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Bees are vital for pollination. You can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden. The leaf-cutter bees are solitary and unlike honey bees do not swarm like honey bees so they are little or no danger to humans or pets.
Bees are vital for pollination.
You can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden.
Leafcutter bee house. Leaf cutter bees like hollow tubes and bamboo are ideal. They also excavate tunnels in flower pots where light gritty compost is used.
The female has used the circular cuts to seal off the ends of the chamber, whereas the longer cuts are wrapped around the sides. The adult bee will provision the chamber with pollen and lay an egg. The larva feeds of the pollen.
The female larva are the first to be layed and are deepest in the line. This means that if the nest is predated by a woodpecker, the feamles have a better chance of avoiding being eaten. The male larva is nearst the exit and will be the first to be eaten.
Although this larva will probably die, I carefully replaced the bamboo and sealed it with wax to keep the chambers intact and dry.
Leaf damage on rose by leaf cutter bees | 2.515625 |
Education and health outcomes for social minorities in India: An analysis using SUR model
AbstractThe current study analyzes the health and education outcomes of fifteen year old children in India and investigates the question of inequality of such outcomes for socio-religious categories. To study the effect of health on education, SUR estimation has been undertaken. The comparison of SUR and OLS results shows that SUR estimates have smaller standard errors than the OLS estimates. Of the three categories analyzed in the data, STs have worst outcomes for both education and health and SCs lag behind in the health field. The results have important implications for policy regarding education and health of the socio-religious minorities.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Agricultural and Applied Economics Association in its series 2012 Annual Meeting, August 12-14, 2012, Seattle, Washington with number 124840.
Date of creation: 2012
Date of revision:
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Health Economics and Policy;
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Sonalde Desai & Veena Kulkarni, 2008. "Changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action," Demography, Springer, vol. 45(2), pages 245-270, May.
- Vani Borooah & Sriya Iyer, 2005.
"Vidya, Veda, and Varna: The influence of religion and caste on education in rural India,"
The Journal of Development Studies,
Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 41(8), pages 1369-1404.
- Vani K. Borooah & Sriya Iyer, 2002. "Vidya, Veda, and Varna: The Influence of Religion and Caste on Education in Rural India," ICER Working Papers 32-2002, ICER - International Centre for Economic Research.
- Behrman, Jere R, 1996. "The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education," World Bank Research Observer, World Bank Group, vol. 11(1), pages 23-37, February.
- Dreze, Jean & Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi, 2001.
"School Participation in Rural India,"
Review of Development Economics,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(1), pages 1-24, February.
- Jean Drèze & Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, 1999. "School Participation in Rural India," STICERD - Development Economics Papers - From 2008 this series has been superseded by Economic Organisation and Public Policy Discussion Papers 18, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE.
- Jean Dreze & Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, 1999. "School Participation in Rural India," Working papers 69, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics.
- Ashwini Deshpande, 2000. "Recasting Economic Inequality," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 58(3), pages 381-399.
- Case, Anne & Fertig, Angela & Paxson, Christina, 2005. "The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 365-389, March.
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If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services. | 2.515625 |
What level of LabVIEW user are you—a developer, engineer, or architect? Is it even important?
Absolutely. These categories make it easy for NI to tailor helpful resources to your individual needs. By visiting the LabVIEW Skills Guide, you can see what defines these levels and which trainings or guides we recommend each use to help them develop successful applications faster.
Here are a few examples of skills you can learn from the latest guide:
For Technicians or Basic Developers
- Troubleshoot and debug LabVIEW code
- Apply key LabVIEW elements for relating data (such as arrays, clusters, and typedefs)
- Apply design patterns and templates
For Software Engineers
- Optimize reuse of existing code for your projects
- Design, implement, document, and test code modules for each task
- Derive a task list and high-level flowchart to guide design and development
For Software Architects
- Analyze, critique, and improve the architecture of a LabVIEW application
- Optimize code and resources to effectively reduce development time and costs
- Design an application using object-oriented design principles
Best of all, many of these resources are free or available at a discounted price for students. Questions? Post your comments below and we’ll follow up on them personally. | 2.515625 |
Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the U.N. Security Council. The ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. Soviet freighters bound for Cuba with military supplies stop dead in the water, but the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy.
After the Organization of American States endorsed the quarantine, President Kennedy asks Khrushchev to halt any Russian ships heading toward Cuba. The president's greatest concern is that a US Navy vessel would otherwise be forced to fire upon a Russian vessel, possibly igniting war between the superpowers. | 2.515625 |
By Justin Moyer
The Washington Post
— Defense Secretary Leon Panetta signed an order Thursday allowing women the same opportunities as men to serve in combat, including formerly off-limits assignments on attack submarines and in the Navy SEALs. Just two weeks before the announcement, researchers from San Diego's Naval Health Research Center published a study suggesting that some recent mothers deployed on the battlefield may be more prone to depression after seeing action.
"Women who deploy and report combat-associated exposures after childbirth are significantly more likely to screen positive for maternal depression than are women who did not deploy after childbirth," concluded the study, titled "Is Military Deployment a Risk Factor for Maternal Depression?" and appearing in the Journal of Women's Health. "It is also possible," the report noted, "that giving birth and leaving a young child, in addition to the experience of combat, contribute to postdeployment depression."
The study included eight co-authors, five of them associated with the Naval Health Research Center, a research and development laboratory within the Department of Defense. It was based on surveys of more than 1,600 women who "gave birth during active duty service."
Not all branches of the armed forces showed the same results. "Participants who served in the Army had an increased risk of maternal depression; Army service members tend to be deployed longer and more frequently than personnel serving in the Navy and Air Force," the study found.
Of course, you don't have to be a mom to experience depression on the front line. The report points out that "the increased rate of depression is primarily attributed to experiencing combat while deployed," not just to whether a solider is also a parent. | 2.515625 |
|Easton's Bible Dictionary|
Baalah of the well, (Joshua 19:8, probably the same as Baal, mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:33, a city of Simeon.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
ba'-a-lath-be'-er ba`alath be'er "lady (mistress) of the well"; (Joshua 19:8 (in 1 Chronicles 4:33, Baal)): In Jos this place is designated "Ramah of the South," i.e. of the Negeb, while in 1 Samuel 30:27 it is described as Ramoth of the Negeb. It must have been a prominent hill (ramah = "height") in the far south of the Negeb and near a well be'er. The site is unknown though Conder suggests that the shrine Kubbet el Baul may retain the old name.
Baalath-beer (2 Occurrences)
Joshua 19:8 and all the villages that were round about these cities to Baalath-beer, Ramah of the South. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. (ASV BBE DBY JPS WBS YLT NAS)
1 Chronicles 4:33 And all the small places round these towns, as far as Baalath-beer, the high place of the South. These were their living-places, and they have lists of their generations. (BBE) | 2.515625 |
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has warned computer users that e-mails from scam artists pretending to be FBI agents are spreading a computer virus.
The e-mails tell recipients that the FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center has monitored their Internet use and found they have accessed illegal Web sites. The e-mails then direct recipients to open an attachment and complete a questionnaire.
This is a bogus message. The attachment contains a computer virus. DO NOT OPEN OR LAUNCH THE ATTACHMENT. You should DELETE the e-mail immediately.
As a general rule, if you receive an e-mail that you are not expecting, even if you know the sender, DO NOT OPEN IT OR LAUNCH the attachment and DO NOT FORWARD the message. If you are not sure, contact the sender to verify the e-mail. Otherwise, DELETE the e-mail.
The Information and Network Security team has put in place appropriate protections to prevent the virus from spreading. Current anti-virus definitions detect and block this virus. | 2.515625 |
Network with other children's program providers and discuss strategies for bringing space science to children on this board. Share successful programming ideas or models to help inspire others!
I have been able to develop a partnership with the Meigs County schools. We will present a weekly afterschool program at each of our county's elementary schools for ten weeks beginning October 5th for 3rd, 4th and 5th grade students. The middle school and high school science clubs will provide student volunteers to help me with the program. The local energy cooperative has donated $1000 to be used for purchasing materials to be used in the program. Several astronomy outreach programs have agreed to send presenters, including a solar astronomy outreach program (www.charliebates.org) from Atlanta. They will be bringing 9 solar telescopes to the school for us on October 12th. We are all excited about starting this in Meigs County. I hope everyone else from the workshop has great success establishing an "Explore" program in their communities.
Meigs County - Decatur Public Library
That sounds like so much fun, Judi! What a great network you've created from the schools, students, outreach programs, and the energy cooperative. Good luck and let us know how it goes!
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Air pollution health alert and advisory issued through Wednesday, March 10
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has issued an air pollution health ALERT for today and tomorrow, March 8 and 9 and an air pollution health ADVISORY for Wednesday, March 10 for the Twin Cities and Rochester area. The Air Quality Index values (AQI) in the Twin Cities exceeds the level considered unhealthy for sensitive groups.
Dense fog overnight, which aids in fine particle production, and calm winds, have allowed fine particle concentrations to build to levels considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. Fine particle levels are expected to gradually fall this afternoon as the fog dissipates. However, calm winds and high relative humidity will continue to trap pollutants, keeping air quality conditions unhealthy for sensitive groups. Weather conditions are supposed to improve the air quality to good AQI levels by Thursday, March 11.
Those who have respiratory or cardiovascular problems, young children, the elderly, and individuals whom are physically active are considered especially sensitive to elevated levels of air pollution. Be prepared to postpone or reduce vigorous activity. Ozone and fine particles can be drawn deeply into the lungs, so reduce activities that lead to deep or accelerated breathing. Even individuals that are otherwise healthy may experience health effects when air pollutant levels increase.
How you can help:
Residents can take simple steps to help reduce emissions that create smog. Motor vehicle emissions contribute to fine particle pollution. To lower levels of air pollution, the MPCA is urging residents to use alternate modes of transportation such as mass transit, car pools, biking and walking to work or shop.
Other measures that will help reduce emissions on days when the Index reaches 100 and above include:
1. Limit driving - share a ride to work and postpone errands until the next day.
2. Don’t idle your vehicle for more than three minutes**
3. Refuel your vehicle after 6 p.m.
4. Leave your car at home and walk, bike, carpool or take public transportation whenever you can.
5. Postpone using other gasoline-powered engines, like garden and recreational equipment.
6. Postpone indoor and outdoor recreational fires.
7. To reduce the demand on power plants, turn off as many electric items as possible.
8. If you fall in the sensitive group category, arrange to work indoors for the day.
**The City of Minneapolis approved limits on vehicle idling that aim to reduce air pollution in Minneapolis. The ordinance, which was passed in 2008, limits most vehicle idling to three minutes, except in traffic. Reducing vehicle idling in Minneapolis translates into less air pollution, protecting the public health and the environment and saving money in fuel. Vehicle motors release particulate matter, dirt, nitrous oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into the air.
Published Mar. 8, 2010 | 2.515625 |
College life involves excitement, along with new challenges, risks, and responsibilities. You are meeting new people, learning new things, and making your own decisions. It can sometimes be stressful. You have to deal with pressures related to food, drink, appearance, drugs, and sexual activity.
There are steps you can take to stay healthy and safe while you're in college, such as
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine) | 2.515625 |
July 24, 2009
Mark S. Blumberg is Professor and Starch Faculty Fellow at the University of Iowa. His books include The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Behavioral Neuroscience, Body Heat: Temperature and Life on Earth, and Basic Instinct: The Genesis of Behavior. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Behavioral Neuroscience, and President of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology. His newest book is Freaks of Nature: What Anomalies Tell Us About Development and Evolution.
In this conversation with D.J. Grothe, Mark Blumberg describes how he became interested in "freaks of nature" as a way to question prevailing concepts within biology regarding genes, instincts, and pre-formed abilities. He talks about why he sees genetic determinism as "action at a distance thinking," and why he thinks it is similar to creationist views, and describes both as "magical ways of thinking about nature." He explains epigenetics. He describes how certain non-genetic factors that shape behavior may be inherited from one generation to the next. He discusses "sexual freaks" and sexual ambiguity in nature, and shows how in many ways, it is the norm in nature. He predicts the extinction of creationist thinking, and talks about how freaks of nature are a missed opportunity for those science advocates battling intelligent design and creationism, even as he also criticizes belief in "evolution's design" and "magical genes." He contrasts his views with those of evolutionary psychology as regards brain development. And he responds to notable critics of his views, such as Jerry Coyne.
Books Mentioned in This Episode:
Basic Instinct: The Genesis of Behavior Mark S. Blumberg
February 27, 2009 | 2.515625 |
|Product #: EMC2806035_TQ|
Roots: migr, cert, capit (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 6
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
This Vocabulary Fundamentals unit for grade 6+ provides three activity pages in which students learn about and use Greek and Latin root words to form words and understand their meaning. (For example, 'migr' = to change/move: migrate; 'capit' = to head: capital; 'civ' = city: civil; 'cert' = sure: certain; 'crit' = to judge or diminish: critical). Includes answer key.
Submit a review | 2.515625 |
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
versión impresa ISSN 0042-9686
LANSANG, Mary Ann y DENNIS, Rodolfo. Building capacity in health research in the developing world. Bull World Health Organ [online]. 2004, vol.82, n.10, pp. 764-770. ISSN 0042-9686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862004001000012.
Strong national health research systems are needed to improve health systems and attain better health. For developing countries to indigenize health research systems, it is essential to build research capacity. We review the positive features and weaknesses of various approaches to capacity building, emphasizing that complementary approaches to human resource development work best in the context of a systems and long-term perspective. As a key element of capacity building, countries must also address issues related to the enabling environment, in particular: leadership, career structure, critical mass, infrastructure, information access and interfaces between research producers and users. The success of efforts to build capacity in developing countries will ultimately depend on political will and credibility, adequate financing, and a responsive capacity-building plan that is based on a thorough situational analysis of the resources needed for health research and the inequities and gaps in health care. Greater national and international investment in capacity building in developing countries has the greatest potential for securing dynamic and agile knowledge systems that can deliver better health and equity, now and in the future.
Palabras llave : Health services research [organization and administration]; Education, Graduate; Staff development; Investments; Access to information; Social justice; Academies and institutes; Interinstitutional relations; Developing countries; Developed countries. | 2.515625 |
Here's a fine think-piece by Susan Cain that praises some introversion as indispensable for creativity. To some great extent, Socrates and Jesus were solitary men. And the wisdom they shared with us couldn't have been captured in group reports or multi-authored articles.
Not only that, we live in a society that discourages, in so many ways, thinking for ourselves. We defer so readily to public opinion, fashion, and what the experts say and the studies show. Most studies that show stuff have a lot more than one author. Most books that change our lives have only one, and we don't live in a time when many are being written.
Just about every good play or novel or painting, of course, has its source in the vision of a single artist.
We also see, of course, that in the disciplines that require deep thought and personal interpretation (such as philosophy—especially political philosophy—and history), articles almost only have one author. Technical and scientific reports usually have more authors than they do pages.
If we want learning to be personal, personal thought has to be encouraged and rewarded. And persons, of course, have to be held personally responsible for both what they've learned and the ways in which they have expressed their thoughts.
In a class dealing with "real books" (such as ones written by Plato or Kant or Jane Austen or Pascal or Simone Weil), I find that the best students get less than ten percent of what's really going on, and "what's gotten" differs dramatically from student to student. If they had to produce a multi-authored paper, the result would be flattened out to what they can explain to each other. It goes without saying the good students would be particularly shy about expressing their most unconventional thoughts to each other, especially ones that have to do with God, love, death, and such to the other group members. They would also be shy about being too enthusiastic or "erotic" about what they've read to others who just didn't work as hard or care as much as they did. (All this is why I can't stand "peer review" as even a stage in evaluating student papers.)
It also goes without saying that the natural result is for good students to have quite different views on the truth and significance of what they've read—in part, due to what else they've read and their personal experiences. How could they possibly write a conclusion based on some consensus that's more than a bunch of feel-good banalities?
Good students do, of course, learn from each other through conversation. Part of a great class is something like a Socratic dialogue—keeping in mind that the participant closest to Socrates (me) dominates the discussion in various ways. The community of learners doesn't mean that all the learners are equal in the ways relevant to actual learning.
In the end: The student paper should be a rather solitary, introverted effort, although not one so introverted that the author is not excited about the possibility that the truth can be shared in common. "Shared in common" in the Socratic sense is a long distance from groupthink or what's usually meant by collaborative learning.
Another problem with "group projects" as a learning tool is that our society already rewards being witty and fashionable and pleasing to others far too much. It also already rewards too much shirkers whose main talent is taking credit for the real work of others. Let sucking up be saved for the actual world of business. It's not a skill that should be rewarded by college credit.
Here's another problem: Collaborative learning is also often an excuse for professorial laziness. Why read twenty papers when you can read five (written by groups of four)? The group dynamic also means that the papers will only be so good or so bad, and that means that the professor won't be taxed by a product that is too "outside the box" of what's expected.
If you ever sign up for a class that's a mixture of PowerPoint presentations based on some textbook followed up by group projects and presentations, immediately drop it and ask for your money back.
The philosopher Rousseau was against taking the idea of dispersing wisdom to everyone characteristic of the Enlightenment too seriously because the real goal of that approach is the production of a vain and pseudo-sophisticated herd of seemingly meritocratic techno-elitists. The philosopher—or the genuinely Enlightened person—is always a law unto himself. He's almost always not characterized by the ambiguous virtue of working well with others. | 2.515625 |
Something astonishing is happening in China. An unfolding story that one Chinese friend told me, “could be a turning point in conservation and wild bird protection in China.”
On Sunday 11 November local people discovered many sick and dying ORIENTAL STORKS (Ciconia boyciana) at Beidagang Reservoir, Tianjin (just 30 mins from Beijing by train). These globally endangered birds - with a restricted range in East Asia – had been poisoned illegally by poachers using a chemical called carbofuran that, although banned in the EU, Canada and many other countries, is commonly available and used, legitimately, as a pesticide all over China.
The storks were possibly unintended victims of well-organised and, sadly, all-too common poaching activity intended to catch swans, ducks and geese for the restaurant trade.
