea\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Caribbean sea\">Caribbean sea</A> into southeastern North America (Florida and Gulf Coast). When dust from the <A href=\"/wiki/Sahara\" title=\"Sahara\">Sahara</A> moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts <A href=\"/wiki/Air_quality\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Air quality\">air quality</A> by adding to the count of airborne particulates.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-pooraq_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-pooraq-23\">[23]</A></SUP> Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-24\">[24]</A></SUP> Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]</A></SUP> Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of <A href=\"/wiki/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\">coral reefs</A> across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]</A></SUP></P>\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&action=edit&section=4\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\n<UL>\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone\" title=\"Intertropical Convergence Zone\">Intertropical Convergence Zone</A></LI>\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Winds_in_the_Age_of_Sail\" title=\"Winds in the Age of Sail\">Winds in the Age of Sail</A></LI>\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Westerly_wind_burst\" title=\"Westerly wind burst\">Westerly wind burst</A></LI>\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Volta_do_mar\" title=\"Volta do mar\">Volta do mar</A></LI>\n</UL>\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&action=edit&section=5\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\n<DIV class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<OL class=\"references\">\n<LI id=\"cite_note-1\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-1\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Carol G. Braham; Enid Pearsons; Deborah M. Posner; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman (2001). <I>Random House Webster's College Dictionary</I> (second ed.). <A href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</A>. p. 1385. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42560-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-375-42560-8\">0-375-42560-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+College+Dictionary&rft.pages=1385&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-42560-8&rft.au=Carol+G.+Braham&rft.au=Enid+Pearsons&rft.au=Deborah+M.+Posner&rft.au=Georgia+S.+Maas&rft.au=Richard+Goodman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-2\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-2\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Hermann R. Muelder (2007). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=w47gOifvK6EC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=knowledge+of+atlantic+winds+and+currents+history#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States</I></A>. Read Books. p. 38. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7740-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7740-6\">978-1-4067-7740-6</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+This+Land+-+A+Geographical+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-7740-6&rft.au=Hermann+R.+Muelder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw47gOifvK6EC%26pg%3DPA38%26lpg%3DPA38%26dq%3Dknowledge%2Bof%2Batlantic%2Bwinds%2Band%2Bcurrents%2Bhistory%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-pg18-3\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <A href=\"#cite_ref-pg18_3-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href=\"#cite_ref-pg18_3-1\"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Derek Hayes (2001). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z26YL407SkC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=sailing+historic+use+of+trade+winds+book#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500-2000</I></A>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-865-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-865-5\">978-1-55054-865-5</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+the+North+Pacific+Ocean%3A+maps+of+discovery+and+scientific+exploration%2C+1500-2000&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-865-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z26YL407SkC%26pg%3DPA152%26lpg%3DPA152%26dq%3Dsailing%2Bhistoric%2Buse%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bwinds%2Bbook%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-4\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-4\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Cyrus Cornelius Adams (1904). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=V0wAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=sailing+using+the+trade+winds+book#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>A text-book of commercial geography</I></A>. D. Appleton and company. p. 19<SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-07</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+text-book+of+commercial+geography&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Cyrus+Cornelius+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0wAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA19%26lpg%3DPA19%26dq%3Dsailing%2Busing%2Bthe%2Btrade%2Bwinds%2Bbook%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-5\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-5\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\"><I>Oxford English Dictionary</I> (2 ed.). p. 225.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=225&rft.edition=2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-6\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-6\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Derek Hayes (2001). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z26YL407SkC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=sailing+historic+use+of+trade+winds+book#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500-2000</I></A>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 152. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-865-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-865-5\">978-1-55054-865-5</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+the+North+Pacific+Ocean%3A+maps+of+discovery+and+scientific+exploration%2C+1500-2000&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-865-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z26YL407SkC%26pg%3DPA152%26lpg%3DPA152%26dq%3Dsailing%2Bhistoric%2Buse%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bwinds%2Bbook%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-dold-7\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <A href=\"#cite_ref-dold_7-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href=\"#cite_ref-dold_7-1\"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Sverre Petterssen (1941). