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UMBC SciFy Team 9

{ "contexts": [ "CBFA is the DNA-binding subunit of the transcription factor complex called core binding factor, or CBF. Knockout of the Cbfa2 gene in mice leads to embryonic lethality and a profound block in hematopoietic development. Chromosomal disruptions of the human CBFA gene are associated with a large percentage of human leukemias.", "Utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy we have determined the three-dimensional fold of the CBFA Runt domain in its DNA-bound state, showing that it is an s-type immunoglobulin (Ig) fold. DNA binding by the Runt domain is shown to be mediated by loop regions located at both ends of the Runt domain Ig fold. A putative site for CBFB binding has been identified; the spatial location of this site provides a rationale for the ability of CBFB to modulate the affinity of the Runt domain for DNA." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Binding Sites", "Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit", "DNA", "DNA-Binding Proteins", "Humans", "Immunoglobulins", "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Models, Molecular", "Protein Conformation", "Protein Folding", "Protein Structure, Tertiary", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "Protozoan Proteins", "Thermodynamics", "Transcription Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although the 2007 AUA (American Urological Association) guidelines established it as first line therapy for ureteral stones less than 10 mm, widespread adoption of medical expulsive therapy has been low. We determined the current penetrance of medical expulsive therapy guideline recommendations and the efficacy of medical expulsive therapy in reducing the requirement for urological procedures after emergency department visits for ureteral stones.", "In a retrospective analysis of patients seen in the emergency department we included 2,105 emergency department visits associated with an ICD-9 diagnosis of urolithiasis in which computerized tomography abdomen/pelvis scan was performed. Outcomes were reviewed for spontaneous passage or required urological procedure.", "Ureteral stones were found in 48.8% of patients, including 50.0% in whom medical expulsive therapy was prescribed. There was no significant difference between patients who did and did not receive medical expulsive therapy. Within 12 weeks of the initial emergency department visit there was no difference in the rate of urological procedures performed in those who received medical expulsive therapy or in the rate of return to the emergency department. Patients treated with medical expulsive therapy experienced a shorter time to spontaneous expulsion (7.1 vs 12.8 days, p = 0.048)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Emergency Treatment", "Female", "Guideline Adherence", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Renal Colic", "Retrospective Studies", "Ureteral Calculi" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The authors evaluated the neuroprotective and angiogenic effects of a continuous and low-dose infusion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-165 on cerebral ischemia in rats.", "The authors introduced VEGF complementary (c)DNA into baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and established a cell line that produces human VEGF165 (BHK-VEGF). The BHK-VEGF cells and BHK cells that had been transfected with an expression vector that did not contain human VEGF165 cDNA (BHK-control) were encapsulated. Both capsules were implanted into rat striata. Six days after capsule implantation, the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded. Some animals were killed 24 hours after occlusion to measure the volume of the resulting infarct and to perform immunohistochemical studies. Other animals were used for subsequent behavioral studies 1, 7, and 14 days after MCA occlusion. The encapsulated BHK-VEGF cell grafts significantly reduced the volume of the infarct and the number of apoptotic cells in the penumbral area when compared with the effect of the BHK-control cell capsule. In addition, angiogenesis and gliogenesis significantly increased in the region around the capsule in animals that received BHK-VEGF cell capsules without an increase in focal cerebral blood flow; this did not occur in animals that received the BHK-control cell capsule. In behavioral studies rats that received the BHK-VEGF cell capsule displayed significant recovery while participating in the accelerating rotarod test after stroke." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Transplantation", "Cricetinae", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Humans", "Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery", "Kidney", "Male", "Neovascularization, Physiologic", "Neuroglia", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Recovery of Function", "Transfection", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine 5-year mortality rates, following the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, in a large local cohort of individuals with new onset of Type 2 diabetes seen within a few weeks of diagnosis in a single, community-based education programme.", "We reviewed referrals for people with Type 2 diabetes to our service over 5 years from 1999 to 2003 and determined, via regression analysis, which factors contributed significantly to mortality rates up to the end of 2007.", "A total of 3781 new referrals were reviewed with an approximate doubling of referral rates over 5 years (546 in 1999-997 in 2003). Although the number of people developing the condition has increased, mortality rates over the 5 years from diagnosis has fallen from 11% in 1999-9% in 2003 (P < 0.005) Age at diagnosis was the strongest predictor of mortality (P < 0.001) but HbA(1c) at 3 months after diagnosis (P < 0.001), systolic (P < 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.05) blood pressure, smoking status (P < 0.001) and gender (P = 0.04) were also significant predictors." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age of Onset", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Biomarkers", "Blood Glucose", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Diabetic Angiopathies", "Female", "Glycated Hemoglobin A", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mortality, Premature", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Referral and Consultation", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The D allele of the ACE I/D gene variant is associated with higher tissue and serum ACE activity. Previously, studies have suggested an association between the D allele with the microvascular complications of diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of this genotype in relation to clinically manifest peripheral neuropathy (PN) in a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM).", "Five hundred and seventy-two Caucasian subjects (230 females, 342 males) with type 2 DM were recruited from the diabetes clinic at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust. Clinically manifest PN was determined from a standardized clinical examination.", "The ACE I/D genotype distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In the whole group, no significant association was seen between genotype and PN; however, when stratified by sex, the D allele was associated with PN in females but not in males. The odds ratio (OR) for PN in the D allele carriers compared to those homozygous for the I allele was significantly higher in females [OR 2.93 (1.09-7.63), P=.027] but not in males [OR 1.2 (0.61-2.36), P=.60]." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Diabetic Neuropathies", "Female", "Genotype", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A", "Sex Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We assessed whether dietary calcium intake or calcium supplements associated with body composition and obesity in a Chinese population.", "A cross-sectional survey was performed in a population of 8940, aged 20 to 74 y. 8127 participants responded (90.9%). Height, weight, fat mass (FM), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference were measured. Obesity definition: body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m(2) (overall obesity); WC ≥85 cm for men or ≥80 cm for women (abdominal obesity І) and waist hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.90 for men or ≥0.85 for women (abdominal obesity П). The data on dietary calcium and calcium supplements were collected using food-frequency questionnaire and self-report questionnaire. Multivariate linear and multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between dietary calcium intake or calcium supplements and body composition and obesity.", "The average dietary calcium intake of all subjects was 430 mg/d. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, among women only, negative associations were observed between habitual dietary calcium intake and four measures of body composition (β, -0.086, P<0.001 for BMI; β, -0.072, P<0.001 for WC; β, -0.044, P<0.05 for WHR; and β, -0.058, P<0.01 for FM, respectively) and both measures of abdominal obesity (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.86, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.80-0.93; P<0.001, for abdominal obesity I; OR = 0.92, 95% CI, 0.86-0.99; P = 0.026, for abdominal obesity II). These associations were not observed among men (P>0.05). Similarly, among both men and women, we did not observe significant associations between calcium supplements and any measures of body composition or abdominal obesity (P>0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Body Composition", "Body Mass Index", "Calcium", "Calcium, Dietary", "China", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Diet", "Dietary Supplements", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Obesity", "Obesity, Abdominal", "Waist-Hip Ratio" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Early Antarctic expeditions were plagued by nutrient deficiencies, due to lack of fresh food and reliance on preserved foods. Modern Antarctic expeditioners also require provisions to be shipped in, but improved knowledge and storage options ensure foods are nutritionally sound. Despite this, nutritional imbalances are observed.", "To determine the adequacy of dietary intake of Antarctic expeditioners, with reference to bone health.", "Dietary intake was determined on 225 adults (mean age 42±11 years, 16% female) during 12-month deployments at Australian Antarctic stations from 2004 to 2010, using weighed 3-day food records. Nutrient intake was analysed using FoodWorks. Foods were divided into the 5 food groups according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.", "Men consumed below the recommended levels [recommended daily intake (RDI)/adequate intakes (AI)] of calcium (79±42% of RDI, p<0.001), magnesium (83±34% of RDI, p<0.001), potassium (86±29% of AI, p<0.001) and fibre (75±30% of AI, p<0.001), and above the upper limit (UL) for sodium (125±48% of UL p<0.001), whereas women consumed below the recommended levels of calcium (68±21% of RDI, p<0.001) and iron (73±37% of RDI, p<0.001). Vitamin D intake is not substantial (<150 IU/d). Men consumed more alcohol than women (18±24 g/d vs. 10±13 g/d, p<0.05), nearer the guideline of ≤20 g/d. Men and women consumed approximately 1 serving of dairy food per day, and 3 of 5 recommended vegetable servings. Discretionary foods were consumed in excess of recommended." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antarctic Regions", "Australia", "Bone Density", "Bone and Bones", "Calcium, Dietary", "Cohort Studies", "Dietary Supplements", "Expeditions", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Nutritional Requirements", "Risk Assessment", "Sunlight", "Vitamin D" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ligand-stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1) plays a fundamental role in skin biology as potent transducer of mitotic and anti-apoptotic stimuli in keratinocytes. In human epidermis, at least two additional EGFR family members--HER2 and HER3--are expressed but their biological functions in normal and diseased human skin remain obscure.", "Here, we studied the expression and biological impact of HER3 in regenerating human epidermis formed from skin explants adhered to acellular dermis.", "Neoepidermal HER3 expression was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The dynamic effect of HER3 receptor stimulation by recombinant heregulin (HRG)-beta1 was assessed by fluorescence imaging of re-epithelialization.", "In the neoepidermis, HER3 mRNA and protein were detected with activated receptors being immunolocalized at basal and low suprabasal levels. Exogenous HRG-beta1 at 10-20 ng/ml increased the outgrowth rate corresponding to approximately 30% the response of exogenous EGF. The growth-promoting effect of HRG-beta1 was associated with enhanced HER3 phosphorylation, keratinocyte proliferation and thickening of viable neoepidermis whereas blockade of ligand-binding to HER3 delayed the outgrowth process and inhibited both constitutive and ligand-induced HER3 phosphorylation. HER2 antagonism using an anti-dimerization antibody, pertuzumab, impeded the re-epithelialization rate. In addition, a selective HER2 kinase inhibitor, CP654577, downregulated phospho-HER3 expression suggesting that transactivation of kinase-deficient HER3 was accomplished through dimerization with HER2." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized", "Culture Techniques", "Epidermis", "Female", "Humans", "Ligands", "Middle Aged", "Neuregulin-1", "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "Receptor, ErbB-3", "Regeneration" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Recent findings have demonstrated the familiality of psychotic symptoms occurring during Alzheimer disease (AD with psychosis, AD+P), particularly for subjects with multiple psychotic symptoms. We have proposed a model in which genes that confer a small risk for psychosis interact with neurodegenerative illness to yield manifest psychotic symptoms during AD. One prediction of this model would be that AD+P subjects would have evidence of increased degrees of subsyndromal psychosis before AD onset.", "We used the psychosis (positive symptoms) and psychotic personality disorder sections (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal) of the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS) to interview the primary caregivers of AD subjects. Caregivers were specifically instructed to answer questions with regard to the subject's behavior before AD onset. Interviewers were blind to presence of psychosis during AD. Subjects were grouped by whether they had at least one or had multiple psychotic symptoms during AD.", "Scores on the FIGS subscales were generally low, reflecting a low frequency of endorsement of psychotic symptoms before AD. There was a trend for the schizotypal scores to be elevated in the AD+P group, which was highly significant in the AD+P group with multiple psychotic symptoms. There was no significant association of paranoid or schizoid scores with either group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age of Onset", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Alzheimer Disease", "Chi-Square Distribution", "Dementia", "Demography", "Female", "Humans", "Interview, Psychological", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Models, Genetic", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Psychotic Disorders", "Schizotypal Personality Disorder", "Severity of Illness Index" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the expression and activity of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in the temporal lobe of epileptic patients and rat models and explore its role in the occurrence and progression of epilepsy.", "The temporal lobe tissue of epileptic patients and rat models (induced by lithium-pilocarpine) were examined for SIRT1 expression using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting and also for SIRT1 activity using SIRT1 Deacetylase Assay Kit.", "Immunohistochemistry detected positive SIRT1 expression mainly in the cytoplasm of the neurons in both human and rat brains, and the epileptic groups showed stronger SIRT1 immunoreactivity than the control group. Western blotting and activity assay showed that the expression and activity of SIRT1 were significantly increased in the temporal lobe of patients with refractory epilepsy as compared with the tissues samples from non-epileptic patients (P<0.05). In the rat models of epilepsy, SIRT1 expression was up-regulated at 6, 24, and 72 h and at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after kindling (P<0.05) and SIRT1 activity was significantly increased at 6, 24, and 72 h and at 7 and 14 days (P<0.05), with the peak level of SIRT1 expression and activity occurring at 72 h." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Animals", "Disease Models, Animal", "Epilepsy", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Sirtuin 1", "Temporal Lobe", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disease resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA: rs10903323 G/A) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA: rs699947 C/A, rs2010963 G/C, and rs3025039 C/T) contribute to CAD susceptibility.", "We examined the association between the four polymorphisms and the risk of CAD in a Chinese population of 435 CAD patients and 480 controls. Genotyping was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS).", "When the MSRA rs10903323 GG homozygous genotype was used as the reference group, the GA and GA/AA genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of CAD (GA vs GG: adjusted OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.02-1.82, p=0.038; GA/AA vs GG: adjusted OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.01-1.76, p=0.042). The AA homozygous genotype was not associated with a risk of CAD. In the recessive model, when the MSRA rs10903323 GG/GA genotypes were used as the reference group, the AA homozygous genotype was not associated with a risk of CAD. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the VEGFA rs699947 C/A, VEGFA rs2010963 G/C, and VEGFA rs3025039 C/T polymorphisms were not associated with a risk of CAD." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Asian Continental Ancestry Group", "Case-Control Studies", "China", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Female", "Genetic Association Studies", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases", "Middle Aged", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Risk Factors", "Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In recent years, immunomodulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and other \"classic\" sources have been described. However, the phenotypic and functional properties of tumor MSCs are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the immunosuppressive capacity of cervical cancer-derived MSCs (CeCa-MSCs) on effector T lymphocytes through the purinergic pathway.", "We determined the expression and functional activity of the membrane-associated ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on CeCa-MSCs and normal cervical tissue-derived MSCs (NCx-MSCs). We also analyzed their immunosuppressive capacity to decrease proliferation, activation and effector cytotoxic T (CD8+) lymphocyte function through the generation of adenosine (Ado).", "We detected that CeCa-MSCs express higher levels of CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases in cell membranes compared to NCx-MSCs, and that this feature was associated with the ability to strongly suppress the proliferation, activation and effector functions of cytotoxic T-cells through the generation of large amounts of Ado from the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP nucleotides." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine", "Antigens, CD", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Proliferation", "Cyclic AMP", "Female", "Humans", "Hydrolysis", "Immunophenotyping", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Mesenchymal Stem Cells", "T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic", "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The mechanism by which SR48692 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proliferation was investigated.", "The ability of SR48692 to inhibit the proliferation of NSCLC cell lines NCI-H1299 and A549 was investigated in vitro in the presence or absence of neurotensin (NTS). The ability of NTS to cause epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation was investigated by Western blot using NSCLC cells and various inhibitors. The growth effects and Western blot results were determined in cell lines treated with siRNA for NTSR1.", "Treatment of A549 or NCI-H1299 cells with siRNA for NTSR1 reduced significantly NTSR1 protein and the ability of SR48692 to inhibit the proliferation of A549 or NCI-H1299 NSCLC cells. Treatment of A549 and NCI-H1299 cells with siRNA for NTSR1 reduced the ability of NTS to cause epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. SR48692 or gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor) inhibited the ability of NTS to cause EGFR and ERK tyrosine phosphorylation. NTS transactivation of the EGFR was inhibited by GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), Tiron (superoxide scavenger) or U73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor) but not H89 (PKA inhibitor). NTS stimulates whereas SR48692 or gefitinib inhibits the clonal growth of NSCLC cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antineoplastic Agents", "Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Proliferation", "Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor", "ErbB Receptors", "Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases", "Gefitinib", "Gene Knockdown Techniques", "Humans", "Lung Neoplasms", "Phosphorylation", "Protein Processing, Post-Translational", "Pyrazoles", "Quinazolines", "Quinolines", "RNA, Small Interfering", "Receptors, Neurotensin", "Transcriptional Activation", "Transforming Growth Factor alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Leptin has recently been shown to have a stimulatory effect on basal GH secretion. However, the mechanisms by which leptin exert this effect are not yet clear. GHRH and GH-releasing peptide (GHRP)-6 are the two most potent GH secretagogues described to date.", "To determine if leptin could also enhance in vivo GH responses to a maximal dose of GHRH.", "Leptin (10microg i.c.v.) or vehicle was administered at random before GHRH (10microg/kg i,v.) or GHRP-6 (50microg/kg i.v.), to freely-moving rats with food available ad libitum and to (48h) food-deprived rats.", "Leptin and GH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Comparison between the different groups was assessed by the Mann-Whitney test.", "In comparison with fed rats, food-deprived rats showed a marked decrease in GH responses to GHRH as assessed by the area under the curve (5492+/-190ng/ml in fed rats and 1940+/-128ng/ml in fasted rats; P<0.05) and GHRP-6 (3695+/-450 in fed rats and 1432+/-229 in fasted rats; P<0.05). In comparison with its effects in vehicle-treated rats, leptin administered to food-deprived rats markedly increased GH responses to both GHRH (6625+/-613ng/ml; P<0.05) and GHRP-6 (5862+/-441ng/ml; P<0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Food Deprivation", "Growth Hormone", "Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone", "Leptin", "Male", "Oligopeptides", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Many employers in Finland provide not only preventive health care but also primary care for their employees. This puts occupational health professionals (OHPs) in a dual role, which in turn raises questions about patient privacy.", "To investigate occupational health nurses' (n = 140) and physicians' (n = 94) perceptions of privacy in caring relationships.", "A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 183 occupational health (OH) physicians and 183 OH nurses. Descriptive statistics and frequency tables were used to characterize the variables. The differences between nurses and physicians were determined with Pearson's chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests.", "Both nurses and physicians felt that physical, social, psychological and informational privacy was important in the OH setting. The duration of work experience did affect perceptions of privacy. One-third of respondents considered it good practice to take a full medical history from prospective employees as part of the pre-employment assessment. Over half of the OHPs found the currently valid requirements concerning patients' information privacy too strict in that they may in certain cases complicate the provision of care and treatment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Attitude of Health Personnel", "Confidentiality", "Female", "Finland", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Occupational Health Nursing", "Occupational Health Services", "Occupational Medicine", "Privacy", "Statistics as Topic", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes are both lost in central nervous system injury and disease. Activated microglia may play a role in OPC and oligodendrocyte loss or replacement, but it is not clear how the responses of OPCs and oligodendrocytes to activated microglia differ.", "OPCs and microglia were isolated from rat cortex. OPCs were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes with thyroid hormone in defined medium. For selected experiments, microglia were added to OPC or oligodendrocyte cultures. Lipopolysaccharide was used to activate microglia and microglial activation was confirmed by TNFalpha ELISA. Cell survival was assessed with immunocytochemistry and cell counts. OPC proliferation and oligodendrocyte apoptosis were also assessed.", "OPCs and oligodendrocytes displayed phenotypes representative of immature and mature oligodendrocytes, respectively. Activated microglia reduced OPC survival, but increased survival and reduced apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes. Activated microglia also underwent cell death themselves." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Animals, Newborn", "Caspase 1", "Cell Communication", "Cell Death", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Proliferation", "Cells, Cultured", "Cerebral Cortex", "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "Fibroblast Growth Factors", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Microglia", "Oligodendroglia", "Platelet-Derived Growth Factor", "Rats", "Rats, Long-Evans", "Stem Cells", "Thyroid Hormones", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Overexpression of NUSAP1 is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer, but little is known about what leads to its overexpression. Based on previous observations that NUSAP1 expression is enhanced by E2F1, we hypothesized that NUSAP1 expression is regulated, at least in part, by loss of RB1 via the RB1/E2F1 axis.", "Using Significance Analysis of Microarrays, we examined RB1, E2F1, and NUSAP1 transcript levels in prostate cancer gene expression datasets. We compared NUSAP1 expression levels in DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines via use of cDNA microarray data, RT-qPCR, and Western blots. In addition, we used lentiviral expression constructs to knockdown RB1 in prostate cancer cell lines and transient transfections to knockdown E2F1, and investigated RB1, E2F1, and NUSAP1 expression levels with RT-qPCR and Western blots. Finally, in DU145 cells or PC-3 cells that stably underexpress RB1, we used proliferation and invasion assays to assess whether NUSAP1 knockdown affects proliferation or invasion.", "NUSAP1 transcript levels are positively correlated with E2F1 and negatively correlated with RB1 transcript levels in prostate cancer microarray datasets. NUSAP1 expression is elevated in the RB1-null DU145 prostate cancer cell line, as opposed to LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines. Furthermore, NUSAP1 expression increases upon knockdown of RB1 in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and decreases after knockdown of E2F1. Lastly, knockdown of NUSAP1 in DU145 cells or PC-3 cells with stable knockdown of RB1 decreases proliferation and invasion of these cells." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Blotting, Western", "Cell Culture Techniques", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Proliferation", "E2F1 Transcription Factor", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Gene Knockdown Techniques", "Humans", "Male", "Microtubule-Associated Proteins", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Retinoblastoma Protein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the effects of taurine on myocardial mitochondria and their enzyme activities in rats with severe burn.", "One hundred and twenty healthy adult Wistar rats were subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness burn. They were randomly divided into burn group (B, with intraperitoneal injection of isotonic saline), treatment group (T, with intraperitoneal injection of taurine, 200 mg/kg),with 60 rats in each group . Ten rats with sham scald were used as control (S group). The myocardial tissue samples in B and T groups were harvested at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 postburn hours (PBH) for determination of activity respectively of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome oxidase (CCO), the superoxide dismutase (SOD), Ca2+ -ATPase in mitochondria, and contents of cytochrome c (Cyt c), cytochrome aa3 (Cyt aa3), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Ca2+ in mitochondria and cytoplasm . The myocardial tissue samples of controls were harvested at 1 PBH for determination of above indices.", "The activity of CCO in B group was decreased at 1 PBH , especially at 6 ,12 PBH. The activity of SDH in B group was decreased to lowest level at 6 PBH, and its value was lower than that of S group at each time point. The activity of CCO or SDH in T group was not obviously decreased, and the activity of CCO at 3, 6, 12 PBH showed significant difference compared with B group (P < 0.05). The contents of Cyt aa3 and Cyt c in B group at 3, 6, 12, 24 PBH were obviously decreased, which were significantly lower than those in T group (P < 0.05). The activity of SOD in B group at 3, 6, 12 PBH was obviously decreased, the activity of Ca2+ -ATPase at 3, 6, 12 and 24 PBH was decreased to different extent, which was significantly lower than those in T group (P < 0.05). The MDA contents in B and T groups were higher than that in S group at 3-48 PBH ,and it was highest in B group (P < 0.05). The Ca2+ content of mitochondria in B group at 1 PBH was increased (13.7 +/- 1.5), and it was (24.8 +/- 2.6), (29.7 +/- 3.1), (16.3 +/- 1.9) and (13.5 +/- 1.7) at 3, 6, 12, 24 PBH respectively,and they were all higher than that of S group (10.7 +/- 1.6, P < 0.05). The Ca2 contents of cytoplasm in group B at 3 - 24 PBH were also higher than that in S group (P < 0.05). The Ca2+ content of mitochondria in T group at 3, 6, 12, 24 PBH was (16.8 +/- 2.8), (18.7 +/- 1.9), (10.5 +/- 1.8) and (13.3 +/- 1.7)respectively, which were lower than that in B group at every time point." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Burns", "Calcium", "Calcium-Transporting ATPases", "Cytochromes c", "Electron Transport Complex IV", "Female", "Male", "Mitochondria, Heart", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Succinate Dehydrogenase", "Superoxide Dismutase", "Taurine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The vulnerable atherosclerotic lesion exhibits the proliferation of neovessels and inflammation. The imaging modality 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D: -glucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) is considered for the identification of vulnerable plaques.", "The purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression of neoangiogenesis and vulnerability-associated genes with (18)FDG uptake in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.", "Human atherosclerotic carotid artery plaques from symptomatic patients were used for gene expression analysis by quantitative PCR of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and integrin α(V) and integrin β(3) subunits, genes essential during neoangiogenesis. We also evaluated the gene expression of CD34, a measure of microvessel density (MVD), as well as CD68, MMP-9, and cathepsin K, genes of major importance in plaque vulnerability. Gene expression analysis was compared with (18)FDG-PET.", "VEGF and integrin α(V)β(3) gene expression did not correlate with (18)FDG uptake, whereas CD34 gene expression exhibited an inverse correlation with (18)FDG uptake. Additionally, we established that markers of vulnerability were correlated with (18)FDG uptake." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Antigens, CD34", "Carotid Stenosis", "Female", "Fluorodeoxyglucose F18", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Humans", "Integrins", "Linear Models", "Male", "Microvessels", "Middle Aged", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Plaque, Atherosclerotic", "Positron-Emission Tomography", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "After stroke, 10% of patients have adverse cardiac outcomes. Left insular damage may contribute to this by impairing sympathovagal balance (associated with cardiac structural damage and arrhythmias).", "The authors conducted a prospective study of 32 patients with left insular stroke (Group 1) and 84 patients with non-insular stroke/TIA (Group 2). Adverse cardiac outcomes (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, angina, and heart failure) were assessed over 1 year. Myocardial wall motion was investigated with transesophageal echocardiography.", "Group 1's cardiac outcome relative risk (RR) compared with Group 2 was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.02, 3.00, p = 0.05). Left insular stroke remained an independent predictor of cardiac outcome in multivariate analyses. Sensitivity analysis excluding TIA and angina showed similar results. For Group 1 patients without symptomatic coronary artery disease (SCAD), cardiac outcome RR = 4.06 (95% CI: 1.83, 9.01, p = 0.002). For Group 1 with SCAD, RR = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.06, 2.13, p = 0.14). Cardiac wall motion impairment was also associated with left insular stroke independent of CAD or nonischemic heart disease. Right insular stroke was not associated with adverse cardiac outcomes or cardiac wall motion impairment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brain", "Coronary Disease", "Death, Sudden, Cardiac", "Echocardiography, Transesophageal", "Heart Diseases", "Humans", "Stroke" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In the present study we undertook a retrospective analysis of gallbladder carcinoma to assess whether histologically determined hepatic artery (HA) invasion and portal vein (PV) invasion can be considered prognostic factors.", "Seventy-one patients who had undergone radical resection for gallbladder carcinoma between 1995 and 2008 at University of Tsukuba were selected from the database for analysis. Patients who required extended surgery for para-aortic lymph node metastasis were also included. Correlation between invasion of the HA and the PV and prognosis and other clinicopathologic factors were analyzed.", "There were two postoperative deaths among the 71 patients. Pathological invasion of the HA was confirmed in 16 (22.5%) cases and PV invasion was confirmed in 15 patients. Patients with invasion of the HA had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without HA invasion (P < 0.0001). Additionally, in univariate analysis, gender (male), positive para-aortic lymph node metastasis, PV invasion, and HA invasion were identified as significant poor prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, only HA invasion was an independent prognostic factor (Odds Ratio 0.323; P = 0.029)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Gallbladder Neoplasms", "Hepatectomy", "Hepatic Artery", "Humans", "Lymphatic Metastasis", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Portal Vein", "Prognosis", "Radiotherapy Dosage", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Modular, metal-backed tibial (MBT) components are associated with locking mechanism dysfunction, breakage, backside wear, and osteolysis, which compromise survivorship. All-polyethylene tibial (APT) components eliminate problems associated with MBTs, but, historically, APT utilization has generally been limited to older, less active patients. However, it is unclear whether APT utilization can be expanded to a nonselected patient population.", "We therefore determined the survivorship of APT components compared with MBT components in a non-age- or activity-selected population who underwent TKA.", "Using a longitudinal database, we identified 775 patients with primary TKAs utilizing a single implant design between 1999 and 2007. Of these, 558 (72%) patients had APT components (APT2), while 217 (28%) patients with tibial bone loss or defects, contralateral MBT components, or a BMI of greater than 37.5 received MBT components. We determined the survivorship in the two groups. The minimum followup was 2 years for both groups (mean ± SD: MBT, 80 ± 29 months; APT, 63 ± 27 months). The APT group was older (average age: APT2, 70 years; MBT, 64.7 years) and had a lower BMI than the MBT group (APT2, 30.8; MBT, 33.8).", "Survivorship, as defined by revision for any reason, was 99% for the APT group and 97% for the MBT group. There were four (2%) tibial failures in the MBT group in patients with a BMI of greater than 40. There were no revisions for loosening or osteolysis in the APT group." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age Factors", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee", "Body Mass Index", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Knee Prosthesis", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Osteoarthritis, Knee", "Pain Measurement", "Polyethylene", "Postoperative Care", "Preoperative Care", "Prosthesis Design", "Prosthesis Failure", "Radiography", "Range of Motion, Articular", "Recovery of Function", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Sex Factors", "Tibia", "Time Factors", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and prenatal diagnosis (PND) practices for inherited predisposition to cancer are heterogeneous in industrialized countries. In France, permission to perform PGD/PND must be obtained from registered Multidisciplinary Prenatal Diagnosis Teams (MPDTs). The aim of this study was to determine French professionals' attitudes about the acceptability of PGD and PND for inherited predisposition to cancer.", "A cross-sectional survey was performed, involving self-administered questionnaires mailed to all registered cancer geneticists (CGs; n = 123) and MPDTs (n = 47) in France.", "The response rates of CGs and MPDTs were 62% and 64%, respectively; 59% and 50% of the CGs had at least discussed PGD and PND, respectively, with their consultees during the previous year. When severe cancer is liable to occur in childhood with a high penetrance and no effective methods of prevention/treatment exist, high rates of acceptability of PGD/PND were recorded (> 80%). When cancer is liable to occur before the age of 50 years but not in childhood and some form of prevention/treatment is available that preserves quality of life, PGD was rated as acceptable by one MPDT (3.3%) and 10 CGs (13.2%), and PND was rated acceptable by nine CGs (11.8%). Most respondents agreed that the acceptability of PND/PGD depends on patients' family history of cancer and their reproductive history." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Attitude of Health Personnel", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Female", "France", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasms", "Pregnancy", "Preimplantation Diagnosis", "Prenatal Diagnosis", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Acute ethanol administration increases GABA-mediated inhibition in a variety of cerebral cortical preparations. Furthermore, chronic ethanol administration blunts ethanol-induced increases in GABA-mediated inhibition and alters GABA A receptor subunit mRNA and peptide expression in the cerebral cortex. The sedative hypnotic effects of ethanol are believed to be modulated by GABA-induced inhibition in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) neurons, a brain region where acute ethanol administration increases GABA-mediated inhibition of spontaneously active neurons. Chronic ethanol administration produces tolerance to the sedative effects of ethanol. However, it is unknown if chronic ethanol consumption produces alterations in GABA-mediated inhibition in the MS/DB in a manner similar to that found in the cerebral cortex.", "Animals either consumed ethanol chronically for 14 days via a liquid diet or were pair-fed an equicaloric dextrose-containing control diet. Spontaneously active MS/DB neurons were recorded using multibarrel glass micropipettes while the effect of GABA-microiontophoresis was investigated. The total amount of GABA-mediated inhibition at four ejection currents was analyzed, as was the recovery to spontaneous neural firing rates following GABA inhibition. In a separate group of animals, the medial septum was microdissected, and the relative expression of GABA A receptor alpha1 and alpha4 subunit peptide were analyzed via Western blot analysis.", "Chronic ethanol consumption altered recovery of spontaneous neural activity of MS/DB neurons following GABA-microiontophoresis compared to premicroiontophoresis levels. Specifically, the recovery of spontaneous neural activity of MS/DB neurons recorded from animals that chronically consumed ethanol was slower following GABA-microiontophoresis compared to neurons recorded from control animals. This effect was temporary and reversible. Furthermore, the alteration in recovery of spontaneous neural activity was not due to changes in the total amount of inhibition produced by GABA. Finally, there was no significant change in GABA A receptor alpha1 and alpha4 subunit peptide levels in the MS/DB." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alcoholism", "Animals", "Central Nervous System Depressants", "Diagonal Band of Broca", "Ethanol", "Iontophoresis", "Male", "Neural Inhibition", "Neurons", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "gamma-Aminobutyric Acid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In an androgen-dependent manner, the androgen receptor (AR) binds to the androgen-responsive element (ARE) in the regulatory region of target genes. We hypothesize that an \"ARE decoy, \" a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing the same DNA sequence as ARE, can inhibit prostatic proliferation by competitive inhibition of AR transcriptional activity.", "We synthesized a 23-mer ARE decoy based on the deduced ARE sequence at the promoter region of the human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene. The nuclear extract was prepared from LNCaP cells, and DNA-protein interactions were examined by gel shift assay. Then the antiandrogen effect of the ARE decoy was studied in LNCaP cells transfected with the ARE decoy by lipofection. After 24-hr incubation with 10(-9) M dihydrotestosterone (DHT), induction of apoptosis was examined by DNA fragmentation.", "The gel shift assay demonstrated specific binding of the ARE decoy to the LNCaP nuclear protein which is most likely AR. The transfection experiment showed DNA fragmentation in the ARE decoy-transfected cells despite the presence of DHT, though not in the cells transfected with the control decoy." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amino Acid Sequence", "Apoptosis", "Binding, Competitive", "Cell Division", "Humans", "Male", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Oligonucleotide Probes", "Prostate-Specific Antigen", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Receptors, Androgen", "Tumor Cells, Cultured" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To elucidate the antifibrotic mechanism of Huangqi decoction in rats with BDL-induced cholestatic liver fibrosis.", "Liver fibrosis model was induced by ligating the common bile duct (BDL) in rats. Sham-operation was performed in control rats. The BDL rats were randomly divided into two groups: the BDL group and the Huangqi decoction group. Huanqi decoction was given intragastrically for 4 weeks. At the end of the fifth week after BDL, animals were sacrificed.", "Compared with the sham control group, mortality rate in BDL group was 33.3% and incidence rate of ascites was 90%, and hepatic function was abnormal in most of the rats in BDL group. The number of Hepatocytes was decreased and the number of cholangiocytes significantly increased in BDL group. In addition, Hyp content of liver tissue and protein expression of CK 7 and a-SMA were significantly increased. Immunostaining indicated that CK 7 and a-SMA were co-localized in BDL group. These changes were markedly suppressed by the Huangqi decoction." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Actins", "Animals", "Astragalus Plant", "Bile Ducts", "Cell Proliferation", "Cell Transdifferentiation", "Disease Models, Animal", "Drugs, Chinese Herbal", "Epithelial Cells", "Hyaluronic Acid", "Keratin-7", "Liver", "Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary", "Liver Function Tests", "Male", "Plants, Medicinal", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Atheromatous disease (AD) is a risk factor for death in renal patients. Traditional CV risk factors do not predict the presence of AD in this population. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the etiology of the primary renal disease influences in the risk of having silent AD.", "Observational cross-sectional study in chronic kidney disease patients without previous cardiovascular events.", "2436 CKD subjects without any previous CV event included in the prospective Spanish multicenter NEFRONA study. Patients were classified according to primary renal disease: diabetic nephropathy (n = 347), vascular nephropathy (n = 476), systemic/glomerular disease (n = 447), tubulointerstitial and drug toxicity nephropathy (n = 320), polycystic kidney disease (n = 238), non-filiated nephropathy (n = 406) and other causes (n = 202).", "B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography analysis of the carotid arteries were performed to measure intima media thickness (IMT) and the presence of plaques. Clinical and laboratory parameters related to CV risk were also determined.", "AD was scored according with the ultrasonography findings and the ankle-brachial index into two large groups: absence or incipient AD and severe AD.", "In multivariate regression analysis, older age (OR 1.09/year [1.088-1.108]), smoking habit (OR 2.10 [1.61-2.74]), male gender (OR 1.33 [1.09-1.64]), grade-5D of CKD (OR 2.19 [1.74-2.74]), and diabetic nephropathy (OR 2.59 [1.93-3.48]) are independent risk factors for severe AD. The prevalence of silent AD was highest for diabetic nephropathy with grade-5D of CKD (82.2%) and lowest with stages 2-3 CKD systemic/glomerular disease (36.6%)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Ankle Brachial Index", "Asymptomatic Diseases", "Carotid Intima-Media Thickness", "Carotid Stenosis", "Comorbidity", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Diabetic Angiopathies", "Diabetic Nephropathies", "Female", "Humans", "Hyperlipidemias", "Hypertension", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Plaque, Atherosclerotic", "Prospective Studies", "Renal Insufficiency, Chronic", "Risk Factors", "Severity of Illness Index", "Smoking", "Spain", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Electrical defibrillation is the most important therapy for patients in cardiac arrest. The audit was aimed to assess awareness among residents with respect to routine preuse checking of cardiac defibrillators.", "The audit was conducted at a multispeciality tertiary care referral and teaching center by means of a printed questionnaire from anaesthesiology residents. A database was prepared and responses were analyzed.", "Eighty resident doctors participated in the audit. Most (97.8%) of the residents were sure of the presence of a defibrillator in the operation room (OR); 70% of postgraduates (PG)s were aware of the location of the defibrillator in the OR as compared to 83.7% of the senior resident (SRs). Also, 32.1% residents routinely check the availability of a defibrillator. The working condition of the defibrillator was checked by 21.7% of the residents; 25.3% ensured delivery of the set charge. Further, 8.2% of residents ensured availability of both adult and paediatric paddles. About 27.8% of residents ensured the availability of appropriate conducting gel and 53.8% residents were of the opinion that the responsibility of checking the functioning and maintenance of the defibrillators lies with themselves. Some 22% thought that both doctors and technical staff should share the responsibility, while 19.5% opined that it should be the responsibility of the technical staff." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Novel strategies are needed to identify more efficient biomarkers to accurately diagnose prognose and improve the treatment outcome of colorectal cancer.", "To analyze the functional and morphological features of colorectal cancer to identify the neoplastic patterns that affect patient survival.", "Forty-five patients with colorectal cancer were followed for a minimum of 3 years. Blood levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured by chemiluminescence and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue expression followed by computer-assisted image processing. Tumors were assigned to three morphofunctional classes. The morphofunctional classification was based on combination between histological differentiation and cell polarization. The functional characterization was based on the CEA cell polarization. The tissue polarization of CEA was classified in well-polarized, moderately polarized or nonpolarized cells. Morphofunctional staging was defined by the association between morphofunctional class (polarization and histological differentiation) and TNM by score given to each one classification.", "There was an association between increased CEA tissue expression and loss of histological differentiation (P = 0.01) or loss of polarization capacity (P = 0.03). There was a progressive increase in tissue CEA quantities in accordance with the proposed morphofunctional grading system. Plasma levels of CEA were increased in advanced tumor stages. Blood levels of CEA were increased in advanced morphofunctional stages (P = 0.001). There was a relationship between survival outcome and morphofunctional staging (P = 0.005)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Carcinoembryonic Antigen", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Humans", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Immunohistochemistry", "Luminescence", "Neoplasm Staging", "Prognosis", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The Hox family of homeodomain transcription factors comprises pivotal regulators of cell specification and identity during animal development. However, despite their well-defined roles in the establishment of anteroposterior pattern and considerable research into their mechanism of action, relatively few target genes have been identified in the downstream regulatory network. We have sought to investigate this issue, focussing on the developing hindbrain and the cranial motor neurons that arise from this region. The reiterated anteroposterior compartments of the developing hindbrain (rhombomeres (r)) are normally patterned by the combinatorial action of distinct Hox genes. Alteration in the normal pattern of Hox cues in this region results in a transformation of cellular identity to match the remaining Hox profile, similar to that observed in Drosophila homeotic transformations.", "To define the repertoire of genes regulated in each rhombomere, we have analysed the transcriptome of each rhombomere from wild-type mouse embryos and not those where pattern is perturbed by gain or loss of Hox gene function. Using microarray and bioinformatic methodologies in conjunction with other confirmatory techniques, we report here a detailed and comprehensive set of potential Hox target genes in r2, r3, r4 and r5. We have demonstrated that the data produced are both fully reflective and predictive of rhombomere identity and, thus, may represent some the of Hox targets. These data have been interrogated to generate a list of candidate genes whose function may contribute to the generation of neuronal subtypes characteristic of each rhombomere. Interestingly, the data can also be classified into genetic motifs that are predicted by the specific combinations of Hox genes and other regulators of hindbrain anteroposterior identity. The sets of genes described in each or combinations of rhombomeres span a wide functional range and suggest that the Hox genes, as well as other regulatory inputs, exert their influence across the full spectrum of molecular machinery." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Computational Biology", "Embryo, Mammalian", "Gene Expression", "Genes, Homeobox", "In Situ Hybridization", "Mice", "Motor Neurons", "Plasmids", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Rhombencephalon" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Somatostatin (SST) has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. Our aims were to analyze and compare the SST expression during normal aging and colorectal carcinogenesis at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we tested the methylation status of SST in biopsy samples, and the cell growth inhibitory effect of the SST analogue octreotide in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line.", "Colonic samples were collected from healthy children (n1 = 6), healthy adults (n2 = 41) and colorectal cancer patients (CRCs) (n3 = 34) for SST mRNA expression analysis, using HGU133 Plus2.0 microarrays. Results were validated both on original (n1 = 6; n2 = 6; n3 = 6) and independent samples ((n1 = 6; n2 = 6; n3 = 6) by real-time PCR. SST expressing cells were detected by immunohistochemistry on colonic biopsy samples (n1 = 14; n2 = 20; n3 = 23). The effect of octreotide on cell growth was tested on Caco-2 cell line. SST methylation percentage in biopsy samples (n1 = 5; n2 = 5; n3 = 9) was defined using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion.", "In case of normal aging SST mRNA expression did not alter, but decreased in cancer (p < 0.05). The ratio of SST immunoreactive cells was significantly higher in children (0.70% ± 0.79%) compared to CRC (0% ± 0%) (p < 0.05). Octreotide significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic Caco-2 cells. SST showed significantly higher methylation level in tumor samples (30.2% ± 11.6%) compared to healthy young individuals (3.5% ± 1.9%) (p < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Caco-2 Cells", "Case-Control Studies", "Cell Proliferation", "Child", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "DNA Methylation", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "RNA, Messenger", "Somatostatin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We sought to clarify that a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) activator inhibits myocardial fibrosis and its resultant diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive heart disease, as well as to investigate whether inflammatory mediators through the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa-B pathway are involved in the effects.", "Patients with hypertensive heart disease often have diastolic heart failure without systolic dysfunction. Meanwhile, it has been well established in atherosclerosis that PPAR-alpha activation negatively regulates early inflammation. In hypertensive hearts, however, it is still unclear whether PPAR-alpha activation inhibits inflammation and fibrosis.", "Twenty-one rats were randomly separated into the following three groups: deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats treated with a PPAR-alpha activator, fenofibrate (80 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks); DOCA-salt rats treated with vehicle only; and uni-nephrectomized rats as normotensive controls.", "Fenofibrate significantly inhibited the elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and the reduction of the magnitude of the negative maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise and decline, corrected by left ventricular pressure (-dP/dt(max)/P), which are indicators of diastolic dysfunction. Next, fenofibrate prevented myocardial fibrosis and reduced the hydroxyproline content and procollagen I and III messenger ribonucleic acid expression. Finally, inflammatory gene expression associated with NF-kappa-B (interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), which is upregulated in DOCA-salt rats, was significantly suppressed by fenofibrate. Activation of NF-kappa-B and expression of I-kappa-B-alpha in DOCA-salt rats were normalized by fenofibrate." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blotting, Western", "Cardiac Output, Low", "Desoxycorticosterone", "Diastole", "Fenofibrate", "Fibrosis", "Gene Expression", "Hemodynamics", "Hypertension", "Hypolipidemic Agents", "I-kappa B Proteins", "Male", "Myocardium", "NF-kappa B", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Sodium Chloride", "Transcription Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Approximately 70% of lung adenocarcinomas express TTF-1. EGFR mutations are present in 13-15% of Western adenocarcinoma patients. This paper investigates TTF1 as a negative predictor of mutant EGFR in lung adenocarcinomas.", "In the pilot cohort (N = 301) two of 224 specimens positive for EGFR mutations had negative TTF-1 expression (sensitivity 99.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 96.8-99.9%). Estimated negative predictive values (NPV) for EGFR mutation prevalence rates of 13% and 15% are 99.5% (95% credible interval (CRI) 98.6%-99.9%) and 99.4% (CRI - 98.4%-99.9%). For EGFR mutation rates of 13% and 15%, using validation cohort data (211 patients), the estimated NPVs were 97% (95% CRI 92%-99%) and 96% (95% CRI 91%-99%).", "Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors from lung adenocarcinoma patients were analyzed for EGFR mutations by allele-specific PCR in the 'pilot cohort'. TTF-1 status was documented as positive or negative. Negative predictive value (NPV) for a range of true prevalence of EGFR mutation (1%-50%) was estimated using Bayesian modeling. The hypothesis was validated in a separate 'validation' cohort using the same modeling." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS", "METHODS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) is a candidate tumor suppressor which plays an important role in multiple processes including DNA repair, apoptosis, cell cycle control, tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. However, clinical data about the role of ING4 in the development and progression of cervical cancer are still limited. This study aimed to examine ING4 expression in cervical cancer and analyze its correlation with the progression of the malignancy.", "RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to determine ING4 expression in 18 clinical specimens from cervical cancer patients. The correlation of ING4 expression with the clinical-pathological features of the patients was analyzed. Moreover, the correlation between ING4 and HPV E6/E7 transcription level in SiHa cells was analyzed.", "ING4 expression was decreased significantly at mRNA and protein levels in the tissues of cervical cancer compared with paracarcinoma tissues. Analysis of the subcellular localization of ING4 showed that ING4 expression was decreased in the nucleus of cervical cancer tissues. Ectopic expression of ING4 reduced the proliferation of SiHa cells, accompanied by decreased HPV E6/E7 transcription." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Cell Cycle Proteins", "Female", "Homeodomain Proteins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Oncogene Proteins, Viral", "Prognosis", "RNA, Messenger", "Tumor Suppressor Proteins", "Uterine Cervical Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Previous studies have shown that class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) 8 mRNA is upregulated in urothelial cancer tissues and urothelial cancer cell lines compared to benign controls. Using urothelial cancer cell lines we evaluated whether specific targeting of HDAC8 might be a therapeutic option in bladder cancer treatment.", "We conducted siRNA-mediated knockdown and specific pharmacological inhibition of HDAC8 with the three different inhibitors compound 2, compound 5, and compound 6 in several urothelial carcinoma cell lines with distinct HDAC8 expression profiles. Levels of HDAC and marker proteins were determined by western blot analysis and mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Cellular effects of HDAC8 suppression were analyzed by ATP assay, flow cytometry, colony forming assay and migration assay.", "Efficient siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC8 reduced proliferation up to 45%. The HDAC8 specific inhibitors compound 5 and compound 6 significantly reduced viability of all urothelial cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ 9 - 21 μM). Flow cytometry revealed only a slight increase in the sub-G1 fraction indicating a limited induction of apoptosis. Expression of thymidylate synthase was partly reduced; PARP-cleavage was not detected. The influence of the pharmacological inhibition on clonogenic growth and migration show a cell line- and inhibitor-dependent reduction with the strongest effects after treatment with compound 5 and compound 6." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Line, Tumor", "Gene Knockdown Techniques", "Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors", "Histone Deacetylases", "Humans", "Hydroxamic Acids", "Molecular Targeted Therapy", "RNA, Small Interfering", "Repressor Proteins", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess correlations between concomitant high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), pathological features and oncologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP).", "We prospectively collected a single-institution database of 2,351 patients who underwent RP between 1998 and 2011.", "1,272 (54.1%) patients had HGPIN on specimens. The mean follow-up was 28 months. Presence of HGPIN was significantly associated with a favorable preoperative risk status and with pathological factors of poor prognosis in RP specimens. Patients without HGPIN had a worse biochemical recurrence-free survival compared with those with HGPIN in RP specimen (log-rank test: p = 0.015). The 3-year RFS rate was 73.9% for the HGPIN group versus 67.2%. The absence of HGPIN was also significantly correlated with the use of androgen deprivation treatment during the follow-up (p < 0.001). In Cox multivariate analysis, taking into account the other prognostic pathological factors, HGPIN was not an independent predictive factor for PSA failure (p = 0.868)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Androgen Antagonists", "Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Databases, Factual", "Disease-Free Survival", "Humans", "Kallikreins", "Kaplan-Meier Estimate", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Grading", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Prostate-Specific Antigen", "Prostatectomy", "Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Time Factors", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The efficacy and feasibility of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) for gastric GISTs >5 cm has not been adequately assessed. Here we investigated the clinical outcomes of these patients.", "Twenty-seven consecutive patients who underwent resection for gastric GISTs >5 cm were enrolled in this retrospective study. We assessed the tumor characteristics, surgical outcomes, tumor recurrence, and patient survival in the open surgery (OPEN) group and in the LAP group.", "The tumor size in the OPEN group was larger than that in the LAP group, but there were no differences in the mitotic count. There were no differences in operative complications. Finally, there were no differences in the disease-free and no patients in the LAP group died." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Feasibility Studies", "Gastrectomy", "Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Practice Guidelines as Topic", "Retrospective Studies", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Treatment Outcome", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the presence of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in tissue samples of retinoblastoma patients, and to explore the function of ILK in human Y79 retinoblastoma cells.", "The expression of ILK was studied in samples of retinoblastoma patients by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting ILK was transfected into Y79 retinoblastoma cells using liposome. Silencing of ILK expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR and Western blotting assays. Then the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8), Annexin V-FITC/ propidium iodide (PI) immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry assays. Furthermore, the involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase signal pathway was tested by JNK signal transduction inhibitor assay.", "Positive staining for ILK was detected in 15 of the 17 retinoblastoma tissue samples. Specific siRNA targeting ILK significantly silenced ILK expression in Y79 retinoblastoma cells, as confirmed by RT-PCR, real-time PCR and Western blotting assays (P < 0.01). This was accompanied by decreased cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and enhanced apoptosis (P < 0.01). The phosphorylation status of JNK and c-Jun was constitutively activated by ILK siRNA (P < 0.01), and JNK inhibitor simultaneously reversed the effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis induced by ILK siRNA." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Apoptosis", "Biopsy", "Cell Division", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Female", "Humans", "JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases", "MAP Kinase Signaling System", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases", "RNA, Small Interfering", "Retinal Neoplasms", "Retinoblastoma" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the effect of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the expression and release of genes involved in endothelial cell dysfunction in human placenta and omental adipose tissue.", "Human placenta and omental adipose tissue were obtained from non-obese and obese normal glucose tolerant (NGT) women and women with GDM at the time of Caesarean section. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the level of expression. Tissue explants were performed to determine the release of proteins of interest.", "There was no effect of pre-existing maternal obesity or GDM on placental gene expression or secretion of members of the VEGF family members (PLGF and VEGF-A expression and secretion; sFlt-1 release; VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression); FGFR1 mRNA expression, FGF2 mRNA expression and secretion; endoglin mRNA expression and secretion (sEng); and the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. On the other hand, in omental adipose tissue, pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM were associated with increased gene expression of PLGF, endoglin and ICAM-1 and increased secretion of PLGF, sFlt-1, FGF2, sEng and sICAM-1. There was, however, no effect of maternal pre-existing obesity and GDM on VEGF-A, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, FGFR1 and VCAM-1 expression or secretion." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adipose Tissue", "Adult", "Antigens, CD", "Biomarkers", "Diabetes, Gestational", "Endoglin", "Endothelial Cells", "Female", "Fibroblast Growth Factor 2", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Humans", "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Obesity", "Omentum", "Placenta Growth Factor", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Proteins", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Signal Transduction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor (AI) initiation over time and by patient characteristics among women diagnosed with breast cancer in a community setting.", "We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1,501 women age ≥ 18 years diagnosed with stages I to II invasive, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer from 2001 to 2008 in an integrated delivery system. Using automated pharmacy dispensings, we determined endocrine therapy receipt within 12 months of diagnosis. We used generalized linear models to estimate adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs for any endocrine therapy use (v none), tamoxifen use (v none), AI use (v none), and AIs first (v tamoxifen). Each model adjusted for age, stage, body mass index, tumor size, lymph node status, comorbidities, other treatment, and diagnosis year.", "Tamoxifen use was at its highest (56.9%) in 2001 and then decreased; AI use was lowest in 2001 (5.5%) and then peaked in 2005 (36.8%). In multivariate models, women age ≥ 65 years were less likely to use any endocrine therapy compared with women age 55 to 64 years (age 65 to 74 years: RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.96; age ≥ 75 years: RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.81). Women age ≥ 75 years were significantly less likely to begin AIs versus no treatment (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.64) and versus tamoxifen (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.97). Women with tumor sizes 1.0 to 1.9 cm and ≥ 2.0 cm were significantly more likely to use any endocrine therapy compared with women with tumor sizes < 1.0 cm (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.61 and RR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.81, respectively)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Vatreptacog alfa, a recombinant human factor VIIa (rFVIIa) analog developed to improve the treatment of bleeds in hemophilia patients with inhibitors, differs from native FVIIa by three amino acid substitutions. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover, confirmatory phase III trial (adept(™) 2), 8/72 (11%) hemophilia A or B patients with inhibitors treated for acute bleeds developed anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) to vatreptacog alfa.", "To characterize the formation of anti-vatreptacog alfa ADAs in hemophilia patients with inhibitors.", "This was a post hoc analysis of adept(™) 2. Immunoglobulin isotype determination, specificity analysis of rFVIIa cross-reactive antibodies, epitope mapping of rFVIIa single mutant analogs and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling were performed to characterize the ADAs.", "Immunoglobulin isotyping indicated that the ADAs were of the immunoglobulin G subtype. In epitope mapping, none of the rFVIIa single mutant analogs (V158D, E296V or M298Q) contained the complete antibody epitope, confirming that the antibodies were specific for vatreptacog alfa. In two patients, for whom PK profiling was performed both before and after the development of ADAs, vatreptacog alfa showed a prolonged elimination phase following ADA development. During the follow-up evaluation, the rFVIIa cross-reactivity disappeared after the last vatreptacog alfa exposure, despite continued exposure to rFVIIa as part of standard care." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amino Acid Sequence", "Amino Acid Substitution", "Antibody Specificity", "Antigen-Antibody Reactions", "Cross Reactions", "Epitopes", "Factor VIIa", "HLA-D Antigens", "Hemophilia A", "Hemorrhage", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin G", "Isoantibodies", "Neutralization Tests", "Protein Structure, Tertiary", "Recombinant Proteins", "Structure-Activity Relationship" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate the clinical significance of the perioperative CA19-9 change for predicting survival in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients treated with surgical resection.", "We retrospectively reviewed the data from 74 ICC patients treated with surgical resection between April 2001 and July 2010. Perioperative CA19-9 (preoperative level, postoperative lowest level, and level at recurrence) levels were analyzed for patient distribution and survival.", "Before surgery, there were 45 patients who had high preoperative CA19-9 levels (>37 U/mL) and 29 who had normal levels (≤37 U/mL). Of 45 patients with high CA19-9 levels, 34 had normalized CA19-9 levels after resection and 11 had persistently high levels. Of 34 patients with normalized CA19-9 levels, 18 showed recurrence. Of 29 patients with normal preoperative levels, 15 showed recurrence. Multivariate analysis presented that old age (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.881, p < 0.01), persistently high postoperative CA19-9 level (HR = 4.41, p < 0.001), perineural invasion (HR = 3.073, p = 0.01), narrow resection margin (HR = 3.152, p = 0.05), and lymph node metastasis (HR = 3.427, p = 0.02) were significant independent risk factors for survival." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate", "Cholangiocarcinoma", "Female", "Humans", "Liver Neoplasms", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Postoperative Period", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We evaluated the effect of alvimopan treatment vs placebo on health care utilization and costs related to gastrointestinal recovery in patients treated with radical cystectomy in a randomized, phase 4 clinical trial.", "Resource utilization data were prospectively collected and evaluated by cost consequence analysis. Hospital costs were estimated from 2012 Medicare reimbursement rates and medication wholesale acquisition costs. Differences in base case mean costs between the study cohorts for total postoperative ileus related costs (hospital days, study drug, nasogastric tubes, postoperative ileus related concomitant medication and postoperative ileus related readmissions) and total combined costs (postoperative ileus related, laboratory, electrocardiograms, nonpostoperative ileus related concomitant medication and nonpostoperative ileus related readmission) were evaluated by probabilistic sensitivity analysis using a bootstrap approach.", "Mean hospital stay was 2.63 days shorter for alvimopan than placebo (mean±SD 8.44±3.05 vs 11.07±8.23 days, p=0.005). Use of medications or interventions likely intended to diagnose or manage postoperative ileus was lower for alvimopan than for placebo, eg total parenteral nutrition 10% vs 25% (p=0.001). Postoperative ileus related health care costs were $2,340 lower for alvimopan and mean total combined costs were decreased by $2,640 per patient for alvimopan vs placebo. Analysis using a 10,000-iteration bootstrap approach showed that the mean difference in postoperative ileus related costs (p=0.04) but not total combined costs (p=0.068) was significantly lower for alvimopan than for placebo." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Costs and Cost Analysis", "Cystectomy", "Double-Blind Method", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gastrointestinal Agents", "Hospital Costs", "Humans", "Ileus", "Incidence", "Patient Acceptance of Health Care", "Piperidines", "Postoperative Complications", "Prospective Studies", "Receptors, Opioid, mu", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Membranous (M) cell of the human palatine tonsil is an antigen entry site for mucosal infection, but its location is obscure in histological sections. Recently, a microarray analysis has demonstrated that clusterin, annexin A5, CD44, MMP14, and beta-tubulin are candidate genes of M cell marker in mice. Among these genes, we here describe class II beta-tubulin as a new marker for human tonsillar M cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), and present its usefulness for diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AILTs).", "Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for class II beta-tubulin were performed using 81 cases of lymphoid, gastrointestinal and thyroid tissues, and an FDC cell line, respectively. Double immunostaining with clusterin and class II beta-tubulin were carried out.", "Class II beta-tubulin localized the M cells and FDCs in the palatine tonsils (10/10, 100%) and adenoids (10/10, 100%). It was colocalized with clusterin in the palatine tonsils. However, class II beta-tubulin staining did not identify intestinal M cells in the intestines. Immunoblot analysis revealed that class II beta-tubulin expression was upregulated in HK cells, a normal FDC cell line. Class II beta-tubulin immunostaining highlighted hyperplastic FDC meshworks in all AILTs (14/14, 100%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoids", "Appendix", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Blotting, Western", "Castleman Disease", "Cell Line", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Choristoma", "Clusterin", "Dendritic Cells, Follicular", "Gastric Mucosa", "Gastritis", "Hashimoto Disease", "Helicobacter Infections", "Helicobacter pylori", "Humans", "Hyperplasia", "Ileum", "Immunohistochemistry", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Lymph Nodes", "Lymphoid Tissue", "Lymphoma, T-Cell", "Palatine Tonsil", "Thyroid Gland", "Tubulin", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hematopoietic regeneration is regulated by cell survival proteins, such as the Bcl-2 family. Bid, a BH3-only protein of the Bcl-2 family, has multiple cellular functions and is involved in a variety of physiological or pathological conditions. We attempted to define its role in hematopoietic cell repopulation under the stress condition of bone marrow transplantation.", "We performed conventional or competitive bone marrow transplantation with donor hematopoietic cells from Bid(-/-) or Bid(+/+) mice. Flow cytometry was used for quantification of hematopoietic stem cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and differentiated cells in different lineages (T, B, and myeloid cells). Single cell culture and homing assays were performed to further evaluate hematopoietic stem cell functions. Hematopoietic progenitor cells were also measured by the colony-forming cell culture.", "Contrary to the widely recognized role of Bid as a pro-apoptotic protein, the absence of Bid significantly reduced the reconstitution of donor hematopoietic cells in γ-irradiated recipients. Interestingly, however, numbers of hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells and their functions were not overtly altered. Instead, the regeneration of donor T and B cells was significantly impaired in the absence of Bid. Further analysis indicated an accumulation of the triple-negative T-cell population in the thymus, and pro-B cells in the bone marrow." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein", "Bone Marrow Transplantation", "Flow Cytometry", "Gamma Rays", "Lymphoid Tissue", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Regeneration" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have studied the antitumor activity of a novel cyclic amide, CLM94, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 and antiangiogenic activity in primary anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells in vitro and in vivo.", "CLM94 was tested: 1) in two human cell lines (HMVEC-d, dermal microvascular endothelial cells; and 8305C, undifferentiated thyroid cancer) at 0.001-100 μm; 2) in ATC cells at the concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 μm; and 3) in an ATC cell line (AF) in CD nu/nu mice.", "CLM94 significantly inhibited VEGF receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation in HMVEC-d and proliferation in HMVEC-d and 8305C cells. A significant reduction of proliferation with CLM94 in ATC cells (P < 0.01, ANOVA) and a slight but significant reduction of proliferation with CLM94 30 and 50 μm in normal thyroid follicular cells (P < 0.01, ANOVA) were shown. CLM94 increased the percentage of apoptotic ATC cells dose-dependently (P < 0.001, ANOVA) and inhibited migration (P < 0.01) and invasion (P < 0.001). AF cell line was injected sc in CD nu/nu mice, and tumor masses became detectable 25 d afterward. CLM94 (40 mg/kg · d) significantly inhibited tumor growth (starting 10 d after the beginning of treatment). CLM94 significantly decreased the VEGF-A gene expression in the AF cell line and the VEGF-A protein and microvessel density in AF tumor tissues." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiogenesis Inhibitors", "Animals", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Benzamides", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Movement", "Drugs, Investigational", "ErbB Receptors", "Humans", "Inhibitory Concentration 50", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Nude", "Microvessels", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Phosphorylation", "Protein Processing, Post-Translational", "Saccharin", "Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic", "Thyroid Neoplasms", "Tumor Burden", "Tumor Cells, Cultured", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2", "Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Amplification of the MET proto-oncogene in gastroesophageal cancer (GEC) may constitute a molecular marker for targeted therapy. We examined a GEC cohort with follow-up and reported the clinical response of four additional patients with MET-amplified tumors to the small molecule inhibitor crizotinib as part of an expanded phase I cohort study.", "From 2007 to 2009, patients with GEC were genetically screened as a consecutive series of 489 tumors (stages 0, I, and II, 39%; III, 25%; IV, 36%; n = 222 esophageal, including n = 21 squamous carcinomas). MET, EGFR, and HER2 amplification status was assessed by using fluorescence in situ hybridization.", "Ten (2%) of 489 patients screened harbored MET amplification; 23 (4.7%) harbored EGFR amplification; 45 (8.9%) harbored HER2 amplification; and 411 (84%) were wild type for all three genes (ie, negative). MET-amplified tumors were typically high-grade adenocarcinomas that presented at advanced stages (5%; n = 4 of 80). EGFR-amplified tumors showed the highest fraction of squamous cell carcinoma (17%; n = 4 of 23). HER2, MET, and EGFR amplification were, with one exception (MET and EGFR positive), mutually exclusive events. Survival analysis in patients with stages III and IV disease showed substantially shorter median survival in MET/EGFR-amplified groups, with a rank order for all groups by median survival (from most to least aggressive): MET (7.1 months; P < .001) less than EGFR (11.2 months; P = .16) less than HER2 (16.9 months; P = .89) when compared with the negative group (16.2 months). Two of four patients with MET-amplified tumors treated with crizotinib experienced tumor shrinkage (-30% and -16%) and experienced progression after 3.7 and 3.5 months." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cohort Studies", "Crizotinib", "ErbB Receptors", "Esophageal Neoplasms", "Female", "Gene Amplification", "Genes, erbB-2", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met", "Pyrazoles", "Pyridines", "Stomach Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate associations between serum cathepsin S, impaired insulin sensitivity, defective insulin secretion, and diabetes risk in a community-based sample of elderly men without diabetes.", "Serum cathepsin S, insulin sensitivity (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp), and insulin secretion (early insulin response during an oral glucose tolerance test) were measured in 905 participants of the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (mean age, 71 years). Thirty participants developed diabetes during 6 years of follow-up.", "After adjustment for age, anthropometric variables, and inflammatory markers, higher cathepsin S was associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (regression coefficient per SD increase -0.09 [95% CI -0.14 to -0.04], P = 0.001), but no association with early insulin response was found. Moreover, higher cathepsin S was associated with a higher risk for developing diabetes (odds ratio per SD increase 1.48 [1.08-2.01], P = 0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cathepsins", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Glucose Clamp Technique", "Humans", "Insulin", "Insulin Resistance", "Male" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Susceptibility to cigarette smoking in tobacco-naive youth is a strong predictor of smoking initiation. Identifying mechanisms that contribute to smoking susceptibility provide information about early targets for smoking prevention. This study investigated whether sensitivity to secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) contributes to smoking susceptibility.", "Subjects were high-risk, ethnically diverse 8- to 13-year-old subjects who never smoked and who lived with at least 1 smoker and who participated in a longitudinal SHSe reduction intervention trial. Reactions (eg, feeling dizzy) to SHSe were assessed at baseline, and smoking susceptibility was assessed at baseline and 3 follow-up measurements over 12 months. We examined the SHSe reaction factor structure, association with demographic characteristics, and prediction of longitudinal smoking susceptibility status.", "Factor analysis identified \"physically unpleasant\" and \"pleasant\" reaction factors. Reported SHSe reactions did not differ across gender or family smoking history. More black preteens reported feeling relaxed and calm, and fewer reported feeling a head rush or buzz compared with non-Hispanic white and Hispanic white counterparts. Longitudinally, 8.5% of subjects tracked along the trajectory for high (versus low) smoking susceptibility. Reporting SHSe as \"unpleasant or gross\" predicted a 78% reduction in the probability of being assigned to the high-smoking susceptibility trajectory (odds ratio: 0.22 [95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.95]), after covariate adjustment." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Child", "Cough", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Dizziness", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Forecasting", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Nausea", "Risk Factors", "Smoking", "Smoking Cessation", "Tobacco Smoke Pollution" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine whether CX(3)CR1(+) bone marrow cells have the capacity for smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation.", "CX(3)CR1(+) and CX(3)CR1(-) cells were isolated from marrow of CX(3)CR1 transgenic mice and cultured in SMC differentiation media. Phenotypic and functional analyses showed only CX(3)CR1(+) bone marrow cells exhibit colony cell outgrowth with SMC-specific protein expression, calcium signaling, and contraction responses similar to mature SMC." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bone Marrow Cells", "CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1", "Calcium Signaling", "Cell Differentiation", "Cells, Cultured", "Macrophages", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Models, Animal", "Monocytes", "Myocytes, Smooth Muscle", "Receptors, Chemokine", "Stem Cells" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hand-held echocardiography (echo) (HE) was compared with standard echo (SE) to evaluate the quality of HE and to determine if it is safe to use HE to screen for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in the elderly.", "A total of 260 high-risk persons aged 75 years and older with and without heart disease participated. SE (GE Vingmed 7/E9) and HE (GE Vscan) were performed in all 260 persons by separate, blinded and experienced echocardiographers who followed guidelines from the Danish Society of Cardiology and completed a structured data sheet. Another blinded echocardiographer revised HE (HR) and SE twice (SR). Data were analysed using STRATA and Cohen's Kappa statistic, and intra- and inter-observer variations and predictive values were calculated.", "Comparison of HR and SR, and HE and SE showed modest intra- and interobserver variation and good agreement in diagnosing LVSD and other changes in cardiac function and morphology (significant valvular disease), corresponding to a low inter-method variation and a good safety; thus, HE can be used to screen for LVSD and other cardiac abnormalities. Besides, the negative predictive values were high; thus, HE can be relied upon to omit persons with normal echoes from referral to SE." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Echocardiography", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Observer Variation", "Point-of-Care Testing", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Ventricular Dysfunction, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have limited knowledge on ways to improve oral health-related behaviors for caregivers of minority preschoolers. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a bilingual educational flipchart.", "We piloted a bilingual flipchart with Korean-American caregivers of preschoolers (n=219) and administered pre-/post-intervention surveys. The paired t-test evaluated changes in knowledge and self-efficacy (for all caregivers and stratified by acculturation).", "There were significant improvements in knowledge on the bacterial etiology of tooth decay (P=0.02), mother-to-child transmission of tooth decay (P=0.03), fluoride toothpaste safety (P<0.0001), and dental visit frequency (P<0.0001). Caregivers' self-efficacy to keep their child's teeth healthy also improved (P<0.0001). There were differences in knowledge measures based on caregivers' acculturation." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Asian Americans", "Caregivers", "Child, Preschool", "Focus Groups", "Humans", "Knowledge", "Oral Health", "Pilot Projects", "Republic of Korea", "Self Efficacy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Because toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been well characterized as dendritic cell (DC) activators, we hypothesized that the admixture of TLR4 agonist into a cellular vector could improve the antitumor response in vivo.", "Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor secreting whole cell tumor cell vector (GVAX) was formulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist, and its intratumoral therapeutic efficacy was tested in three different murine models. We utilized immunohistochemistry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT), and in vivo CTL analysis to assess both local innate immune responses within the tumor tissue as well as the downstream generation of antitumor T-cell responses.", "Intratumoral treatment of LPS-absorbed GVAX showed efficacy in improving an antitumor response in vivo in comparison with GVAX alone. Improved antitumor efficacy of this novel admixture was not present in TLR4 signaling impaired mice. In the CT26 model, 40% to 60% of the mice showed regression of the transplanted tumor. When rechallenged with CT26 tumor cells, these mice proved to be immunized against the tumor. Tumors treated with TLR4 agonist-absorbed GVAX showed increased infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as increased numbers of CD86(+) cells in the tumor tissue. Draining lymph nodes from the treated mice had enhanced number of activated CD86(+), MHCII(+), and CD80(+) DCs in comparison with GVAX alone and mock-treated groups. ELISPOT assay and in vivo CTL assay showed increased numbers of CTLs specific for the AH1 tumor antigen in mice treated with LPS-absorbed GVAX." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport", "Animals", "Cancer Vaccines", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Dendritic Cells", "Female", "HEK293 Cells", "Humans", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Lymph Nodes", "Melanoma, Experimental", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Mice, Inbred C3H", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88", "Neoplasms", "T-Lymphocytes", "T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic", "Toll-Like Receptor 4", "Tumor Microenvironment", "Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Velopharyngeal insufficiency and chronic otitis media with effusion following primary cleft palate repair can be attributed to persistent abnormalities in the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles, respectively. The purpose of this case-control study was to examine the association between otitis media with effusion requiring myringotomy tubes and the need for secondary speech surgery.", "Records of patients who underwent primary palatoplasty at the authors' institution from 1990 to 2006 were reviewed. Data included age at primary palatoplasty, sex, Veau classification, surgeon, number of postpalatoplasty myringotomy tube procedures, hearing loss, 22q deletion syndrome diagnosis, and fistula. The primary outcome was need for secondary speech surgery.", "Of 249 patients meeting inclusion criteria, forty-four patients (17.7 percent) had secondary speech surgery recommended or performed. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between Veau classification, 22q deletion syndrome diagnosis, and two or more myringotomy tube procedures with secondary speech surgery. Adjusting for multiple covariates, children requiring two or more myringotomy tubes were 2.55 times more likely to require secondary speech surgery than patients who required one or fewer myringotomy tubes procedures (95 percent CI, 1.24 to 5.21; p = 0.009)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Analysis of Variance", "Case-Control Studies", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Chronic Disease", "Cleft Palate", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Laryngoscopy", "Male", "Middle Ear Ventilation", "Multivariate Analysis", "Otitis Media with Effusion", "Reconstructive Surgical Procedures", "Reoperation", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Severity of Illness Index", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Treatment Outcome", "Velopharyngeal Insufficiency" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation has been investigated in several trials as a strategy for downstaging locally advanced disease to resectability. The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of neoadjuvant radiation therapy (RT) vs. other treatments on long-term survival for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer in a large population-based sample group.", "The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database (1994-2003) was queried for cases of surgically resected pancreatic cancer. Retrospective analysis was performed. The endpoint of the study was overall survival.", "Using Kaplan-Meier analysis we found that the median overall survival of patients receiving neoadjuvant RT was 23 months vs. 12 months with no RT and 17 months with adjuvant RT. Using Cox regression and controlling for independent covariates (age, sex, stage, grade, and year of diagnosis), we found that neoadjuvant RT results in significantly higher rates of survival than other treatments (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.79; p = 0.001). Specifically comparing adjuvant with neoadjuvant RT, we found a significantly lower HR for death in patients receiving neoadjuvant RT rather than adjuvant RT (HR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.90; p = 0.03)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Humans", "Incidence", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoadjuvant Therapy", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Population Surveillance", "Radiotherapy, Adjuvant", "Registries", "Survival Analysis", "Survival Rate", "Treatment Outcome", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Linalool and β-pinene are two volatile monoterpenes that possess antidepressant-like activity. These are components of many aromatic plants used in folk medicine around the world to relieve anxiety and depression. In this contribution, we focused on examining the mechanism of action of these compounds.", "We used mice in the forced swimming test (FST) and antagonist drugs (i.p.) to receptors related to the depression process such as 5-HT1A. To assess the possible contribution of the serotoninergic system, animals were pre-treated with WAY 100635 (a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist) and PCPA (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor).To assess the participation of the noradrenergic system, the animals were pre-treated with yohimbine (an α2 receptor antagonist), propranolol (a β receptor antagonist) and neurotoxin DSP-4 (a noradrenergic neurotoxin). In the dopaminergic system, we used SCH23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist).", "WAY 100635 blocked the antidepressant-like effect of linalool and β-pinene. In contrast, pretreatment of mice with PCPA did not modify reductions in the immobility time elicited by the two monoterpenes. The yohimbine modified the effect of linalool on immobility time. Propranolol and neurotoxin DSP-4 reversed the anti-immobility effect of β-pinene; also, SCH23390 blocked the antidepressant-like effect of β-pinene." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenergic Neurons", "Animals", "Antidepressive Agents", "Benzazepines", "Bridged Bicyclo Compounds", "Dopaminergic Neurons", "Imipramine", "Male", "Mice, Inbred ICR", "Monoterpenes", "Piperazines", "Pyridines", "Serotonergic Neurons", "Serotonin Antagonists" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated PTEN expression in primary pancreatic cancer and pancreatic cancer liver metastasis in order to evaluate the interrelationship between PTEN expression and clinicopathological characteristics of pancreatic cancer patients with and without liver metastasis.", "Eighty five primary pancreatic cancer specimens without liver metastasis were analyzed as controls. Eighty seven pancreatic cancer specimens and homologous liver metastasis specimens were investigated immunohistochemically, and the correlation between immunohistochemical findings and clinicopathological factors was investigated.", "A strong PTEN expression was observed in 52 (61.2%) specimens from patients without liver metastasis. In contrast, only 26 (29.9%) specimens were observed in patients with liver metastasis. A strong PTEN expression was apparently associated with low-grade lymph node metastasis (p <0.05) and TNM stage (p <0.05). PTEN expression in patients without liver metastasis was apparently stronger than that with liver metastasis. In addition, among patients with liver metastasis, the 5-year survival rate was markedly higher in patients with strong PTEN expression compared to those with weak PTEN expression." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Liver Neoplasms", "Male", "Middle Aged", "PTEN Phosphohydrolase", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Parvovirus B19 infection causes severe cytopenia and can mimic a leukemic relapse or therapy-induced cytopenia in patients with hematologic malignancies. We evaluated the complications of parvovirus B19 infection, including delays in the scheduled course of chemotherapy, in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "Consecutive bone marrow samples were collected from 117 children with ALL and were analyzed for parvovirus B19 DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the Nordic Childhood Leukemia Registry and from medical records.", "Among the 117 children with ALL, 18 (15%) were found to be parvovirus B19 DNA positive. The infection was suspected on clinical grounds in only 1 of these 18 patients. Patients with viremia at diagnosis or during therapy for infection had lower viral loads (median viral load, 7 x 10(4) copies/mL) than did those who became viremic during maintenance therapy (median viral load, 2 x 10(8) copies/mL). The former group also had fewer clinical complications. Indeed, when parvovirus B19 DNA was present during the maintenance treatment, the number of complications (including cytopenia) increased, causing significantly longer periods without chemotherapy (median duration without chemotherapy, 59 days vs. 30 days; P < or = .05) and a higher number of blood transfusions (P = .018) in parvovirus B19 DNA-positive patients than in parvovirus B19 DNA-negative patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Bone Marrow", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "DNA, Viral", "Female", "Humans", "Infant", "Male", "Pancytopenia", "Parvoviridae Infections", "Parvovirus B19, Human", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), cirrhosis is associated with age, gender, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV). The effect of these factors on the outcome of cirrhosis is unknown. This study in CHC patients with cirrhosis aimed to assess the influence of these factors on decompensation, liver transplantation, and death. Consecutive patients with CHC and cirrhosis hospitalized between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2008 were followed up until death, transplantation, or study closure in March 2013. Gender, age, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, diabetes, alcohol abuse, HIV, or HBV coinfection were collected at inclusion. The complications of cirrhosis, death, and liver transplantation were recorded at inclusion and during follow-up. The association between baseline factors and liver-related outcomes at inclusion and during follow-up were tested using logistic regression and Cox's model, respectively. A total of 348 patients with CHC and cirrhosis (68% men; median age: 59 years; median MELD: 10) were included. At baseline, 40% of the patients had diabetes, 29% alcohol abuse, and 6% HIV or HBV coinfection. Baseline MELD≥10 (P<0.001), diabetes (P=0.027), and HBV coinfection (P=0.001) were independently associated with transplantation-free survival. Baseline diabetes was independently associated with ascites (P=0.05), bacterial infections (P=0.001), and encephalopathy (P<0.001) at inclusion. Baseline diabetes was independently associated with development of ascites (P=0.057), renal dysfunction (P=0.004), bacterial infections (P=0.007), and hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.016) during the follow-up." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular", "Diabetes Complications", "Female", "France", "Hepatitis B", "Hepatitis C, Chronic", "Humans", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Liver Neoplasms", "Liver Transplantation", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the prevention of adhesions interferes with the healing of jejunal anastomosis.", "Twenty-five rats allocated into five groups.", "Group 1- intraperitoneal injection of 12ml-1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC). Groups 2-5- jejunal anastomosis. Groups 3 and 5- intraperitoneal SCMC-12 ml. The animals of the groups 2 and 4- only anastomosis. The rats of the groups 2 and 3- reopened on the 5th and those of groups 4 and 5 on the 21st postoperative days. Abdominal adhesions were graded and burst pressure of the anastomosis measured. Histological studies of anastomotic healing were performed.", "Group 1 did not present any abnormality. Groups reopened on the 5th day did not differ in the burst pressures of the anastomosis and adhesion grades. The burst pressures in the groups reopened on the 21st postoperative day also did not differ. Histological patterns were similar in both groups on the 5th day, but on the 21st day, the rats treated with SCMC showed a maturer intestinal healing." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdomen", "Anastomosis, Surgical", "Animals", "Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium", "Disease Susceptibility", "Female", "Fibrosis", "Injections, Intraperitoneal", "Jejunum", "Male", "Pressure", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Surgical Wound Dehiscence", "Tissue Adhesions", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Changes in the islet vasculature have been implicated in the regulation of β-cell survival and function during the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Failure of the β-cell to compensate for the increased insulin demand in obesity eventually leads to diabetes; as a result of the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors (e.g. ongoing inflammation within the islets) and impaired vascular function. The Angiopoietin/Tie (Ang/Tie) angiogenic system maintains vasculature and is closely related to organ inflammation and angiogenesis. In this study we aimed to identify whether the vessel area within the islets changes in diabetes and whether such changes would be triggered by the Tie-antagonist Ang-2.", "Immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses to follow islet vascularization and Ang/Tie levels were performed in human pancreatic autopsies and isolated human and mouse islets. The effect of Ang-2 was assessed in β-cell-specific Ang-2 overexpressing mice during high fat diet (HFD) feeding.", "Islet vessel area was increased in autopsy pancreases from patients with T2D. The vessel markers Tie-1, Tie-2 and CD31 were upregulated in mouse islets upon HFD feeding from 8 to 24 weeks. Ang-2 was transiently upregulated in mouse islets at 8 weeks of HFD and under glucolipotoxic conditions (22.2 mM glucose/ 0.5 mM palmitate) in vitro in human and mouse islets, in contrast to its downregulation by cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-ɣ and TNF-α). Ang-1 on the other hand was oppositely regulated, with a significant loss under glucolipotoxic condition, a trend to reduce in islets from patients with T2D and an upregulation by cytokines. Modulation of such changes in Ang-2 by its overexpression or the inhibition of its receptor Tie-2 impaired β-cell function at basal conditions but protected islets from cytokine induced apoptosis. In vivo, β-cell-specific Ang-2 overexpression in mice induced hypervascularization under normal diet but contrastingly led to hypovascularized islets in response to HFD together with increased apoptosis and reduced β-cell mass." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiopoietin-2", "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Diet, High-Fat", "Disease Models, Animal", "Islets of Langerhans", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Neovascularization, Pathologic", "Signal Transduction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Spitz naevi have not been widely studied in Asians.", "To compare the epidemiology and clinicopathological features of Spitz naevi in Koreans with lesions in western countries.", "In total, 80 Spitz naevi in 77 patients diagnosed over 10 years at 17 university hospitals in Korea were analysed.", "The relative incidence of Spitz naevus vs. MM was 1 vs. 10.9. In most patients (75%) the Spitz naevi had been present for > 6 months. The size of the lesion was relatively large. Histologically, most of the lesions (54%) were the dermal type and pigmentation was common (49% of lesions). Immunohistochemical study found that all of the 34 lesions were positive for S-100 protein but only 14 (47%) were positive for HMB-45." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Humans", "Infant", "Korea", "Male", "Melanoma", "Middle Aged", "Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell", "Skin Neoplasms", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina (UDWOH) and ipsilateral renal agenesis is a distinct but rare entity.", "To demonstrate the association between UDWOH and a multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) in neonates. To demonstrate the usefulness of sonography with vaginal fluid instillation in the early and reliable diagnosis of this genital anomaly in girls with MCDK.", "Our patients were five female neonates with a MCDK, which had been detected in utero. We performed sonography of the internal genitalia in all patients before and after filling the vagina with saline.", "In all five girls, sonographic examination revealed uterus didelphys with obstruction of the vagina ipsilateral to the MCDK. In three girls, a dilated ureter originating from the MCDK and extending to the level of the vagina could be clearly demonstrated, with one of these including the ureteric insertion into the atretic vagina." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Congenital Abnormalities", "Female", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Kidney", "Kidney Diseases", "Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney", "Ultrasonography", "Uterus", "Vagina", "Vaginal Diseases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) recommends intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 8 or less, and an abnormal brain computed tomography. However, benefits of ICP monitoring have not been documented. We hypothesized that BTF criteria for ICP monitoring in blunt TBI do not identify patients who are likely to benefit from it.", "The National Trauma Data Bank (1994-2001) was analyzed. Inclusion criteria were blunt TBI, head-abbreviated injury score (AIS) 3 to 6, age 20 to 50 years, GCS </=8, abnormal brain computed tomographic scan, and intensive care unit admission for 3 days or more. Early deaths (<48 hours) and delayed admissions (>24 hours after injury) were excluded. Patients who underwent ICP monitoring (n = 708) were compared with those did not (n = 938). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between ICP monitoring and survival, while controlling for overall injury severity, TBI severity, craniotomy, associated injuries, comorbidities, and complications.", "ICP monitoring was performed in only 43% of patients who met BTF criteria. There were no group differences in age, gender, or GCS. After adjusting for multiple potential confounding factors including, admission GCS, age, blood pressure, head AIS, and injury severity score (ISS), ICP monitoring was associated with a 45% reduction in survival (OR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39-0.76; p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Brain Injuries", "Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)", "Female", "Humans", "Intracranial Pressure", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Monitoring, Physiologic", "Multiple Trauma", "Quality Assurance, Health Care", "Survival Analysis", "Trauma Severity Indices" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "About 15% of colorectal cancers harbor microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI-associated gene expression changes have been identified in colorectal cancers, but little overlap exists between signatures hindering an assessment of overall consistency. Little is known about the causes and downstream effects of differential gene expression.", "DNA microarray data on 89 MSI and 140 microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancers from this study and 58 MSI and 77 MSS cases from three published reports were randomly divided into test and training sets. MSI-associated gene expression changes were assessed for cross-study consistency using training samples and validated as MSI classifier using test samples. Differences in biological pathways were identified by functional category analysis. Causation of differential gene expression was investigated by comparison to DNA copy-number data.", "MSI-associated gene expression changes in colorectal cancers were found to be highly consistent across multiple studies of primary tumors and cancer cell lines from patients of different ethnicities (P < 0.001). Clustering based on consistent changes separated additional test cases by MSI status, and classification of individual samples predicted MSI status with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 85%. Genes associated with immune response were up-regulated in MSI cancers, whereas genes associated with cell-cell adhesion, ion binding, and regulation of metabolism were down-regulated. Differential gene expression was shown to reflect systematic differences in DNA copy-number aberrations between MSI and MSS tumors (P < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Gene Dosage", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Humans", "Microsatellite Instability", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Most physiological measurements of the pulmonary diffusing capacity use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer gas. Similar to CO, melatonin binds the hemoglobin in the blood.", "The present study was designed to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin administration on pulmonary functions including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL(CO)) in healthy subjects.", "The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled manner. DL(CO) was measured in 22 healthy male volunteers (age 18-25 years) who were randomized to melatonin (n = 11) and placebo administration (n = 11). At baseline, DL(CO), alveolar volume (V(A)) and other spirometric parameters such as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured. DL(CO) was then corrected for the hemoglobin concentration. Measurements were repeated in a double-blind fashion 60 min after the administration of melatonin (1 mg) or placebo.", "DL(CO) was significantly decreased (39.31 +/- 4.75 vs. 34.82 +/- 6.18 ml/min/mm Hg) 60 min after the melatonin administration (p = 0.01), while FEV(1), FVC, FEV(1)/FVC, PEF and MVV values did not demonstrate significant differences. Placebo administration did not result in significant alteration in any of these parameters." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Blood Pressure", "Carbon Monoxide", "Female", "Forced Expiratory Volume", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Lung", "Male", "Melatonin", "Pulmonary Alveoli", "Reference Values", "Respiratory Function Tests", "Sex Characteristics" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The progression of implantation and placentation in ruminants is complex and is regulated by interplay between sex steroids and local signaling molecules, many of which have immune function. Chemokines and their receptors are pivotal factors in implantation and vascularization of the placenta. Based on known critical roles for chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) during early pregnancy in other species, we hypothesized that CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 would increase in the endometrium and conceptus in response to implantation in ewes. The objectives of the current study were to determine if CXCL12 and CXCR4 were upregulated in: endometrium from pregnant compared to non-pregnant ewes and in, conceptuses, cotyledons, caruncles and intercaruncular tissue.", "Tissues were collected from sheep on Days 12, 13, 14, and 15 of either the estrous cycle or pregnancy and from pregnant ewes on Days 35 and 50. Blood samples from jugular and uterine vein were also collected on all days. Conceptuses were collected from mature ewes on Days 13, 15, 16, 17, 21 and 30 of gestation. Real time PCR was used to determine relative mRNA concentrations for CXCL12 and CXCR4 and Western blot analysis was employed to confirm protein concentration.", "Differences described are P < 0.05. In the endometrium, CXCR4 mRNA and protein was greater on Day 15 of pregnancy compared to the estrous cycle. CXCL12 and CXCR4 mRNA in conceptuses was greater on Days 21 and 30 compared to earlier days. CXCL12 mRNA was greater in cotyledons on Day 35 compared to Day 50. On Day 35 of gestation, CXCR4 was greater compared to Day 50 in caruncle and intercaruncular tissue. White blood cells obtained from jugular and uterine vein collection had the greatest mRNA concentration of CXCL12 on Day 35 of pregnancy." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Chemokine CXCL12", "Embryo Implantation", "Embryo, Mammalian", "Embryonic Development", "Endometrium", "Estrous Cycle", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental", "Leukocytes", "Ligands", "Placenta", "Placentation", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Proteins", "RNA, Messenger", "Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Receptors, CXCR4", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Sheep, Domestic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although a doubling in the prevalence of atopic disease, including atopic dermatitis, in the Western world over the last few generations has been paralleled by a marked reduction in infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, it is unclear whether this increase in atopy is causally related to reduced exposure to mycobacteria.", "The aim of this study was to determine whether administration of mycobacterial antigens to atopic individuals might ameliorate their disease.", "Forty-one children aged 5 to 18 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, where they were given either one intradermal injection of killed Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL 172) or buffer solution (placebo). Changes in skin surface area affected by dermatitis and dermatitis severity score were assessed before treatment and at 1 and 3 months after treatment.", "Children treated with SRL 172 showed a mean 48% (95% CI, 32%-65%) reduction in surface area affected by dermatitis compared with a mean 4% (95% CI, -29% to 22%) reduction for the placebo group (P <.001) and a median 68% (interquartile range, 46%-85%) reduction in dermatitis severity score compared with 18% (interquartile range, -2% to 34%) for the placebo group (P <.01) at 3 months after treatment. There were no untoward effects of the treatment, apart from a local reaction in 13 of the 21 children, which occurred 1 month after SRL 172 administration and settled spontaneously." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Antigens, Bacterial", "Bacterial Vaccines", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Dermatitis, Atopic", "Double-Blind Method", "Eosinophils", "Female", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin E", "Injections, Intradermal", "Leukocyte Count", "Male", "Mycobacterium", "Severity of Illness Index", "Time Factors", "Vaccination", "Vaccines, Inactivated" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The KAI1/CD82 gene, the product of which is a member of the transmembrane-4 superfamily, is a suppressor of metastasis; as a result, it is inversely associated with tumor progression and is a favorable prognostic factor in some tumors. This study was performed to determine the prognostic value of KAI1/CD82 protein levels in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In addition, levels of KAIl/CD82 expression in metastatic lesions were determined and compared with those in primary NSCLC lesions.", "KAI1/CD82 expression in 200 NSCLC patients who underwent potentially curative surgery was immunohistochemically detected with C33, an anti-KAI1/CD82 monoclonal antibody. According to the degree of KAI1/CD82 positive cancer cells within the tumor tissue, each sample was classified as KAI1/CD82 positive, KAI1/CD82 reduced, or KAI1/CD82 negative.", "Sixty-five samples (32.5%) were KAI1/CD82 positive, 31 (15.5%) were reduced, and 104 (52%) were negative. There was no significant association between KAI1/CD82 expression and clinicopathologic factors, but patients who were positive for KAI1/CD82 expression had significantly favorable prognoses for overall survival (P = 0.0026) and disease free survival (DFS; P = 0.0007) compared with the other groups. In particular, among patients with adenocarcinoma, similar results were even more significant. In multivariate analysis, immunohistochemical KAI1/CD82 expression in patients with NSCLC was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and DFS; in those with adenocarcinoma, it was an even more valuable factor. In some patients with NSCLC, especially those with adenocarcinoma, KAI1/CD82 expression levels in metastatic lesions were diminished compared with levels of expression in the primary lung lesions." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antigens, CD", "Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Kangai-1 Protein", "Lung Neoplasms", "Male", "Membrane Glycoproteins", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Metastasis", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Prognosis", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We tested the hypothesis of whether an inhibition of the nitroglycerin (GTN) bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) contributes to GTN tolerance in human blood vessels.", "The hemodynamic effects of GTN are rapidly blunted by the development of tolerance, a phenomenon associated with increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies suggest that ROS-induced inhibition of ALDH-2 accounts for tolerance in animal models.", "Segments of surgically removed arteria mammaria and vena saphena from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were used to examine the vascular responsiveness to GTN and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. The ALDH-2 activity and expression in these segments were assessed by the conversion of a benzaldehyde or its derivative to the benzoic acid metabolite and by Western blotting technique.", "In contrast to patients not treated with nitrates (n = 36), patients treated with GTN for 48 h (n = 14) before surgery showed tolerance to GTN and endothelial dysfunction in arterial and venous vessels. In vivo GTN tolerance was mimicked in vitro by incubation of nontolerant vessels with the ALDH-2 inhibitor benomyl. In vivo GTN treatment decreased vascular aldehyde dehydrogenase activity compared with nontolerant vessels and decreased the expression of ALDH-2 in arterial tissue. Incubation of control venous vessels with GTN caused a significant attenuation of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity that was reversed by presence of the sulfhydryl group donor dithiothreitol." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcholine", "Aged", "Aldehyde Dehydrogenase", "Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Drug Tolerance", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Mammary Arteries", "Myocardial Infarction", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III", "Nitroglycerin", "Oxidative Stress", "Saphenous Vein", "Tissue Culture Techniques", "Vasodilator Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was conducted to determine whether N-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonate (HEPES)-buffered medium used for the microinjection of sperm into oocytes may be detrimental for the embryo.", "Controlled randomized study.", "Private IVF center.", "Women (n = 708) undergoing ICSI.", "The women were randomized into two study groups: 2,204 oocytes from 357 women were treated using a medium buffered with bicarbonate without HEPES during the ICSI procedure, and 2,168 oocytes from 351 women were treated using a medium buffered with HEPES during the ICSI procedure.", "Fertilization rate, degeneration rate, triploid rate, cleavage rate, embryo quality, pregnancy rate, implantation rate, and abortion rate.", "Oocytes treated with a HEPES-buffered medium showed a statistically significant higher rate of triploid and degenerated oocytes after fertilization with ICSI compared with oocytes treated with a medium without HEPES. The embryos obtained from oocytes microinjected with a HEPES-buffered medium showed a statistically significant higher rate of highly fragmented embryos compared with the controls. Pregnancy rate and implantation rate were statistically significantly lower in the patient group with oocytes treated with the HEPES-buffered medium. The other parameters evaluated did not show any statistically significant differences." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Buffers", "Culture Media", "Female", "Fertilization in Vitro", "HEPES", "Humans", "Infertility, Female", "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Outcome", "Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic", "Treatment Failure", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Elevated baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Several CRP gene variants have been associated with altered baseline CRP levels in ambulatory populations. However, the influence of CRP gene variants on CRP levels during inflammatory states, such as surgery, is largely unexplored. We describe the association between candidate CRP gene variants and postoperative plasma CRP levels in patients undergoing primary, elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).", "Using a multicenter candidate gene association study design, we examined the association between seventeen candidate CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and inferred haplotypes, and altered postoperative CRP levels in 604 patients undergoing CABG surgery with CPB. Perioperative CRP levels were measured immediately prior to surgery, post-CPB and on postoperative days (POD) 1-4.", "CRP levels were significantly elevated at all postoperative time points when compared with preoperative levels (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for clinical covariates, the minor allele of the synonymous coding SNP, rs1800947 was associated with lower peak postoperative CRP levels (P = 2.4 x 10(-4)) and lower CRP levels across all postoperative time points (P = 4.8 x 10(-5)). rs1800947 remained highly significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute-Phase Reaction", "Aged", "C-Reactive Protein", "Cardiopulmonary Bypass", "Cohort Studies", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Female", "Genome-Wide Association Study", "Genotype", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Postoperative Period", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Routine tuberculosis control services in Burundi.", "To determine whether systematic restaining of sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) prior to rechecking quality assessment is necessary.", "Blinded rechecking of peripheral routine smears, including a second control of discordants, before and after restaining.", "Without restaining, 10/825 (1.2%) negative, and 59/189 (31.2%) positive results were declared false. After restaining, there were 34 (4.1%) false negatives and 13 (6.9%) false positives, both highly significant changes. Before restaining, quantification of positive smears was usually considered too high, while after restaining 41 out of 42 positives were found to have too low readings." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Burundi", "False Negative Reactions", "Humans", "Quality Control", "Sputum", "Staining and Labeling", "Tuberculosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and malignant lymphomas (MLs) in the abdomen are often observed as tumors of unknown origin on F-18 FDG PET/CT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity of F-18 FDG uptake on PET to determine if it might be helpful to discriminate between these tumors.", "The F-18 FDG PET/CT findings of 21 large abdominal tumors were retrospectively evaluated (9 GISTs and 12 MLs). Intratumoral heterogeneity was evaluated by visual scoring (visual score: 0, homogeneous; 1, slightly heterogeneous; 2, moderately heterogeneous; 3, highly heterogeneous) and by the cumulative standardized uptake value (SUV) histograms on transaxial PET images at the maximal cross-sectional tumor diameter. Percent tumor areas above a threshold from 0 to 100% of the maximum SUV were plotted and the area under curve of the cumulative SUV histograms (AUC-CSH) was used as a heterogeneity index, where lower values corresponded with increased heterogeneity. Correlation between the visual score and the AUC-CSH was investigated by the Spearman's rank test.", "GISTs exhibited heterogeneous uptake of F-18 FDG, whereas MLs showed rather homogeneous uptake on visual analysis (visual score: 2.67 ± 0.50 and 0.58 ± 0.79, respectively; p < 0.001). The AUC-CSH was significantly lower for the GISTs than for the MLs (0.41 ± 0.14 and 0.64 ± 0.08, respectively; p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between the visual score and the AUC-CSH (ρ = -0.866, p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdominal Neoplasms", "Biological Transport", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Fluorodeoxyglucose F18", "Gastrointestinal Neoplasms", "Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors", "Humans", "Lymphoma", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multimodal Imaging", "Positron-Emission Tomography", "Retrospective Studies", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "this study examined the effects of a dentifrice containing green tea catechins on gingival oxidative stress and periodontal inflammation using a rat model.", "twenty-four male Wister rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group (Control group) received no treatment for 8 weeks. Periodontal inflammation was induced in the second group for 8 weeks. Periodontal inflammation was induced in the last two groups for 8 weeks and dentifrices with or without green tea catechins were topically applied to the gingival sulcus daily for 4 weeks prior to the end of the experimental period.", "rats that had experimental periodontal inflammation showed apical migration of the junctional epithelium, alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cell infiltration in the connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium at 8 weeks, whilst the control group showed no pathologic changes. Topical application of a green tea catechin-containing dentifrice reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontal lesions to a greater degree than the control dentifrice at 8 weeks. The gingiva in which green tea catechin-containing dentifrice was applied also showed a lower level of expression of hexanoyl-lysine (a marker of lipid peroxidation), nitrotyrosine (a marker of oxidative protein damage), and tumour necrosis factor-α (an indicator of pro-inflammatory cytokines) at 8 weeks compared to gingiva in which the control dentifrice was applied." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alveolar Bone Loss", "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Camellia sinensis", "Catechin", "Connective Tissue", "Dentifrices", "Disease Models, Animal", "Epithelial Attachment", "Gingiva", "Gingival Recession", "Lipid Peroxidation", "Lysine", "Male", "NF-kappa B", "Oxidative Stress", "Periodontitis", "Random Allocation", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "Tyrosine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing cancer and co-morbidities that are part of the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is recognized as an endocrine organ, as it affects a number of physiological functions, and contains adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages, and as such are applicable to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Yet the question of whether ASC functionality is affected by the donor's body mass index (BMI) still exists.", "ASCs were isolated from patients having different BMIs (BMI-ASCs), within the ranges of 18.5-32.8. It was hypothesized that overweight BMI-ASCs would be more compromised in early adipogenic and osteogenic potential, and ability to form colonies in vitro. BMI was inversely correlated with ASC proliferation and colony forming potential as assessed by CyQUANT proliferation assay (fluorescence- based measurement of cellular DNA content), and colony forming assays. BMI was positively correlated with early time point (day 7) but not later time point (day 15) intracytoplasmic lipid accumulation as assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. Alizarin red staining and RT-PCR for alkaline phosphatase demonstrated that elevated BMI resulted in compromised ASC mineralization of extracellular matrix and decreased alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Adult Stem Cells", "Body Mass Index", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Proliferation", "Cell Survival", "Cells, Cultured", "Culture Media", "Female", "Humans", "In Vitro Techniques", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Osteogenesis", "Overweight", "Subcutaneous Fat" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Airway inflammation in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is triggered by housing affected horses in stables.It has been suggested that RAO is an allergic condition, but innate immune mechanisms are also involved. Fungal products activate innate immune mechanisms through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In human airway epithelium, TLR2 activation leads to interleukin (IL)-8 production. This pathway is negatively regulated by the zinc finger protein A20. This study was performed to enhance understanding of innate immune mechanisms in RAO.", "TLR2 and IL-8 mRNA are elevated in RAO during stabling compared with controls. A20 mRNA is negatively associated with the numbers of airway inflammatory cells.", "To determine TLR2, IL-8 and A20 mRNA expression in lungs of stabled and pastured RAO-affected and control horses.", "Airway obstruction and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage were measured, and TLR2, IL-8 and A20 mRNA expression quantified by qRT-PCR in 6 RAO-affected and 6 control horses, during and after exposure to hay and straw.", "Airway obstruction and neutrophils were increased in RAO-affected horses during stabling. While stabling increased IL-8, TLR2 and A20 mRNA were unaffected. TLR2 and A20 were significantly correlated (r = 0.83) and A20 mRNA was negatively associated with inflammatory cells." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Airway Obstruction", "Animals", "Bronchi", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Horse Diseases", "Horses", "Housing, Animal", "Immunity, Innate", "Inflammation", "Interleukin-8", "Male", "Nuclear Proteins", "RNA, Messenger", "Toll-Like Receptor 2" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Operating room efficiency is an important concern in most hospitals today. Little work has been reported to evaluate the contribution of anesthesia residents to changes in anesthesia-controlled time-related efficiencies in the operating room. The goal of this study was to measure the impact of the initiation of new residents to the operating room on anesthesia-related time measures of operating room efficiency.", "Using the computerized operating room information systems, specific data regarding anesthesia-controlled times were extracted over three distinct 2-week periods over the course of 1 academic year. These included the first 2 weeks of July, when most of the operating rooms were staffed by attending physicians working alone; 2 weeks in September when new anesthesia residents were working in a 2:1 ratio with staff; and 2 weeks in May. The induction times, emergence times, and room turnover times were compared over these three periods for first-year anesthesia residents. Standard descriptive statistics were computed. Analysis of variance testing was then conducted comparing each of these time periods. Significance was set at P < 0.05.", "A total of 3,004 surgical procedures were performed during the 2-week study periods in July, September, and May, respectively. For the July, September, and May groups, the mean anesthesia induction times were 17.3, 19.0, and 20.8 min (P = 0.047); the emergence times were 8.7, 9.7, and 10.0 min, (P = 0.024); and the corresponding mean room turnover times were 47.6, 48.5, and 48.6 min (P = 0.907), respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Anesthesia", "Anesthesiology", "Diagnosis-Related Groups", "Hospital Information Systems", "Humans", "Internship and Residency", "Operating Rooms", "Privacy", "Surgical Procedures, Operative", "Time Factors", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "External dissection of Calot's triangle and the gallbladder associated with complete cholecystectomy is considered the gold standard technique to achieve a safe cholecystectomy. However, in severe acute or chronic cholecystitis, the laparoscopic application of this standard technique may be technically difficult, with an increased risk of bile duct injury, even in the hands of an experienced surgeon.", "In a consecutive series of 552 cholecystectomies, 39 patients (7.1%) with difficult local conditions within Calot's triangle, such as gangrenous cholecystitis (three patients), severe scleroatrophic cholecystitis with or without anomalous right hepatic duct (24 and 10 patients, respectively), or Mirizzi syndrome (seven patients), underwent a routine exclusive \"endovesicular approach\" as an alternative to dissection of Calot's triangle prior to further subtotal cholecystectomy. All patients were examined by control cholangiography 3 months postoperatively to confirm the safety of the technique.", "The operation was well tolerated by all patients with only 15.4% minor complications. Intraoperative cholangiography was feasible in 79.5%. There were no postoperative biliary or infectious complications. At 4.3 months follow-up, all patients were symptom-free, except for two patients (5.1%) with residual common bile duct stones which were successfully treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cholangiography", "Cholecystectomy", "Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic", "Cholecystitis", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It has been reported that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) enhances neurogenesis as well as supporting axonal growth after injury. In the present study, we investigated whether Bcl-2 overexpression plays a role in the formation of newborn striatonigral projection neurons in the adult rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).", "We infused human Bcl-2-expressing plasmid (pBcl-2) into the lateral ventricle immediately after 30 min of MCAO, injected 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally to label proliferative cells, and microinjected fluorogold (FG) into the substantia nigra at 11 weeks of reperfusion followed by multiple immunostaining of striatonigral projection neurons at 12 weeks.", "We found that pBcl-2 treatment significantly increased the number of newborn neurons (BrdU(+)-NeuN(+)) in the striatum ipsilateral to the MCAO. We further detected newborn striatonigral projection neurons (BrdU(+)-FG(+)-NeuN(+)) in the ipsilateral striatum at 12 weeks. More interestingly, the number of newborn striatonigral projection neurons (BrdU(+)-FG(+)) was significantly increased by pBcl-2 treatment compared to that by pEGFP, a control plasmid." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antigens, Nuclear", "Antimetabolites", "Blotting, Western", "Brain", "Bromodeoxyuridine", "Corpus Striatum", "Fluorescent Dyes", "Genes, bcl-2", "Green Fluorescent Proteins", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Interneurons", "Ischemic Attack, Transient", "Male", "Mice, Transgenic", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Neurogenesis", "Plasmids", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Substantia Nigra" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Women with ovarian cancer may be at increased risk for psychological distress around the time of diagnosis relative to patients diagnosed with other cancers, because of the seriousness of the disease. However, the molecular mechanism of this effect is far from clear.", "We sought to investigate the influence of psychological status in regulating gene expression among women with primary ovarian cancer and to identify the small molecules which exhibit similar effects with different psychological status.", "DNA microarray analyses of 10 ovarian carcinomas (GSE9116, downloaded from GEO) identified 916 human transcripts that were differentially expressed in tumors from patients with high depression relative to grade-and stage-matched tumors from low depression patients, and pathways related to immune system were dysfunctional.", "Our results suggest that psychosocial stress is related to impaired immunity in ovarian cancer patients. Besides, we identified a group of small molecules which can be exploited as adjuvant drug to improve therapeutic effect for ovarian cancer, such as MS-275 and adiphenine." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Benzamides", "Computational Biology", "Diphenylacetic Acids", "Female", "Humans", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Ovarian Neoplasms", "Pyridines", "Stress, Psychological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study aimed to investigate the relationship between asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) and abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system in type 2 diabetic patients who did not have evidence of atrial fibrillation at baseline.", "In a multicentric cross-sectional controlled study, 1992 patients with type 2 diabetes were screened. All underwent ambulatory ECG recording for 48-hour at 3, 6, 9, and 12months. Heart rate variability (HRV) was used as indicator of autonomic activity. One hundred seventy-six diabetics with silent atrial fibrillation episodes (SAFE group) and 288 without silent atrial fibrillation (non-SAFE group) were enrolled. These selected diabetics were matched on clinical and anthropometric data to 120 control subjects without diabetes of the control group. HRV analysis evidenced that LF/HF ratio was significantly higher in the SAFE group than in the non-SAFE group (P<0.05) in the whole period of HM analysis. AF absolute burdens were positively correlated with LF/HF ratio (r=0.31, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that LF/HF ratio was an independent determinant of AF episodes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Atrial Fibrillation", "Autonomic Nervous System Diseases", "Comorbidity", "Confidence Intervals", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Electrocardiography, Ambulatory", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Odds Ratio", "Prevalence", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Severity of Illness Index", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The literature is inconsistent and inconclusive on the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and muscular strength in postmenopausal women.", "To evaluate the relationship between isokinetically and isometrically determined muscle strength and BMD in postmenopausal women of different age groups.", "Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 293; mean age, 54.22 ± 3.85 years) were enrolled in this study. They were grouped by age according to World Health Organization life expectancy: 45-50 years, 51-53 years, 54-56 years, 57-59 years, and 60-64 years. Total BMD, L2-4 BMD, and femoral neck BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray bone densitometry; isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of the right hip and trunk muscles were measured during contractile exercise. Stepwise regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between BMD and strength measures, controlling for subject age and years since menopause.", "Results of stepwise regression showed that hip extensor and flexor strength at 120°/second and back extend strength at 30°/second accounted for 26% total BMD variance among menopausal subjects, 19% L2-4 BMD variance, and 15% femoral neck BMD variance; in postmenopausal women of different age groups, hip extensor and flexor strength at 120°/second and back extend strength at 30°/second accounted for 25%-35% total BMD variance." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Absorptiometry, Photon", "Age Distribution", "Bone Density", "Female", "Humans", "Isometric Contraction", "Middle Aged", "Muscle Strength", "Muscle Strength Dynamometer", "Osteoporosis", "Postmenopause", "Regression Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study examined the longitudinal association between a prior history of sexual assault (SA), typically in youth, and decreasing executive functioning (EF) in old age and whether the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele modifies this relationship.", "In this longitudinal study, 846 community-dwelling older adults at baseline completed questions about SA history and two tests of EF. Over the 10 years following this baseline visit, participants completed up to 3 follow-up cognitive assessments. Mixed-effects models first examined the longitudinal association between SA and EF performance. Last, preplanned analyses examined whether the APOE ε4 allele modified this association.", "A single SA exposure was not associated with EF declines. Repeated SA exposure was associated with steeper declines in both EF measures. For Trails B, there was a significant interaction between any SA exposure and the APOE ε4 allele, such that having either repeated or isolated SA as well as APOE ε4 was associated with faster decline." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aging", "Alleles", "Apolipoprotein E4", "Cognition Disorders", "Executive Function", "Female", "Genotype", "Geriatric Assessment", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Rape", "Risk Factors" ] }