Carbofuran is mixed with cereal, or given to fish in small man-made pools. Birds lose consciousness after eating the bait, are caught by hand and injected with an antidote. The victims are then shipped – usually alive – to restaurants, primarily in southern China. The demand for wild birds is high and they are sold as a delicacy, with many consumers, particularly in southern cities like Guangzhou and Shenzhen, believing that wild birds taste better than farmed produce, and they are prepared to pay a premium. A wild goose or swan can fetch several hundred Yuan (100 Yuan = 10 GBP). The business is highly profitable.
The scale of this activity in China, and the range of methods used by poachers to catch wild birds, are covered in an excellent, but sobering, article in the most recent issue of Goose Bulletin. The authors estimate that between 80,000 and 120,000 ducks, swans and geese are caught illegally in China for the restaurant trade every year.
So what makes the recent case involving Oriental Storks at Beidagang such a big deal?
The answer is the incredible public reaction, led by local people and driven by social media.
The events unfolding at Beidagang, although desperately sad, could have been much worse were it not for some dedicated and brave individuals. Local birders, together with volunteers, officials from the Forestry Administration, police and even firemen have been working together to help catch, treat and care for these birds. They have set up 24/7 patrols to deter the poachers. All of this has been transmitted on social media and the coverage has gone viral. The Chinese micro-blogging service, Weibo, has over 500 million users (on a par with the global membership on Twitter) and activists have been providing regular updates that have been ‘re-tweeted’ by a growing band of followers. As I write this post, the latest update has been ‘re-tweeted’ over 900 times to more than a million users in less than one hour.
This is leading the traditional print and visual media. Already, we are seeing articles relating to this poisoning incident in Chinese and English language media, both local and national.
All of this follows a recent outcry against the illegal trapping and hunting of wild birds in China, also led by social media. Three weeks ago a brave undercover journalist released a shocking video about hunters using spotlights to confuse migrants in Hunan Province before gunning them out of the sky. The Chinese public was outraged and Weibo was alive with condemnation of the hunters and also criticism of the authorities for being slow to act. Shortly after this major outcry, local birders discovered over 2km of illegal mist nets at Beidagang, the site of the current Oriental Stork tragedy. Local activists, many of whom are now on site trying to save the storks, led a ‘day of action’ involving over 60 volunteers, and even the Chinese army, to take down illegal mist nets in the reedbed. This was covered by local and national TV as well as print media. Due to these two events, the number of articles relating to illegal bird trapping and hunting nationwide has exploded.
The campaign to eradicate the illegal hunting of birds is gaining momentum. And the scale of the reaction by ordinary Chinese people all over the country has been overwhelming, demonstrating clearly that the vast majority of Chinese people care deeply about their wild birds. It will be very hard for the authorities to ignore.
None of this would be happening without the incredible dedication, passion and energy of a small number of volunteers at Beidagang. There are many people involved but a special mention must go to Xunqiang Mo (aka “Nemo”), a local student, and Jingsheng Ma, who have personally led the effort to cut down the illegal nets and are now leading the ongoing operation to save the Oriental Storks. They are heroes in every respect.
Here is a personal account from yesterday evening, provided by Zhu Lei, a Beijing-based birder monitoring the situation:
“There is heart-breaking news. 8 more dead storks been found today, which raise the total number up to 21 !
The ground team located 3 evidently man-made small water pools (around diameter of 1m, depth of 0.3m), one of them contained a big empty packing bag (900 g × 20 packets – although the scene is absolutely terrible, it does not necessarily mean the whole bag of poison has been used there) of pesticide. We suspect that the poachers have put the toxic chemical directly into the water in these pools or used the same methods as those 2 Jilin guys (filled the fish with toxic, then put into the pools) to poison the birds.
According to signs on the bag, the pesticide used in this massacre is nothing but Carbofuran. The bags were already taken by the police as potential evidence. Some tissue also been taken from the dead birds for further forensic tests. The cause of death will only be revealed as the test report is released (although everything points to it being poisoning with carbofuran).
The volunteer team (mostly from the local community and nearby Tianjin city) should be applauded for their hard work. Among them, a bicycle enthusiasts team is worthy of mention for they’ve taken the duty to patrol the dam which surrounds the wetland in daytime, and at least 3 of them have tried hard to wade into the muddy wetland searching for sick birds. Several local rich bird photographers (I think the guys who can afford the big Canon or Nikon big lenses and expensive cameras could be called ‘rich’) have provided financial support to cover spending such as other volunteers’ accommodation and food, etc.
People from government agencies also contributed to the action. Today, even a team of firemen was called to the spot, due to lack of proper equipment (e.g. waders, boats) to deal with the situation faced in the wetland. They just try to do what they can over there.
24h ground patrolling has been launched last night, and the patrol has been equipped with night-vision goggles donated by a businessman from Tianjin.
Tomorrow, the team will focus on locating more poisoned lure pools and will destroy them. A plan to provide safe food (mainly small fish) to the storks still at the wetland will be carried out tomorrow.
Special thanks to Nemo for his great devotion and efforts in saving those birds on-site, and kindly receiving my interview tonight. He is a real hero and deserves our highest respect.”
You can follow the latest developments with the Oriental Storks at Beidagang and the broader campaign to eradicate illegal mist-netting at this website. Already, many people have expressed their support for these brave and committed individuals and their comments are making a real difference to the volunteers. Knowing that there are people all over the world supporting their efforts is a real boon for them. If you haven’t already, please take a moment to comment to show your support. This could just be the decisive battle in the war against illegal trapping and hunting of wild birds in China. | 2.515625 |
President Obama’s announcement Friday that his administration will stop deporting eligible undocumented people under the age of 30 is certain to provide fodder for more election-season debates over immigration. Politics aside, however, the new policy will certainly make waves in early learning centers, schools and social services agencies, where children and young parents affected by the new policy are likely to interact with schools and government programs in new ways.
Under the new policy, undocumented residents under 30 will be allowed to reside in the United States if they meet a set of criteria, such as having arrived in the United States before the age of 16 or having either a high school diploma, GED or serving in the military. The policy does not provide a path to citizenship, like many Democrat versions of the DREAM Act have in the past.
Below, three of our biggest questions on what’s to come:
1) Will parents with children in states with strict immigration laws actually feel more protected? Will those states bend to meet the spirit of the federal policy?
The administration is emphasizing that it wants to focus resources on deporting people that pose a “national security or public safety risk,” and less on deporting as many illegal immigrants as possible, regardless of their contributions to society.
But the new policy, which the Associated Press estimates will affect up to 800,000 young people, doesn’t necessarily change the mood in states such as Alabama, where a law passed last year (and currently being challenged by the Obama administration in the 11th circuit U.S. Court of Appeals) requires children to document their immigration status when they enroll in school. Many believe that the law is intimidating families with more than one undocumented member, and even preventing them from sending their children to school — despite the fact that undocumented children have the right to a public education in the U.S.
2) Will the new policy have any effect on families’ enrollment in home visiting programs or on children’s enrollment in child care and pre-K programs? Parents who reside in the United States illegally have been known anecdotally to shy away from enrolling in home visiting programs and/or state-funded pre-K for fear that government officials could find out the immigration status of the family. It’s possible, then, that young immigrant parents in good standing with the government will be more inclined to enroll in such programs in the future.
3) How many parents with young children, illegal or legal, will be affected? Many parents under 30 are now eligible to stay in the United States, but there is a limit to how helpful this will be: For example, under the new policy, an undocumented 8-year old with parents over 30 still risks losing his or her parents due to deportation.
Ensuring that immigrant children grow up without their parents being deported isn’t the explicit goal of the new policy. It’s something to keep in mind, however, as these policies evolve and change in the future. If providing immigrant children with solid education and life opportunities and focusing immigration enforcement on those who pose security and public safety risks is the ultimate goal, then policies that help keep families together while kids are growing up is a logical next step, though it’s unlikely we’ll see much further action on this front until Congress takes up the long-overdue issue of comprehensive immigration reform.
UPDATE 6/19: The Foundation for Child Development (full disclosure: one of our funders) released a report this morning that reiterates why this issue should carry more weight: Children in Immigrant Families provides a detailed assessment of trends in the well-being of the one in four children who are the sons and daughters of immigrants. | 2.515625 |
- The growing field of global health delivery is in need of technological strategies to improve transparency and operations research.
- Our organization has implemented several simple “Web 2.0” strategies while delivering medical and public health services in rural Nepal.
- These strategies help Nyaya Health improve transparency, receive critical commentary from outside experts, and compare approaches to organizing budgets, pharmaceutical procurement, medical treatment protocols, and public health programs.
- The platforms include quantitative outcomes data and logistics protocols on a wiki; an open-access, online deidentified patient database; geospatial data analysis through real-time maps; a blog; and a public line-by-line online budget.
Nyaya Health and Global Health Delivery 2.0: Using Open-Access Technologies for Transparency and Operations Research
Publicado por Manuel Menéndez January 23, 2010 Etiquetas: Benefits of Open Access | 2.515625 |
Are the cables in your living room creating a jungle? Don't worry – we'll help you untangle things so that Digital Television makes sense. Just pick the category that describes your problem, and we'll guide you through it – step-by-step.
Last Updated: Thu, 09 Jun 2011 > Related Articles
This article addresses FAQs about HDTV including: picture quality, picture display, and common terms.
HDTV (high definition TV) is a TV display technology that provides a higher picture and sound quality than standard TV sets.
Roughly half of prime time TV programs of the major networks are available in the HDTV format (16:9). The other half are available in the standard-definition format (4:3). The aspect ratio of the content is controlled by the content providers; example: HBO and Showtime. You can access the providers website to see which programming is released in the HDTV format (16:9).
- When a standard-definition (4:3 aspect ratio) program is viewed on a HDTV (16:9 aspect ratio), the HDTV centers the image on the screen with black or gray bars on either side.
- When HDTV (16:9 aspect ratio) content is displayed on a standard-definition TV (4:3 aspect ratio), black bars will appear at the top and bottom of the screen.
Refer to your TV user guide for directions on removing the bars. If you have a Scientific Atlanta cable box, use the stretch and zoom HD settings to fill the TV screen area with the image.
- A TV is considered to have burn-in when the HDTV colors are not evenly displayed across the screen.
- To avoid burn-in, use the stretch and zoom HD settings to fill the TV screen area with the image. In some cases you can substitute gray bars for black bars to minimize burn in. You can also try turning your contrast down to 50 percent or lower.
- Burn in is usually not covered under warranty, and ONLY affects the following TV displays:
- Direct-view CRT
- Plasma flat-panel
- CRT-based rear projection
The 4:3 aspect ratio is the shape of the standard TV monitor (square).
The 16:9 aspect ratio is the shape of most HDTV monitors (rectangular). HDTVs have been manufactured in both 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios.
Widescreen is a term used for the 16:9 aspect ratio which is larger than the standard definition TV screen.
- 1080p is the shorthand identification for a category of HDTV video modes. The number 1080 represents 1,080 lines of vertical resolution (1,080 horizontal scan lines), while the letter p stands for progressive scan (meaning the image is not interlaced). The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels.
- 1080i is a (HDTV) video mode. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels and a frame resolution of 1920×1080 or about 2.07 million pixels.
- 720p is the shorthand name for a category of HDTV video modes. The number 720 stands for the 720 horizontal scan lines of display resolution (also known as 720 pixels of vertical resolution), while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non-interlaced.
- 720 or 1080 lines of resolution from both the channel broadcast and the HDTV monitor (Note: A 480i DVD is not high definition, even though the image quality is considerably higher than a standard definition TV broadcast on a standard definition TV.)
- Ability to display 16x9 aspect ratio pictures
- Y Pb Pr video component connections from the cable receiver to the HDTV
- Audio in the Dolby Digital (AC-3) format to support "5.1" surround sound
Most HDTV monitors can display an SDTV (480i) signal. If "sidebars" appear, you can press the SETTINGS button on the remote control twice to access the HDTV settings. Then select the 480i Stretch setting, which will stretch the 4:3 program to fill the entire screen area. | 2.515625 |
The main objectives of the project are: to strengthen the indigenous organizations for the exercise of human rights and the promotion of the rights of the Declaration
The desired results are the strengthening of indigenous organizations in relation with the Declaration of United Nations and their mechanisms of implementation, taking actions and preparing programs for the exercise of rights.
The planned actions are:
1.1 The carrying out of training courses on the declaration and human rights for leaders in:
- Ecuador through Tukui Shim and CONAIE.
- Argentina through the Confederation and the Observatory.
- Paraguay through CAPI and ACIDI.
- Colombia in Caño Mochuelo.
1.2 Workshops to raise awareness and spread human rights and the declaration in the communities.
1.3 Publications on the implementation of rights since the implementation of the Declaration.
- Publication in Ecuador (comparative report of the Constitution and the Declaration).
- Publication on the exercise of the territorial rights in the Interamerican system.
- Informative material on the Declaration.
2.1 Advice and definition of strategies to implement the rights in the international arena.
2. 2. The support and escort to the carrying out of defense actions and promotion of rights, including strategies of international action (the project would begin with the same organizations we will make the training courses).
- Proposals of regulations and political negotiations.
- Defence of rights in trials against indigenous organizations and people.
- Lawsuit to implement rights.
- International actions of condemnation and support.
2. 3. Support and escort for the consolidation of observatories on indigenous rights. | 2.515625 |
PREHISTORIC INDIAN DECOY
In 1924 a group of scientists excavating in Nevada's Lovelock cave found a cache
of 13 tule duck decoys dated to nearly 2000 years. Made to resemble
a canvasback drake, these decoys were painted with native pigments and had white feathers
tied to their backs with string made from native hemp. This replica decoy is made
like the originals, complete with red ochre paint and ground soot used for black.
The cane arrow is a highly specialized and ingenious type for taking ducks on the water
and this type could have been used with similar decoys. The ball of pitch
on the foreshaft creates a hydroplane and causes the arrow to skip on the water making
such arrow shots much easier to take. One has to marvel at the ingenuity of the
early Indian hunters and the gear they so cleverly made and used.
Decoy Only $350 | 2.515625 |
Are Britons becoming nature nitwits? One in five don't know oak trees come from acorns
It's the national tree of England and a symbol of Britain’s seafaring power for hundreds of years.
Yet according to a new survey, one in five adults have no idea that oak trees spring from tiny acorns.
Instead, millions of ‘nature ninnies’ believe acorns fall from sycamore, elm or birch trees.
Scroll down for video
Worrying: Millions of 'nature ninnies' believe acorns fall from sycamore, elm or birch trees
The survey also found that 15 per cent of adults think cows’ milk comes from male cattle, while a similar number are unaware that tadpoles turn into frogs.
The shocking state of ignorance about nature is highlighted by an opinion poll of 2,000 adults carried out in the run up to Open Farm Sunday, when hundreds of farmers will open their gates to the public.
Fewer than half the adults surveyed said correctly that bees make honey from nectar, with 59 per cent wrongly believing that honey comes from pollen.
Only half knew that robins live in Britain all year round, while two thirds did not realise that sparrows – one of the most common UK birds – also live here all year.
And although the call of the cuckoo is one of the great symbolic heralds of the spring, one in ten people said the birds live in the British Isles all through the winter. Farmer and TV presenter Adam Henson admitted he was disappointed by the level of public ignorance revealed in the poll, commissioned by the farming and environment charity Leaf.
‘As a farmer I am passionate about the great British countryside and like most farmers I spend a considerable amount of my time looking after it – along with all the wildlife that lives there too,’ he said.
‘I’m disappointed to see that so many people seem to be confused about the countryside and the role that farmers like me play in nurturing wildlife and tending the land.’
Three out of ten people questioned could not identify the red triangular road sign for frogs or toads crossing – with one in six believing it means ‘beware of frogs’.
Women and men got a similar number of answers wrong.
However, women were more likely to know that oak trees come from acorns – and that milking cows are female.
All ages were unaware of the role of farmers in looking after the countryside, Leaf said.
Around 95 per cent did not know that they manage over three quarters of the UK’s land, and fewer than one in four knew that farmers look after most of the hedge- rows, walls and fences in the countryside. | 2.515625 |
- [noun] (physics) the process of diffusing; the intermingling of molecules in gases and liquids as a result of random thermal agitation
- [noun] the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another
- [noun] the property of being diffused or dispersed
- [noun] the act of dispersing or diffusing something; "the dispersion of the troops"; "the diffusion of knowledge"
Synonyms: dispersion, dispersal, dissemination | 2.515625 |
Donald Ervin Knuth
Knuth, Donald Ervin (nōth, kənōthˈ) [key], 1938–, American mathematician and computer scientist, b. Milwaukee, Wis., grad. Case Institute of Technology (B.S. and M.S., 1960) and California Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1963). While still a graduate student, Knuth was contracted to write a book about the construction of computer compilers (see programming language). What he wrote instead turned into his monumental series The Art of Computer Programming (3 vol., 1968–), an overview of programming algorithms, each described with mathematical rigor, that has been translated into six languages. Disappointed with the state of computer typesetting, Knuth developed a typesetting program that has become the standard for mathematics and physics. He taught at the California Institute of Technology from 1962 until 1968, when he joined the faculty at Stanford Univ., becoming professor emeritus in 1993. His writings include Surreal Numbers (1974), Literate Programming (1992), and Digital Typography (1999).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Computers and Computing, Biographies | 2.515625 |
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Seattle's Union Station re-opens as Sound Transit headquarters on October 16, 1999.
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On October 16, 1999, Seattle's historic Union Station is formally rededicated as the headquarters of the Sound Transit, the regional transit authority for King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties. The building was restored and adapted as part of a larger project directed by Union Station Associates, LLC, a partnership between Paul Allen's Vulcan Inc. and Nitse-Stagen & Company, developer of the former Sears Building, among other projects.
Union Station was built in 1911 as the Oregon & Washington Railroad Station to serve the Union Pacific Railroad and Milwaukee Road. Passenger rail service was consolidated in the nearby King Street Station by Amtrak in 1971, and Union Station was vacated except for occasional special events in its vast barrel-roofed waiting room. The facility was the subject of numerous studies for a possible "multi-modal" transportation center for rail, light rail, and bus services. This vision was partially realized with the opening of the adjacent International District Station of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in 1990.