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=u-EMrG4bYJkC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=trade+winds+converge+in+the+doldrums+book#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Introduction to Meteorology</I></A>. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 110. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2300-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2300-8\">978-1-4437-2300-8</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Meteorology&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Mcgraw-Hill+Book+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-2300-8&rft.au=Sverre+Petterssen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-EMrG4bYJkC%26pg%3DPA110%26lpg%3DPA110%26dq%3Dtrade%2Bwinds%2Bconverge%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bdoldrums%2Bbook%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-8\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-8\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=doldrums&submit=Search\">"Doldrums"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doldrums&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Ddoldrums%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-9\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-9\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=intertropical+convergence+zone&submit=Search\">"Intertropical Convergence Zone"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intertropical+Convergence+Zone&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dintertropical%2Bconvergence%2Bzone%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-10\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-10\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617192300/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon+trough&submit=Search\">"Monsoon Trough"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A>. Archived from <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon+trough&submit=Search\">the original</A> on 2009-06-17<SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monsoon+Trough&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dmonsoon%2Btrough%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-11\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-11\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=superior+air&submit=Search\">"Superior air"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-10-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superior+air&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dsuperior%2Bair%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-12\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-12\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211050708/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=trade-winds1\">"trade winds"</A>. <I>Glossary of Meteorology</I>. American Meteorological Society. Archived from <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=trade-winds1\">the original</A> on 2008-12-11<SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2008-09-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=trade+winds&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dtrade-winds1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-Ralph-13\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-Ralph_13-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\">Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry (1909).<A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=OLMXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=direction+of+the+prevailing+westerlies+in+northern+hemisphere+southwest&source=bl&ots=C2SzvUDsje&sig=dkFc55QfdoJhBCygMCVIu9u-4_s&hl=en&ei=5eXlSfzwKIvKMJOUlYQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3\">Advanced geography.</A> W.W. Shannon, State Printing, pp. 246. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.</SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-HOWTOREAD-14\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_14-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">JetStream (2008). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm\">"How to read weather maps"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2007-05-16</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+read+weather+maps&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.au=JetStream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.weather.gov%2Fsrh%2Fjetstream%2Fsynoptic%2Fwxmaps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-15\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-15\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=tropical+air&submit=Search\">"Tropical air"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-10-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+air&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dtropical%2Bair%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-16\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-16\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=trade-air1\">"Trade air"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-10-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+air&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dtrade-air1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-17\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-17\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">John E. Oliver (2005). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA406&dq=oxford+english+dictionary+origin+of+trade+wind#v=onepage&q=trade%20wind&f=false\"><I>Encyclopedia of world climatology</I></A>. Springer. p. 128. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6\">978-1-4020-3264-6</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+climatology&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6&rft.au=John+E.+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mwbAsxpRr0C%26pg%3DPA406%26dq%3Doxford%2Benglish%2Bdictionary%2Borigin%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bwind%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dtrade%2520wind%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-18\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-18\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Bob Rauber (2009-05-22). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atmos.uiuc.edu/~rauber/researchRICO.htm\">"Research-The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign"</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research-The+Rain+in+Cumulus+over+the+Ocean+Campaign&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.au=Bob+Rauber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F~rauber%2FresearchRICO.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-19\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-19\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">James P. Terry (2007). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=syqPSpliRCwC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=behavior+of+trade+winds+climatology+by+season#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific</I></A>. Springer. p. 8. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71542-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71542-1\">978-0-387-71542-1</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+cyclones%3A+climatology+and+impacts+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71542-1&rft.au=James+P.+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsyqPSpliRCwC%26pg%3DPA8%26lpg%3DPA8%26dq%3Dbehavior%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bwinds%2Bclimatology%2Bby%2Bseason%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-20\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-20\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation journal\">G. E. Pieter & F. Augustinus. <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6M-4CMJDBT-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1083422780&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=78a803b1c209929e82ce69c1ee2a005e\">"The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels: a synthesis"</A>. <I>Marine Geology</I>. <B>208</B> (2-4): 145–151. <A href=\"/wiki/Bibcode\" title=\"Bibcode\">Bibcode</A>:<A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MGeol.208..145A\">2004MGeol.208..145A</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</A>:<A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2004.04.007\">10.1016/j.margeo.2004.04.007</A>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Geology&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+the+trade+winds+on+the+coastal+development+of+the+Guianas+at+various+scale+levels%3A+a+synthesis&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=2-4&rft.pages=145-151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2004.04.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MGeol.208..145A&rft.au=G.+E.+Pieter&rft.au=F.+Augustinus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6V6M-4CMJDBT-1%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26_docanchor%3D%26view%3Dc%26_searchStrId%3D1083422780%26_rerunOrigin%3Dgoogle%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3D78a803b1c209929e82ce69c1ee2a005e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-21\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-21\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\">Robert R. Steward (2005). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/oceananddrought.html\">"The Ocean's Influence on North American Drought"</A>. <A href=\"/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University\" title=\"Texas A&M University\">Texas A&M University</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ocean%27s+Influence+on+North+American+Drought&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Robert+R.+Steward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanworld.tamu.edu%2Fresources%2Foceanography-book%2Foceananddrought.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-22\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-22\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">John E. Oliver (2005). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=behavior+of+trade+winds+climatology+by+season#v=onepage&q=&f=false\"><I>Encyclopedia of world climatology</I></A>. Springer. p. 185. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6\">978-1-4020-3264-6</A><SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2009-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+climatology&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3264-6&rft.au=John+E.+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mwbAsxpRr0C%26pg%3DPA185%26lpg%3DPA185%26dq%3Dbehavior%2Bof%2Btrade%2Bwinds%2Bclimatology%2Bby%2Bseason%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+winds\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-pooraq-23\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-pooraq_23-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\">Science Daily (1999-07-14). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990714073433.htm\">African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality.</A> Retrieved on 2007-06-10.</SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-24\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-24\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\">Science Daily (2001-06-15). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/06/010615071508.htm\">Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks.</A> Retrieved on 2007-06-10.</SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-25\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-25\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\">Usinfo.state.gov (2003). <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/pdf/african_dust.pdf\">Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S., Caribbean.</A> <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070620013708/http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/pdf/african_dust.pdf\">Archived</A> 2007-06-20 at the <A href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</A>. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.</SPAN></LI>\n<LI id=\"cite_note-26\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-26\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><A href=\"/wiki/U._S._Geological_Survey\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"U. S. Geological Survey\">U. S. 