The voters of King, Pierce and Snohomish counties approved creation of a regional transportation agency, Sound Transit, and a $3.9 billion rail and bus plan on November 5, 1996. The board of Sound Transit agreed on June 19, 1998, to locate its executive offices in Union Station. Nitze-Stagen organized the $21-million project, which involved NBBJ as the interior architects, Ron Wright & Associates as the exterior architects, Baugh Construction Co. as the general contractor, Maria Barrientos as project manager for Sound Transit under ST Property Manager Jeri Cranney, and scores of artisans and craftspeople.
The building re-opened on the evening of October 16, 1999, with a gala benefit for Historic Seattle and the release of a commemorative history prepared by History Ink. Shortly before the event, Sound Transit Board president Paul Miller commented, "We've asked how history will judge us. I see the restored Union Station as a symbol of the answer. We will be remembered by what we as an agency and we as a community can achieve. I believe that at the end of the next century, Union Station will stand as a tribute to a generation that stopped talking about the transportation problems that threaten our region and acted upon them."
Walt Crowley and Heather MacIntosh, The Story of Union Station in Seattle (Seattle: History Ink for Sound Transit, 1999).
Travel through time (chronological order):
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Capital: Honolulu (on Oahu)
State abbreviation/Postal code: Hawaii/HI
Governor: Neil Abercrombie, D (to Dec. 2014)
Lieut. Governor: Shan Tsutsui (to Dec. 2014)
Senators: Mazie Hirono (D) (to Jan. 2019); Brian Schatz, D (to Dec. 2014)
U.S. Representatives: 2
Historical biographies of Congressional members
Atty. General: David M. Louie, D (appt'd. by gov.)
Organized as territory: 1900
Entered Union (rank): Aug. 21, 1959 (50)
Motto: Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono (The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness)
|flower||hibiscus (yellow) (1988)|
|song||“Hawaii Ponoi” (1967)|
|bird||nene (Hawaiian goose) (1957)|
|tree||kukui (candlenut) (1959)|
Nickname: Aloha State (1959)
Origin of name: Uncertain. The islands may have been named by Hawaii Loa, their traditional discoverer. Or they may have been named after Hawaii or Hawaiki, the traditional home of the Polynesians.
10 largest cities1 (2010): Honolulu, 387,170; Pearl City, 47,698; Hilo, 43,263; Kailua, 38,635; Waipahu, 38,216; Kaneohe, 34,597; Mililani Town, 27,629; Kahului, 26,337; Kihei, 20,881; Wahiawa, 17,821.
Land area: 6,423 sq mi. (16,637 sq km)
Geographic center: Between islands of Hawaii and Maui
Number of counties: 5 (Kalawao non-functioning)
Largest county by population and area: Honolulu, 953,207 (2010); Hawaii, 4,028 sq mi.
State forests: 19 natural area reserves (over 109,000 ac.)
State park: 52 (25,000 ac.)
Residents: Hawaiian, also kamaaina (native-born nonethnic Hawaiian), malihini (newcomer)
2010 resident population: 1,360,301
2010 resident census population (rank): 1,360,301 (40). Male: 681,243 (50.1%); Female: 679,058 (49.9%). White: 336,599 (24.7%); Black: 21,424 (1.6%); American Indian: 4,164 (0.3%); Asian: 525,078 (38.6%); Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 135,422 (10.0%); Other race: 16,985 (1.3%); Two or more races: 320,629 (23.6%); Hispanic/Latino: 120,842 (8.9%). 2010 population 18 and over: 1,056,483; 65 and over: 195,138 (14.3%); median age: 38.6.
See additional census data
1. Census Designated Places.
First settled by Polynesians sailing from other Pacific islands between A.D. 300 and 600, Hawaii was visited in 1778 by British captain James Cook, who called the group the Sandwich Islands.
Hawaii was a native kingdom throughout most of the 19th century, when the expansion of the sugar industry (pineapple came after 1898) meant increasing U.S. business and political involvement. In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was deposed, and a year later the Republic of Hawaii was established with Sanford B. Dole as president. Following annexation (1898), Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900.
The Japanese attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, was directly responsible for U.S. entry into World War II.
Hawaii, 2,397 mi west-southwest of San Francisco, is a 1,523-mile chain of islets and eight main islands—Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, other than Midway, are administratively part of Hawaii.
The temperature is mild, and cane sugar, pineapple, and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. Hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. The tourist business is Hawaii's largest source of outside income.
Hawaii's highest peak is Mauna Kea (13,796 ft). Mauna Loa (13,679 ft) is the largest volcanic mountain in the world by volume.
Among the major points of interest are Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Hawaii), Haleakala National Park (Maui), Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park (Hawaii), Polynesian Cultural Center (Oahu), the USS Arizona and USS Missouri Memorial at Pearl Harbor, The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Oahu), and Iolani Palace (the only royal palace in the U.S.), Bishop Museum, and Waikiki Beach (all in Honolulu).
Hawaii-born Barack Obama was elected president of the United States.
See more on Hawaii:
Monthly Temperature Extremes
All U.S. States: Geography & Climate
Printable Outline Maps
Record Highest Temperatures
Record Lowest Temperatures
Highest, Lowest, and Mean Elevations
Land and Water Area
All U.S. States: Population & Economy
Historical Population Statistics, 1790–Present
Per Capita Personal Income
Minimum Wage Rates
Federal Government Expenditure
Percent of People in Poverty
Births and Birth Rates
Percentage of Uninsured by State
All U.S. States: Society & Culture:
Most Livable States
Most Dangerous States
Residency Requirements for Voting
Compulsory School Attendance Laws
National Public Radio Stations
Information Please® Database, © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
More on Hawaii from Infoplease:
- Alaska-Hawaii time: meaning and definitions - Alaska-Hawaii time: Definition and Pronunciation
- University of Hawaii - Hawaii, University of Hawaii, University of, at Honolulu (Manoa Campus), Hilo, and Pearl City (West ...
- Hawaii, island, United States - Hawaii Hawaii, island (1990 pop. 120,217), 4,037 sq mi (10,456 sq km), largest and southernmost ...
- Hawaii: Temperature Extremes - Hawaii: Temperature Extremes Month Maximum °F Year Place Minimum °F Year Place Jan. 93 1963 ...
- Hawaii: meaning and definitions - Hawaii: Definition and Pronunciation
24 X 7
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The African continent has not benefited adequately from its vast natural resources, including water, due to lack of sound policy and governance frameworks to ensure sustainable and equitable allocation as well as use and management of the available resources.
This was said yesterday by Zanzibar Second Vice-President Seif Ali Iddi on behalf of Zanzibar President Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein at the opening of the fourth International Hydrological Programme (IHP)-UNESCO Africa Water, Science, Policy and Management conference.
“We must accept that not all countries in Africa have water policies and where they exist few of them address management issues adequately.
I wish to stress that for sound management frameworks to function there is need for reliable and timely data and information. This is a prerequisite for informed decision making at the appropriate level,” he noted.
He said data collection networks however are expensive to establish, operate and maintain, adding that even where such networks had been established, quite a number of them are not operational due to inadequate financial resources allocated for the purpose.
Shein added that as water storage and structures and pipelines require heavy investments, there is now a need for consideration of water as an infrastructure issue and hence requiring investment financing by the private sector.
However, he said in Tanzania, for instance, the shortfall in meeting the MDG's full access of water by rural communities needs great support. Currently, the coverage stands at 58.7 per cent for rural and 86 percent for urban areas, while the MDG’s targets are 65 per cent and 90 per cent for rural and urban areas, respectively.
“There is need for allocating adequate financial resources to the water sector accompanied by good governance for Africa to make significant and sustainable socio-economic development. The moment of decision is now,” he insisted.
Moreover, he said, unfortunately the freshwater situation in Africa was not encouraging. By 2025, about 18 African countries, including Tanzania, were experiencing water stress. Presently, it is estimated that more than 300 million people in Africa live in a water-scarcity environment.
The amount of freshwater available for each person in Africa is about one-quarter of what it was in 1950. In many countries, requirements for domestic freshwater use, sanitation, industry and agriculture can’t be met.
For his part, Minister for Education and Vocational Training Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa commended UNESCO and IHP for organizing the conference at a time when the whole world was yet to recover from the global financial crisis and rising food prices.
“These and other challenges call for concerted efforts by African countries individually and collectively to address them so as to improve the social welfare of our people,” he said. | 2.515625 |
User management is a very basic administrative task on any operating system. Performing that task on Linux is just as simple as on any other OS. Experienced users already know how to do this, but if you are a new convert to Linux, and are using Zenwalk 6.2, the latest edition of Zenwalk, this tutorial provides a step-by-step guide on how to add a user on a running system.
Unless you have granted user management rights to a regular user, adding a user on Zenwalk requires root privileges (Zenwalk uses the root account for access to performing admin tasks on the system). You can access the user management application from the Control Panel, itself accessible from Zenwalk menu > Settings > Control Panel. On the control panel, click on the User Profiles icon
On the User Management screen, select Create user and click OK.
Type in the username. The username is the name that the user will use to log into the system.
By default, the user belongs to the users group. No need to change anything here.
By default, the user’s home directory is /home/< username >. Again, no need to change anything here.
Aside from the users default group, the user also belong to certain system groups. Membership in these additional groups allows the user to perform certain tasks on the system. Unless you know what you are doing, don’t change anything here.
Bash, Bourne Again Shell, is the default shell interpreter on Linux. And the path to bash is usually /bin/bash. OK.
Sometimes, you want to create a temporary account for a guest, or you are very security conscious and want to implement password aging. In such cases, you can set the password to expire. Select the desired password expiration date and click OK, or click on Never if you do not want to implement password aging. | 2.515625 |
The Patrick administration has been working to enhance its long-term financial planning based on best practices prescribed by the Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA). Best practices include the use of a sound conceptual approach, ensuring that near-term decisions measure long-term impacts, and developing a solution framework that is aligned with policy goals. The Commonwealth has implemented a conceptual approach of “structural balance“ that is designed to delineate among different causes of fiscal imbalance. The application of this approach identifies three critical challenges facing the Commonwealth: a remaining structural deficit due to the significant reduction in tax revenue since the recession, cost inflation on safety net and health care programs, and the need to improve policy measures to address economic volatility. Each of these challenges is a central feature of our FY12 budget proposal as further described in the conclusion to this section.
Structural Balance Approach and Analysis
The goal of structural balance is to base spending on policy priorities and a predictable level of sustainable revenue. Our supporting analysis includes a five-year forecast for revenue and spending based on historical trends as well as the outlook for the state economy. The forecast includes a projection of tax revenue, based on input from local economists, that also provides the basis to develop an estimated long-term trend-line for tax revenue. The forecast indicates that the state economy will be below trend during a four year recovery period beginning in fiscal year 2012 before reaching a “steady-state” level of long-term tax revenue growth of approximately 5% in 2016. The imputed trend-line was developed using the tax revenue figures from 2016 and discounting revenue back by the estimated 5% annually. A similar approach was taken to develop a pre-recession revenue trend-line and select results of this analysis are highlighted in the exhibit below. (note: the time horizon in the exhibit has been truncated in order to emphasize the key findings discussed below).
The results of this analysis provide three useful insights into our near-term fiscal challenges. First, tax revenue in FY07 (i.e. pre-recession) was approximately $2 billion greater than the then current trend-line. Second, the impact of the recession on this trend-line after FY09 was a significant downward shift of an additional $2 billion. Finally, the outlook for the economy suggests that recovery in tax revenue will be only modest: approximately $500 million based on the difference between the trend and forecast for tax revenue in FY12. The combined impact of these effects is that the FY12 budget will have approximately $5 billion less in available resource than we had in FY07 on an inflation adjusted basis, with an expectation that only 10% of this amount will be re-couped during the recovery.
The estimates of tax revenue were done in tandem with trend based projections for spending that are largely influenced by health care cost inflation. Health care costs in the state have been growing at 8-9% which has had the effect of increasing the share of health care costs from 31% to 38% over the four year period ending with FY10 (Exhibit 2). The impact of this increase combined with the reduction in revenue sources described above, is that the Commonwealth will have approximately 25% less in resource available for non-health care spending in FY12 than was available in FY07.
The growth rate of health care costs also suggests that there could be a further squeeze on other spending and a risk of increasing structural deficits if health care cost inflation cannot be addressed. If current trends continue, for example, the growth in total state spending by FY15 would be approximately 6% (driven by an 8-9% spending rate for health care and a 3% rate for most other programs) as compared to an estimated revenue growth rate of 5%. The 1% differential would result in additional structural deficits of nearly $400 million annually, providing a clear indication that the current levels of health care cost inflation are not sustainable.
The Application of Long-Term Planning to Inform Near-Term Decisions
The structural balance analysis has informed our understanding of the state’s fiscal imbalances and our recommendations to address these challenges in the FY12 budget. The revenue forecast and trend-line allows us to employ the $500million cyclical shortfall as a guideline on the maximum use of one time resources that are sustainable over time. Any spending in excess of this amount would continue to sustain a structural deficit or require budgetary spending that is not sustainable. The FY12 budget includes use of $385 million in one time resources, well within the sustainable level based on our cyclical shortfall. This is based in part on the assumption that the state would also restrain spending during a strong economy when tax revenue is above the then current trend-line (see Managing Economic Volatility in the solutions section below).
A Solution Framework Aligned with Policy Goals
The Governor’s House 1 proposal for fiscal year 2012 addresses the state’s key fiscal challenges through a series of reforms and initiatives that have been informed by our analysis of the state’s long-term fiscal outlook. They include: | 2.515625 |
The power generation of solar systems is determined by the radiation. The high spatial resolution
of the meteoblue models allows a very exact parameterization of clouds and atmospheric water. Therefore, exact radiation forecasting is possible. p☼intSOLAR
forecasts the power generation of your individual solar system - in hourly intervals up to 6 days ahead, for every place on earth. gridSOLAR
forecasts power generation of PV-Ensembles in high temporal resolution, for grid operators and other commercial clients. | 2.515625 |
The Nature Conservancy’s successful island restoration and innovative conservation practices have inspired countless scientists and conservationists around the world. And now, Santa Cruz Island has motivated novelists as well. Best-selling author T.C. Boyle—author of such works as The Women, The Tortilla Curtain, and A Friend of the Earth—has written a new novel principally set on Santa Cruz Island and inspired by The Conservancy’s and the National Park Service’s scientists work. The story of Santa Cruz Island—and its incredible return from the brink of ecological collapse—is nothing short of remarkable. The Conservancy is announcing a contest to win a trip to this iconic place.
Come meet the scientists who are saving Santa Cruz Island and learn more about our work firsthand. You and a guest could win a trip to see animals like the Island fox that exist nowhere else on Earth and stay overnight at a historic ranch. To enter the contest to win an island adventure got to www.nature.org/sci or text “TNC” to 5055.
At 96 square miles, Santa Cruz Island is the largest and most biodiverse of California’s eight Channel Islands. It is graced with a nearly unimaginable 77-mile stretch of California coastline surrounding two mountain ranges which flank a central valley. Often referred to as the “Galapagos of North America,” Santa Cruz Island is home to animals and plants found nowhere else on Earth, including the island fox and island scrub-jay.
Author T.C. Boyle was inspired by his own trip to Santa Cruz Island with The Conservancy. View his interview at www.nature.org/sci.
Boyle’s new book, When the Killing’s Done, tells the fictionalized tale of the island’s restoration. What isn’t fictional is the conscious struggle scientists universally face as we attempt to exert control over the natural world for the good of the whole. This has been a real challenge for The Conservancy’s scientists both personally and professionally on Santa Cruz Island.
“It’s our job to preserve nature, but sometimes that requires making hard choices. There is nothing pleasant about having to kill an animal,” said The Nature Conservancy Santa Cruz Island Director Lotus Vermeer. “My love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. But what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the Santa Cruz Island fox are at risk, and natural systems are threatened, we are morally obligated to take responsibility for undoing the damage that we have caused.”
The Nature Conservancy is proud to be featured in this book, which highlights our collaborative work with our partner the National Park Service on Santa Cruz Island. Since 1978, The Nature Conservancy has achieved extraordinary restoration success on Santa Cruz Island, including the re-establishment of bald eagles, removal of all feral sheep and pigs, vaccinating island scrub-jays against West Nile Virus and bringing the native Santa Cruz Island fox back from the brink of extinction.
• To enter the contest visit www.nature.org/sci or text “TNC” to 5055
• Official contest rules—http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/california/features/scisweepstakes.html
• To learn more about the Conservancy’s Santa Cruz Island work—http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/california/preserves/art6335.html
The Nature Conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. The Conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. Visit The Nature Conservancy on the Web at www.nature.org. | 2.515625 |
1933 Unemployment Relief
New! Search the database of more than 100,000 individuals listed in the Unemployment Relief records. There are 27 Oklahoma counties included.
Search now »
1940 US Census
The 1940 US Federal Census records for Oklahoma have now been indexed. Search and view census records online now at familysearch.org/1940census/1940-census-oklahoma/
1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census
The OHS Research Center has completed the index to the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census. While the previous index listed only the head of household, this index includes every individual included in the census.
Most of the 1890 US Federal Census was destroyed by fire in 1921, making the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census one of the few remaining census records from the time. The Oklahoma Historical Society Research Division collections include the original 1890 OT Census pages.
Search the index »
Own the Complete 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census
Now you can access the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial census in its entirety as part of 1890 Resources, a newly-released DVD from the OHS Research Center. This easy-to-use disc includes:
- A complete index to the 1890 OT census and more than 1,200 color pages of census scanned from the original documents. Just locate your ancestor in the index and click on the page number to see the original document. View a sample census page.
- Smith's First Directory of Oklahoma Territory for the Year Commencing August 1, 1890, complete with index/namefinding list linked to color scans of the entire directory. View a sample page from Smith's.
- A PDF of Bunky's The First Eight Months of Oklahoma City. Beginning with the land run of 1889, this publication explores area businesses, churches, newspapers, politics and citizens.
This resource is now available for $45 plus $2 shipping & handling. To order use our printable order form or call (405) 522-5225 - please have your credit card ready.
Special Census on Microfilm at OHS
- 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census
- 1860 Lands West of Arkansas
- 1890 Union Veterans & Widows Census
- 1900 US Census - Oklahoma Territory
- 1900 US Census - Indian Schedule
- Various Mortality Schedules
- Additional special censuses for numerous states
Online Subscription Services
The Research Center offers free access to Ancestry Library Edition® and HeritageQuest Online™. These sites allow patrons visiting the Research Center to search, view and print various items pertaining to genealogy.
Ancestry Library® offers US Census, ship logs and passenger indexes, WWI draft registration cards, vital records, and the Social Security Death Index.
HeritageQuest™ also includes US Census as well as Revolutionary War pension & bounty-land warrant applications; the Freedman's Bank (1856-1874); and PERSI (Periodical Source Index), an index of almost 2 million genealogical and local history articles. | 2.515625 |
Mission, Philosophy, & Beliefs
UAS Mission Statement
Universal American School provides a challenging, inquiry-based American and international education that empowers students to be caring individuals, critical thinkers, and responsible global citizens.
Universal American School provides an American and international program of instruction and co-curricular activities that aims to develop the full potential of all students. The curriculum for Pre-K to 6th grade is the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP). A conceptually-based curriculum in grades 7 to 10 prepares students for entry into the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) in grades 11 and 12.
Teaching and learning is dedicated to high standards of academic achievement, active inquiry, and the development of leadership, service, and creativity. The school actively promotes life-long learning, respect for diversity, and opportunities for intercultural learning.
UAS Belief Statements
We believe the Universal American School community should:
- Challenge themselves academically, artistically and athletically
- Think and act critically, creatively and independently
- Communicate proficiently in English and at least one other language
- Be internationally-minded leaders who participate in local and international projects that better humanity and contribute to a sustainable and peaceful world
- Conduct themselves in a principled manner
- Enjoy positive and healthy lifestyle | 2.515625 |
Welcome to Professor Pam's Home Page
RULES FOR CAPITALIZATION
not capitalize common nouns the represent general classifications.
We want to deal with a good company.
Note: Many companies
capitalize the word “company” in their in-house materials when they are
referring to their own company. If
you work for that company, you will, of course, follow the company protocol.
not capitalize general occupational titles not used with names.
He is a lawyer.
Personal Names and Titles:
the following forms for titles in the inside address, salutation, and body of a
business letter. Capitalize the
first letter of each title.
titles such as professor or senator are spelled in full within
titles when they are used with names.
Jenkins, but the professor
Example: I work for the
“the” at the beginning of a company name only if it is actually part
of the name.
Example: We will visit The
First National Bank.
words as for or and are not capitalized within a company name.
Days, Months, Holidays.
Capitalize the names of
days of the week, months, and holidays.
We will arrive on Monday.
Do not capitalize north,
southeast, western, etc., when they simply indicate directions.
Capitalize such words when they represent definite geographic regions.
Capitalize directions when
they are actual parts of geographic names.
His home is in Northern Ireland.
©Division of Business,
Economics & Mathematics, WVUP, 2011.
Steve.Morgan@mail.wvu.edu ;Business Division Office: | 2.515625 |
Does your jurisdiction have a public information call center (PICC)? This toolkit is designed to walk you through the basic steps of developing a PICC to help build the capacity to handle a surge in phone calls during a public health emergency.
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center ||Risk Communication||Word||Reference / Guides||English||1/16/2012 3:43 PM||Gaurav Mahajan|
<br>Prepare for medical surge by engaging community pharmacies/pharmacists with preparedness efforts.
Federal, state, and local governments must reach out to pharmacists to ensure that they are included in policy decisions and emergency planning, and to seek their input on the pharmaceutical needs of vulnerable populations. Rx4Prep is an interactive, educational website to help local health departments obtain information about collaborating with pharmacies and connect with other users.<br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center ||Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Preparedness||Website; Podcast||Reference / Guides||English||3/13/2012 4:46 PM||Susan Wherley||Blueprint for the Use of Volunteers in Hospitals and Rural Medical Centers; Building Preparedness: Proven Tools for Your Health Department||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20101002|
1. Engage local health departments (LHDs) and pharmacies/pharmacists to work together on all hazards emergency preparedness and response.
2. Define important resources to increase awareness and understanding of public health and pharmacy organizations.
3. Provide current tools, resources and materials that:
• Identify strategies to connect LHDs and community pharmacists and other local pharmacy leaders;
• Foster sustainable relationships by demonstrating new products and areas of mutual benefit;
• Create links between hospitals, healthcare professionals, emergency management, LHDs, and pharmacists/pharmacies; and
• Describe trainings and drills that LHDs and community pharmacists and pharmacies can use to train, be READY and practice for emergencies.
<br>Alternative care sites, shelters, and points of dispensing (PODs) require a specific number and type of facility depending upon the public health scenario and the number of persons affected.
The Alternative Care Site Planning Model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios.<br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||Website||3/13/2012 1:46 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20101003|
The Alternative Care Site Planning Model is intended to help public health officials evaluate the resources required to staff and equip alternative care sites in multiple emergency scenarios.
This model focuses on the critical resources needed for alternative care sites. It is not intended to manage all materials required. Users must have Microsoft Excel in order to operate the model.
Does the public really understand the difference between the terms "avian influenza" and "pandemic influenza"? Do they know how avian and pandemic influenzas are spread? Are they familiar with simple ways to prepare for influenza?
This tool is both a resource for local health departments to educate their communities and a self-study for persons who wish to increase their own knowledge and awareness. This tool includes a PDF of the “Complete Presentation Guide” which includes The PowerPoint presentation with speaker's notes, pre- and post-tests, suggested handouts, and interactive activities. Word documents are available for the Pre- and Post-Test and evaluation.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||Word; PDF||Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:05 AM||Ian Goldstein|
<br>Prepare for an emergency by equipping first responders with the medication they need to safely respond to a biological incident or other public health disaster. Protect first responders while cutting down on response time.
The Bio-Pack toolkit demonstrates an effective model of medication prepositioning implemented in Montgomery County, MD.<br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures; Workforce||HostedVideo||Reference / Guides||English||3/13/2012 4:56 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC2005681|
• Demonstrate an effective model of medication prepositioning for first responders through bio-packs.
• Highlight challenges of medication prepositioning, including implementation, screening, purchase, storage, and dispensing.
<br>Foster relationships with community partners and incorporate volunteers into local preparedness and response.
This toolkit was developed to help hospitals and public health agencies integrate volunteer support into hospital inpatient, emergency department, and incident response operations through deployment of just-in-time training (JITT) and exercise curricula.<br><br>
|Mesa County Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations; Volunteer Management||Website; Podcast||Reference / Guides||English||3/14/2012 10:21 AM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20102192|
• Refine medical surge tools in a way that will enhance partnership-building.
• Make the use of medical and non-medical volunteers in public health and hospital activities more efficient.
• Simplify exercises and just-in-time training.
• Provide tools for volunteer management and integration into hospitals.
• Communities will develop a local committee that coordinates emergency preparedness and response planning efforts among
the communities’ stakeholders.
• A Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)-compliant training and exercise program will be created. This
program will develop a jurisdiction's target capabilities and make the most use of limited resources.
• The hospital, volunteer organization, and local public health agency will be prepared to use volunteers in a surge situation and
agree on how to integrate them into hospital operations.
• The local hospital or medical center will have a Joint Commission-compliant Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) that is up-to-date.
<br>A Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) facilitates the performance of a health department's functions during a public health emergency or other situation which may interrupt normal services.<br><br>
This tip sheet guides local health departments through the second phase of COOP planning, the process of identifying critical functions and services. <br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Continuity of Operations Planning||Word||Reference / Guides; Training||English||3/14/2012 12:01 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20071696|
• Identify critical day-to-day services of the local health department that will need to continue to
ensure uninterrupted performance during a wide spectrum of emergency events or disasters.
<br>Building a Public Health Community of Practice – A Biosurveillance Resource Compendium is a CD toolkit intended to help public health agencies implement an effective, comprehensive biosurveillance program.
Providing approximately 40 resources, the CD includes a series of articles on implementing biosurveillance initiatives, materials defining and discussing the development of a public health community of practice, specific examples of real-world tools and resources that have proven beneficial in North Texas (including system response protocols), and a research report on biosurveillance system efficacy.<br><br>
|Tarrant County Advanced Practice Center||Biosurveillance, Disease Detection, and Investigation||CD||Reference / Guides||English||3/14/2012 3:58 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20081484|
• Help public health agencies strengthen partnerships with stakeholders at the federal, state and local levels and with the medical community, law enforcement, first responders, and schools.
<br>Learn about public health preparedness issues such as isolation and quarantine, workforce activation/surge, vulnerable populations planning, risk communications, and pandemic influenza preparedness with tools directed towards Local Health Departments (LHDs), businesses, and community agencies.<br><br>
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||CD||Training||English||3/14/2012 3:55 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091746|
Build, strengthen, and carry out emergency response strategies in:
• Vulnerable and at-risk populations
• Risk communication
• Pandemic flu
• Healthcare response
• Isolation and quarantine
• Community and partner engagement
<br>Help businesses, government agencies, and community-based organizations in your jurisdiction with pandemic flu planning efforts.<br><br>
This 20-minute video profiles leaders from a variety of organizations as they prepare for the consequences of an influenza pandemic. <br><br>
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center||Pandemic Influenza Preparedness; Risk Communication||HostedVideo; PDF||Reference / Guides; Training; Templates||English||3/14/2012 4:31 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20081323|
• Prevent and prepare for pandemic influenza in your community by working with local businesses, government agencies, and organizations.
<br>Partner with Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) trainers in your jurisdiction to provide them with pandemic H1N1 influenza training resources.
Increase awareness of the threat of a pandemic influenza and its impact on the community and give CERT participants the education and tools needed to increase preventive health behaviors and limit the spread of the pandemic influenza virus.
|Santa Clara County Advanced Practice Center, revised by the San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||CD; HostedVideo||Training; Reference / Guides; Checklists||English; ASL (Sign); French; Hmong; Spanish||10/25/2012 1:41 PM||Ian Goldstein||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091779|
• Describe the differences between seasonal, avian, and pandemic H1N1 influenza
• Identify steps of how to prepare a household for pandemic influenza.
• Describe the function of CERTs and potential roles during an influenza pandemic.
• Learn how to use personal protective equipment (PPE) for CERTs.
<br>Avoid congestion, crowding, and confusion by quickly creating an accurate model that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic.
This tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. The computer model is designed to assist in planning a clinic with improved efficiency and performance while enlightening the planners on what to expect in the event of an outbreak.<br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures||Website||Reference / Guides||English||3/21/2012 5:04 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC2008258|
• Create mathematical and simulation models of mass dispensing and vaccination clinics (also known as points of dispensing or PODs).
• Develop decision support tools to help emergency preparedness planners plan clinics that have enough capacity to serve residents quickly while avoiding unnecessary congestion.
<br>The Closed POD Partnerships: Train the Trainer website is designed for businesses, faith-based and community-based organizations, higher education institutions (colleges and universities) and federal agencies that are interested in partnering with their local health department as closed Points of Dispensing (PODs) for mass dispensing of antibiotics to employees, family members and/or clients in the event of a large scale infectious disease emergency.
This resource includes self-guided online training modules, forms, templates, fact sheets, planning resources, checklists, and information useful for staff setting up and working a closed POD. <br><br>
|San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||Website||Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 1:20 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20101780|
• Learn how a closed point of dispensing (POD) works.
• Set up and activate a closed POD.
• Conduct just-in-time training for closed POD staff.
<br>Tabletop exercises are one of the strategies that the public health workforce can use to convene and engage their community partners. This resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise.
|Dekalb County Board of Health Advanced Practice Center, revised by the San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||PDF||Training; Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 1:34 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC200567|
• Set goals.
• Select a coordinator, a facilitator, and participants.
• Develop the scenario and questions.
• Address logistical issues.
<br>Provide child care providers with the knowledge and skills to develop a continuity of operations plan (COOP) for emergency events, specifically an H1N1 influenza pandemic.
This tool includes a trainer outline, notes, handouts, and PowerPoint presentations. The training can be used by local health departments or other community service agencies to help prepare the child care community for emergency events.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||PDF||Training||English||3/22/2012 1:57 PM||Susan Wherley||Emergency Response Planning for Child Care Providers||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091732|
• Describe the purpose and components of a continuity of operations plan (COOP).
• Recall the response sequence for children or staff with pandemic flu symptoms.
• Identify local, state, and national resources for keeping up-to-date on pandemic flu and other emergency information.
<br> This training program guides Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) volunteer candidates through various topics that conform to the MRC Core Competencies Matrix. The tool covers various topics, including disaster preparedness, universal precautions, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and other topics essential for the proper training of volunteers.
The CD-ROM includes resource links, videos, a course map, and exercises for self-assessment.<br><br>
|Tarrant County Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||HostedVideo; PowerPoint||Training; Other; Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 4:44 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091728|
• Domain 1: Health, Safety, and Preparedness
• Domain 2: Roles and Responsibilities of Volunteers
• Domain 3: Introduction to Public Health
• Domains 2 & 3: Shared Content
<br>This toolkit is intended to serve as a resource to help you develop a plan for family assistance services that can be applied to all hazards. It contains four sections related to developing a Family Assistance Center (FAC) plan: Prepare to Plan, Components of Plan, Role of Federal Partners, and Training Resources. <br><br>
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||Website||3/23/2012 1:58 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20102208|
• Understand the context and rationale for operating Family Assistance Centers (FACs) during mass-casualty or mass-fatality incidents.
• Identify the principles that should guide the operations of a FAC.
• Develop a plan for a FAC, including strategies for addressing the behavioral health needs of families.
This Crisis Communications Guide and Checklist, created by the Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center, is to assist public health planners in the preparation for a public health emergency by equipping them with the knowledge and understanding of basic crisis communications components.
The 2001 anthrax crisis is used to illustrate key components of the ideas discussed.
Approximately 30 pages long and available in PDF format, this guide is divided into three sections:
a literature review;
a quick guide that summarizes key points from the relevant literature; and,
a checklist for message development/evaluation.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||PDF||Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:05 AM||Ian Goldstein|
The Crisis, Emergency, and Risk (CERC) Toolkit evolved from Santa Clara County's increased understanding and recognition of the need to build a strong operational framework for emergency public communication activities. Toolkit materials are predicated on "lessons learned" from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and/or facilitators. The goal of the CERC Toolkit is to provide information and materials to other public health departments and assist in the development and organization of public information activities. The ultimate goal is for all public health departments to be better prepared in order to communicate efficiently and effectively in a public health emergency.
|Santa Clara County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||Website||Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:05 AM||Ian Goldstein|
The Guide to Multi-jurisdictional Collaborations is a resource for leaders in Public Health Emergency Preparedness who seek answers about their community's capacity to respond to disasters. This Guide provides examples of laws, inter-jurisdictional cooperation agreements, collaborations, policies, practices, and procedures. Additionally, the Guide addresses various formal and informal means to develop agreements, potential legal issues these agreements may generate, and the benefits and liabilities governments and their agents may reasonably expect when entering into such agreements.
|Western New York Public Health Alliance Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||PDF||Reference / Guides||English||1/10/2011 9:47 AM||Ian Goldstein||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091690|
<br> This module provides an engaging educational experience that simulates field-based decisions related to environmental health issues for two scenarios: a major flood and a chemical spill caused by a train derailment.<br><br>
|Twin Cities Metro Advanced Practice Center, revised by the Mesa County Advanced Practice Center||Environmental Health Emergency Preparedness||CD; Podcast||Training; Reference / Guides||English||3/23/2012 4:41 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091722|
After reading the background information, choose which scenario you want to complete. Playing the role of an environmental health professional, answer questions about how you would address a variety of issues that you encounter during the disaster. After answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. You also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. At the end of each scenario, you obtain your final score and can review the questions and feedback.
<br>Design and conduct a full-scale disaster exercise using a DVD-based interactive training course designed to assist public health and emergency management professionals.
The DVD includes video footage that details Tarrant County's full-scale dirty bomb disaster drill. The tool also includes an interactive training manual as well as a chapter-based lecture series focused on the design and evaluation components of a public health exercise.<br><br>
|Tarrant County Advanced Practice Center||Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Preparedness||DVD; HostedVideo; PDF||Exercises; Training||English||3/26/2012 2:29 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC2005272|
• Identify the basic components of a field functional exercise for public health.
• Compare a field functional exercise to drills, tabletops, full-scale exercises, and top offs.
• Set performance expectations and scale the exercise to include budget considerations.
• Plan a field functional exercise.
• Define key collaboration and partnerships including required expertise and level of experience.
<br>Discover the process for utilizing pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergencies by building effective partnerships between local health departments and community pharmacists.
This toolkit contains four sections related to Developing Effective and Sustainable Medication Dispensing Strategies: Background, Planning, Activation & Operation, and Policy & Legal. A user guide and table top exercise are also available on the website.<br><br>
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center ||Partnerships and Collaborations; Mass Medical Countermeasures||Website||3/26/2012 2:53 PM||Susan Wherley||A Prescription for Preparedness: An Online Community for Local Health Departments and Pharmacists to Help Ready America for Emergencies||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20102206|
• Document the process for developing collaborative drug therapy agreements and memoranda of understanding between local health departments (LHDs) and pharmacists/their organizations to utilize pharmacies as medication dispensing and vaccination sites during emergency events.
• Document a medication and vaccine distribution strategy that involves partnering between LHDs and pharmacy organizations for responding to emergency events.
• Identify opportunities and challenges in working with community pharmacists for emergency preparedness and response.
<br> For this training module, environmental health professionals from around the country shared how they dealt with actual disasters and emergencies. Their real-world stories – through which they share valuable tips, techniques, and lessons learned – will guide you through the preparation, response, and recovery stages of emergencies and disasters.
|Twin Cities Metro Advanced Practice Center||Environmental Health Emergency Preparedness||Website||Reference / Guides||English||4/17/2012 3:52 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC2007968|
After completing this module, you will be able to apply the eight Environmental Health Core Competencies based on the insights gained and lessons learned by environmental health professionals in dealing with actual emergences and disasters.