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class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ga\"><A href=\"https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1dghaotha\" title=\"Trádghaotha – Irish\" lang=\"ga\" hreflang=\"ga\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-gl\"><A href=\"https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisio\" title=\"Alisio – Galician\" lang=\"gl\" hreflang=\"gl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Galego</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko\"><A href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%92%8D\" title=\"무역풍 – Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">한국어</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hy\"><A href=\"https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80\" title=\"Պասսատներ – Armenian\" lang=\"hy\" hreflang=\"hy\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hi\"><A href=\"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8\" title=\"व्यापारिक पवन – Hindi\" lang=\"hi\" hreflang=\"hi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hr\"><A href=\"https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasati\" title=\"Pasati – Croatian\" lang=\"hr\" hreflang=\"hr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-io\"><A href=\"https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeo\" title=\"Alizeo – Ido\" lang=\"io\" hreflang=\"io\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Ido</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id\"><A href=\"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angin_pasat\" title=\"Angin pasat – Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-os\"><A href=\"https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82\" title=\"Пассат – Ossetic\" lang=\"os\" hreflang=\"os\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Ирон</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-is\"><A href=\"https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C3%B0vindur\" title=\"Staðvindur – Icelandic\" lang=\"is\" hreflang=\"is\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it\"><A href=\"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliseo\" title=\"Aliseo – Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Italiano</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he\"><A href=\"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8\" title=\"רוחות הסחר – Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">עברית</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ka\"><A href=\"https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98\" title=\"პასატები – Georgian\" lang=\"ka\" hreflang=\"ka\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">ქართული</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kk\"><A href=\"https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82\" title=\"Пассат – Kazakh\" lang=\"kk\" hreflang=\"kk\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ht\"><A href=\"https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alize\" title=\"Alize – Haitian Creole\" lang=\"ht\" hreflang=\"ht\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Kreyòl ayisyen</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-la\"><A href=\"https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venti_anniversarii\" title=\"Venti anniversarii – Latin\" lang=\"la\" hreflang=\"la\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Latina</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lv\"><A href=\"https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%81ts\" title=\"Pasāts – Latvian\" lang=\"lv\" hreflang=\"lv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lt\"><A href=\"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasatas\" title=\"Pasatas – Lithuanian\" lang=\"lt\" hreflang=\"lt\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-li\"><A href=\"https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaatwindj\" title=\"Passaatwindj – Limburgish\" lang=\"li\" hreflang=\"li\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu\"><A href=\"https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passz%C3%A1tsz%C3%A9l\" title=\"Passzátszél – Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Magyar</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml\"><A href=\"https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE\" title=\"വാണിജ്യക്കാറ്റുകൾ – Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ms\"><A href=\"https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angin_pasat\" title=\"Angin pasat – Malay\" lang=\"ms\" hreflang=\"ms\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-my\"><A href=\"https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1\" title=\"ကုန်သည်လေ – Burmese\" lang=\"my\" hreflang=\"my\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl\"><A href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaat\" title=\"Passaat – Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja\"><A href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E9%A2%A8\" title=\"貿易風 – Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">日本語</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no\"><A href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passatvind\" title=\"Passatvind – Norwegian\" lang=\"no\" hreflang=\"no\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Norsk</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nn\"><A href=\"https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passatvind\" title=\"Passatvind – Norwegian Nynorsk\" lang=\"nn\" hreflang=\"nn\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-oc\"><A href=\"https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisis\" title=\"Alisis – Occitan\" lang=\"oc\" hreflang=\"oc\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Occitan</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uz\"><A href=\"https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passatlar\" title=\"Passatlar – Uzbek\" lang=\"uz\" hreflang=\"uz\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl\"><A href=\"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasat\" title=\"Pasat – Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Polski</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt\"><A href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%ADsios\" title=\"Alísios – Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Português</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ro\"><A href=\"https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeu\" title=\"Alizeu – Romanian\" lang=\"ro\" hreflang=\"ro\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Română</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru\"><A href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82\" title=\"Пассат – Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Русский</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sq\"><A href=\"https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasatet\" title=\"Pasatet – Albanian\" lang=\"sq\" hreflang=\"sq\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Shqip</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sk\"><A href=\"https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C3%A1t\" title=\"Pasát – Slovak\" lang=\"sk\" hreflang=\"sk\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sl\"><A href=\"https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasat\" title=\"Pasat – Slovenian\" lang=\"sl\" hreflang=\"sl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sr\"><A href=\"https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8\" title=\"Пасати – Serbian\" lang=\"sr\" hreflang=\"sr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sh\"><A href=\"https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasati\" title=\"Pasati – Serbo-Croatian\" lang=\"sh\" hreflang=\"sh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi\"><A href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaatituuli\" title=\"Pasaatituuli – Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Suomi</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv\"><A href=\"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passadvind\" title=\"Passadvind – Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Svenska</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ta\"><A href=\"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81\" title=\"வணிகக் காற்று – Tamil\" lang=\"ta\" hreflang=\"ta\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th\"><A href=\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2\" title=\"ลมค้า – Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">ไทย</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr\"><A href=\"https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeler\" title=\"Alizeler – Turkish\" lang=\"tr\" hreflang=\"tr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk\"><A href=\"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8\" title=\"Пасати – Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Українська</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi\"><A href=\"https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B3_m%E1%BA%ADu_d%E1%BB%8Bch\" title=\"Gió mậu dịch – Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue\"><A href=\"https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E9%A2%A8\" title=\"信風 – Cantonese\" lang=\"zh-yue\" hreflang=\"zh-yue\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">粵語</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh\"><A href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E9%A2%A8\" title=\"信風 – Chinese\" lang=\"zh\" hreflang=\"zh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">中文</A></LI>\t\t\t\t</UL>\n\t\t\t\t<DIV 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"title": "Trade winds",
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"token": [
"Trade",
"winds",
"-",
"wikipedia",
"<H1>",
"Trade",
"winds",
"</H1>",
"Jump",
"to",
":",
"navigation",
",",
"search",
"This",
"article",
"is",
"about",
"the",
"weather",
"phenomenon",
".",
"For",
"other",
"uses",
",",
"see",
"Tradewind",
".",
"The",
"westerlies",
"(",
"blue",
"arrows",
")",
"and",
"trade",
"winds",
"(",
"yellow",
"and",
"brown",
"arrows",
")",
"<P>",
"The",
"trade",
"winds",
"are",
"the",
"prevailing",
"pattern",
"of",
"easterly",
"surface",
"winds",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"tropics",
",",
"within",
"the",
"lower",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"Earth",
"'s",
"atmosphere",
",",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"section",
"of",
"the",
"troposphere",
"near",
"the",
"Earth",
"'s",
"equator",
".",
"The",
"trade",
"winds",
"blow",
"predominantly",
"from",
"the",
"northeast",
"in",
"the",
"Northern",
"Hemisphere",
"and",
"from",
"the",
"southeast",
"in",
"the",
"Southern",
"Hemisphere",
",",
"strengthening",
"during",
"the",
"winter",
"and",
"when",
"the",
"Arctic",
"oscillation",
"is",
"in",
"its",
"warm",
"phase",
".",
"Trade",
"winds",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"by",
"captains",
"of",
"sailing",
"ships",
"to",
"cross",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"oceans",
"for",
"centuries",
",",
"and",
"enabled",
"European",
"empire",
"expansion",
"into",
"the",
"Americas",
"and",
"trade",
"routes",
"to",
"become",
"established",
"across",
"the",
"Atlantic",
"and",
"Pacific",
"oceans",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"In",
"meteorology",
",",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"act",
"as",
"the",
"steering",
"flow",
"for",
"tropical",
"storms",
"that",
"form",
"over",
"the",
"Atlantic",
",",
"Pacific",
",",
"and",
"southern",
"Indian",
"Oceans",
"and",
"make",
"landfall",
"in",
"North",
"America",
",",
"Southeast",
"Asia",
",",
"and",
"Madagascar",
"and",
"eastern",
"Africa",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Trade",
"winds",
"also",
"transport",
"African",
"dust",
"westward",
"across",
"the",
"Atlantic",
"Ocean",
"into",
"the",
"Caribbean",
"Sea",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"portions",
"of",
"southeastern",
"North",
"America",
".",
"Shallow",
"cumulus",
"clouds",
"are",
"seen",
"within",
"trade",
"wind",
"regimes",
",",
"and",
"are",
"capped",
"from",
"becoming",
"taller",
"by",
"a",
"trade",
"wind",
"inversion",
",",
"which",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"descending",
"air",
"aloft",
"from",
"within",
"the",
"subtropical",
"ridge",
".",
"The",
"weaker",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"become",
",",
"the",
"more",
"rainfall",
"can",
"be",
"expected",
"in",
"the",
"neighboring",
"landmasses",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"</P>",
"<H2>",
"Contents",
"</H2>",
"(",
"hide",
")",
"<Ul>",
"<Li>",
"1",
"History",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"2",
"Cause",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"3",
"Weather",
"effects",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"4",
"See",
"also",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"5",
"References",
"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"<P>",
"</P>",
"<H2>",
"History",
"(",
"edit",
")",
"</H2>",
"A",
"Spanish",
"galleon",
"See",
"also",
":",
"Age",
"of",
"Discovery",
",",
"Volta",
"do",
"Mar",
",",
"and",
"Age",
"of",
"sail",
"<P>",
"The",
"term",
"trade",
"winds",
"originally",
"derives",
"from",
"the",
"early",
"fourteenth",
"century",
"late",
"Middle",
"English",
"word",
"'",
"trade",
",",
"'",
"meaning",
"``",
"path",
"''",
"or",
"``",
"track",
".",
"''",
"The",
"Portuguese",
"recognized",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"(",
"then",
"the",