<br>During a public health emergency, time, accuracy, and data collection are essential in medical clinics. One way to improve results is through the use of an electronic medical screening tool.
eMedCheck, an ongoing project with the University of Maryland, is a medical screening tool used on iPhone/iPad, Blackberry, or Palm PDA. Two medical screening tools have been developed: one for a Cities Readiness Initiative (CRI) anthrax scenario and a second for a hepatitis A outbreak.<br><br>
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||Website||3/26/2012 4:20 PM||Susan Wherley||A Prescription for Preparedness: An Online Community for Local Health Departments and Pharmacists to Help Ready America for Emergencies; Developing Effective and Sustainable Medication Dispensing Strategies||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20101004|
• Decrease the amount of time spent on patient registration and screening.
• Improve the accuracy of medication allocation to patients.
• Serve as a data collection system.
The Santa Clara County Public Health Department Advanced Practice Center created The Emergency Dark Site Toolkit: A Toolkit on How to Build, Use and Maintain an Emergency Dark Site for Public Health Emergencies. This toolkit is intended to serve local health departments in setting up a public health department emergency dark site -- a static Web page used to post critical public health emergency messages when a server goes down. The Santa Clara County APC, in conjunction with Stanford University and Google, tested their newly created Dark Site during the April 2009 H1N1 outbreak. Due to an overwhelming number of web hits, the Santa Clara County Public Health Department's server went down, resulting in the activation of their Dark Site. When the site was activated, the Public Information Officer had a new tool to manage the public demand for H1N1 information.
The Emergency Dark Site Toolkit: A Toolkit on How to Build, Use and Maintain an Emergency Dark Site for Public Health Emergencies includes step-by-step instructions to build your own emergency dark site for public health emergencies. Insert the CD into your computer or download the program and follow the interactive menus to view the simple instructions.
|Santa Clara County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||CD||Reference / Guides||English||3/8/2012 5:01 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20091949|
The Emergency Dispensing Site Action Plan Template (version 1.5) is an all-hazards post-exposure prophylaxis response plan capable of addressing a range of public health threats. This planning template lays out a process for planning, opening, operating, and closing an emergency dispensing site (EDS) or dispensing vaccination center (DVC). It also includes critical plan elements, such as job action sheets and incident response forms.
|Cambridge Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures||Word; PDF||Reference / Guides; Templates||English||5/20/2011 11:00 AM||Ian Goldstein|
<br> This tool includes a series of pictograms designed to facilitate communication and promote universal access to emergency dispensing site services and other mass care services. Please note that this tool is currently being revised and a new version will be released in 2012.
|Cambridge Advanced Practice Center, revised by the Multnomah County Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures||CD||Templates; Training||English||4/16/2012 4:50 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC20071675|
The signs were developed in collaboration with local and state public health professionals, and experts in universal design and accessibility. The signs are large, high contrast pictograms of station activities, accompanied by simple, one-word descriptions in English and Spanish.
This tool has been created to help participants gain knowledge and skills to work at a Emergency Dispensing Site (EDS) in order to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and speed of a universally accessible emergency mass prophylaxis operation. This training approach is well suited for an audience of local public health and MRC volunteers who are leaders either within their departments or in their communities.
Teach your volunteers how to use job action sheets, work within the chain of command, trouble-shoot bottle necks, and identify client barriers to service. The two complementary trainings included in this PDF tool are:
1. EDS 1: The Mechanics of an EDS
2. EDS 2: Facilitating Clients through an EDS
|Cambridge Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures||PDF||Training; Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:01 AM||Ian Goldstein|
<br>Download a quick reference guide to provide step-by-step emergency information to food managers and other supervisory personnel at food service establishments. The handbook addresses both naturally-occurring and man-made emergencies.
|Twin Cities Metro Advanced Practice Center, revised by the Mesa County Advanced Practice Center||Environmental Health Emergency Preparedness||PDF||Reference / Guides; Checklists||English||3/26/2012 4:52 PM||Susan Wherley||http://apc.naccho.org/Products/APC2005268|
• Provides prompts for whom to call, first steps to take, and subsequent recovery actions after an emergency occurs.
• Offers tips for managing longer-term emergencies caused by disruption of utilities and municipal services.
• Provides ongoing food security and emergency preparedness advice. | 2.515625 |
Latin evaginare, to unsheath; ex-,from +vagina, sheath
evaginate (third-person singular simple present evaginates, present participle evaginating, simple past and past participle evaginated)
- (intransitive) To evert a body organ inside surface to outside.
- (transitive) To cause a body organ or part to become inside-out.
- second-person plural present active imperative of ēvāgīnō | 2.515625 |
Enology - n. :a science that deals with wine and wine making
The V&E Department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. For over one hundred years the University of California has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. The continuing excellence of the Department has enabled California growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the Golden State to achieve its potential and become a premier wine-producing region.
Our students are innovators. We prepare our students to advance the art and science of grape growing and winemaking The Department of Viticulture & Enology teaches students to think critically, based on an understanding of the sciences that are the foundation of grape growing and winemaking. Our programs are based on a comprehensive preparation in mathematics and statistics, chemistry and biochemistry, microbiology and plant biology. The focus of our coursework is to provide our students the underlying principles so that they can understand current practices. Our graduates learn from practicing winemakers, viticulturists, and apply their understanding to create their own styles and practices-the result is many of the finest wine... | 2.515625 |
ANH Exclusive! Official EU data indicate lightning more likely to kill than herbs or vitamins
Save the pictures within this news item to your computer so that you can spread them yourself via Twitter, Facebook and other social media networks.
Following ANH-Intl’s release last month of UK data on some key causes of death, we’re now in a position to release data sourced from across Europe. These data, drawn from official European Union (EU) sources, reveals once more that natural health products are among the safest things we put into our bodies – confirming the UK data. The new figures show that EU hospitals are not only hundreds of thousands of times more likely to cause death than natural health products – they are twice as deadly as either cancer or smoking. So why are natural products under threat for ‘posing a risk to public safety’?
Casting the net wider
Just a few short weeks ago, we brought you exclusive data proving what natural health advocates have said all along: that products associated with natural forms of health management are among the safest substances that human beings put into their bodies. Compelling as they were, however, those data were for the UK only. Now we cast the net wider and bring you a comparable analysis using EU-wide data. And the new information paints a picture that is just as stark.
Figure 1. EU relative risks of death bubble chart (click on image to open as a PDF, or save to your computer)
Figure 2. EU relative risks of death bar graph (click on image to open as a PDF, or save to your computer)
Exactly as with the UK data, the EU figures display the relative risks of death to an individual for a range of activities. A larger bubble on the bubble chart (Figure 1) represents a proportionately larger risk of death, as does a longer bar on the bar graph (Figure 2). Risk of death from food supplements has been assigned a value of 1 to allow calculation of the relative risk from other sources.
The same clarifications apply here as to the UK data. The data only include risk of death from acute causes, and not from chronic, long-term exposure to any of the substances or activities we investigated. Also, the charts don’t include any data on adverse events that do not lead to death, i.e. sublethal acute effects. Where possible, all data are taken from official EU sources.
The data were collated and presented by Ron Law, an independent New Zealand-based risk management consultant.
Key points and comparison with UK data
EU relative risk of death data
UK relative risk of death data
Preventable medical injury in EU hospitals poses the greatest risk of death to EU citizens – some 351,220 times the risk of consuming food supplements, and 206,600 times the risk posed by herbal medicines
Preventable medical injury picked up during a stay in a UK hospital is 293,006 more likely to kill a UK citizen than taking a food supplement
EU-wide, the risk of death from both smoking and cancer is around 173,000 times that of taking food supplements. Therefore, a hospital visit is over twice as likely as either smoking or cancer to take the life of an EU citizen
Smoking is the riskiest activity for UK citizens, at 797,940 times the risk of taking a food supplement
EU citizens taking pharmaceutical drugs run a risk of death from side effects that is 123,125 greater than the mortality risk experienced through taking a food supplement. Comparing pharmaceuticals with herbal medicines, meanwhile, the relative risk of death is multiplied 72,426 times
The risk of death from pharmaceutical drugs in the UK is 62,000 times that of taking food supplements
Food supplements and herbal medicines are ‘supersafe’, with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million EU-wide
Food supplements and herbal medicines are ‘supersafe’, with a risk of death below 1 in 10 million in the UK
Preventable medical injuries in EU hospitals are in the ‘dangerous’ category of risk, i.e. a greater than 1 in 1,000 chance of death. Also in this category are adverse pharmaceutical drug reactions, smoking, cancer, illicit drug use and overweight/obesity
Preventable medical injuries in UK hospitals are in the ‘dangerous’ category of risk, i.e. a greater than 1 in 1,000 chance of death. The only activities with a similar level of risk are active military service in Iraq or Afghanistan and smoking
In the EU, pharmaceutical adverse drug reactions pose double the risk of death compared with lung cancer
Someone having a motorcycle accident in the UK is around half as likely to die as someone who has an adverse reaction to a pharmaceutical drug
The closest comparisons with food supplements or herbal medicines, in terms of risk of death in the EU, are with lightning strikes and passengers who experience railway or aeroplane accidents. However, they are still 26–68 times more likely to result in death than taking food supplements
UK residents are about as likely to be hit by lightning or to be killed on the London Underground than to die from taking herbal remedies or dietary supplements
A blatant lie
These figures emphasise once again that the public safety-based justification given by European regulators and governments for increasingly restrictive legislation on ingredients and health claims for natural products is hollow.
If the authorities were genuinely interested in public safety, they would be promoting natural healthcare for all it’s worth, while clamping down on the many dubious aspects of mainstream medicine – starting with its over-reliance on poorly tested, unnecessary and dangerous pharmaceutical drugs that are greatly over-prescribed to the over-50s at risk of chronic diseases. Taking a long, hard look at how healthcare within hospitals is handled would also make the public a lot safer, but it’s difficult to see how this can be significantly achieved without a root-and-branch overhaul of the medical systems within which those hospitals operate.
As with so many things, the first step toward change is for enough people to realise that change is needed. In this case, once the ‘public safety’ fiction that has been built up around natural healthcare is widely exposed, it will become impossible to maintain. Help us get the truth out there!
Call to action
- The most important thing with this information is to get the word out! Please share the charts and data sources on Facebook, Twitter and other social media, and email them to all your contacts – especially those in all corners of Europe! We can’t emphasise this enough: when enough people know the truth, it will become very difficult – if not impossible – for governments, regulators and others to tighten the screws on natural healthcare through the usual justification of ‘it’s a danger to public health’
- Both our UK and EU data sets show clearly that the last place you ever want to end up is in hospital. The best way to do this is to take responsibility for your own health and keep yourself healthy! Check our Food4Health campaign for some ideas on healthy eating and lifestyles | 2.515625 |
An Introduction to ASP.NET Web API
Microsoft recently released the ASP.NET MVC 4.0 beta and along with it, the brand spanking new ASP.NET Web API. Web API is an exciting new addition to the ASP.NET stack that provides a new, well-designed HTTP framework for creating REST and AJAX APIs (API is Microsoft’s new jargon for a service, in case you’re wondering). Although Web API currently ships and installs with ASP.NET MVC 4, you can use Web API functionality in any ASP.NET project, including WebForms, WebPages and MVC or none of the above. You can also self-host Web API in your own applications.
Please note that this article is based on pre-release bits of ASP.NET Web API (pre-RC) and the API is still changing. The samples are built against the latest snapshot of the CodePlex ASP.NET Web Stack Source and some of the syntax and functions might change by the time Web API releases. Overall concepts apply, and I’ve been told that functionality is mostly feature complete, but things are still changing as I write this. Please refer to the latest code samples on GitHub for the final syntax of the examples.
What’s a Web API and Why Do We Need It?
Most mobile devices, like phones and tablets, run apps that use data retrieved from the Web over HTTP.
The .NET stack already includes a number of tools that provide the ability to create HTTP service backends. There’s WCF REST for REST and AJAX, ASP.NET AJAX Services purely for AJAX and JSON, and you can always use plain HTTP Handlers for any sort of response but with minimal plumbing. You can also use plain MVC Controller Methods or even ASP.NET WebForms pages to generate arbitrary HTTP output.
Although all of these can accomplish the task of returning HTTP responses, none of them are optimized for the repeated tasks that an HTTP service has to deal with. If you are building sophisticated Web APIs on top of these solutions, you’re likely to either repeat a lot of code or write significant plumbing code yourself to handle various API requirements consistently across requests.
A Better HTTP Experience
ASP.NET Web API differentiates itself from these other solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the HTTP protocol and its messaging semantics. Unlike WCF REST or ASP.NET AJAX with ASMX, it’s a brand new platform rather than bolted-on technology that is supposed to work in the context of an existing framework.
Web API is meant to handle any kind of HTTP input and produce output and status codes using the full spectrum of HTTP functionality available. There’s much-improved support for content negotiation based on HTTP Accept headers, with the framework capable of detecting content that the client sends and requests and automatically serving the appropriate data format in return. Many of the features favor convention over configuration, making it much easier to do the right thing without having to explicitly configure specific functionality.
Although previous solutions accomplished this using a variety of WCF and ASP.NET features, Web API combines all this functionality into a single server-side HTTP framework that intrinsically understands the HTTP semantics and subtly drives you in the right direction for most operations. And when you need to customize or do something that isn’t automatic, there are overrides for most behaviors, and even many low-level hook points that allow you to plug-in custom functionality with relatively little effort.
ASP.NET Web API differentiates itself from existing Microsoft solutions in that it was built from the ground up around the HTTP protocol and its messaging semantics.
Web API also requires very little in the way of configuration so it’s very quick and unambiguous to get started. To top it all off, you can also host the Web API in your own applications or services.
- Above all, Web API makes it extremely easy to create arbitrary HTTP endpoints in an application without the overhead of a full framework like WebForms or ASP.NET MVC. Because Web API works on top of the core ASP.NET stack, you can plug Web APIs into any ASP.NET application.
By: Rick Strahl
Rick Strahl is president of West Wind Technologies in Maui, Hawaii. The company specializes in Web and distributed application development and tools, with focus on Windows Server Products, .NET, Visual Studio, and Visual FoxPro. Rick is the author of West Wind Web Connection, West Wind Web Store, and West Wind HTML Help Builder. He’s also a C# MVP, a frequent contributor to magazines and books, a frequent speaker at international developer conferences, and the co-publisher of CoDe Magazine. For more information please visit his Web site at www.west-wind.com or contact Rick at firstname.lastname@example.org. | 2.515625 |
Prin. of Digital Logic & Comp. Org.
A study of the computer as a physical device. Uponycompletion of the course, students will understandythe basic principles of digital logic and how ityis used to build useful hardware components,yunderstand the basic organization of a computerysystem in terms of digital hardware components andyhow instructions are executed using thoseycomponents, and have the knowledge and skillsynecessary to implement high-level languageyconstructs in assembly language. Prerequisite:yInformation Science and Technology 146 orypermission. | 2.515625 |
Key stage 1: use of fire
As most books and museum displays about the evolution of human society mention, the mastery of fire was one of the most crucial steps in human development. Cooking, warmth and defense followed – allowing humans to develop in a newly accelerated way. As well as the ‘good’ things, there was now potential for explosive damage. Matches are a supremely easy and cheap way for everyone to have access to making fire. | 2.515625 |
hob - Search Results
Articles About hob
We are all looking for ways to increase production without sacrificing quality. One of the most cost-effective ways is by improving the substrate material of your hob. Solid carbide hobs are widely used in many applications throughout the world. LMT-Fette was the first to demonstrate the use of solid carbide hobs in 1993 on modern high-speed carbide (HSC) hobbing machines. Since then the process of dry hobbing has been continuously improving through research and product testing. Dry hobbing is proving to be successful in the gear cutting industry as sales for dry hobbing machines have steadily been rising along with the dramatic increase in sales of solid carbide hobs.
Today it is common practice when climb hobbing to keep the direction of the hob thread the same as that of the helical gear. The same generalization holds true for the mass production of gears for automobiles. It is the authors' opinion, however, that conventional hobbing with a reverse-handed hob is more effective for the high-speed manufacture of comparatively small module gears for automobiles. The authors have proven both experimentally and theoretically that reverse-handed conventional hobbing, using a multi-thread hob with a smaller diameter is very effective for lengthening the life of the hob and for increasing cutting efficiency at high speeds.
The Hobbing Process The hobbing process involves a hob which is threaded with a lead and is rotated in conjunction with the gear blank at a ratio dependent upon the number of teeth to be cut. A single thread hob cutting a 40-tooth gear will make 40 revolutions for each revolution of the gear. The cutting action in hobbing is continuous, and the teeth are formed in one passage of the hob through the blank. See Fig. 1 for a drawing of a typical hob with some common nomenclature.
The method of cutting teeth on a cylindrical gear by the hobbing process has been in existence since the late 1800s. Advances have been made over the years in both the machines and the cutting tools used in the process. This paper will examine hob tool life and the many variables that affect it. The paper will cover the state-of-the-art cutting tool materials and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear characteristics, etc. The paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool life in terms of meters (or inches) per hob tooth as an alternative to tool life expressed in parts per sharpening.
There are great advantages in dry hobbing, not only for friendliness toward the environment, but also for increasing productivity and for decreasing manufacturing cost. Dry hobbing, however, often causes failures in hob cutting edges or problems with the surface quality of gear tooth flanks. These difficulties are not present when hobbing with cutting oil. Pinching and crushing of generated chips between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank is considered a major cause of those problems.
Gear hobbing is a generating process. The term generating refers to the fact that the gear tooth form cut is not the conjugate form of the cutting tool, the hob. During hobbing both the hob and the workpiece rotate in a continuous rotational relationship. During this rotation, the hob is typically fed axially with all the teeth being gradually formed as the tool traverses the work face (see Fig. 1a).
This is Part II of a two-part series on the basics of gear hobbing. Part I discussed selection of the correct type of hobbing operation, the design features of hobs and hob accuracy. This part will cover sharpening errors and finish hob design considerations.