"Volta",
"do",
"mar",
",",
"meaning",
"in",
"Portuguese",
"``",
"turn",
"of",
"the",
"sea",
"''",
"but",
"also",
"``",
"return",
"from",
"the",
"sea",
"''",
")",
"in",
"navigation",
"in",
"both",
"the",
"north",
"and",
"south",
"Atlantic",
"ocean",
"as",
"early",
"as",
"the",
"15th",
"century",
".",
"From",
"West",
"Africa",
",",
"the",
"Portuguese",
"had",
"to",
"sail",
"away",
"from",
"continental",
"Portugal",
",",
"that",
"is",
",",
"to",
"west",
"and",
"northwest",
".",
"They",
"could",
"then",
"turn",
"northeast",
",",
"to",
"the",
"area",
"around",
"the",
"Azores",
"islands",
",",
"and",
"finally",
"east",
"to",
"mainland",
"Europe",
".",
"They",
"also",
"learned",
"that",
"to",
"reach",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"they",
"needed",
"to",
"go",
"far",
"out",
"in",
"the",
"ocean",
",",
"head",
"for",
"Brazil",
",",
"and",
"around",
"30",
"°",
"S",
"go",
"east",
"again",
".",
"Following",
"the",
"African",
"coast",
"southbound",
"means",
"upwind",
"in",
"the",
"Southern",
"hemisphere",
".",
"In",
"the",
"Pacific",
"ocean",
",",
"the",
"full",
"wind",
"circulation",
",",
"which",
"included",
"both",
"the",
"trade",
"wind",
"easterlies",
"and",
"higher",
"-",
"latitude",
"Westerlies",
",",
"was",
"unknown",
"to",
"Europeans",
"until",
"Andres",
"de",
"Urdaneta",
"'s",
"voyage",
"in",
"1565",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"The",
"captain",
"of",
"a",
"sailing",
"ship",
"seeks",
"a",
"course",
"along",
"which",
"the",
"winds",
"can",
"be",
"expected",
"to",
"blow",
"in",
"the",
"direction",
"of",
"travel",
".",
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Sail",
",",
"the",
"pattern",
"of",
"prevailing",
"winds",
"made",
"various",
"points",
"of",
"the",
"globe",
"easy",
"or",
"difficult",
"to",
"access",
",",
"and",
"therefore",
"had",
"a",
"direct",
"effect",
"on",
"European",
"empire",
"-",
"building",
"and",
"thus",
"on",
"modern",
"political",
"geography",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"Manila",
"galleons",
"could",
"not",
"sail",
"into",
"the",
"wind",
"at",
"all",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"By",
"the",
"18th",
"century",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"to",
"England",
"'s",
"merchant",
"fleet",
"for",
"crossing",
"the",
"Atlantic",
"Ocean",
"had",
"led",
"both",
"the",
"general",
"public",
"and",
"etymologists",
"to",
"identify",
"the",
"name",
"with",
"a",
"later",
"meaning",
"of",
"'",
"trade",
"'",
",",
"``",
"(",
"foreign",
")",
"commerce",
"''",
".",
"Between",
"1847",
"and",
"1849",
",",
"Matthew",
"Fontaine",
"Maury",
"collected",
"enough",
"information",
"to",
"create",
"wind",
"and",
"current",
"charts",
"for",
"the",
"world",
"'s",
"oceans",
".",
"</P>",
"<H2>",
"Cause",
"(",
"edit",
")",
"</H2>",
"3D",
"map",
"showing",
"Hadley",
"cells",
"in",
"relationship",
"to",
"trade",
"winds",
"on",
"the",
"surface",
".",
"See",
"also",
":",
"Air",
"mass",
",",
"Hadley",
"cell",
",",
"Humidity",
",",
"Intertropical",
"Convergence",
"Zone",
",",
"Monsoon",
",",
"Monsoon",
"trough",
",",
"Near",
"-",
"equatorial",
"trough",
",",
"and",
"Prevailing",
"winds",
"<P>",
"As",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"Hadley",
"cell",
"circulation",
",",
"surface",
"air",
"flows",
"toward",
"the",
"equator",
"while",
"the",
"flow",
"aloft",
"is",
"towards",
"the",
"poles",
".",
"A",
"low",
"-",
"pressure",
"area",
"of",
"calm",
",",
"light",
"variable",
"winds",
"near",
"the",
"equator",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"doldrums",
",",
"near",
"-",
"equatorial",
"trough",
",",
"intertropical",
"front",
",",
"or",
"the",
"Intertropical",
"Convergence",
"Zone",
".",
"When",
"located",
"within",
"a",
"monsoon",
"region",
",",
"this",
"zone",
"of",
"low",
"pressure",
"and",
"wind",
"convergence",
"is",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"the",
"monsoon",
"trough",
".",
"Around",
"30",
"°",
"in",
"both",
"hemispheres",
",",
"air",
"begins",
"to",
"descend",
"toward",
"the",
"surface",
"in",
"subtropical",
"high",
"-",
"pressure",
"belts",
"known",
"as",
"subtropical",
"ridges",
".",
"The",
"subsident",
"(",
"sinking",
")",
"air",
"is",
"relatively",
"dry",
"because",
"as",
"it",
"descends",
",",
"the",
"temperature",
"increases",
",",
"but",
"the",
"absolute",
"humidity",
"remains",
"constant",
",",
"which",
"lowers",
"the",
"relative",
"humidity",
"of",
"the",
"air",
"mass",
".",
"This",
"warm",
",",
"dry",
"air",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"superior",
"air",
"mass",
"and",
"normally",
"resides",
"above",
"a",
"maritime",
"tropical",
"(",
"warm",
"and",
"moist",
")",
"air",
"mass",
".",
"An",
"increase",
"of",
"temperature",
"with",
"height",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"temperature",
"inversion",
".",
"When",
"it",
"occurs",
"within",
"a",
"trade",
"wind",
"regime",
",",
"it",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"trade",
"wind",
"inversion",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"The",
"surface",
"air",
"that",
"flows",
"from",
"these",
"subtropical",
"high",
"-",
"pressure",
"belts",
"toward",
"the",
"Equator",
"is",
"deflected",
"toward",
"the",
"west",
"in",
"both",
"hemispheres",
"by",
"the",
"Coriolis",
"effect",
".",
"These",
"winds",
"blow",
"predominantly",
"from",
"the",
"northeast",
"in",
"the",
"Northern",
"Hemisphere",
"and",
"from",
"the",
"southeast",
"in",
"the",
"Southern",
"Hemisphere",
".",
"Because",
"winds",
"are",
"named",
"for",
"the",
"direction",
"from",
"which",
"the",
"wind",
"is",
"blowing",
",",
"these",
"winds",
"are",
"called",
"the",
"northeasterly",
"trade",
"winds",
"in",
"the",
"Northern",
"Hemisphere",
"and",
"the",
"southeasterly",
"trade",
"winds",
"in",
"the",
"Southern",
"Hemisphere",
".",
"The",
"trade",
"winds",
"of",
"both",
"hemispheres",
"meet",
"at",
"the",
"doldrums",
".",
"</P>",
"<P>",
"As",
"they",
"blow",
"across",
"tropical",
"regions",
",",
"air",
"masses",
"heat",
"up",
"over",
"lower",
"latitudes",
"due",
"to",
"more",
"direct",
"sunlight",
".",
"Those",
"that",
"develop",
"over",
"land",
"(",
"continental",
")",
"are",
"drier",
"and",
"hotter",
"than",
"those",
"that",
"develop",
"over",
"oceans",
"(",
"maritime",
")",
",",
"and",
"travel",
"northward",
"on",
"the",
"western",
"periphery",
"of",
"the",
"subtropical",
"ridge",
".",
"Maritime",
"tropical",
"air",
"masses",
"are",
"sometimes",
"referred",
"to",
"as",
"trade",
"air",
"masses",
".",
"The",
"one",
"region",
"of",
"the",
"Earth",
"which",
"has",
"an",
"absence",
"of",
"trade",
"winds",
"is",
"the",
"north",
"Indian",
"ocean",
".",
"</P>",
"<H2>",
"Weather",
"effects",
"(",
"edit",
")",
"</H2>",
"<P>",
"Clouds",
"which",
"form",
"above",
"regions",
"within",
"trade",
"wind",
"regimes",
"are",
"typically",
"composed",
"of",
"cumulus",
"which",
"extend",
"no",
"more",
"than",
"4",
"kilometres",
"(",
"13,000",
"ft",
")",
"in",
"height",
",",
"and",
"are",
"capped",
"from",
"being",
"taller",
"by",
"the",
"trade",
"wind",
"inversion",
".",
"Trade",
"winds",
"originate",
"more",
"from",
"the",
"direction",
"of",
"the",
"poles",
"(",
"northeast",
"in",
"the",
"Northern",
"Hemisphere",
",",
"southeast",
"in",
"the",
"Southern",
"Hemisphere",
")",
"during",
"the",
"cold",
"season",
",",
"and",
"are",
"stronger",
"in",
"the",
"winter",
"than",
"the",
"summer",
".",
"As",
"an",
"example",
",",
"the",
"windy",
"season",
"in",
"the",
"Guianas",
",",
"which",
"lie",
"at",
"low",
"latitudes",
"in",
"South",
"America",
",",
"occurs",
"between",
"January",
"and",
"April",
".",
"When",
"the",
"phase",
"of",
"the",
"Arctic",
"oscillation",
"(",
"AO",
")",
"is",
"warm",
",",
"trade",
"winds",
"are",
"stronger",
"within",
"the",
"tropics",
".",
"The",
"cold",
"phase",
"of",
"the",
"AO",
"leads",
"to",
"weaker",
"trade",
"winds",
".",
"When",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"are",
"weaker",
",",
"more",
"extensive",
"areas",
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",",
"such",
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".",
"</P>",
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"During",
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",",
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",",
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"blue",
"to",
"a",
"white",
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"increase",
"in",
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"sunsets",
".",
"Its",
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"quality",
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"adding",
"to",
"the",
"count",
"of",
"airborne",
"particulates",
".",
"Although",
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"USA",
"has",
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",",
"much",
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"African",
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"that",
"reaches",
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".",
"Since",
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",",
"dust",
"outbreaks",
"have",
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"to",
"periods",
"of",
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"in",
"Africa",
".",
"There",
"is",
"a",
"large",
"variability",
"in",
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"dust",
"transport",
"to",
"the",
"Caribbean",
"and",
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"from",
"year",
"to",
"year",
".",
"Dust",
"events",
"have",
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"linked",
"to",
"a",
"decline",
"in",
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"health",
"of",
"coral",
"reefs",
"across",
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"and",
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",",
"primarily",
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".",
"</P>",
"<H2>",
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"also",
"(",
"edit",
")",
"</H2>",
"<Ul>",
"<Li>",
"Intertropical",
"Convergence",
"Zone",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
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"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"<H2>",
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"(",
"edit",
")",
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"<Ol>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Carol",
"G.",
"Braham",
";",
"Enid",
"Pearsons",
";",
"Deborah",
"M.",
"Posner",
";",
"Georgia",
"S.",
"Maas",
"&",
"Richard",
"Goodman",
"(",
"2001",
")",
".",
"Random",
"House",
"Webster",
"'s",
"College",
"Dictionary",
"(",
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"ed",
".",
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".",
"Random",
"House",
".",
"p.",
"1385",
".",
"ISBN",
"0",
"-",
"375",
"-",
"42560",
"-",
"8",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Hermann",
"R.",
"Muelder",
"(",
"2007",
")",
".",
"Years",
"of",
"This",
"Land",
"-",
"A",
"Geographical",
"History",
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"States",
".",
"Read",
"Books",
".",
"p.",
"38",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"4067",
"-",
"7740",
"-",
"6",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"^",
"Jump",
"up",
"to",
":",
"Derek",
"Hayes",
"(",
"2001",
")",
".",
"Historical",
"atlas",
"of",
"the",
"North",
"Pacific",
"Ocean",
":",
"maps",
"of",
"discovery",
"and",
"scientific",
"exploration",
",",
"1500",
"-",
"2000",
".",
"Douglas",
"&",
"McIntyre",
".",
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"18",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"55054",
"-",
"865",
"-",
"5",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Cyrus",
"Cornelius",
"Adams",
"(",
"1904",
")",
".",
"A",
"text",
"-",
"book",
"of",
"commercial",
"geography",
".",
"D.",
"Appleton",
"and",
"company",
".",
"p.",
"19",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"07",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Oxford",
"English",
"Dictionary",
"(",
"2",
"ed",
".",
")",
".",
"p.",
"225",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Derek",
"Hayes",
"(",
"2001",
")",
".",
"Historical",
"atlas",
"of",
"the",
"North",
"Pacific",
"Ocean",
":",
"maps",
"of",
"discovery",
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"scientific",
"exploration",
",",
"1500",
"-",
"2000",
".",
"Douglas",
"&",
"McIntyre",
".",
"p.",
"152",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"55054",
"-",
"865",
"-",
"5",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"^",
"Jump",
"up",
"to",
":",
"Sverre",
"Petterssen",
"(",
"1941",
")",
".",
"Introduction",
"to",
"Meteorology",
".",
"Mcgraw",
"-",
"Hill",
"Book",
"Company",
",",
"Inc.",
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"110",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"4437",
"-",
"2300",
"-",
"8",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Doldrums",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Intertropical",
"Convergence",
"Zone",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Monsoon",
"Trough",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Archived",
"from",
"the",
"original",
"on",
"2009",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"17",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Superior",