The first part of this article, which ran in the September/October 1994 issue, explained the fundamentals of gear hobbing and some of the latest techniques, including methods of hob performance analysis and new tool configurations, being used to solve specific application problems. In this issue, the author continues his exploration of hobbing by describing the effects of progress on requirements in accuracy, as well as the latest in materials, coating and dry hobbing.
We make a lot of single-start worm and worm gear sets, and it always seems as though we're buying another special hob. We also do a lot of spur gear cutting, and the spur gear hobs and the worm gear hobs look alike, so we wonder why we cannot use the standard hobs for cutting worm gears too. Can we do this?
Two questions on hobbing cover the various types of hobs and their unusual names, as well as the importance of hob swivel angle.
Today's high technology hobs are visible different from their predecessors. Gear hobs have taken on a different appearance and function with present day technology and tool and material development. This article shows the newer products being offered today and the reasons for investigating their potential for use in today's modern gear hobbers, where cost reduction and higher productivity are wanted.
The modern day requirement for precision finished hobbed gears, coupled with the high accuracy characteristics of modern CNC hobbing machines, demands high tool accuracy.
With growing markets in aerospace and energy technologies, measuring hob cutters used in gear cutting is becoming an essential requirement for workpieces and machine tools. Zoller, a provider of solutions for tool pre-setters, measuring and inspection machines and tool management software, has developed a new partnership with Ingersoll/Germany for shop floor checking of hob cutters by a combined hardware and software approach.
It is well known that hobs with straight-sided teeth do not cut true involutes. In this paper, the difference between the straight side of a hob tooth and the axial profile of an involute worm is evaluated. It is shown that the difference increases as the diametral pitch increases, to the extent that for fine-pitch gearing, the difference is insignificant.
The following article is a collection of data intended to give the reader a general overview of information related to a relatively new subject within the gear cutting industry. Although carbide hobbing itself is not necessarily new, some of the methods and types of application are. While the subject content of this article may be quite broad, it should not be considered all-inclusive. The actual results obtained and the speeds, feeds, and tool life used in carbide hobbing applications can vary significantly.
Question: We are contemplating purchasing a hobbing machine with dry hobbing capabilities. What do we need to know about the special system requirements for this technology?
In this paper, the potential for geometrical cutting simulations—via penetration calculation to analyze and predict tool wear as well as to prolong tool life—is shown by means of gear finish hobbing. Typical profile angle deviations that occur with increasing tool wear are discussed. Finally, an approach is presented here to attain improved profile accuracy over the whole tool life of the finishing hob.
Chicago- Results of recent studies on residual stress in gear hobbing, hobbing without lubricants and heat treating were reported by representatives of INFAC (Instrumented Factory for Gears) at an industry briefing in March of this year.
Can a gear profile generated by the hobbing method be an ideal involute? In strictly theoretical terms - no, but in practicality - yes. A gear profile generated by the hobbing method is an approximation of the involute curve. Let's review a classic example of an approximation.
Many people in the gear industry have heard of skiving, a process wherein solid carbide or inserted carbide blade hobs with 15 - 60 degrees of negative rake are used to recut gears to 62 Rc. The topic of this article is the use of neutral (zero) rake solid carbide hobs to remove heat treat distortion, achieving accuracies of AGMA 8 to AGMA 14, DIN 10-5 and improving surface finish on gears from 8 DP - 96 DP (.3 module - .26 m.).
In addition to the face milling system, the face hobbing process has been developed and widely employed by the gear industry. However, the mechanism of the face hobbing process is not well known.
With reference to the machining of an involute spur or helical gear by the hobbing process, this paper suggests a new criterion for selecting the position of the hob axis relative to the gear axis.
The gear hobbing process is a generating type of production operation. For this reason, the form of the hob tooth is always different from the form of the tooth that it produces.
Several innovations have been introduced to the gear manufacturing industry in recent years. In the case of gear hobbing—the dry cutting technology and the ability to do it with powder-metallurgical HSS—might be two of the most impressive ones. And the technology is still moving forward. The aim of this article is to present recent developments in the field of gear hobbing in conjunction with the latest improvements regarding tool materials, process technology and process integration.
The art of gear hobbing has advanced dramatically since the development and introduction of unique machine and tool features such as no backlash, super rigidity, automatic loading of cutting tools, CNC controls, additional machine power and improved cutter materials and coatings. It is essential to utilize all these features to run the machine economically.
To meet the future goals of higher productivity and lower production costs, the cutting speeds and feeds in modern gear hobbing applications have to increase further. In several cases, coated carbide tools have replaced the commonly used high speed steel (HSS) tools.
Today, as part of filling a typical gear hobbing or shaping machine order, engineers are required to perform an SPC acceptance test. This SPC test, while it is contractually necessary for machine acceptance, is not a machine acceptance test. It is a process capability test. It is an acceptance of the machine, cutting tool, workholding fixture, and workpiece as integrated on the cutting machine, using a gear measuring machine, with its work arbor and evaluation software, to measure the acceptance elements of the workpiece.
In the past gear manufacturers have had to rely on hob manufacturers' inspection of individual elements of a hob, such as lead, involute, spacing, and runout. These did not always guarantee correct gears, as contained elements may cause a hob to produce gears beyond tolerance limits.
Fig. 1 shows the effects of positive and negative rake on finished gear teeth. Incorrect positive rake (A) increase the depth and decreases the pressure angle on the hob tooth. The resulting gear tooth is thick at the top and thin at the bottom. Incorrect negative rake (B) decreases the depth and increases the pressure angle. This results in a cutting drag and makes the gear tooth thin at the top and thick at the bottom.
Question: When cutting worm gears with multiple lead stock hobs we find the surface is "ridged". What can be done to eliminate this appearance or is to unavoidable?
This article examines the dry hobbing capabilities of two cutting tool materials—powder metallurgical high-speed steel (PM-HSS) and cemented carbide. Cutting trials were carried out to analyze applicable cutting parameters and possible tool lives as well as the process reliability. To consider the influences of the machinability of different workpiece materials, a case hardening steel and a tempered steel were examined.
For environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. Rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. The use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine (cooling, filtering) and protecting the environment (filter, oil-mist collector). In this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal-removal process more economical. The natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing.
Hobbing is one of the most fundamental processes in gear manufacturing. Its productivity and versatility make hobbing the gear manufacturing method of choice for a majority of spur and helical gears.
In today’s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. It is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. For green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. In order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. As an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. The aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design—as well as an efficient process—can be designed.
It takes confidence to be the first to invest in new manufacturing technology. But the payback can be significant. That has been the experience at the Ford Motor Company's Transmission & Chassis Division plant at Indianapolis, IN, which boasts the world's first production application of dry hobbing.
The objective, according to Dr.- Ing. Hansjörg Geiser, head of development and design for gear machines at Liebherr, was to develop and design a combined turning and hobbing machine in which turning, drilling and hobbing work could be carried out in the same clamping arrangement as the hobbing of the gearings and the subsequent chamfering and deburring processes.
Prior to the introduction of titanium nitride to the cutting tool industry in the early 1980s, there was very little progress in the general application of hobbing in the gear cutting industry. The productivity gains realized with this new type of coating initiated a very active time of advancement in the gear manufacturing process.
Gear gashing is a gear machining process, very much like gear milling, utilizing the principle of cutting one or more tooth (or tooth space) at a time. The term "GASHING" today applies to the roughing, or roughing and finishing, of coarse diametral pitch gears and sprockets. Manufacturing these large coarse gears by conventional methods of rough and finish hobbing can lead to very long machining cycles and uneconomical machine utilization.
The following is a general overview of some of the different factors that lead to the specific design. and the selection of the correct tool for a given hobbing application.
Load-carrying capacity of gears, especially the surface durability, is influenced by their tooth surface roughness in addition to their tooth profiles and tooth traces.
Precision gears play a vital role in today's economy. Through their application, automobile transmissions are more compact and efficient, ships sail faster, and diesel locomotives haul more freight. Today great emphasis is being placed upon the reduction of noise in all gear applications and, to be quiet, gears must be accurate.
As we approach the problem of hard gear processing, it is well to take a look at the reason for discussing it at this time. In our present economic atmosphere throughout the world, more and more emphasis is being placed upon efficiency which is dictated by higher energy costs.
Our company manufactures a range of hardened and ground gears. We are looking into using skiving as part of our finishing process on gears in the 4-12 module range made form 17 CrNiMO6 material and hardened to between 58 and 62 Rc. Can you tell us more about this process?
Hobbing is probably the most popular gear manufacturing process. Its inherent accuracy and productivity makes it a logical choice for a wide range of sizes.
Some results of evaluation by this method in the automotive industry.
The newer profile-shifted (long and short addendum) gears are often used as small size reduction gears for automobiles or motorcycles. The authors have investigated the damage to each cutting edge when small size mass-produced gears with shifted profiles are used at high speeds.
NC and CNC metal cutting machines are among the most popular machine tools in the business today, There is also a strong trend toward using flexible machining centers and flexible manufacturing systems. The same trend is apparent in gear cutting. Currently the trend toward CNC tools has increased, and sophisticated controls and peripheral equipment for gear cutting machines are now available; however, the investment in a CNC gear machine has to be justified on the basis of economic facts as well as technical advantages.
The seemingly simple process of placing a uniform chamfer on the face ends of spur and helical gears, at least for the aerospace industry, has never been a satisfactory or cost effective process.
I would like to comment on David Arnesen's article, "Dry Hobbing Saves Automaker Money, Improves Gear Quality," in the Nov/Dec, 1996 issue.
Q&A with Liebherr's Dr. Alois Mundt.
New tool from LMT-Fette provides combination of operations.
Flute Index Flute index or spacing is defined as the variation from the desired angle between adjacent or nonadjacent tooth faces measured in a plane of rotation. AGMA defines and provides tolerance for adjacent and nonadjacent flute spacing errors. In addition, DIN and ISO standards provide tolerances for individual flute variation (Fig. 1).
This article describes a method of obtaining gear tooth profiles from the geometry of the rack (or hob) that is used to generate the gear. This method works for arbitrary rack geometries, including the case when only a numerical description of the rack is available. Examples of a simple rack, rack with protuberances and a hob with root chamfer are described. The application of this technique to the generation of boundary element meshes for gear tooth strength calculation and the generation of finite element models for the frictional contact analysis of gear pairs is also described.
Investment in advanced new manufacturing technologies is helping to reinvent production processes for bevel gear cutters and coarse-pitch hobs at Gleason - delivering significant benefits downstream to customers seeking shorter deliveries, longer tool life and better results.
The cutting tool is basic to gear manufacturing. Whether it's a hob, broach, shaper cutter or EDM wire, not much gets done without it. And the mission of the tool remains the same as always; removing material as quickly, accurately and cost-effectively as possible. Progress in the field tends to be evolutionary, coming gradually over time, but recently, a confluence of emerging technologies and new customer demands has caused significant changes in the machines, the materials and the coatings that make cutting tools.
Gearing for Munchkins Gene Kasten, president of Repair Parts, Inc., of Rockford, IL, is the proud owner of a miniature Barber-Colman hobber, the only one of its kind in the world. The machine, a replica of the old B-C "A" machine, was built between 1933 and 1941 by W. W. Dickover, who devoted 2, 640 hours of his spare time to the project.
Hobbing is a continuous gear generation process widely used in the industry for high or low volume production of external cylindrical gears. Depending on the tooth size, gears and splines are hobbed in a single pass or in a two-pass cycle consisting of a roughing cut followed by a finishing cut. State-of-the-art hobbing machines have the capability to vary cutting parameters between first and second cut so that a different formula is used to calculate cycle times for single-cut and double-cut hobbing.
Question: When we purchase our first CNC gear hobbing machine, what questions should we ask about the software? What do we need to know to correctly specify the system requirements?
Question: We are interested in purchasing our first gear hobbing machine. What questions should we ask the manufacturer, and what do we need to know in order to correctly specify the CNC hardware and software system requirements?
Since we are a high volume shop, we were particularly interested in Mr. Kotlyar's article describing the effects of hob length on production efficiency which appeared in the Sept/Oct issue of Gear Technology. Unfortunately, some readers many be unnecessarily deterred from applying the analysis to their own situations by the formidabilty of the mathematical calculations. I am making the following small suggestion concerning the evaluation of the constant terms.
A brief introduction to the subject of Thin Film Coatings and their application to gear hobs and shaper cutters is followed by a detailed description of the Chemical Vapor Deposition Process and the Physical Vapor Deposition Process. Advantages and disadvantages of each of these processes is discussed. Emphasis is placed upon: application engineering of coated gear tools based on laboratory and field test results. Recommendations are suggested for tool design improvements and optimization of gear cutting operations using coated tools. Productivity improvements potentially available by properly utilizing coated tools are considered in terms of both tool cost and machining cost.
New material technology allows for more efficient and flexible hobbing.
In this paper a new method for the introduction of optimal modifications into gear tooth surfaces—based on the optimal corrections of the profile and diameter of the head cutter, and optimal variation of machine tool settings for pinion and gear finishing—is presented. The goal of these tooth modifications is the achievement of a more favorable load distribution and reduced transmission error. The method is applied to face milled and face hobbed hypoid gears.
Bevel gear manufacturers live in one of two camps: the face hobbing/lapping camp, and the face milling/grinding camp.
The quality of the finished gear is influenced by the very first machining operations of the blank. Since the gear tooth geometry is generated on a continuously rotating blank in hobbing or shaping, it is important that the timed relationship between the cutter and workpiece is correct. If this relationship is disturbed by eccentricities of the blank to its operating centerline, the generated gear teeth will not be of the correct geometry. During the blanking operations, the gear's centerline and locating surfaces are established and must be maintained as the same through the following operations that generate the gear teeth.
Indexable carbide insert (ICI) cutting tools continue to play a pivotal role in gear manufacturing. By offering higher cutting speeds, reduced cycle times, enhanced coatings, custom configurations and a diverse range of sizes and capabilities, ICI tools have proven invaluable for finishing and pre-grind applications. They continue to expand their unique capabilities and worth in the cutting tool market.
Nowadays, finish hobbing (which means that there is no post-hobbing gear finishing operation) is capable of producing higher quality gears and is growing in popularity.
This article is part four of an eight-part series on the tribology aspects of angular gear drives. Each article will be presented first and exclusively by Gear Technology, but the entire series will be included in Dr. Stadtfeld’s upcoming book on the subject, which is scheduled for release in 2011.
Fred Young, CEO of Forest City Gear, talks about sophisticated gear manufacturing methods and how they can help solve common gear-related problems.
Sandvik presents the latest in gear milling technologies.
Indexable carbide insert cutting tools for gears are nothing new. But big gears have recently become a very big business. The result is that there's been a renewed interest in carbide insert cutting tools.
Question: Do machines exist that are capable of cutting bevel gear teeth on a gear of the following specifications: 14 teeth, 1" circular pitch, 14.5 degrees pressure angle, 4 degrees pitch cone angle, 27.5" cone distance, and an 2.5" face width?
The complete Product News section from the May 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
Question: I have just become involved with the inspection of gears in a production operation and wonder why the procedure specifies that four involute checks must be made on each side of the tooth of the gear being produced, where one tooth is checked and charted in each quadrant of the gear. Why is this done? These particular gears are checked in the pre-shaved, finish-shaved, and the after-heat-treat condition, so a lot of profile checking must be done.
Among the various types of gearing systems available to the gear application engineer is the versatile and unique worm and worm gear set. In the simpler form of a cylindrical worm meshing at 90 degree axis angle with an enveloping worm gear, it is widely used and has become a traditional form of gearing. (See Fig. 1) This is evidenced by the large number of gear shops specializing in or supplying such gear sets in unassembled form or as complete gear boxes. Special designs as well as standardized ratio sets covering wide ratio ranges and center distanced are available with many as stock catalog products.
Helical gears can drive either nonparallel or parallel shafts. When these gears are used with nonparallel shafts, the contact is a point, and the design and manufacturing requirements are less critical than for gears driving parallel shafts.
The forming of gear teeth has traditionally been a time-consuming heavy stock removal operation in which close tooth size, shape, runout and spacing accuracy are required. This is true whether the teeth are finished by a second forming operation or a shaving operation.
In order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting (skiving) and/or grinding. In the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required.
High-speed machining using carbide has been used for some decades for milling and turning operations. The intermittent character of the gear cutting process has delayed the use of carbide tools in gear manufacturing. Carbide was found at first to be too brittle for interrupted cutting actions. In the meantime, however, a number of different carbide grades were developed. The first successful studies in carbide hobbing of cylindrical gears were completed during the mid-80s, but still did not lead to a breakthrough in the use of carbide cutting tools for gear production. Since the carbide was quite expensive and the tool life was too short, a TiN-coated, high-speed steel hob was more economical than an uncoated carbide hob.
Bodine Electric Co. of Chicago, IL., has a 97-year history of fine-and medium-pitch gear manufacturing. Like anywhere else, traditions, old systems, and structures can be beneficial, but they can also become paradigms and obstacles to further improvements. We were producing a high quality product, but our goal was to become more cost effective. Carbide hobbing is seen as a technological innovation capable of enabling a dramatic, rather than an incremental, enhancement to productivity and cost savings.
Recent trends in gear cutting technology have left process engineers searching for direction about which combination of cutting tool material, coating, and process technology will afford the best quality at the lowest total cost. Applying the new technologies can have associated risks that may override the potential cost savings. The many interrelated variables to be considered and evaluated tend to cloud the issue and make hobbing process development more difficult.
Increased productivity in roughing operations for gear cutting depends mainly on lower production costs in the hobbing process. In addition, certain gears can be manufactured by shaping, which also needs to be taken into account in the search for a more cost-effective form of production.
Traditionally, profile and lead inspections have been indispensable portions of a standard inspection of an involute gear. This also holds true for the worm of a worm gear drive (Ref. 1). But the inspection of the profile and the lead is rarely performed on a worm wheel. One of the main reasons is our inability to make good definitions of these two elements (profile and lead) for the worm wheel. Several researchers have proposed methods for profile and lead inspections of a worm wheel using CNC machines or regular involute and lead inspections of a worm wheel using CNC machines or regular involute measuring machines. Hu and Pennell measured a worm wheel's profile in an "involute" section and the lead on the "pitch" cylinder (Ref. 2). This method is applicable to a convolute helicoid worm drive with a crossing angle of 90 degrees because the wheel profile in one of the offset axial planes is rectilinear. This straight profile generates an involute on the generated worm wheel. Unfortunately, because of the hob oversize, the crossing angle between the hob and the worm wheel always deviates from 90 degrees by the swivel angle. Thus, this method can be implemented only approximately by ignoring the swivel angle. Another shortcoming of this method is that there is only one profile and one lead on each flank. If the scanned points deviated from this curve, it produced unreal profile deviation. Octrue discussed profile inspection using a profile checking machine (Ref. 3).
Conical involute gears, also known as beveloid gears, are generalized involute gears that have the two flanks of the same tooth characterized by different base cylinder radii and different base helix angles.
In the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. Those three faces formed the active part of the blade. In face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. Depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action (side rake, side relief and hook angle) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. This, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side.
Quality gear manufacturing depends on controlled tolerances and geometry. As a result, ferritic nitrocarburizing has become the heat treat process of choice for many gear manufacturers. The primary reasons for this are: 1. The process is performed at low temperatures, i.e. less than critical. 2. the quench methods increase fatigue strength by up to 125% without distorting. Ferritic nitrocarburizing is used in place of carburizing with conventional and induction hardening. 3. It establishes gradient base hardnesses, i.e. eliminates eggshell on TiN, TiAIN, CrC, etc. In addition, the process can also be applied to hobs, broaches, drills, and other cutting tools.
In 1961 I presented a paper, "Calculating Conjugate Helical Forms," at the semi-annual meeting of the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA). Since that time, thousands of hobs, shaper cutters and other meshing parts have been designed on the basis of the equations presented in that paper. This article presents the math of that paper without the formality of its development and goes on to discuss its practical application.
This article summarizes the development of an improved titanium nitride (TiN) recoating process, which has, when compared to conventional recoat methods, demonstrated tool life increases of up to three times in performance testing of hobs and shaper cutters. This new coating process, called Super TiN, surpasses the performance of standard TiN recoating for machining gear components. Super TiN incorporates stripping, surface preparation, smooth coating techniques and polishing before and after recoating. The combination of these improvements to the recoating process is the key to its performance.
I'm a big believer in the value of IMTS as a marketplace where gear manufacturers can go and look at the latest machine tools and processes; compare hobbing machines, gear grinders and inspection equipment; see turning, milling or grinding machines in action; and ask questions of the various vendors all in one place. This year's IMTS promised to be the biggest ever, and I have no doubt that it will be a valuable experience to those who go there looking for ways to improve the way they manufacture products.
The hob is a perfect example of how a little manufacturing ingenuity can make a reliable, highly productive cutting tool. It's an engineering specimen that creates higher cutting speeds, better wear resistance and increases rigidity. The cutting tool alone, however, can't take all the credit for its resourcefulness. Advanced coating technology from companies like Sulzer, Oerlikon Balzers, Ionbond, Seco Tools and Cemecon helps improve cutting tools by reducing overall costs, increasing tool life and maintaining the highest levels of productivity. The following is a quick recap of new technologies and the latest information in the coating market.
The capabilities and limitations of manufacturing gears by conventional means are well-known and thoroughly documented. In the search to enhance or otherwise improve the gear-making process, manufacturing methods have extended beyond chip-cutting - hobbing, broaching, shaping, shaving, grinding, etc. and their inherent limitations based on cutting selection and speed, feed rates, chip thickness per tooth, cutting pressure, cutter deflection, chatter, surface finish, material hardness, machine rigidity, tooling, setup and other items.
Almost any external tooth form that is uniformly spaced around a center can be hobbed. Hobbing is recognized as an economical means of producing spur and helical gears with involute tooth profiles.
Richard Spens has a hobby that leads him onto the Internet, through magazines, to auctions and into farmers' back yards.
The traditional way of controlling the quality of hypoid gears' tooth flank form is to check the tooth flank contact patterns. But it is not easy to exactly judge the tooth flank form quality by the contact pattern. In recent years, it has become possible to accurately measure the tooth flank form of hypoid gears by the point-to-point measuring method and the scanning measuring method. But the uses of measured data of the tooth flank form for hypoid gears have not yet been well developed in comparison with cylindrical involute gears. In this paper, the tooth flank form measurement of generated face-milled gears, face-hobbed gears and formulate/generated gears are reported. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of scanning and point-to-point measuring of 3-D tooth flank forms of hypoid gears and introduce some examples of uses of measured data for high-quality production and performance prediction.
The Dictionary of American Biography describes him as "one of the founders of the gear-cutting industry in the United State." He built the first hobbing machine for cutting spur gears. He founded the companies that are now Boston Gear and Philadelphia Gear Corp.
Imagine the $10 bill with the face of Edwin R. Fellows on it and on the back, a picture of his invention: the gear shaping machine. Or the $5 bill with George B. Grant and a picture of the first hobbing machine, which he built.
When parts you manufacture pass through numerous processes such as deep hole drilling, machining, hobbing and grinding, a CMM is essential when your customers require 100 percent in-process and final inspection.
There are several methods available for improving the quality of spur and helical gears following the standard roughing operations of hobbing or shaping. Rotary gear shaving and roll-finishing are done in the green or soft state prior to heat treating.
A treasure trove of gear and power components for aspiring engineers and dedicated hobbyists.
Dollhouses may be toys for children, but an old-time working miniature machine shop is the ultimate toy for a self-proclaimed hobby machinist like Greg Bierck.
One of the major problems of plastic gear design is the knowledge of their running temperature. Of special interest is the bulk temperature of the tooth to predict the fatigue life, and the peak temperature on the surface of the tooth to avert surface failure. This paper presents the results of an experimental method that uses an infrared radiometer to measure the temperature variation along the profile of a plastic gear tooth in operation. Measurements are made on 5.08, 3.17, 2.54, 2.12 mm module hob cut gears made from nylon 6-6, acetal and UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene). All the tests are made on a four square testing rig with thermoplastic/steel gear pairs where the plastic gear is the driver. Maximum temperature prediction curves obtained through statistical analysis of the results are presented and compared to data available from literature.
Two major processes used for cutting gears, hobbing and shaping. This article describes advanced machine design and cutter materials for gear shaping.
A universal gear is one generated by a common rack on a cylindrical, conical, or planar surface, and whose teeth can be oriented parallel or skewed, centered, or offset, with respect to its axes. Mating gear axes can be parallel or crossed, non-intersecting or intersecting, skewed or parallel, and can have any angular orientation (See Fig.1) The taper gear is a universal gear. It provides unique geometric properties and a range of applications unmatched by any other motion transmission element. (See Fig.2) The taper gear can be produced by any rack-type tool generator or hobbing machine which has a means of tilting the cutter or work axis and/or coordinating simultaneous traverse and infeed motions.
Traditional methods of manufacturing precision gears usually employ either hobbing or shaper cutting. Both of these processes rely upon generating the conjugate tooth form by moving the work-piece in a precise relation to the tool. Recently, attention has been given to forming gear teeth in a single step. Advantages to such a process include reduced production time, material savings, and improved performance characteristics. Drawbacks include complicated tool designs, non-uniformity of gears produced throughout the life of the tooling, and lengthy development times.
After shaping or hobbing, the tooth flanks must be either chamfered or duburred. Here it is paramount that the secondary burr produced will not be formed into the flank, but to the face of the gear, because during hardening, the secondary burr will straighten up and, due to its extreme hardness, will lead to excessive tool wear.
Grinding is a technique of finish-machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. The rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. In most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. There are essentially two techniques for grinding gears: form and generation. The basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section.
Why Brushes? In this age of hi-tech, robots, automatic machines, machining cells, etc., is there a niche somewhere for power brushes? Let me answer by asking another question. What tool does the gear manufacturer have in his arsenal that allows him to deburr green gears, hardened gears, hobbed gears, ground gears and shaved gears? What tool allows him to deburr powder metal gears - green and sintered - brass gears, bronze gears, stainless gears made of exotic materials such as inconel, waspaloy, or hastaloy, and fiber and plastic gears? How about spur gears, helical gears, sprockets, both internal and external splines, clutch teeth and pump gears?
Hobs, broaches, shaper cutters, shaver cutters, milling cutters, and bevel cutters used in the manufacture of gears are commonly made of high speed steel. These specialized gear cutting tools often require properties, such as toughness or manufacturability, that are difficult to achieve with carbide, despite the developments in carbide cutting tools for end mills, milling cutters, and tool inserts.
News Items About hob
1 Bourn and Koch Hobbing Machine Offers Single Setup Options (May 3, 2012)
The Bourn and Koch 100 H horizontal hobbing machine can hob splines and geared shafts up to 100 mm in diameter. Mount tools in ... Read News
2 Koepfer's Heavy Duty Hobbing Machine Offers Extended Part Size Capacity (June 6, 2007)
The Heavy-duty Model 300 from Koepfer America provides for a bigger part diameter, coarser diametral pitch, and bigger hob capacity than ... Read News
3 Koepfer America Launches Large Capacity CNC Hob Sharpening Machine (August 7, 2007)
Koepfer America developed the new KFS250 CNC hob sharpening machine, which is based on its KFS100 series. The KFS250 series h... Read News
4 Gleason Debuts Opti-Cut Tools for Gashing, Shaping and Hobbing (November 9, 2007)
A new family of cutting tools was recently introduced by the Gleason Corporation for the gashing, shaping and hobbing of gears. This new ... Read News
5 Koepfers Versatile MZ 130 Provides Same-Setup Gear Hobbing and Worm Milling (January 10, 2007)
Koepfers MZ130 hobbing and worm milling CNC machine from Monnier + Zahner was designed with versatility and ease of use in mind. ... Read News
6 New Clamping Devices for Tool and Hob Manufacturing from Toolink (February 9, 2005)
The K?nigdorn hydraulic expansion mandrels from Toolink Enginering manually clamp hobs located between centers on the machine. The system... Read News
7 New Hob Sharpening Machine from Doimak (January 28, 2005)
The AF-75 is a new grinding machine designed for sharpening hobs. Among the various features of this model are high accuracy and an op... Read News
8 New Face Drivers for Gear Hobbing from Logansport (February 2, 2005)
The FDNC face drivers from Logansport Matsumoto are designed for gear hobbing operations. According to the companys press releas... Read News
9 DTR Offers Hobs for Cutting Wind Turbine and Heavy Industrial Gears (January 21, 2010)
DTR Corporation recently announced its full line of high-performance, large coarse pitch hobs for cutting wind turbine and heavy industri... Read News
10 Gleason Introduces Newest Hobbing Machine (February 15, 2006)
The new Genesis 130H CNC vertical hobbing machine features a design that optimizes dry machining, reduces floor space and improves cycle ... Read News
11 Cutting Tool Sharpener Handles Large Diameter Hobs (February 11, 2010)
In response to market demand for a machine capable of sharpening large, heavy hobs, J. Schneeberger has developed the Corvus C500 Coarse ... Read News
12 Gleason Introduces Titan 1200H Hobbing Machine (December 29, 2011)
Gleason has introduced the Titan 1200H Hobbing Machine, the first of a new series of Titan hobbers designed for larger cylindrical gears ... Read News
13 Exsys Tool Provides Roughing/Gear Hobbing on Single Machine (August 16, 2011)
A special compact gear hobber system from Exsys Tool, Inc. allows shops to generate splines, spur or helical gears in one operation. The ... Read News
14 MAG Acquiring Samputensili Gear Hobbing Line (October 11, 2010)
MAG, a manufacturing technology company, has acquired the gear hobbing and chamfering/deburring product line of Samputensili GmbH in Chem... Read News
15 New Gear Hobbing Center from Koepfer EMAG (February 24, 2005)
The VSC 250/400 DUO WF from EMAG Koepfer allows complete soft machining of gears on a single machine. According to the companys ... Read News
16 H 400 CNC Hobs Small or Large Batches (May 9, 2012)
Run small lots or mass produce straight and helical gears; crowned and tapered gears; worm gears; chain sprockets and toothed belt discs;... Read News
17 Zoller Offers Inspection for Hob Cutters (January 14, 2013)
Gear cutting is a challenging task. Only perfect and re-sharpened tools can guarantee correct workpieces, short setup times and low downt... Read News
18 SpeedCore Allows for More Efficient and Flexible Hobbing (October 21, 2011)
In today's gear manufacturing environment, flexibility and efficiency are key factors in modern machine tool technology. Productivity... Read News
19 LMT-Fette Opens Illinois Hob Facility (April 23, 2006)
LMT-Fette established a new precision manufacturing facility in Libertyville, IL. The first phase of the new plant will handle product... Read News
20 Ingersoll Introduces 2-Start Insert Hob (February 10, 2011)
Ingersoll recently introduced a 2-Start Indexable Carbide Insert Hob, which nearly doubles productivity for machining gears with large nu... Read News
21 Gleason Invests in Coarse Pitch Hob Production Cell (August 2, 2011)
In response to unprecedented global demand for large cylindrical gears, Gleason Cutting Tools Corporation has invested in an advanced coa... Read News
22 Gleason Installs 10 Meter Capacity Gear Hobber in China (April 2, 2013)
Gleason Corporation recently announced the successful installation of a P 8000/10000 Gear Hobber at Changzhou Tianshan Heavy Industry Mac... Read News
23 Luren Introduces Hob Sharpening Machine (January 7, 2011)
Luren Precision Co., Ltd. recently introduced the CNC Hob Sharpening Machine LHG-3040.This machine is built with a rigid structure for ma... Read News | 2.515625 |
Parshuram did not stay with his parents. Instead he wanted to go for penance somewhere in Badrinath. Before leaving, he promised to visit his parents once a year. Renuka fair is held to commemorate Parshuram's visit to his mother. On the 10th day of the bright half of the month Kartika (November) the idol of Parshurarn, seated in a well decorated palanquin, is taken out in procession which treks the path of some eight kilometers from village Jamu to the site of the lake Renuka.
The two deities held as embodiments of the Lord Parshuram, from villages Kattah and Masu, also join the procession, which is attended by hill orchestra. A few folk dancers dressed in long garb with loose sleeves add to the gaiety of theprocession as they dance to the accompaniment of the folk music. On the Ilth day i.e. Ekadashi, the son stays with his mother and on the 12th afternoon he takes leave for Jamu with a promise to visit next year."*
The Minjar fair has different legends.
"The week-long festivities of the colorful Minjar fair of Chamba start on the second Sunday of Shrawan (August). When was Minjar first celebrated is not known but the present form of the fair is attributed to Raja Shahil Verma who ruled the State in the 10th century.
*The Cultural Heritage of the Himalayas by K. L. Vaidya, (National, 1977), page 34-35. | 2.515625 |
Dear Helen: I cannot find tuberous roots or plants of Peruvian lily (Alstroemeria), a flower I used to grow. J.C.
Dear J.C.: Packages of roots for Alstroemeria aurea (A. aurantiaca), which has beautiful yellow or orange flowers, used to be commonly available in late winter and early spring.
This is not so currently and I'm not sure why. Either the plants have lost popularity and gone out of fashion, or their bad habits have caught up with them. Once very well established, the roots become an aggressively travelling weed from hell, sprouting amid desirable plants. It is almost impossible to eradicate. Ask one who knows.
Dwarf hybrids that bloom in pinks, purples and white are sometimes available as potted plants in late spring, but even these are seen far less frequently. I did track down a grower still producing these plants, but they grow mainly to supply Costco and Safeway stores, with any leftovers distributed to garden centres that order them. They'll appear about late May.
Alstroemerias can be grown from seed. Chiltern Seeds offers a good selection, but choose dwarf species or Ligtu Hybrids.
Avoid the devil weed.
Dear Helen: Early last spring we sowed parsnip seeds, which germinated well but the roots never developed to any usable size. We left them in the ground over the winter.
They are sprouting now, and we wonder whether they can be left to develop worthwhile roots this summer.
Dear J.&G.C.: The parsnip plants that have wintered in the garden will put their energies this growing season into producing a flower stem and setting seed. The roots will not be usable for eating. Hopefully, you'll have better luck with parsnips this year.
Parsnips and beets are two root vegetables that seem to present chronic problems for home gardeners, with the issue most often being failure of the roots to size up properly. Changing soil acidity levels and variety choice are worth looking at.
In most of our area, treating the soil with lime is helpful for both beet and parsnip development.
Parsnips grow best in a soil that is slightly acid to slightly alkaline, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. Left to their own devices, our garden soils become more acidic as alkaline elements wash away in winter rains.
In my current garden, I need to apply at least a light dusting of Dolopril to my plots before seeding to get decent growth in beets, parsnips and spinach.
Parsnips don't need a rich soil, and often grow best in plots that were fertilized and plumped with compost for the crop grown previously in the site. Thinning the plants early helps.
Gladiator is the variety that consistently grows the best for me. The flavour is at its best after frosts in the fall.
Eaglecrest meeting. The Eaglecrest Garden Club will meet at 7: 30 tonight at the Qualicum Beach Civic Centre. Candice Coghill from the new Cultivate Garden and Gift nursery in Parksville will give a demonstration on propagation. All are welcome to the meeting. Information at 250-752-5315.
Chrysanthemum meeting. The Victoria Chrysanthemum Society will meet Thursday at 7: 30 p.m. in the St. Matthias Church Hall, 600 Richmond Ave. (at Richardson).
Government House volunteers. The Friends of Government House Gardens are seeking volunteers to help maintain the gardens and woodlands during Tuesday and Thursday morning work sessions. Anyone interested is invited to an orientation session Tuesday, March 27, at 9: 30 a.m. at Government House. More information at 250-744-4019.
HCP courses. The following courses are offered at the Horticulture Centre of the Pacific, 505 Quayle Rd. in Saanich. Phone 250-479-6162 to register. www.hcp.ca.