"air",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"10",
"-",
"28",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"2009",
")",
".",
"``",
"trade",
"winds",
"''",
".",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Archived",
"from",
"the",
"original",
"on",
"2008",
"-",
"12",
"-",
"11",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2008",
"-",
"09",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Ralph",
"Stockman",
"Tarr",
"and",
"Frank",
"Morton",
"McMurry",
"(",
"1909",
").",
"Advanced",
"geography",
".",
"W.W.",
"Shannon",
",",
"State",
"Printing",
",",
"pp.",
"246",
".",
"Retrieved",
"on",
"2009",
"-",
"04",
"-",
"15",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"JetStream",
"(",
"2008",
")",
".",
"``",
"How",
"to",
"read",
"weather",
"maps",
"''",
".",
"National",
"Weather",
"Service",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2007",
"-",
"05",
"-",
"16",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Tropical",
"air",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"10",
"-",
"28",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Glossary",
"of",
"Meteorology",
"(",
"June",
"2000",
")",
".",
"``",
"Trade",
"air",
"''",
".",
"American",
"Meteorological",
"Society",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"10",
"-",
"28",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"John",
"E.",
"Oliver",
"(",
"2005",
")",
".",
"Encyclopedia",
"of",
"world",
"climatology",
".",
"Springer",
".",
"p.",
"128",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"4020",
"-",
"3264",
"-",
"6",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"09",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Bob",
"Rauber",
"(",
"2009",
"-",
"05",
"-",
"22",
")",
".",
"``",
"Research",
"-",
"The",
"Rain",
"in",
"Cumulus",
"over",
"the",
"Ocean",
"Campaign",
"''",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"James",
"P.",
"Terry",
"(",
"2007",
")",
".",
"Tropical",
"cyclones",
":",
"climatology",
"and",
"impacts",
"in",
"the",
"South",
"Pacific",
".",
"Springer",
".",
"p.",
"8",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"0",
"-",
"387",
"-",
"71542",
"-",
"1",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"G.E.",
"Pieter",
"&",
"F.",
"Augustinus",
".",
"``",
"The",
"influence",
"of",
"the",
"trade",
"winds",
"on",
"the",
"coastal",
"development",
"of",
"the",
"Guianas",
"at",
"various",
"scale",
"levels",
":",
"a",
"synthesis",
"''",
".",
"Marine",
"Geology.",
"208",
"(",
"2",
"-",
"4",
")",
":",
"145",
"--",
"151",
".",
"Bibcode",
":",
"2004MGeol.",
"208",
"...",
"145A",
".",
"doi",
":",
"10.1016",
"/",
"j.",
"margeo.",
"2004.04.",
"007",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Robert",
"R.",
"Steward",
"(",
"2005",
")",
".",
"``",
"The",
"Ocean",
"'s",
"Influence",
"on",
"North",
"American",
"Drought",
"''",
".",
"Texas",
"A&M",
"University",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"John",
"E.",
"Oliver",
"(",
"2005",
")",
".",
"Encyclopedia",
"of",
"world",
"climatology",
".",
"Springer",
".",
"p.",
"185",
".",
"ISBN",
"978",
"-",
"1",
"-",
"4020",
"-",
"3264",
"-",
"6",
".",
"Retrieved",
"2009",
"-",
"11",
"-",
"08",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Science",
"Daily",
"(",
"1999",
"-",
"07",
"-",
"14",
")",
".",
"African",
"Dust",
"Called",
"A",
"Major",
"Factor",
"Affecting",
"Southeast",
"U.S.",
"Air",
"Quality",
".",
"Retrieved",
"on",
"2007",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"10",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Science",
"Daily",
"(",
"2001",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"15",
")",
".",
"Microbes",
"And",
"The",
"Dust",
"They",
"Ride",
"In",
"On",
"Pose",
"Potential",
"Health",
"Risks",
".",
"Retrieved",
"on",
"2007",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"10",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"Usinfo.state.gov",
"(",
"2003",
")",
".",
"Study",
"Says",
"African",
"Dust",
"Affects",
"Climate",
"in",
"U.S.",
",",
"Caribbean",
".",
"Archived",
"2007",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"20",
"at",
"the",
"Wayback",
"Machine",
".",
"Retrieved",
"on",
"2007",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"10",
".",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Jump",
"up",
"^",
"U.S.",
"Geological",
"Survey",
"(",
"2006",
")",
".",
"Coral",
"Mortality",
"and",
"African",
"Dust",
".",
"Retrieved",
"on",
"2007",
"-",
"06",
"-",
"10",
".",
"</Li>",
"</Ol>",
"Retrieved",
"from",
"``",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=817251427",
"''",
"Categories",
":",
"<Ul>",
"<Li>",
"Climate",
"patterns",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Atmospheric",
"dynamics",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Wind",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Age",
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"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"Hidden",
"categories",
":",
"<Ul>",
"<Li>",
"Webarchive",
"template",
"wayback",
"links",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Good",
"articles",
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"<H2>",
"</H2>",
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"</H3>",
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"</Li>",
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"Talk",
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"</Li>",
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"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
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"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
"<Ul>",
"</Ul>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
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"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
"<Ul>",
"</Ul>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
"<H3>",
"</H3>",
"<Ul>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"Contents",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"</Ul>",
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"</H3>",
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"<Li>",
"</Li>",
"<Li>",
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"</Li>",
"<Li>",
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"</Li>",
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"<Li>",
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"<Li>",
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Obtained using following code:
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("natural_questions", split="validation")
dataset.save_to_disk("natural-questions-validation")
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