- Listen, Interpret, Create: A Unique Response to Nature, Saturday, March 31, 1 to 4 p.m. and Sunday, April 1, 1 to 4 p.m. In two sessions artist Karen Hibbard will guide participants in seeing and hearing gardens in a new way and in producing art work.
No experience is necessary. All materials are supplied. Cost to HCP members is $75, others $105.
- Build a Mason Bee Condo, Saturday, March 31, 1 to 4 p.m. No carpentry experience is necessary. Instructor Gord Hutchings will ensure everyone will go home with a bee condo. Materials are provided. HCP members $40, others $55. | 2.515625 |
How does it work? Read on for a thrilling example scenario!
(Alternatively, skip to Step 10 to find out how I made it.)
Step 1: A text-based adventure in 3D printing and alcoholism
You try to get up, but your stomach climbs up your throat and tries to smother your brain. You lie back down.
>Drink the water.
You are too far away from the water and you lack the coordination required to crawl.
You doze off again, in the hope that sleep will somehow solve your predicament. You wake some time later. Your head still aches. The hedgehog in your mouth has been joined by its unruly, even less healthy family.
>Remove the hedgehog.
The hedgehog is not a literal hedgehog. It began as a simile then became a metaphor while you were napping. It represents dehydration and regret.
You lurch to your feet and, after swaying on the spot for over a minute, you manage to remain upright. After another minute, so does the room.
> Drink the water.
You drink the stale water. It feels pure and cleansing. There is not enough of it.
>Go to the bathroom.
You stagger to the bathroom. There is a sink, a mirror, a toothbrush and a toilet which has been soiled in an unholy manner.
>Use the sink.
You put your lips over the faucet and fumble for the taps. The water is warm, but still good. You drink until you are dizzy. The vile taste in your mouth remains.
>Brush your teeth.
You squeeze toothpaste along the entire length of the toothbrush and, on your third attempt, insert the head of the brush into your mouth. You brush gingerly. With nothing better to occupy your mind for two minutes, you try to make sense of what happened last night. You draw blanks. You glance in the mirror. A message is printed on your forehead.
>Read the message. | 2.515625 |
Corn estimate lowered to reflect harvestThe U.S. Department of Agriculture on Thursday slightly lowered its projection for the nation’s corn crop for a fourth straight month, reflecting worse-than-expected news about the actual impact of this year’s withering drought from the farmers busy harvesting their fields. The USDA estimates that farmers will harvest 10.71 billion bushels of corn this year, which would be the smallest amount since 2006. Last month’s estimate was 10.73 billion bushels.
By: By David Pitt, Associated Press, The Jamestown Sun
DES MOINES, Iowa — The U.S. Department of Agriculture on Thursday slightly lowered its projection for the nation’s corn crop for a fourth straight month, reflecting worse-than-expected news about the actual impact of this year’s withering drought from the farmers busy harvesting their fields.
The USDA estimates that farmers will harvest 10.71 billion bushels of corn this year, which would be the smallest amount since 2006. Last month’s estimate was 10.73 billion bushels.
Crop estimates change as fields are harvested and farmers get a better sense of how the weather affected yields. The U.S. has been experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, and conditions have been particularly harsh in many of the key Midwest and Plains farming states.
Farmers have harvested 69 percent of the nation’s corn already this year, which is well ahead of the 28 percent that would be harvested by this time in a typical year.
The average yield is about 122 bushels per acre, which is down from last month’s estimate of 122.8 bushels. That is the lowest average yield since 1995 and is significantly below last year’s yield of nearly 153 bushels per acre. Although the drought dried up the soil in many parts of the U.S., the corn harvest was surprisingly good in some areas, said Darin Newsom, senior analyst for Telvent DTN, a commodity trading and information provider.
“Is 122 anything great? No. It’s still a dismal yield, still well below what had been anticipated earlier this year,” Newsom added.
In Iowa, for example, the nation’s leading corn producer, production will be about 19 percent lower than last year at about 1.92 billion bushels. Neighboring Nebraska will see production down about 15 percent from last year at 1.3 billion bushels. Illinois was hard hit with production falling 37 percent to 1.22 billion bushels from last year and Indiana’s slid 28 percent.
Minnesota corn farmers lucked out this year, getting at least some rain that helped avert the dire conditions further south. They saw a 15 percent increase in corn production to 1.39 billion bushels and an 8 percent yield increase to 168 bushels per acre from last year’s 156 bushels.
Nationally, farmers planted more corn this year than in any other since 1937, so despite the widespread drought, the U.S. is expected to produce its eighth largest corn crop on record.
Farmers planted about 97 million acres in corn, which is far more than just a decade ago when fewer than 80 million acres were planted. They are expected to harvest about 88 million acres this year.
Corn supply is now estimated at 11.77 billion bushels, which is down from last month’s estimate of 11.98 billion bushels.
The report is expected to boost prices for the next few days as the market reacts to the lower production and tighter supply estimates, but analysts expect a calming of the market now that the harvest is in its final stages and the drought impact is clear.
Corn for December delivery was trading at around $7.71 a bushel. It had hit a record high of $8.49 a bushel in August, but it has since settled down.
The USDA estimated the season average price for corn now at between $7.10 and $8.50 per bushel, about 10 cents lower on both ends of the range from its September estimate.
Still, prices at that level could have in impact on grocery bills, mostly meat and eggs since corn is used as a staple in chicken, cattle and pig feed.
Global supplies of corn remain tight and the major users — livestock farmers, the ethanol industry and other countries importing it — will be forced to negotiate their level of use, a sort of market rationing that takes place in years of low supply.
Soybean production was increased to 2.86 billion bushels as farmers harvest more acres and bring in better yields than had been expected earlier. Soybeans mature later in the growing season than corn and the plants withstood the drought better and some areas received rain in time to help the plants.
Harvested area was increased to 75.7 million acres from 74.6 million acres the month before. The soybean yield is projected at 37.8 bushels per acre, up from the previous month’s estimate of 35.3 bushels.
Soybean supplies were increased 10 percent to 3.05 billion bushels.
“It’s still not going to be enough. It’s going to be a very tight situation,” Newsom said.
Globally soybean demand remains high while supplies are inadequate to meet the level of demand, which likely will keep prices up.
Soybeans for November delivery hit a record high $17.89 in early September but settled down in recent weeks and were trading at $15.48 a bushel. | 2.515625 |
Four supermarket chains sell seafood in a particular state. Three of the companies secretly agree to sync up their prices. The companies then engage in predatory pricing by undercutting the seafood prices offered by the fourth supermarket chain.
A year later, the fourth supermarket chain closes its seafood department because it can no longer compete. The three companies then modify their horizontal scheme: they push seafood prices far above the national average and take turns offering discounts in an effort to avoid accusations of violating antitrust laws. | 2.515625 |
OhmSantih Yoga has developed yoga for kids program, with the intention to provide the children with a fun way to develop their critical skills in a non-competitive environment. The critical skills can be broken down into different levels; physical, psychological and physiological.
On a physical level, some asanas work on enhancing the child’s strength and flexibility and in some instances, the growth of the child can be enhanced through spine elongating asanas. On a psychological level, some asanas can deliver benefits such as increasing his/her self-esteem and thus improving their leadership skills and team work and also helps to release stress and anxiety, thus increasing the ability to relax. The ability of the child to concentrate and focus will also be enhanced through the asanas and the pranayama exercises. On a physiological level, asanas can help improve digestion and also to strengthen the immune system of the children and at the same time, increase their bodily resistance against invading bacteria and viruses, thus fending off various illnesses.
On the other hand, we have also gathered evidence over the years that yoga for kids will benefit children with ailments such as asthma and sinusitis and also children with special needs, such as Down syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cerebral Palsy. Take for an example, in the case of Autism Spectrum Disorder, the muscle tone can be improved and the flapping symptom can be minimzed. More importantly, the gentleness of yoga allows them to integrate their natural gift of enthusiasm with series of movements and breathe without having to face competition or stress.
Retrospectively, many of the parents out there may feel that to bring yoga into the child’s life may not seem viable; however through the many years of teaching, it is undeniable that yoga indeed can improve a child’s life immensely and Ohmsantih yoga is honoured to have witness many of such cases. | 2.515625 |
All Property Taxes
Real, Public Utility and Tangible Personal Property
Taxes Assessed Value and Taxes Levied for Taxes Payable in
Calendar Year 1988, by County
Table PD-30 shows total assessed value of, and taxes levied
on, real, public utility personal, and tangible personal
property for taxes payable in calendar year 1988. Taxes for
real and public utility personal property were levied in tax
year 1987, but payable in calendar year 1988. Special
assessments were also levied in tax year 1987 and payable in
calendar year 1988. In contrast, personal property taxes
(excluding public utility personal property) are levied and
payable in the same year - in this case 1988.
Total taxes levied on the three categories of property were
$6.6 billion on a total assessed value of $106.7 billion.
Special assessments totalled $107.9 million.
Total real property taxes levied were $5.0 billion, while
public utility personal property and tangible personal
property taxes totalled $613.4 million and $1.0 billion,
The value of real property was $78.9 billion compared to
$10.8 billion and $17.0 billion for public utility personal
and tangible personal property, respectively.
Real property taxes shown in the table are prior to
application of "tax reduction factors" and are prior to
subtracting the 10 percent property tax rollback for all real
property, the 2.5 percent rollback for residential real
property, and the homestead exemption deduction.
Among all Ohio counties, Cuyahoga County had the highest
property value ($14.8 billion of which real property
accounted for $11.3 billion) and the highest amount of taxes
levied ($929.5 million in real property taxes and $1.2
billion in total property taxes).
Vinton County had the lowest value of real property ($57.4
million) and the lowest total property value ($99.1 million);
Cuyahoga County also levied the lowest amount of taxes ($2.1
million in real property taxes and $3.6 million in total
Lucas County led all Ohio counties in the amount of special
assessments levied, with $21.8 million. Four counties -
Adams, Morgan, Pike, and Vinton- recorded no special
Data for this table were taken from abstracts filed by county
auditors with the Ohio Department of Taxation. | 2.515625 |
The other day, I was complaining to my mom about someone, and she scolded me for ‘trash talking.’ It pollutes the air, and it poisons everything, she correctly pointed out. Moms are always right. Gossiping is a nasty habit, I know, but that phrase ‘trash talking’ got me thinking. What other ways do our mouths pollute the world? What other kinds of trash do our yappers create?
(Cigarette shawl taken from Treehugger.com)
Take smoking, for example. Each year, at least 4.5 trillion non-biodegradable filter-tipped cigarette butts are discarded worldwide, and we all know where they end up – in front of our office buildings, clogging city drains, washed up on our favorite beaches, and stuck to the bottom of our cute little shoes. Searching for a way to recycle all of these butts, Chilean designer Alexandra Guerrero founded the Mantis Project, and began turning butt filters into clothing. Sound crazy (or disgusting)? Well, it’s actually genius. The filters inside trashed butts are purified, mixed with natural wool, and spun into a rustic looking thread that can then we knitted into any kind of garment imaginable. Check out the process here. The results are very promising…and quite fashionable!
Keep reading for toothbrush, utensil and chopstick recycling ideas!
(Craft knife toothbrushes taken from Seattlepi.com)
What about all those discarded toothbrushes? Dentists recommend that we change our toothbrush after 3-4 months of use to avoid bacteria growth, but that’s a lot of plastic clogging up out landfills. Here are some ideas for reusing those old chomper-cleaners:
1. Ditch the bristles, and use the handles – WWU student Jason Harrow made craft knives from old toothbrush handles and sells them! Get creative with your flatware by attaching fork and spoon heads onto toothbrush handles. Maybe make a pen, a paintbrush, or a crochet hook out of the plastic handle. The possibilities are endless!
2. Cleaning – Old toothbrushes are great for cleaning in nooks and crannies. First, put your toothbrush in the dishwasher or douse with a boiling water/vinegar mixture to sanitize. Then, get cleaning! Faucets, doorknobs, shoe soles, jar threads, garlic presses, window screens, keyboards, tarnished jewelry, etc. In the laundry room, an old toothbrush works wonders for scrubbing stains. Soak combs and brushes in water and vinegar for a few hours, then use an old toothbrush to whisk away any buildup.
3. Jewelry – Here’s a super cute idea. Make a bracelet out of an old toothbrush! Pull out the bristles with a pair of needle nose pliers. Boil a pot of water, remove it from the stove, and drop the bristle-less brush into the water. It should take about 5 minutes for the plastic to soften. Remove the brush with a pair of tongs and wait for it to become cool enough to handle. Wear gloves or use a pot holder to mold it around a glass jar. When you’ve got your desired shape, submerge in a bowl of ice for a minute. Once the plastic sets, you’ve got yourself some awesome eco-fashion!
(Plastic flatware light from Trendir.com)
Speaking of plastic, there’s also the issue of plastic utensils. Every time I order take-out, go on a picnic, or host a BBQ, I’m conflicted – plastic is so convenient, affordable, and practical, but it’s so bad for the environment! The best thing to do is reuse or recycle your plastic forks and spoons whenever possible, but there are more creative ways to reinvent them. The BVD Collective, a student project from Appalachian State University, debuted a stunning collection of lighting fixtures created from recycled plastic flatware. They called their gorgeous creations the ‘Waste Not’ line of lamps, and proved just how illuminating recycled design can be.
(Chopstick jewelry taken from Seattlepi.com)
Chopsticks are another form of disposable utensils. I’m a big fan of jazzing up old chopsticks with paint, wire, beads or glitter and sticking them in my hair, but there are so many options for these versatile sticks! Jewelry tops my list. Check out these amazing Altered Chopstick Earrings I found on Etsy. So creative! I want to try and make a chopstick bracelet or necklace when I save enough old pairs.
Use old chopsticks in the kitchen as veggie skewers, shrimp de-veiners, or noodle scoopers to test if your pasta is done! In the garden, chopsticks can be used as support for struggling shoots. If you’re a crafter, old chopsticks are almost essential. Make picture frames, soap dishes, baskets, mobils, centerpieces, card holders…let your imagination run wild!
Do you have any cool ideas for reusing our ‘mouth waste?’ What do you do with old dental floss containers? Straws? Mouthwash bottles? Empty toothpaste tubes? Put your recycling where your mouth is, and let us know what you think! | 2.515625 |
Filed under: Boomer's Health
Morton's neuroma is a painful condition that affects the ball of your foot, most commonly the area between your third and fourth toes. Morton's neuroma may feel as if you are standing on a pebble in your shoe or on a fold in your sock.
Morton's neuroma involves a thickening of the tissue around one of the nerves leading to your toes. In some cases, Morton's neuroma causes a sharp, burning pain in the ball of your foot. Your toes also may sting, burn or feel numb.
Morton's neuroma may occur in response to irritation, injury or pressure. Common treatments for Morton's neuroma include changing footwear or using arch supports. Sometimes corticosteroid injections or surgery may be necessary.
|Most Viewed||Most Emailed| | 2.515625 |
The physical things and the human society have formed into the world we live in. However, the emergence of information technologies enables a new infrastructure for a technical, economic and social revolution, which have changed the world we are used to. Cyber-physical systems couple the cyber aspects of computing and communications with the physical aspects of dynamics that must abide by the laws of physics. Social computing has become more widely known because of proliferation of online social networking in recent years. With the advent of ubiquitous sensing, future social networks will become cyber-physical, combining measured elements of the physical world. The convergence of computational and physical processes as well as human’s social behaviors exhibits a variety of complicated characteristics, which leads to a lot of challenges.
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
- Track 1: Cyber-physical systems and society
- Track 2: Social computing
- Track 3: Pervasive/ubiquitous computing
- Track 4: Sensor/actuator networks
- Track 5: Security, privacy, and trust
- Track 6: Applications and services
Submission Due: June 15, 2011 (firm)
Notification of Acceptance: July 15, 2011
Final Manuscript Due: August 15, 2011
More info here. | 2.515625 |
March 2003 | Monitor on Psychology | Vol. 34 No. 3
COVER: Cover topic: Anger
- When anger's a plus
Despite its mixed reputation, anger can play a constructive role at home, at work and in the national consciousness, psychologists are finding
- Angry thoughts, at-risk hearts
Researchers are exploring whether angry and hostile people's coping and social support affect their risk for poor cardiovascular health.
- Hostility associated with immune function
Aggression and hostility can affect tumor necrosis factor — a protein that is released by immune cells and other tissues.
- 'Goo, gaa, grr?'
Researchers are still looking for consensus on how and when anger first appears in infants.
- Anger across the gender divide
Researchers strive to understand how men and women experience and express anger.
- Advances in anger management
Researchers and practitioners are examining what works best for managing problem anger.
Honeybees can use short-term memory to alternate between two food sources, a new study suggests.
- Study shows high rates of mental disorders among detained youth
- New database will help dispatch psychologists to disasters
- Psychologist/engineer team builds robot that senses emotions
- P. Kennedy will receive award at State Leadership Conference
- Foundation accepting applications for Seligman positive psychology award
- Study examines neural correlates of sympathy
- Even hands-free cell phones may impair driving
- Members expand mission statement, student representation, membership category
- Make plans for 2003 regional psychological association meetings
Allegations of politicization are threatening the credibility of the federal government's scientific advisory committees.
HIPAA's minimum necessary requirement was created to limit the amount of patient information that managed-care companies can request.
A psychosocial treatment model at Walter Reed Army Medical Center helps breast cancer patients and their partners find comfort and answers.
As more children survive cancer, psychologists are helping them overcome the academic, social and cognitive obstacles that result from the disease and its treatments.
A new APA interdivisional coalition aims to showcase psychology's research findings on education to the public and policy-makers.
Is the nation's rise in nontraditional faculty for better or worse?
Psychologists journey to Antarctica to evaluate those stationed there during the severe winters.
Organizers hope that changes introduced at APA's 2002 Annual Convention will pave the way to increased attendance at future conventions.
Interdisciplinary psychology programs focused on the underserved have secured $2 million in federal funding.
Nominate your colleagues now for next year's Annual Convention.
PUBLIC POLICY UPDATE
Health and education programs facing termination could use psychologists' advocacy. | 2.515625 |
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